# Herbert Biberman

Herbert J. Biberman (March 4, 1900 – June 30, 1971) was an American screenwriter and film director. He was one of the Hollywood Ten and directed Salt of the Earth (1954), a film barely released in the United States, about a zinc miners' strike in Grant County, New Mexico. His membership in the Directors Guild of America was posthumously restored in 1997; he had been expelled in 1950.
Biberman was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Joseph and Eva Biberman and was the brother of American artist, Edward Biberman.
He attended Central High School in Philadelphia, and then went on to the University of Pennsylvania. He graduated from Penn in 1921, being chosen to deliver the "Ivy Oration" at the Commencement ceremony. From 1924 to 1926 he attended the Yale School of Drama, being a member of the first acting classes to study with George Pierce Baker. In the late 1920s he began performing in plays by The Theatre Guild, and joined Cheryl Crawford and Harold Clurman in founding its "Studio Theatre" for experimental productions - which included and translation of "Red Rust," a Russian play about an abusive Communist leader. By 1930 he began his career as a Broadway director with the American premiere production of Sergei Tretyakov's Roar, China! and the world premiere production of Green Grow the Lilacs by Lynn Riggs, which was the basis for the later musical Oklahoma!.
Moving to Hollywood, Biberman's career included writing such films as King of Chinatown (1939), When Tomorrow Comes (1939), Action in Arabia (1944), The Master Race (1944), which he also directed, and New Orleans (1947), as well as directing such films as One Way Ticket (1935) and Meet Nero Wolfe (1936). He married actress Gale Sondergaard in 1930; the marriage lasted for the rest of Biberman's life. Biberman died from bone cancer in 1971 in New York City.

## HUAC

Though he would become firmly pro-war after Germany invaded the Soviet Union, during the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact, his outspoken opposition to U.S. Lend-Lease to the United Kingdom was so intense, the FBI suspected Biberman (who was actually Jewish) of being a Nazi. In 1947, the Congressional House Committee on Un-American Activities began its investigation into the film industry, and Biberman became one of ten Hollywood writers and directors cited for contempt of Congress when they refused to answer questions about their American Communist Party affiliation. Evidence presented in the hearing showed that Biberman had been a member of the communist party since at least 1944. Biberman and the others were imprisoned for their contempt convictions, Biberman for six months. Edward Dmytryk ultimately cooperated with the House committee, but Biberman and the others were blacklisted by the Hollywood studios.
Biberman worked independently after his release from jail. The result was Salt of the Earth (1954), a fictionalized account of the Grant County miners' strike. The screenplay was by Michael Wilson and it was produced by Paul Jarrico, neither members of the Ten but they were both also blacklisted. Salt of the Earth has been deemed "culturally significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.

## Legacy

One of the Hollywood Ten, a 2000 film chronicling his blacklisting and the making of Salt of the Earth from Biberman's point of view, starred Jeff Goldblum as Biberman and Greta Scacchi as his wife, the actress Gale Sondergaard. The film's closing credits noted Biberman had never been removed from the old blacklist formally, and that Sondergaard had not found work in Hollywood until shortly before her husband's death. Biberman's membership in the Directors Guild of America, which was stripped in 1950, was restored in 1997.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| 1935 | Eight Bells | dialogue director | |
| 1935 | One-Way Ticket | Director | (as Herbert Biberman) |
| 1936 | Meet Nero Wolfe | Director | |
| 1939 | King of Chinatown | Writer (story) | |
| 1939 | When Tomorrow Comes | Writer | (uncredited) |
| 1944 | Action in Arabia | Writer (original screenplay) | (as Herbert Biberman) |
| 1944 | The Master Race | Writer (screenplay) (story), Director |
| 1944 | Together Again | Writer (story) | (as Herbert Biberman) |
| 1946 | Abilene Town | associate producer | |
| 1947 | New Orleans | Writer (story), associate producer | |
| 1950 | The Hollywood Ten | Himself | (uncredited) |
| 1954 | Salt of the Earth | Director | |
| 1969 | Slaves | Writer, Director | |