OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Magic pipe

A magic pipe is a surreptitious change to a ship's oily water separator (OWS), or other waste-handing equipment, which allows waste liquids to be discharged in contravention of maritime pollution regulations. Such equipment alterations may allow hundreds of thousands of gallons of contaminated water to be discharged untreated, causing extensive pollution of marine waters.

## Manipulation techniques

The pipe may be improvised, aboard ship, from available hoses and pumps, to discharge untreated waste water directly into the sea. As ships are required to keep records of waste and its treatment, magic pipe cases often involve falsification of these records. The pipe is ironically called "magic" because it bypasses the ship's oily water separator and goes directly overboard. Hence, it can make untreated bilge water "magically disappear".
Often the pipe can be easily disconnected and stored away into a different location aboard the ship so state and regulatory officers can not detect its usage. The use of magic pipes continues to this day, as well as efforts to improve bilge water treatment to make the use of magic pipes unnecessary.

## Legal ramifications

In the United States, magic pipe cases often attract large fines for shipping lines, and prison sentences for crew. Cases are often brought to light by whistle blowers, including a 2016 case involving Princess Cruises, which resulted in a record US$40 million fine. In April 2021 a ship engineer on the Zao Galaxy, an oil tanker, was convicted of intentionally dumping oily bilge water in February 2019 and submitting false paperwork in an attempt to conceal the crime. The engineer may receive a substantial prison sentence and fine. The ship operator was fined US$1.65 million and ordered to "implement a comprehensive Environmental Compliance Plan."
On older OWS systems bypass pipes were fitted with regulatory approval. These approved pipes are no longer fitted on newer vessels.
In some serious emergencies ship's crews are allowed to discharge untreated bilge water overboard, but they need to declare these emergencies in the ship's records and oil record book. Unregistered discharges violate the MARPOL 73/78 international pollution control treaty.

## Motivation and responsibility

The problem is worsened by a lack of facilities in developing countries; some port reception facilities do not allow for oily water to be discharged easily and cost effectively. Crew members, engineers, and ship owners can receive huge fines and even imprisonment if they continue to use a magic pipe to pollute the environment.
Conclusively, some engineers use the magic pipe manipulation technique because of:
* Lack of training
* Lack of shore side assistance with regard to bilge water treatment
* Simple disregard of the ocean environment.

## Proper process

The oily bilge waste comes from a ship's engines and fuel systems. The waste is required to be offloaded when a ship is in port and either burned in an incinerator or taken to a waste management facility. In rare occasions, bilge water can be discharged into the ocean but only after almost all oil is separated out.
# Jeroen van Damme

Jeroen van Damme (born 29 September 1972 in Roosendaal, North Brabant) is a Dutch long distance track, and road running athlete.
On 10 April 2005 Van Damme finished the Rotterdam Marathon in 2:13:48, qualifying for the 2005 World Championships in Athletics where he finished in 58th position.
Van Damme finished second in the St. Bavoloop on 17 June 2007 in Rijsbergen.
# List of Spanish films of 1954

A list of films produced in Spain in 1954 (see 1954 in film).

## 1954

| Title | Director | Cast | Genre | Notes |
| 1954 |||||
| Adventures of the Barber of Seville | Ladislao Vajda | Luis Mariano, Lolita Sevilla | Comedy | Entered into the 1954 Cannes Film Festival |
| All Is Possible in Granada | José Luis Sáenz de Heredia | Merle Oberon, Francisco Rabal | Comedy | Entered into the 1954 Cannes Film Festival |
| An Andalusian Gentleman | Luis Lucia | Jorge Mistral, Carmen Sevilla | Musical | |
| Boyfriend in Sight | Luis García Berlanga | José María Rodero, José Luis López Vázquez | Comedy | |
| Comedians | Juan Antonio Bardem | Emma Penella, Fernando Rey, Elisa Galvé, Rosario García Ortega, Mariano Asquerino, Carlos Casaravilla, Manuel Alexandre | Drama | Inspirated by All About Eve, Bardem remade it as musical in 1970, Varietés starring Sara Montiel |
| Eleven Pairs of Boots | Francisco Rovira Beleta | José Suarez, Elisa Montés | Sports | |
| He Died Fifteen Years Ago | Rafael Gil | Rafael Rivelles, Francisco Rabal | Drama | José Antonio Giménez-Arnau's anticommunist play |
| High Fashion | Luis Marquina | Margarita Lozano, María Martín, Lyla Rocco | Drama | |
| The Island Princess | Paolo Moffa | Silvana Pampanini, Marcello Mastroianni | Comedy | Co-production with Italy |
| Judas' Kiss | Rafael Gil | Rafael Rivelles, Francisco Rabal | Drama | |
| Love in a Hot Climate | Georges Rouquier, Ricardo Muñoz Suay | | | Entered into the 1954 Cannes Film Festival |
| Love on Wheels | Ramón Torrado | Carmen Morell, José Isbert, Félix Fernández | Musical | |
| The Louts | Juan Lladó | Barta Barri, Modesto Cid | Comedy | |
| The Mayor of Zalamea | José Gutiérrez Maesso | Alfredo Mayo, Isabel de Pomés | Historical | |
| Morena Clara | Luis Lucia | Lola Flores, Miguel Ligero | Musical | |
| One Bullet Is Enough | Juan Lladó | Georges Ulmer, Véra Norman | Crime | |
| Señora Ama | Julio Bracho | Dolores del Río, José Suárez | Drama | Spanish-Mexican coproduction |
# Włodzimierz Kuperberg

Włodzimierz Kuperberg (born January 19, 1941) is a professor of mathematics at Auburn University, with research interests in geometry and topology.

## Biography

Although Kuperberg is Polish-American, he was born in what is now Belarus, where his parents and older siblings had traveled east to escape World War II. In 1946, the family returned to Poland, resettling in Szczecin, where Kuperberg grew up. He began his studies at the University of Warsaw in 1959, and received his Ph.D. from the same institution in 1969, under the supervision of Karol Borsuk. During his time at Warsaw, he published three high school textbooks in Polish. Kuperberg left Poland due to the anti-semitic aspects of the 1967-1968 Polish political crisis, and worked at Stockholm University until 1972, when he assumed a visiting position at the University of Houston. In 1974, Kuperberg took a position at Auburn where he remains.
Kuperberg married mathematician Krystyna Kuperberg in 1964, and their son Greg Kuperberg is also a professional mathematician, while their daughter Anna Kuperberg is a photographer.

## Research highlights

Although much of Kuperberg's early mathematical work is in topology, he is best known today for his work in geometry, and in particular on packing and covering problems. His first paper in this area (1982) showed that the ratio of packing density to covering density of any convex body in the plane is at least 3/4. His 1990 paper on double lattices with his son Greg provides the best lower bound known at that time for packing densities of arbitrary two-dimensional convex bodies; with Bezdek (1990) he calculated the exact packing density of the infinite cylinder, which prior to Hales' 1998 solution of the Kepler conjecture was the first nontrivial calculation of the packing density of any three-dimensional convex body.

## Awards and honors

As a high school student, Kuperberg won first prize in the 10th Polish Mathematical Olympiad, leading him to enroll in mathematics when he began his college studies. While at the University of Warsaw he received both the university's Excellence in Teaching and Research Award and the Polish Mathematical Society Award for Young Mathematicians. He was honored again at Auburn by a five-year Alumni Professor chairship in 1996, and again by an Erdős Professorship in 1999, which he used to visit the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest. In 2003, his colleagues presented him with a festschrift.
# Irstead

Irstead is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Barton Turf, in the North Norfolk district, in the county of Norfolk, England. The village is situated at Irstead Shoals, on the River Ant just south of Barton Broad, the second largest of the Norfolk Broads. In 1931 the parish had a population of 113.

## History

The village's name means 'Mud place'. On 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished and merged with Barton Turf.
# Lithuania at the 1994 World Aquatics Championships

Lithuania competed at the 1994 World Aquatics Championships in Rome, Italy.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| Bronze | Raimundas Mažuolis | Swimming | Men's 50 m freestyle | 3 August |

## Swimming

7 swimmers represented Lithuania:

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Nerius Beiga | 100 m breaststroke | 1:05.20 | 29 | did not advance | did not advance |
| Nerius Beiga | 200 m breaststroke | 2:23.32 | 33 | did not advance | did not advance |
| Raimundas Mažuolis | 50 m freestyle | 22.82 | 4 Q | 22.52 | |
| Raimundas Mažuolis | 100 m freestyle | 50.20 | 7 Q | 50.20 | 7 |
| Arūnas Savickas | 100 m backstroke | 57.76 | 25 | did not advance | did not advance |
| Arūnas Savickas | 200 m backstroke | 2:02.47 | 14 Q | 2:05.05 | 16 |
| Mindaugas Špokas | 100 m backstroke | 58.36 | 33 | did not advance | did not advance |
| Mindaugas Špokas | 200 m backstroke | 2:09.54 | 35 | did not advance | did not advance |
| Tomas Tobulevičius | 50 m freestyle | 24.65 | 49 | did not advance | did not advance |
| Tomas Tobulevičius | 100 m freestyle | 53.92 | 53 | did not advance | did not advance |
| Arūnas Savickas Nerius Beiga Tomas Tobulevičius Raimundas Mažuolis | 4 x 100 m medley relay | 4:07.46 | 16 | did not advance | did not advance |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Laura Petrutytė | 50 m freestyle | 26.55 (s.o. 26.13) | =16 Q | 26.47 | 14 |
| Laura Petrutytė | 100 m freestyle | 58.55 | 33 | did not advance | did not advance |
| Dita Želvienė | 50 m freestyle | 27.10 | 28 | did not advance | did not advance |
| Dita Želvienė | 100 m freestyle | 58.77 | 37 | did not advance | did not advance |
# Moldova at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships

Moldova competed at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships in Kazan, Russia from 24 July to 9 August 2015.

## Swimming

Moldovan swimmers have achieved qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of 2 swimmers in each event at the A-standard entry time, and 1 at the B-standard):

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Alexei Sancov | 200 m freestyle | 1:50.18 | 41 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Alexei Sancov | 400 m freestyle | 3:55.83 | 46 | — | — | did not advance | did not advance |
| Alexei Sancov | 800 m freestyle | 8:10.83 | 34 | — | — | did not advance | did not advance |
| Alexei Sancov | 1500 m freestyle | 15:53.85 | 40 | — | — | did not advance | did not advance |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Mihaela Bat | 200 m breaststroke | 2:40.57 | 44 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Tatiana Chişca | 50 m breaststroke | 32.38 | 42 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Tatiana Perstniova | 200 m backstroke | 2:19.37 | 37 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Alexandra Vinicenco | 100 m breaststroke | 1:13.88 | 50 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Tatiana Perstniova Tatiana Chișca Alexandra Vinicenco Mihaela Bat | 4 × 100 m medley relay | 4:26.55 | 25 | — | — | did not advance | did not advance |
# Atomic spacing

Atomic spacing refers to the distance between the nuclei of atoms in a material. This space is extremely large compared to the size of the atomic nucleus, and is related to the chemical bonds which bind atoms together. In solid materials, the atomic spacing is described by the bond lengths of its atoms. In ordered solids, the atomic spacing between two bonded atoms is generally around a few ångströms (Å), which is on the order of 10$^{−10}$ meters (see Lattice constant). However, in very low density gases (for example, in outer space) the average distance between atoms can be as large as a meter. In this case, the atomic spacing is not referring to bond length.
The atomic spacing of crystalline structures is usually determined by passing an electromagnetic wave of known frequency through the material, and using the laws of diffraction to determine its atomic spacing. The atomic spacing of amorphous materials (such as glass) varies substantially between different pairs of atoms, therefore diffraction cannot be used to accurately determine atomic spacing. In this case, the average bond length is a common way of expressing the distance between its atoms.

## Example

Bond length can be determined between different elements in molecules by using the atomic radii of the atoms. Carbon bonds with itself to form two covalent network solids. Diamond's C-C bond has a distance of ${\frac {{\sqrt {3}}a}{4}}\approx 0.154\ {\text{nm}}$ away from each carbon since $a_{\text{diamond}}\approx 0.357\ {\text{nm}}$, while graphite's C-C bond has a distance of ${\frac {a}{\sqrt {3}}}\approx 0.142\ {\text{nm}}$ away from each carbon since $a_{\text{graphite}}\approx 0.246\ {\text{nm}}$. Although both bonds are between the same pair of elements they can have different bond lengths.
# Grenada at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships

Grenada competed at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, China between July 16 and 31, 2011.

## Swimming

Grenada qualified 2 swimmers.

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heats | Heats | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Esau Simpson | Men's 50m Freestyle | 24.72 | 60 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Esau Simpson | Men's 100m Freestyle | 53.85 | 68 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Nicholas Coard | Men's 50m Freestyle | 24.78 | 61 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Nicholas Coard | Men's 100m Freestyle | 53.94 | 70 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
# Tony Sbalbi

Tony Sbalbi AKA "Tony the tiger" (born 4 September 1969) is a French ski mountaineer and non-commissioned officer of the chasseurs alpins corps.
Sbalbi was born in Aix-en-Provence. He attended the Lycée Jean Raynouard in Brignoles. At the age of 18 years he joined the army, where he became instructor at the École militaire de haute montagne (EMHM) in Chamonix. In 1989 he participated in his first ski mountaineering race, and has been member of the French national team since 2002.

## Selected results

* 2001:
** 6th, European Championship team race (together with Laurent Fabre)
* 2002:
** 2nd, World Championship team race (together with Patrick Blanc)
** 3rd, French Championship single
** 6th, World Championship combination ranking
* 2005:
** 4th, European Championship relay race (together with Florent Perrier, Bertrand Blanc and Grégory Gachet)
** 8th, European Championship vertical race
* 2006:
** 2nd, World Championship vertical race
** 2nd, Swiss Championship vertical race
* 2007:
** 3rd, European Championship relay race (together with Yannick Buffet, Bertrand Blanc and Fabien Anselmet)
** 5th, European Championship vertical race
** 9th, European Championship team race (together with Patrick Blanc)
* 2008:
** 8th, World Championship long distance race
* 2009:
** 2nd, European Championship vertical race
** 5th, European Championship relay race (together with Didier Blanc, Nicolas Bonnet and Martial Premat)
* 2010:
** 7th, World Championship team race (together with Grégory Gachet)
** 9th, World Championship vertical race
* 2011:
** 1st, Sellaronda Skimarathon, together with Alain Seletto

### Patrouille des Glaciers

* 2000: 6th (international military teams ranking), together with Sgt chef Laurent Fabre and Adj Patrick Rassat
* 2006: 6th (and 1st "seniors II" ranking), together with Olivier Nägele and Alexander Lugger
* 2008: 6th (and 5th in the "international men" ranking), together with Alexandre Pellicier and Didier Blanc
* 2010: 7th (and 6th "ISMF men" ranking), together with Adrien Piccot and Philippe Blanc

### Pierra Menta

* 1999: 9th, together with Laurent Fabre
* 2002: 6th, together with Patrick Blanc
* 2003: 1st, together with Patrick Blanc
* 2004: 6th, together with Patrick Blanc
* 2005: 8th, together with Cyril Champange
* 2006: 4th, together with Denis Trento
* 2007: 5th, together with Denis Trento
* 2008: 6th, together with Ivan Murada
* 2009: 4th, together with Didier Blanc
* 2012: 9th, together with Jean Pellissier

### Trofeo Mezzalama

* 2003: 9th, together with Patrick Blanc and Cédric Tomio
* 2007: 4th, together with Martin Riz and Alain Seletto
* 2009: 3rd, together with Didier Blanc and Alain Seletto
# Guyana at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships

Guyana competed at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, China between July 16 and 31, 2011.

## Swimming

Guyana qualified 3 swimmers.

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heats | Heats | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Niall Roberts | Men's 50m Freestyle | 24.80 | 62 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Niall Roberts | Men's 100m Freestyle | 54.99 | 74 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Heats | Heats | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Britany van Lange | Women's 100m Freestyle | 1:01.39 | 55 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Britany van Lange | Women's 200m Freestyle | 2:16.40 | 46 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Jessica Stephenson | Women's 100m Breaststroke | 1:16.54 | 40 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Jessica Stephenson | Women's 200m Breaststroke | 2:46.28 | 36 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
# George S. Eccles 2002 Legacy Bridge

The George S. Eccles 2002 Legacy Bridge is a pedestrian bridge on the University of Utah campus in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. The bridge was complete in 2001.
# Denmark at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships

Denmark competed at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, Hungary from 17 June to 3 July.

## Swimming

Denmark entered 5 swimmers.

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Rasmus Nickelsen | 50 m butterfly | 23.54 | 18 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Rasmus Nickelsen | 100 m butterfly | 52.54 | 21 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Helena Rosendahl Bach | 400 m freestyle | 4:13.36 | 21 | — | — | did not advance | did not advance |
| Helena Rosendahl Bach | 200 m butterfly | 2:09.24 | =7 Q | 2:07.82 | 7 Q | 2:08.12 | =7 |
| Emilie Beckmann | 50 m butterfly | 26.69 | 21 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Signe Bro | 100 m freestyle | 54.61 | 17 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Julie Kepp Jensen | 50 m freestyle | 25.04 | =9 Q | 24.86 | 8 Q | 24.96 | 8 |
| Julie Kepp Jensen | 50 m backstroke | 28.50 | 18 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Julie Kepp Jensen | 50 m butterfly | 26.45 | 14 Q | 26.32 | =14 | did not advance | did not advance |
# Harold Wenstrom

Harald Oscar Ludwig "Wennie" Wenstrom (January 4, 1893 – April 26, 1944) was an American cinematographer.

## Biography

Harold was born in Brooklyn to Ludwig Wenstrom and Ida Petersen. His parents were Swedish immigrants. He began working as a cameraman for Sidney Drew at Metro in New York City around 1914.
During World War I, after first serving as a seaman, he was moved to the navy's photographic division and assigned to accompany President Woodrow Wilson's first trip to Europe.
After the war, he arrived in Hollywood to work for Maxwell Karger. 1919 saw Wenstrom gaining a reputation for his collaborations with actress Alla Nazimova and his ability to get difficult shots: On one occasion, he got footage while strapped to a plane's fuselage.
During World War II, he joined the Navy (after serving for many years in the reserves), earning the rank of lieutenant commander. He died in his room at the Ambassador Hotel in Washington, D.C., in 1944; the cause of death was noted as a heart attack suffered after a bout of pneumonia.
He was married to Ella "Bill" Williams, a studio manager at Cosmopolitan Pictures and former secretary of actress Marion Davies, for many years.

## Selected filmography

* Annie Oakley (1935)
* Powdersmoke Range (1935)
* The Arizonian (1935)
* Laddie (1935)
* Red Morning (1934)
* Wednesday's Child (1934)
* Gift of Gab (1934)
* Their Big Moment (1934)
* Keep 'Em Rolling (1934)
* The Lost Patrol (1934)
* What-No Beer? (1933)
* Fast Life (1932)
* Speak Easily (1932)
* Huddle (1932)
* Hell Divers (1931)
* Menschen hinter Gittern (1931)
* Min and Bill (1930)
* The Big House (1930)
* Born to Battle (1927)
* The Midnight Watch (1927)
* The Lady in Ermine (1927)
* Hazardous Valley (1927)
* Syncopating Sue (1926)
* Into Her Kingdom (1926)
* Born to Battle (1926)
* Zander the Great (1925)
* The Great White Way (1924)
* Under the Red Robe (1923)
* The Go-Getter (1923)
* Adam and Eva (1923)
* The Face in the Fog (1922)
* When Knighthood Was in Flower (1922)
* The Young Diana (1922)
* The Beauty Shop (1922)
* Proxies (1921)
* The Saphead (1920)
* The Best of Luck (1920)
# Philippines at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships

Philippines competed at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, China between July 16 and 31, 2011.

## Swimming

Philippines qualified 3 swimmers.

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heats | Heats | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Charles William Walker | Men's 100m Freestyle | 51.72 | 51 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Charles William Walker | Men's 100m Backstroke | 58.82 | 45 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Jessie Lacuna | Men's 200m Freestyle | 1:52.27 | 40 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Jessie Lacuna | Men's 200m Butterfly | 2:04.23 | 36 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Heats | Heats | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Jasmine Al-Khaldi | Women's 100m Freestyle | 58.02 | 44 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Jasmine Al-Khaldi | Women's 100m Butterfly | 1:03.69 | 40 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |