OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gemlich letter

The Gemlich letter refers to a letter written by Adolf Hitler at the behest of Karl Mayr to Adolf Gemlich, a German Army soldier. The letter, written in 1919 in response to a request for clarification on the Jewish question, is thought to be the first known piece of antisemitic writing by Hitler, and the first political piece by Hitler. Because the letter is the first record of Hitler's antisemitic views, and because it brought Hitler into politics, it is considered an important document in Holocaust studies.
In the letter, Hitler argues that antisemitism should be based on facts, Jews were a race and not a religious group, and that the aim for the government "must be the total removal of all Jews from our midst". Hitler also called for a "rational antisemitism" which would not resort to pogroms or senseless violence. He instead called for action to "legally fight and remove the privileges enjoyed by the Jews as opposed to other foreigners living among us. Its final goal, however, must be the irrevocable removal of the Jews themselves".

## History

Hitler, who remained in the German Army after the First World War, returned to Munich in September 1919. Assigned to an intelligence and propaganda unit of the Reichswehr which was run by Mayr, Hitler was ordered to draft a response to Gemlich's question on the army's position on the Jewish question. Hitler's response, dated 16 September 1919, was either written by him or dictated by him and subsequently typed by another. Two copies of the letter are thought to exist. One is in the Bavarian state archives in Munich which is typewritten but unsigned, and the second is at the Simon Wiesenthal Center, also typewritten but signed by Hitler. The second version, now believed to be the original, was discovered in a Nuremberg archive by a U.S. Army soldier, William F. Ziegler, who brought it to the United States, where it ended up in a private collection. In 1990, Charles Hamilton, the handwriting expert, authenticated the signature on the letter and, in 2011 it was purchased by the Simon Wiesenthal Center for $150,000.
# Silvina Ponce Dawson

Silvina Martha Ponce Dawson is an Argentine physicist specialized in biophysics and a full professor at the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires (UBA), and senior researcher at the National Scientific Research Council (CONICET). In October 2024 she was elected to preside the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) for the period 2025 to 2027. Her main research interests are biological and statistical physics. She is the author of more than 100 articles that have appeared in scientific journals and conference proceedings.

## Research career

Silvina Ponce Dawson received the Licenciatura and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1983 and 1988, respectively.
She was a research assistant with the University of Maryland from 1989 to 1991 and at the Los Alamos National Laboratory from 1991 to 1994. Ponce Dawson returned to the University of Buenos Aires in 1994 as an assistant professor, where she became full professor in 2017.
Ponce Dawson is a research associate of the International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in Trieste, Italy, and an associate member of ICTP-SAIFR, Sao Paulo, Brazil. She is divisional associate editor of Physical Review Letters, and she was a member of the Advisory Council of the National Program for Gender Equality of the Ministry of Science of Argentina (comité asesor del Programa de Igualdad de Género del Ministerio de Ciencia de Argentina). She was director of the Faculty of Physics of the UBA from 2005 to 2009 and in charge of extension activities in the period between 2010 and 2016.

## International engagement

In October 2017, she was elected IUPAP vice-president at large, designate president in 2021, and finally president in 2024 for the period 2025 to 2027. Ponce Dawson was chair of the IUPAP Working Group on Women in Physics from 2011 to 2014, and the IUPAP gender champion from 2017 to 2019. She was member of the Executive Committee of the ICSU-funded Gender Gap in Science Project.
Ponce Dawson is a member of the steering committee for the 2025 International Year of Quantum Science and Technology.
# Graziano Nocera

Graziano Nocera (born 24 March 1973) is an Italian football manager and former player who played as a midfielder.

## Playing career

Nocera spent the majority of his career in the Serie C division. He commenced his professional journey with Cosenza during the 1991–92 Serie B season, though he did not make any appearances due to an injury. Following a year of inactivity resulting from this injury, he moved on loan to Matera in Serie C, amassing just a single appearance.
In the subsequent season, 1993–94, Nocera joined Vigor Trani, also competing in Serie C, where he made 62 appearances and scored 5 goals. Three years later, in the 1996–97 season, he transferred to Castrovillari Calcio, where he contributed 55 appearances and replicated his goal-scoring ability with 5 goals.
After a two-year stint, he transitioned to Nocerina Calcio, yet his impact was less pronounced, registering just 14 appearances and a solitary goal. During the ongoing season, in the winter transfer window of 1999, he moved to Catanzaro, remaining in Serie C, where he managed 15 appearances without finding the back of the net. Later that same year, in the summer transfer market, he returned to Nocerina, where he would shine over a span of three years, accumulating 78 appearances and scoring 3 goals.
Following this three-year tenure, in the 2001–02 season, he joined Palmese, located in the Campania region. However, his impact was limited, amassing only 11 appearances and scoring two goals. The following year saw his return to Nocerina, where he made a mere 14 appearances. In his final season, 2003–04, he featured in 27 matches and scored a solitary goal. Subsequently, he briefly joined Rosarnese and Vigor Trani in 2004 before his retirement.

## Coaching career

After his retirement, Nocera embarked on a coaching career in youth football schools and academies. Following the attainment of his UEFA A coaching license in 2019, he began his professional coaching journey with the youth team of Reggina, Reggina U-17 where he stayed for a year. In 2020, he assumed the role of assistant coach for Cittanovese, and during the ongoing season, in 2021, the head coach resigned, leading to his appointment as the team's head coach.
In the summer of 2021, he took on the coaching role at Gioiese. In his first year with the team, they secured promotion from Promozione to Eccellenza Calabra. In the second year, they successfully made the leap from Eccellenza Calabra to Serie D, also winning the Coppa d'Eccellenza and the Supercoppa d'Eccellenza. After securing these remarkable achievements with Gioiese, he gained the affectionate nickname "Mr. Triplete".
Since the summer of 2023, he has returned to Cittannova, where he is coaching the team once again, reuniting with the city's football club he had previously managed.
# José García (pitcher, born 1981)

José Angel García Sánchez (born February 23, 1981) is a Cuban professional baseball pitcher for Cazadores de Artemisa in the Cuban National Series.
García played for the Cuba national baseball team at the 2017 World Baseball Classic.
# Jay Tee Kamara

John Thomas "Jay Tee" Kamara (born 10 May 2002) is a Sierra Leonean professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for USL League One team Portland Hearts of Pine.

## Club career

Kamara began his career with Alaska FC in his hometown of Freetown before joining Montverde Academy in Montverde, Florida, United States. On January 27, 2021, after his graduation from Montverde, Kamara joined USL Championship club Louisville City.
On 13 April 2021, Karama was loaned out to USL League One club North Carolina FC for the 2021 season. He made his professional debut for the club on 8 May against Greenville Triumph, starting in the 2–1 defeat.
On February 18, 2022, Kamara was transferred to Columbus Crew 2, the reserve side of Major League Soccer's Columbus Crew, ahead of their inaugural MLS Next Pro season.
After the season, Kamara moved to Sweden, joining Ljungskile SK in the third-tier Ettan Fotboll. He stayed there for a season and a half before moving to Sandvikens IF in the second-tier Superettan in August of 2024.
In 2025, Kamara moved to back to the United States to join Portland Hearts of Pine in USL League One.

## Career statistics

    As of match played November 2, 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National Cup | National Cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Louisville City | 2021 | USL Championship | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| North Carolina FC (loan) | 2021 | USL League One | 21 | 4 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 21 | 4 |
| Columbus Crew 2 | 2022 | MLS Next Pro | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 9 | 0 |
| Ljungskile SK | 2023 | Ettan | 27 | 5 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 27 | 5 |
| Ljungskile SK | 2024 | Ettan | 15 | 3 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 15 | 3 |
| Sandvikens IF | 2024 | Superettan | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 9 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 80 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 81 | 12 |
# Sincan railway station

Sincan railway station (Turkish: Sincan istasyonu) is a railway station in Sincan, Ankara and the western terminus of the Başkentray commuter rail line. Prior to the closure of all non-YHT trains within Ankara, the station was an intercity and regional rail station. Between 2009 and 2018, Sincan also served high-speed trains. On 10 January 2018, high-speed YHT trains bypassed Sincan stopping at Lale station instead, until 15 March 2018 and subsequently at Eryaman YHT railway station.
# Wesley Low

Wesley Low is an American bowler from Palmdale, California. He uses the two-handed shovel-style delivery with a dominant left hand. He is the 36th bowler in tournament history to record a 900 series or three consecutive perfect games. Low is the youngest bowler to win a Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) Regional Tour event, which he did at the age of 15 as a non-member. He is a member of PBA since 2019.
He was a member of Team USA in 2014, when he won the all-events gold medal at the World Bowling Youth Championships with a record 18-game total of 4,224, a 234.6 average.
At the Team USA Trials in 2019, he finished second to longtime Team USA member John Janawicz, earning him a spot on the adult version of Team USA for the first time. He won the men's title at the 2019 United States National Amateur Bowling Championships, which were held alongside the Team Trials.
As a youth bowler, he had success in PBA Regional Tour competition, winning four Regional titles as a non-member. He is now a full-time PBA Tour competitor.
Low is a member of the MOTIV Bowling pro staff.
# Satindra Mohon Dev

Satindra Mohon Dev is an Indian politician. He was elected to the Assam Legislative Assembly from Silchar constituency in the 1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election as a member of the Indian National Congress.
# Alexandre Pawlisiak

Alexandre Pawlisiak (26 May 1913 – 15 July 1990) was a French racing cyclist. He raced in the 1947 Tour de France.
# John Fairgrieve

John Fairgrieve (18 April 1926 – 20 July 2014) was a British sprinter. He competed in the men's 200 metres at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Great Britain ||||||
| 1948 | Olympics | London, England | 4th, QF 3 | 200 m | |
# Mojżesz David Kirszbraun

Mojżesz David Kirszbraun (1903–1942) was a Polish mathematician, mostly known for the Kirszbraun theorem on extensions of Lipschitz maps. This theorem appears in his master's thesis, defended in Warsaw in 1930.
Kirszbraun finished school in 1922. Together with his classmate Adolf Lindenbaum, he continued his studies in Warsaw University. Later, he worked as an actuary in an insurance company. He died in a ghetto in 1942.

## Publications

* Kirzbraun, M.D. (1934). "Ueber die zusammenziehende und Lipschitzsche Transformationen". Fund. Math. 22: 77–108. doi:10.4064/fm-22-1-77-108.
# Sueca, Spain

Sueca (Valencian:; Spanish: ) is a city in eastern Spain in the Valencian Community. It is situated on the left bank of the river Xúquer. The town of Sueca is separated from the Mediterranean Sea 11 kilometres (7 miles) to the east by the Serra de Cullera, though the municipality possesses 7 km (4 mi) of Mediterranean coastline. Some of the architecture shows Moorish roots—the flat roofs, view-turrets (miradors), and horseshoe arches—and the area has an irrigation system dating from Moorish times. Rice processing is the principal industry, though oranges are also exported.

## Villages included in the municipality

* Mareny de Barraquetes

## Twin Towns

* Évreux, France
* Palafrugell, Spain
# 28th Connecticut Infantry Regiment

Connecticut U.S. Volunteer Infantry Regiments 1861-1865 :
| Previous | Next |
| 27th Connecticut Infantry Regiment | 29th Connecticut Colored Infantry Regiment |
The 28th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War for nine months service.

## Service

The 28th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was organized at New Haven, Connecticut, on November 15, 1862, under the command of Colonel Samuel P. Ferris.
The regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, Department of the Gulf, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIX Corps, to August 1863.
The 28th Connecticut Infantry mustered out of service August 28, 1863.

## Detailed service

Left Connecticut for eastern New York November 17, then sailed for Ship Island, Mississippi and New Orleans, Louisiana, December 3, arriving there December 17. Duty at Camp Parapet, Carrollton, Louisiana, until February, and at Fort Barrancas, Florida, until May. Moved to Brashear City, Louisiana, May 10–12, then to Port Hudson, Louisiana, May 23–26. Siege of Port Hudson, May 26-July 9, 1863. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Duty at Port Hudson until August 7.

## Casualties

The regiment lost a total of 113 men during service; 2 officers and 14 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 94 enlisted men died of disease.

## Commanders

* Colonel Samuel P. Ferris

## Notable members

* Private Nicholas Fox, Company H - Medal of Honor recipient for action during the Siege of Port Hudson, June 14, 1863
# Bobby Lewis (disambiguation)

Bobby Lewis (1925–2020) was an American R&B and rock and roll singer.
Bobby Lewis may also refer to:
* Bobby Lewis (basketball, born 1946), American basketball player, UPI All-American; South Carolina State College graduate
* Bobby Lewis (basketball, born 1945), American basketball player, for NBA teams; University of North Carolina graduate
* Bobby Lewis (country singer) (born 1942), American country music singer-songwriter
* Bobby Lewis (baseball) (1929–1995), American baseball coach
* Robert Lewis (jockey) (1878–1947), Australian jockey
* Bobbie Lewis Quality, Australian Horse race
# Robert Bergmann

Robert Bergmann (born 17 February 1905, date of death unknown) was a Czechoslovak fencer. He competed in the individual and team épée events at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
# River City Marketplace

River City Marketplace (RCM) is a quasi-regional outdoor shopping mall in the Northside of Jacksonville, Florida, and the only one north of the St. Johns River. It opened its doors on November 17, 2006, with three major anchor stores including Walmart, Lowe's and Regal Cinemas River City Marketplace 14. The fourth, Gander Mountain, opened ten months later and closed in 2017. The 125-acre (0.51 km$^2$) shopping district is located south of Airport Road on the east side of Interstate 95, two miles (3 km) east of Jacksonville International Airport (JIA). When Phase II is fully built out, the project will have cost over $300 million to build and boast more than 100 retailers.

## Original plans

The original plan for the $300 million, 425-acre (1.72 km$^2$) mixed-use project included a 125-acre (0.51 km$^2$) shopping district, 900 residential units, 300 hotel rooms, and 133,000 ft2 of light industrial space. The retail center, developed by Ramco Gershenson, will eventually include 1,130,000 square feet (105,000 m$^2$) of retail space and should attract shoppers from Nassau County and southeast Georgia.

## Movies

Hollywood Theaters built a 62,000 sq ft (5,800 m$^2$) stand-alone building at the mall's south end. All 14 screens featured stadium seating when it opened on September 21, 2006. Portland, Oregon-based Hollywood Theaters planned to spend nearly $14 million on the project, which is managed by Wallace Theaters. In 2013, it was purchased by Regal Entertainment Group to become Regal Cinemas River City Marketplace 14. In August 2022, the theater closed its doors, and was later confirmed to be the site of a previously approved BJ's Wholesale Club location. It was demolished in December 2022 to make way for the new construction.

## Current status

While the RCM that exists today is not exactly what the "developers originally intended", it "is still the largest shopping center to be constructed on [Jacksonville’s] Northside" and provides "an array of retail destinations that previously" were only available across the river or in Orange Park, a drive of approximately 20 minutes. One residential complex has been opened, with another on hold until the financial crisis of 2007–08 abates.
As of 2024, there are now 72 stores, including new additions like Ulta Beauty, Five Below, and Burlington. A HomeGoods store replaced the former Bed Bath & Beyond, and a Sportsman’s Warehouse and a Burlington opened in the space previously occupied by Gander Mountain. The mall remains a key retail hub for residents in North Jacksonville and the surrounding areas.
In January 2024 Kimco Realty completed the acquisition of RPT, adding River City Marketplace to their portfolio.
# Thames Leisure

Thames Leisure is a river boat company which provides leisure cruises for both corporate and private clients on the River Thames in London, United Kingdom.
Established in 1984, Thames Leisure acquired Tideway in 1987 and ran hourly cruises from Westminster to the Tate gallery and London Bridge. The fleet later expanded with the arrival of William B in 1998 and Dutch Master in 2001.
In 2019, the company planned to restore a disused pier adjacent to London Bridge and Cannon Street station that had been in use for 400 years before demolition in 2012.

## Vessels

Thames Leisure has a fleet of four boats:
* "Dutch Master" – a river cruiser for up to 350 guests. Often used by events promoters on the Thames, such as Pukka Up and Unleash.
* "William B" – vessel with large open deck for up to 120 guests, often used for corporate hospitality and birthdays. William B was originally built as the Sir Thomas More for Thames Guided Tours in 1982, and was later sold to Thames Television in 1988 who used her for private trips based in Teddington. She was bought by Thames Leisure in 1999 and renamed William B.
* "Tideway" – a small vessel for up to 85 guests used for river transport, small gatherings and sight-seeing tours.
* "Sailing Barge Will" – historic vessel for up to 50 guests, based at Canary Wharf.
# Salanga massacre

Several hundred protesters were killed in the Salanga massacre, on 27 January 1922, when fired on by the Indian Imperial Police at the Salanga bazaar in Raiganj Upazila in what was then the Bengal province of British India. The area is now within the Sirajganj District of Bangladesh.
The event, not well documented, was revived with the rediscovery in Bangladesh in the late 20th-century of "a rarely found account of Bengali youth leader and independence activist Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish titled 'Shadhinota Shangramer Rakta Shiri Salanga (Salanga: The Blood Stained-Step to the Struggle for Independence)", which stated that thousands of people died and that the bodies were thrown into the Bengali river or buried in a mass grave.
The police fired indiscriminately on the protesting crowd in Salanga area under the leadership Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish. Abdur Rashid mentioned that the tide of violent movement broke out across the country. Volunteers were campaigning in groups to boycott foreign clothes and other goods in every city, village, market. The colonial government tightened its policy of repression.
Prior to the incident, in January 1922 at Chandaikona which is around 20 kilometers away from the place of incident on the border of Bogra and Pabna, the policemen prevented volunteers from boycotting goods at the weekly market. The people got furious and snatched the rifle from the hands of the policemen and threw it in the Fuljor river near the market. In this incident the police became vindictive towards the Congress workers and public in the area.
Following an intelligence report that revolutionists, led by Tarkabagish, were regrouping. the then superintendent of police (SP) in Pabna, led by the district administration, went to Salanga market and arrested Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish from the Congress office and took him to the southern end of the market which triggered a storm of protest. Agitated crowd came forward from all directions with locally-made arms. Suddenly, a cattle trader hit the police officer, triggering police retaliation. The police personnel opened fire on the armed mob in the busy market, killing hundreds of them. The official investigation report stated that the number of casualties was around 4,500.
According to the Maulana Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish Memorial Library, the number of deaths ranged from 1,500 to 4,500 people. A mass graveyard remains near Salanga Bazar at Rahmatganj, where on 27 January the Salanga Day is annually observed in the memory of the victims, the centennial of which was on 27 January 2022.
# 1993 North Korean missile test

A North Korean missile test occurred on May 29 and 30, 1993. North Korea fired a Nodong-1 missile into the Sea of Japan, from a base in Hwadae County near Wonsan, North Korea. The target was a buoy floating in the Sea of Japan. The North Koreans were testing the missile so they could export it to Iran in return for oil. Japanese and United States officials waited a few days before disclosing the launch of the missile. Afterwards, North Korea reaffirmed its commitment to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
The missile launches were the culmination of several months' planning and bargaining with Iran, and what was suggested to be a plot between Iran and North Korea to develop weapons capable of striking Japan. It began in March 1993, with North Korea receiving several shipments of "special metals" designated for the construction of missile launch pads. Later, a Russian report indicated that North Korea was in the market for "missile specialists" in order to turn their missile production into a more profitable venture. Russian officials were further incensed after detaining a group of Russian nuclear physicists and rocket scientists attempting to enter North Korea. North Korea later pledged not to use Russian scientists and technicians, after being threatened with cut diplomatic ties by Russia.
In January of that year, the commander of the Iranian Revolution Guard Corps, Mohsen Rezaee, went to Pyongyang to finalize a 2.7 billion dollar purchase of around 300 Scud missiles from North Korea. Around the same time, the Iranian delegation came to watch the final Nodong-1 tests and North Korea announced its withdrawal from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. It was suspected upon successful testing of the missiles, Iran intended to trade oil for the Nodong missiles, as Iran is a primary contributor of North Korea's oil (over 40%).