OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 42nd Massachusetts Infantry Regiment

Massachusetts U.S. Volunteer Infantry Regiments 1861-1865 :
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The 42nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was a regiment of infantry that served two tours in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The unit was first formed in September 1862 in response to President Abraham Lincoln's call for 300,000 men to serve for nine months.

## 9 months term

Organized and mustered in at Camp Meigs in Readville, Massachusetts, just outside of Boston, the 42nd Massachusetts did not depart for the south until November 11, 1862 due to a slow recruiting process and the reassignment of some companies to other units.
The regiment was assigned to the Army of the Gulf commanded by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks and saw action in Texas and Louisiana. On January 1, 1863, three companies of the 42nd Massachusetts, led by Col. Burrell, took part in the Battle of Galveston. These companies were forced to surrender to Confederate forces along with other Union troops and were taken prisoner. They were paroled on February 18 and eventually rejoined the rest of the regiment. The various companies were detailed to different locations and took part in garrison and engineering efforts in Louisiana during the spring of 1863. Company K was assigned to the engineering department of the XIX Corps and carried out bridge building and the removal of naval mines in various waterways. In this capacity, Company K took part in the Expedition to Bayou Teche and the Siege of Port Hudson.
The other companies served picket duty in the vicinity of Bayou St. John for the first half of 1863. Captain Orville W. Leonard, commanding Company C, was instrumental in the establishment of the 1st Louisiana Engineers, an African-American unit commanded by white officers. Most of the officers of the Louisiana unit were enlisted men commissioned from the 42nd Massachusetts. When the first term of the 42nd Massachusetts ended, the regiment left Louisiana on August 8, 1863 and were mustered out at Camp Meigs on August 20. The unit lost four men killed or mortally wounded in action and 46 due to disease during their first term.

## 100 days term

The 42nd Massachusetts enlisted for a second term of service in response to the call for volunteers to serve 100 days in the defense of Washington. The first companies were mustered in at Camp Meigs on July 14, 1864. They performed garrison and picket duty in Alexandria, Virginia and Great Falls, Maryland and were mustered out of service on November 11, 1864.
# Jan Krzysztof Kluk

Jan Krzysztof Kluk (September 13, 1739 – July 2, 1796) was a Polish naturalist agronomist and entomologist.
He was the son of Jan Krzysztof Adrian and Marianna Elżbieta. His father, an impoverished nobleman, was a building contractor and architect, mainly of churches. Jan Krzysztof Kluk went to school in Warsaw, later in Drohiczyn, and finally in the Piarists school in Łuków. In 1763 he finished the Missionary seminary in the Holy Cross Church, Warsaw. From 1763–67 he was a domestic chaplain attached to the noble household of Tomasz Ossoliński, the starosta of Nur. From 1767–70 he was vicar of the parish of Winna. He later became vicar of the parish of Ciechanowiec, a position he kept until his death.
He was a man with universal interests, but known mostly as a naturalist studying mainly the regions of Podlaskie and Masovia. He was a very able draftsman and engraver, which permitted him to illustrate his own later works.
Princess Anna Jabłonowska gave him access to the great library and natural science collections in her palace of Siemiatycze. Many of his published works were breakthroughs in contemporary Polish natural science and agriculture.
He spent most of his life in Ciechanowiec where he died. He was a Catholic priest, and vicar of Ciechanowiec. Kluk described several taxa of Lepidoptera including the Holarctic Nymphalis, the South American genus Heliconius, and the genus Danaus in which is placed the monarch.
There is a Krzysztof Kluk Museum of Agriculture in Ciechanowiec.

## Works

He wrote a multi-volume work Zwierząt domowych i dzikich, osobliwie krajowych historii naturalnej początki i gospodarstwo (in English The natural history of domestic and (Polish) wild animals and of farm animals) published in Warsaw in 1780. Another notable Kluk work was the three volumes entitled Dykcjonarz roślinny… (English: The Dictionary of Plants), published from 1786 to 1788 in Warsaw (volume I – 1786, volume II – 1787, volume III – 1788). The Dictionary contains entries in Latin alphabetical order that comprise 1 536 species of plants of Polish and foreign origin. Importantly, not only Latin but also Polish names were given.

## Publications about Jan Krzysztof Kluk

Prof. Gabriel Brzęk wrote several biographical books about Jan Krzysztof Kluk:
* Krzysztof Kluk jako szermierz postępowych idei społecznych polskiego Oświecenia (1958)
* Krzysztof Kluk (1739–1796) jako przyrodnik polskiego oświecenia (1973)
* Krzysztof Kluk (1977)
# 44th Virginia Infantry Regiment

The 44th Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.
The 44th Virginia was organized in June 1861, with men from Richmond and Farmville, and Appomattox, Buckingham, Louisa, Goochland, Amelia, Fluvanna, and Hanover counties.
The unit fought at Rich Mountain, in Lee's Cheat Mountain Campaign, and was active in Jackson's Valley operations. During March, 1862, it was reduced to nine companies as Company A was transferred to the artillery. The 44th served in General Early's, J.R. Jones', and W. Terry's Brigade, Army of Northern Virginia. It was involved in many engagements from the Seven Days' Battles to Cold Harbor, then continued the fight with Early in the Shenandoah Valley and around Appomattox.
The regiment reported 5 wounded at Greenbrier River, had 2 killed and 17 wounded at McDowell, and lost 15 killed and 38 wounded at Cross Keys and Port Republic. It sustained 15 casualties at Fredericksburg and 71 at Chancellorsville, and of the 227 engaged at Gettysburg more than twenty percent were disabled. Only 1 officer and 12 men surrendered in April, 1865.
The field officers were Colonels Norvell Cobb and William C. Scott; Lieutenant Colonels Thomas R. Buckner, James L. Hubard, A.C. Jones; and Major David W. Anderson.
# 46th Virginia Cavalry Battalion

The 46th Virginia Cavalry Battalion was a cavalry battalion raised in Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly in western Virginia and the Shenandoah Valley.
Virginia's 46th Cavalry Battalion was organized in February, 1864, with six companies. The unit served in W.L. Jackson's Brigade, saw action in Western Virginia, then was involved in various conflicts in the Shenandoah Valley. In December it merged into the 26th Virginia Cavalry Regiment. Lieutenant Colonel Joseph K. Kesler and Major Henry D. Ruffner were in command.
# 47th New York Infantry Regiment

New York U.S. Volunteer Infantry Regiments 1861-1865 :
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The 47th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

## Service

The 47th New York Infantry was founded at New York City, New York. On 14 September 1861, the State authorities gave it its numerical designation, and it was, on the same day, mustered in the service of the United States for three years, at East New York under the command of Colonel Henry Moore. It left the state on 15 September with 678 members, for Washington, and with the 1st brigade of Sherman's division, embarked for Hilton Head in October. Upon its arrival on 3 November it was stationed at Hilton Head until 1 January 1862, when it was ordered to Beaufort, S. C., to participate in the operations against Port Royal ferry and then returned to Hilton Head. Early in February the regiment moved to Edisto island and remained there until ordered to James island in June, where it became a part of the 1st brigade, 1st division and was engaged at Secessionville. On 1 July it returned to Hilton Head, where it performed guard and picket duty during the ensuing fall and winter. It was active in the assault on Fort Wagner in July, 1863, and was stationed in that vicinity during the remainder of the year. During the Florida expedition in February 1864, the regiment suffered a loss at Olustee of 313 in killed, wounded and missing. After proceeding up the St. John's river as far as Palatka, the expedition returned to Hilton Head. In April the regiment was ordered to Virginia and assigned to the 2nd brigade, 2nd division, Army of the James, at Bermuda Hundred. On 25 May, the division was assigned to the 18th corps and after several encounters near Bermuda Hundred, notably at Port Walthall Junction, the regiment joined the Army of the Potomac just before the battle of Cold Harbor. On 15 June it took part in the first assault on Petersburg; was present at the mine explosion, on 30 July and was active in engagements at Strawberry Plains, Fort Harrison and on the Darbytown road. The original members not reenlisted were mustered out in July, 1864, but the veterans and recruits continued as a regiment in the field. In December 1864, the regiment was ordered to Fort Fisher, N. C., and played its part in the reduction of that stronghold. The 47th passed the remaining months of its service in the Carolinas, being present at Smithfield, Fort Anderson, Wilmington, Cox's bridge and Bennett's house. It was mustered out at Raleigh, N. C., on 30 August 1865, after four years of faithful and efficient service to the Union Cause. During its term of service the regiment lost 93 by death from wounds and 157 from other causes.

## Commanders

* Colonel Henry Moore
* Colonel James L. Fraser
* Colonel Christopher R. MacDonald

## Notable members

* Sergeant Richard Gasson, Company K - Medal of Honor recipient for action at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm
* Ed Pinkham, veteran and later played for the Chicago White Stockings
# 48th Iowa Infantry Battalion

The 48th Battalion Iowa Volunteer Infantry was an infantry battalion that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was among scores of regiments that were raised in the summer of 1864 as Hundred Days Men, an effort to augment existing manpower for an all-out push to end the war within 100 days.

## Service

The 48th Iowa Infantry was organized as Companies A, B, and C at Davenport, Iowa, and mustered in for one-hundred days federal service on July 13, 1864, as part of a plan to raise short term regiments for service as rear area garrison duty to release veteran troops for Sherman's Atlanta Campaign. As there were not enough recruits to complete an entire regiment in the time allotted, the unit was redesignated a battalion. The battalion spent its entire service guarding prisoners of war at the Rock Island Barracks, Illinois.
The battalion was mustered out on October 21, 1864.

## Total strength and casualties

358 men served in the 48th Iowa Battalion at one time or another. Four enlisted men died of disease.

## Commanders

* Lieutenant Colonel Oliver H. P. Scott
# 48th Virginia Infantry Regiment

The 48th Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment raised in southwest Virginia for service in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It fought mostly with the Army of Northern Virginia.
The 48th Virginia, organized at Big Spring near Abingdon, Washington County, Virginia in September 1861, and contained men from Scott, Washington, Smyth, Lee, and Russell counties. It fought in Jackson's Valley Campaign and later was assigned to General John R. Jones' and then William Terry's Brigade, Army of Northern Virginia.
The 48th participated in many conflicts from the Seven Days' Battles to Cold Harbor, then although undermanned after many initial troops failed to re-enlist upon expiration of their initial one-year service commitment. Nonetheless, it was involved in Early's Shenandoah Valley operations and the Appomattox Campaign.
It was organized with 912 officers and men and had a force of 800 in May, 1862. The unit reported 17 casualties at Cross Keys and Port Republic, 62 at Cedar Mountain, 24 at Second Manassas, 7 at Fredericksburg (when it was in the rear), and 103 at Chancellorsville (after which Gen. J. R. Jones ceased field service). Of the 265 troops from this unit engaged at Gettysburg, more than twenty-five percent were disabled. Only 4 officers and 38 men surrendered at Appomattox.
The field officers were Colonels John A. Campbell (who resigned in October 1862 upon John R. Jones's transfer and promotion to brigadier general despite his lack of military experience), Robert H. Dungan, and Thomas S. Garnett; Lieutenant Colonel Oscar White; and Majors James C. Campbell, Wilson Faris, and D. Boston Stewart.
# 48th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment

The 48th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was a volunteer infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

## Service

The 48th Wisconsin was organized at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and mustered into Federal service in February and March 1865. It was organized under the supervision of Lieutenant Colonel Henry B. Shears, Colonel Uri B. Pearsall being at the time in service as lieutenant colonel of a colored regiment.
The regiment was mustered out on March 24, 1866, at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

## Casualties

The 48th Wisconsin suffered 16 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 16 fatalities.

## Commanders

* Colonel Uri B. Pearsall (January 26, 1865 – December 30, 1865) previously served as lieutenant colonel, 99th United States Colored Infantry Regiment. Received an honorary brevet to brigadier general.
* Lieutenant Colonel Harry B. Shears (December 30, 1865 – March 24, 1866) commanded the regiment after Pearsall mustered out. Designated for promotion to colonel but never mustered. Previously served as captain of Co. B, 39th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment.

## Notable people

* Melancthon J. Briggs was 2nd lieutenant of Co. A. Previously, he had served as sergeant in Co. H, 17th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment. After the war he became a Wisconsin state legislator.
* Cyrus M. Butt, major, was designated for promotion to lieutenant colonel but was never mustered at that rank. Earlier in the war, he had served as first lieutenant and later captain of Co. A, 25th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment. After the war he served in the Wisconsin state senator.
* Sylvester J. Conklin was quartermaster of the regiment. After the war he became a Wisconsin state legislator and adjutant general of South Dakota.
* Merton W. Herrick was 2nd lieutenant and later 1st lieutenant in Co. K. Previously, he had served as first sergeant in Co. A, 30th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment. After the war he became a Wisconsin state legislator.
* John Morrill was a private and later corporal in Co. H. After the war he became a Wisconsin state legislator.
* Henry Clay Sloan was 1st lieutenant of Co. I. Earlier in the war he was enlisted in Co. D, 6th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment. After the war, he remained in the regular army 4th U.S. Infantry Regiment and later served as a Wisconsin state legislator.
* George W. Spratt was enlisted in Co. F, rising to the rank of sergeant. After the war he became a Wisconsin state legislator.
* Hobart Stocking was captain of Co. G. After the war he became a Wisconsin state legislator.
# 4th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment

The 4th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment of the Confederate States Army from the state of Arkansas during the American Civil War. The regiment was designated at various times as Carroll's Regiment Arkansas Cavalry, Thompson's Regiment Arkansas Cavalry, and Gordon's Regiment Arkansas Cavalry. During the same time it was also known as 1st Regiment Arkansas Cavalry, 2nd Regiment Arkansas Cavalry, 9th Regiment Arkansas Cavalry and the 11th Regiment Arkansas Cavalry.

## Organization

The 4th Arkansas Cavalry was mustered into Confederate service at Camp Massard, Arkansas, on July 11, 1862, for three years or the war. The unit was composed of volunteer companies from the following counties:
* Company A, of Madison County
* Company B, Originally commanded by Captain (later Colonel) Anderson Gordon, from Conway County, enlisted at Lewisburg, Arkansas, on June 14, 1862.
* Company C, of Yell County
* Company D, of Johnson County
* Company E, of Pope County
* Company F, of Washington County
* Company G, of Benton County
* Company H, of Benton County (Contains many former members of the 10th Regiment Arkansas Militia)
* Company I, of Sebastian County
* Company K, of Franklin County

## Service

4th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment served in General Cabell's Brigade, Trans-Mississippi Department, and took an active part in the Camden Expedition and during the Battle of Marks' Mills, twenty-one percent of the 117 engaged were disabled. Later it participated in Price's Missouri Expedition and reported 106 casualties. The unit participated in the following engagements:
* Devil’s Backbone, AR 1 Sep 1863
* Pine Bluff, AR 25 Oct 1863
* Camden Expedition March–May 1864
** Elkin’s Ferry, AR 3 Apr 1864
** Near Prairie D’Ane, AR 8 Apr 1864
** Prairie D’Ane, AR 9–12 April 1864
** Poison Springs, AR 18 April 1864
** Camden, AR 20 Apr 1864
** Marks' Mill, AR 25 April 1864 (4 k, 15 w)
* Dardanelle, AR 16 May 1864
* Pine Bluff, AR 30 July 1864
* Price's Missouri Raid September–October 1864
** Lewisburg, AR 7 September 1864
** Glass Village, AR 8 September 1864
** Arcadia, MO 27 September 1864
** Pilot Knob, MO 27 September 1864
** Franklin, MO 1 October 1864
** Moreau Bottom, MO 7 October 1864
** California, MO 9 October 1864
** Booneville, MO 11–12 October 1864
** Lexington, MO 18 October 1864
** Little Blue River, MO 21 October 1864
** Independence, MO 22 October 1864
** Westport, MO 23 October 1864
** Marais des Cygnes, KS 25 October 1864
* Fayetteville, AR 2 November 1864

## Surrender

During the spring of 1865 the 4th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment disbanded.
# 4th Missouri Colored Infantry Regiment

The 4th Missouri Colored Infantry Regiment was an African-American infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Redesignated as the 68th U.S. Colored Troops Regiment on March 11, 1864.

## Service

The 4th Missouri Colored Infantry Regiment was organized at Benton Barracks, in St. Louis, Missouri, in the winter of 1863-1864. The regiment's designation was changed to the 68th United States Colored Troops Regiment on March 11, 1864. Attached to District of Memphis, Tennessee, 16th Corps, Dept. of the Tennessee, to June 1864. 1st Colored Brigade, Memphis, Tenn., District of West Tennessee, to December 1864. Fort Pickering, Defenses of Memphis, Tenn., District of West Tennessee, to February 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, United States Colored Troops, Military Division West Mississippi, to May 1865. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, United States Colored Troops, District of West Florida, to June 1865. Dept. of Texas to February 1866.

## Detailed Service

At St. Louis, Mo., till April 27, 1864. Ordered to Memphis, Tenn., and duty in the Defenses of that city till February 1865. Smith's Expedition to Tupelo, Miss., July 5–21, 1864. Camargo's Cross Roads, near Harrisburg, July 13. Tupelo July 14–15. Old Town Creek July 15. At Fort Pickering, Defenses of Memphis, Tenn., till February 1865. Ordered to New Orleans, La., thence to Barrancas, Florida. March from Pensacola, Fla., to Blakeley, Ala., March 20-April 1. Siege of Fort Blakeley Fort April 1–9. Assault and capture of Fort Blakeley April 9. Occupation of Mobile April 12. March to Montgomery April 13–25. Duty there and at Mobile till June. Moved to New Orleans, La., thence to Texas. Duty on the Rio Grande and at various points in Texas till February 1866. Mustered out February 5, 1866.

## Commanders

* Colonel Joseph Blackburn Jones
* Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Densmore
# 4th Tennessee Infantry Regiment

The 4th Regiment, Tennessee Infantry is an infantry regiment from Tennessee that served in the Confederate States Army. Notable battles that this regiment was engaged in include the Battle of Shiloh.
# Stigliano

Stigliano (Lucano: Stëgghiànë, Latin: Stilianum) is a town and comune in the province of Matera, in the Basilicata region of southern Italy.
The name is likely of Byzantine origin, stemming from "Stylianos", a Greek name with a Latin ending.

## History

The town was founded by the Lucani, and later was conquered by the Greek colony of Metaponto. During the classical imperial era of the Roman Empire, the town was owned by the Hostilii family. After the Western Roman Empire fall, it fell under the Lombards. It was part of the medieval Principality of Salerno. In 1070, it was given to the bishops of Tricarico.
In 1274 King Charles I of Anjou gave it as a fief to Giacomo di Bosciniano. The powerful Neapolitan family of the Carafa acquired it in 1289. In 1556 the whole fief passed under the Spanish Dukes the Medina, who made it the capital of the Basilicata province. In 1806, after the abolition of feudalism, Stigliano went under the direct administration of the Kingdom of Naples and later the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and, in 1861, became part of the newly unified Kingdom of Italy.
During the Fascist era, dissidents were often sent to internal exile in Stigliano.

## Main sights

* Convent of St. Anthony. It has a 17th-century Baroque façade with a large bell tower with an Arabic-style dome. The interior is home to 17th-century paintings and of a precious wooden crucifix.
* Mother Church, dedicated to Santa Maria Assunta. It has numerous works of art, including a 16th-century polyptych attributed to Simone da Firenze, with a statue of the Madonna with paintings of Saints, Angels and Father God. The structure has a notable wooden vault with cupolas in the two aisles. Also, peculiar are the 19th century carved wooden choir, the frescoed crypt and a statue of the Vergine Assunta donated to the church in 1522.
* The castle and remains of the walls.

## Twin towns

* Gigean, France
* Cardano al Campo, Italy