OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1st California Infantry Battalion (Veteran)

The 1st Battalion of California Veteran Infantry was a California volunteer infantry battalion in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It spent its entire term of service in the western United States.

## History

This battalion was organized at Franklin, Texas, under the command of Major Joseph Smith, (formerly of 5th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry) between November and December 1864, by consolidating the veterans of the 1st Regiment California Volunteer Infantry, into two companies, which became Companies A and B, and consolidating the companies of the 5th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry into five companies, which became Companies C, D, E, F, and G, of the battalion. On March 16, 1865, a Company F was broken up to distribute the men among the other companies, due to the difficulty in obtaining recruits to keep up all the companies to the minimum required by law. The same order directed Colonel Rigg (formerly of the 1st California Infantry) to assume command with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, with headquarters at Fort Craig.
The battalion was mustered out in September 1866. When this battalion was mustered out, the officers and men who wished to be mustered out in California were consolidated into a company, under Captain William F. French, First Lieutenant Robert Edmiston, and Second Lieutenant William Oman and marched to the Presidio, San Francisco, where they arrived December 28, and were "discharged at San Francisco, December 31, 1866, by final muster out of the regiment."

## Commander

* Major Joseph Smith, November 1864 – March 16, 1865
* Lieutenant Colonel Edwin A. Rigg, March 16, 1865 – September 20, 1866

## Company assignments

* Headquarters: Franklin, Texas November 1864 - February 1866. Mustered out at Los Pinos, New Mexico, September 20, 1866.
* Company A: Mustered out at Fort Union, New Mexico, September 9, 1866.
* Company B: Garrison at Fort Cummings, April 1865 - August 1866, Mustered out at Los Pinos, N. M., September 15, 1866.
* Company C: Mustered out at Santa Fe, N. M., September 17, 1866.
* Company D: Mustered out at Los Pinos, N. M., September 15, 1866.
* Company E: Mustered out at Los Pinos, N. M., September 15, 1866.
* Company F: Formed at Las Cruces, New Mexico, November 30, 1864. Disbanded at Fort Cummings, March 16, 1865. Soldiers distributed to other companies.
* Company G: Mustered out at Los Pinos, N. M., September 15, 1866.
** January 1866. While six men of the company were performing daily duty—cutting wood for this garrison at Oak Grove, about five miles distant, on the seventeenth instant—they were surprised and fired upon by Apache Indians. The number of Indians was estimated at about forty or more. Four men were killed, and two escaped — Privates John H. Matthews and Nathaniel B. Goldsberry, the latter with an arrow wound in his hip. Private Matthews displayed exemplary courage in defending himself, as well as virtually saving the life of Goldsberry, who was scarcely able to render any defense. One Indian was killed and indications showed others wounded.
# 1st Connecticut Infantry Regiment

Connecticut U.S. Volunteer Infantry Regiments 1861-1865 :
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| N/A | 2nd Connecticut Infantry Regiment |
The 1st Connecticut Infantry Regiment, officially designated the 1st Regiment Connecticut Volunteer Infantry, was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Men were recruited under the calls of President Lincoln on 15 April 1861 and Governor Buckingham the following day

## Service

Many Connecticut residents had anticipated a call to arms, and, as a result, several companies had already reached their manpower requirements by the 16th. The 1st Connecticut Infantry Regiment was organized in Hartford, Connecticut, and was mustered in for three months service on April 22, 1861, under the command of Colonel Daniel Tyler. John Speidel was elected Lieutenant Colonel. Their rifle companies were issued Sharps rifles from state stocks. The regiment left for Washington, D.C., on 18 May on the steamer Bienville and served at Fort Corcoran as part of the capitol garrison. It was attached to Mansfield's command in the Department of Washington until 1 June. The regiment was assigned to Key's 1st Brigade, Tyler's Division, McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia on 1 June and advanced to Vienna and Falls Church in northern Virginia between 1 and 8 June. It served on picket duty there until 16 July, then participated in the advance on Manassas, occupying Fairfax Court House on 17 July. The regiment fought in the First Battle of Bull Run on 21 July, and was lauded for maintaining discipline during the retreat of the Union troops. It spent the next few days packing up the abandoned camps of other regiments. The 1st began to march to New Haven on 27 July, and was mustered out of service on 31 July.
During the unit's service, 6 men were wounded, 6 were captured, and 25 were discharged for disability.
# 1st Iowa Infantry Regiment (African Descent)

The 1st Iowa Infantry Regiment Colored was an African-American infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

## Service

The first six companies of the 1st Iowa Infantry Colored was organized at Keokuk, Iowa and mustered into Federal forces on October 11, 1863 and on March 11, 1864 was redesignated the 60th United States Colored Infantry Regiment. Four additional companies were added before the end of the year. The regiment served as part of the garrison of the Department of Arkansas for its entire existence.

## Total strength and casualties

A total of 1153 men served in the 1st Iowa Colored during its existence. It suffered 12 combat fatalities,1 officer and 11 enlisted men, who were killed in action or who died of their wounds. The unit also suffered the loss of 332 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 344 fatalities.

## Commanders

* Colonel John G. Hudson
# 1st Maryland Cavalry Regiment

    This unit is not to be confused with the 1st Maryland Cavalry, Potomac Home Brigade.
The 1st Maryland Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War.

## Service

Companies organized and mustered in between April and August 1861 in Baltimore and Pennsylvania, and served in the Department of West Virginia and the Army of the Potomac; in Hatch's Cavalry Brigade, Department of the Shenandoah, from March, 1862; in the Cavalry Brigade, 2nd Corps (really the old 5th Corps), Army of Virginia, from June 1862; with the Cavalry Brigade, 11th Corps, Army of the Potomac, from September 1862; various brigades/divisions, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, from January 1863; Provost Marshal General's Command, Army of the Potomac, from October 1863; from June 1864 in 10th Corps, Army of the James, then in the 3rd Brigade of the Cavalry Division, Army of the James, until April, 1865; cavalry and duty in the Department of Virginia until mustered out in August 1865.
The regiment particularly distinguished itself at the cavalry battles of Brandy Station and Gettysburg. During part of its time in 10th Corps, the regiment fought dismounted, and for the remainder was brigaded with the 1st Regiment New York Mounted Rifles.

## Total strength and casualties

The regiment lost 3 officers and 65 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded and 3 officers and 130 enlisted men to disease.

## Commanders

* Lieutenant Colonel James Monroe Deems (at Gettysburg)
# Alaküla, Pärnu County

Alaküla is a village in Lääneranna Parish, Pärnu County, in western Estonia.

## Notable People

* Alexander Baron Engelhardt (1885-1960) - physician and historian.
# Southbank tram depot

Southbank tram depot is located in Southbank, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Operated by Yarra Trams, it is one of eight tram depots on the Melbourne tram network.

## History

Southbank tram depot opened on 8 February 1997 on the site of the former Montague shipping shed replacing South Melbourne depot. When the Public Transport Corporation was privatised in August 1999, Southbank depot passed to Yarra Trams. The depot was extended in 2009 as part of the E-class tram project.

## Layout

The main yard has nine roads, two of these inside a maintenance shed. There are also two stabling roads for the three Colonial Tramcar Restaurant cars, which also operate from this depot. Two entrances exist, East Gate and West Gate.

## Rolling stock

As of May 2024, the depot has an allocation of 68 trams:
* 23 A1 Class trams
* 2 A2 Class trams
* 5 C2 Class trams
* 2 E Class trams
* 26 E2 Class trams
* 12 W8 Class trams
Servicing of Z3-class trams from other depots is performed at Southbank, however these trams are not used on Southbank routes.

## Routes

The following routes are operated from Southbank depot:
* : Victoria Gardens to St Kilda
* : St Vincent's Plaza to Central Pier Docklands
* : City Circle
* : West Coburg to Toorak shared with Essendon depot
* : East Brunswick to St Kilda Beach

## Light rail station

A light rail station with the same name is located approximately 250 metres from the depot, located along Normanby Road and on the former Port Melbourne railway line.
Yarra Trams operates one route via Southbank Tram Depot light rail station:
* : Box Hill – Port Melbourne
# 1st Texas Partisan Rangers

Texas Cavalry Regiments (Confederate) :
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| 46th Texas Cavalry | 2nd Partisan Rangers |
The 1st Texas Partisan Rangers was a unit of mounted volunteers from Texas that fought in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.

## History

Walter P. Lane began organizing the unit at Jefferson, Texas, in June 1862 for service in the Trans-Mississippi theater. In November 1862, the regiment marched to Arkansas where it fought at Prairie Grove and Van Buren. After reorganizing at Jefferson, the partisan rangers traveled to Louisiana in April 1863. The regiment was at Second Donaldsonville but did not come into action. In 1863, it fought at Kock's Plantation, Sterling's Plantation, and Bayou Bourbeux. The unit spent the 1863–1864 winter near Galveston. In 1864, the unit was in action during the Red River Campaign, fighting at Mansfield, Pleasant Hill, Monett's Ferry, and Yellow Bayou. The partisan rangers went back to Texas in December 1864 and remained near Houston until the surrender of the Trans-Mississippi Department on 26 May 1865.
# Maximilian Kuen

Maximilian Kuen (born 26 May 1992) is an Austrian former professional cyclist, who rode professionally between 2011 and 2021 for the Gebrüder Weiss–Oberndorfer, Tirol Cycling Team, My Bike–Stevens and Team Vorarlberg squads.

## Major results
### 2009

    3rd Time trial, National Junior Road Championships

### 2010

    1st Time trial, National Junior Road Championships
    1st Junior race, National Hill Climb Championships

### 2013

    8th Road race, UEC European Under-23 Road Championships

### 2014

    2nd Road race, National Under-23 Road Championships

### 2015

    1st Rund um Sebnitz
    1st Mountains classification Flèche du Sud
    2nd National Criterium Championships
    5th Overall East Bohemia Tour

### 2016

    10th Visegrad 4 Bicycle Race – Kerékpárverseny

### 2017

    5th Croatia–Slovenia

### 2018

    1st Mountains classification Grand Prix Cycliste de Gemenc

### 2019

    6th Raiffeisen Grand Prix
# Brian Ledbetter

Brian Richard Ledbetter (born November 18, 1963, in San Diego, California) is an American competitive sailor who won a silver medal in the Finn class at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona.

## Career

At the 1988 Summer Olympics, Ledbetter placed 10th in the finn class.
At the 1992 Summer Olympics, Ledbetter finished in 2nd place in the finn class.
At the 2013 Star Class World Championship in San Diego, CA, Ledbetter earned two Gold Chevrons by winning Race 2, on September 2, 2013.
At the 2015 Star Class Western Hemisphere Championship in Miami, FL, Ledbetter finished in 1st place, on April 19, 2015.
# Medžitlija-Níki

The Medžitlija-Níki border crossing linking North Macedonia with Greece is one of the three transit points for road vehicles between the two states. Situated about 190 km from Thessaloniki and the same to Skopje, it also once served as Yugoslavia's southernmost exit. It is located on the European route E65.
Despite linking the important city of Bitola with the regions of western Greece including Corfu and other holiday spots, it is the other crossing Evzoni-Bogorodica which is of greater significance as it forms a part of the E75 express route. The region around Medžitlija-Níki is far less developed on both sides of the border.
From 1998 to 2000, the northern side of the border (North Macedonia's transit blocks) was rebuilt using donations from the European Union to raise the standards.
# Soviet helicopter carrier Moskva

Moskva was the first of her class of helicopter carriers in service with the Soviet Navy. Laid down at Nikolayev South (Shipyard No.444), Moskva was launched in 1965 and she was commissioned two years later. Moskva was followed by Leningrad, which was commissioned in late 1968; there were no further vessels built, reportedly due to the poor handling of the ships in rough seas. Both were conventionally powered.
The Moskvas were not true "aircraft carriers" in that they did not carry any fixed-wing aircraft; the air wing was composed entirely of helicopters. They were designed primarily as anti-submarine warfare (ASW) vessels, and her weapons and sensor suite was optimized against the nuclear submarine threat. Shipboard ASW armament included a twin SUW-N-1 launcher capable of delivering a FRAS-1 projectile carrying a 450 mm torpedo (or a 5 kiloton nuclear warhead); a pair of RBU-6000 ASW mortars; and a set of torpedo tubes. For self-defense, the Moskvas had two twin SA-N-3 SAM launchers with reloads for a total of 48 surface-to-air missiles, along with two twin 57 mm/80 guns. A "Mare Tail" variable depth sonar worked in conjunction with heliborne sensors to hunt submarines.
Their strategic role was to defend the Soviet ballistic missile submarine bastions against incursions by Western attack submarines, forming the flagships of an ASW task force.
On 2 February 1975, a fire in the ship's bow caused severe damage. She was out of action for a year whilst repairs were made. Leningrad was taken out of service in 1991, but Moskva remained in service until the late 1990s, when she, too, was scrapped.
# Mithat Şükrü Bleda

Mithat Şükrü Bleda (1874 – 19 February 1956) was a Turkish politician, who was a founding member of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), which he also served as its party secretary.

## Biography

Midhat Şükrü was born in Selanik (Thesalonika). After graduating from the civil service academy (Mülkiye), he took part in the founding of the Committee of Union and Progress. He served as its general secretary between 1911- 1917. He was also a deputy in the Ottoman parliament, representing Serres, Drama, and Burdur in 1908, 1912, and 1914 respectively. Between 1935 - 1950 he represented Sivas in the Grand National Assembly. He died in Istanbul in 1956, and was buried in the Monument of Liberty upon his will.
His memoirs were published under the title of Bir İmparatorluğun Çöküşü (The Collapse of an Empire), which constitute an important source of the Second Constitutional Era. It was adapted into modern Turkish by his son Turgut Bleda (Remzi Kitabevi [tr], 1979).
# GNOME Text Editor

GNOME Text Editor is the default text editor for the GNOME desktop environment. The program is a free and open-source graphical text editor included as part of the GNOME Core Applications. GNOME Text Editor has been the default text editor for GNOME since GNOME version 42, which was released in March 2022. GNOME Text Editor replaces gedit as GNOME's default text editor, and was created due to the GNOME developers' intention of having all of their programs comply with the GNOME Human interface guidelines (HIG). The adherence to their HIG is done by using the libadwaita library, and making gedit compliant with that would have required an extensive rewrite of gedit's code, so a new program was written from scratch instead.
GNOME Text Editor was created by GNOME Builder's creator Christian Hergert. The program was officially announced in March 2021 via a blog post by Hergert. The text editor is built using the Adwaita design language and GTK 4. The text editor has features including themes, dark mode, session restoration, autosave, the ability to zoom into text without changing the text's size, custom font support, and opening files can be done via a popover box.
Ubuntu replaced gedit, the text editor that had been Ubuntu's default text editor since 2004, with GNOME Text Editor in Ubuntu 22.10, citing Text Editor's adherence to desktop standards like dark mode and other GNOME design standards. Linux distributions that use GNOME 42 have also replaced gedit with GNOME Text Editor, including Fedora 36.
# Elspet Gray

Elspet Jean Gray, Baroness Rix (née Gray; 12 April 1929 – 18 February 2013) was a Scottish actress, who first became known for her partnership with her husband, Brian Rix, and later was cast in many television roles in the 1970s and 1980s. She played Lady Collingford in the television series Catweazle and Mrs. Palmer in the television series Solo, alongside Felicity Kendal.

## Career

Gray had a long stage career, particularly known for her appearances in the Whitehall farces, the company being managed by her husband Brian Rix, which were originally performed at the Whitehall Theatre and later at the Garrick.
Gray appeared in many films and television programmes, her earliest being The Blind Goddess (1948). She had several roles in the 1970s including parts in Fawlty Towers, as the paediatrician wife of a psychiatrist baffled by Basil Fawlty’s behaviour, The Crezz, Catweazle, and in the 1980s with Doctor Who story Arc of Infinity and the World War Two drama Tenko. She appeared as the Queen in the BBC sitcom The Black Adder (1983), with Rowan Atkinson as her son in the title role, and as Mrs. Palmer in Solo (1981–82), another comedy, this time with Felicity Kendal in the lead as her daughter.
Gray continued her acting career until the late 1990s, appearing in Agatha Christie's Poirot, the films The Girl in a Swing (1988) and Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), and as Hilary in the British television comedy Dinnerladies.

## Personal life and death

Gray married Brian Rix in 1949. She died in hospital on 18 February 2013, aged 83.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1948 | The Blind Goddess | Daphne Dearing | |
| 1948 | Fly Away Peter | Phyllis Hapgood | |
| 1948 | Love in Waiting | Brenda Lawrence | |
| 1949 | Trottie True | Honor Bellaire | Uncredited |
| 1951 | Reluctant Heroes | Lt. Virginia | |
| 1954 | Johnny on the Spot | Joan Ingram | |
| 1954 | Devil's Point | June Mallard | |
| 1961 | The Night We Got the Bird | Woman with dog | |
| 1969 | Goodbye, Mr. Chips | Lady Sutterwick | Uncredited |
| 1979 | Fawlty Towers | Dr Abbott | |
| 1983 | Blackadder | Gertrude of Flanders | |
| 1987 | Inspector Morse | Mrs Bartlett | Episode - "The Silent World of Nicholas Quinn" |
| 1988 | The Girl in a Swing | Mrs. Dresland | |
| 1990 | Double Sin | Miss Penn | |
| 1994 | Four Weddings and a Funeral | Laura's Mother – Wedding One | |
| 1998 | dinnerladies | Phillipa's mother - Hilary | |
# Lönsboda GoIF

Lönsboda GoIF is a sports club in Lönsboda, Sweden, established on 24 September 1930 as a merger out of Lönsboda IF, Lönsboda GF, Lönsboda CK and Lönsboda Pingpongklubb. The women's soccer team played five seasons in the Swedish top division between 1978 and 1982.
# Sainte-Barbe-sur-Gaillon

Sainte-Barbe-sur-Gaillon (French pronunciation:, literally Sainte-Barbe on Gaillon) is a former commune in the Eure department and Normandy region of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Val-d'Hazey.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1793 | 466 | — |
| 1800 | 407 | −12.7% |
| 1806 | 477 | +17.2% |
| 1821 | 441 | −7.5% |
| 1831 | 425 | −3.6% |
| 1836 | 418 | −1.6% |
| 1841 | 451 | +7.9% |
| 1846 | 464 | +2.9% |
| 1851 | 412 | −11.2% |
| 1856 | 380 | −7.8% |
| 1861 | 390 | +2.6% |
| 1866 | 388 | −0.5% |
| 1872 | 299 | −22.9% |
| 1876 | 290 | −3.0% |
| 1881 | 272 | −6.2% |
| 1886 | 266 | −2.2% |
| 1891 | 229 | −13.9% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1896 | 226 | −1.3% |
| 1901 | 213 | −5.8% |
| 1906 | 213 | +0.0% |
| 1911 | 212 | −0.5% |
| 1921 | 196 | −7.5% |
| 1926 | 171 | −12.8% |
| 1931 | 160 | −6.4% |
| 1936 | 159 | −0.6% |
| 1946 | 192 | +20.8% |
| 1954 | 198 | +3.1% |
| 1962 | 215 | +8.6% |
| 1968 | 261 | +21.4% |
| 1975 | 231 | −11.5% |
| 1982 | 214 | −7.4% |
| 1990 | 218 | +1.9% |
| 1999 | 233 | +6.9% |
| 2008 | 248 | +6.4% |
# La Roussière

La Roussière (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Eure department in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Mesnil-en-Ouche.
# Roman, Eure

Roman (French pronunciation: ) is a former commune in the Eure department in northern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Mesnils-sur-Iton.
# Attempted assassination of Bai Yingneng

The attempted assassination of Bai Yingneng was the first attack by the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) on Tatmadaw-aligned Kokang Border Guard Forces in Kokang, Myanmar. On February 5, 2021, MNDAA fighters ambushed a convoy transporting ousted governor Bai Yingneng (Chinese: 白应能, also known as Khin Maung Lwin), the son of former Kokang leader Bai Suocheng, killing nine civilians and three of Bai's bodyguards.

## Background

In 2009, the Myanmar Army (known as the Tatmadaw) launched an offensive on the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA), a rebel group based in Kokang, an ethnic Chinese area of northern Myanmar. The offensive severely weakened the MNDAA and northern Myanmar ethnic armed groups and led to the rise of Min Aung Hlaing. The Myanmar government created a government in Kokang that was sympathetic to the Tatmadaw, along with the Kokang Border Guard Forces, a paramilitary group that helps legitimize the Tatmadaw in the region and secure trade routes from Myanmar to the Chinese border in Kokang.
On February 1, 2021, Min Aung Hlaing and the Tatmadaw overthrew the democratically elected government of Aung San Suu Kyi, breaking all ceasefires and peace agreements with Myanmar rebel groups. Bai Yingneng, the head of Kokang and son of former Kokang leader Bai Suocheng, was ousted from his position by the Tatmadaw in the coup. On the weekend of February 5, the Tatmadaw and Kokang BGF began preparations to attack MNDAA forces.

## Assassination attempt

As Bai's convoy was travelling between Hsenwi and Kunlong townships, MNDAA forces ambushed it near the town of Nadi between 2:30 and 3pm on February 5. Bai received surgery in Lashio and was returning to Laukkai. Around 20 MNDAA fighters were positioned on a nearby hillside known as Yasapo when they opened fire, killing nine civilians and three of Bai's teenage bodyguards. Five police officers and seven civilians were injured in the attack as well. Bai himself was unhurt. The civilian deaths happened when the MNDAA fired at a passenger car following Bai's convoy.
Kokang BGF began shooting back at the MNDAA and called in reinforcements from Tatmadaw. The MNDAA fighters fled the area, and Tatmadaw and Kokang BGF launched a cleanup operation. Twenty minutes after the attack began, the Tatmadaw released a statement accusing the MNDAA of perpetrating the attack.

## Aftermath

The assassination attempt was the first attack by the MNDAA since the coup began and heightened tension across Kokang and Shan State. Myanmar state media outlet Myawady Daily reported extensively on the ambush in the days there after, which The Irrawaddy stated was an example of the close ties between the Tatmadaw and Bai Yingneng.