OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# George Newton House

The George Newton House is a private house located at 20689 Marcellus Highway near Marcellus, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1974 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is significant as the home of prominent civic leader George Newton, the son of Cass County pioneer Col. James Newton.

## History

James Newton was born in England in 1777, and emigrated as a boy to the United States. His family settled near Morristown, New Jersey; later Newton moved on to Pennsylvania, and then, in 1804, Ohio. He commanded a regiment of Ohio militia, earning the rank of Colonel, and served in the War of 1812, commanding at times both Fort Black and Fort Meigs.
James Newton's son George Newton was born in 1810 in Preble County, Ohio in 1810. Both George and his father James moved to Cass County in 1830 and settled down to farm. James Newton served as a member of the 1835 Michigan Constitutional Convention, and as a member of the Michigan House in 1837–38 and 1838–39. James Newton died in 1844.
George Newton married Esther Green in 1837; the couple had two children. He followed his father into public service, and was elected to multiple local offices. In addition, he served as a member of the Michigan House in 1858–59. In 1865, Newton commissioned architect Christian G. Haefner to design this house. George Newton died in 1883.
In 1931, Fred Russ purchased the house and the surrounding 580 acre parcel of timberland. In 1942, he gifted the land to Michigan State University. The University Forestry School used it as the Fred Russ Experimental Forest. The house was restored by the Cass County Historical Commission. As of 2013, the house operated as a public museum, the Newton House Museum.

## Description

The George Newton House is significant as an unusually well-preserved example of an Italianate country villa. It is a two-story house clad with clapboard and a hip roof topped with a belvedere. A veranda runs across the front of the house and a hip roof ell projecting to one side. Overhanging eaves and a classical cornice run under the roof.
# George P. Fernald House

The George P. Fernald House is a historic house at 12 Rock Hill Street in Medford, Massachusetts. The Colonial Revival mansion was built c. 1895 for George P. Fernald, an architect and leading exponent of the Colonial Revival style. The house was probably designed by Fernald, possibly with the assistance of his brother Albert, who was also an architect. The house has a two-story Ionic pedimented portico that shelters an elaborate Federal-style entry, supposedly influenced by Fernald's work making drawings of the Count Rumford Birthplace in Woburn, Massachusetts.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.
# George P. Hoffman House

George P. Hoffman House is a historic home located at Blythewood, Richland County, South Carolina. It was built about 1855, and is a one-story, braced-frame Greek Revival style residence. The house consists of a central, five-bay block, flanked by three-bay wings. It features a pedimented porch that spans the three central bays of the façade. Today it serves as the Town Hall for Blythewood. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
# Caloplaca rinodinae-albae

Caloplaca rinodinae-albae is a lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) species of crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae, first described in 1987. This species is unique for its parasitic growth on the lichen Helmutiopsis alba. Characteristics of the lichen include its small, rounded, pale orange thalli and its ability to form larger patches through the confluence of individual thalli.

## Taxonomy

The species was first formally described in 1987 by the lichenologists Josef Poelt and Pier Luigi Nimis, based on specimens collected in Sardinia. The type specimen was found at Isola dei Cavoli, near the southern part of Cape Carbonara, within the Province of Cagliari. The collection was made by the authors in July 1985, on north-facing cliffs of the area. It is distinguished from similar species by its small size, parasitic growth on Helmutiopsis alba (formerly in genus Rinodina), the thick swollen cells in the paraphyses, and its broadly elliptical to spherical spores.

## Description

The thallus of Caloplaca rinodinae-albae is small and rounded, measuring 5–8 mm in diameter. It is crustose, ranging from continuous to squamulose-areolate in texture, with some areolae slightly lobulate and measuring 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter. The apothecia (fruiting bodies) are sparsely distributed or clustered, typically up to 1 mm in diameter but can be smaller. They feature a thick and initially prominent margin with a plane, red-orange disc. The apothecia are lecanorine in form, meaning they have a thalline margin, and their medulla is mostly filled with photobiont cells. The cortex of the apothecia is thin and paraplectenchymatous, with cells up to 5 μm thick. The hymenium is about 70 μm high. The paraphyses are 1.5–2 μm thick at the base, with the last 2–3 terminal cells swelling to up to 7 μm. Each ascus contains eight broadly ellipsoid to spherical spores, measuring 9–15.5 by 7.5–9 μm, with the spherical spores being 7–8 μm.

## Habitat and distribution

Caloplaca rinodinae-albae was first identified in Sardinia, Italy, specifically on the Isola dei Cavoli, near Capo Carbonara. It grows parasitically on Helmutiopsis alba, a host lichen, often in isolated patches suggesting obligate parasitism. This species coexists with other lichens such as Sanguineodiscus aractinus, Polyozosia salina, Tephromela atra, and Xanthoparmelia pulla. It has also been recorded from a coastal station near Santa Teresa Gallura in northern Sardinia. The area of occurrence of C. rinodinae-albae is estimated to be 0.432 km$^2$ (0.167 sq mi).

## Conservation

In 2017, the conservation status of Caloplaca rinodinae-albae was assessed for the global IUCN Red List. It is considered a vulnerable species because it is at risk from accidental fire (owing to its small area of occurrence), tourism development, and increased erosion on Sardinia's coasts.
# Fulling mills in England

Fulling mills in England were introduced in the last half of the twelfth century. This application of water power to fulling was developed and spread by religious orders, primarily by the Cistercians and the military orders such as the Templars and Knights Hospitaller. Bernard of Clairvaux wrote to Henry I of England in 1131 as regards his plan to establish a daughter house of Clairvaux Abbey as an outpost in what was to become Rievaulx Abbey.
# Jean-Pierre Hoffmann

Jean-Pierre Hoffmann (2 June 1947 – 25 August 2006) was a Luxembourgish football midfielder.
# George Schuster House

George Schuster House (1891) also known as The Wells Street Red Castle, is located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The German Renaissance Revival mansion was built for tobacco magnate George Schuster. It is listed on the neighborhood, city, national and state Register of Historic Places. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Milwaukee (NRHP) in 1986.

## History

In 1891 the 9,300 sq ft (860 m$^2$) brick mansion was commissioned by tobacco magnate George Schuster. He purchased land for his home in August 1891. In September 1891, he was issued a construction permit. The home has 8 bedrooms and 3.5 baths was designed by Crane and Barkhausen. The architects also designed a Coach-house and it was built at the same time. Schuster died in 1922 and in by 1923 the home was vacant. In 1924 it was sold to Jean B. Olinger, who divided the home into 6 apartments.
People began calling the home the Redstone Apartments. By 1982 there were two more apartments added and it became an 8 family. By 2008 it was a bed and breakfast with seven units. People also began calling the home The Wells Street Red Castle because of the red brick.
The home was listed on the neighborhood, city, national and state Register of Historic Places. It was listed on the Wisconsin State Register January 16, 1986 and on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Milwaukee January 1, 1989.

## Description

The home was constructed with red sandstone, red brick and red Terracotta. The building took on the appearance of a European castle with other influences, including: Gothic Revival architecture, Châteauesque, Romanesque architecture, German Renaissance Revival and some Colonial Revival architecture. The home features two towers and a facade of fleur-de-lis to Trefoils, rondels, Pilasters and lions’ heads. The home is full of difficult angles and transitions along with detailed layers. The home has hardwood floors, high ceilings and wood throughout with a formal dining room and a library.
# Siege of Skanderborg

The siege of Skanderborg (Danish: belejringen af Skanderborg), alternatively the siege of Skanderborg Castle (Skanderborg Slot), was a siege of the Holsteinian-held Skanderborg Castle in Jutland by Jutish rebels led by Niels Ebbesen. Despite being close to surrendering, the Holsteinian garrison received a relief force led by Henry II of Holstein-Rendsburg and defeated the Danes in the Battle of Nonnebjerg on 2 November 1340.

## Background

In the early 14th century, Denmark was effectively subjugated to foreign powers, with Count Gerhard III of Holstein-Rendsburg exercising dominion over a significant portion of the country by the 1330s. However, a group of 50 Jutes, led by minor nobleman Niels Ebbesen, who were furious with the current regime, took matters into their own hands in 1340. They ambushed and assassinated Count Gerhard in Randers, a move that sent shockwaves throughout the country. In the aftermath, Ebbesen and his followers escaped through a bridge, fleeing south across the Gudenå to the Skjern River.
At Skjern River, Ebbesen and his men stormed a Holsteinian fort construction possibly near present-day Skjern, and killed a great number of Germans. After this, Ebbesen continued his revolt, seeking the important castle of Skanderborg.

## Siege

In late 1340, Ebbesen had reached Skanderborg with a force of 2000 men, and he now began initiating a siege of the Castle. The commander of the castle, Markcard Rastorf, held strongly out. The siege dragged on for a long time, and the besieged Holsteinian crew looked to be surrendering the castle soon because of a lack of food. However, with the intent to free the castle from German rule, Ebbesen would now be surprised: the surrounded garrison had meanwhile sent a message of help to the dead Count's son, Henry II, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg. Henry (nickname Iron Henry) would in subsequently send a professional force of 600 cavalry to Skander, in order to relieve the besieged. When the relief force arrived, Ebbesen quickly retreated from the siege on 2 November and went out on open terrain with the Holsteinian army pursuing.

## Aftermath

The opposing forces met at a hill outside Skanderborg and engaged in an open battle. The battle was stubborn, however, the Danes would be defeated, and Ebbesen and his brothers, together with 2200 Danes, were killed in the battle. Despite the defeat, the unification of Denmark, and the fight against the Holsteinian foreigners would continue under Valdemar IV of Denmark.
# Baroness Chapman

Baroness Chapman may refer to:
* Nicky Chapman, Baroness Chapman (1961–2009), British disability rights activist
* Jenny Chapman, Baroness Chapman of Darlington (born 1973), British Labour Party politician
# Nicaragua at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships

Nicaragua competed at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, China between July 16 and 31, 2011.

## Swimming

Nicaragua qualified 3 swimmers.

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heats | Heats | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Omar Núñez | Men's 100m Freestyle | 56.76 | 80 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Omar Núñez | Men's 1500m Freestyle | 17:41.77 | 27 | | | did not advance | did not advance |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Heats | Heats | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Fabiola Isabel Espinoza | Women's 50m Freestyle | 28.18 | 48 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Fabiola Isabel Espinoza | Women's 100m Freestyle | 1:03.54 | 60 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Dalia Torrez | Women's 50m Butterfly | 29.67 | 37 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Dalia Torrez | Women's 100m Butterfly | 1:05.71 | 43 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
# James B. Edwards Bridge

The James B. Edwards Bridge , also referred to as the Wando River Bridge, is a pair of pre-cast post-tensioned concrete box girder bridges that span the Wando River between Mount Pleasant and Daniel Island on Interstate 526 (I-526) in South Carolina.
The bridge was designed by Figg Bridge Engineers and is owned and maintained by the South Carolina Department of Transportation. The bridge is named for James B. Edwards, who was a governor of South Carolina, Secretary of Energy, and long-time president of the Medical University of South Carolina.

## Construction

The bridge was constructed of pre-cast concrete segments using top-down construction. Segments were transported along already completed spans and put in place from above. This construction method was selected to reduce construction impacts on the marsh areas along the banks of the Wando River. The bridge is designed and built to accommodate six lanes of traffic with narrow shoulders, and has been used for four since opening. The construction contractor was T.L. James Associates of Louisiana.
The bridge has a history of issues that arose during or from the construction. Allegations about the workmanship led to a year-long investigation which found no issues. The construction contract ended in countersuits with the SCDOT suing for delays and the contractor suing for design deficiencies. This resulted in a $4.9 million settlement paid to the contractor. Aluminum expansion joints installed on the bridge failed within four years, which required SCDOT to install replacements at a cost of $2 million. And the profile of the bridge deck would cause discomfort (vertical pitching of motorists).

## 2018 Post-tensioning failure

A failure of post-tensioning cables, which are inside the box girder of the bridge, caused a closure of the westbound spans mid-day on May 14, 2018. Weekly inspections of the 92 cables inside the bridge had been occurring since a repair project in 2016. On Sunday May 20, 2018 the eastbound lanes were altered to allow two-way traffic while repairs to the westbound side take place. The westbound span reopened to traffic on June 2, 2018. A 2800-page November 28, 2018 engineering report provided fourteen recommendations which will be implemented to ensure the bridge meets its design life of 75 years. The recommendations include the installation of redundant post-tensioning cables.
# 1983 Lilian Cup

The 1983 Lilian Cup was the 2nd season of the competition. The four top placed teams for the previous season took part in the competition.
The competition was held in two stages. First, the four teams played a round-robin tournament, after which the two top teams played for the cup, while the bottom teams played for the third place. The competition was held between 3 September and 13 September 1983.
The competition was won by Maccabi Netanya, who had beaten Hapoel Be'er Sheva 3–2 in the final.

## Group stage

The matches were played from 3 September to 10 September 1983.
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Maccabi Netanya | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 3 | +5 | 6 | Advance to the final |
| 2 | Hapoel Be'er Sheva | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 4 | Advance to the final |
| 3 | Shimshon Tel Aviv | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 7 | −3 | 4 | 3rd-4th place playoff |
| 4 | Hapoel Tel Aviv | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | −1 | 3 | 3rd-4th place playoff |
# Texas Civil Service Testing

The Texas civil service testing process is a prerequisite to both fire and police sector positions as a way of ensuring an unbiased selection process. Civil service examinations consist of basic and/or advance arithmetic, money handling, word problems, and interpretation of graphs and statistics and focuses an abundant deal language skills. After the exam is administered, a chronologically ordered list is compiled based on candidate scores.
Civil service testing was intended as an alternative to the patronage system.

## Qualifications of a civil service department

In order to be considered as a civil service department:
* A city must have a population of 10,000 or more, as determined either
* The city must pay its police department, its fire department or both (143.002(a)(1)(B)).
* At least 10 percent of registered voters in the city must have signed a petition to adopt Texas Chapter 143 (143.002(a)(1)(A)). A majority of votes is sufficient (143.004(c)).
* Subsection 143.002(c) of provides that a civil service department will not be affected if the municipality’s population changes to no longer meet the population requirement. This appears to apply starting when the election to adopt occurs.
* If at least one year has passed since the city adopted Texas Chapter 143, then a petition to require a popular vote to reverse that adoption may be validated by vote of at least 10 percent of registered voters in the city (143.004(e)) who also comprise 20 percent of the number of voters who voted in the most recent municipal election. If it is validated, the item to reverse adoption must appear on at the next municipal general election ballot. (143.004(d)). A majority of votes is sufficient (143.004(c)).˜˜˜˜

## Current issues

In 2013, City of Austin fire department underwent an investigation from the US department of justice in regards of alleged discrimination against minorities and their hiring process. The Fire Department has been “engaged in a pattern or practice of discrimination against Hispanics and African Americans with respect to employment opportunities in sworn positions.”
In 2009, The Austin Fire Department fired down in its ranks to promote 2 untested lieutenants to newly created Assistant Chief positions, passing over a significant number of more experienced Captains, Battalion Chiefs, and Division Chiefs. The firm representing 2 long time AFD officers and the emergency responders for equality (an organization founded by concerned AFD fire fighters) to challenge AFD’s use of race in deciding whom to appoint to the new assistant chief position. Following mediation, the parties reached an amicable settlement awarding plaintiffs $850 thousand in damages and attorney fees. In addition to injunctive relieve.
In November 2011, the Austin Fire Department spent close to $1 million to hire 80 new employees in responses to the discriminating allegations. The civil service test is intended to reduce the process of the Spoil System, but a promotion hinders on other aspects than that of a test score. There are allegations that subclasses of applications are at a disadvantage when it comes to the test.
# Gérard Geisbusch

Gérard Geisbusch (born 4 May 1988) is a former Luxembourgish-Norwegian football midfielder, who played for Luxembourg National Division side CS Fola Esch.

## International career

Has played for the Luxembourg national football team twice.
# Gérard Rasquin

Gérard Rasquin (30 July 1927 – 11 December 2012) was a Luxembourgish sprinter. He competed in the 400 metres at the 1952 Summer Olympics and the 1956 Summer Olympics.
# The Midas Touch (novel)

The Midas Touch is a 1938 novel by the British writer Margaret Kennedy. It was her eighth novel, she then took a decade-long break before producing her next work The Feast in 1949. It was a Daily Mail Book of the Month.

## Synopsis

Evan Jones, a charismatic young Welshman used to living off his wits arrives in London and falls into the orbit of Corris Morgan, a business tycoon and Bessie Carter Blake a fraudulent psychic.

## Film adaptation

In 1940 it was adapted into a film of the same title directed by David MacDonald and starring Barry K. Barnes, Judy Kelly and Frank Cellier.
# Henri Kellen

Henri Kellen (7 April 1927 – 27 August 1950) was a Luxembourgish cyclist. He competed in the individual and team road race events at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
# Surinder Kumar (politician)

Surinder Kumar (born 1982) is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly representing the Bharatiya Janta Party from Marh Assembly constituency which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in Jammu district.

## Early life and education

Kumar is from Marh, Jammu district, Jammu and Kashmir. He is the son of Dayal Chand. He passed Class 8 at Government High School, Gajansoo in 1999 and later discontinued his studies.

## Career

Kumar won from Marh Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. He polled 42,563 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Mula Ram of Indian National Congress, by a margin of 23,086 votes.
# Sudhir Ranjan Pattjoshi

Sudhir Ranjan Pattjoshi is an Indian politician from Odisha. He is a Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly from 2024, representing Dharmagarh Assembly constituency as a Member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
# Brunei at the 2024 World Aquatics Championships

Brunei competed at the 2024 World Aquatics Championships in Doha, Qatar from 2 to 18 February.

## Competitors

The following is the list of competitors in the Championships.
| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| Swimming | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Total | 2 | 1 | 3 |

## Swimming

Brunei entered 3 swimmers.

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Zeke Chan | 100 metre backstroke | 1:00.49 | 50 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Zeke Chan | 200 metre backstroke | 2:12.94 | 33 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Haziq Samil | 50 metre freestyle | 25.72 | 85 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Haziq Samil | 100 metre freestyle | 55.36 | 88 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Hayley Wong | 100 metre freestyle | 1:03.49 | 65 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Hayley Wong | 100 metre breaststroke | 1:20.28 | 49 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |