# Borders of India

The Republic of India shares borders with several sovereign countries; it shares land borders with China, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Pakistan share both land borders as well as maritime borders, while Sri Lanka shares only a maritime border through Ram Setu. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.

## Land borders of India

India shares land borders with six sovereign nations. The state's Ministry of Home Affairs also recognizes a 106 kilometres (66 mi) land border with a seventh nation, Afghanistan, as part of its claim on the Kashmir region; however, this is disputed and the region bordering Afghanistan has been administered by Pakistan as part of Gilgit-Baltistan since 1947 (see Durand Line).
| Land Border Country | Dispute | Length (Km) and (mi) | Force | Comments |
| Bangladesh | N | 4,096 kilometres (2,545 mi) | Border Security Force | Most of the India–Bangladesh enclaves exchanged in 2015. See Bangladesh Liberation War and Bangladesh–India relations. |
| Bhutan | N | 578 kilometres (359 mi) | Sashastra Seema Bal | Open border. See Bhutan–India relations. |
| China | Y | 3,488 kilometres (2,167 mi) | Indo-Tibetan Border Police and Special Frontier Force | Also see Ardagh–Johnson Line, Macartney–MacDonald Line, McMahon Line, Sino-Indian border dispute and China–India relations. |
| Myanmar | N | 1,643 kilometres (1,021 mi) | Assam Rifles and Indian Army | See India-Myanmar relations. |
| Nepal | Y | 1,752 kilometres (1,089 mi) | Sashastra Seema Bal | Open border. See Kalapani territory, Susta territory and India-Nepal relations. |
| Pakistan | Y | 3,320 kilometres (2,060 mi) | Border Security Force | Also see Radcliffe Line, Line of Control, Actual Ground Position Line and Sir Creek. See Partition of India, Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts and India-Pakistan relations. |
| Afghanistan (claimed, disputed) | Y | 106 kilometres (66 mi) | | see Durand Line |

## Maritime borders of India

Maritime borders of India are the maritime boundary recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea entails boundaries of territorial waters, contiguous zones, and exclusive economic zones. India, with its claim of a 12-nautical-mile (22 km; 14 mi) territorial maritime zone and 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone, has a more than 7,000-kilometre (4,300 mi) maritime border shared with seven nations.
| Maritime Border Country | Length (km) and (mi) | Force | Comments |
| Bangladesh | | Indian Navy | New Moore Island in Bay of Bengal |
| Indonesia | 555 kilometres (345 mi) | Indian Navy | Indira Point in Andaman Sea |
| Myanmar | | Indian Navy | Landfall Island in Andaman Sea |
| Pakistan | | Indian Navy | Sir Creek in Arabian Sea |
| Thailand | | Indian Navy | Similan Islands in Andaman Sea |
| Sri Lanka | >400 kilometres (250 mi) | Indian Navy | Katchatheevu in Palk Strait |
| Maldives | 1,009 kilometres (627 mi) | Indian Navy | Maliku Kandu in Laccadive Sea |

## Border barriers

India does not have a National Border Policy. For the strategic national interest reasons, there are suggestions that India must define a National Border Policy to comprehensively deal with border related issues, not just the fencing of open borders but also to deal with the negative consequences of porous borders. For example, India-Nepal border is an open border with no fence, which has been misused by Pakistan's ISI to create trouble in India. India has constructed the fences along the following borders:
* India-Bangladesh border barrier
* India–Myanmar border barrier
* India-Pakistan border barrier

## Border ceremonies

India co-hosts the joint ceremonies with the neighbouring nations at the following border crossings. The most attended and emotionally charged among these is the one at Wagha-Attari Border near Amritsar-Lahore.

### India-Pakistan border

At the following border crossing sites the beating retreat flag ceremonies are jointly held by the military of both nations every day at 6 pm, which are open to the public as tourist attractions. No special permit or ticket is needed. From north to south, the ceremony sites are as follows:
* Attari–Wagah border ceremony near Amritsar in Punjab.
* Ganda Singh Wala–Hussainiwala border ceremony near Firozepur in Punjab.
* Sadqi-Sulemanki border ceremony near Fazilka in Punjab.
* Khokhrapar–Munabao border ceremony in Barmer district of Rajasthan.

### India-China border

India and China have five Border Personnel Meeting point (BPM points) where they hold the flag meeting to discuss the military matters as well as the ceremonial BPMs for cultural exchange to improve bilateral relations by celebrating New Year's Day (January 1), India's Republic Day (January 26), Harvest Festival (April 14), PLA Day ( May 15) and Indian Independence Day (August 15). These meetings include the playing of each country's national anthem and saluting of their respective flags, and ceremonial addresses by representative of both armies. On Indian side only Indian citizens are allowed to visit only 2 passes out of these several BPM passes/sites, Bum La Pass and Nathu La, only on Wednesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays, and Sundays, only after obtaining Inner Line Permit (ILP) one day in advance.
These BPM passes and border posts where these meetings are held, from west to east, are as follows:-
* Daulat Beg Oldi
* Spanggur Gap (Chushul)
* Nathu La: The pass is used for pilgrims to monasteries in Sikkim such as Rumtek, one of the holiest shrines in Buddhism. For Hindus, the pass reduces the journey time to Lake Manasarovar from fifteen days to two days.
* Bum La Pass (Tawang): on Sundays and during cultural ceremonies.
* Kaho, India (north of Kibithu in Walong sector).

### India-Bangladesh border

Benapole–Petrapole border ceremony, a similar but much friendlier ceremony than the Indo-Pakistani Attari-Wagah ceremony, is held daily jointly by India's Border Security Force and Border Guards Bangladesh at India-Bangladesh border from 4.30 to 5 pm. It is open to civilians without any ticket or special permit. The Benapole–Petrapole joint retreat ceremony results in lowering of national flags of India and Bangladesh.

## Designated crossings with ICP & LCS

The map of ICP and LCS.

### Integrated Check Posts (ICP)

India has 7 functional ICPs, and plans are underway to upgrade 13 more LCS to ICP, including 7 at borders taking total of border ICP to 14, at the cost of ₹3,005 crore (US$350 million) (c. June 2024 ). Designated Integrated Check Posts (ICP), with both customs and immigration facilities are:

#### India–Bangladesh border

* Assam
** Karimganj–Golapganj uppozilla in Sylhet District of Bangladesh via Sutarkandi integrated checkpost crossing on NH37(India) and Sheola post (Sylhet division, Bangladesh), the plan announced c. Oct 2017.
* Meghalaya
** Shillong–Sylhet via Dawki ICP integrated checkpost crossing (Jaintia Hills, India) and Tambil post (Bangladesh). Dawki ICP foundation stone was laid in January 2017 and is in operation since 2018.
* Mizoram
** Kawrpuichhuah – official spelling (also spelled as Kawarpuchiah or Kawripuichhuah) – near Tlabung in Lunglei district, opened in Oct 2017. The 22 km long Lunglei–Tlabung–Kawrpuichhuah road was upgraded in 2014–2015 in a World Bank-funded project to enhance India-Bangladesh border connectivity. It is located on Khawthalangtuipui river (Karnaphuli)
* Tripura
** Agartala–Dhaka via Agartala integrated checkpost (India) and Akhaura checkpost crossing, already functional (c. 2017).
** "Belonia, India – Parshuram, Bangladesh road and rail crossing checkposts" in South Tripura district which connect the railway from Santirbazar in India to Feni in Bangladesh.
* West Bengal (clockwise from Kolkata to north)
** Kolkata–Dhaka via Petrapole integrated checkpost crossing, already functional (c. 2017).
** Barasat (India) to Ghojadanga (Bangladesh), the plan announced c. Oct 2017.
** Mahadipur in Malda district in Malda–Rajshahi via Mahadipur crossing, in-principle approval in 2019.
** Fulbari, the plan announced c. Oct 2017.
** Hili, plan announced c. Oct 2017.
** Changrabandha railway station, in-principle approval in 2019.

#### India–Bhutan border

* Jaigaon at Alipurduar district of West Bengal, plan approved c. 2016.

#### India–Myanmar border

* Moreh ICP, already operational.
* Zochawchhuah (Lawngtlai district in India) - Zorinpui (Myanmar) at the Indo-Myanmar border on Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project has already been operational since Oct 2017. Survey for the Rail line from Sairang to Hmawngbuchhuah (1 km north of Zochawchhuah) was completed in August 2017 and it will be constructed in a future phase.

#### India–Nepal border

* Banbasa in Champawat district of Uttarakhand, in-principle approval in 2019.
* Bhitthamore in Sitamarhi district of Bihar, in-principle approval in 2019.
* Jogbani, Bihar
* Panitanki, Darjeeling district of West Bengal, in-principle approval in 2019.
* Raxaul, Bihar
* Sonauli, Uttar Pradesh.
* Rupaidiha, Uttar Pradesh
* Taulihawa-Siddharthnagar, Uttar Pradesh

#### India–Pakistan border

* Attari at Wagah in Punjab, already operational (2017) (see Samjhauta Express).
* Kartarpur Corridor, a border crossing for Indian citizens, only, to be able to visit Gurdwara Darbar Sahib, from Dera Baba Nanak, visa-free.
* Munabao in Barmer district in Rajasthan (see Thar Express)

### Land Customs Stations (LCS)
#### India–Bangladesh border

Designated Land Customs Stations (LCS) are (no immigration facilities):
* Assam
** Mankachar Land Customs Stations (India) – Rowmari post (Natun Bandar, Rangpur division, Bangladesh)
** Karimganj Steamer and Ferry Station (KSFS) (India) – Zakiganj post (Sylhet division, Bangladesh)
** Guwahati Steamer Ghat (Dhubri district, India)
** Dhubri Steamer Ghat (Dhubri district, India) – Rowmati (Maymansingh division, Bangladesh)
** Assam non-functional LCS are:
*** Mahisasan railway station (Karimganj district, India) – Shahbazpur (Sylhet division)
*** Golokganj (Dhubri district) – Sonahaat (Rangpur Division)
*** Silchar Railway Mail Service (India) – independent of the border (no border, inland LCS)
* West Bengal
* Meghalaya
** Baghmara (South Garo Hills, India) – Bijoyour post (Bangladesh)
** Bholaganj (East Khasi Hills district) – Chatak (Sunamganj division)
** Borsara Land Customs Stations (West Khasi Hills, India) – Borsara post (Bangladesh)
** West Garo Hills – Bakshiganj via Mahendraganj crossing on NH12
** Tura–Nalitabari via Dalu crossing on NH217 (West Garo Hills, India) and Nakugaon post (Bangladesh)
** Shellabazar (West Khasi Hills district) – Sunamganj(Sylhet division)
** Gasuapara (South Garo Hills district) – Karoitol (Mymansing division)
** Meghalaya non-functional LCS are:
*** Ryngku (East Khasi Hills district) – Kalibari (Sonamganj division)
*** Balat (East Khasi Hills district) – Dolura (Sylhet division)
* Tripura
** Srimantapur (Sipahijala district) – Bibir Bazar (Comilla division), became operational in January 2016.
** Dhalaighat (Dhalai district) – Kumarghat (Sunamganj division)
** Khowaighat (West Tripura district) – Balla (Habiganj division)
** Manu (Dhalai district) – Chatlapur (Sylhet division )
** Muhurighat (South Tripura district) – Belonia (Feni division )
** Old Ragnabazar (North Tripura district) – Betul (Fultali) (Sylhet division)
* Mizoram
** Kawarpuchiah integrated checkpost, opened in Oct 2017 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
** Non-functional LCS in Mizoram:
*** Demagiri (Lunglei district) – Rangamati (Sylhet division)

#### India–Pakistan border

* Longewala in Jaisalmer district of Rajsthan

## Border bazaars and haats

This proposed list of border bazaars and haats is in varying stages of implementation, as suggested by State Governments to the Ministry of External Affairs for setting up Border Haats.

### India–Bangladesh

India–Bangladesh border Haat areas are as follows:
* Meghalaya
** Balat in West Khasi Hills district
** Bholaganj
** Kalaichar in West Khasi Hills district
** Nalikata
** Ryngku
** Shibbari
* Mizoram
** Mamit district
*** Mapara - Longkor
*** Tuipuibari - Not provided
** Lunglei district
*** Silsury - Mahmuam
*** Nunsuri - Not provided
* Tripura: Decision on Tripura Haats will be subsequent to the completion of the agreement w.r.t. Meghalaya Haats.
** West Tripura district
*** Kamalasagar
*** Boxanagar
*** Bamutia
** South Tripura district
*** Srinagar, Tripura
*** Ekimpur
** North Tripura district
*** Pal Basti (Raghna),
*** Hiracherra (Kailasahar)
*** Kamalpur, Tripura (Dhalai)

### India-Bhutan

India-Bhutan Border Haat on India-Bhutan border are in operation, such as the Gelephu-Hatisar border market road entry point, Phuntsholing to its west and Samdrup Jongkhar to its east are two other border market road entry points into Bhutan.

### India–Myanmar

India–Myanmar border Haats are.
* Arunachal Pradesh Border Haats
** Changlang district
*** Pangsau Pass (Nampong), - Pangsau, Kachin State
*** Chingsa (Khimiyang Circle) – Langhong, Kachin State
*** Makantong (Khimiyang Circle) – Ngaimong, Kachin State
** Tirap district
*** Wakka/Pongchao/Lazu – Tirap, Kachin State.
* Manipur Border Haats
** Ukhrul district
*** Kongkan Thana – Aungci, suggested by State Government.
** Chandel district
*** New Somtal – Thenjen, or Khampat
** Churachandpur district
*** Behiang – Khenman, or Chikha.
* Mizoram Border Haats
** Lawngtlai district
*** Hruitezawl, Lawngtlai district – Varang.
** Champhai district
*** Hnahlan – Darkhai
*** Vaphai – Leilet
** Siaha district – Nviaphia
*** Chakhang, Siaha district – Nviaphia.
* Nagaland Border Haats
** Tuensang district
*** Avakhung – Layshi are 32 km from each other.
*** Pangsha – Lahe/Hkamti District HQ are 60 km from each other.
** Mon district
*** Chemoho/Longwa – Lahe are 60 km from each other.
** Phek district
*** Molhe – Pansat are 10 km from each other.

## In popular media

Pradeep Damodaran's book Borderlands: Travels Across India's Boundaries chronicles all land borders of India. The Bollywood director J. P. Dutta has specialised in making Hindi movies with India's border as a key element of the theme, his movies are Border, Refugee, LOC: Kargil, Paltan, etc.