# Oblique Strategies

Oblique Strategies (subtitled Over One Hundred Worthwhile Dilemmas) is a card-based method for promoting creativity jointly created by musician/artist Brian Eno and multimedia artist Peter Schmidt, first published in 1975. Physically, it takes the form of a deck of 7-by-9-centimetre (2.8 in × 3.5 in) printed cards in a black box. Each card offers a challenging constraint intended to help artists (particularly musicians) break creative blocks by encouraging lateral thinking.

## Origin and history

In 1970, Peter Schmidt created "The Thoughts Behind the Thoughts", a box containing 55 sentences letterpress printed onto disused prints that accumulated in his studio, which is still in Eno's possession. Eno, who had known Schmidt since the late 1960s, had been pursuing a similar project himself, which he had handwritten onto a number of bamboo cards and given the name "Oblique Strategies" in 1974. There was a significant overlap between the two projects, and so, in late 1974, Schmidt and Eno combined them into a single pack of cards and offered them for general sale. The set went through three limited edition printings before Schmidt suddenly died in early 1980, after which the card decks became rather rare and expensive. Sixteen years later software pioneer Peter Norton convinced Eno to let him create a fourth edition as Christmas gifts for his friends (not for sale, although they occasionally come up at auction). Eno's decision to revisit the cards and his collaboration with Norton in revising them is described in detail in his 1996 book A Year with Swollen Appendices. With public interest in the cards undiminished, in 2001 Eno once again produced a new set of Oblique Strategies cards. The number and content of the cards vary according to the edition. In May 2013 a limited edition of 500 boxes, in burgundy rather than black, was issued.
The story of Oblique Strategies, along with the content of all the cards, exhaustive history and commentary, is documented in a website widely acknowledged as the authoritative source and put together by musician and educator Gregory Alan Taylor.
The text of Schmidt's "The Thoughts Behind the Thoughts" was published by Mindmade Books in 2012.

## Design and use

Each card contains a gnomic suggestion, aphorism or remark which can be used to break a deadlock or dilemma situation. A few are specific to music composition; others are more general. For example:
* Use an old idea.
* State the problem in words as clearly as possible.
* Only one element of each kind.
* What would your closest friend do?
* What to increase? What to reduce?
* Are there sections? Consider transitions.
* Try faking it!
* Honour thy error as a hidden intention.
* Ask your body.
* Work at a different speed.
From the introduction to the 2001 edition:
   These cards evolved from separate observations of the principles underlying what we were doing. Sometimes they were recognised in retrospect (intellect catching up with intuition), sometimes they were identified as they were happening, sometimes they were formulated.
   They can be used as a pack, or by drawing a single card from the shuffled pack when a dilemma occurs in a working situation. In this case the card is trusted even if its appropriateness is quite unclear...

## Cultural impact

References to Oblique Strategies exist in popular culture, notably in the film Slacker, in which a character offers passers-by cards from a deck. Strategies mentioned include "Honor thy error as a hidden intention", "Look closely at the most embarrassing details and amplify", "Not building a wall; making a brick", "Repetition is a form of change", and one which came to be seen as a summary of the film's ethos (though it was not part of the official set of Oblique Strategies), "Withdrawing in disgust is not the same thing as apathy." This line was quoted in the 1994 song "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" by R.E.M., who also mentioned Oblique Strategies in their 1998 song "Diminished" from the album Up. The Oblique Strategies are also referenced in comic 1018, "Oblique Angles", of popular web comic Questionable Content.
Other musicians inspired by Oblique Strategies include the British band Coldplay, said to have used the cards when recording their 2008 Brian Eno-produced album Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends and French band Phoenix, who used the cards when recording their 2009 album Wolfgang Amadeus Phoenix. German musician/composer Blixa Bargeld has a similar navigation system, called Dave. In response to their song "Brian Eno", from their album Congratulations, MGMT has said they had a deck of Oblique Strategies in the studio, but they "don't know if [they] used them correctly." The band Bauhaus have used the cards for the composition of their songs. The B-52's used them in the studio when recording their first album.
They were most famously used by Eno during the recording of David Bowie's Berlin triptych of albums (Low, "Heroes", Lodger). Stories suggest they were used during the recording of instrumentals on "Heroes" such as "Sense of Doubt" and were used more extensively on Lodger ("Fantastic Voyage", "Boys Keep Swinging", "Red Money"). They were used again on Bowie's 1995 album Outside, which Eno was involved with as a writer, producer and musician. Carlos Alomar, who worked with Eno and Bowie on all these albums, was a fan of using the cards, later saying "at the Center for Performing Arts at the Stevens Institute of Technology, where I teach, on the wall are Brian Eno’s Oblique Strategies cards. And when my students get a mental block, I immediately direct them to that wall."
The Oblique Strategies cards deck is featured in Italian comics artist Igort's work Japanese Notebooks: A Journey to the Empire of Signs (Chronicle Books, 2017; original Italian edition: Quaderni giapponesi. Un viaggio nell'impero dei segni, Cononino Press, 2015).
The football club A.S. Velasca used the Oblique Strategies during an official football match. These Football Times referred to the club, founded by French visual artist Wolfgang Natlacen, by the german word Gesamtkunstwerk, which means "total work of art."

## Editions and variations

Publication history of Oblique Strategies :
| Edition | Year | No. Cards | Edition of | Notes |
| Original | 1975 | 113 | 500 | Individually numbered, and signed by Eno and Schmidt |
| Second | 1978 | 128 | 1,000 | Available through Eno's record label at the time, Opal Records |
| Third | 1979 | 123 | 1,000 | Advertised for sale in the EG Newsletter and elsewhere |
| French | 1979 | 128 | unknown | Alain D'Hooghe translator; produced in association with an exhibition "More Than Nothing" by Schmidt & Eno at the Paul Ide Gallery in Brussels, February 1980 |
| Japanese | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | A rumoured edition. No conclusive evidence has surfaced as to its existence |
| Serbian | 1986 | 128 | 3.000 | Slobodan Cicmil, Srdjan Vejvoda, Goran Vejvoda translators, Serbian title: Zaobilazne strategije; published by Radionica SIC - Studentski izdavački centar, Belgrade 1986 (Student's publishing Center, Belgrade) |
| Fourth | 1996 | 100 | 4,000 | Produced by the Peter Norton family (with the blessing of Brian Eno) as Christmas gifts for his friends and colleagues (i.e. not for commercial sale). Unlike other editions, the cards feature translations into the five other most common languages (Mandarin Chinese, Hindi, Spanish, Russian and Arabic), include artwork (by Pae White) on the cards, and come in a molded white plastic container. A handful of the cards are by new contributors (Arto Lindsay, Ritva Saarikko, Dieter Rot, and Stewart Brand). |
| Fifth | 2001 | 103 + 2 informational | unlimited | Currently on sale |
| Sixth | 2013 | 106 + 2 informational | 500 | A limited edition in a burgundy case |
| Hypertext version | 1995 | unknown | n.a. | By Cetacean Enterprises for Mac software |
| iPhone version | unknown | unknown | n.a. | Includes all five versions of Oblique Strategies |
| Processing version | 2010 | 110 | n.a. | Open-source plugin by David Wicks for the Processing creative coding environment. |
| Android version | 2018 | unknown | n.a. | Reproduces the 1975 cards typography and design |
| Alexa Skill | 2018 | 208 | n.a. | Available as an Amazon Alexa News Feed updated hourly. |
| Web project | 2022 | 213 | n.a. | Previously available on the web: https://www.oblique.pouruntemps.com at the Wayback Machine (archived November 21, 2022). Made by Maksim Morozov to be used as a tool. |
| Nintendo Game Boy version | 2022 | unknown | n.a. | Available via https://nickyflowers.itch.io/osgb . Made by Nicky Flowers |
| iPhone version | 2024 | 151 | n.a. | Reproduces the five versions of Oblique Strategies |