# Francesco Nullo

Francesco Nullo (1 March 1826 – 5 May 1863) was an Italian patriot, military officer and merchant, and a close friend and confidant of Giuseppe Garibaldi. He supported independence movements in Italy and Poland. He was a participant in the Five Days of Milan and other events of the revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states, Sicilian Expedition of the Thousand in 1860 and the Polish January Uprising in 1863. His military career ended with him receiving the rank of general in Poland, shortly before his death in the Battle of Krzykawka.

## Youth

Francesco Nullo was born on 1 March 1826 in Bergamo, as a son of Arcangelo and Angelina Magno, a wealthy family of linen traders. He had five younger brothers. He finished primary school there, with distinction, and continued his education in the Collegio Celana in Val San Martino (Caprino Bergamasco); a former ecclesiastic seminary, one of the best boarding schools in the region. In 1840 he returned to work in his family's textile factory, but left soon afterward to study in Milan; there he became involved in the revolutionary movement for Italian unification.

## Struggle for Italian independence

During the revolutions of 1848, along with his two brothers he took part in fighting during the Five Days of Milan. In 1849 he fought near Rome, and retreated together with Giuseppe Garibaldi to San Marino. In 1850 he returned to Bergamo, where he resumed his life as a textile merchant for the next decade.
In 1859, motivated by the resurgence of Italian patriotism, he joined Garibaldi in the ranks of Hunters of the Alps to fight against the Austrians. On 3 May in Turin he formed a unit of volunteers. On 27 May he took part in the Battle of San Fermo. Nullo became widely known for the Sicilian Expedition of the Thousand, where he commanded the Iron Company (or Iron Brigade). He personally supervised the enrollment of volunteers in Bergamo which, given the large number of accessions (more than 10% of the total), could then boast the title of City of the Thousand. Due to his previous experience in the textile industry, he provided the red shirts used by Italian "garibaldini" (voluntary troops at Garibaldi's command), who became known as the "red shirts". He was wounded in the Battle of Calatafimi, but just a few days later led his soldiers in a charge at the Battle of Palermo. He was the one who planted the first Italian flag in Palermo on 27 May 1860. He fought in the victorious Battle of Reggio in Calabria, and was promoted to major soon afterward.
He wrote in the Book of Honor of Bergamo's volunteers:
   I am proud to belong to the ranks of the valiant sons of Bergamo who adorn the pages of this book of honor and to see my name alongside those of many brothers in arms
In 1862 Nullo was arrested along with 123 other partisans while organizing an expedition for the liberation of Austrian-ruled Veneto (considered too dangerous by the newly established Kingdom of Italy). He was soon released, under the pressure of numerous demonstrators calling to "Release Nullo".
He continued to be a faithful companion to Garibaldi in the second expedition to Sicily, including at the Battle of Aspromonte (1862), when the Italian Army had to stop Garibaldi in his attempt to reach and conquer Rome, which was protected by France. Garibaldi was injured in the battle, and Nullo was responsible for saving him.

## In the 1863 Polish January Uprising

After the overthrow of the government of Urbano Rattazzi, because of the popular indignation at the events in Aspromonte, the new prime minister Luigi Carlo Farini encouraged Nullo to form a legion of volunteers to intervene on the side of Polish insurgents against Russian domination, ensuring his lobbying at King Vittorio Emanuele II, to declare war on the Russian Empire. Nullo, already friends with Poles such as Ludwik Mierosławski and Marian Langiewicz, who supported him and Garibaldi in their past fights, quickly took to the Polish cause, soon organizing meetings in Bergamo and recruiting volunteers for the Polish cause, recalling Polish support for the Italian cause during the Napoleonic wars (Polish Legions in Italy), and even more so, during the Spring of Nations (Mickiewicz's Legion).
Farini was considered insane and forced to resign, but Nullo could leave for Poland, gathering some Italian volunteers (sources vary with regards to their number, but most reliable ones settle on about twenty). The group, commanded by Nullo, became known as the Garibaldi Legion. During the trip, the Italian group was joined by a small groups of Polish emigres and the French volunteer unit, the Zouaves of Death, led by Lieutenant François Rochebrune. The Italians and the French were sometimes referred to as the Foreign Legion.
Nullo with a selected cadre of a dozen or so volunteers reached Kraków in April 1863. They were incorporated into the unit of colonel Józef Miniewski. The Legion crossed the borders of Congress Poland on the night of 3–4 May near Ostrężnica and Czyżówka, after organizing in Krzeszowice. Early in the morning of the 4th the unit's first battle in Poland occurred at Podłęże where it defeated a Russian force (the garrison from Olkusz). The Polish National Government awarded him the rank of general. With a Polish unit commanded by colonel Miniewski he marched on Olkusz. On the morning of 5 May they reached Krzykawka.
Subsequently, on 5 May, the Legion, along with the Polish unit under Miniewski, took part in the Battle of Krzykawka. In the first stage of the battle, the insurgents push the Russian troops back in close fighting; but subsequent Russian reinforcements turned the tide and the insurgents and their foreign allies suffered heavy casualties; both Miniewski and Nullo were killed in that battle. Nullo was mortally injured leading the charge. Hit by a Cossack bullet while preparing (or leading) a charge (sources vary), he had only time to whisper, in Bergamo dialect: So' mort! (I'm dead). Several other Italians were killed in this battle, and some were taken prisoner and deported to Siberia, including the cornigliese Giovanni Rustici.

## Remembrance

In Italy, two warships have been named for Nullo. The first, a Rosolino Pilo-class destroyer, was built at Cantiere Pattison in Naples, commissioned in 1915, and renamed Fratelli Cairoli in 1921. The second, a destroyer of the Sauro class, was built in Fiume by 3. Maj and served from 1927 until she was sunk in 1940.
In Bergamo, his hometown, a statue erected in 1907 by sculptor Ernesto Bazzaro near the main city theatre was dedicated to him. In 1937 an urn with soil from his tomb was offered by Polish legioners to the Bergamo Municipality. It is preserved in the town's Museum of Risorgimento. Several schools in Poland are named after him.
In Poland Nullo is considered a national hero. On 8 May he was buried in the cemetery in Olkusz, together with several other soldiers killed in the battle of Krzykawka, and on 12 May a mass in his name was held in Kraków. Even before Poland regained its independence, a monument dedicated to him was built there by the local community; it was raised illegally as at that time Olkusz was still part of the Russian partition. In 1915 a memorial to Nullo and other soldiers was raised on the battle site near Krzykawka; the field is known as Nullo's Field. In the Second Polish Republic, in 1923, on the 60th anniversary of the battle, a ceremony was held there, attended by government officials and with the writer Stefan Żeromski giving a eulogy. In 1931 a Polish-Italian ceremony was held at the graveyard. He was the patron of the 50 Regiment of Kresy Riflemen (50 Pułk Piechoty Strzelców Kresowych). Even during the Cold War years, a consul went to Bergamo to pay him homage at the foot of the monument dedicated to him in his hometown. In 1963, on the battle's 100th anniversary, an Italian delegation visited the cemetery, adding another plaque and several trees. Nine streets and three schools in Poland bear his name. He is also commemorated in several poems. There is also a monument in Warsaw (on a street bearing his name), the monument was unveiled on 26 February 1939 by Galeazzo Ciano. On the 130th anniversary of his death, 5 May 1993, Polish Post issued a stamp dedicated to him.