OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 8th Minnesota Infantry Regiment

The 8th Minnesota Infantry Regiment was a Minnesota USV infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Indian Wars and the American Civil War.

## Service

The 8th Minnesota Infantry Regiment was mustered into Federal service at Fort Snelling and St. Paul, Minnesota, between June 2 and September 1, 1862, with ten companies, and deployed in guarding the frontier during the Dakota War of 1862. The regiment served in this manner until the spring of 1864, when it was assembled to participate in Brigadier General Alfred Sully's Northwestern Indian Expedition against the Sioux. The regiment rendezvoused at Paynesville, Minnesota, on May 24, 1864, where it received its regimental colors, was mounted on horses, and attached to the 2nd Brigade of the District of Iowa. The 8th marched through Dakota Territory, where it participated in the Battle of Killdeer Mountain in July, and at the Battle of the Badlands in August. After crossing into eastern Montana Territory, the regiment reached the Yellowstone River, from which point it marched downstream to Fort Union, at the rivers' mouth. From there, the regiment marched toward the Canada–United States border in search of "hostile" Sioux, but returned to Fort Union empty handed. After reaching Fort Rice in central Dakota Territory, from September 10–30, 1864 four companies were sent 200 miles west to help rescue Fisk's immigrant train at Fort Dilts approximately 13 miles east of the Montana Territory border. At this time, the regiment was transferred to the 23rd Corps, then in the Department of the Cumberland at Nashville, Tennessee. The two separated parts of the regiment moved south, but the detachment that had gone to rescue the immigrant train arrived in Nashville first, due to traveling via a steamboat down the Missouri River. In December, 1864 the 8th Minnesota participated in the Third Battle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, where it suffered 13 men killed and 77 wounded. The regiment then marched to Alabama, moved to Washington, D.C., and landed at Wilmington, North Carolina. After moving inland, from March 7–10, 1865 it fought in the Battle of Wyse Fork, North Carolina. The Regiment was present for General Johnston's surrender to U.S. Gen. Sherman at Bennett Place, Durham, North Carolina. In the last year of the Civil War, the 8th Minnesota saw service in Minnesota, Dakota Territory, Montana Territory, Tennessee, Alabama, Washington, D.C., and North Carolina, traveling more miles during that time than any other regiment of the Union Army. The 8th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment was finally mustered out on July 11, 1865.

## Casualties

The 8th Minnesota Infantry suffered 1 officer and 26 enlisted men who were killed or who died of their wounds received in battle, and another 56 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 83 fatalities.

## Commanders

* Colonel Minor T. Thomas – August 24, 1862, to July 11, 1865, promoted to brevet brigadier general in February 1865.
* Lieutenant Colonel Henry T. Rodgers – often commanded regiment throughout the last year of the war when Colonel Thomas acted as its brigade commander.
# Arithmaurel

The Arithmaurel was a mechanical calculator that had a very intuitive user interface, especially for multiplying and dividing numbers because the result was displayed as soon as the operands were entered. It was first patented in France by Timoleon Maurel, in 1842. It received a gold medal at the French national show in Paris in 1849. Its complexity and the fragility of its design prevented it from being manufactured.
Its name came from the concatenation of Arithmometer, the machine that inspired its design and of Maurel, the name of its inventor. The heart of the machine uses one Leibniz stepped cylinder driven by a set of differential gears.

## History

Timoleon Maurel patented an early version of his machine in 1842, he then improved its design with the help of Jean Jayet and patented it in 1846. This is the design that won a gold medal at the Exposition nationale de Paris in 1849.
Winnerl, a French clockmaker, was asked to manufacture the device in 1850, but only thirty machines were built because the machine was too complex for the manufacturing capabilities of the time. During the first four years, Winnerl was not able to build any of the 8 digit machines (a minimum for any professional usage) that had been ordered while Thomas de Colmar delivered, during the same period, two hundred 10 digit Arithmometers and fifty 16 digit ones.
None of the machines that were built and none of the machines described in the patents could be used at full capacity because the capacity of the result display register was equal to the capacity of the operand register (for a multiplication, the capacity of the result register should be equal to the capacity of the operand register augmented by the capacity of the operator register).

## Description

Following is a description of one of the two machines introduced in the 1846 patent. It has a capacity of five digits for the operator and ten digits for the operand and the result registers.
All the registers are located on the front panel, the reset mechanism is on the side.
* 10 numbered stems, arranged horizontally at the top of the front panel, can be pulled at different lengths to enter the operands with the rightmost stem representing units.
* A 10 digit display register located in the middle is used to display the results.
* 5 dials, each coupled with an input key, are used to enter the operators with the rightmost dial representing units. Turning the units key one division clockwise will add the content of the operand register to the total. Turning the units key one division counterclockwise will subtract the content of the operand register from the current total. Turning the tens key one division clockwise will add 10 times the content of the operand register to the total etc..
# I B Memorial Institute

I B Memorial Institute (IBMI) is an English-medium co-ed school located at South Garia, Kolkata, India. The school offers education up to 10th standard. The school is affiliated to the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education [WBBSE].
# Tyson Thompson

Tyson Calvin Thompson (born May 21, 1981) is an American former professional football player who was a running back and return specialist for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the San Jose State Spartans.

## Early life

Thompson attended Irving High School. As a junior in 1998, he rushed for 525 yards in a single game against L. D. Bell High School (Hurst, Texas), third most in Texas high school history and the most ever by a runner in UIL Class 5A, which at that time housed the state's largest schools.
As a senior, he rushed for 2,418 yards on 358 carries and was a semi-finalist for the 1999 Texas Class 5A Player of the Year award.

## College career

Thompson enrolled at Garden City Community College in Garden City, Kansas. In two seasons he saw limited playing time but still recorded 1,063 rushing yards on 159 carries and 12 touchdowns. In his final game, he rushed 25 times for 323 yards and 3 touchdowns against nationally ranked Glendale Community College. He transferred after his sophomore season to San Jose State University.
He closed his collegiate career at San Jose State University, playing in all 11 games with eight starts at running back while also seeing action as a kick returner. He posted 811 rushing yards (led the team) and his 5 touchdowns (third on the team). He declared for the NFL Draft after his junior season.

## Professional career
### Dallas Cowboys

Thompson was not selected in the 2005 NFL draft due to concerns about his lack of experience at the Division I level. He impressed the Cowboys with his speed during a tryout at their practice facilities in Valley Ranch and was signed as an undrafted free agent, to compete for the reserve running back and kick returner positions.
After making the team, although he was third on the running back depth chart (behind Julius Jones and Marion Barber), a Jones injury allowed him to rush 20 times for 75 yards against the Philadelphia Eagles and was named NFL Rookie of the Week (Week 5). He finished the season with team records for kickoff returns (57) and kickoff return yardage (1,399), while ranking ninth in the NFL with a 24.5-yard average.
His 2006 season ended when he broke his left ankle in the seventh game against the Carolina Panthers, after being tackled out of bounds on a kickoff return. In 2007, he was declared inactive in 9 games and was not re-signed at the end of the year, after losing his returner job to Miles Austin.

### Las Vegas Locomotives

In 2009, Thompson was selected in the UFL Premiere Season Draft by the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League. He was signed on August 5, but was released before the start of the season.

### Tri-Cities Fever

On January 29, 2010, he signed with the Tri-Cities Fever of the Indoor Football League. He left during the season after signing with a team in the United Football League.
# Muferiat Kamil

Muferihat Kamil Ahmed (Amharic: ሙፈሪሃት ካሚል አሕመድ, mufärihat kamil ähmäd; born 1976) is an Ethiopian politician who is the current Minister of Labour and Skills Development. She was the Speaker of the House of People's Representatives. Muferihat previously served as the first Minister of Peace from October 2018 to 6 October 2021. She was the Chair of the SEPDM (Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement), one of the four parties that make up the former ruling coalition in Ethiopia, the EPRDF.

## Early life

Muferihat was born in Jimma to ethnic Silt’e parents, one of southern Ethiopian peoples. She is a Sunni Muslim. She attended Haramaya University, obtaining her BSc in Agriculture in 2000.

## Political career

Muferihat was appointed Public Relations Advisor to the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region (SNNPR) President in 2007. She was named as Minister of Women's Affairs of Ethiopia in 2008. She was named as Speaker of the House of People's Representatives in April 2018, making her the first female to hold the post.
In October 2018, Muferihat was appointed Minister of Peace, a powerful ministry overseeing agencies including the National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS), the Information Network Security Agency (INSA), and the Federal Police Commission.
# FIBA U15 Centrobasket

The FIBA U15 Centrobasket is an under-15 boys' basketball tournament held about every two years among 31 countries of Central America and the Caribbean and is organized in part by FIBA Americas. The tournament serves as a gateway to the FIBA Under-16 Women's AmeriCup.

## Summary

| Year | Host | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| 2011 | Mexico (Mexico City) | Puerto Rico | Mexico | Costa Rica |
| 2012 | El Salvador (San Salvador) | Puerto Rico | Mexico | Bahamas |
| 2014 | Panama (Panama City) | Mexico | Puerto Rico | Dominican Republic |
| 2016 | Puerto Rico (Patillas) | Puerto Rico | Dominican Republic | Mexico |
| 2018 | Mexico (Hermosillo) | Dominican Republic | Mexico | Puerto Rico |
| 2022 | Puerto Rico (Gurabo) | Puerto Rico | Dominican Republic | Mexico |
| 2024 | Mexico (Ciudad Juárez) | Puerto Rico | Mexico | Dominican Republic |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Puerto Rico | 5 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| 2 | Mexico | 1 | 4 | 2 | 7 |
| 3 | Dominican Republic | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 4 | Bahamas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | Costa Rica | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (5 entries) | Totals (5 entries) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 21 |

## Participation details

| Team | 2011 | 2012 | 2014 | 2016 | 2018 | 2022 | 2024 |
| Bahamas | — | 3rd | 6th | — | — | 4th | — |
| Barbados | — | 7th | — | — | — | — | — |
| Belize | 4th | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cayman Islands | — | 8th | — | — | — | — | — |
| Costa Rica | 3rd | 6th | 7th | 5th | 5th | 6th | 5th |
| Dominican Republic | — | — | 3rd | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| El Salvador | 5th | 5th | — | — | — | — | 6th |
| Guatemala | 6th | 4th | 8th | — | — | — | — |
| Guyana | — | — | — | 7th | — | — | — |
| Mexico | 2nd | 2nd | 1st | 3rd | 2nd | 3rd | 2nd |
| Panama | — | — | 4th | 4th | 4th | — | 4th |
| Puerto Rico | 1st | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 3rd | 1st | 1st |
| Trinidad and Tobago | — | — | — | 6th | — | — | — |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | — | — | — | — | — | 5th | — |
| Virgin Islands | — | — | 5th | — | — | — | 7th |
# Twisted (Keith Sweat song)

"Twisted" is a song by American singer Keith Sweat, released as a single in June 1996. It was the first song released from his self-titled fifth album. R&B group Kut Klose and remix rapper Pretty Russ are also featured on the song. The radio version of "Twisted" omits Pretty Russ' rap before the final chorus, though some urban stations kept the rap verse. A second mix of the song, referred to as the Flavahood Sexual remix, features a different backbeat sampled from Marvin Gaye's song "Sexual Healing". "Flavahood" also saw significant airplay on radio but was never released on an album.
Commercially, "Twisted" spent three weeks at No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart and peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Sweat's biggest hit. "Twisted" also peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Top 40/Rhythm-Crossover chart, staying there for 14 consecutive weeks, the most amongst any song except TLC's "No Scrubs", which spent 15 weeks at the top position. Outside the US, "Twisted" topped the New Zealand Singles Chart for six weeks and became a top-20 hit in Australia and the Netherlands. In 2012, VH1 ranked the song at number 35 on their list of the "40 Greatest R&B Songs of the '90s".

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | Platinum | 70,000$^^$ |
| New Zealand (RMNZ) | Platinum | 10,000$^*$ |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,600,000 |
| $^*$ Sales figures based on certification alone. $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) |
| United States | May 21, 1996 | Rhythmic contemporary radio | Elektra |
| United States | June 4, 1996 | CD | Elektra |
| United Kingdom | June 10, 1996 | 12-inch vinylCDcassette | Elektra |
| United States | July 16, 1996 | Contemporary hit radio | Elektra |
# David Dolan

David Dolan (born 7 October 1979) is an English professional boxer who has competed at both heavyweight and cruiserweight. As an amateur he won a gold medal at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in the super heavyweight division.

## Boxing career
### Amateur

He became British champion at 201 lbs from 2000–2002.
At the Commonwealth Games 2002 he competed at super-heavyweight and beat David Cadieux of Canada in the final, winning 27-20.
Dolan then dropped down again to 201 lbs where he lost in the second round of the World Championships to hard-punching southpaw Viktar Zuyev, who knocked him down twice. Later in the year he split a pair of fights with American star Matt Godfrey.
At the World Championships in 2005, he lost to eventual runner up Elchin Alizade.

### Early professional career

Dolan begun his professional career competing at heavyweight and had his first professional contest in May 2006 scoring a four round points victory over Nabil Haciani. Over the next two years he fought six more times scoring wins over experienced journeymen Paul King, Luke Simpkin, Tony Booth and Lee Swaby.

### Prizefighter tournament

On 11 April 2008, with a record of 7-0, Dolan appeared in the first edition of the Prizefighter series on Sky Sports, beating Darren Morgan on points in the quarter-final. Before defeating Paul Butlin in the semi-final to set up a final showdown with Martin Rogan, which he lost by a unanimous decision after being knocked down two times.

### Move to Cruiserweight

Following the tournament Dolan decided to begin campaigning at the cruiserweight level as he often found himself giving weight away to other heavyweights. In July 2008 he won his first fight at the weight against the Brazilian Elvicio Sobral and then in October 2008 beat the French fighter Rachid El Hadak to set himself up for a shot at the full British cruiserweight title held by Robert Norton.

### British title challenge

On 6 February 2009, Dolan fought Norton for the British title with the vacant commonwealth belt also on the line. The fight took place in the Aston Events Center in Birmingham and saw a total of five knockdowns before ending with a unanimous points victory for the champion handing Dolan only the second defeat of his career.
# Glaphyromorphus

Glaphyromorphus is a genus of lizards in the skink family (Scincidae).

## Geographic range

Species in the genus Glaphyromorphus are found in Australia and New Guinea.

## Species

The following 12 species are recognized:
* Glaphyromorphus arnhemicus (Storr, 1967)
* Glaphyromorphus clandestinus Hoskin & Couper, 2004 – Mount Elliot mulch-skink
* Glaphyromorphus cracens (Greer, 1985) – slender mulch-skink
* Glaphyromorphus crassicauda (A.M.C. Duméril & A.H.A. Duméril, 1851) – Cape York mulch-skink
* Glaphyromorphus darwiniensis (Storr, 1967) – Darwin's ground skink, northern mulch-skink
* Glaphyromorphus fuscicaudis (Greer, 1979) – brown-tailed bar-lipped skink, grey-tailed skink
* Glaphyromorphus mjobergi (Lönnberg & Andersson, 1915) – Atherton Tableland skink
* Glaphyromorphus nigricaudis (Macleay, 1877) – black-tailed bar-lipped skink
* Glaphyromorphus nyanchupinta Hoskin & Couper, 2014 – McIlwraith bar-lipped skink
* Glaphyromorphus othelarrni Hoskin & Couper, 2014 – Cape Melville bar-lipped skink
* Glaphyromorphus pumilus (Boulenger, 1887) – dwarf mulch-skink
* Glaphyromorphus punctulatus (W. Peters, 1871) – fine-spotted mulch-skink
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Glaphyromorphus.
# Kabarak

The Kabarak are a clan found in Keiyo South district, Elgeyo-Marakwet County in The Great Rift Valley, Kenya. The district covers most parts of the Kitany sub-location, Epke and Mosop. It inhabits from the Kaptagat forest eastwards to the Keiyo-Baringo border at Endo. The clan animal is Teriki, a brown elephant. Kapmaeny araa, Kapchemobor, Kapkapkee, kamogit, Kosormey, Kabirirkuut and kapnyongi are the main families of the clan.
The clan has grown to approximately 3,000 households with an estimated population of about 15,000.

## Villages

Kabarak villages include Mutwo, Kapserton, Orapno, Lelin, Epke, Mosop and Chemurgui.
The villages are headed by the village elders who are tasked with solving minor disputes amongst the residents.
The landmarks along the Kabarak clan's land include the Kapserton Cattle dip. Built in 1966, the cattle dip has been serving the whole Kitany location for decades. It has also proved to be the only cattle dip which has survived the time challenge, many more have collapsed except this one.
The Koipa-cheligui viewpoint is at the edge of the escarpment. The height of the cliff is estimated to be between 80 and 100 meters. The cliff faces the eastern direction making it a common spot for viewing the sun as it rises.
# 2003 Slovak European Union membership referendum

A referendum on joining the European Union was held in Slovakia on 16 and 17 May 2003. It was approved by 93.7% of those voting, and Slovakia subsequently joined the EU on 1 May 2004. It remains the only referendum in the country's history to have not failed due to insufficient voter turnout.

## Results

| Choice | Choice | Votes | % |
| For | For | 2,012,870 | 93.71 |
| Against | Against | 135,031 | 6.29 |
| Total | Total | 2,147,901 | 100.00 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 2,147,901 | 98.74 |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 27,488 | 1.26 |
| Total votes | Total votes | 2,175,389 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 4,174,097 | 52.12 |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver ||||
# 8th New York Infantry Regiment

New York U.S. Volunteer Infantry Regiments 1861-1865 :
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| 7th New York Infantry Regiment | 9th New York Infantry Regiment |
The 8th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was also known as the First German Rifles or Blenker's Rifles.

## Service

The 8th (the ist German Rifles) was recruited in New York City, there mustered into federal service on April 2Zy 1861, for two years, and left for Washington on May 27 under the command of Col. Louis Blenker. At Miller's Farm the troops encamped and on July 10 were ordered to move toward Manassas as part of the 2nd brigade, 4th division of the Army of the Potomac. During the battle of Bull Run the 8th was held in reserve and assisted in covering the retreat. At the beginning of the battle, Varian's New York Battery under the regiment were only one of two 3-month service volunteer units to refuse participation and walk away from the battlefield. Both units were strongly criticized for its actions.
The following winter it was quartered at Roach's Mills and Hunter's Chapel, VA, moved to Winchester in March, 1862, and in May joined Maj. Gen. Fremont at Petersburg. It participated in the pursuit of Lieut. Gen. Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley, and as part of Blenker's division fought at the battles of Cross Keys and New Market. In the battle of Cross Keys its killed, wounded and missing numbered 220 out of a total of 550 engaged.
At Middletown, the 8th was assigned to the 1st brigade, 1st division, I Corps, Army of Virginia, under Maj. Gen. Pope, and with that army took part in the battles of Sulphur springs and the second Bull Run. In September, it became a part of XI Corps and reached Fredericksburg immediately after the battle; camped during the winter at Stafford Court House and Brooks' station, and was mustered out of the service at the latter place on April 23, 1863.
The members whose term of service had not expired were formed into one company, the independent company 8th NY, and performed guard duty at the corps headquarters until April 5, 1864, when they were assigned to the 68th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The 8th lost 93 members by death from wounds, and 40 from disease, accident and imprisonment.

## Casualties

The regiment suffered 369 fatalities.

## Commanders

* Colonel Louis Blenker
* Colonel Julius Stahel
* Colonel Francis Wutschell
* Colonel Felix Salm-Salm
# Anatra V.I.

The Anatra V.I. (for Voisin-Ivanov, not the Roman numeral VI) was a Russian reconnaissance aircraft of World War I. It was a redesign of the French Voisin III undertaken by Podporuchik Piotr Ivanov in Zhmerynka. The Voisin's fuselage pod was replaced by a streamlined, plywood construction that included an all-new mount for the observer's machine gun and an aluminium firewall between the pilot's cockpit and the aircraft's fuel tank. The wings and landing gear were strengthened as well. Despite the machine's greater weight, it was 20 km/h (12 mph) faster in the air than the Voisin that it was based on, and was quickly ordered into production. In practice, however, the aircraft that reached operational units were poorly built and therefore disliked by their crews.

## Operators
### Russia

* Imperial Russian Air Force

### Soviet Union

* Soviet Air Force - Taken over from the Imperial Russian Air Force.

## Specifications (variant)

General characteristics
* Crew: two, pilot and observer
* Length: 9.5 m (31 ft 2 in)
* Wingspan: 14.7 m (48 ft 3 in)
* Wing area: 39.0 m$^2$ (420 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 852 kg (1,878 lb)
* Gross weight: 1,202 kg (2,650 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Salmson , 112 kW (150 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 125 km/h (78 mph, 68 kn)
* Service ceiling: 3,500 m (11,500 ft)
* Rate of climb: 2.0 m/s (390 ft/min)
Armament
* 1 × machine gun in ring mount for observer