OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Aulus Claudius Charax

Aulus Claudius Charax was a Roman senator and historian of the second century AD, who held a number of offices in the emperor's service. He served as suffect consul for the nundinium April–June 147 with Quintus Fuficius Cornutus as his colleague. Charax wrote a history, Hellenika, in forty books, of which only fragments survive.

## Life

The cursus honorum for Charax is partly known from a Greek inscription erected in Pergamum. Inscriptions from elsewhere in Asia Minor and Greece provide other details of his life.
Bernard Remy, in his monograph on the Fasti of Roman officials of the provinces of Asia Minor, suggests that while traveling through the eastern provinces, the emperor Hadrian met Charax. There is ample evidence that Charax was very wealthy; his possessions included a large tile factory. Being respectably wealthy, and a cultured man, he obviously appealed to the hellenophile emperor who decided to facilitate the latter's election as quaestor; this office enrolled him in the Senate. The inscription from Pergamum attests Charax discharged this office in the public province of Sicily, then adds the puzzling note that he was adlected inter aedilicios – or as an aedile – which makes better sense if Charax had skipped the office of quaestor. Remy suggests that the person who wrote the inscription may have been confused about the details of Charax's adlection. Anthony Birley suggests that this could "indicate some special role for of the senate at the time of Antoninus' accession."
In any case, after this event Charax advanced to the office of praetor, after which he held a series of promotions at what Remy describes as a very fast rate. He was appointed curator of the Via Latina; Géza Alföldy dates this office from about the years 138 to about 141. This was followed immediately by legatus legionis or commander of Legio II Augusta, which was stationed in Roman Britain; Alföldy dates his commission from about 141 to around 144. During these years the legion was involved with the campaigns of governor Quintus Lollius Urbicus in Scotland, and with the building of the Antonine Wall. This was followed by governorship of Cilicia, which Alföldy dates from immediately after Charax left his commission to around the time of his consulship; it is possible Charax was consul in absentia.
Here the information on the Pergamum inscription ends, indicating it was inscribed shortly after Charax's consulate. Details from the other inscriptions now come into play. He constructed at his own expense the vestibule (propylon) for the Asklépiéion in Pergamum. Another inscription from Sparta attests he was an eponymous patronomos around the middle of the second century; this was a position that was sometimes held by distinguished foreigners.
# Strwiąż

Strwiąż (Ukrainian: Стривігор or Стрв'яж translit. Stryvihor or Strv'iazh), is a river of Poland and Ukraine, a tributary of the Dniester. Its source is near the town of Ustrzyki Dolne, southeastern Poland. It crosses the Ukrainian border, flows through the town Khyriv and joins the Dniester south of the town Rudky.
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# Fragilité (ballet)

Fragilité was a modern dance solo choreographed by Martha Graham to music by Alexander Scriabin. The piece was originally part of Five Poems, a ballet divided into five solo sections: Fragilité, Lugubre, Poeme ailé, Danse Languide and Désir (first performed in 1926). Each of the sections appears in various programs as individual solos. Five Poems premiered on October 16, 1927, at the Little Theatre in New York City.
Other works on the program were Choral; Adagio (from second Suite); Scherzo, Op. 16 No.2; Tanzstück; Deux Valses; Danse; Tanagra; Esquisse Antique; Lucrezia; Alt-Wein; La Cancion; Ronde; Two Poems of the East and Baal Shem. Graham performed with her small company of dancers: Evelyn Sabin, Betty MacDonald and Rosina Savelli.
According to Dance Magazine's critic, "Fragilité was done in a stylized transparent evening dress made of organdy, exposing enough of the body to see its outline clearly, doing justice to the title." In the biography Martha, Graham's longtime friend Agnes De Mille described the solo as "an exquisite mood picture" done "in half-light, with Martha standing on an elevation of two shallow, round steps dressed in blue gauze of a moonlit translucency..." "It was a dance of such enticement, allure, promise, and evanescence as to tease and excite with the power of dreams."
In a later Dance Magazine article, the piece and Graham's oeuvre were favorably reviewed. "Martha Graham is one of the pioneers of the new era, who, many of us hope will, will stay with us. I certainly hope that she keeps up her inspiring work, developing with such rapid strides as she has in the past two years. It is probably not the easiest thing on earth to create gems that remain with us and frame them for good in our memories. Among them this season were Tanagra, Fragilité, Revolt and Strike."
# Tryvannstårnet

Tryvannstårnet (the Tryvann tower) is an 118-metre (387 feet) tall broadcasting tower near Oslo, located 529 metres (1,736 feet) above mean sea level on the summit of Tryvannshøyden hill overlooking lake Tryvann.
Tryvannstårnet was built in 1962 and has an observation deck at a height of 60 metres (197 feet), from which, weather conditions permitting, the view extends to the border with Sweden and Gaustatoppen mountain. The observation deck was closed in 2005 because of new fire safety regulations which would have required expensive modifications which coincided with rapidly declining visitor numbers. In the 1980s and 1990s annual visitor numbers averaged 100,000, but in the last year it was open to the public, only 25,000.
There is a large underground shelter beneath Tryvannstårnet.
The tower became redundant in 2018 when TV and radio broadcasting went digital, and the City of Oslo attempted to sell it, but without success. It was put on the market again in 2024, valued at somewhere between NOK14 million and NOK42 million, and on 21st January 2025 it was announced that Oslo property developer Christian Ringnes had bought the tower and the surrounding three acres of forest for NOK14 million ($1.25 million). He intends to renovate the building and reopen it as a café and restaurant complex.
# Buonanotte Bettina

Buonanotte Bettina (lit. 'Good night Bettina') is a play by Italian playwrights Pietro Garinei and Sandro Giovannini [it]. It is set in Turin on 14 November 1956. An English version, titled When in Rome, was given at Adelphi Theater in London in 1959. There's also a Spanish version, set in Teatro de la Comedia of Madrid on 31 December 1958.

## Synopsis

Andrea's father and Nicoletta's mother, as well as characters, are narrators of the whole story, hiding or revealing a latent attraction between them.
The manuscript of a novel entitled "Buonanotte Bettina" is accidentally found, abandoned in a taxi, by the Roman editor Colibò. It isn't known whether it is a novel or a masterpiece, whether it is fictional. But the content is, in every matter, hot. With tones ranging from risqué to romance, it tells of the sensual secret meetings between Bettina and the rude truck driver Joe. The editor considers the work a real editorial discovery and is looking for the author. Nicoletta, a young wife sweet and discreet, discovers that her story is becoming an editorial success, and wants to contact Colibò to be recognized as the author.
Andrea, Nicoletta's husband, a bank clerk, does not find himself in Joe so male, and he is shocked by his wife's public image as the author of lustful adventures. He would like her to use a pseudonym, to remain unknown, while suspecting some "autobiography" in the novel, consuming himself in suspicion and jealousy.
Misunderstandings and unforeseen events of all kinds follow, which come together in a rather reassuring ending.

## Television adaptation

The 1967 the film adaptation was directed by Eros Macchi [it].
# Karbala SC

Karbala Sport Club is an Iraqi professional football club based in Karbala that plays in the Iraq Stars League, the top tier of Iraqi football.

## SWAT incident

On June 23, 2013, after a match against Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya, seven football players of Karbala FC and their coach were beaten by the anti-terror police. They used sticks and batons against the coach and his players. Five of them were in critical condition, and on the 30th of June, Mohammed Al-Jaboury, coach of Karbala FC has died in hospital.

## Stadium

Karbala International Stadium is a purpose built football stadium being constructed in Karbala, Iraq. It was opened in 2016 in which it has the capacity to hold 30,000 people and become the new home of the club.

## Current squad

    As of 15 September 2024
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 1 | GK | IRQ | Abdulaziz Ammar |
| 7 | FW | IRQ | Abdul-Qadir Tariq |
| 10 | FW | IRQ | Mushtaq Talib |
| 14 | DF | IRQ | Ali Salih |
| 16 | FW | IRQ | Mustafa Radhi |
| 19 | MF | IRQ | Nour Al-Mustafa Ghanim |
| 21 | FW | IRQ | Salah Hassan |
| 22 | GK | IRQ | Zainulabdeen Nassif |
| 27 | MF | IRQ | Abbas Salih |
| 55 | DF | YEM | Ahmed Al-Wajeeh |
| 66 | MF | IRQ | Abdullah Hassoon |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 71 | MF | IRQ | Abdulabbas Ayad |
| 79 | FW | IRQ | Mazin Fayyadh |
| 82 | DF | BFA | Mohamed Ouattara |
| 91 | FW | IRQ | Hussein Talib |
| 92 | DF | IRQ | Mohammed Saad |
| 99 | MF | MAR | Karim Benarif |
| — | DF | BFA | Soumaïla Ouattara |
| — | MF | CIV | Ali Diakité |
| — | MF | MLI | Makan Samabaly |
| — | FW | LBR | William Jebor |
# Planet Marathi OTT

Planet Marathi OTT is an Indian subscription video on-demand over-the-top streaming media service which is India's first digital platform provide content in Marathi. Planet Marathi claims to have over 550,000 installs and over 24 million video plays since its launch.
Planet Marathi had appointed Marathi actress Mrinal Kulkarni to its board of founders. Director of content, Abhijit Panse, was appointed by the company.
In November 2023, the Planet Marathi Group and Vistas Media announced the launch of Planet Bharat, an over-the-top platform. The company had also launched a news vertical and a Konkani-language digital entertainment platform, Planet Goem. Soumya and her son, Anitya Vilekar, who held positions as directors within the company, have stepped down in 2024 from their roles on the board of directors.

## Launch

The platform was launched in Mumbai by Madhuri Dixit in the presence of popular Marathi film personalities including Amruta Khanvilkar, Tejaswini Pandit, Sanjay Jadhav, Sonalee Kulkarni, Prasad Oak, Siddharth Jadhav.

## Availability

The platform is available on Android, and iOS worldwide.
# Al-Shabaka, The Palestinian Policy Network

Al-Shabaka, The Palestinian Policy Network is an independent, transnational think tank, whose mission is to convene "a multidisciplinary, global network of Palestinian analysts to produce critical policy analysis and collectively imagine a new policymaking paradigm for Palestine and Palestinians worldwide."

## History

Al-Shabaka was launched in 2010 and was described as "Palestine's first independent think tank". Al-Shabaka was registered in California in 2009 as the Middle East Policy Network, doing business as Al-Shabaka: The Palestinian Policy Network, and granted 501(c)(3) by the US Internal Revenue Service in 2013.
According to Cherine Hussein, an academic based at the Swedish Institute for International Affairs, Al-Shabaka's launch was a "significant initiative" by "[Palestinian] intellectuals". and was launched "to put a stronger Palestinian policy voice on the map". Its work "is primarily directed to concerned Palestinians as well as Arab and international policy communities." In a 2021 scholarly literature review, anthropologist Sa'ed Atshan cites Al-Shabaka as a "potential future addition" to the "ecosystem" of anthropology of Palestine.

## Recognition

Al-Shabaka has appeared in Global Go To Think Tank Index Report, produced by The Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP) of the Lauder Institute at the University of Pennsylvania, from 2013 to 2020. Al-Shabaka has ranked between 35th – 33rd out of 85 in 'Best Think Tank Network'.
# 1961–62 Celtic F.C. season

During the 1961–62 Scottish football season, Celtic competed in Scottish Division One.
# Luisenthal mine disaster

The Luisenthal mine disaster was the most serious mine accident in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany. The explosion killed 299 miners.

## History of the Luisenthal Mine

The Luisenthal Mine is located in Völklingen, a town in the state of Saarland, Germany. The mine has been in operation since the 1800s, although coal has been mined in Luisthenal since 1719. The Luisenthal mine was considered to be very susceptible to firedamp explosions due to the high concentration of firedamp in the seams. From 1904 to 1954 there were 20 fires and explosions in the pit. In 1941, an explosion killed 41 miners. Because of this, the pit was equipped with state-of-the-art technology. Subsequently, the mine was awarded for its high safety standards.

## The Mine Disaster, 7 February 1962

During the early shift on 7 February 1962, there were 664 miners working in the pit. Around 7:45 a.m., an explosion occurred in the Alsbach shaft of the mine at a depth of more than 600 meters, (more than 1,968 feet). The explosion was strong enough to lift the manhole cover off the Alsbach shaft. 299 miners were killed in the explosion, while 73 miners were injured. Some of those who died underground were burned beyond recognition.
The cause of the explosion is still unclear. Among other things, it was speculated whether a miner had smoked illegally underground, because cigarettes were found during the clean-up work. A defective mine lamp was also named as a possible cause. Today, it is believed that a coal dust explosion occurred as a result of a primary firedamp explosion.

## The Aftermath

On 11 February 1962, a memorial was held for 286 of the dead miners. The memorial was led by the then West Germany President, Heinrich Luebke. Around 4,500 people were in attendance.
The Luisenthal Mine closed down on 17 June 2005. Near the now abandoned pit there is a memorial with a statue of St. Barbara, the patron saint of miners. A wall of 299 stones with continuous niches for placing memorial candles symbolizes the 299 victims of the accident. The monument was made by the artist Lothar Meßner (1926–2019). There is also a memorial to the dead miners in the building of the Saarbrücken Mining Directorate. The memorial is a series of three stained glass windows, and is titled "Our Dead Miners".
# Rajendrasingh Baghel

Thakur Rajendrasingh Baghel (24 October 1945 – 29 April 2021) was an Indian politician.
He was elected to the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly from the Hatpipliya Assembly constituency for three non-consecutive terms.
Baghel died from COVID-19 in April 2021, at the age of 75.

## Political career

Rajendrasingh ran for the Hatpipliya Assembly constituency seat 6 times and was victorious thrice.
| Election Year | Party | Result |
| 1985 | Indian National Congress | Won |
| 1990 | Indian National Congress | Lost to Tejsingh Sendhav of the BJP |
| 1993 | Indian National Congress | Won |
| 1998 | Indian National Congress | Lost to Tejsingh Sendhav of the BJP |
| 2003 | Indian National Congress | Won |
| 2008 | Indian National Congress | Lost to Deepak Joshi of the BJP |
# Peter Thonning

Peter Thonning (9 October 1775 – 29 January 1848) was a Danish physician and botanist.

## Biography

Peter Thonning was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. He was the son of Rasmus Andersen Thonning (1740-1817) and Dorothea Spendrup (1755-1835). He became a student in 1794 and studied medicine at the Metropolitanskolen.
He was sent to Ghana by the Danish government mainly to study the conditions of plants, especially indigenous plants. He lived there from 1799 to 1803. Thonning had begun systematizing his botanical collections but his herbarium was destroyed during the shelling of Copenhagen by the British in 1807. Only the duplicates and manuscripts in the possession of Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher (1757–1830) survived. Today, around 1,050 samples are preserved at the University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden.
Thonning tutored Ferdinand, Hereditary Prince of Denmark (1792–1863) from 1804 to 1810. He served as secretary of the General Customs Board (Generaltoldkammeret) in 1810 and from 1812 also secretary of the Canal, Port and Lighthouse Directorate (Kanal, Havne og Fyrdirektionen). He was a member of this Executive Board in 1815–16. In 1829, he joined the Executive Board of the Natural History Museum of Denmark and held this position until his death.

## Personal life

Thonning was married in 1810 to Anna Maria Nicolina Kamphøffner (1784-1860). He died in Copenhagen during 1848 and was buried at Assistens Kirkegård.

## Authority name

The genus Thonningia of parasitic plants was named after him by Martin Vahl. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Thonn. when citing a botanical name.
# Emily Greenhouse

Emily Greenhouse (born 1986) is an American journalist. She became the editor of The New York Review of Books in March 2021, after having been appointed co-editor in March 2019.

## Education and career

Greenhouse graduated from Pelham Memorial High School and went on to graduate from Wesleyan University in 2008.
Greenhouse began her career as a freelance researcher and writer in Paris. She worked as an editorial assistant at Granta magazine, in London, in 2009 and 2010. From 2011 to 2012, she worked as an editorial assistant to Robert B. Silvers, the co-founder of The New York Review of Books. From 2012 to 2014, she worked as editorial assistant to David Remnick, the editor of The New Yorker. Greenhouse joined Bloomberg as a reporter in 2014, focusing on gender and politics. In 2016, she returned to The New Yorker as the managing editor, where she remained until 2019. Tapped to lead The New York Review of Books following Ian Buruma’s departure, she returned to the publication in 2019.

## Selected works

* Greenhouse, Emily (2015-10-07). "Inside the Wesleyan Molly Bust". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
* Greenhouse, Emily (2015-11-15). "Life and Death on the Boulevard Voltaire". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
* Greenhouse, Emily (2015-05-19). "The Not-So-Feminist History of Wonder Woman". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
* Greenhouse, Emily (2014-06-26). "A Facebook Page of Our Own: Binders Full of Women Writers". Vogue. Retrieved 2022-10-26.

## Personal life

Greenhouse is the daughter of Steven Greenhouse, the longtime New York Times labor and workplace reporter. She is married to Martin Mulkeen.
# Upayas (diplomacy)

Upāya (Sanskrit: उपाय) is a Sanskrit word that means "approaches" or "ideas", "to come into any state or condition" and "to come near or towards". It also refers to methods of diplomacy found in Hindu and Jain texts. These four approaches are commonly referred as Chaturvidhopāya (lit. 'four-fold idea'.

## Descriptions

   Avoid War
   One can lose a war as easily as one can win. War is inherently unpredictable. War is also expensive. Avoid war. Try Upaya (four strategies). Then Sadgunya (six forms of non-war pressure). Understand the opponent and seek to outwit him. When everything fails, resort to military force.
Kautilya mentioned four Upayas - Sama, Dana or Dama, Danda and Bheda as ways to solve state politics to avoid conflicts and war situations (Arthashastra 2.10.47). This phrase is also commonly used when you need to find a solution to a problem anyhow.
* Sāma, the first step, means conciliation or alliances. When conflict arises between states, the first step is to talk. There are five types of conciliations: praising the person, referring to a relationship (for example, marriage), pointing out common benefits, telling what might happen in future if something is done in a specific way, and lastly putting oneself at the other's disposal (Arthashastra 2.10.48-53).
* Dāna, the second, means gifts or compensation (Arthashastra 2.10.54). Sometimes it is referred to as Dama, price, which means to pay the value.
* Bheda, refers to the usage of logic or trickery, influencing the mind. Creating dissension and discord in the enemy (Arthashastra 2.10.55).
* Danda refers to force or armaments. To take up war with the opposite state. Using military force is the last resort. There are three types of Dandas: killing, tormenting and plundering (Arthashastra 2.10.56).
All of the above four Upayas are generally spoken together in a single colloquial phrase: "Sama Dana Bheda Dandopaya." This is a very common quote used all over India to suggest resolving any conflict.
An article on Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses website states that the 20th-century power-politics theoretician Hans J. Morgenthau suggests four similar methods in a struggle for the balance of power: Divide and Rule; Compensation; Armaments; and Alliances.
These four approaches are found in the Hindu Itihasa (epics) and the Dharmasastras, as well as the Jain text Nitivakyamitra.
# Ice cream barge

The ice cream barge is the colloquial term for the BRL (Barge, Refrigerated, Large). This was a towed vessel employed by the United States Navy (USN) in the Pacific theater of World War II to store frozen and refrigerated foodstuffs. It was also able to produce ice cream in large quantities to be provisioned to sailors and US Marines. The craft, a concrete barge acquired from the US Army and worth one million dollars, stored 1500 tons of frozen meat and 500 tons of refrigerated vegetables, eggs and dairy products, indefinitely at 15 °F (−9 °C). To raise the morale of overseas troops, an ice cream freezer facility was included, able to create 10 US gallons (38 L) of ice cream every seven minutes, or approximately 500 US gal (1,900 L) per shift (equivalent to five tons per day), and could store 2,000 US gal (7,600 L). It was employed in the USN's Western Pacific area of operations, at one point anchored at Naval Base Ulithi. The army built three concrete barges of their own.

## History

In 1914, the U.S. Navy issued General Order No. 99, which banned the consumption of alcohol aboard naval vessels. This policy was soon reinforced by the passage of the 18th Amendment, which prohibited alcohol across the United States. In the absence of liquor, ice cream became a favored treat for boosting morale among sailors.
Even after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, the Navy's appreciation for ice cream endured. During World War II, the demand for this comfort food was further highlighted by an incident in 1942 aboard the aircraft carrier USS Lexington. After the ship was struck by a Japanese torpedo and began to sink, sailors abandoned ship—but not before raiding the freezers for containers of ice cream. According to reports, survivors scooped ice cream into their helmets, eating it before lowering themselves into the Pacific.
This enthusiasm for ice cream led the Navy to invest $1 million in the construction of a floating ice cream factory during World War II. Borrowed from the Army, a concrete barge was retrofitted to produce and distribute ice cream at sea. Stationed in the Western Pacific, the barge supplied ice cream to smaller ships, such as destroyers, that lacked onboard production capabilities.
While practical limitations hindered its operation—such as its lack of propulsion, requiring it to be towed by tugboats—the ice cream barge was immensely popular among sailors. Its unique role in providing a morale boost underscored the Navy's commitment to the well-being of its personnel.
# Debabrata Paul

Debabrata Barua Paul (Bengali: দেবব্রত বড়ুয়া পাল; born 28 January 1978 in Kishoreganj District, Dhaka) is a Bangladeshi former first-class cricketer active 2001–2003 who played for Chittagong Division and Barisal Division. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler.