OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vicious Circle

A vicious circle is a complex of events that reinforces itself through a feedback loop.
Vicious circle or Vicious Circle may also refer to:

## Music

* Vicious Circle (band), an Australian hardcore punk band formed in 1983
* Vicious Circle (album), a 1995 album by L.A. Guns
* Vicious Circle, a 1982 album by Zero Boys
* Vicious Circle, a punk rock band featuring Jack Grisham, Todd Barnes, Steve Houston and Laddy Tirrell, whose members later formed the band True Sounds of Liberty (1978)
* Vicious Circle, a 1989 album by The Vibrators
* "Vicious Circle", a 1981 single by Abrasive Wheels
* "Vicious Circle", a song by Lou Reed from Rock and Roll Heart
* "Vicious Circle", a song by Quiet Riot from Guilty Pleasures
* "Vicious Circles", a song by Aaron Lewis from Town Line

## Film

* The Vicious Circle (1948 film), a film starring Conrad Nagel
* The Vicious Circle (1957 film), a film starring John Mills
* Vicious Circle (2008 film), a 2008 drama film by Paul Boyd
* Vicious Circle, a name for the Algonquin Round Table in the 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle

## Television

* Dane Cook: Vicious Circle, an HBO comedy special featuring Dane Cook
* "Vicious Circle", a 1957 episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents

## Other uses

* Vicious Circle (painting), a painting by Polish Symbolist painter Jacek Malczewski
* Vicious Circle (comics), a fictional character group in Savage Dragon
* Vicious Circle (novel), a 2013 novel by Wilbur Smith.
# Tripathi

Tripathi or Tripathy (Sanskrit: त्रिपाठी) is a Hindu Brahmin family name in India and Nepal. Tewari and Tiwari are variants of the name.

## Notable people

Notable people with this surname, who may or may not be affiliated to Brahmins, include:
* Amish Tripathi, novelist
* Anupam Tripathi, actor
* Bhakta Tripathy, Indian news editor
* Bharat Tripathi, English cricketer
* Bhumi Tripathi, Nepalese Politician
* Braja Kishore Tripathy, Indian politician
* Chittaranjan Tripathy, Odia director, music director and actor
* D. P. Tripathi, politician from the Nationalist Congress Party
* Admiral Dinesh Kumar Tripathi, current Chief of Indian Navy
* Deepak Tripathi, British historian
* Devi Ranjan Tripathy, Indian politician
* Divyanka Tripathi, model and actress
* Govardhanram Tripathi, Indian Gujarati-language writer
* Geeta Tripathee (born 1972) Nepalese poet, lyricist, essayist, literary critic and scholar
* Hridayesh Tripathi, Nepalese politician
* Kamalapati Tripathi, politician and former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
* Keshari Nath Tripathi, Bharatiya Janata Party politician and Governor of West Bengal
* Krishna Nand Tripathi, Indian politician
* Kumud Tripathi, Bollywood actor
* Kuna Tripathy, Indian actor
* Lavanya Tripathi, model and actress working in Hindi, Telugu and Tamil films
* Leslie Tripathy, Indian actress
* Mansukhram Tripathi, Indian Gujarati-language writer
* Pankaj Tripathi, Indian actor
* Pitobash Tripathy, Indian actor
* Pravat Tripathy, Indian legislator
* Rahul Tripathi, Indian first-class cricketer
* Rakesh Kumar Tripathi, Hindi lyricist, screenwriter and director
* Ramapati Ram Tripathi, Bharatiya Janata Party politician
* Ravi K. Tripathi, Indian playback singer
* S. N. Tripathi, Indian composer
* Sadashiva Tripathy, Indian politician
* Sanjeev Tripathi, former chief of Research and Analysis Wing (RAW)
* Shweta Tripathi, Indian actress
* Sunny Tripathy, Indian-American actor
* Sunil Tripathi (1990–2013), American student who was wrongly accused as the perpetrator of the Boston Marathon bombing
* Surajsrikan Diwakar Mani Tripathi, Singaporean convicted murderer sentenced to life imprisonment and caning
* Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', poet, novelist, essayist and story-writer
* S Prakash Tiwari (born 1948), Indian biotechnologist, geneticist, agriculturalist and research director
* Tankadhar Tripathy, Indian politician
* Upendra Tripathy, IAS officer of Karnataka Cadre
* Vani Tripathi, Indian actor and national secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party
# Mason Whipps

Mason Ngirchechebangel Whipps is a Palauan politician. Whipps was elected to the Senate of Palau in the 2020 Palauan general election.
Whipps has a bachelor's degree in business administration and economics from Walla Walla College in Walla Walla, WA. He served as the speaker of the Airai State Legislature. He was a member of the Palau Financial Institutions Commission from 2002 to 2008. He is executive vice president of the family business the Surangel and Sons Company under his father Surangel Whipps.
# Blue River Township, Harrison County, Indiana

Blue River Township is one of twelve townships in Harrison County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 2,016 and it contained 866 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 38.65 square miles (100.1 km$^2$), of which 38.44 square miles (99.6 km$^2$) (or 99.46%) is land and 0.22 square miles (0.57 km$^2$) (or 0.57%) is water. The stream of Baldy Creek runs through this township.

### Cities and towns

* Milltown (east half)

### Unincorporated towns

* Depauw
* Lowdell
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

### Adjacent townships

* Posey Township, Washington County (north)
* Morgan Township (east)
* Jackson Township (southeast)
* Spencer Township (south)
* Whiskey Run Township, Crawford County (west)

### Cemeteries

The township contains four major cemeteries: Boston, Breedlove, Mount Zion and Reno.

### Major highways

* U.S. Route 150
* Indiana State Road 64
* Indiana State Road 337
# 16th Connecticut Infantry Regiment

Connecticut U.S. Volunteer Infantry Regiments 1861-1865 :
| Previous | Next |
| 15th Connecticut Infantry Regiment | 17th Connecticut Infantry Regiment |
The 16th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

## Service

The 16th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was organized at Hartford, Connecticut, on August 24, 1862.
The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, Getty's Division, Portsmouth, Virginia, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to January 1864. District of Albemarle, North Carolina, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to April 1864. Defenses of New Bern, North Carolina, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to January 1865. Roanoke Island, North Carolina, Department of North Carolina, to June 1865.
The 16th Connecticut Infantry mustered out of service June 24, 1865.

## Detailed service

Left Connecticut for Washington, D.C., August 29–31. Maryland Campaign September–October 1862. Battle of Antietam, September 16–17. Duty in Pleasant Valley, Maryland, October 27. Movement to Falmouth, Virginia, October 27 – November 17. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12–15. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, "Mud March," January 20–24, 1863. Moved to Newport News February 6–9, then to Suffolk March 13. Siege of Suffolk April 12 – May 4. Edenton Road April 24. Providence Church Road and Nansemond River May 3. Siege of Suffolk raised May 4. Reconnaissance to the Chickahominy June 9–17. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24 – July 7. Expedition from White House to South Anna River July 1–7. Moved to Portsmouth, Virginia. Duty there and at Norfolk, January 1864. Skirmish at Harrellsville, January 20 (detachment). Moved to Morehead City, then to New Bern and Plymouth January 24–28. Skirmish at Windsor January 30. Duty at New Bern February 2 to March 20, and at Plymouth, North Carolina, April. Siege of Plymouth April 17–20. Captured April 20, and prisoners of war March 1865. Those not captured on duty at New Bern and Roanoke Island, North Carolina, June 1865.

## Casualties

The regiment lost a total of 325 men during service; 6 officers and 76 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 240 enlisted men died of disease, including 154 who died as prisoners of war in Confederate hands.

## Commanders

* Colonel Francis Beach
* Captain Charles L. Upham - commanded at the Battle of Fredericksburg
# Spring Creek Friends Cemetery

The Spring Creek Friends Cemetery is a historic site located northeast of Oskaloosa, Iowa, United States. The approximately one-half acre plot of land contains an unknown number of burials with about 123 having plain markers that date from the 1860s through the 1890s. There is a network of pedestrian paths in the cemetery, and it is surrounded by a fence with concrete posts on the south, west, and north sides. The cemetery was founded about 1848 and continued to accept burials until about 1892. It calls attention to the earliest period of Quaker settlement in Iowa, which at that time was primarily a rural phenomenon. The Spring Creek Meeting was established here in the 1840s or the 1850s, and was the site of the first Iowa Yearly Meeting in 1863. The Spring Creek Meeting merged with the Center Grove Meeting in 1894 and formed the Oskaloosa Monthly Meeting. The meetinghouse subsequently moved into Oskaloosa, and burials here dropped off. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.
# Middle Qingliu Road station

Middle Qingliu Road (Chinese: 青六中路) is a metro station on Line 7 and Line 8 of the Hangzhou Metro in China. Opened on 30 December 2020, it is located in the Qiantang District of Hangzhou.

## Gallery

* Concourse
* Upper platform (for Line 7)
* Lower platform (for Line 8)
* Stairs toward lower platform (January 2021)
# Cerium(III) oxide

Cerium(III) oxide, also known as cerium oxide, cerium trioxide, cerium sesquioxide, cerous oxide or dicerium trioxide, is an oxide of the rare-earth metal cerium. It has chemical formula Ce$_2$O$_3$ and is gold-yellow in color. According to X-ray crystallography, the Ce(III) ions are seven-coordinate, a motif typical for other trivalent lanthanide oxides.

## Applications

Cerium oxide is of commercial interest as a catalyst for oxidation of carbon monoxide and reduction of NOx. These applications exploit the facility of the Ce(III)/Ce(IV) redox couple. It is used in catalytic converters ("three-way catalytic converter") for the minimisation of CO emissions in the exhaust gases from motor vehicles. When there is a shortage of oxygen, cerium(IV) oxide is oxidizes carbon monoxide to the benign dioxide:
    2 CeO$_2$ + CO → Ce$_2$O$_3$ + CO$_2$
When oxygen is in surplus, the process is reversed and cerium(III) oxide is oxidized to cerium(IV) oxide:
    2 Ce$_2$O$_3$ + O$_2$ → 4 CeO$_2$
Cerium oxide-based catalysts have been intensively investigated for selective catalytic reduction (SCR)of NO$_x$. Such technologies, which tend to use vanadium oxide-based catalysts rather than ceria, are associated with power plants, foundaries, cement factories and other energy-intensive facilities.
Cerium oxide finds use as a fuel additive to diesel fuels, which results in increased fuel efficiency and decreased hydrocarbon derived particulate matter emissions, however the health effects of the cerium oxide bearing engine exhaust is a point of study and dispute.

## Other properties
### Water splitting

The cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle or CeO$_2$/Ce$_2$O$_3$ cycle is a two step thermochemical water splitting process based on cerium(IV) oxide and cerium(III) oxide for hydrogen production.

### Photoluminescence

Cerium(III) oxide combined with tin(II) oxide (SnO) in ceramic form is used for illumination with UV light. It absorbs light with a wavelength of 320 nm and emits light with a wavelength of 412 nm. This combination of cerium(III) oxide and tin(II) oxide is rare, and obtained only with difficulty on a laboratory scale.

## Production

Cerium(III) oxide is produced by the reduction of cerium(IV) oxide with hydrogen at approximately 1,400 °C (2,550 °F). Samples produced in this way are only slowly air-oxidized back to the dioxide at room temperature.
# Shahid Haghani Metro Station

Shahid Haghani Metro Station is a station in Tehran Metro Line 1. It is located next to Shahid Haghani Expressway Between the junctions with Hemmat Expressway and Modares Expressway. It is between Shahid Hemmat Metro Station and Mirdamad Metro Station. This station also has a great parking.

## Facilities

The station has a ticket office, escalators, elevators, cash machines, toilets, a taxi stand, bus routes, pay phones, water fountains, parking, and a lost and found.
* This Iranian railroad station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# FIBT World Championships 1974

The FIBT World Championships 1974 took place in St. Moritz, Switzerland for the record twelfth time. The Swiss city had hosted the event previously in 1931 (Four-man), 1935 (Four-man), 1937 (Four-man), 1938 (Two-man), 1939 (Two-man), 1947, 1955, 1957, 1959, 1965, and 1970.

## Two man bobsleigh

| Pos | Team |
| Gold | West Germany (Wolfgang Zimmerer, Peter Utzschneider) |
| Silver | West Germany (Georg Heibl, Fritz Ohlwärter) |
| Bronze | Switzerland (Fritz Lüdi, Karl Häseli) |

## Four man bobsleigh

| Pos | Team |
| Gold | West Germany (Wolfgang Zimmerer, Peter Utzschneider, Manfred Schumann, Albert Wurzer) |
| Silver | Switzerland (Hans Candrian, Guido Casty, Yves Marchand, Gaudenz Beeli) |
| Bronze | Austria (Werner Delle Karth, Walter Delle Karth, Hans Eichinger, Fritz Sperling) |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | West Germany (FRG) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 2 | Switzerland (SUI) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 3 | Austria (AUT) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (3 entries) | Totals (3 entries) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
# Antoine Wehrer

Antoine Wehrer (born 2 February 1890; date of death unknown) was a Luxembourgish gymnast who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the Luxembourgish team which finished fourth in the team, European system competition and fifth in the team, free system event.
# Spring Green (Mechanicsville, Virginia)

Spring Green is an historic home located near Mechanicsville, Hanover County, Virginia. It was built about 1800 and encompasses an earlier dwelling dated to about 1764. It is a 1+1⁄2-story, five-bay, center hall, single pile frame dwelling in the Federal style. The oldest section includes the hall, east parlor with the old kitchen. The house sits on a brick foundation, has a gable roof with dormers, and exterior end chimneys. Also on the property is a contributing smokehouse.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.
# Aspergillus westerdijkiae

Aspergillus westerdijkiae is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Circumdati section. The species was first described in 2004. It has been reported to produce penicillic acid, ochratoxin A, xanthomegnin, viomellein, and vioxanthin.

## Growth and morphology

A. westerdijkiae has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.
* Aspergillus westerdijkiae growing on CYA plate
* Aspergillus westerdijkiae growing on MEAOX plate
# Alf Birtles

Alfred John Birtles (23 April 1913 – 28 August 1943) was a WWII RAAF officer who was killed over Germany. He had been an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s for the North Sydney in the NSWRL competition.

## Early life and playing career

Birtles was born in Neutral Bay, New South Wales on 23 April 1913. He made his first grade debut for North Sydney against St George in Round 1 1933. Birtles finished as the club's top try scorer in 1933, 1935 and 1936 and played for the club in two finals campaigns in 1935 and 1936. Birtles also represented New South Wales City between 1933 and 1937 on 5 occasions.

## Military service

Birtles enlisted with the RAAF in 1941 during World War II. He was selected to participate in the Empire Flight Training Scheme and was commissioned in April 1942 with the rank of Pilot Officer. He was posted to No 78 Squadron RAF to be trained as a flying instructor. He was aboard a Handley Page Halifax bomber aircraft which was shot down over Germany on 28 August 1943.

## Personal Life

Birtles was the son of George Bernard and Ethel May Birtles, of Cremorne, New South Wales. At the time of his original enlistment in the RAAF, Birtles was employed as a linotype operator by Associated Newspapers, Sydney. He later married Dulcie Doreen Birtles (died 2004). Birtles is buried or commemorated at Durnbach War Cemetery near Munich, Germany.
# Endoanal ultrasound

Endoanal ultrasound is a type of medical investigation which uses ultrasonography to show images of the structures of the anal canal. It is used in the investigation of some anorectal symptoms, e.g. fecal incontinence or obstructed defecation.
Endorectal ultrasound is a similar investigation but the ultrasound probe is used to image the rectum and surrounding tissues. It is used to image lesions in the rectum, for example a tumor caused by colorectal cancer and to assess local lymph node involvement.
# Davutpaşa—YTÜ (Istanbul Metro)

Davutpaşa—YTÜ is a rapid transit station on the M1 line of the Istanbul Metro located in southern Esenler, close to the entrance of Yıldız Technical University (Turkish: Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi) or YTÜ. It was opened on 31 January 1994 as part of the Otogar-Zeytinburnu extension and is one of five stations of this extension.

## Layout

| | Side platform, doors will open on the right | Side platform, doors will open on the right |
| | Track 2 | ← toward Atatürk Havalimanı |
| | Track 1 | toward Yenikapı → |
| Side platform, doors will open on the right ||
# Citilinc-Nashik City Bus Service

Citilinc is the public transport bus service provided by Nashik Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Ltd (SPV of Nashik Municipal Corporation) for the city of Nashik, in Maharashtra. It operates 63 routes around Nashik and its suburban areas with the use of a fleet of nearly 250 buses. Presently, the routes cover a radius of 20km in and around the Nashik area.

## History

In 2020, the Nashik Municipal Corporation submitted a feasibility report to the Government of Maharashtra, for the privatisation of bus services in Nashik, as existing services being operated by the state-run Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC) were found to be loss-making and insufficient for the needs of the city.

## Operations

NMPML has a fleet of 250 buses out of which 200 are diesel and 50 are run on CNG which are maintained at 2 bus depots, which ferry around 68000 passengers every day. Distant towns like Sinnar, Dindori, Sukena, Pimpalgaon Baswant, Jategaon, etc. are becoming part of the service. NMPML also plans to acquire 100 electric buses under PM Amrut Scheme in to the existing fleet.
# 171st Ohio Infantry Regiment

The 171st Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 171st Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 171st OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

## Service

The 171st Ohio Infantry was organized in Sandusky, Ohio, and mustered in May 7, 1864, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel Joel F. Asper.
The regiment served guard and fatigue duty at Johnson's Island until June 8. Moved to Covington, Kentucky, then to Cynthiana, Kentucky. Attached to General Hobson's Command, District of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio. Action at Kellar's Bridge, near Cynthiana, June 11. At Cynthiana, June 12. After putting up strong resistance at John Hunt Morgan, the regiment was captured, robbed, and paroled June 13 and ordered to Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio. Served duty there and at Johnson's Island, until August.
The 171st Ohio Infantry mustered out of service August 20, 1864.

## Ohio National Guard

Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.

## Casualties

The regiment lost 32 enlisted men during service; 17 men killed or mortally wounded, 15 men due to disease.

## Commanders

* Colonel Joel F. Asper

## Notable members

* Colonel Joel F. Asper - U.S. Representative from Missouri, 1869-1871
# Spring Grove Cemetery (Hartford, Connecticut)

Spring Grove Cemetery is a cemetery on Main Street in the Clay-Arsenal neighborhood of Hartford, Connecticut. Established in 1845, it is one of the city's oldest cemeteries, and its first private non-sectarian cemetery. Its burials include a number of the city's high-profile civic and business leaders, as well as a substantial indigent population, and artist Frederic Edwin Church. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

## Description and history

Spring Grove Cemetery is located north of downtown Hartford, on the west side of Main Street between Mahl Avenue and Capen Street in the Clay-Arsenal neighborhood. Overall, it covers about 34 acres (14 ha) of flat terrain that has some gentle undulations. It is accessed via a wrought iron archway on Main Street, which provides access to its network of circulating roads. Those roads are laid out in a rectilinear grid, and are finished in a combination of pavement, gravel, and grass. The oldest monument is that of the Page family, and is dated 1845. Its basic layout has been little altered since its founding, and it retains most of its 19th-century features; a memorial chapel built in 1884 was destroyed by fire in 1904.
The land on which the cemetery was established was farmland owned by the Page family when Stephen Page buried his wife there in 1845. The Pages then proceeded to sell burial plots (in contrast to typical cemetery practice of selling a right to interment) to others. In 1864 a number of plot owners banded together to purchase the entire cemetery, establishing the non-profit association that now manages the property three years later. In 1884, the association hired landscape designer Thomas Brown McClunnie to lay out the cemetery's northwest quadrant. In contrast to the rural cemetery movement, McClunnie's parklike setting emphasized a simple rectangular layout, rather than winding lanes that conformed to local topography.

## Notable burials

* Frances Ellen Burr (1831-1923)
* Frederic Edwin Church (1826–1900)
* Ezra Clark Jr. (1813–1896)
* Laurent Clerc (1785–1869)
* Henry C. Deming (1815–1872)
* William W. Eaton (1816–1898)
* E. Hart Fenn (1856–1939)
* Lydia Sigourney (1791–1865)
* Henry Clay Work (1832–1884)
# Penicillium tricolor

Penicillium tricolor is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium which was isolated from wheat in Canada. Penicillium tricolor produces xanthomegnin, viomellein, vioxanthin, terrestric acid, rugulosuvine, verrucofortine, puberuline, and asteltoxin.