# Kabayan, Benguet

Kabayan, officially the Municipality of Kabayan (Ilocano: Ili ti Kabayan; Tagalog: Bayan ng Kabayan), is a municipality in the province of Benguet, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 15,806 people.
Kabayan is the site of centuries-old Ibaloi mummies buried inside caves scattered around its villages.
The third highest mountain in the Philippines, Mount Pulag, is located in the territorial boundary of the vegetable farming town.

## Etymology

The name Kabayan was derived from the term Kaba-ayan, from the Ibaloi word ba-ay, a root crop vine thriving in the place. Most of the early Ibaloi settlements, in the area, which include Eddet and Duacan, were named after grasses in the heavily forested area.

## History
### Pre-colonial period

The first Ibaloi settlers in Benguet arrived at Imbose (or Embosi), located in present-day Kabayan.
Mummification of the dead was practiced long before Spanish colonizers reached the place.

### Spanish period

In the late 1800s, Spanish colonizers reached Kabayan via trails constructed throughout the mountain region. Organized into three rancherias, namely Adaoay, Kabayan, and Lutab (or Dutab), Kabayan was registered under the comandancia politico-militar of Benguet in 1846. Lutab (currently barangay Poblacion or Kabayan Central) was later integrated into the Kabayan rancheria.
The practice of mummification of the dead would be discouraged by the Spaniards, until it would die out.

### American period

During the American rule, Kabayan and Adaoay were established as two of the 19 townships of the province of Benguet, upon the issuance of Act No. 48 by the Philippine Commission on November 22, 1900.
On August 13, 1908, Benguet would be established with the enactment of Act No. 1876 as a sub-province of the newly created Mountain Province. Six townships of Benguet were later abolished, including Adaoay, which was integrated into the township of Kabayan.

### Post-war Era

On June 25, 1963, then-President Diosdado Macapagal issued Executive Order No. 42 converting eight (8) of the thirteen (13) towns (designated as municipal districts) of Benguet sub-province into regular municipalities. Kabayan was among them.
On June 18, 1966, the sub-province of Benguet was separated from the old Mountain Province and would be converted into a regular province. Kabayan remained to be a component municipality of the newly established province.

## Geography

Kabayan is located at 16°37′24″N 120°50′17″E﻿ / ﻿16.6233°N 120.8381°E﻿ / 16.6233; 120.8381, at the central-eastern section of Benguet. It is bounded by Buguias on the north, Kibungan on the north-west, Atok on the south-west, Bokod on the south, Kayapa on the southeast, and Tinoc on the north-east.
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 242.69 square kilometres (93.70 sq mi)  constituting 8.76% of the 2,769.08-square-kilometre- (1,069.15 sq mi) total area of Benguet.
Kabayan is 82 kilometres (51 mi) from Baguio, 87 kilometres (54 mi) from La Trinidad, 332 kilometres (206 mi) from Manila, and 32 kilometres (20 mi) from Buguias.

### Barangays

Kabayan is politically subdivided into 13 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.
| PSGC | Barangay | Population | Population | Population | ±% p.a. | ±% p.a. |
| | | 2020 | 2020 | 2010 | | |
| 141107001 | Adaoay | 4.4% | 692 | 670 | ▴ | 0.32% |
| 141107002 | Anchukey | 1.8% | 290 | 296 | ▾ | −0.20% |
| 141107003 | Ballay | 19.0% | 3,011 | 2,623 | ▴ | 1.39% |
| 141107004 | Bashoy | 13.7% | 2,165 | 1,597 | ▴ | 3.09% |
| 141107005 | Batan | 6.8% | 1,072 | 944 | ▴ | 1.28% |
| 141107009 | Duacan | 4.8% | 758 | 709 | ▴ | 0.67% |
| 141107010 | Eddet | 5.9% | 927 | 740 | ▴ | 2.28% |
| 141107012 | Gusaran | 9.2% | 1,460 | 1,330 | ▴ | 0.94% |
| 141107013 | Kabayan Barrio | 2.7% | 423 | 337 | ▴ | 2.30% |
| 141107014 | Lusod | 5.5% | 872 | 794 | ▴ | 0.94% |
| 141107016 | Pacso | 7.6% | 1,208 | 1,247 | ▾ | −0.32% |
| 141107017 | Poblacion (Central) | 12.1% | 1,918 | 1,567 | ▴ | 2.04% |
| 141107018 | Tawangan | 6.4% | 1,010 | 734 | ▴ | 3.24% |
| | Total | Total | 15,806 | 15,806 | | 0.00% |
In the 2010 Census of Population and Housing, Barangay Anchukey would be the least populated barangay in the province of Benguet.

### Climate

Climate data for Kabayan, Benguet :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21 (70) | 22 (72) | 23 (73) | 25 (77) | 24 (75) | 24 (75) | 23 (73) | 23 (73) | 23 (73) | 23 (73) | 22 (72) | 21 (70) | 23 (73) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13 (55) | 14 (57) | 15 (59) | 17 (63) | 18 (64) | 18 (64) | 18 (64) | 18 (64) | 18 (64) | 17 (63) | 15 (59) | 14 (57) | 16 (61) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 38 (1.5) | 57 (2.2) | 77 (3.0) | 141 (5.6) | 390 (15.4) | 355 (14.0) | 426 (16.8) | 441 (17.4) | 426 (16.8) | 259 (10.2) | 97 (3.8) | 57 (2.2) | 2,764 (108.9) |
| Average rainy days | 10.4 | 12.1 | 15.4 | 20.4 | 26.7 | 27.1 | 28.7 | 28.0 | 26.4 | 19.9 | 14.1 | 12.3 | 241.5 |
| Source: Meteoblue (modeled/calculated data, not measured locally) ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

In the 2020 census, Kabayan had a population of 15,806. The population density was 65 inhabitants per square kilometre (170/sq mi).

## Economy

Poverty incidence of Kabayan
* 10
* 20
* 30
* 40
* 50
* 60
* 2006 18.00
* 2009 58.61
* 2012 15.67
* 2015 10.37
* 2018 19.14
* 2021 11.34
* Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

## Government

Kabayan, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Benguet, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

### Elected officials

Members of the Municipal Council (2022-) :
| Position | Name |
| Congressman | Eric G. Yap (elected) |
| Mayor | Florante B. Bantales Jr. |
| Vice-Mayor | Mike E. Badival |
| Councilors | Rex Alwin G. Aquisan |
| Councilors | Sario M. Minas |
| Councilors | Roli Francis L. Wakit |
| Councilors | Orlan W. Kelcho |
| Councilors | Roli Nover L. Baskial |
| Councilors | Ghislyn F. Lucio-Marave |
| Councilors | Rudy B. Alos |
| Councilors | Marylou B. Cosalan |

## Tourism

Kabayan is best known for the antiquated centuries-old mummies and Mount Pulag, the third highest mountain in the Philippines. The Kabayan mummy burial caves are officially proclaimed Philippine National Cultural Treasures pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 374, and is under consideration as a World Heritage Site. The mummified body of Apo Annu, a tribal leader, was stolen but recovered by an antique collector and was returned to the town. Archaeologists from various countries have visited the town to promote preservation of the mummies due to deterioration of the cadavers. The caves containing the cadavers of these mummies have been declared by Monument Watch as one of the "100 Most Endangered Sites" in the world.
Mount Pulag is a destination for mountaineers, hikers, including picnickers. At its summit, the climbers can see the surroundings of the whole north Luzon.

### National Museum-Kabayan

In May, 2024, the National Museum of the Philippines RAOD Chief Paolo Mar Chan announced the PHP25 million rehabilitation of National Museum-Kabayan's Site 1, the home to female mummies. It houses a geological collection and natural history artifacts on local death rites and rituals, mummies, plants used in mummification process and Kabayan-Ibaloi people items. The Museum also conserves and protects the Timbac burial caves and the mummy rocks, which features the famous “Apo Anno” mummy, a revered ancestor, in Buguias, Benguet. Timbac fire mummies are kept and preserved in the Timbac Mummy Rock Shelters or Timbac Caves in Mount Timbak (Mt. Singakalsa, 2717 meters above sea level, Luzon's 3rd highest and the 9th highest in the Philippines, especially in Barangay Pacso, Kabayan). Kabayan is home to Ibaloi Bendian festival where the 15th Eco-Tourism and Bindiyan Festival-Bendian dance 2024 was held in May 1. Kabayan mummies sites are the Opdas Mass Burial Cave, Tinongchol Burial Rock, Timbac Burial Rock Shelter, Pongasan and Kangal and Kabayan Museum.

## Education
### Public schools

As of 2014, Kabayan has 22 public elementary schools and 3 public secondary schools.
>Elementary (2013-2014) :
| School | Barangay |
| Abucot Elementary School | Eddet |
| Adaoay Elementary School | Adaoay |
| Anchokey Primary School | Anchokey |
| Asokong Pacso Elementary School | Gusaran |
| Asokong Pacso Elementary School - Annex | Pacso |
| Awing Primary School | Adaoay |
| Ballay Elementary School | Ballay |
| Bashoy Elementary School | Bashoy |
| Batan Elementary School | Batan |
| Bio B. Midol Elementary School | Ballay |
| Chapides Primary School | Gusaran |
| Duacan Primary School | Duacan |
| Eddet Elementary School | Adaoay |
| Kabayan Barrio Elementary School | Kabayan Barrio |
| Kabayan Central School | Poblacion |
| Lebeng Primary School | Bashoy |
| Lusod Elementary School | Lusod |
| Mongoto Elementary School | (Timbac) |
| Mt. Pulag Primary School | Bashoy |
| Tamang Elementary School | Batan |
| Tawangan Elementary School | Tawangan |
| Tinaleb Elementary School | Ballay |
Secondary (2013-2014) :
| School | Barangay |
| Adaoay National High School | Adaoay |
| Kamora National High School | Gusaran |
| Tawangan-Lusod National High School | Tawangan |