OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# James Klutse Avedzi

James Klutse Avedzi is a Ghanaian politician and member of the Seventh Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana representing the Ketu North Constituency in the Volta Region on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress.

## Early life and education

James Klutse Avedzi was born on 14 July 1964. He hails from Xipe in the Volta Region of Ghana. He attended University of Liverpool and graduated with a master's degree in Finance and Accounting in 2016. He further pursued a doctorate in International and Political Finance in Business at the university of Costa Rica. He also had his ICA-G from the Institute of Chartered Accountant in Ghana and also his MCIT from Ghana Chartered Institute of Taxation. He also had his Fcfia from the Chartered Institute of Financial and Investment Analysis in Ghana.

## Career

James Klutse Avedzi worked as the principal accountant at the Controller and Accountant Generals Department in Accra from 1995 before seeking political office in 2004. He was the former Chairman of the Finance Committee in parliament of Ghana. He was also the Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee of parliament. He was also the Deputy Minority Leader for the NDC in parliament.

## Political career

James is a member of the National Democratic congress (NDC), He contested and won the parliamentary seat for the Ketu North constituency in 2005. He has since then represented the Ketu North Constituency in the 5th, 6th and 7th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana.
In 2023, he was removed from office as the Deputy Minority Leader for the NDC and was replaced by Kofi Armah Buah together with some other leaders. This decision caused tension and met some push back in the NDC leadership.
In a statement signed by NDC General Secretary, Fiifi Kwetey, Kwame Agbodza becomes the Chief Whip for the opposition side and will be deputised by Banda MP, Ahmed Ibrahim and Ada legislator, Comfort Doyo Ghansah respectively. The statement also added "the new leadership would be charged to recommend consequential changes in the Ranking membership to the Headquarters of the party for approval". But the change only annoyed the party's base across the country. In response, the party's leadership claimed the reshuffle was to engender regional balance in the party.

## Personal life

James is married with four children. He is a Christian who worships in the Global Evangelical Church His wife died on 30 January 2020 after being unwell for some time at the Ketu South District Hospital.

## Achievements

He constructed roads and gave scholarships to students in his constituency. He built schools and provided water to communities who had water problems. As the member of parliament, he connected about 150 villages to the national grid.
# Aeroflot Flight B-608

Aeroflot Flight B-608 was a scheduled flight from Irkutsk to Bratsk, that crashed when it suffered a microburst, leading the aircraft to nosedive and crash near the airport, killing the 18 occupants onboard the Yakovlev Yak-40.

## Aircraft

The Yak-40, with tail number 87778 (manufacturer serial number - 9040314, serial number - 14-03), was produced by the Saratov Aviation Plant on October 30, 1970, and transferred to the Ministry of Civil Aviation of the USSR, which on December 30 assigned it to the Bratsk Aviation Department of the East Siberian Civil Aviation Directorate. The cabin had a seating capacity of 24 passengers. At the time of the crash, the airliner had logged 1,667 flight hours and 2,249 landings.

## Accident

The aircraft was performing flight V-608 from Irkutsk to Bratsk, piloted by a crew from the 245th flight squadron, consisting of the commander (PIC) Ivan Andreevich Ivanov, copilot Valery Ivanovich Bulanov, flight engineer Oleg Vasilyevich Stolyarov, and trainee flight engineer Valery Ivanovich Nosarev. At 22:29, the Yak-40 departed from Irkutsk Airport and, after climbing, leveled off at an altitude of 6,000 meters. 14 passengers were aboard.
Upon approaching Bratsk, the crew contacted the airport dispatcher, and, after receiving permission, began their descent. The dispatcher attempted to relay information about the actual weather, but despite several attempts, could not get a response from the observer at the AMS, so he transmitted the weather data as of 23:15: runway visibility 50 kilometers, with no precipitation. Meanwhile, the weather was rapidly deteriorating, which the dispatcher observed. By the time of the incident, a wet snowstorm had commenced, with winds of 10–14m/), and visibility down to 1,000 meters, below the meteorological minimum for the commander.
Unaware of the actual weather conditions, the crew lined up for the final approach when they unexpectedly encountered the snowstorm. The Yak-40 encountered a strong downdraft, resulting in a rapid loss of altitude. The airliner clipped the tops of trees, lost speed, and crashed at 11:34pm after flying another 225 meters. The crash occurred 1,250 meters from the end of the runway. All 18 people on board died.

## Causes

The sharp descent of the aircraft from a low altitude under the influence of an intense downdraft and subsequent collision with treetops during its recovery in conditions of limited visibility at night. The unexpected encounter with hazardous meteorological phenomena was a result of the rapid deterioration of weather conditions and insufficient promptness in observing and transmitting this information.
Contributing factor: possible inadvertent activation of the thrust reverser by the crew during the descent (the thrust reverser was found to be activated during the inspection of the aircraft at the crash site).
# 42 Engineer Regiment (Geographic)

42 Engineer Regiment (Geographic) is a Royal Engineers regiment of the British Army. The regiment, formed originally in 1947, provides field deployable geographic services, including geodetic survey, terrain analysis, information management and dissemination and geospatial intelligence (GEOINT).

## Organisation

Today the regiment consists of:
* 42 Engineer Regiment, in Wyton
** 13 Geographic Squadron
** 14 Geographic Squadron
** 16 Geographic Support Squadron
** 135 Geographic Squadron

## History

In February 1947 a cadre of 19 Topographic Squadron RE moved to Egypt and was initially titled as 19 Field Survey Regiment. It later was renamed as 42 Survey Engineer Regiment on 31 August 1948 and was based near RAF Fayid. In 1948, 13 Field Survey Squadron was posted to Egypt and its personnel were absorbed into the regiment. 13 Squadron was assigned the role of map production which remains its core duties to this day. 14 Field Survey Squadron remained in Germany after the Second World War, and provided geographic support to the British Army on the Rhine. This squadron deployed to Northern Ireland in 1973 as an infantry unit and in 1995, the Squadron moved to Ayrshire Barracks, Mönchengladbach before it was eventually reunited with the regiment in July 2013. The engineers lived in Denison Barracks in Hermitage for many years until July 2014 when the regiment in moved to RAF Wyton as part of the Joint Forces Intelligence Group.
The regiment operates the Tactical Information and Geospatial Intelligence Systems (TIGAS) vehicle system as part of the Field Deployable GEOINT (FDG) capability.
On 10 November 2021 the regiment won Best Security, Defence or Law Enforcement IT Project of the Year at the UK IT Industry Awards.

## Freedoms

* 1997: Newbury, Berkshire.
* 3 July 2018: St Ives, Cambridgeshire.
# Daroga Prasad Rai

Daroga Prasad Rai (2 September 1922 – 15 April 1981) was an Indian politician from the state of Bihar. He was the Chief Minister of Bihar in 1970 for ten months, but Congress was reduced to a minority in December 1970 and Karpoori Thakur became the first socialist Chief Minister for a few months, with Jana Sangh support. From 2 July 1973 to 11 April 1975, he was the Deputy Chief Minister and in charge of finance in Abdul Gafoor's ministry. In the 1990s, when the Janata Dal family began to be dominant in politics, his son, Chandrika Roy, also accompanied Lalu Prasad Yadav. Chandrika Roy is the second of the five sons of Dara Raja Rai. Daroga Prasad Rai's grand daughter, Aishwarya Rai, married Tej Pratap Yadav, the eldest son of Lalu Prasad Yadav, on 12 May 2018.

## In Bihar Legislative assembly

In First General Elections held in 1951-52 he contested from Parsa constituency of Bihar Vidhan Sabha and won.

## In memory

* Daroga Prasad Rai College, Siwan, Bihar.
# Saccharum sinense

Saccharum sinense or Saccharum × sinense, synonym Saccharum × barberi, sugarcane, is strong-growing species of grass (Poaceae) in the genus Saccharum. It originated in India and was originally cultivated in Northern Indian and China where it is still commonly grown. It is a more primitive form of sugarcane with a hybrid origin from Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum species of cane. A number of clones exists that are often included in the S. officinarum species as the Pansahi group. The most notable member of which is the Uba variety of cane. They are a perennial plant that grows in erect clumps that can reach up to 5 meters in height and have a red cane with a diameter of 15 mm to 30 mm.

## Origin

Saccharum Barberi originated in India. The second domestication center of sugarcane is India, Indo China , southern China and Taiwan where S. sinense was a primary cultigen of the Austronesian peoples. Words for sugarcane exist in the Proto-Austronesian languages in Taiwan, reconstructed as *təbuS or **CebuS, which became *tebuh in Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. It was one of the original major crops of the Austronesian peoples from at least 5,500 BP. Introduction of the sweeter S. officinarum may have gradually replaced it throughout its cultivated range in Island Southeast Asia.
From Island Southeast Asia, S. officinarum was spread eastward into Polynesia and Micronesia by Austronesian voyagers as a canoe plant by around 3,500 BP. It was also spread westward and northward by around 3,000 BP to China and India by Austronesian traders, where it further hybridized with Saccharum sinense. From there it spread further into western Eurasia and the Mediterranean.

## Cultivation

This variety of sugarcane is noted for being hardier than other varieties as well as being better adapted to poor soils and dry conditions. It tends to be leafier, with relatively hard thin red coloured canes. The plant does best in temperatures that range between 20 °C – 32 °C but is capable of tolerating ranges from 12 °C – 38 °C and very short periods of light frosts. The plant grows best in well-drained soil with a pH range of 5–6.
The plant is still extensively cultivated in the Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang regions of China, and Taiwan.

## Specimens and clones

Specimens of this cane were sent to Calcutta, India in 1796 from where specimens were sent to Durban, South Africa to help establish the sugar industry there. From Durban specimens were sent to Mauritius in the late 1800s where they adopted the name Uba due to arriving in a water soaked box that had washed off the boxes' original wording "Durban" and leaving only the letters "uba". The cultivation of the heavier yet less valuable Uba variety (due to its lower sucrose content) in Mauritius was instrumental in events that led up to the Uba riots of 1937.
The clone Tekcha of this variety was cultivated in Taiwan. Clones of S. sinense have been used in various breeding programs that have produced many modern varieties of modern sugarcanes.
# Nelson Frank

Julian Nelson Frank (1906–1974) was a journalist for the New York World-Telegram, an anti-communist special agent with U.S. Naval Intelligence, and an investigator for the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee.

## Career

Frank was a writer, labor editor, and columnist for the New York World-Telegram from 1944 to 1955, where his 1945 article concerning the Duclos letter, which contributed to the ouster of Communist Party USA head Earl Browder. Frank also wrote for Life and Fortune.
With Norton Mockridge, Frank's front-page World-Telegram exposé "Red Ring Bared by Blond Queen" (written with Norton Mockridge) did much to popularize the story of "Red Spy Queen" Elizabeth Bentley; he appeared with her on one of the first episodes of Meet the Press. A former communist who had worked for The Daily Worker, Frank testified before Rep. Richard Nixon and HUAC to support Whittaker Chambers's accusations against Alger Hiss.
Later, Frank became a bookstore owner.

## Personal life and death

Frank was the father of Johanna Hurwitz and the grandfather of Vanessa Ruta, Garance Franke-Ruta, and Ted Frank.

## Works

Articles with Norton Mockridge include:
* "Red Ring Bared by Blond Queen" (July 21, 1948)
* "Super-Secrecy Veiled Russia's Spy Cells Here" (July 22, 1948)
* "Citizens Tricked into Spy Ring by U.S. Reds" (July 23, 1948)
* "Commie Chieftains Ordered Budenz to Aid Red Spy Queen" (July 26, 1948)
# Citizen 13660

Citizen 13660 is a book about internment of Japanese Americans written by Miné Okubo. It is a graphic novel completely illustrated by Miné that depicts the life and community within the Japanese internment camps in the United States. Miné was placed in two camps, first Tanforan Assembly Center and then moved to Topaz War Relocation Center. The book was published in 1946 and was a first real look into the camps because cameras were not allowed.

## Background

Executive Order 9066 signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt made it legal for the US government to create exclusive internment zones for US citizens of Japanese descent. Before entering World War II, the US government used the term "illegal alien" when referring to US citizens of German, Italian and Japanese descent that were under special supervision because the government identified them as a threat. This grew stronger after the Pearl Harbor attack, and made the internment of Japanese Citizens legal.

## Legacy

Miné Okubo testified about her experience within the camps and showcased her book in 1981. This novel helped the public understand what happened within Japanese Internment and what it was like. Okubo was an artist and this book has been used in education to teach about women studies, art, and historical contexts.

## Summary

Citizen 13360 by Miné Okubo is a graphic novel that displays a first hand account of being a prisoner in the Japanese Internment Camps during WW II. The book goes through details of the transportation, daily life, infrastructure and protocols that prisoners had to live with on a daily basis. Okubo is initially sent to the Tanforan Assembly Center in San Bruno, CA. This book shows the devastation of being uprooted from one's home, family and future.
# Culham Inlet

Culham Inlet is an inlet located in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia. The inlet is also referred to as a coastal salt lake or a transient estuary, as the sand bar that prevents it discharging is almost always closed. The wetlands formed by the system are DIWA listed due to their ecological significance.
The inlet is located on the eastern flank of East Mount Barren in the Fitzgerald River National Park and is approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) west of Hopetoun.
The inlet is a wave dominated estuary with a degraded catchment, that is a result of substantial clearing and a saline run-off. It covers a total area of 11.3 square kilometres (4 sq mi). The lagoon area is shallow with a typical maximum depth of 2 metres (7 ft) with a record depth of 4.5 metres (15 ft) recorded after exceptional rainfall. Two rivers discharge into the inlet, the Phillips and the Steere.
The inlet is separated from the Southern Ocean by a bar of dunes between 30 metres (98 ft) to 40 metres (131 ft) wide. The dunes are breached intermittently, breaking naturally in 1849, 1872, 1919, 1993, 2000, 2016 and 2017, and artificially in 1920, each time for a period of 3 to 4 weeks.
The inlet was a river valley prior to 6,500 years ago when a rise in sea levels caused the valley to flood, it would have remained an open estuary until 3,500 years ago when the sand bar at the entrance built up to such a degree that discharge into the ocean was prevented. Then further dune building occurred so that breaks became less frequent.
The area periodically supports a large array of flora and fauna. It is used as a commercial fishery and supplied large catches of Black Bream. The waters also support populations of smaller endemic species such as Goby and two Hardyheads. A large population of waterbirds is also found in the area with up to 25 species being recorded in the inlet.
The inlet was named by John Septimus Roe, who named the inlet in 1848 after the Toodyay homestead of his son in law, Samuel Pole Phillips.
# Gadani

Gadani (Urdu: گڈانی) is a coastal town of Hub District located in the southern part of Balochistan along the Arabian Sea, Pakistan. and is just a 1-hour drive away from Karachi. The population of Gadani was estimated to be around 17,540 in 2023. More than 97% of the population is Muslim with a small Hindu minority. The majority of the population speaks Balochi, Brahui languages and there is a small Lasi speaking minority. They belong to the Sanghur, Kurd, Sajdi, Muhammad Hasni, Gurginari and Bezinjo tribes.
Many prehistoric shell-midden sites were discovered along the shores of a small bay, near Gadani. They are characterized of heaps of fragments of marine and mangrove shells among which are flint and jasper tools and stone querns. The first radiocarbon dates obtained from these middens indicate they result from the activity of people who settled along the coast both during the seventh and the fifth millennium before present.

## Gadani Power Project

Gadani Power Project (also known as Pakistan Power Park) was a proposed energy complex in Gadani, Balochistan, Pakistan under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. In August 2013, Pakistani Government announced to establish ten coal power plants of total capacity of 6,600 MW with technical and financial assistance mostly from China. China is providing with debt to cover 85% of the project cost, while the rest of the finances would be arranged by the government of Pakistan. The total cost of the project is PKR 144.6 billion.
10×660 MW coal based power plants at Gadani Energy Park will be constructed, while Chinese have agreed to invest in 6 projects, two projects will be constructed by ANC Dubai and one project has been initiated by Government of Pakistan. The Ciner Group of Turkey has agreed to immediately start work on a 660 MW coal power plant at Gadani.

## Port facilities

The Port of Gadani currently comprises the Gadani Fish Harbour and the Gadani Ship Breaking Yard. In August 2019 the federal government announced there would be a feasibility study to look at building a modern port at Gadani.
The Gadani Fish Harbour was built in 2003 as part of a federal government programme to open four fishing ports.
The Gadani Ship Breaking Yard is the world's third largest ship breaking yard, and is located immediately south of the town, along a 10 km (6.2 mi) stretch of beach, with 132 ship-breaking plots.
In the 1980s, Gadani was the largest ship-breaking yard in the world, with more than 30,000 direct employees. However, competition from newer facilities in Alang, India and Chittagong, Bangladesh resulted in a significant reduction in output. It now produces less than one fifth of the scrap it produced in the 1980s. The recent reduction in taxes on scrap metal has led to a modest resurgence of output at Gadani, which now employs around 6,000 workers.
# Rabinovich

Rabinovich or Rabinovitch (Рабино́вич, רבינוביץ), is a Russian Ashkenazi Jewish surname, Slavic for "son of the rabbi". The Polish/Lithuanian equivalents are Rabinowitz or Rabinowicz.

## People

People bearing the surname include:
* Abraham Rabinovich, American historian and journalist
* Abram Rabinovich (1878–1943), Russian chess player
* Adolphe Rabinovitch (1918–1944), American Special Operations Executive agent executed by the Germans in World War II
* Aharon Yariv (born Aharon Rabinovich) (1920–1994), Israeli general and politician
* Alexandre Rabinovitch-Barakovsky (born 1945), Russian-born composer
* Aviva Rabinovich (1927-2007), professor of botany, chief scientist at the Israel Nature and Parks Authority, environmental activist.
* Baruch Yehoshua Yerachmiel Rabinovich (1913–1999), Chassidic Rabbi
* Daniel Rabinovich (1943–2015), Argentine musician and humorist, founding member of Les Luthiers
* Dina Rabinovitch (1963–2007), British journalist and writer
* Frida Schahar-Rabinovich (born 1950), Israeli chess master
* Gabriel A. Rabinovich (born 1969), Argentine biochemist
* Gérard Rabinovitch (born 1948), French philosopher and sociologist
* Ilya Rabinovich (1891–1942), Russian chess player
* Ilya Rabinovich - (born 1965), Moldova-born Dutch and Israeli visual artist
* Itamar Rabinovich (born 1942), Israeli politician and president of Tel Aviv University
* Jack Rabinovitch (1930-2017), Canadian philanthropist
* Mikhail Rabinovich (born 1941), Russian-American scientist
* Moshe Leib Rabinovich (born 1940), Munkacs Rebbe
* Nahum Rabinovich (1928–2020), Israeli rabbi
* Raquel Rabinovich (1929–2025), Argentine-American artist
* Robert Rabinovitch, (born 1943), Canadian public servant
* Roman Rabinovich, Israeli pianist
* Samuel Rabinovitch (1903–1991), British sculptor, artist, singer and wrestler (also known as Sam Rabin)
* Samuel Rabinovich (1909–1988), Soviet radiolocation engineer
* Sholem Aleichem (born Sholem Yakov/Solomon Naumovich Rabinovich) (1859–1916), Russian-Ukrainian Yiddish writer
* Vadim Rabinovich (born 1953), Ukrainian gangman and godfather
* Victor Rabinovitch, Canadian public servant

## Fictional characters

* Rabbi Emanuel Rabinovich, non-existent figure cited in antisemitic works
* Russian jokes § Rabinovich, stereotypical Russian Jew
# Douaumont

Douaumont (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Douaumont-Vaux.

## History

The village was a single street lying on an east-west axis and appears to have been connected to a local industry. The population was 288 in 1911.
The village was totally destroyed during World War I. Today the Douaumont Ossuary, which contains the remains of more than 100,000 unknown soldiers of both French and German nationalities found on the battlefield, stands high above the landscape.

## Douaumont Fort

The fort was built south-east of the village.
The construction work for Fort de Douaumont started in 1885 and the fort was continually reinforced until 1913. The fort is situated on some of the highest ground in the area. At the very beginning of the Battle of Verdun (February 1916) and due to French unpreparedness, the fort was easily captured by a small German raiding party. Douaumont was later recaptured by the French Army in October 1916, after major casualties on both sides.
# Otto Barch

Otto Barch (born 20 December 1943, in Frunze) is a retired race walker who represented the USSR. He competed at the 1968, 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics. Barch was affiliated with Burevestnik Frunze.
His greatest achievement was placing second in the 50 km race at the 1973 World Race Walking Cup.