# Fifth National Government of New Zealand

The Fifth National Government of New Zealand was the government of New Zealand for three parliamentary terms from 19 November 2008 to 26 October 2017. John Key served as National Leader and prime minister until December 2016, after which Bill English assumed the premiership until the National Government's defeat following the October 2017 government-forming negotiations.
After the 2008 general election the National Party and its allies were able to form a government, taking over from Helen Clark's Fifth Labour Government. It was subsequently reformed after the 2011 general election with a reduced number of seats, and after the 2014 general election with a reduced share of the party vote but the same number of seats. The Government had confidence and supply agreements with the following parties: ACT, United Future, and the Māori Party – which gave the Government a majority on major legislation. The National Party also signed a memorandum of understanding with the Green Party after the 2008 election, but this lapsed in 2011 and was not renewed.

## Significant policies
### Economic

The Government was elected in the context of the late 2000s recession.
* The Fifth Labour Government's Emissions Trading Scheme was delayed and the Emissions Trading Scheme Review Committee was set up to review the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme in accordance with the coalition agreement with the ACT Party. In November 2009, an amended version of the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme was adopted.
* Personal tax cuts, reducing taxes on all income; the top personal tax rate was lowered from 39% to 38% and then 33%.
* Abolished the Loss Attributing Qualifying Company (LAQC) tax structure, which had allowed individuals (mainly property investors) to reduce their individual income tax by off setting their LAQCs losses (the Look-through company structure replaced LAQCs, but without the tax benefits).
* Increased GST from 12.5% to 15% in October 2010.
* Increased the minimum wage from $12.00 per hour to $13.00 per hour in its first term, and to $14.25 in its second term. This represents a nominal 3.1% average annual increase, significantly lower than the previous government's nominal 7.9% annual average increase.
* Suspended payments to the New Zealand Superannuation Fund.
* Introduced the nine-day working fortnight for businesses who were considering laying off staff.
* Capped the minimum employers' contributions to KiwiSaver at 2%, the amount was due to increase to 4% by 2011 and gave employees the option to contribute as little as 2% of their income to KiwiSaver where previously the smallest contribution amount was 4%. The minimum employee and minimum employer contributions were raised to 3% in April 2013.
* Significant investments in the rebuilding of Christchurch after the Canterbury earthquakes

### Constitution

* Repealed the Electoral Finance Act 2007
* Introduced the Governor-General Act 2010, to reform the Governor-General's salary and allowances.
* A second referendum alongside the 2011 election on the voting system, and after the majority voted in the referendum to retain the existing mixed member proportional system, an independent review on the workings of the MMP system.
* A Constitutional Review (as part of confidence and supply agreement with the Māori Party) starting in 2011.

### Social policy

* Extended the paid parental leave scheme by four weeks
* Introduced the Employment Relations Amendment Act 2008 (the "90-day working bill") in December 2008 which allowed employers with less than 20 staff to dismiss an employee within the first 90 days of employment for no particular reason. In 2010 the bill was extended to all employers.
* Allowed employees to cash in their fourth week of annual leave, employees can now take 3 weeks holiday and be paid for the fourth while still working. The fourth week of annual leave was introduced by the previous government.
* A lifetime limit on student loans was introduced: if a student has studied more than 7 EFTS within their lifetime the student can no longer take out any further loans. Students receiving New Zealand Superannuation Fund payments or Veterans Pension can no longer receive the Student Allowance at the same time. Students are now required to pass more than half of their studies each year to receive a Student Loan or Allowance the following year, previously this requirement only affected the Student Allowance.
* Reformed social security benefits by consolidating seven major benefits into three new ones.
* In 2015, introduced a $790 million of extra spending to reduce hardship among children in New Zealand's poorest families.
* Invested in insulating New Zealand homes via the Warm Up New Zealand: Healthy Homes programme which targets low-income households.

### Foreign affairs

* Allowed a U.S. navy ship into New Zealand for the New Zealand Navy 75th anniversary without confirmation regarding nuclear weapons for the first time in 33 years
* Won a seat on the UN Security Council in the 2014 election, a process that started in 2004.

### Defence

* In 2012, New Zealand and the U.S. signed the Washington Declaration, strengthening military cooperation and defence relations, for the first time in more than 30 years.
* Removal of the position of Minister of Disarmament and Arms Control.
* The government released a new Defence White Paper in 2016, outlining the New Zealand government's strategic defence policy objectives and how the Defence Force will be structured to meet these objectives by 2030 and beyond.

### National identity

* Restored titles ('Sir' and 'Dame') in the New Zealand honours system.
* Officially ended appointments to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, which would have meant that no new designations of "The Right Honourable" would be made, and that instead ministers will be known simply as "The Honorable". However, on 2 August 2010 it was announced by the Queen of New Zealand that those appointed to offices of Governor-General, Prime Minister, Speaker, and Chief Justice would be given the title "The Right Honourable" for life, "to preserve an important mark of distinction for the holders of the nation's highest public offices". Prime Minister John Key said "he appreciated the title" and also stated "Her Majesty believes it is appropriate also to acknowledge the service of the Governor-General, the Queen's representative in New Zealand, the Speaker, the highest officer in the House of Representatives, and the Chief Justice, the head of the judicial branch of government".
* Two referendums on flag change; one to determine a possible alternative, the other to decide whether to change or not.

### Education

* Introduction of National Standards for primary and intermediate school children.
* Planned to change teacher to student ratios in the 2012 Budget, but withdrew two weeks later due to miscalculations regarding the effect of changes on intermediate schools and public opposition.
* Removal of all student allowances for postgraduate study at University.
* Rejected a bill for state-funded breakfast and lunch to be provided to students at all low-decile schools.
* Invested $359 million to strengthen leadership and quality teaching across schools. This investment created new principal and teacher roles.
* In 2016 invested $883 million in a building programme to deliver various building projects including 480 new classrooms and nine new schools. This includes $168 million for the Christchurch schools rebuild programme.

### Health

* Increased amounts of elective surgery
* Provided free GP visits and free prescriptions for children aged under 13 from July 2015.
* Provided funding for the rheumatic fever prevention programme
* Rebuilt Christchurch Hospital and Burwood Hospitals

### Infrastructure, energy and natural resources

* Introduced the "mixed ownership model" plan, in which the Government planned to reduce its share in Genesis Energy, Meridian Energy, Mighty River Power and Solid Energy from 100% to 51% and Air New Zealand from 74% to 51%, and sell off the remainder. The plans to sell down Solid Energy were later axed due to the company's poor financial position. A citizens-initiated referendum on the sell-downs returned a 67.3% vote in opposition (on a turnout of 45.1%).
* Ultra-Fast Broadband rollout of fibre to the house to 87% of households
* Seven Roads of National Significance

### Local government

* In 2009 and 2010, the Government merged four city councils, three district councils and the Auckland Regional Council into one unitary "Super City". The Government's action differed from the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Auckland Governance.
* In March 2010, the Government removed the Environment Canterbury's Councillors and replaced them with appointed commissioners. The elections in 2010 of Environment Canterbury councillors which were pending in 2013 were postponed to ensure a Water Management Plan for Canterbury would be created.

### Māori issues and the Treaty of Waitangi

The involvement of the National government within this particular area was seen through their approach in settlements. National government's involvement of Treaty affairs:
* Ngai Tuhoe deed of settlement
These involved discussion and planning of guidelines which were negotiated with two significant iwis of Taranaki. This also involved Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations Christopher Finlayson.
* Apology to affiliate Te Arawa
In relation to past Treaty breaches and the actions of the previous governments at the time of the land wars. John Key apologised for the actions and doings of the abuses to the Te Arawa iwi and hapu.
* Negotiation with Te Atiawa and Taranaki iwi

## History
### 2008 election

The 2008 general election saw the Fifth National Government elected to power with 44.93 per cent of the popular vote, ending nine years of Labour government. National formed a minority government with confidence-and-supply support from the ACT, United Future and Māori parties. The Governor-General swore Key in as New Zealand's 38th Prime Minister on 19 November 2008.

### 2011 election

The 2011 general election saw the Fifth National Government continue with confidence-and-supply from the ACT, United Future and Maori parties. National increased its share of the party vote to 47.3 percent, but gained only one additional seat to 59 due to a reduced wasted vote (down to 3.4 percent from 6.5 percent in 2008), largely stemming from the return of the New Zealand First party to Parliament after a one term absence. National's increased share of votes however largely came at the expense of its support parties, which saw decreases in vote share and seats. ACT only gained a third of its 2008 vote with 1.07 percent, reducing its seats from five to just one, while the defection of Hone Harawira to form the Mana Party saw the Maori Party's share of vote split, reducing the party to 1.43 percent and reducing the number of seats to three. The United Future Party saw its party vote drop by a quarter to 0.60 percent, but retained its single seat. The reformed Government and its supporters therefore held 50.41 percent of the party vote and 64 of the 121 seats in Parliament.

### 2014 election

The 2014 general election saw the Fifth National Government returned again, gaining a plurality with 47.0% of the party vote and 60 of the 121 seats. On election night counts the party appeared to hold the first majority since 1994 with 61 seats, but lost a list seat (for Maureen Pugh) to the Green Party on the official count (including special votes) of the party vote. National re-entered confidence and supply agreements with the centrist United Future, the classical liberal ACT Party, and the indigenous rights-based Māori Party to form a minority government.
Subsequently, with the sudden resignation of Mike Sabin the National MP for Northland in January 2015, and his replacement in the subsequent 2015 by-election by New Zealand First leader Winston Peters, the government became more dependent on the support parties.

## Election results

The table below shows the total party votes for National and the three parties that supported the National-led government. National received support on matters of confidence and supply from ACT, the Māori Party and United Future in each of the three terms. For more details of election results, see the election articles.
| Election | Parliament | Seats | Total votes | Percentage | Gain/loss | Seats won | Change | Majority |
| 2008 | 49th | 122 | 1,215,371 | 51.84% | - | 69 | - | 7 |
| 2011 | 50th | 121 | 1,127,952 | 50.41% | –1.43% | 64 | −5 | 3 |
| 2014 | 51st | 121 | 1,185,526 | 49.28% | −1.13% | 64 | 0 | 3 |
| 2017 | 52nd | 120 | 1,195,730 | 46.13% | −3.15% | Nat 56, ACT 1 | Nat −3, Māori −2, ACT =1, UF -1 | - |

## Prime minister

National Party leader John Key was prime minister between when the government was elected in the 2008 elections, up until his resignation on 12 December 2016.
The National Party held a leadership election to determine Key's successor as National Party leader and prime minister. Deputy Prime Minister Bill English announced that he would be standing for the leadership on 6 December 2016. Health Minister Jonathan Coleman and Police and Corrections Minister Judith Collins also announced their intention to seek the leadership, but dropped out due to low support from National Party colleagues. After Coleman and Collins' withdrawal, English was sworn in as the 39th prime minister on 12 December 2016. State Services Minister Paula Bennett and Transport Minister Simon Bridges announced they would contest the consequential vacancy for Deputy Leader; Bridges dropped out of the race after it was clear Bennett had greater support.

## Cabinet Ministers

| Portfolio | Minister | Party | Start | End |
| Prime Minister | John Key | National | 19 November 2008 | 12 December 2016 |
| Prime Minister | Bill English | National | 12 December 2016 | 26 October 2017 |
| Deputy Prime Minister | Bill English | National | 19 November 2008 | 12 December 2016 |
| Deputy Prime Minister | Paula Bennett | National | 12 December 2016 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Agriculture | David Carter | National | 19 November 2008 | 14 December 2011 |
| Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage | Chris Finlayson | National | 19 November 2008 | 8 October 2014 |
| Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage | Maggie Barry | National | 8 October 2014 | 26 October 2017 |
| Attorney-General | Chris Finlayson | National | 19 November 2008 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Broadcasting | Steven Joyce | National | 19 November 2008 | 14 December 2011 |
| Minister of Broadcasting | Amy Adams | National | 14 December 2011 | 20 December 2016 |
| Minister of Broadcasting | Simon Bridges | National | 20 December 2016 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister for Building and Construction | Maurice Williamson | National | 19 November 2008 | 1 May 2014 |
| Minister for Building and Construction | Nick Smith | National | 1 May 2014 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister for Civil Defence | John Carter | National | 19 November 2008 | 8 June 2011 |
| Minister for Civil Defence | Craig Foss | National | 8 June 2011 | 14 December 2011 |
| Minister for Civil Defence | Chris Tremain | National | 14 December 2011 | 30 January 2013 |
| Minister for Civil Defence | Nikki Kaye | National | 30 January 2013 | 20 December 2016 |
| Minister for Civil Defence | Gerry Brownlee | National | 20 December 2016 | 2 May 2017 |
| Minister for Civil Defence | Nathan Guy | National | 2 May 2017 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Commerce | Simon Power | National | 19 November 2008 | 12 December 2011 |
| Minister of Commerce | Craig Foss | National | 12 December 2011 | 8 October 2014 |
| Minister of Commerce | Paul Goldsmith | National | 8 October 2014 | 20 December 2016 |
| Minister of Commerce | Jacqui Dean | National | 20 December 2016 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister for the Community and Voluntary Sector | Tariana Turia | Māori Party | 19 November 2008 | 12 December 2011 |
| Minister for the Community and Voluntary Sector | Jo Goodhew | National | 12 December 2011 | 20 December 2016 |
| Minister for the Community and Voluntary Sector | Alfred Ngaro | National | 20 December 2016 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Conservation | Tim Groser | National | 19 November 2008 | 27 January 2010 |
| Minister of Conservation | Kate Wilkinson | National | 27 January 2010 | 22 January 2013 |
| Minister of Conservation | Nick Smith | National | 22 January 2013 | 8 October 2014 |
| Minister of Conservation | Maggie Barry | National | 8 October 2014 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Consumer Affairs | Heather Roy | ACT | 19 November 2008 | 17 August 2010 |
| Minister of Consumer Affairs | John Boscawen | ACT | 17 August 2010 | 3 May 2011 |
| Minister of Consumer Affairs | Simon Power | National | 4 May 2011 | 14 December 2011 |
| Minister of Consumer Affairs | Chris Tremain | National | 14 December 2011 | 3 April 2012 |
| Minister of Consumer Affairs | Simon Bridges | National | 3 April 2012 | 30 January 2013 |
| Minister of Consumer Affairs | Craig Foss | National | 30 January 2013 | 6 October 2014 |
| Minister of Corrections | Judith Collins | National | 19 November 2008 | 12 December 2011 |
| Minister of Corrections | Anne Tolley | National | 12 December 2011 | 8 October 2014 |
| Minister of Corrections | Sam Lotu-Iiga | National | 8 October 2014 | 14 December 2015 |
| Minister of Corrections | Judith Collins | National | 14 December 2015 | 20 December 2016 |
| Minister of Corrections | Louise Upston | National | 20 December 2016 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Customs | Maurice Williamson | National | 19 November 2008 | 1 May 2014 |
| Minister of Customs | Nicky Wagner | National | 1 May 2014 | 2 May 2017 |
| Minister of Customs | Tim Macindoe | National | 2 May 2017 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Defence | Wayne Mapp | National | 19 November 2008 | 14 December 2011 |
| Minister of Defence | Jonathan Coleman | National | 14 December 2011 | 6 October 2014 |
| Minister of Defence | Gerry Brownlee | National | 6 October 2014 | 2 May 2017 |
| Minister of Defence | Mark Mitchell | National | 2 May 2017 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Economic Development | Gerry Brownlee | National | 19 November 2008 | 13 December 2011 |
| Minister of Economic Development | David Carter | National | 24 February 2011 | 13 December 2011 |
| Minister of Economic Development | Steven Joyce | National | 13 December 2011 | 20 December 2016 |
| Minister of Economic Development | Simon Bridges | National | 20 December 2016 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Education | Anne Tolley | National | 19 November 2008 | 12 December 2011 |
| Minister of Education | Hekia Parata | National | 12 December 2011 | 2 May 2017 |
| Minister of Education | Nikki Kaye | National | 2 May 2017 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Energy and Resources | Gerry Brownlee | National | 19 November 2008 | 14 December 2011 |
| Minister of Energy and Resources | Phil Heatley | National | 14 December 2011 | 29 January 2013 |
| Minister of Energy and Resources | Simon Bridges | National | 29 January 2013 | 20 December 2016 |
| Minister of Energy and Resources | Judith Collins | National | 20 December 2016 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister for the Environment | Nick Smith | National | 19 November 2008 | 21 March 2012 |
| Minister for the Environment | Chris Finlayson | National | 21 March 2012 | 2 April 2012 |
| Minister for the Environment | Amy Adams | National | 3 April 2012 | 6 October 2014 |
| Minister for the Environment | Nick Smith | National | 8 October 2014 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Finance | Bill English | National | 19 November 2008 | 12 December 2016 |
| Minister of Finance | Steven Joyce | National | 12 December 2016 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Fisheries | Phil Heatley | National | 19 November 2008 | 14 December 2011 |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Murray McCully | National | 19 November 2008 | 2 May 2017 |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Gerry Brownlee | National | 2 May 2017 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Forestry | David Carter | National | 19 November 2008 | 14 December 2011 |
| Minister of Health | Tony Ryall | National | 19 November 2008 | 6 October 2014 |
| Minister of Health | Jonathan Coleman | National | 6 October 2014 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Housing | Phil Heatley | National | 19 November 2008 | 22 January 2013 |
| Minister of Housing | Nick Smith | National | 22 January 2013 | 20 December 2016 |
| Minister of Housing | Amy Adams | National | 20 December 2016 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Immigration | Jonathan Coleman | National | 19 November 2008 | 14 December 2011 |
| Minister of Immigration | Nathan Guy | National | 14 December 2011 | 31 January 2013 |
| Minister of Immigration | Michael Woodhouse | National | 31 January 2013 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Internal Affairs | Richard Worth | National | 19 November 2008 | 2 June 2009 |
| Minister of Internal Affairs | Nathan Guy | National | 16 June 2009 | 13 December 2011 |
| Minister of Internal Affairs | Amy Adams | National | 14 December 2011 | 2 April 2012 |
| Minister of Internal Affairs | Chris Tremain | National | 3 April 2012 | 27 January 2014 |
| Minister of Internal Affairs | Peter Dunne | United Future | 28 January 2014 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Justice | Simon Power | National | 19 November 2008 | 12 December 2011 |
| Minister of Justice | Judith Collins | National | 12 December 2011 | 30 August 2014 |
| Minister of Justice | Amy Adams | National | 30 August 2014 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Labour | Kate Wilkinson | National | 19 November 2008 | 6 November 2012 |
| Minister of Labour | Chris Finlayson | National | 6 November 2012 | 31 January 2013 |
| Minister of Labour | Simon Bridges | National | 31 January 2013 | 26 October 2017 |
| Leader of the House | Gerry Brownlee | National | 19 November 2008 | 2 May 2017 |
| Leader of the House | Simon Bridges | National | 2 May 2017 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Local Government | Rodney Hide | ACT | 19 November 2008 | 14 December 2011 |
| Minister of Local Government | Nick Smith | National | 14 December 2011 | 3 August 2012 |
| Minister of Local Government | David Carter | National | 3 August 2012 | 31 January 2013 |
| Minister of Local Government | Chris Tremain | National | 31 January 2013 | 28 January 2014 |
| Minister of Local Government | Paula Bennett | National | 28 January 2014 | 20 December 2016 |
| Minister of Local Government | Anne Tolley | National | 20 December 2016 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister for Māori Development | Pita Sharples | Māori Party | 19 November 2008 | 8 October 2014 |
| Minister for Māori Development | Te Ururoa Flavell | Māori Party | 8 October 2014 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Police | Judith Collins | National | 19 November 2008 | 12 December 2011 |
| Minister of Police | Anne Tolley | National | 12 December 2011 | 7 October 2014 |
| Minister of Police | Michael Woodhouse | National | 8 October 2014 | 14 December 2015 |
| Minister of Police | Judith Collins | National | 14 December 2015 | 20 December 2016 |
| Minister of Police | Paula Bennett | National | 20 December 2016 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Revenue | Peter Dunne | United Future | 19 November 2008 | 7 June 2013 |
| Minister of Revenue | Todd McClay | National | 7 June 2013 | 14 December 2015 |
| Minister of Revenue | Michael Woodhouse | National | 14 December 2015 | 20 December 2016 |
| Minister of Revenue | Judith Collins | National | 20 December 2016 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister for Social Development | Paula Bennett | National | 19 November 2008 | 6 October 2014 |
| Minister for Social Development | Anne Tolley | National | 6 October 2014 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister for Sport | Murray McCully | National | 19 November 2008 | 6 October 2014 |
| Minister for Sport | Jonathan Coleman | National | 6 October 2014 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister for State Owned Enterprises | Simon Power | National | 19 November 2008 | 13 April 2011 |
| Minister for State Owned Enterprises | Tony Ryall | National | 13 April 2011 | 8 October 2014 |
| Minister for State Owned Enterprises | Todd McClay | National | 8 October 2014 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Statistics | Maurice Williamson | National | 19 November 2008 | 1 May 2014 |
| Minister of Statistics | Nicky Wagner | National | 1 May 2014 | 8 October 2014 |
| Minister of Statistics | Craig Foss | National | 16 October 2014 | 20 December 2016 |
| Minister of Statistics | Mark Mitchell | National | 20 December 2016 | 2 May 2017 |
| Minister of Statistics | Scott Simpson | National | 2 May 2017 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Tourism | John Key | National | 19 November 2008 | 12 December 2016 |
| Minister of Tourism | Paula Bennett | National | 12 December 2016 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Trade | Tim Groser | National | 19 November 2008 | 14 December 2015 |
| Minister of Trade | Todd McClay | National | 14 December 2015 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister of Transport | Steven Joyce | National | 19 November 2008 | 12 December 2011 |
| Minister of Transport | Gerry Brownlee | National | 12 December 2011 | 6 October 2014 |
| Minister of Transport | Simon Bridges | National | 6 October 2014 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations | Chris Finlayson | National | 19 November 2008 | 26 October 2017 |
| Minister for Women | Pansy Wong | National | 19 November 2008 | 12 November 2010 |
| Minister for Women | Georgina te Heuheu | National | 12 November 2010 | 8 December 2010 |
| Minister for Women | Hekia Parata | National | 8 December 2010 | 13 December 2011 |
| Minister for Women | Jo Goodhew | National | 13 December 2011 | 8 October 2014 |
| Minister for Women | Louise Upston | National | 8 October 2014 | 20 December 2016 |
| Minister for Women | Paula Bennett | National | 20 December 2016 | 26 October 2017 |