# Helios Overture

The Helios Overture (in Danish: Ouverture Helios), Op. 17 (FS 32; CNW 34), is a concert overture for orchestra written in 1903 by the Danish composer Carl Nielsen. The piece received its premiere at the Odd Fellows Mansion in Copenhagen on 8 October 1903, with Johan Svendsen conducting the Royal Danish Orchestra.

## Overview

Besides his well-known six symphonies, the Danish composer Carl Nielsen wrote many short orchestral works, one of the most famous being the Helios Overture. In 1902, Nielsen signed a contract with the publisher Wilhelm Hansen, which allowed him to go to Athens, Greece, to join his wife Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen, who was one of the first sculptors allowed to make copies of the bas-reliefs and statues in the Acropolis Museum.
Anne Marie, who had been granted the Ancker Award, was studying Greek art, while Nielsen, being a man of many interests, was interested in archaeology. The local conservatory placed a study room with a piano at Carl Nielsen's disposal. Here he could sit and compose when he was not on excursions in the surrounding mountains with or without Anne Marie. Nielsen's stay in Athens gave him the inspiration of a work depicting the sun rising and setting over the Aegean Sea, an overture which he called Helios. He began work on it in March 1903, and finished it on April 23 the same year.
The score is written for three flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, three trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, and strings.
The work begins as the sun ascends over the Aegean Sea, while strings, divided horns and woodwind sound a melody. This rises out of the darkness to a full orchestra, where fanfaring French horns begin a striding theme, which returns later in the piece. From there woodwinds begin a graceful tune, from which brass sound. Strings begin to play, which draws the orchestra into a reprise of the striding theme and its fanfare. In the final measures, the music subsides as the sun sinks over the horizon of the sea. The average playing time is between ten and twelve minutes.
On the score, Nielsen wrote:
   "Silence and darkness, The sun rises with a joyous song of praise, It wanders its golden way and sinks quietly into the sea."
After a trip to Turkey, Carl and Anne Marie Nielsen traveled through Italy and reached Copenhagen by the end of July. The Helios Overture was successfully performed in Copenhagen on 8 October 1903, with Johan Svendsen conducting, though the reviews were mixed. Carl Nielsen performed Helios several times. The first was an evening concert dedicated to his compositions at the Odd Fellow Mansion on 11 November 1905 and the last performance was on 12 February 1930 in Gothenburg, Sweden. He also played the overture in Helsinki, Stockholm and Berlin.
Being a great showpiece for orchestra, it has been one of Nielsen's most famous works ever since.
On the basis of information from the Carl Nielsen Society, the Helios Overture is currently one of Nielsen's most widely performed works.

## Instrumentation

The Helios Overture is scored for the following instruments, organized by family (woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings):
* 2 flutes (one doubling piccolo), 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, and 2 bassoons
* 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 2 tenor trombones, 1 bass trombone, and tuba
* Timpani
* Violins (I and II), violas, cellos, and double basses

## Discography

The table below lists commercially available recordings of the Helios Overture:
| No. | Conductor | Ensemble | Rec. | Time | Recording venue | Label |
| 1 | Fritz Busch | Danish Radio Symphony Orchestra | 1934 | 12:49 | Stærekassen, Copenhagen | (live) Danacord |
| 2 | Thomas Jensen | Royal Danish Orchestra | 1942 | 10:57 | - | Odeon - Danacord |
| 3 | Erik Tuxen | Danish State Radio Symphony Orchestra | 1952 | 10:50 | Danish Radio Concert Hall | Decca |
| 4 | Eugene Ormandy | Philadelphia Orchestra | 1967 | 10:03 | Town Hall, Philadelphia | Sony Classical |
| 5 | Herbert Blomstedt | Danish Radio Symphony Orchestra (1) | 1975 | 12:01 | Danish Radio Concert Hall | EMI Classics |
| 6 | Sir Alexander Gibson | Scottish National Orchestra | 1978 | 11:45 | | Chandos |
| 7 | Esa-Pekka Salonen | Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra | 1986 | 10:00 | Berwald Hall | CBS Masterworks |
| 8 | Edward Serov [ru] | Odense Symphony Orchestra | 1992 | 14:25 | [Unknown] | Kontrapunkt |
| 9 | Gennady Rozhdestvensky | Danish National Symphony Orchestra (2) | 1993 | 14:02 | Danish Radio Concert Hall | Chandos |
| 10 | Neeme Järvi | Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra | 1995 | 9:13 | Gothenburg Concert Hall | Deutsche Grammophon |
| 11 | Douglas Bostock | Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra | | 12:07 | Liverpool Philharmonic Hall | Classico |
| 12 | Niklas Willén | South Jutland Symphony Orchestra [da] | 2002 | 9:54 | Musikhuset, Sønderborg | Naxos |
| 13 | Lance Friedel | Aarhus Symphony Orchestra | 2004 | 12:20 | Frichsparker, Aarhus | MSR Classics |
| 14 | Dorrit Matson | New York Scandia Symphony | 2005 | 12:50 | Trinity Church | Centaur |
| 15 | Osmo Vänskä | Lahti Symphony Orchestra | 2006 | 10:58 | Sibelius Hall | BIS |
| 16 | Thomas Dausgaard | Danish National Symphony Orchestra (3) | 2006 | 11:55 | Danish Radio Concert Hall | Dacapo |