OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Auguste Wolff

Auguste Désiré Bernard Wolff (3 May 1821 – 9 February 1887) was a French pianist and piano maker, from 1855 the head of Pleyel et Cie.

## Life

Wolff was born in Paris in 1821. Aged fourteen he entered the Paris Conservatoire, where he studied the piano with Pierre-Joseph-Guillaume Zimmerman, and took a first prize in 1839. He was also a pupil of Aimé Leborne for counterpoint, and Fromental Halévy for composition, and under these auspices composed several piano pieces, published by Richault. At 21 he joined the staff of the Conservatoire as répétiteur, and remained for five years.
After this he gave up teaching to become the pupil and partner of the piano maker Camille Pleyel, who, being old and infirm, was looking out for a dependable assistant. Wolff entered Pleyel et Cie in 1850, became a member in 1852, and, on the death of Pleyel in 1855, succeeded to the headship of the company.
He experimented with hammer placement to get the fullest tone and the best partials, and in the 1860s introduced overstringing to grand pianos. He patented several inventions, including a transposing keyboard and a pedal piano. His biographer in A Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1900) wrote: "It is owing to such labours as these, and M. Wolff's indefatigable activity, that the firm of Pleyel-Wolff still keeps its place in the front rank of pianoforte makers, and gains so many distinctions."
Wolff died in Paris on 9 February 1887; his son-in-law Gustave Lyon took over as head of the company.
# Ken McClure

Ken McClure (born 25 October 1994) is a New Zealand first-class cricketer who plays for Canterbury. He made his first-class debut on 15 October 2015 in the 2015–16 Plunket Shield. He made his List A debut on 17 January 2016 in the 2015–16 Ford Trophy. In March 2018, he scored his maiden double century in first-class cricket, batting for Canterbury in the 2017–18 Plunket Shield season.
In June 2018, he was awarded a contract with Canterbury for the 2018–19 season. In June 2020, he was offered a contract by Canterbury ahead of the 2020–21 domestic cricket season. In November 2020, McClure was named in the New Zealand A cricket team for practice matches against the touring West Indies team.
# 2015 Transnistrian census

The 2015 Transnistrian census was organized in the unrecognized state of Transnistria in 2015. It was held after Moldova, internationally recognized as the owner of the state's territory, made a census in 2014.

## Census results

According to the census results, Transnistria's population was of 475,373 people in 2015. This represented a population decline of 14.47% (or nearly 80,000 people) since the 2004 Transnistrian census, which is an amount similar to the population of the second largest Transnistrian-controlled city, Bender (Tighina).
The ethnic composition results were the following:
* Russians: 29.1%
* Moldovans: 28.6%
* Ukrainians: 22.9%
* Bulgarians: 2.4%
* Gagauz: 1.1%
* Belarusians: 0.5%
* Transnistrians: 0.2%
* Others: 1.4%
This census was the first one in Transnistria in which the population was given the option to identify as "Transnistrian", which more than 1,000 people did. Furthermore, 14% of the population did not specify its ethnic affiliation.
# Spadix (botany)

In botany, a spadix (/ˈspeɪdɪks/ SPAY-diks; pl.: spadices /ˈspeɪdɪsiːz/ SPAY-dih-seez, /speɪˈdaɪsiːz/ spay-DY-seez) is a type of inflorescence having small flowers borne on a fleshy stem. Spadices are typical of the family Araceae, the arums or aroids. The spadix is typically surrounded by a leaf-like curved bract known as a spathe. For example, the "flower" of the well known Anthurium spp. is a typical spadix with a large colorful spathe.
In this type of inflorescence, the peduncle is thick, long and fleshy, having small sessile unisexual flowers covered with one or more large green or colourful bracts (spathe). Spadix inflorescence is found in colocasia, aroids, maize and palms (palms have compound spadix).
Monoecious aroids have unisexual male and female flowers on the same individual and the spadix is usually organized with female flowers towards the bottom and male flowers towards the top. Typically, the stigmas are no longer receptive when pollen is released which prevents self-fertilization.
In the compound spadix inflorescence, the axis is branched. Usually the whole inflorescence is covered by a stiff boat-shaped hood, for example the coconut (palms).
In many arums with unisexual (imperfect) spadices, the upper portion of the spadix contains infertile male flowers and is referred to as the appendix. The appendix in certain species, such as Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, is enlarged, highly modified and shows variability in shape. In Arum maculatum the appendix length increases more rapidly with total spadix length than either the male or female zones.
Male florets and the appendix may participate in thermogenesis. The appendix may have additional specializations for odorant production.

## Gallery

* Elephant ear or ape flower (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) with a white spadix partially surrounded by a green-, rose-, and cream-colored spathe
* Anthurium scherzerianum inflorescence with spathe and spadix
* Spadix of Spathiphyllum floribundum
* Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum) spadix at the United States Botanic Garden
* Flamingo Lily (Anthurium andraeanum) at the United States Botanic Garden
* Jack in the Pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) in the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania)
* Calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica) in Funchal, Madeira
* Spadix of Spathiphyllum in Brazil
* Spadix of Typha latifolia
* Spadix of Zantedeschia elliottiana cultivar showing male flowers above with pollen and female below
* Peace lily (Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum) clearly showing the characteristic spadix and spathe of the genus
* Spadix of ZZ plant (Zamioculcas zamiifolia) with curled back spathe
# Craig Richardson

Craig Bartley Richardson (born September 28, 1984) is an American politician who has served as a member of the Kentucky Senate since January 2025. He represents the 3rd district, which includes Caldwell, Christian, and Muhlenberg Counties. He currently serves as the vice chair of the senate Health Services committee.

## Biography

Richardson was born on September 28, 1984. He is a native of Hopkinsville, Kentucky. He earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Kentucky in 2010, and a Juris Doctor from the University of Memphis in 2017. After law school, he returned to Hopkinsville to practice law with his father Michael A. Richardson.

### Political career

Richardson was elected unopposed in the 2024 Kentucky Senate election following the retirement of incumbent senator Whitney Westerfield. In the 2025 Kentucky General Assembly, Richardson was appointed to five committees: Agriculture; Appropriations & Revenue; Enrollment; Health Services; and Veterans, Military Affairs, & Public Protection.

## Personal life

Richardson and his wife Katie are members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Together they have one daughter. Richardson served as a missionary to Brazil for two years; he is fluent in Portuguese.
Richardson is currently the president of the bar association of Christian County.

## Electoral history
### 2024

2024 Kentucky Senate 3rd district election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Craig B. Richardson | Unopposed | Unopposed |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 31,672 | 100.0 |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |
# Scharfrichterpfennig

The Scharfrichterpfennig ("Executioner's Penny") was a silver medal weighing a double thaler, which the incumbent executioner presented to the oldest judge of the city of Hamburg when he retired from the court. For the period between 1540 and 1810, a Scharfrichterpfennig was minted and presented annually. Some of the surviving specimens are in the Museum of Hamburg History.

## Literature

* Buchenau, Heinrich (1918). 'Unbekannter Scharfrichterpfennig. In: Blätter für Münzfreunde, Vol. 53, p. 480, ISSN 0935-7165
* Dimpfel, Arthur (1904). "Ein Hamburger "Scharfrichterpfennig". In: Der deutsche Herold, Vol. 35, pp. 41-42.
* This coin-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Wetting current

In electrical and electronics engineering, wetting current is the minimum electric current needing to flow through a contact to break through the surface film resistance at a contact. It is typically far below the contact's nominal maximum current rating.
A thin film of oxidation, or an otherwise passivated layer, tends to form in most environments, particularly those with high humidity, and, along with surface roughness, contributes to the contact resistance at an interface. Providing a sufficient amount of wetting current is a crucial step in designing circuits that use switches with low contact pressure. Failing to do this might result in switches remaining electrically "open" when pressed, due to contact oxidation.

## Capacitor discharge solution

In some low voltage applications, where switching current is below the manufacturer's wetting current specification, a capacitor discharge method may be employed by placing a small capacitor across the switch contacts to boost the current through contact surface upon contact closure.

## Sealing current

A related term sealing current (aka wetting current or fritting current) is widely used in the telecommunication industry describing a small constant DC current (typically 1-20 mA) in copper wire loops in order to avoid contact oxidation of contacts and splices. It is defined in ITU-T G.992.3 for "all digital mode ADSL" as a current flowing from the ATU-C (ADSL Linecard) via the phone lines to the ATU-R (CPE). Carbon brushes develop high resistance glaze when they're used without current flow for an extended period. A special circuit is utilized for turbines and generators to introduce current through the brushes into the shaft to prevent this contact fritting.

## Contact cleaner

Contact cleaner can be applied to the contact surfaces to inhibit the formation of resistive surface films and/or to ameliorate existing films.
# Pacing (surveying)

Pacing is a reasonably easy and quick method of measuring distance in the field. It is used to measure a distance and is often used with a sighting or a hand compass. Most commonly, pacing is split up into segments, such as chains, which are set measures of distance. By determining one's own pace, distance can easily be estimated.

## Applications

Common uses of pacing consist of measuring tree height or measuring the distance between plots. Pacing saves time but is not as accurate as using a tape measure and can be affected by terrain such as steep slopes, rocky areas, streams, and thick brush. A common practice in pacing when an obstacle is encountered is to offset or pace around the obstacle. However, sometimes pacing around an obstacle is not always an option. Good pacing can only be accomplished by practice. Knowing the distance of one's pace will help to ensure accuracy and precision of pacing distances.

## Other uses

Pacing can also be used with a map. In the field, pacing can be used to accomplish the correct distances referred by a map. Traversing a property line or boundary where distance and length are important produces opportunities for pacing to be applied to record accurate data.
# César García (footballer, born 1993)

César Manuel “Danco” García Peralta (born 13 March 1993) is a Dominican professional footballer who plays as a defender.

## International career
### International goals

    Scores and results list the Dominican Republic's goal tally first.
| No | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1. | 14 November 2011 | Truman Bodden Sports Complex, George Town, Cayman Islands | Cayman Islands | 1–0 | 1–1 | 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 2. | 7 December 2012 | Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda | Antigua and Barbuda | 1–1 | 2–1 | 2012 Caribbean Cup |

## Honours

* Cibao
** CFU Club Championship (1): 2017
# José Valerio

José Óscar Valerio Mendoza (born 9 June 1987) is a Dominican footballer who plays as a midfielder for Atlético Vega Real and the Dominican Republic national team.

## International career

Valerio made his international debut for Dominican Republic on 25 March 2015, being a second-half substitute in a 0–3 friendly loss against Cuba.
# Heliodinidae

Heliodinidae, commonly known as sun moths, is a family of small moths with slender bodies and narrow wings. Members of this family are found in most parts of the world. Heliodinid moths are brightly coloured day-flying moths. The base of the haustellum is bare. The scales on the head are compact and appear like a shield. Many Heliodinidae raise their hindlegs when resting but this is not a taxonomic feature and several genera like Epicroesa and Lamprolophus do not show this posture. Many Heliodinidae have the inner and outer spurs of the metatibia subequal. The larval host plants of the majority of species are in the Aizoaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Portulacaceae and Nyctaginaceae, all in the Order Caryophyllales. A few feed on Onagraceae, Araliaceae and Piperaceae. The larvae's feeding strategies include skeletonizing leaves (consumption of most of the leaf while leaving behind the stems), boring into leaf stems, leaf mining, and opportunistically invading cecidomyiid galls. The pupae have long stiff hairs on their back sides.

## Genera

The family includes the following genera:
* Acanthocasis
* Actinoscelis
* Adamantoscelis
* Aetole
* Agalmoscelis
* Amphiclada
* Anypoptus
* Athlostola
* Atrijuglans
* Beijinga
* Bonia
* Camineutis
* Capanica
* Chrysoxestis
* Coleopholas
* Copocentra
* Craterobathra
* Crembalastis
* Cyanarmostis
* Cycloplasis
* Diascepsis
* Echinophrictis
* Ecrectica
* Embola
* Encratora
* Epicroesa
* Ethirastis
* Gnamptonoma
* Gymnogelastis
* Gymnomacha
* Haemangela
* Heliodines
* Heliogemma
* Hemicalyptris
* Hethmoscelis
* Hierophanes
* Lamprolophus
* Lamproteucha
* Leuroscelis
* Lissocnemitis
* Lithariapteryx
* Lithotactis
* Machaerocrates
* Magorrhabda
* Molybdurga
* Neoheliodines
* Philocoristis
* Protanystis
* Pseudastasia
* Pteropygme
* Scelorthus
* Sisyrotarsa
* Sobareutis
* Thrasydoxa
* Thriambeutis
* Trichothyrsa
* Trychnopepla
* Wygodzinskyiana
* Xestocasis

## Former genera

* Aenicteria
* Coracistis
* Lamachaera
* Percnarcha
* Placoptila
* Zapyrastra has been listed in the Heliodinidae but is now part of Momphidae.
# Changesite-(Y)

Changesite-(Y), with the chemical formula (Ca$_8$Y)□Fe$^{2+}$(PO$_4$)$_7$, is a mineral found forming colorless transparent columnar crystals in basalt particles on the Moon. Changesite-(Y) is a member of the merrillite group of phosphate minerals.

## History

Changesite-(Y) was first identified by researchers at the Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology. They discovered a single crystal of Changesite–(Y) using X-ray diffraction while examining particles collected from the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program's fifth lunar exploration mission, Chang'e 5, which is also China's first sample-return mission to the Moon. The mineral is named after Chang'e, the Moon goddess in Chinese mythology. China National Space Administration and China Atomic Energy Authority jointly announced the discovery of Changesite-(Y) in Beijing on September 9, 2022, and its recognition has been approved by the International Mineralogical Association and its Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification. The discovery also makes China the third country to discover a new lunar mineral after the United States and former Soviet Union.

### Application

Changesite-(Y) contains the isotope helium-3, which is useful in fueling nuclear fusion reactions.
# Simon Lei Chang-hsia

Simon Lei Chang-hsia (11 October 1915 – 1970) was a Chinese clergyman and auxiliary bishop for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fenyang. He became ordained in 1939. He was appointed bishop in 1949. He died in 1970.
# Julio Ramírez (baseball)

Julio Cesar Ramírez (born 10 August 1977) is a former Major League Baseball center fielder. He played five seasons, starting in 1999 with the Florida Marlins, then moving on to the Chicago White Sox, Anaheim Angels and San Francisco Giants. Julio is currently the OF coach for the White Sox Dominican league team
# José Manuel Duarte Cendán

José Manuel Duarte Cendán (11 August 1936 – 22 November 2022) was a Spanish psychiatrist and politician. A member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, he served in the Senate from 1977 to 1986 and in the European Parliament from 1986 to 1987 and again from 1990 to 1994.
Duarte died on 22 November 2022 at the age of 86.
# High Speed

High Speed or high-speed may refer to:

## Films

* High Speed (1917 film), starring Jack Mulhall and Fritzi Ridgeway
* High Speed (1920 film), an American drama directed by Charles Miller
* High Speed (1924 film), featuring Herbert Rawlinson and Carmelita Geraghty
* High Speed (1932 film), an American film starring Buck Jones
* High Speed (1986 film), a French film directed by Monique Dartonne and Michel Kaptur
* High Speed, a 2002 British-Italian film starring Paul Nicholls

## Games

* High Speed (pinball), a 1986 pinball game
** The Getaway: High Speed II, a 1992 pinball game
* High Speed (video game), a pinball video game based on Steve Ritchie's 1986 pinball machine

## Music

* High Speed E.P., a 1997 release by PAX, a side project of the German band X Marks the Pedwalk
* "High Speed", a song by 2Pac and Outlawz from their 1999 album Still I Rise
* "High Speed", a song by Coldplay from their 1999 EP The Blue Room and their 2000 album Parachutes

## Other uses

* High Speed!, a light novel by Kōji Ōji that is the predecessor to the anime series Free!
* High Speed Championship
* High-speed photography
* High Speed Photometer
* High-speed rail
** High Speed 1, a high-speed railway between London and the Channel Tunnel
** High Speed 2, a planned high-speed railway between London and various other cities
* High-speed steel
* Monteverdi High Speed
# Tim Harris (cornerback)

Timothy Harris Jr. (born July 31, 1995) is an American professional football cornerback. He played college football at Virginia.

## Professional career
### San Francisco 49ers

Harris was selected by the San Francisco 49ers in the sixth round (198th overall) of the 2019 NFL draft. He was placed on injured reserve on August 26, 2019, with a groin injury.
On September 5, 2020, Harris was waived by the 49ers and signed to the practice squad the next day. He was placed on the practice squad/injured list on September 16, and restored to the practice squad on October 7. He was elevated to the active roster on December 7 and December 25 for the team's weeks 13 and 16 games against the Buffalo Bills and Arizona Cardinals, and reverted to the practice squad after each game. He signed a reserve/future contract on January 4, 2021. On August 4, 2021, Harris was waived/injured by the 49ers and placed on injured reserve. He was released on August 11.

### Buffalo Bills (first stint)

On August 24, 2021, Harris signed a one-year deal with the Bills. He was waived on August 30, 2021.

### Cleveland Browns

Harris was signed to the Cleveland Browns' practice squad on September 2, 2021. The Browns elevated Harris to their active roster on October 30, 2021; he reverted to the practice squad on November 1, 2021. Harris was released from the Browns' practice squad on November 10, 2021.

### Buffalo Bills (second stint)

On November 29, 2021, Harris was signed to the Bills practice squad. After the Bills were eliminated in the Divisional Round of the 2021 playoffs, he signed a reserve/future contract on January 24, 2022. He was released on August 16, 2022.

### St. Louis BattleHawks

Harris was placed on the reserve list by the St. Louis BattleHawks of the XFL on February 20, 2023. He was activated on March 13. He re-signed with the team on January 23, 2024.
# Chaya

Chaya may refer to:

## Places

* Chaya (Ob), in Tomsk Oblast, Russia, a tributary of Ob River
* Chaya (river), in Siberia, Russia, a tributary of Lena River
* Chaya, another name for the Chepelare, a river in Bulgaria
* Chaya County, in Tibet
* Chaya, Afghanistan, a place in Afghanistan

## People

* Chaya family, a wealthy family of textile merchants based in Kyoto, Japan from the 16th century into the Edo period
** Chaya Shirōjirō, merchants within that family, wealthy and influential traders with the official patronage of the Tokugawa shogunate
* Afif Chaya (born 1947), Lebanese singer and actor
* B. R. Chaya, Indian playback singer
* Chaya (Hebrew given name), multiple persons
* Chaya Singh (born 1981), Indian actress
* Maxime Chaya (born 1961), Lebanese sportsman and explorer

## Other uses

* Chaya (literature), an ancient tradition of providing Sanskrit glosses (transliterations) for Prakrit word forms, particularly in classical Indian drama plays
* Chaya (plant), a vegetable
* Chaya tequila, a brand of tequila
* Chayah (heb. חיה literally "life"), in Judaism a term for soul, considered a part of Hashem (God)
* Chaya (film), a Kannada-language film
* Chaya, a 1971 horror novel by Indian writer Narayan Dharap
* Chashitsu (茶室), rooms or small buildings used for the Japanese tea ceremony
* Ochaya (茶屋), "teahouse," a Japanese euphemism for traditional drinking establishments of the early modern period
# Donji Vratari

Donji Vratari (Serbian Cyrillic: Доњи Вратари) is a village in the municipality of Aleksandrovac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 297 people.
# Drenča

Drenča (Serbian Cyrillic: Дренча) is a village in the municipality of Aleksandrovac, Serbia. The monastery of Drenča dates back to the Middle Ages. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 255 people.
# Ili Turki language

Ili Turki is an endangered Turkic language spoken primarily in China, of the Karluk branch of Turkic. In 2007, it was reported that there were around 30 families using it in China. Speakers are shifting to Kazakh or Uyghur.

## Geographic distribution

Ili Turki is spoken in China's Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture along the Ili River and its tributaries and in Yining. There may be some speakers in Kazakhstan. Ili Turki has no official status in either country.

## Classification

Ili Turki appears to belong to the Karluk group of Turkic languages, although it exhibits a number of features that suggest a Kipchak substratum.
A comparison of Ili Turki's Karluk and Kipchak features is shown below:
Kipchak & Chagatay features in Ili Turki :
| | Kazakh (Kipchak) | Ili Turki | Uzbek (Karluk) | English |
| *G > w after low vowels | taw | taw | tɒɣ | mountain |
| Genitive assimilation | tyje+niŋ / et+tiŋ | tʉjæ+nin / et+tin | tʉjæ+niŋ / et+niŋ | of the camel / of the meat |
| *G > w > Ø after high vowels | sarɨ | sarɨq | sarɨq | yellow |
| Loss of geminate consonants | seɡiz | sekkiz | sækkiz | eight |

## Phonology
### Consonants

Consonants of Ili Turki :
| | | Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | | |
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | q | |
| Plosive | voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | | |
| Fricative | voiceless | | s | ʃ | | χ | h |
| Fricative | voiced | | z | | | ʁ | |
| Tap | Tap | | ɾ | | | | |
| Approximant | Approximant | | l | j | w | | |

### Vowels

Vowels of Ili Turki :
| | Front | Central/Back | Central/Back |
| | Front | unrounded | rounded |
| Close | i | ɨ | ʉ |
| Mid | e | | ɵ |
| Open | æ | ɑ | |

## Vocabulary

| No. | Ili Turki |
| 1 | bir |
| 2 | ekki |
| 3 | ʉtʃ |
| 4 | tɵrt |
| 5 | beʃ |
| 6 | altə |
| 7 | jetti |
| 8 | sekkiz |
| 9 | tɵqqʉz |
| 10 | ɵn |