OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Siege of Helsingborg (1368–1369)

The siege of Helsingborg (Danish: belejringen af Helsingborg, Swedish: belägringen av Helsingborg) was a siege of the then-Danish city of Helsingborg between 1368 and 1369 during the Danish–Hanseatic War (1361–1370). Despite withstanding many sieges, Helsingborg would capitulate to the Hanseatic League.

## Background

The strong fortress of Helsingborg was in 1362 attacked by the Hanseatic League, though the invaders would be defeated and retreat after the Battle of Helsingborg. The battle was a military disaster for the Hanseatic League and made Valdemar IV of Denmark more powerful than ever. Subsequently, an alliance-confederation of 77 cities would merge with goal to defeat Denmark in 1367.

## Sieges

Already at the outbreak of the war in 1367 the Swedish king, Albert, would besiege the fortress, yet would retreat after it proved unsuccessful. Later the Swedes went to the Danish Isles taking Nykøbing and Stege, in which at their return to Sweden, they likely besieged Helsingborg again.
In 1369 the Hanseatic League would put all their effort into taking Helsingborg together with Albert of Sweden's son, Henrik. At Helsingborg, the fortress was run by Fikke Moltke and Hartig Kale. All the Hanseatic forces seem to be commanded by Bruno von Warendorp and Thomas Morkerken. The Hanseatic leaders would spread rumours that their army was larger than it was in reality. 2200 men were rumoured to be the number of the besieging force, while in reality, it was half of that. The rumours spread great havoc in the city, and on a Hanseatic meeting in Lübeck on 12 July 1369, it was already a common opinion that the city could not last much longer. Eight days later, on 21 July, the garrison gave up, and Fikke Moltke and Hartvig Kale made an agreement with the besiegers.
In the agreement, the Danish were to surrender the city on 8 September, unless King Valdemar and his helpers in the meanwhile would kick out all foreign forces in Denmark, or unless Mecklenburg and the Hanseatic League would leave the Confederation of Cologne. These two conditions were never fulfilled and the castle would surrender in September 1369.

## Aftermath

The fall of Helsingborg was felt as a great tragedy all over Denmark, and rumours were even spreading that Valdemar was prepared to retake it. The Hanseatic army continued down to Lindholmen Castle, which would also be besieged, however, this attack would fail for the Hanseatic League. Nevertheless, peace negotiations began and soon the Treaty of Stralsund was signed ending the war.
# Hyrcanis (Lydia)

Hyrcanis or Hyrkaneis, also known as Hyrcania (Ancient Greek: Ὑρκανία), was a Roman and Byzantine-era city and bishopric in ancient Lydia, now in western Turkey. It was situated in the Hyrcanian plain (τὸ Ὑρκάνιον πεδίον), which is said to have derived its name from a colony of Hyrcanians being settled here by the Persians. They were afterwards mingled with some Macedonians, who also settled in this district, whence they are called by Pliny the Elder and Tacitus "Macedones Hyrcani." The city minted its own coins.
Its site is located west of Halit Paşa in Asiatic Turkey, south of Çamlıyurt.
The city was also the seat of an ancient bishopric. Known bishops include:
* Asyncritus
* John, attendee at First Council of Constantinople
* Eustathius
* Dionysius fl.1157
# Jacana (genus)

Jacana is the genus comprising the two jacanas of the Americas: the northern jacana (Jacana spinosa), and the wattled jacana (Jacana jacana).

## Taxonomy

The genus Jacana was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the wattled jacana (Jacana jacana) as the type species.

## Description

The two species are very similar to each other: about 22 cm (8.7 in) long, with long necks and fairly long yellow bills. Adults are black and chestnut-brown, with pale yellow-green flight feathers that contrast conspicuously when a bird flies. Their legs are long and grayish, and as in all jacanas, their toes are extremely long for walking on aquatic vegetation such as lily pads. They have frontal shields (like those of coots) and wattles; differences in these are the most noticeable differences between the species. Juveniles are brown above and white below, with a buff-white stripe above the eye and a dark stripe behind it. The dark colors are somewhat darker on the juvenile wattled jacana than on the northern. For the etymology and pronunciation of Jacana, see the family article.

## Distribution and habitat

Together the species occur in marshes in the American tropics and subtropics. The northern jacana's range meets that of the wattled jacana in western Panama.

## Breeding

As in most other jacanas, males build the nests, incubate, and brood the chicks. Both these species are polyandrous, at least in some circumstances. Females lay separate clutches (of four eggs) for up to four mates, each of which tends his clutch alone. Females occasionally practice infanticide.
# Tadeusz Czerwiński

Tadeusz Czerwiński (born 30 September 1964) is a Polish sports shooter. He competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics and the 1996 Summer Olympics.
# Dano-Carical Conflict

The Dano-Carical Conflict (Danish: Konflikten mod Carical) was a small-scale conflict between the Danes at Tranquebar and the Portuguese at Carical (Karaikal). The conflict includes three smaller naval engagements, which eventually led to a four-hour-long imprisonment of Danish Captain Simon Jansen.

## Prelude

In 1643, the Danes, who had been in possession of Tranquebar since 1620, seized a sampan from the Portuguese at Carical (Karaikal). This resulted in the Portuguese wanting to restore the military balance, and this would lead to three hostile incidents between Tranquebar and Carical.

## Conflict

In October 1644, the Governor of Danish India, Willem Leyel, received a letter from the commander of Fort Dansborg, Anders Nielsen about a Portuguese seizure of a Danish sampan.

### First incident

According to Nielsen, the sampan, which belonged to a citizen of Tranquebar, was on its way home from Ceylon, when it was attacked by three Portuguese vessels off Carical. The Portuguese carried the sampan with them and the owner of the sampan complained to Nielsen.

### Second incident

Despite having no Danish vessels to pursue the Portuguese, Nielsen set off to Carical in an Indian vessel with three white and three Indian soldiers. However, the same three ships that had seized the sampan now appeared again and launched fire upon Nielsen's vessel, where he had to retreat.
Nielsen then wrote a letter to the Carical authorities, threatening to get revenge when he could. In response, the adrigar (a town clerk) responded that they just wanted to restore the balance from the Danish seizure of a Portuguese sampan the year before. However, Neilsen refuted this claim as pure nonsense.

### Third incident

In February 1645, the Valby arrived at Tranquebar, and it, together with Simon Jansen, was sent to Carical to revenge the previous attacks. Jansen seized two sampans lying in the roads, however, two Dutch ships lay at anchor there. The Dutch crews boarded the Valby and Simon Jansen was brought to Carical as a prisoner.

## Aftermath

Jansen would stay as a prisoner for roughly four hours until the sampans he had seized got to safety. No further hostilities would occur between the two towns, however, it was known that Carical had supported the Indian general, Tiagepule in his war on Tranquebar.
# 2012 Baghdad police academy bombing

The 2012 Baghdad police academy bombing occurred on 19 February 2012 when a suicide bomber targeted police recruits in Baghdad, Iraq, killing 19 and injuring 26 others. The police academy, located in the northeastern part of the city near the Interior Ministry building is a fortified compound with security barriers. As a crowd of police officers and recruits stepped out onto the road, a suicide bomber driving a car rigged with explosives careered into them, causing an explosion. It was the deadliest attack in Iraq since 27 January when a suicide bomber targeted a hospital in Baghdad, killing 31. 2 al Qaida homicide bombers also attacked the Baghdad Police College on 6 December 2005, murdering 47 police cadets and officers and sending another 85 to area hospitals.
# Mahmud Pasha (1853–1903)

Damat Mahmud Jalaluddin Pasha (b. Istanbul 1853 - d. Brussels (17 January 1903) was an Ottoman statesman, poet and writer.

## Biography

His father was the Ottoman naval officer Damat Gürcü Halil Rifat Pasha of Georgian descent and his mother was Ismet Hanım, his third wife (his second wife was the late Saliha Sultan, daughter of Sultan Mahmud II). He lost his father at a young age and after special education and two years in the Paris embassy, improved himself and learned French. His first marriage was with Hadjer Hanim, and later he married also Iffet Hanım. By his first two wives, he had three sons. In 1876, he divorced his wives to be able to marry Seniha Sultan, the daughter of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulmejid. They married in February 1877, and he became a Damat to the Ottoman Dynasty. By Seniha, he had two sons, Sultanzade Mehmed Sabahaddin (1879–1948) and Sultanzade Ahmed Lutfullah (1880–1973).
He was for several years Minister of Justice in the Ottoman Empire, but was critical of Sultan Abdul Hamid's governance, never missing an occasion to speak out. Eventually he had had enough of being followed and spied on, so in 1899, he took both of his sons and fled to Europe, living successively in the United Kingdom, Italy and France before he died in Belgium. His sons were able to return to Istanbul only in 1908, after the declaration of the second constitution.
He died on 17 January 1903 in Brussels, and was buried in Paris at the Père Lachaise Cemetery on 23 January. His widow survived revolution and exile of the Imperial family in 1924, and had a difficult life in France until she died in 1931.

## In popular culture

Between 2017 and 2021, he was played by actor Hakan Boyav in TRT's Payitaht: Abdülhamid series.
# Alain Bellouis

Alain Bellouis (born 28 July 1947) is a former French racing cyclist. He finished in last place in the 1972 Tour de France.
# Lauren Chapin

Lauren Ann Chapin (born May 23, 1945) is an American former child actress who played the role of the youngest child "Kathy Anderson" (nicknamed "Kitten") in the television show Father Knows Best, between 1954 and 1960. She appeared in 196 episodes of the 203 in the series. Chapin was awarded five Junior Emmys for Best Child Actress. Two of her older brothers were also child stars, Billy and Michael Chapin.

## Career

Chapin had roles in A Star is Born (1954), The Bob Hope Show (1954), The Ed Sullivan Show (1958), The Adventures of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza (1976), Scout's Honor (1980), The 36th Prime Time Emmy Awards (1984), and School Bus Diaries (2016).

## Personal life

In the early 1980s, Chapin taught natural childbirth and worked for a brokerage firm. She later owned two beauty pageant enterprises and helped manage and start the career of Jennifer Love Hewitt. In 1989 she wrote an autobiography, Father Does Know Best: The Lauren Chapin Story. She is a licensed and ordained evangelist and advocate for Israel.
# Mustafa Jawda

Mustafa Jawda (Arabic: مُصْطَفَى جَوْدَة; born 1 July 1992) is an Iraqi footballer who plays as a striker for Al-Zawraa.

## Honours
### Club

Al-Zawraa
* Iraqi Premier League: 2017–18
* Iraqi Super Cup: 2017
# Cann (surname)

Cann is an English surname. Early occurrences of the name are found in north Dorset and Cornwall. The probable derivation is either from the Dorset village of Cann, or from the Old English "canne" meaning a can or cup (so the name would mean someone dwelling in a hollow or deep valley).
Notable people with the surname include:
* Abraham Cann (died 1864), English sport wrestler
* Adrian Cann, Canadian soccer player
* A. J. Cann (born 1991), American football player
* Alan Cann (born 1971), Australian rugby league footballer
* Alexander Cann (1903-1977), Canadian-Australian actor and filmmaker
* Billy Cann (1882–1958), Australian rugby league footballer
* Claire and Antoinette Cann, "Cann Twins", (born 1963), duo-pianists
* Darren Cann (footballer), English footballer
* Darren Cann (assistant referee), English assistant football referee
* Elizabeth Cann (born 1979), English badminton player
* Frank H. Cann (1863–1935), American football coach
* George Cann, Australian politician
* Gerald A. Cann, United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy
* Harry Cann, British footballer
* Howard Cann, American basketball coach
* Jamie Cann, British politician
* John Cann (athlete), Australian hurdles champion
* John Cann (politician) (1860–1940), Australian politician
* John William Cann (1946–2011), guitarist with Atomic Rooster, stage name John Du Cann
* Johnson Cann (born 1937), British geologist
* Kate Cann (born 1954), English journalist and writer
* Kid Cann, American gangster
* Lionel Cann (born 1972), Bermudian cricketer
* Luke Cann (born 1994), Australian javelin champion
* Maurice Cann (1911–1989), British motorcycle racer
* Mikala Cann (born 2000), Australian rules footballer with AFLW
* Mike Cann (born 1965), Welsh cricketer
* Rebecca L. Cann, geneticist
* Sir Robert Cann, 1st Baronet, and other Cann baronets
* Sally Cann, birth name of the English presenter Sally James (presenter)
* Sam Cann (born 1954), American politician
* Sid Cann (1911–1996), English footballer and manager
* Steven Cann (born 1988), South African-born Welsh footballer
* Tedford H. Cann (1897–1963), American swimmer, United States Navy officer and Medal of Honor recipient
* Thomas Cann (1858–1924), British trade unionist
* Warren Cann, Canadian drummer
* William Cann, birth name of the American actor William Conrad
* William Derwood Cann Jr., American military officer and politician
# Hunt–Morgan House

The Hunt–Morgan House, historically known as Hopemont, is a Federal style residence in Lexington, Kentucky built in 1814 by John Wesley Hunt, the first millionaire west of the Alleghenies. The house is included in the Gratz Park Historic District. The Alexander T. Hunt Civil War Museum is located on the second floor of the Hunt–Morgan House.
Other notable people who resided at Hopemont include John Wesley Hunt's great-grandson, Thomas Hunt Morgan. Born in the house in 1866, he became the first Kentuckian to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
The house has many architectural features, including the Palladian window with fan and sidelights that grace its front façade. In 1955 the Blue Grass Trust for Historic Preservation was formed to save this home from impending demolition. The organization restored the home to its Federal appearance.
The Hunt–Morgan House is located on the corner of Mill and Second Streets, at 201 N. Mill Street, in Gratz Park in Lexington, Kentucky.
# Isaac Abella

Isaac David Abella (June 20, 1934 – October 23, 2016) was a Canadian-American physicist who was a professor at the University of Chicago. He specialized in laser physics, quantum optics, and spectroscopy. Isaac was the cousin of Irving Abella.

## Early life and education

Isaac Abella was born on June 20, 1934, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Abella received his Bachelor of Arts degree (1957) from the University of Toronto, Master of Arts (1959) degree, and Ph.D. (1963) in Physics from Columbia University in New York. He studied under Charles H. Townes and was involved in the early research work of laser development. Notably, Abella's thesis under Townes was among the earliest work on two-photon absorption.

## Career

Abella was known for his work with laser coherent transients, where photon echo techniques are used to probe metastable excited states in rare gas mixtures such as helium, neon, and argon. These states are produced in a weakly ionized RF plasma discharge, and nitrogen-pumped dye lasers are used to generate the coherent super-position states. The University of Chicago.
He was also known for his work in spectroscopy of rare-earth laser materials. Samples of YLF and YAG crystals doped with erbium, thulium, and holmium are being studied with selective laser excitation in the region of 780 nm, the erbium bands. These materials can be efficiently optically pumped by the AlGaAs-GaAs laser diode arrays, but dye laser excitation is used instead. He was interested in the energy transfer process: Er to Tm, to Ho, which concentrates energy emission at 2.085 μm at room temperature and at liquid nitrogen. The process is a radiationless, almost resonant transfer of energy between sites and depends on the relative concentrations of the rare earth ions. In particular his experimental interests are measuring decay rates, excited state absorption, and branching ratios and detailed theories of such processes.

## Personal life and death

Isaac Abella died on October 23, 2016, in Chicago, Illinois, at the age of 82. He was married to Mary Ann Abella, Professor of Art, Chicago State University. He has a son Benjamin, and daughter, Sarah.

## Articles

* ABELLA, I. D.; TOWNES, C. H. (1961). "Mode Characteristics and Coherence in Optical Ruby Masers". Nature. 192 (4806). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 957–959. Bibcode:1961Natur.192..957A. doi:10.1038/192957b0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4283726.
* Kurnit, N. A.; Abella, I. D.; Hartmann, S. R. (1964-11-09). "Observation of a Photon Echo". Physical Review Letters. 13 (19). American Physical Society (APS): 567–568. Bibcode:1964PhRvL..13..567K. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.13.567. ISSN 0031-9007.
* Abella, I. D.; Kurnit, N. A.; Hartmann, S. R. (1966-01-07). "Photon Echoes". Physical Review. 141 (1). American Physical Society (APS): 391–406. Bibcode:1966PhRv..141..391A. doi:10.1103/physrev.141.391. ISSN 0031-899X.
* A. E, Siegman, Lasers, University Science Press, Sausalito CA, 1986
* Charles Townes. "How the Laser Happened", Oxford University Press, 1999
* J. Hecht, "The Race to Make the First Laser", Oxford University Press, 2005
# 23 February 2012 Iraq attacks

The 23 February 2012 Iraq attacks were the fifth simultaneous wave of bombings to hit Iraq during the insurgency and the first such major assault since the US withdrawal at the end of 2011. At least 83 people were killed and more than 250 wounded in highly coordinated attacks spread out in least 15 cities - including at least 10 explosions in the capital Baghdad that left 32 people dead. A number of shootings also took place, mostly aimed at police patrols and security installations around the city. The majority of the blasts appeared to specifically target Shiite areas.
Outside Baghdad attacks were spread out, including at least three car bombs around Tikrit that killed 12 and injured more than 50. Unidentified gunmen broke into a governing council building in Salman Baik east of Tikrit, shooting dead the leader of the administration and two policemen. Car bombs exploded near a school and two police stations in Hilla, killing at least 3 and leaving scores injured. Similar attacks took place in Baqubah, Kirkuk, Taji, Dujail and Mosul.

## Perpetrators

The umbrella group Islamic State of Iraq claimed responsibility for the bombings two days later and promised further bloodshed as it targets Shiites across Iraq. The country was set to host the postponed Arab League Summit on March 29 in the midst of a surge of violence and a rise in civilian and security casualties since the withdrawal of US forces.
# Latifa al-Zayyat

Latifa al-Zayyat (Arabic: لطيفة الزيات, romanized: Laṭīfah al-Zayyāt; 8 August 1923 – 10 September 1996) was an Egyptian activist and writer, most famous for her novel The Open Door, which won the inaugural Naguib Mahfouz Medal for Literature.

## Biography

Al Zayyat was born in Dumyat, Egypt, on 8 August 1923. She earned her bachelor's degree in English in 1946 from Cairo University. She joined the communist Iskra group while attending her last grade at the University. She was arrested and detained in Hadra prison in 1949, during the student demonstrations against the British occupation of the country. In the same incident, her first husband was also arrested and imprisoned. Following her release from prison she earned her PhD at Cairo University in 1957. During the same period she worked for the leftist magazine Al Tali'a as its cultural editor.
She met Inji Efflatoun, a founding member in 1945 of the Rabitat Fatayat al jami'at wa al ma'ahid (The League of university and Institutes' Young Women) during her time in the university. She was a student activist as well. Al Zayyat was a professor of English at the Girls College of Ain Shams University and the chair of the department of English at the same university. She also served as the director of the Egyptian Arts Academy. She was again imprisoned in 1981, while she was heading the Committee for the Defense of National Culture which had been established in opposition to the Camp David accords.
Two of Al Zayyat's novels are translated to English, The Owner of the House and The Open Door. The latter, published in 1960, was strikingly modern for its time, both for its use of colloquial Egyptian Arabic and for its depiction of the main character's political and sexual awakening. The novel begins in 1946 and ends in 1956, with the Suez Crisis. It was also turned into a popular film. Al-Zayyat also wrote many essays on women and critiques as well as reviews of novels and political happenings.
Al Zayyat died of cancer at age 73 in Cairo on 10 September 1996.

## Tribute

On 8 August 2015, Google dedicated a Doodle to the writer for the 92nd anniversary of her birth. The Doodle reached all the countries of the Arab World.
# Claude Guyot

Claude Guyot (born 16 January 1947, in Savigny-sur-Orge) is a French retired cyclist. His sporting career began with U.S. Creteil.
Guyot made his debut in 1965, finishing in second place in the one-day race Paris-Troyes. Then he participated three times in the Tour de l'Avenir, where in 1967 he won two stages and finished eleventh overall. The same year he won a silver medal in the amateur road race at the 1967 UCI Road World Championships.
In 1968 he turned professional and won one-day races in Auxerre, Saint-Raphael and Tréguier. Next year he won a one-day race in Pleneut, He then retired from cycling in 1970.
His cousin Fernand Etter and brothers, Bernard Guyot, Jr. and Serge Guyot, are also former competitive cyclists.