# Akhalkalaki uezd

The Akhalkalaki uezd was a county (uezd) of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, and then of Democratic Republic of Georgia, with its administrative centre in Akhalkalak (present-day Akhalkalaki). The county bordered the Gori uezd to the north, the Borchaly uezd to the east, the Alexandropol uezd of the Erivan Governorate and the Kars and Ardahan okrugs of the Kars Oblast to the south, and the Akhaltsikhe uezd to the west. The area of the county corresponded to part of the contemporary Samtskhe–Javakheti region of Georgia.

## History

The territory of the Akhalkalaki uezd, then part of the Akhaltsikhe uezd, entered into the Kutais Governorate of the Russian Empire following the Russo-Turkish War of 1828. By 1874, the Akhkalaki uezd was detached from the hitherto larger Akhaltsikhe uezd, becoming a constituent county of the Tiflis Governorate.
Following the Russian Revolution, the Akhalkalaki uezd was incorporated into the short-lived Democratic Republic of Georgia, however, it was strongly disputed by the Democratic Republic of Armenia which also claimed the county on the grounds of history and ethnography.
As a result of the Ottoman occupation of the uezd, of the initial 80,000 Armenians in 1918, 30,000 died whilst the surviving 40,000 still in the district were affected by famine and concubinage.
Lord Curzon during the Paris Peace Conference discussions on the fate of the independent Transcaucasian republics assessed the ethnographic situation in the southwestern uezds of the Tiflis Governorate:
   On the grounds of nationality, therefore, these districts ought to belong to Armenia, but they command the heart of Georgia strategically, and on the whole it would seem equitable to assign them to Georgia, and give their Armenian inhabitants the option of emigration into the wide territories assigned to the Armenians towards the south-west.

## Administrative divisions

The subcounties (uchastoks) of the Akhalkalaki uezd in 1913 were as follows:
| Name | 1912 population | Area |
| Baraletskiy uchastok (Баралетский участок) | 51,061 | 895 square versts (1,019 km$^2$; 393 sq mi) |
| Bogdanovskiy uchastok (Богдановский участок) | 41,331 | 1,512 square versts (1,721 km$^2$; 664 sq mi) |

## Demographics
### 1897 Russian census

According to the 1897 Russian Empire census, the Akhalkalaki uezd had a population of 72,709 on 28 January [O.S. 15 January] 1897, including 37,903 men and 34,806 women. The majority of the population indicated Armenian to be their mother tongue, with significant Tatar, Georgian, and Russian speaking minorities.
Linguistic composition of the Akhalkalaki uezd in 1897 :
| Language | Native speakers | % |
| Armenian | 52,539 | 72.26 |
| Tatar | 6,572 | 9.04 |
| Georgian | 6,448 | 8.87 |
| Russian | 5,155 | 7.09 |
| Kurdish | 810 | 1.11 |
| Turkish | 296 | 0.41 |
| Ukrainian | 286 | 0.39 |
| Jewish | 211 | 0.29 |
| Polish | 145 | 0.20 |
| Lithuanian | 87 | 0.12 |
| Greek | 75 | 0.10 |
| German | 40 | 0.06 |
| Belarusian | 12 | 0.02 |
| Avar-Andean | 6 | 0.01 |
| Ossetian | 4 | 0.01 |
| Chechen | 3 | 0.00 |
| Mingrelian | 3 | 0.00 |
| Persian | 3 | 0.00 |
| Romanian | 3 | 0.00 |
| Other | 11 | 0.02 |
| TOTAL | 72,709 | 100.00 |

### Kavkazskiy kalendar

According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, the Akhalkalaki uezd had a population of 107,173 on 14 January [O.S. 1 January] 1916, including 56,140 men and 51,033 women, 106,307 of whom were the permanent population, and 866 were temporary residents:
| Nationality | Urban | Urban | Rural | Rural | TOTAL | TOTAL |
| Nationality | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % |
| Armenians | 6,151 | 87.19 | 76,624 | 76.53 | 82,775 | 77.23 |
| Georgians | 265 | 3.76 | 10,039 | 10.03 | 10,304 | 9.61 |
| Russians | 429 | 6.08 | 7,113 | 7.10 | 7,542 | 7.04 |
| Sunni Muslims | 0 | 0.00 | 5,431 | 5.42 | 5,431 | 5.07 |
| Kurds | 0 | 0.00 | 904 | 0.90 | 904 | 0.84 |
| Jews | 204 | 2.89 | 0 | 0.00 | 204 | 0.19 |
| Other Europeans | 6 | 0.09 | 7 | 0.01 | 13 | 0.01 |
| TOTAL | 7,055 | 100.00 | 100,118 | 100.00 | 107,173 | 100.00 |