# Seine-Saint-Denis

Seine-Saint-Denis (French pronunciation: ) is a department of France located in the Grand Paris metropolis in the Île-de-France region. In French, it is often referred to colloquially as quatre-vingt treize or neuf trois ("ninety-three" or "nine three"), after its official administrative number, 93. Its prefecture is Bobigny.
In 2019, it had a population of 1,644,903 across 39 communes. In French, the learned but rarely used demonym for the inhabitants of Seine-Saint-Denis is Séquano-Dionysiens; more common is Dionysiens.

## Geography

The department is surrounded by the departments of Hauts-de-Seine, Val-de-Marne, Paris, Val-d'Oise, and Seine-et-Marne. It is thus one of only five French departments surrounded entirely by other departments of the same region.
Seine-Saint-Denis is located to the northeast of Paris. It has a surface area of only 236 km$^2$ (91 sq mi), making it one of the smallest departments in France. Seine-Saint-Denis and two other small departments, Hauts-de-Seine and Val-de-Marne, form a ring around Paris, known as the Petite Couronne ("little crown"). Since 1 January 2016, together with Paris, they have formed the area of Greater Paris (Grand Paris).

### Principal towns

The most populous commune is Saint-Denis; the prefecture Bobigny is the eleventh-most populous. As of 2019, there are 5 communes with more than 70,000 inhabitants:
| Commune | Population (2019) |
| Saint-Denis | 112,852 |
| Montreuil | 111,240 |
| Aubervilliers | 88,948 |
| Aulnay-sous-Bois | 86,969 |
| Drancy | 72,376 |

## Administration

Seine-Saint-Denis is made up of three departmental arrondissements and 40 communes:
Arrondissement of Saint-Denis:
* Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine
* Aubervilliers
* Saint-Denis
* L'Île-Saint-Denis
* Épinay-sur-Seine
* Villetaneuse
* Pierrefitte-sur-Seine
* Stains
* La Courneuve
Arrondissement of Bobigny:
* Dugny
* Le Bourget
* Drancy
* Bobigny
* Bondy
* Les Pavillons-sous-Bois
* Noisy-le-Sec
* Romainville
* Pantin
* Le Pré-Saint-Gervais
* Les Lilas
* Bagnolet
* Montreuil
* Rosny-sous-Bois
* Villemomble
Arrondissement of Le Raincy:
* Neuilly-Plaisance
* Neuilly-sur-Marne
* Noisy-le-Grand
* Gournay-sur-Marne
* Gagny
* Le Raincy
* Clichy-sous-Bois
* Montfermeil
* Coubron
* Vaujours
* Livry-Gargan
* Sevran
* Aulnay-sous-Bois
* Le Blanc-Mesnil
* Villepinte
* Tremblay-en-France

## History

Seine-Saint-Denis was created in January 1968, through the implementation of a law passed in July 1964. It was formed from the part of the (hitherto larger) Seine department to the north and north-east of the Paris ring road (and the line of the old city walls), together with a small slice taken from Seine-et-Oise.
Seine-Saint-Denis has a history as a left-wing stronghold, belonging to the ceinture rouge (red belt) of Paris. The French Communist Party has maintained a continued strong presence in the department, and still controls the city councils in cities such as Saint-Denis, Montreuil and La Courneuve. Until 2008, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne were the only departments where the Communist Party had a majority in the general councils but the 2008 cantonal elections saw the socialists become the strongest group at the Seine-Saint-Denis general council (while the Communist Party gained a majority in Allier and lost it in 2015).
A commune of Seine-Saint-Denis, Clichy-sous-Bois, was the scene of the death of two youths which sparked the nationwide riots of autumn 2005. In October and November, 9,000 cars were burned and 3,000 rioters were arrested.
In 2018, the department had the highest crime rate in metropolitan France. In 2017, the area was the location of 18% of all drug offences in metropolitan France.

## Demographics

Seine-Saint-Denis is the French department with the highest proportion of immigrants: 21.7% at the 1999 census (see table below). An immigrant according to INSEE is anyone born non-French within or outside France and as such, this figure does not include people born French but with a migrant background or from overseas France. The ratio of ethnic minorities is difficult to estimate accurately as French law prohibits the collection of ethnic data for census taking purposes.
In 2018, the poverty rate was twice the national average at 28%, the unemployment rate was 3% above the national average, at 12.7%. In 2018, it was estimated that 8–20% of the population in the department were illegal immigrants.
Population development since 1881:
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1881 | 180,412 | — |
| 1891 | 230,992 | +2.50% |
| 1901 | 307,329 | +2.90% |
| 1911 | 411,443 | +2.96% |
| 1921 | 504,956 | +2.07% |
| 1931 | 769,315 | +4.30% |
| 1936 | 776,378 | +0.18% |
| 1946 | 730,361 | −0.61% |
| 1954 | 845,231 | +1.84% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1962 | 1,083,724 | +3.16% |
| 1968 | 1,249,606 | +2.40% |
| 1975 | 1,322,127 | +0.81% |
| 1982 | 1,324,301 | +0.02% |
| 1990 | 1,381,197 | +0.53% |
| 1999 | 1,382,861 | +0.01% |
| 2006 | 1,491,972 | +1.09% |
| 2011 | 1,529,928 | +0.50% |
| 2016 | 1,606,660 | +0.98% |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. :
Sources: :

### Education

An education study confirmed falling levels of literacy in the area, where the percentage of pupils who had 25 errors or more increased from 5.4% in 1987 to 19.8% in 2015.

### Place of birth of residents

Place of birth of residents of Seine-Saint-Denis in 1999 :
| Born in metropolitan France | Born outside metropolitan France | Born outside metropolitan France | Born outside metropolitan France | Born outside metropolitan France |
| 72.5% | 27.5% | 27.5% | 27.5% | 27.5% |
| 72.5% | Born in overseas France | Born in foreign countries with French citizenship at birth$^1$ | EU-15 immigrants$^2$ | Non-EU-15 immigrants |
| 72.5% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 4.4% | 17.3% |
| $^1$ This group is made up largely of former French settlers, such as pieds-noirs in Northwest Africa, followed by former colonial citizens who had French citizenship at birth (such as was often the case for the native elite in French colonies), as well as to a lesser extent foreign-born children of French expatriates. A foreign country is understood as a country not part of France in 1999, so a person born for example in 1950 in Algeria, when Algeria was an integral part of France, is nonetheless listed as a person born in a foreign country in French statistics. $^2$ An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. An immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants. |||||

## Politics

The president of the Departmental Council is Stéphane Troussel, first elected in 2012.

### Presidential elections 2nd round

| Election | Winning Candidate | Party | % | 2nd Place Candidate | Party | % |
| 2022 | Emmanuel Macron | LREM | 73.72 | Marine Le Pen | FN | 26.28 |
| 2017 | Emmanuel Macron | LREM | 78.82 | Marine Le Pen | FN | 21.18 |
| 2012 | François Hollande | PS | 65.32 | Nicolas Sarkozy | UMP | 34.68 |
| 2007 | Ségolène Royal | PS | 56.54 | Nicolas Sarkozy | UMP | 43.46 |
| 2002 | Jacques Chirac | RPR | 82.56 | Jean-Marie Le Pen | FN | 17.44 |
| 1995 | Lionel Jospin | PS | 51.84 | Jacques Chirac | RPR | 48.16 |

### Current National Assembly Representatives

| Constituency | Member | Party |
| Seine-Saint-Denis's 1st constituency | Éric Coquerel | La France Insoumise |
| Seine-Saint-Denis's 2nd constituency | Stéphane Peu | French Communist Party |
| Seine-Saint-Denis's 3rd constituency | Thomas Portes | La France Insoumise |
| Seine-Saint-Denis's 4th constituency | Soumya Bourouaha | French Communist Party |
| Seine-Saint-Denis's 5th constituency | Raquel Garrido | La France Insoumise |
| Seine-Saint-Denis's 6th constituency | Bastien Lachaud | La France Insoumise |
| Seine-Saint-Denis's 7th constituency | Alexis Corbière | La France Insoumise |
| Seine-Saint-Denis's 8th constituency | Fatiha Keloua Hachi | Socialist Party |
| Seine-Saint-Denis's 9th constituency | Aurélie Trouvé | La France Insoumise |
| Seine-Saint-Denis's 10th constituency | Nadège Abomangoli | La France Insoumise |
| Seine-Saint-Denis's 11th constituency | Clémentine Autain | La France Insoumise |
| Seine-Saint-Denis's 12th constituency | Jérôme Legavre | La France Insoumise |

## Tourism

* Memorial to King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette in Basilica of St Denis
* Aerospace Museum in Le Bourget
* Stade de France
* Canal de l'Ourcq