# Elizabeth Butler, Duchess of Ormond

Elizabeth Butler, Duchess of Ormond and 2nd Baroness Dingwall (née Preston; 25 July 1615 – 21 July 1684) reunited the Ormond estate as her maternal grandfather, Black Tom, 10th Earl of Ormond had it, by marrying James Butler, later Duke of Ormond, her second cousin once removed. She had inherited her share of the Ormond estate through her mother, Elizabeth Preston, who was Black Tom's daughter and only surviving child. Her husband had inherited his share from his grandfather Walter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormond, Black Tom's successor in the earldom. Her share was the bigger one and included Kilkenny Castle.

## Birth and origins

Family tree :
| | | | | | | | | James 9th Earl 1496–1546 | James 9th Earl 1496–1546 | James 9th Earl 1496–1546 | James 9th Earl 1496–1546 | James 9th Earl 1496–1546 | James 9th Earl 1496–1546 | | | Joan FitzGerald d. 1565 | Joan FitzGerald d. 1565 | Joan FitzGerald d. 1565 | Joan FitzGerald d. 1565 | Joan FitzGerald d. 1565 | Joan FitzGerald d. 1565 |
| | | | | Thomas 10th Earl c. 1531 – 1614 Black Tom | Thomas 10th Earl c. 1531 – 1614 Black Tom | Thomas 10th Earl c. 1531 – 1614 Black Tom | Thomas 10th Earl c. 1531 – 1614 Black Tom | Thomas 10th Earl c. 1531 – 1614 Black Tom | Thomas 10th Earl c. 1531 – 1614 Black Tom | | | Elizabeth Sheffield d. 1600 | Elizabeth Sheffield d. 1600 | Elizabeth Sheffield d. 1600 | Elizabeth Sheffield d. 1600 | Elizabeth Sheffield d. 1600 | Elizabeth Sheffield d. 1600 | | | Edmund of Cloughgrenan 1534–1602 | Edmund of Cloughgrenan 1534–1602 | Edmund of Cloughgrenan 1534–1602 | Edmund of Cloughgrenan 1534–1602 | Edmund of Cloughgrenan 1534–1602 | Edmund of Cloughgrenan 1534–1602 | | | John of Kilcash d. 1570 | John of Kilcash d. 1570 | John of Kilcash d. 1570 | John of Kilcash d. 1570 | John of Kilcash d. 1570 | John of Kilcash d. 1570 |
| Theobald Viscount Tulleophelim d. 1613 | Theobald Viscount Tulleophelim d. 1613 | Theobald Viscount Tulleophelim d. 1613 | Theobald Viscount Tulleophelim d. 1613 | Theobald Viscount Tulleophelim d. 1613 | Theobald Viscount Tulleophelim d. 1613 | | | Elizabeth Butler c. 1585 – 1628 | Elizabeth Butler c. 1585 – 1628 | Elizabeth Butler c. 1585 – 1628 | Elizabeth Butler c. 1585 – 1628 | Elizabeth Butler c. 1585 – 1628 | Elizabeth Butler c. 1585 – 1628 | | | Richard Preston 1st Earl Desmond d. 1628 | Richard Preston 1st Earl Desmond d. 1628 | Richard Preston 1st Earl Desmond d. 1628 | Richard Preston 1st Earl Desmond d. 1628 | Richard Preston 1st Earl Desmond d. 1628 | Richard Preston 1st Earl Desmond d. 1628 | | | Walter 11th Earl 1559 – 1633 'Beads' | Walter 11th Earl 1559 – 1633 'Beads' | Walter 11th Earl 1559 – 1633 'Beads' | Walter 11th Earl 1559 – 1633 'Beads' | Walter 11th Earl 1559 – 1633 'Beads' | Walter 11th Earl 1559 – 1633 'Beads' | | | Helen Butler d. 1631 | Helen Butler d. 1631 | Helen Butler d. 1631 | Helen Butler d. 1631 | Helen Butler d. 1631 | Helen Butler d. 1631 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Thomas Viscount Thurles d. 1619 d.v.p.* | Thomas Viscount Thurles d. 1619 d.v.p.* | Thomas Viscount Thurles d. 1619 d.v.p.* | Thomas Viscount Thurles d. 1619 d.v.p.* | Thomas Viscount Thurles d. 1619 d.v.p.* | Thomas Viscount Thurles d. 1619 d.v.p.* | | | Elizabeth Pointz 1587–1673 | Elizabeth Pointz 1587–1673 | Elizabeth Pointz 1587–1673 | Elizabeth Pointz 1587–1673 | Elizabeth Pointz 1587–1673 | Elizabeth Pointz 1587–1673 |
| | | | | | | | | Elizabeth Preston 1615–1684 | Elizabeth Preston 1615–1684 | Elizabeth Preston 1615–1684 | Elizabeth Preston 1615–1684 | Elizabeth Preston 1615–1684 | Elizabeth Preston 1615–1684 | | | James 1st Duke 1610–1688 | James 1st Duke 1610–1688 | James 1st Duke 1610–1688 | James 1st Duke 1610–1688 | James 1st Duke 1610–1688 | James 1st Duke 1610–1688 | | | | | | | | | | | Richard of Kilcash 1615–1701 | Richard of Kilcash 1615–1701 | Richard of Kilcash 1615–1701 | Richard of Kilcash 1615–1701 | Richard of Kilcash 1615–1701 | Richard of Kilcash 1615–1701 |
| Thomas 6th Earl Ossory 1633–1680 d.v.p.* | Thomas 6th Earl Ossory 1633–1680 d.v.p.* | Thomas 6th Earl Ossory 1633–1680 d.v.p.* | Thomas 6th Earl Ossory 1633–1680 d.v.p.* | Thomas 6th Earl Ossory 1633–1680 d.v.p.* | Thomas 6th Earl Ossory 1633–1680 d.v.p.* | | | Emilia von Nassau 1635–1688 | Emilia von Nassau 1635–1688 | Emilia von Nassau 1635–1688 | Emilia von Nassau 1635–1688 | Emilia von Nassau 1635–1688 | Emilia von Nassau 1635–1688 | | | | Richard 1st Earl Arran 1639–1684 | Richard 1st Earl Arran 1639–1684 | Richard 1st Earl Arran 1639–1684 | Richard 1st Earl Arran 1639–1684 | Richard 1st Earl Arran 1639–1684 | Richard 1st Earl Arran 1639–1684 | | | Elizabeth Countess of Chesterfield 1640–1665 | Elizabeth Countess of Chesterfield 1640–1665 | Elizabeth Countess of Chesterfield 1640–1665 | Elizabeth Countess of Chesterfield 1640–1665 | Elizabeth Countess of Chesterfield 1640–1665 | Elizabeth Countess of Chesterfield 1640–1665 | | | Walter of Garryricken d. 1700 d.v.p.* | Walter of Garryricken d. 1700 d.v.p.* | Walter of Garryricken d. 1700 d.v.p.* | Walter of Garryricken d. 1700 d.v.p.* | Walter of Garryricken d. 1700 d.v.p.* | Walter of Garryricken d. 1700 d.v.p.* |
| James 2nd Duke Ormond 1665–1745 | James 2nd Duke Ormond 1665–1745 | James 2nd Duke Ormond 1665–1745 | James 2nd Duke Ormond 1665–1745 | James 2nd Duke Ormond 1665–1745 | James 2nd Duke Ormond 1665–1745 | | | Charles 1st Earl Arran 1671–1758 | Charles 1st Earl Arran 1671–1758 | Charles 1st Earl Arran 1671–1758 | Charles 1st Earl Arran 1671–1758 | Charles 1st Earl Arran 1671–1758 | Charles 1st Earl Arran 1671–1758 | | | | Elizabeth Butler d. 1717 | Elizabeth Butler d. 1717 | Elizabeth Butler d. 1717 | Elizabeth Butler d. 1717 | Elizabeth Butler d. 1717 | Elizabeth Butler d. 1717 | | | Henrietta Butler d. 1724 | Henrietta Butler d. 1724 | Henrietta Butler d. 1724 | Henrietta Butler d. 1724 | Henrietta Butler d. 1724 | Henrietta Butler d. 1724 | | | Thomas of Garryricken d. 1738 | Thomas of Garryricken d. 1738 | Thomas of Garryricken d. 1738 | Thomas of Garryricken d. 1738 | Thomas of Garryricken d. 1738 | Thomas of Garryricken d. 1738 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Elizabeth Butler d. 1717 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | John de jure 15th Earl d. 1766 | John de jure 15th Earl d. 1766 | John de jure 15th Earl d. 1766 | John de jure 15th Earl d. 1766 | John de jure 15th Earl d. 1766 | John de jure 15th Earl d. 1766 |
| XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX | Subject of the article | Subject of the article | Subject of the article | Subject of the article | Subject of the article | Subject of the article | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX | XXX | Earls & dukes of Ormond | Earls & dukes of Ormond | Earls & dukes of Ormond | Earls & dukes of Ormond | Earls & dukes of Ormond | Earls & dukes of Ormond |
Elizabeth Preston was born on 25 July 1615. She was the only child of Richard Preston and Elizabeth Butler. Her father was a younger son of the Prestons of Whitehill, Scottish gentry of the Edinburgh area. He was a page at the Scottish court and became a favourite of James VI of Scotland, who made him a groom of his bedchamber and ennobled him by creating him Lord Dingwall in 1609.
Elizabeth's mother was the only surviving child of Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond, called Black Tom. She had been married before to her first cousin Theobald Butler, 1st Viscount Butler of Tulleophelim, who had died childless in 1613. Her family was Old English and descended from Theobald Walter, who had been appointed Chief Butler of Ireland by King Henry II in 1177.
Elizabeth's parents were both Protestant. They had married in 1614, not long before her maternal grandfather's death on 22 November 1614.

## Black Tom's succession and inheritance

Elizabeth Preston's parents lives were overshadowed by the problems of Elizabeth's maternal grandfather's succession and inheritance. Black Tom, had settled most of his estate on his male heir, his nephew Walter, who succeeded him as Earl of Ormond in 1614, according to the normal rules of succession of his title. However, Black Tom was a Protestant, whereas his nephew Walter, called "of the rosary beads", was a devout Catholic. King James I considered this a setback for his Irish politics. He intervened to keep the Ormond lands in Protestant hands. He decided that most of the estate should go to Black Tom's only child, Elizabeth. The King furthermore ordained that this daughter should marry his favourite Richard Preston, 1st Lord Dingwall, a Scottish Protestant. Accordingly, Elizabeth's parents married in 1614.

## Father's succession

Elizabeth was an only child. Her mother was about 30 at her birth and Elizabeth was her first child. Her father was about 35. He had married late and was a former favourite of James I. Very soon her potential to become a rich heiress was recognised and marriage plans were made. Marquess of Buckingham wanted to marry Elizabeth, aged 3, to his nephew George Feilding.
The ancient Anglo-Irish family of the Earls of Desmond - from which Elizabeth was in part descended through her mother - had rebelled against the English crown and been stripped of that title in the 1580s. In 1619 Buckingham arranged that the King advance Elizabeth's father Richard to Earl of Desmond. In 1622 the King further confirmed George Feilding as having the right to the title on Richard Preston's death, as Richard had no male heir and Feilding was expected to marry Elizabeth.
In 1628 Elizabeth Preston, aged 13, became a rich heiress when both her parents died in quick succession. First, on 10 October, her mother died in Wales and was buried in Westminster Abbey, then on 28 October her father drowned during a passage between Dublin and Holyhead. His title as Earl of Desmond passed to George Feilding, but Elizabeth inherited his Scottish title of Lord Dingwall to become Baroness Dingwall suo jure as the title had been created for her father with remainder to heirs and assigns whatsoever. As the only child, Elizabeth inherited all her parents' part of the Ormond estate, which included Kilkenny Castle and the County Palatine of Tipperary. As she was a minor, she became a ward of the crown. Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland (1590–1649) was appointed her guardian.

## Marriage and children

At Christmas 1629, aged 14, she married her second cousin once removed, James Butler. Their common ancestor was James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond, who was her great grandfather and his great-great grandfather (see Family tree). The marriage made her Viscountess Thurles as he was at the time styled Viscount Thurles, which was the courtesy title of the heir apparent of the earls of Ormond. In 1630 the couple went to live at Carrick-on-Suir.
Elizabeth and James had at least ten children, but only five survived into adulthood:
* Thomas (1634–1680), predeceased his father, but had a son who would become the 2nd Duke
* Richard (1639–1686), became the first and last Earl of Arran of the 1662 creation and predeceased his father
* Elizabeth (1640–1665), married Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield and had affairs with James Hamilton and the Duke of York
* John (1643–1677), became the Earl of Gowran
* Mary (1646–1710), married William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire
As a consequence of the marriage, the Ormond estate was reunited as her grandfather, the 10th Earl, had owned it. Elizabeth and James went to live in Kilkenny Castle, while her grandfather-in-law, the 11th Earl resided at Ormonde Castle at Carrick-on-Suir where he died on 24 February 1633. Elizabeth became Countess of Ormond as her husband succeeded to the earldom. In 1634 her eldest son, Thomas was born in Kilkenny Castle.

## Irish wars

On the outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, while her husband took command of the king's army in Dublin, she was living at Carrick-on-Suir where she was soon surrounded by the insurgents. She later moved to Kilkenny Castle and continued to stay there even when Kilkenny became the capital of the Catholic Confederation. She sheltered Protestant refugees and kept them in the castle.
She became Marchioness of Ormond on her husband's promotion on 30 August 1642. In that same year she was allowed to rejoin her husband in Dublin. Their last two children, John and Mary, were born in Dublin while they stayed there together. In the city she continued to help refugees. When the city appeared to be menaced by a siege by the Confederates after Owen Roe O'Neill's victory in the Battle of Benburb in June 1646, she also helped to reinforce Dublin's defences.
She accompanied her husband to England in 1647 after he surrendered Dublin to the parliamentary forces. As in 1648 he renewed his support for the royalist cause, Lady Ormond moved to Caen, France, where she arrived on 23 June 1648 with all her five children. From September 1648 to December 1650 her husband was again in Ireland where he tried to reunite the Irish in the fight against the Parliamentarians. The family was short of money. In 1652, Lady Ormond and her children returned to England in August 1652 to plead with Cromwell for income from the land she owned. She managed to obtain a pension of £2000 per year under the condition that she would not correspond with her husband.
In 1653 while in Dublin she helped her husband's brother-in-law, the Viscount Muskerry who stood accused of the murder of Protestant refugees in 1642. They went to see Chief Justice Lowther who gave her legal advice for Muskerry. This helped him to convince the court of his innocence and he was acquitted.
In 1655 she returned to Ireland accompanied by her younger children and lived at her home in Dunmore, County Kilkenny.

## Restoration, later life, death, and timeline

Following the restoration of Charles II, Lady Ormond sent her husband political information from Ireland, and the couple were later reunited in England. In March 1661 she became Duchess of Ormond as her husband was made a duke. In 1662 she became Vicereine of Ireland as her husband was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland, serving until 1669 and again from 1677 to 1685. Lady Ormond hosted entertainment and spent lavishly on restoring and improving the family estates, but her personal correspondence reveals that she was concerned about the debts of her husband and sons. Her eldest son Thomas Butler, 6th Earl of Ossory, suddenly died in 1680. Her health began to decline in 1681, and she died in London on 21 July 1684. She was buried at Westminster Abbey on 24 July.
Timeline :
| Age | Date | Event |
| 0 | 25 Jul 1615 | Born. |
| 3 | 19 Jul 1619 | Father created Earl of Desmond in Ireland. |
| 9 | 27 Mar 1625 | Accession of King Charles I, succeeding King James I |
| 13 | 10 Oct 1628 | Mother died in Wales. |
| 13 | 28 Oct 1628 | Father drowned during a passage between Dublin and Holyhead. |
| 14 | 25 Dec 1629 | Married James Butler. |
| 14–15 | 1630 | Went to live at the Ormond Castle at Carrick with her husband |
| 17 | 24 Feb 1633 | Became Countess of Ormond as her husband succeeded as the 12th Earl |
| 23 | 5 Jul 1634 | Birth at Kilkenny Castle of her eldest son, Thomas |
| 23 | 15 Jul 1639 | Birth of her second son, Richard |
| 24 | 29 Jun 1640 | Birth of her elder daughter, Elizabeth |
| 27 | 30 Aug 1642 | Became Marchioness of Ormond as her husband was created Marquess. |
| 27–28 | 1643 | Birth of her youngest son, John |
| 30 | 5 Jun 1646 | The confederates win the Battle of Benburb. |
| 30–31 | 1646 | Birth of her youngest daughter, Mary |
| 31–32 | 1647 | The Ormonds leave Dublin and go to England. |
| 32 | 23 Jun 1648 | Arrived at Caen, France, with her children. |
| 33 | 29 Sep 1648 | Husband went to Ireland arriving at Cork on 29 September. |
| 33 | 30 Jan 1649 | King Charles I beheaded. |
| 35 | 11 Dec 1650 | Husband left Ireland and rejoined her in France. |
| 37 | August 1652 | Returned to England with her children and asked Cromwell for money. |
| 39–40 | 1655 | Returned to Ireland with her younger children. |
| 44 | 29 May 1660 | Restoration of King Charles II |
| 45 | 30 Mar 1661 | Became Duchesse of Ormond as her husband was created Duke. |
| 46–47 | 1662 | Became Vicereine of Ireland as her husband became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. |
| 65 | 30 Jul 1680 | Son Thomas, Earl of Ossory, died. |
| 68 | 21 Jul 1684 | Died in London. |