# John Auer

John Auer (March 30, 1875 – April 30, 1948) was an American physiologist and pharmacologist. He published nearly 150 papers during his career and is credited with the first description of Auer rods. Auer also contributed to the study of anaphylaxis and helped develop modern thoracic surgery. During World War I, he conducted wartime research with the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.

## Education

John Auer attended the University of Michigan, where he received his B.S in 1898. In 1902, he received his M.D. from the Johns Hopkins University Medical School.

## Career

Following graduation from the Hopkins Medical School, Auer served as House Officer at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1902 & 1903. There, he spent time in the ward of Dr. William Osler.
In 1903, Auer began at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research as a Research Fellow in the laboratory of Dr. Samuel J. Meltzer, head of the physiology and pharmacology departments. Like many other physicians, Auer was likely attracted there by his interests in research and education. Between 1906 and 1907 he was sent to Harvard Medical School as an Instructor in Physiology so that he could become further specialized in the subject. Returning to New York in 1907, Auer became an Assistant in Physiology at the Rockefeller Institute. He was later promoted to Associate, and finally to Associate Member in Physiology and Pharmacology, a position he held from 1909 to 1921. While at the Rockefeller Institute, he also served as a NY physician. During WWI he was a Major in the Army Reserve Corps and contributed to wartime research conducted at the Rockefeller Institute.
In 1921, Auer became a Professor of Pharmacology at the St. Louis University School of Medicine. He later became Departmental Chairman and took up a position as Pharmacologist to the St. Mary's Hospital in St. Louis. He maintained these positions until his death in 1948. During his time in St. Louis, Auer focused on teaching rather than research. In response to his death, the Administrative Board of the St. Louis School of Medicine published a resolution stating he was "a scholar of the broadest interests and a human being of the highest nobility."

## Private life

John Auer was born in Rochester, New York.
While working at the Rockefeller Institute, he met Clara Meltzer, a fellow researcher in the laboratory and daughter of Samuel Meltzer. John and Clara were married in 1903, at which point she discontinued her work in academia. John and Clara had three children; Helen, James and John.
Auer enjoyed painting as a hobby and was a fan of Henri Matisse. He was also an adept gardener.
John Auer died in St. Mary's Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri from a heart attack.

## Research contributions
### Auer rods

In 1903 while working in Osler's ward at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Auer noticed a 21 year old man with a severe nose bleed, throat infection, anemia, and splenomegaly. Upon examination of the young man's blood, Auer noticed needle-like rod forms in some cells, which he believed were lymphocytes. These rods would come to be known as Auer rods. It has since been shown that Auer rods are found in myeloid cells, and it is now thought that they are formed from fused lysosomes. Auer rods are found only in neoplastic cells and are used in the diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia, though they do not indicate the prognosis of a patient.
There is some controversy in the eponymous nature of Auer rods. Auer is credited with the first descriptions and illustrations of Auer rods in his 1906 publication, "Some hitherto undescribed structures found in the large lymphocytes of a case of acute leukemia." As acknowledged by Auer in the paper, the inclusions had been previously noted in a paper authored by Thomas McCrae. Auer also acknowledged McCrae's kindness for supplying Auer with clinical notes on the phenomena. In his paper, McCrae had foretold of Auer's coming publication and more detailed description of the subject. For his contributions, some stipulate that Auer rods should rather be named McCrae-Auer rods.

### Anaphylaxis

In Meltzer's laboratory at the Rockefeller Institute, John Auer and Paul Lewis were the first to recognize asphyxiation as the cause of death in anaphylaxis. Before Auer and Lewis's studies, it was believed that anaphylaxis was a reaction of the central nervous system. In pithing the guinea pigs used in their study, Auer and Lewis were able to show that the peripheral nervous system was responsible for the onset of anaphylaxis. They hypothesized that the asphyxiation observed was the result of bronchial spasms. Operating on this idea, they administered atropine to suppress such spasms, and found this treatment to be effective.

### Thoracic surgery

In 1908, Auer and Meltzer began studying magnesium sulfate and its application as an anesthetic. They found that injection of the compound would result in a loss of consciousness and total muscle relaxation. Coupled with the continuous inflation of the lungs via an endotracheal tube, one could maintain ventilation of the body while immobilizing the chest. The patient could then be roused from their unconscious state by the administration of calcium chloride. The application was recognized and further developed by Nobel laureate and Rockefeller colleague Alexis Carrel. Carrel used the techniques set forth by Auer and Meltzer to develop the modern methods of thoracic surgery.

### Wartime research

During World War I, the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research was appointed as the United States Army Auxiliary Laboratory, and its focus was adjusted to aid in the war effort. Conducting such research, Auer was the first to establish intravenous magnesium sulfate as a treatment for the convulsions of tetanus. He also performed a pharmacological study of the poisonous gases dimethylsulphate and chlorpicrin on cats.

### Auer's phenomenon

Auer was the first to describe swelling as an allergic reaction caused by xylene, which he observed by experimenting on rabbits.

## Medical and scientific societies

John Auer was a member of the following societies and organizations:
* American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Secretary 1912-1917, President 1924-1927)
* Association of American Physicians
* Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (Vice President 1917-1918)
* American Physiological Society
* American Association for the Advancement of Science
* Harvey Society
* St. Louis Academy of Sciences
* St. Louis Medical Society
* honorary membership in the St. Louis Society of Anesthesiologists
* Association of Military Surgeons of the United States

## Publications

* Meltzer, S. J.; Auer, John (1905-10-02). "PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF MAGNESIUM SALTS.—I. GENERAL ANÆSTHESIA BY SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS". American Journal of Physiology. Legacy Content. 14 (4): 366–388
* Auer, J. SOME HITHERTO UNDESCRIBED STRUCTURES FOUND IN THE LARGE LYMPHOCYTES OF A CASE OF ACUTE LEUKAEMIA. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences (1827-1924), 131(6), 1002.
* Meltzer, S. J.; Auer, J. (1908-05-01). "THE ANTAGONISTIC ACTION OF CALCIUM UPON THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM". American Journal of Physiology. Legacy Content. 21 (4): 400–419.
* S. J. Meltzer, John Auer; CONTINUOUS RESPIRATION WITHOUT RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS . 'J Exp Med' 17 July 1909; 11 (4): 622–625
* John Auer, Paul A. Lewis; THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE IMMEDIATE REACTION OF ANAPHYLAXIS IN THE GUINEA-PIG . 'J Exp Med' 14 March 1910; 12 (2): 151–175.

## External links and references

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Roth, George B. (1949-03-01). "John Auer 1875-1948". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 95 (3): 285–286. ISSN 0022-3565.
* 1 2 3 4 Yoshida, Yataro; Oguma, Shigeru; Ohno, Hitotshi (2009). "John Auer and Auer rods; controversies revisited". Leukemia Research. 33 (5): 614–616. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2008.09.014. PMID 18947869.
* 1 2 Infection, immunity and inflammation. 1924.
* 1 2 3 Edwards, W. S. (January 1983). "Alexis Carrel's contributions to thoracic surgery". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 35 (1): 111–114. doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(10)61440-3. ISSN 0003-4975. PMID 6336932.
* 1 2 3 4 The Military Surgeon: Journal of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States. The Association. 1920.
* 1 2 University, Johns Hopkins (1907). University Register.
* ↑ "The Rockefeller University » Hospital Centennial". centennial.rucares.org. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
* 1 2 Stapleton, Darwin H. (2004-01-01). Creating a Tradition of Biomedical Research: Contributions to the History of the Rockefeller University. Rockefeller Univ. Press. ISBN 9780874700619.
* ↑ Dunster, Edward Swift; Hunter, James Bradbridge; Foster, Frank Pierce; Sajous, Charles Euchariste de Medicis; Stragnell, Gregory; Klaunberg, Henry J.; Martí-Ibáñez, Félix (1909). International Record of Medicine and General Practice Clinics. MD Publications.
* 1 2 3 "John Auer". www.whonamedit.com. Retrieved 2020-03-21.
* 1 2 3 The Michigan Alumnus. UM Libraries. 1948.
* ↑ Leonard, John W. (1914). Woman's Who's who of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women of the United States and Canada, 1914-1915. American commonwealth Company. p. 60.
* 1 2 Bain, Barbara J. (2011). "Auer rods or McCrae rods?". American Journal of Hematology. 86 (8): 689. doi:10.1002/ajh.21978. ISSN 1096-8652. PMID 21761434. S2CID 41520964.
* ↑ Seymour, John F. (2006). "101 years of McCrae's (not Auer's) rods". British Journal of Haematology. 133 (6): 690. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06112.x. PMID 16704449. S2CID 30488193.
* ↑ The Military Surgeon: Journal of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States. The Association. 1917.
* ↑ Meltzer, S. J.; Auer, John (1905-10-02). "Physiological and Pharmacological Studies of Magnesium Salts.—I. General Anæsthesia by Subcutaneous Injections". American Journal of Physiology. Legacy Content. 14 (4): 366–388. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1905.14.4.366. ISSN 0002-9513.
* ↑ AUER, JOHN (June 1906). "Some Hitherto Undescribed Structures Found in the Large Lymphocytes of a Case of Acute Leukemia". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 131 (6): 1002–1014. doi:10.1097/00000441-190606000-00008. ISSN 0002-9629. S2CID 71853154.
* ↑ Meltzer, S. J.; Auer, J. (1908-05-01). "The Antagonistic Action of Calcium Upon the Inhibitory Effect of Magnesium". American Journal of Physiology. Legacy Content. 21 (4): 400–419. Bibcode:1908RSPSB..80..260M. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1908.21.4.400. ISSN 0002-9513.
* ↑ Meltzer, S. J.; Auer, John (1909-07-17). "Continuous Respiration Without Respiratory Movements". Journal of Experimental Medicine. 11 (4): 622–625. doi:10.1084/jem.11.4.622. ISSN 0022-1007. PMC 2124724. PMID 19867272.
* ↑ Auer, John; Lewis, Paul A. (1910-03-14). "The Physiology of the Immediate Reaction of Anaphylaxis in the Guinea-Pig". Journal of Experimental Medicine. 12 (2): 151–175. doi:10.1084/jem.12.2.151. ISSN 0022-1007. PMC 2124781. PMID 19867320.