# Northumberland Formation

The Northumberland Formation is a Late Cretaceous (?Campanian-?Maastrichtian)-aged geologic formation in Canada. It belongs to the larger Nanaimo Group. Indeterminate bird and pterosaur fossils have been recovered from the formation, as well as a potential gladius of Eromangateuthis. An extensive diversity of shark teeth is known from the formation; many appear to be closely allied with modern deep-water shark taxa, suggesting a deep-water environment for the formation. The most well-known exposures of the formation are on Hornby Island.

## Vertebrate paleofauna
### Cartilaginous fish
#### Hybodontiformes

| Genus | Species | Location | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| Meristodonoides | M. sp. | | | A hybodontid shark. | |

#### Hexanchiformes

| Genus | Species | Notes |
| Chlamydoselachus | C. balli | A chlamydoselachid shark, related to the modern frilled shark. |
| Rolfodon | R. ludvigseni | A chlamydoselachid shark. |
| Rolfodon | R. cf. thompsoni | A chlamydoselachid shark. |
| Dykeius | D. garethi | A very large chlamydoselachid shark. |
| Hexanchus | H. microdon | A cow shark related to the modern bluntnose sixgill shark. |
| Notidanodon | N. pectinatus | A cow shark. |
| Xampylodon | X. dentatus | A large cow shark. |
| Protoheptranchias | P. lowei | A cow shark similar to the modern sharpnose sevengill shark. |
| Paraorthacodus | P. rossi | A paraorthacodontid shark. |
| Komoksodon | K. kwutchakuth | A komoksodontid shark. |

#### Echinorhiniformes

| Genus | Species | Location | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| Echinorhinus | E. lapaoi | | | A echinorhinid shark, related to the modern bramble shark. | |

#### Squaliformes

| Genus | Species | Notes |
| Eoetmopterus | E. supercretaceus | An etmopterid shark similar to modern lantern sharks. |
| Squalus | S. vondermarcki | A dogfish shark, related to modern spurdogs. |
| Squalus | S. nicholsae | A dogfish shark, related to modern spurdogs. |
| Squalus | S. sp. | A dogfish shark, related to modern spurdogs. |
| Centrosqualus | C. mustardi | A dogfish shark. |
| Protocentrophorus | P. steviae | A dogfish shark. |
| Rhinoscymnus | R. clarki | A sleeper shark, possibly included within Somniosus. |
| Centroscymnus | C. sp. | A sleeper shark related to the modern Portuguese dogfish. |
| Squaliodalatias | S. savoiei | A dalatiid shark. |
| Hessinodon | H. wardi | A possibly dalatiid shark. |

#### Pristiophoriformes

| Genus | Species | Location | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| Pristiophorus | P. smithi | | | A sawshark. | |
| Pristiophorus | P. pricei | | | A sawshark. | |

#### Orectolobiformes

| Genus | Species | Location | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| Plicatoscyllium | P. cf. globidens | | | A ginglymostomatid shark. | |
| Hemiscyllium | H. hermani | | | A bamboo shark. | |

#### Lamniformes

| Genus | Species | Location | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| Carcharias | C. dominguei | | | A sand shark, related to the modern sand tiger shark. | |

#### Synechodontiformes

| Genus | Species | Location | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| Synechodus | S. dereki | | | A palaeospinacid shark. | |

#### Carcharhiniformes

| Genus | Species | Location | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| Scyliorhinidae indent. | | | | A catshark of uncertain affinities. | |
| Florenceodon | F. johnyi | | | A florenceodontid shark. | |

### Bony fish

| Genus | Species | Location | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| Gwawinapterus | G. beardi | | Jaw. | A saurodontid ichthyodectiform, initially identified as an istiodactylid pterosaur. | |

### Birds

| Genus | Species | Location | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| Maaqwi | M. cascadensis | | Coracoid and wing bones. | A large ornithuran, either a vegaviid or a procellariform. | |
| Enantiornithes indet. | | | | An enanthiornithine avialan. | |

### Pterosaurs

| Genus | Species | Location | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| Azhdarchoidea indet. | | | | A possibly azhdarchid pterosaur. | |

### Squamates

| Genus | Species | Location | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| Mosasauridae indet. | | | | A mosasaur. | |

## Invertebrate paleofauna
### Molluscs
#### Cephalopods

| Genus | Species | Abundance | Notes |
| Baculites | B. occidentalis | | A baculitid ammonite. |
| Fresvillia | F. constricta | | A baculitid ammonite. |
| Diplomoceras | D. cylindraceum | | A diplomoceratid ammonite. |
| Diplomoceras | D. cf. cylindraceum | | A diplomoceratid ammonite. |
| Exiteloceras | E. densicostatum | | A diplomoceratid ammonite. |
| Exiteloceras | E. bipunctatum | | A diplomoceratid ammonite. |
| Phylloptychoceras | P. horitai | | A diplomoceratid ammonite. |
| Solenoceras | S. exornatus | | A diplomoceratid ammonite. |
| Solenoceras | S. cf. reesidei | | A diplomoceratid ammonite. |
| Nostoceras | N. adrotans | | A nostoceratid ammonite. |
| Nostoceras | N. hornbyensis | | A nostoceratid ammonite. |
| Nostoceras | N. aff. pauper | | A nostoceratid ammonite. |
| Enchoteuthis | E. sp. | | A muensterellid octopodiform. |
| Eromangateuthis | E. soniae? | | A plesioteuthid octopodiform. |
| Cyrtobelus | C. hornbyense | | A groenlandibelid spirulid. |
| Actinosepia | A. canadensis | | An actinosepiid vampyromorphid. |
| Cirroteuthidae indet. | | Gladius. | A cirroteuthid octopus. |

#### Gastropods

| Genus | Species | Location | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| Tessarolax | T. louellae | | | An aporrhaid gastropod. | |

### Crustaceans

| Genus | Species | Notes |
| Neocallichirus | N. manningi | A callianassid decapod. |
| Longusorbis | L. cuniculosus | A longusorbiid decapod. |
| Unnamed raninoid | Unnamed | A raninoid decapod. |

## Paleoflora
### Gymnosperms

| Genus | Species | Location | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| Cunninghamia | C. hornbyensis | | Permineralized wigs and leaves. | A member of the extant Cupressaceae genus Cunninghamia. Closely resembles extant species. | |
| Cycadeoidea | C. maccafferyii | | | A bennettitalean. | |

### Angiosperms

| Genus | Species | Location | Abundance | Notes | Images |
| Atli | A. morinii | | Stem | A member of the Ranunculales with a liana-like growth habit. | |