# List of United States court cases involving the Fourteenth Amendment

This is a list of fourteenth amendment cases that have been chosen under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Equal Protection Clause :
| Case name | Year | Citation | Decision |
| Ward v. Flood | 1874 | 48 Cal. 36 | upheld separate but equal schools in San Francisco |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | 1896 | 163 U.S. 537 | separate but equal for public facilities |
| United States v. Wong Kim Ark | 1898 | 169 U.S. 649 (1898) | A child born in the United States to parents of foreign decent is a citizen of the United States unless |
| Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education | 1899 | 175 U.S. 528 | de jure segregation of races |
| Lum v. Rice | 1927 | 275 U.S. 78 | separate schools for Chinese pupils from white schoolchildren |
| Roberto Alvarez v. Board of Trustees of the Lemon Grove School District | 1931 | 66625 Cal. Super. | first successful school desegregation court decision in U.S. history |
| Powell v. Alabama | 1932 | 287 U.S. 45 | access to counsel |
| Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada | 1938 | 305 U.S. 337 | states that provide a school to white students must provide in-state education to blacks |
| Smith v. Allwright | 1944 | 321 U.S. 649 | Race-based exclusion in political party primaries held unconstitutional |
| Hedgepeth and Williams v. Board of Education | 1944 | 131 N.J.L. 153 | NJ Supreme Court case that prohibited racial segregation in NJ schools |
| Mendez v. Westminster | 1946 | 64 F. Supp. 544 | prohibits segregating Mexican American children in California |
| Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla. | 1948 | 322 U.S. 631 | access to taxpayer state funded law schools |
| Shelley v. Kraemer | 1948 | 334 U.S. 1 | restrictive covenants |
| Sweatt v. Painter | 1950 | 339 U.S. 629 | desegregated law schools in Texas |
| McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents | 1950 | 339 U.S. 637 | prohibited racially unfriendly practices within a state graduate program |
| Hernandez v. Texas | 1954 | 347 U.S. 475 | the 14th Amendment protects those beyond the racial classes of white or Negro |
| Briggs v. Elliott | 1952 | 347 U.S. 483 | Brown case 1 Summerton, South Carolina |
| Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County | 1952 | 103 F. Supp. 337 | Brown Case 2 - Prince Edward County, Virginia |
| Gebhart v. Belton | 1952 | 33 Del. Ch. 144 | Brown Case 2 - Claymont, Delaware |
| Bolling v. Sharpe | 1954 | 347 U.S. 497 | Brown companion case—dealt with the constitutionality of segregation in the District of Columbia |
| Browder v. Gayle | 1956 | 142 F. Supp. 707 | Montgomery, Alabama bus segregation is unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment protections for equal treatment |
| NAACP v. Alabama | 1958 | 357 U.S. 449 | privacy of NAACP membership lists, and free association of members |
| Cooper v. Aaron | 1958 | 358 U.S. 1 | Federal court enforcement of desegregation |
| Boynton v. Virginia | 1960 | 364 U.S. 454 | Interstate commerce clause prohibits segregation at bus stop restaurant |
| Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States | 1964 | 379 U.S. 241 | upheld the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
| Loving v. Virginia | 1967 | 388 U.S. 1 | banned anti-miscegenation laws |
| Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education | 1969 | 396 U.S. 1218 | changed Brown's requirement of desegregation "with all deliberate speed" to one of "desegregation now" |
| Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education | 1971 | 402 U.S. 1 | establish bussing as a solution |
| Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson | 1971 | 404 U.S 1215 | "Brown v. Board of Education was not written for blacks alone", desegregation of Asian schools in opposition to parents of Asian students |
| Milliken v. Bradley | 1974 | 418 U.S. 717 | rejected bussing across school district lines |
| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke | 1978 | 438 U.S. 265 | race could be considered among other factors in the college admissions process, but racial quotas under affirmative action are unconstitutional |
| Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 | 2007 | 551 U.S. 701 | rejected using race as the sole determining factor for assigning students to schools |
| Obergefell v. Hodges | 2015 | 556 U.S. 14 | the United States Supreme Court ruled that marriage is a fundamental right guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment, and therefore must be afforded to same-sex couples. The ruling ensured that statewide bans on same-sex marriage could not be held up as constitutional. |
| Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard | 2023 | 600 U.S. 181 | race-based affirmative action programs in college admissions are unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment. |