# The Element of Crime

The Element of Crime (Danish: Forbrydelsens Element) is a 1984 Danish experimental neo-noir crime film co-written and directed by Lars von Trier. It is the first feature film directed by von Trier and the first installment of the director's Europa trilogy — succeeded by Epidemic (1987) and Europa (1991).

## Plot

A detective named Fisher, who has become an expatriate living in Cairo, undergoes hypnosis in order to recall his last case. The Europe of his dreamlike recollection is a dystopia, dark and decaying continent. Fisher remembers that he was hired by the police chief Kramer to pursue a serial killer called the "Lotto Murderer", who was strangling and then mutilating young girls who were selling lottery tickets. He attempts to track down the killer using the controversial methods outlined in a book entitled The Element of Crime, written by his disgraced mentor, Osborne. Fisher's search is based on a tailing report written by Osborne when trying to track down a murderer Harry Grey, who had been killing in the same way as the "Lotto Murderer", but who, supposedly, has since died in a crash. He is joined in his search by a prostitute named Kim, who, it turns out, has had a child by Harry Grey. The Osborne method requires the detective to try to identify with the mind of the killer. This he does, but, in so doing, begins to behave more and more like a serial killer himself. The film suggests that both Osborne and Fisher, by going too deeply into a serial killer's mind, have become murderers themselves. Osborne, we are told, confessed his crime or multiple murders to Police Chief Kramer before committing suicide. Fisher apparently goes back to Cairo as the case is closed. The film ends with Fisher, still under hypnosis, seemingly going into his subconsciousness and discovering an imprisoned little animal there. He then tells the hypnotist "You can wake me up now" but receives no response.

## Cast

* Michael Elphick as Fisher
* Esmond Knight as Osborne
* Meme Lai as Kim
* Jerold Wells as Kramer
* Ahmed El Shenawi as Therapist
* Astrid Henning-Jensen as Housekeeper
* János Herskó as Coroner
* Stig Larsson as Coroner's assistant
* Harry Harper and Roman Moszkowicz as Portiers
* Lars von Trier as Schmuck of Ages
* Frederik Casby as White policeman
* Duke Addabayo as Black policeman
* Jon Bang Carlsen as Angry policeman
* Leif Magnusson as Hotel guest
* Preben Lerdorff Rye as Grandfather
* Camilla Overbye Roos and Maria Behrendt as Lotto girls
* Mogens Rukov as Librarian
* Gotha Andersen as Judge

## Crew

* Director: Lars von Trier
* Screenplay: Lars von Trier, Niels Vørsel
* Executive producer: Per Holst
* Production manager: Per Årman, Sanne Arnt Torp
* Director of photography: Tom Elling
* Shooting script: Lars von Trier, Tom Elling, Tómas Gislason
* Scenario consultant: Mogens Rukov
* Translation: Steven Wakelam, William Quarshie
* Camera operator: Søren Berthelin, Steen Møller Rasmussen
* Assistant director: Åke Sandgren
* Production designer: Peter Høimark
* Special effects: Peter Høimark
* Property master: Tove Robert Rasmussen
* Props: Peter Grant, John Johansen, Lars Nielsen, William Knutter
* Lighting engineer: Eg Norre
* Gaffer: Jens Gielow, Flemming Bruhn Pedersen, Preben Seltoft, Birger Larsen
* Sound recordist: Henrik Fleischer
* Film and sound editor: Tómas Gislason
* Wardrobe: Manon Rasmussen
* Music composed by: Bo Holten

## Style

The film employs the film noir conventions of monochrome footage, apparently constant night, and the frequent presence of water, such as rain and rivers. The film is shot almost entirely in sodium light, resulting in images reminiscent of sepia tone, though with a more intense yellow. Because sodium lamps produce light in only a few narrow emission peaks, rather than over a wide spectrum, the film has an almost monochrome appearance. The sepia is occasionally contrasted with piercing blues and reds.
The world depicted in the film is semi-derelict. Disordered collections of similar or identical objects are found in many of the scenes, reinforcing the sense of a crumbling society. Examples include white paper, light bulbs, heaps of keys, surgical scissors, glass bottles, rubber stamps, and Coca-Cola cans.
The film's slow pace, dark visuals and occasional surreal imagery give it a dreamlike quality. In addition, much of the dialogue is contradictory. An example is one conversation between Fisher and his mentor's housekeeper:
    Fisher: Is it always as dark as this at this time of the year?
    Housekeeper: There are no seasons anymore. The last three summers haven't been summers. The weather changes all the time. It never alters.
In the opening of the film, a shot of a donkey lying on its back and then slowly struggling to stand may be a homage to a similar shot in Andrei Tarkovsky's Andrei Rublev (1966). von Trier has stated that he is an admirer of Tarkovsky's work:
   I was very inspired by Tarkovsky. I won't make any bones about that. I saw an excerpt from The Mirror (Zerkalo) on Swedish television once, just a travelling shot around that house, and that was one of those 'I'll be damned' experiences.

## Reception
### Critical response

The Element of Crime polarized critics at Cannes in 1984. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 80% of critics gave the film a positive review.
Peter Cowie, in 2000, writes that "The Element of Crime heralded a new voice in film.... No film made by Lars von Trier is quite so mesmeric as this debut.... this expressionist ritual could have been made by Murnau, Lang, Pabst or any of the masters of German silent cinema" and concludes "The Element of Crime undoubtedly proclaimed a talent as unusual and compelling as any to emerge from Northern Europe since World War II."

### Accolades

The film received several awards including the Bodil Awards and Robert Awards in 1985 for the Best Film. It received Technical Grand Prize and was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival.
| Organization | Category | Recipients and nominees | Result |
| Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival | Grand Prix | Lars von Trier | Nominated |
| Cannes Film Festival | Technical Grand Prize | Lars von Trier | Won |
| Cannes Film Festival | Palme d'Or | Lars von Trier | Nominated |
| Bodil Awards | Best Film | Lars von Trier | Won |
| Fantasporto | International Fantasy Film Award for Best Director | Lars von Trier | Won |
| Fantasporto | International Fantasy Film Award for Best Film | Lars von Trier | Nominated |
| Mannheim-Heidelberg International Filmfestival | Josef von Sternberg Award | Lars von Trier | Won |
| Robert Awards | Best Cinematography | Tom Elling | Won |
| Robert Awards | Best Costume Design | Manon Rasmussen | Won |
| Robert Awards | Best Editor | Tómas Gislason | Won |
| Robert Awards | Best Film | Lars von Trier | Won |
| Robert Awards | Best Production Design | Peter Høimark | Won |
| Robert Awards | Best Sound | Morten Degnbol | Won |
| Robert Awards | Best Special Effects | Peter Høimark | Won |

## Home media

The Element of Crime has been released on DVD in North America by the Criterion Collection. In 2023, Criterion released a 3K restoration of the film as part of the Blu-ray box set, Lars von Trier's Europe Trilogy. In Europe, a digitally remastered DVD is available as part of the box set Lars von Trier's Europe Trilogy – Hypnotic Edition.