# Samvatsara

Samvatsara (संवत्सर) is a Sanskrit term for a "year" in Vedic literature such as the Rigveda and other ancient texts. In the medieval era literature, a samvatsara refers to the "Jovian year", that is a year based on the relative position of the planet Jupiter, while the solar year is called varsha. A jovian year is not equal to a solar year based on the relative position of Earth and Sun.
A samvatsara is defined in Indian calendars as the time Brihaspati (Jupiter) takes to transit from one sign of the Hindu zodiac (i.e. rashi) to the next relative to its mean motion. The ancient text Surya Siddhanta calculates a samvatsara to be about 361 days, marginally short of a solar year. Hence, one complete orbit of Jupiter through all the twelve signs of the zodiac will approximately equal twelve solar years. Five such orbits of Jupiter (i.e. 12 times 5 = 60 samvatsara) are referred to as a samvatsara chakra. Each samvatsara within this cycle has been given a name. Once all 60 samvatsara are over, the cycle starts over again.
This cycle of 60 samvatsara is based on the relative positions of Jupiter and Saturn in the sky. The orbital periods of Jupiter and Saturn are approximately 12 and 30 solar years respectively. The least common multiple of these two orbital periods is ~60 solar years. Every sixty years, both planets will be positioned at nearly the same sidereal coordinates where they started off sixty years before, thus forming a sixty year cycle.

## Omitted Samvatsaras

The ancient text Surya Siddhanta calculates the Jovian year to be about 361.026721 days or about 4.232 days shorter than the Earth-based solar year. This difference requires that about once every 85 solars years (~ 86 jovian years), one of the named samvatsara is expunged (skipped as a shadow year), to synchronize the two calendars.
This system of omission has fallen into disuse in South India. "There is evidence to show that the cycle of Jupiter was in use in Southern India before Saka 828 (A.D. 905-6); but from that year, according to the Arya Siddhanta, or from Saka 831 (A.D. 908-9) according to the Sürya-Siddhanta, the expunction of the samvatsaras was altogether neglected, with the result that the 60-year cycle in the south became luni-solar from that year."

## List of Samvatsaras

The sixty Samvatsaras are divided into 3 groups of 20 Samvatsaras each. The first 20 from Prabhava to Vyaya are assigned to Brahma. The next 20 from Sarvajit to Parabhava to Vishnu and the last 20 to Shiva.
Samvatsaras :
| Number | Name (IAST) | Name (Devanagari) | Name (Saurashtra) | Name (Tamil) | Name (Telugu) | Name (Kannada) | Current cycle (Vikram Samvat) | Current cycle (Gregorian) | Prior cycle 1 | Prior cycle 2 |
| 1. | Prabhava | प्रभव | ꢦ꣄ꢬꢩꣃ | பிரபவ | ప్రభవ | ಪ್ರಭವ | 2044 | 1987-1988 CE | 1927-1928 CE | 1867-1868 CE |
| 2. | Vibhava | विभव | ꢮꢶꢩꣃ | விபவ | విభవ | ವಿಭವ | 2045 | 1988-1989 CE | 1928-1929 CE | 1868-1869 CE |
| 3. | Śukla | शुक्ल | ꢯꢸꢒ꣄ꢭꣁ | சுக்ல | శుక్ల | ಶುಕ್ಲ | 2046 | 1989-1990 CE | 1929-1930 CE | 1869-1870 CE |
| 4. | Pramodadūta | प्रमोदूत | ꢦ꣄ꢬꢪꣂꢣꢹꢡꣁ | பிரமோதூத | ప్రమోద్యూత | ಪ್ರಮೋದೂತ | 2047 | 1990-1991 CE | 1930-1931 CE | 1870-1871 CE |
| 5. | Prajāpati | प्रजापति | ꢦ꣄ꢬꢙꢵꢦꢡꢶ | பிரசோற்பத்தி | ప్రజోత్పత్తి | ಪ್ರಜಾಪತಿ | 2048 | 1991-1992 CE | 1931-1932 CE | 1871-1872 CE |
| 6. | Āṅgirasa | आङ्गिरस | ꢃꢖ꣄ꢔꢷꢬꢱꣁ | ஆங்கீரச | ఆంగీరస | ಅಂಗಿರಸ | 2049 | 1992-1993 CE | 1932-1933 CE | 1872-1873 CE |
| 7. | Śrīmukha | श्रीमुख | ꢯ꣄ꢬꢷꢪꢴꢸꢒ꣄ꢒꣁ | ஸ்ரீமுக | శ్రీముఖ | ಶ್ರೀಮುಖ | 2050 | 1993-1994 CE | 1933-1934 CE | 1873-1874 CE |
| 8. | Bhāva | भाव | ꢩꢵꢮꣁ | பவ | భావ | ಭಾವ | 2051 | 1994-1995 CE | 1934-1935 CE | 1874-1875 CE |
| 9. | Yuva | युव | ꢫꢸꢮꣁ | யுவ | యువ | ಯುವ | 2052 | 1995-1996 CE | 1935-1936 CE | 1875-1876 CE |
| 10. | Dhātṛ | धातृ | ꢤꢵꢡꢵ | தாத்ரு / தாதா | ధాత | ಧಾತೃ | 2053 | 1996-1997 CE | 1936-1937 CE | 1876-1877 CE |
| 11. | Īśvara | ईश्वर | ꢅꢯ꣄ꢮꢬꣁ | ஈஸ்வர | ఈశ్వర | ಈಶ್ವರ | 2054 | 1997-1998 CE | 1937-1938 CE | 1877-1878 CE |
| 12. | Bahudhānya | बहुधान्य | ꢩꣃꢤꢵꢥ꣄ꢫꣁ | பஹுதான்ய | బహుధాన్య | ಬಹುಧಾನ್ಯ | 2055 | 1998-1999 CE | 1938-1939 CE | 1878-1879 CE |
| 13. | Pramāthi | प्रमाथी | ꢦ꣄ꢬꢪꢵꢣꢶ | பிரமாதி | ప్రమాధి | ಪ್ರಮಾಥಿ | 2056 | 1999-2000 CE | 1939-1940 CE | 1879-1880 CE |
| 14. | Vikrama | विक्रम | ꢮꢶꢒ꣄ꢬꢪꣁ | விக்ரம | విక్రమ | ವಿಕ್ರಮ | 2057 | 2000-2001 CE | 1940-1941 CE | 1880-1881 CE |
| 15. | Vṛṣaprajā | वृषप्रजा | ꢮꢶꢰꢸ | விஷு / வருஷப்ரஜா | వృశాప్రజా | ವೃಷಪ್ರಜಾ | 2058 | 2001-2002 CE | 1941-1942 CE | 1881-1882 CE |
| 16. | Citrabhānu | चित्रभानु | ꢗꢶꢡ꣄ꢬꢩꢵꢥꢸ | சித்ரபானு | చిత్రభాను | ಚಿತ್ರಭಾನು | 2059 | 2002-2003 CE | 1942-1943 CE | 1882-1883 CE |
| 17. | Svabhānu | स्वभानु | ꢱꣁꢩꢵꢥꢸ | சுபானு / ச்வபானு | స్వభాను | ಸ್ವಭಾನು | 2060 | 2003-2004 CE | 1943-1944 CE | 1883-1884 CE |
| 18. | Tāraṇa | तारण | ꢡꢵꢬꢠꣁ | தாரண | తారణ | ತಾರಣ | 2061 | 2004-2005 CE | 1944-1945 CE | 1884-1885 CE |
| 19. | Pārthiva | पार्थिव | ꢧꢵꢬ꣄ꢡꢶꢮꣁ | பார்திவ | పార్థివ | ಪಾರ್ಥಿವ | 2062 | 2005-2006 CE | 1945-1946 CE | 1885-1886 CE |
| 20. | Avyaya/Vyaya | अव्यय/व्यय | ꢮꢾꢫꣁ | அவ்யய / வ்யய | వ్యయ | ವ್ಯಯ | 2063 | 2006-2007 CE | 1946-1947 CE | 1886-1887 CE |
| 21. | Sarvajit | सर्वजित् | ꢱꢬ꣄ꢮꢙꢶꢡꢸ | சர்வஜித் | సర్వజిత | ಸರ್ವಜಿತ್ | 2064 | 2007-2008 CE | 1947-1948 CE | 1887-1888 CE |
| 22. | Sarvadhārī | सर्वधारी | ꢱꢬ꣄ꢮꢤꢵꢬꢶ | சர்வதாரி | సర్వధారి | ಸರ್ವಧಾರಿ | 2065 | 2008-2009 CE | 1948-1949 CE | 1888-1889 CE |
| 23. | Virodhī | विरोधी | ꢮ꣄ꢬꣂꢤꢶ | விரோதி | విరోధి | ವಿರೋಧಿ | 2066 | 2009-2010 CE | 1949-1950 CE | 1889-1890 CE |
| 24. | Vikṛti | विकृति | ꢮꢶꢒꢺꢡꢶ | விக்ருதி | వికృతి | ವಿಕೃತಿ | 2067 | 2010-2011 CE | 1950-1951 CE | 1890-1891 CE |
| 25. | Khara | खर | ꢓꢬꣁ | கர | ఖర | ಖರ | 2068 | 2011-2012 CE | 1951-1952 CE | 1891-1892 CE |
| 26. | Nandana | नन्दन | ꢥꢥ꣄ꢣꢥꣁ | நந்தன | నందన | ನಂದನ | 2069 | 2012-2013 CE | 1952-1953 CE | 1892-1893 CE |
| 27. | Vijaya | विजय | ꢮꢶꢙꢾꢫꣁ | விஜய | విజయ | ವಿಜಯ | 2070 | 2013-2014 CE | 1953-1954 CE | 1893-1894 CE |
| 28. | Jaya | जय | ꢙꢾꢫꣁ | ஜய | జయ | ಜಯ | 2071 | 2014-2015 CE | 1954-1955 CE | 1894-1895 CE |
| 29. | Manmatha | मन्मथ | ꢪꢥ꣄ꢪꢴꢡ꣄ꢡꣁ | மன்மத | మన్మధ | ಮನ್ಮಥ | 2072 | 2015-2016 CE | 1955-1956 CE | 1895-1896 CE |
| 30. | Durmukha | दुर्मुख | ꢣꢸꢬ꣄ꢪꢴꢸꢒ꣄ꢒꣁ | துற்முக | దుర్ముఖ | ದುರ್ಮುಖ | 2073 | 2016-2017 CE | 1956-1957 CE | 1896-1897 CE |
| 31. | Hevilambi | हेविळम्बि | ꢲꢾꢮ꣄ꢳꢪ꣄ꢨꢶ | ஹேவிளம்பி | హేవిళంబి | ಹೇವಿಳಂಬಿ | 2074 | 2017-2018 CE | 1957-1958 CE | 1897-1898 CE |
| 32. | Vilambi | विळम्बि | ꢮꢶꢳꢪ꣄ꢨꢶ | விளம்பி | విళంబి | ವಿಳಂಬಿ | 2075 | 2018-2019 CE | 1958-1959 CE | 1898-1899 CE |
| 33. | Vikāri | विकारि | ꢮꢶꢒꢵꢬꢶ | விகாரி | వికారి | ವಿಕಾರಿ | 2076 | 2019-2020 CE | 1959-1960 CE | 1899-1900 CE |
| 34. | Śārvarī | शार्वरी | ꢯꢵꢬꣁꢬꢶ | சார்வரி | శార్వరి | ಶಾರ್ವರಿ | 2077 | 2020-2021 CE | 1960-1961 CE | 1900-1901 CE |
| 35. | Plava | प्लव | ꢦ꣄ꢭꣃ | பிளவ | ప్లవ | ಪ್ಲವ | 2078 | 2021-2022 CE | 1961-1962 CE | 1901-1902 CE |
| 36. | Śubhakṛt | शुभकृत् | ꢯꢸꢩꢒꢺꢡ꣄ | சுபகிருது | శుభకృత | ಶುಭಕೃತ | 2079 | 2022-2023 CE | 1962-1963 CE | 1902-1903 CE |
| 37. | Śobhakṛt | शोभकृत् | ꢯꣂꢩꢒꢺꢡ꣄ | சோபகிருது | శోభకృత | ಶೋಭಕೃತ | 2080 | 2023-2024 CE | 1963-1964 CE | 1903-1904 CE |
| 38. | Krodhī | क्रोधी | ꢒ꣄ꢬꣂꢤꢶ | குரோதி | క్రోధి | ಕ್ರೋಧಿ | 2081 | 2024-2025 CE | 1964-1965 CE | 1904-1905 CE |
| 39. | Viśvāvasu | विश्वावसु | ꢮꢶꢯ꣄ꢮꢵꢮ꣄ꢱꢸ | விஷ்வாவசு | విశ్వావసు | ವಿಶ್ವಾವಸು | 2082 | 2025-2026 CE | 1965-1966 CE | 1905-1906 CE |
| 40. | Parābhava | पराभव | ꢦ꣄ꢬꢵꢩꣃ | பராபவ | పరాభవ | ಪರಾಭವ | 2083 | 2026-2027 CE | 1966-1967 CE | 1906-1907 CE |
| 41. | Plavaṅga | प्लवङ्ग | ꢦ꣄ꢭꢮꢖ꣄ꢔꢸ | ப்லவங்க | ప్లవంగ | ಪ್ಲವಂಗ | 2084 | 2027-2028 CE | 1967-1968 CE | 1907-1908 CE |
| 42. | Kīlaka | कीलक | ꢒꢷꢳꢒ꣄ | கீலக | కీలక | ಕೀಲಕ | 2085 | 2028-2029 CE | 1968-1969 CE | 1908-1909 CE |
| 43. | Saumya | सौम्य | ꢱꣁꢪ꣄ꢪꢾ | சௌம்ய | సౌమ్య | ಸೌಮ್ಯ | 2086 | 2029-2030 CE | 1969-1970 CE | 1909-1910 CE |
| 44. | Sādhāraṇa | साधारण | ꢱꢤꢵꢬ꣄ꢠꣁ | சாதாரண | సాధారణ | ಸಾಧಾರಣ | 2087 | 2030-2031 CE | 1970-1971 CE | 1910-1911 CE |
| 45. | Virodhakṛta | विरोधकृत | ꢮ꣄ꢬꢴꣂꢣꢒꢺꢡ꣄ | விரோதகிருத | విరోధికృత | ವಿರೋಧಿಕೃತ್ | 2088 | 2031-2032 CE | 1971-1972 CE | 1911-1912 CE |
| 46. | Paridhāvi | परिधावी | ꢧꢬ꣄ꢣꢵꢮꢶ | பரிதாவி | పరిధావి | ಪರಿಧಾವಿ | 2089 | 2032-2033 CE | 1972-1973 CE | 1912-1913 CE |
| 47. | Pramādi | प्रमादी | ꢦ꣄ꢬꢪꢵꢣꢶ | பிரமாதீ | ప్రమాదీచ | ಪ್ರಮಾದಿ | 2090 | 2033-2034 CE | 1973-1974 CE | 1913-1914 CE |
| 48. | Ānanda | आनंद | ꢃꢥꢥ꣄ꢣꢸ | ஆனந்த | ఆనంద | ಆನಂದ | 2091 | 2034-2035 CE | 1974-1975 CE | 1914-1915 CE |
| 49. | Rākṣasa | राक्षस | ꢬꢒ꣄‍ꢰꢱ꣄ | ராட்சச | రాక్షస | ರಾಕ್ಷಸ | 2092 | 2035-2036 CE | 1975-1976 CE | 1915-1916 CE |
| 50. | Nala/Anala | नल/अनल | ꢂꢥꢭ꣄ | நள | నల | ನಳ | 2093 | 2036-2037 CE | 1976-1977 CE | 1916-1917 CE |
| 51. | Piṅgala | पिंगल | ꢦꢶꢖ꣄ꢔ꣄ꢳꣁ | பிங்கள | పింగళ | ಪಿಂಗಳ | 2094 | 2037-2038 CE | 1977-1978 CE | 1917-1918 CE |
| 52. | Kālayukta | कालयुक्त | ꢒꢭꢫꢸꢡ꣄ꢡꣁ | காளயுக்தி | కాళయుక్తి | ಕಾಳಯುಕ್ತಿ | 2095 | 2038-2039 CE | 1978-1979 CE | 1918-1919 CE |
| 53. | Siddhārthi | सिद्धार्थी | ꢱꢶꢣ꣄ꢤꢵꢬ꣄ꢡꢶ | சித்தார்த்தி | సిద్ధార్థ | ಸಿದ್ಧಾರ್ಥಿ | 2096 | 2039-2040 CE | 1979-1980 CE | 1919-1920 CE |
| 54. | Raudri | रौद्र | ꢬꣁꢣ꣄ꢬꢶ | ரௌத்ரி | రౌద్రి | ರೌದ್ರಿ | 2097 | 2040-2041 CE | 1980-1981 CE | 1920-1921 CE |
| 55. | Durmati | दुर्मति | ꢣꢸꢬ꣄ꢪꢡꢶ | துற்மதி | దుర్మతి | ದುರ್ಮತಿ | 2098 | 2041-2042 CE | 1981-1982 CE | 1921-1922 CE |
| 56. | Dundubhi | दुन्दुभी | ꢤꢸꢥ꣄ꢣꢸꢨꢶ | துந்துபி | దుందుభి | ದುಂದುಭಿ | 2099 | 2042-2043 CE | 1982-1983 CE | 1922-1923 CE |
| 57. | Rudhirodgāri | रूधिरोद्गारी | ꢬꢴꢸꢣꢶꢬꣁꢣ꣄ꢔꢵꢬꢶ | ருதிரோத்காரி | రుధిరోద్గారి | ರುಧಿರೋದ್ಗಾರಿ | 2100 | 2043-2044 CE | 1983-1984 CE | 1923-1924 CE |
| 58. | Raktākṣi | ꢬꢾꢡ꣄ꢡꢵꢒ꣄‍ꢰꢶ | રક્તાક્ષી | ரக்தாட்சி | రక్తాక్షి | ರಕ್ತಾಕ್ಷಿ | 2101 | 2044-2045 CE | 1984-1985 CE | 1924-1925 CE |
| 59. | Krodhana/Manyu | क्रोधन | ꢓ꣄ꢬꣂꢣꢥ꣄ | க்ரோதன | క్రోధన | ಕ್ರೋಧನ | 2102 | 2045-2046 CE | 1985-1986 CE | 1925-1926 CE |
| 60. | Akshaya | अक्षय | ꢂꢒ꣄‍ꢰꢾꢮ꣄ | அட்சய | అక్షయ | ಅಕ್ಷಯ | 2103 | 2046-2047 CE | 1986-1987 CE | 1926-1927 CE |