OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Walter Friedrich

Walter Friedrich (25 December 1883 – 16 October 1968) was a German biophysicist and public figure.

## Biography

Walther Otto Ernst Friedrich was born in to the family of an engineer who encouraged him to study technical sciences from childhood. He graduated from high school in Aschersleben, where he did well in mathematics and physics, and also became interested in music, learning to play the violin, but showed no inclination for languages or history. In 1905, he entered the Geneva Academy to study music and physics, but soon interrupted his music studies. In 1911, he received a doctorate in physics from the University of Munich, where he had previously studied for six years, having transferred there from Geneva, for his research on X-ray radiation.
From 1912 to 1914, he worked at the University of Munich as an assistant to Max von Laue, and in 1914 he became a radiologist at the university hospital in Freiburg; Three years later he became a privatdozent of physics at the University of Freiburg, and in 1921 he became a professor of physics, at the same time becoming interested in the application of physics in medicine. In 1922 he lectured in Granada, Spain, as a visiting professor.
From 1923 Friedrich was a professor of medical physics at the University of Berlin and in the same year he simultaneously headed the Institute for Radiation Research at the university, which he headed until 1945l. In 1929 he was appointed dean of the medical faculty of this university, having headed the German Radiological Society a year earlier. During the Nazi period, he continued his scientific work at the university and various scientific societies. According to East German sources, he helped two of his Jewish colleagues avoid deportation to camps.
In 1949 he was elected rector of the university, holding this position until 1952. In 1948 he was appointed director, and in 1952 president of the Institute of Biology and Medicine in the Berlin district of Buch, and in 1961 he headed the Medical and Biological Research Center of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR in Berlin. In 1949 he became an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR, from 1951 to 1956 he was its president, then until 1958 its vice-president.
From 1950 until the end of his life he was president of the German Peace Council and from 1951 the vice-president of the World Peace Council. He was also a member of the Society for German–Soviet Friendship. From 1950 to 1954 Friedrich also headed the Cultural Union of the People's Chamber of the GDR, of which he was a deputy. He was a supporter of the policy of the East German government but remained non-partisan.
# Jim French (musician)

Jim French (born July 15, 1954) is an American avant-garde jazz saxophonist. He has performed with Diamanda Galás and Henry Kaiser as well as frequently collaborated with post-hardcore group Three Mile Pilot. Recognized for his virtuoso saxophone playing, French is also known to have created most of the instruments he plays, such as the "Frenchophone," and for crafting custom mouthpieces for prominent artists such as Pharoah Sanders.

## Biography

French was born on July 15, 1954, in Oklahoma City. He began crafting custom instruments when he was still a boy and became influenced by the indigenous music of North America. In 1970s, French moved to San Diego and became a leading figure in the local avant-garde jazz scene. During that time, he was a member of the San Diego band CETA VI. His first recorded appearance was on 1977's Sir Henry at Rawlinson End, a spoken-word, solo comedy record by Vivian Stanshall. French released his only album in 1979, titled If Looks Could Kill. It is notable for being the recording debut of avant-garde vocalist Diamanda Galás and the involvement of guitarist Henry Kaiser. As a lover of ritual, French appeared on the premiere recording of "Music from the Island of Anaphoria" playing alongside some of the Islands finest musicians. During the 1990s, French collaborated multiple times with indie rock band Three Mile Pilot, appearing on their albums Nà Vuccà Dò Lupù, The Chief Assassin to the Sinister and Another Desert, Another Sea.

## Discography

* 1979: If Looks Could Kill (Metalanguage)
# Paz Oil Company

Paz Oil Company Ltd. (Hebrew: פז חברת הנפט בע"מ) (TASE: PZOL) is the largest Israeli fuels company. Paz distributes gasoline and other petroleum products through a network of gas stations, as well as LPG and natural gas for home use (cooking and heating) through its subsidiary PazGaz. Paz operates combined cafes and stores in many gas stations, through its subsidiary Yellow. It also owns the supermarket chains Freshmarket and Super Yuda.

## History
### Foundation, names, and ownership in the 20th century

Paz was founded in 1922 as Anglo-Asiatic Petroleum. From 1927, it operated as part of Royal Dutch Shell under the name Shell Palestine.
In 1957, Shell decided to withdraw from Israel due to economic pressure from Arab countries. In 1958, the company changed to the ownership of the Briton Isaac Wolfson and the French Nahmias brothers, and it was renamed Paz Petroleum Company Ltd. The company's symbol, a yellow triangle, still resembles that of Shell.
Wolfson sold his holdings in the company in 1981 to the State of Israel, which sold it in 1988 to the Australian Jack Liberman. Since 1999, the Israeli businessman Zadik Bino has owned the majority of the shares, with the Liberman family and other groups holding minority interests.

### Investments and market reach in the 21st century

In 1999, Paz acquired 74 percent of the Israeli fast-food chain Burger Ranch. In late 2001, Paz completed the acquisition, becoming 100 percent owners of the chain. New branches of Burger Ranch were opened at Paz gas stations. In 2006, Paz sold the chain to the Israeli businessman Yossi Hoshinski.
In August 2006, Paz won a tender to acquire the Ashdod Oil Refineries with a NIS 3.5 billion bid, from Oil Refineries Ltd; which was forced to break its monopoly on oil refining in Israel. The acquisition made Paz Israel's most powerful energy company and its owner Zadik Bino the industry's most powerful figure.
In 2012, Paz held 30% of the Israeli fuel market and 31% of the Israeli gas stations. On 12 February 2020, Paz Oil was listed on the United Nations list of companies operating in West Bank settlements. On 5 July 2021, Norway's largest pension fund KLP said it would divest from Paz Oil as it helped to power Israeli settlements in the West Bank.
In March 2021, Paz acquired the Super Yuda supermarket chain for 170 million NIS. In August that year, it also acquired the Freshmarket chain.

## Operations
### Retail and Wholesale

* 260 filling stations across Israel
* 255 Yellow convenience stores
* Pazgas - Israel’s largest gas company, supplying LPG to over half a million customers

### Refining and Logistics

* Ashdod Oil Refineries

### Industries and Services

* Paz Aviation
* Paz Solar
* Paz Lubricants & Chemicals
* Pazkar – manufacturer of bituminous products, waterproofing membranes, coatings and adhesives
# Totally T-Boz

Totally T-Boz is an American reality documentary miniseries on TLC. The four-episode series premiered on January 1, 2013. Filmed in October 2012, Totally T-Boz follows Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins as she works on her new music career. As a member of TLC, the series also sheds light on Watkins working on 20th Anniversary plans with Rozonda "Chilli" Thomas and healing from the death of Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes. Watkins has stated via Twitter that she has no interest in continuing the series.

## Cast

* Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins
* Chase Anela Rolison
* Tae Tae
* Barb
* Tara Brivic
* Kayo Watkins
* Christopher "Cousin Chris" Hughes

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Original release date | US viewers (millions) |
| 1 | "Starting Off New Again" | January 1, 2013 (2013-01-01) | 0.937 |
| T-Boz has just arrived in the new city she calls home, Los Angeles, and she informs her TLC partner "Chilli" about her move. T-Boz reveals that Little Mix's song "Red Planet" was supposed to be for TLC but she sold it to them. This angered Chilli because she believed TLC needed songs for a new album and T-Boz wanted to help write songs for other artists. ||||
| 2 | "Back To My Roots!" | January 8, 2013 (2013-01-08) | 0.638 |
| T-Boz goes back home to Atlanta with Chase to visit her father but upon arrival back home, T-Boz notices her health is going downhill. ||||
| 3 | "Unpretty" | January 15, 2013 (2013-01-15) | 0.501 |
| T-Boz sits down for an intense interview with Perez Hilton, and endures her first professional photo shoot in years. In the end, T-Boz is the center of attention during a family discussion about her healthy lifestyle. ||||
| 4 | "The Final Countdown" | January 22, 2013 (2013-01-22) | 0.416 |
| T-Boz and "Chilli" fix their friendship before T-Boz hosts her new single listening party. T-Boz later goes to the doctor to hear the results of her MRI. ||||
# Sipalinus

Sipalinus is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Curculionidae.

## Description

Sipalinus is composed of seven species, five from Africa and two from Eurasia and Australasia. These species are quite large (up to 28 mm.) and robust, the basic colour is brownish, the surface is crusty looking, often heavily tuberculate and elytra are usually mottled with whitish and dark brown. Some species are wood bores, and may occasionally be found in wood used for crates or structural timbers.

## List of species and subspecies

* Sipalinus gigas (Fabricius)
** Sipalinus gigas gigas (Fabricius)
** Sipalinus gigas granulatus (Fabricius)
* Sipalinus yunnanensis
* Sipalinus guineensis (Fabricius)
* Sipalinus burmeisteri (Boheman)
* Sipalinus squalidus (Kolbe)
* Sipalinus aloysiisabaudiae (Camerano)
* Sipalinus auritvilli (Duvivier)
* Semiotus zonatus Candèze, 1874
# Ryukyu tube-nosed bat

The Ryukyu tube-nosed bat (Murina ryukyuana) is a species of vesper bat found only in Japan.

## Description

Murina ryukyana has rounded ears that are 35.5 to 37 mm (1.40 to 1.46 in) with tragi that are 9.5 to 10.5 mm (0.37 to 0.41 in). It has straight hair in shades of brown, with dorsal hairs longer than its ventral hairs.

## Distribution and habitat

The bat is found only on Okinawa-jima Island, Tokunoshima Island, and Amami-Oshima Island. It predominantly roosts in understory foliage.
# 9th Maryland Infantry Regiment

The 9th Maryland Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

## Service

The 9th Maryland Infantry was organized at Baltimore, Maryland, June–July 1863 for six months service under the command of Colonel Benjamin L. Simpson.
The regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, Maryland Heights, Division of West Virginia, to December 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, West Virginia, to February 1864.
The 9th Maryland Infantry mustered out of the service at Baltimore on February 24, 1864.

## Detailed service

Moved from Baltimore to western Maryland July 6, 1863. Occupation of Maryland Heights July 7, 1863. At Loudon Heights until August. Guard duty on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Company B at Duffield Station, Company C at Brown's Crossing, Companies A and B served provost duty at Harpers Ferry, Companies D, E, F, G, H, and I at Charles Town, West Virginia, until October 18. Attacked by Brigadier General John D. Imboden and captured. Companies A, B, and C on duty in West Virginia until February 1864. Moved to Baltimore for muster out.

## Commanders

* Colonel Benjamin L. Simpson

## Casualties

The regiment lost a total of 126 men during service, 2 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded and 124 enlisted men due to disease.
# Alexis Blanco

Alexis Hernán Blanco (born 6 June 1988) is an Argentine association football player. He plays as forward for Primera Nacional team Club Agropecuario Argentino.
# Louis Déprez

Louis Déprez (6 January 1921 – 27 July 1999) was a French racing cyclist. He rode in the 1947, 1948 and 1949 Tour de France. Déprez was the winner of initial Four Days of Dunkirk race in 1955.
# 9th Missouri State Militia Cavalry Regiment

U.S. Cavalry Regiments :
| Previous | Next |
| 8th Missouri State Militia Cavalry | 10th Missouri State Militia Cavalry |
The 9th Missouri State Militia Cavalry Regiment, was a cavalry regiment that served as an element of the Union Army in the state of Missouri during the American Civil War. Unlike Militia units in other states, the 9th Missouri State Militia Cavalry was a full-time military unit, permanently engaged in internal counter-insurgency and protection of the state of Missouri from invasion by conventional Confederate units. The regiment was equipped and paid by the Federal government and was integrated into the Federal military structure in the Department of Missouri. The 9th MSM Cavalry was one of Missouri's most successful counter-guerrilla units.

## Service

The 9th Missouri State Militia Cavalry Regiment was raised by Colonel Odon Guitar, a successful lawyer and member of the Missouri General Assembly from Columbia, Missouri.
Organized at large in Missouri February 12, 1862. to September 20, 1863. Attached to District of Rolla, Dept. of Missouri, to February, 1863. District of North Missouri, Dept. of Missouri, to July, 1865.
Mustered out July 13, 1865.

## Casualties

Regiment lost during service 2 Officers and 29 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 1 Officer and 76 Enlisted men by disease. Total 108.

## Commanders

* Brigadier General Odon Guitar, Missouri State Militia
# 9th Ohio Infantry Regiment

Ohio U.S. Volunteer Infantry Regiments 1861-1865 :
| Previous | Next |
| 8th Ohio Infantry Regiment | 10th Ohio Infantry Regiment |
The 9th Ohio Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that was a part of the Union Army during the American Civil War. The members of the regiment were primarily of German descent and the unit was the first almost all-German unit to enter the Union Army.

## Organization

Between 1836 and 1860, four German militia units had been formed in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1861, in response to a call to arms by President Abraham Lincoln and subsequently by Ohio Governor William Dennison, these units swelled with hundreds of volunteers. Gustav Bergmann, a Cincinnati public school teacher, was the first volunteer to join the unit. The city of Cincinnati gave $250,000.00 for the organization of this unit. Nearly 1,500 men, mostly of German descent, volunteered for the 9th Ohio Infantry Regiment in the first three days. Col. Robert L. McCook, a local lawyer, trained and drilled the new soldiers at Camp Harrison and Camp Dennison, both near the city.
The initial field officers on April 23, 1861, were:
* Colonel Robert L. McCook
* Lieutenant Colonel Karl Sonderson
* Major Frank Mattice
* Surgeon Karl Krause
* Asst. Surgeon Rudolph Wirth
* Adjutant August Willich
The regiment lost six officers and 85 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded during its three-year term of service. It also lost two officers and 60 enlisted men to disease, for a total of 153.

## Battle of Carnifex Ferry

The 9th Ohio Infantry Regiment participated in the Battle of Carnifex Ferry, which took place on September 10, 1861. Casualties were eight men killed and two wounded while attacking the Confederate left flank, defended by the 36th Virginia Infantry.
# 9th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union)

The 9th Tennessee Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

## Service

The 9th Tennessee Cavalry was organized August 25, 1863, in Knoxville, Tennessee and mustered in for a three-year enlistment under the command of Colonel Joseph H. Parsons. The 11th Tennessee Cavalry was consolidated into the regiment on March 24, 1865.
The regiment was attached to District of North Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to April 1864. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, Cavalry Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1864. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division Mississippi, to November 1864. District of East Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to March 1865. 3rd Brigade, Cavalry Division, District of East Tennessee, to July 1865. Cavalry Brigade, District of East Tennessee, to September 1865.
The 9th Tennessee Cavalry mustered out of service September 11, 1865, at Knoxville, Tennessee.

## Detailed service

Joined Col. John F. DeCourcy at Crab Orchard, Ky., September 24, 1863. Duty at Crab Orchard, Ky., until October 1863. (A detachment on march to Cumberland Gap September 24-October 3, 1863, and operations about there.) Duty in District of East Tennessee, at Knoxville, Nashville, and on line of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, and at Bull's Gap, Tenn., until October 1864. Rogersville August 21, 1864. Pursuit to Greenville August 21–23. Blue Springs August 23. Operations in eastern Tennessee August 29-September 4. Park Gap and Greenville September 4. Death of Gen. J. H. Morgan. Gillem's Expedition from eastern Tennessee toward southwest Virginia September 20-October 17. Rheatown September 28. Watauga River September 29. Carter's Station September 29-October 1. Operations in eastern Tennessee October 10–28. Greenville October 12. Bull's Gap October 16. Clinch Mountain October 18. Clinch Valley, near Sneedsville, October 21. Mossy Creek and Panther Gap October 27. Morristown and Russellville October 28. Operations against Breckenridge's advance into eastern Tennessee November 4–17. Russellville November 11. Bull's Gap November 11–14. Russellville November 14. Strawberry Plains November 16–17. Flat Creek November 17. Stoneman's Expedition to Saltville, Va., December 10–29. Big Spring, near Rogersville, December 12. Kingsport December 13. Glade Springs December 15. Marion and capture of Wytheville December 16. Mt. Airy December 17. Engagement near Marion December 17–18. Capture and destruction of Saltville December 20–21. Duty in eastern Tennessee until March 1865. Stoneman's Raid into southwest Virginia and western North Carolina March 21-April 25. Wytheville April 6. Shallow Ford and near Mocksville, N.C., April 11. Salisbury April 12. Catawba River April 17. Swannanoa Gap, N.C., April 20. Near Hendersonville April 23. Duty in eastern Tennessee until September.

## Commanders

* Colonel Joseph H. Parsons
# Judicial discretion

Judicial discretion is the power of the judiciary to make some legal decisions according to their discretion. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the ability of judges to exercise discretion is an aspect of judicial independence. Where appropriate, judicial discretion allows a judge to decide a legal case or matter within a range of possible decisions.
However, where the exercise of discretion goes beyond constraints set down by legislation, by binding precedent, or by a constitution, the court may be abusing its discretion and undermining the rule of law. In that case, the decision of the court may be ultra vires, and may sometimes be characterized as judicial activism.
In 1824, US Chief Justice John Marshall wrote the following on this subject:
   Judicial power, as contradistinguished from the power of the laws, has no existence. Courts are the mere instruments of the law, and can will nothing. When they are said to exercise a discretion, it is a mere legal discretion, a discretion to be exercised in discerning the course prescribed by law; and, when that is discerned, it is the duty of the court to follow it. Judicial power is never exercised for the purpose of giving effect to the will of the judge, always for the purpose of giving effect to the will of the legislature; or, in other words, to the will of the law.
Concerns with regard to recidivism and other law and order issues have led to the introduction of mandatory sentencing. E.g. three-strikes laws and most sex offender registry laws in US are examples of laws carrying severe consequences, and which does not leave room for sentencing judges to consider the actual gravity of the offense, thus significantly limiting judicial discretion in sentencing. Introduction of mandatory minimum in criminal sentencing is often viewed as a shift of judicial power from judges to prosecutors, who are capable of affecting the length of potential sentence through their charging decision, e.g. filing charges on lesser included offense and dropping the charges carrying mandatory minimum sentences. Mandatory sentencing laws have been particularly popular among legislators in the United States. This has provoked formation of non-profit organizations such as Families Against Mandatory Minimums, Women Against Registry and RSOL to lobby for reinstatement of judicial discretion in criminal sentencing.
# Colby-Petersen Farm

The Colby-Petersen Farm is a historic farm at 4112 McCullom Lake Road in McHenry, Illinois. The farm was established in the 1840s by the Colby family, who were early white settlers in McHenry County that relocated from New England. The family built a Greek Revival farmhouse on the property circa 1850; characteristic Greek Revival elements of the house include a porch supported by columns, dentillated brickwork, and a frieze band. The farm primarily produced dairy, and it was one of the many prosperous dairy farms in northern Illinois in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Danish immigrant Peter Petersen married into the Colby family in 1901, and when he inherited the farm in 1914, it became known as the Petersen Farm. In addition to the farmhouse, surviving buildings on the farm include a dairy barn, a horse barn, and a garage.
The farm was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 2020.
# NTV (Sri Lankan TV channel)

NTV was a general entertainment channel operated by the Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation.

## History

NTV began broadcasting in November 2009 amidst controversy from Sri Lankan netizens due to limited coverage and lack of carriage by Dialog TV.
The channel rebranded in 2013, in time for the 2013 CHOGM.
The channel didn't make any original content, however there where cartoons produced by "Marathon" telecasted including Code Lyoko, Team Galaxy, Galactic Football, Totally Spies etc. The schedule consisted of shows that weren't airing on the other SLRC channels, accompanied by some of Channel Eye's productions, and a 12pm news bulletin in English. It closed down in February 2015, the latest time NTV's website was updated. The channel's closure was due to low ratings.
# Beenleigh State School

Beenleigh State School is a public co-educational primary school located in the Logan City suburb of Beenleigh, Queensland, Australia. It is administered by the Queensland Department of Education, with an enrolment of 448 students and a teaching staff of 35, as of 2023. The school caters to students from Prep to Year 6.

## History

The school opened on 6 February 1871, with 97 pupils, and prior to 1925 it was also known as Beenleigh State Rural School. Student enrolment was stated to be 161 in February 1879, with an average attendance of 103.
The foundation principal was Mr. Massey, followed by Thomas Bradbury, who was principal from 1876 to 1897; he died by drowning, his death reported in January 1898. The Successor of Mr. Bradbury was Mr. D. S. Warren from 1898 until he was transferred to Brisbane in 1908.
A new teacher's residence and the reroofing of the school building was approved by the Minister for Public Works in July 1908; it was estimated to cost £586 10s at the time.
The schools 50th jubilee was celebrated on Friday, 11 November 1921, at the showgrounds. All the schools within the district joined in on the celebration, with "sports and pastimes" being the main event. Approximately 20 students from the school's foundation attended.
From 1954 to 1962 it also had a secondary department, and from 4 February 1974 to 1980 the school had an Opportunity Class to provide special education. In January 1981 it became a separate school, Beenleigh Special School.

## Demographics

In 2023, the school had a student enrolment of 448 with 35 teachers (32 full-time equivalent) and 27 non-teaching staff (16 full-time equivalent). Female enrolments consisted of 211 students and Male enrolments consisted of 237 students; Indigenous enrolments accounted for a total of 16% of total enrolments and 20% of students had a language background other than English.