OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Educational Strategy for Developing Societies

Educational Strategy for Developing Societies: A Study of Educational and Social Factors in Relation to Economic Growth is a book by the British peace studies scholar Adam Curle, first published in 1963.

## Overview

The book is a review of the role of education in economic growth and social and political transformation. Curle described the aim of the book as "to show that an underdeveloped society is literally an underdeveloped society, not merely an underdeveloped economy". The book argues that low levels of education in developing countries are a hindrance to economic growth, and calls for the development of training and education programmes in such societies. Curle argues that sustained economic growth requires investment in community development, agricultural extension, and training, and the emergence of a new socioeconomic class unburdened by traditional constraints and able to maintain the momentum of development. While Curle generally accepted the conventional wisdom of Western development models here, he also queried the assumption that development was primarily an economic matter, and emphasised the importance of sociological and psychological phenomena. Development, Curle argues, should not be measured in terms of economic growth but rather in social and cultural terms, and structural functionalism was insufficient to explain complex processes of social change. The replacement of traditional social values by values of equality and social justice, Curle argues, can mitigate the risk of the new class being primarily self-interested.
Tom Woodhouse attributed Curle's willingness to rethink dominant accounts of development to his experiences in Africa and Asia and the interdisciplinary character of his academic career to that point. Woodhouse also saw in Educational Strategy hints to the question of the roots of conflict which became more central to Curle's thought in the subsequent years. A second edition was published in 1970, featuring a new introduction in which Curle noted the increase in illiteracy and international equality in the preceding years, and the inefficacy of aid measures.

## Critical reception

R. Cranford Pratt, reviewing the book in the Journal of Modern African Studies, described it as "provocative" but "too general and too short ... unable to deal comprehensively with any of the questions [Curle] raises, and often ... either over-simple or unconvincingly categorical." Reviewing the book in African Affairs, Freda H. Gwilliam concluded it would be "of very great value to anyone who is concerned with diagnosing the needs of developing countries or who is called to play a part in meeting those needs". In his review in International Affairs, David Blelloch argued that the book was not specific enough to be useful and lacks "a fully integrated conception of development as an evolutionary process for each individual society as a whole".
# Pape Sané

Pape Sané (born 30 December 1990) is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays as a striker for French Championnat National 3 club Stade Beaucairois. His earned one cap for the Senegal national team in 2013.

## Club career

Sané began his senior career with Dakar-based club ASC Diaraf and was part of the side that won the Senegalese Cup in 2009. The following year, he helped the side to their tenth Senegal Premier League title, their first in six seasons. Sané remained with Diaraf until the end of the 2011 campaign before transferring to Ziguinchor-based outfit Casa Sport. In 2012, he was the highest goalscorer in the Senegal Premier League, as the team won the national championship for the first time in their history.
In September 2012, Sané agreed a deal to join French Championnat National club Boulogne, but the transfer ultimately fell through. His move to France eventually materialised on 31 January 2013, when he signed for Ligue 2 side Chamois Niortais on the final day of the winter transfer window along with Benin international Djiman Koukou. He made seven league appearances for Niort, two of them starts, during the remainder of the 2012–13 campaign. On 8 August 2013, it was announced that Sané had agreed a season-long loan deal with Championnat National outfit Colmar. He went on to score five goals in 30 league matches for the Alsatian club as they ended the campaign fourth in the standings, narrowly missing out on promotion to Ligue 2.
On 9 August 2014, he was again sent out on a season-long loan deal to a Championnat National side, this time joining FC Bourg-Péronnas. He scored on his debut for the club the following week in the 1–2 home defeat to his former club Colmar. At the end of his loan spell at Bourg-Péronnas, during which he scored 21 goals and helped the club gain promotion to Ligue 2, it was announced that Sané would join the club on a permanent basis.
On 1 February 2016, Bourg-Péronnas announced Ligue 1 team Stade Malherbe Caen had signed Sané. However, he would finish the current 2015–16 Ligue 2 season on loan.

## International career

After finishing the 2012 season as the top goalscorer in the Senegalese league, Sané was called up to the Senegal national team for the friendly against Chile on 15 January 2013. He made his international début in the match and scored the opening goal of the game in the tenth minute, before being substituted for fellow debutant Alphonse Ba midway through the second half. Chile went on to win the match 2–1.

## Honours

ASC Diaraf
* Senegal Premier League: 2010
* Senegal FA Cup: 2009
Casa Sport
* Senegal Premier League: 2012
# Jon Clarke (rugby league)

Jon Clarke (born 4 April 1979) is an English former professional rugby league player who played as a hooker.Jon is currently Head of Performance at Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles in the NRL.He was previously the strength & conditioning coach for the England and British & Irish Lions rugby union teams. He played for the Wigan Warriors, London Broncos, Warrington Wolves and Widnes Vikings.

## Playing career

He represented Great Britain Academy as captain whilst coming through the junior ranks at Wigan Warriors, he played in their 1997 Premiership Final winning side against St. Helens. He followed his Wigan Warriors coach John Monie to the London Broncos in 2000, but returned north in 2001 when the Warrington Wolves were forced to sign a hooker on loan to solve an injury crisis.
Generally used as Warrington Wolves' starting hooker, he was Super League's most effective tackler in 2004 with a 99% success rate, and was fourth-highest tackler in the competition in 2005.
In June 2007, Clarke was called up to the Great Britain squad for the Test match against France.
The Warrington Wolves fans voted him 'Greatest Hooker' in the club's history, beating John Thursfield and Mark Roskell into 2nd and 3rd place.
He was forced to rule himself out contention for the England training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup through injury.
Clarke played in the 2010 Challenge Cup Final victory over the Leeds Rhinos at Wembley Stadium.
It was announced on 6 September 2011 that Clarke would be joining Widnes Vikings in their forthcoming return to Super League.

## Coaching career

Clarke retired at the end of the 2014 season, and joined the coaching staff at Widnes.
Clarke was on the coaching staff of England RU at the 2019 Rugby World Cup in Japan. He was a strength and conditioning coach on the 2021 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa.
On 28 Nov 2023 it was reported that he had taken up a role as head of performance at the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles
# Nilo Franzen

Nilo Franzen (9 August 1902 – 19 March 1980) was a Brazilian rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
# Pibari

Pibari is a village in Türi Parish, Järva County in central Estonia.
# Samuel Matthews (hermit)

Samuel Matthews (died 1802), better known as the Dulwich Hermit was an 18th-century London hermit. His murder in 1802 went unresolved.

## Biography

Matthews was born in south Wales about 1733, and came to Dulwich in 1772, being employed as a gardener. He was described as having led a happy domestic life - living with his wife and four children.
Upon the death of his wife in about 1775, he is said to have entered a deep melancholy, withdrawing from civilization. He solicited and obtained permission from the master and wardens of Dulwich College to dig a cave in Dulwich Wood and erect a hut over it. He lived twenty-three years in this dwelling. He was visited regularly by locals, who dubbed him as the Wild Man of the Wood and described him as quiet, friendly and learned man - quite apart from his savage and dirty surroundings. He was often irritated by mischievous boys and fellows, who would steal his provisions and throw stones at him. At around 1798, he was beaten by some local Gypsy boys, who broke his arm and robbed him of 12 shillings. While recuperating, he became disgusted with his old habitation, and left to spend a year and a half with his son in Wales.
Once he had recovered, he felt an urge to return to Dulwich and once again, obtained permission to build a new hut and cave (his former residence having been destroyed by gypsies).
On an unknown day in December 1802, five boys, who at Christmas time, always made a tradition of visiting him, came across the mangled corpse of Matthews near his cave. He had been beaten to death. "[he] was covered with fern and under his arm was an oaken branch about six or seven feet long, which it is supposed the villains put into the cave in order to hook him out…it appears likely the hook had been hitched into his mouth, there being a hole of the size of it quite through the cheek" according to the local newspaper report.
Matthews had been seen the previous night by the local butcher, where he had paid off a small debt. Nearby gypsies were tried as suspects, but none were convicted, leading to the jury's verdict being "wilful murder, by person or persons unknown".
# USFF

USFF may refer to
* Ultra small form factor
* United States Fleet Forces Command
* United States Futsal Federation
* United States First Fleet
# Tomekia Reed

Tomekia Reed (born 1985) is an American basketball coach who is currently the head women's basketball coach at Charlotte. She was previously the head coach at Jackson State from 2018 to 2024.

## Coaching career

Reed began her coaching career at Jackson State, where she served as an assistant from 2006 to 2009. After stints at Southern Miss, Louisiana Tech, Louisiana-Lafayette, and New Orleans, she was named head coach at Hinds Community College in 2015.
On April 16, 2018, Reed was named the head women's basketball coach at Jackson State.
She inherited a program without an NCAA Tournament appearance since 2008 and led it to five straight SWAC regular-season titles (2019–20 to 2023–24), three SWAC tournament championships and NCAA appearances (2021, 2022, 2024), and a WNIT berth in 2023. She was also a four-time SWAC Coach of the Year (2020, 2022, 2023, 2024).
While at JSU, Reed coached the program's first-ever WNBA Draft pick, Ameshya Williams-Holliday, who was taken 25th overall in 2022 by the Indiana Fever, and Angel Jackson, a 3rd-round selection by the Las Vegas Aces in 2024. She also coached Alexis Roberts, a member of the United States' gold medal-winning team in the 2022 Deaflympics.
On April 25, 2024, Reed was named the head coach at Charlotte.

## Personal life

Reed has a son, Carlon.

## Head coaching record

Statistics overview :
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason |
| Jackson State (Southwestern Athletic Conference) (2018–2024) ||||||
| 2018–19 | Jackson State | 18–14 | 12–6 | T-3rd | |
| 2019–20 | Jackson State | 19–10 | 16–2 | 1st | Postseason cancelled due to COVID-19 |
| 2020–21 | Jackson State | 18–6 | 14–1 | 1st | NCAA First Round |
| 2021–22 | Jackson State | 23–7 | 18–0 | 1st | NCAA First Round |
| 2022–23 | Jackson State | 21–10 | 17–1 | 1st | WNIT First Round |
| 2023–24 | Jackson State | 26–7 | 18–0 | 1st | NCAA First Round |
| Jackson State: | Jackson State: | 125–54 (.698) | 95–10 (.905) | | |
| Charlotte 49ers (American Athletic Conference) (2024–present) ||||||
| 2024–25 | Charlotte | 6–12 | 1–6 | | |
| Charlotte: | Charlotte: | 6–12 (.333) | 1–6 (.143) | | |
| Total: | Total: | 131–66 (.665) | | | |
| National champion   Postseason invitational champion   Conference regular season champion   Conference regular season and conference tournament champion  Division regular season champion  Division regular season and conference tournament champion  Conference tournament champion ||||||
# S v Dlamini (2012)

S v Dlamini was a South African court case. The central question was of duplication of convictions.
The accused had been charged with and convicted on three counts of robbery. He was one of three perpetrators, one of whom was armed and had threatened a group of three women. The robbers had taken the women's property and departed. A 3-2 majority of the SCA found that there had been a separate intent by the robbers to rob each woman. There had, therefore, been no inappropriate duplication of convictions.

## Background

At 7:00pm one evening in 2002, three women were meeting at the residence of one of them in order to travel to church together. Two of the women were already in the car, ready to leave, when the third woman arrived in her own vehicle. She got out of her vehicle and as she began walking towards the car in the driveway, three men in overalls moved towards it and pointed a gun at her. They demanded that the women hand over their possessions, and also the keys to both cars. The men then took both vehicles and drove away. The appellant was found in possession of a firearm and ammunition three days later, but the firearm could not be definitely linked to the robbery.
The appellant was convicted in a regional court of three counts of robbery, possession of an unlicensed firearm and ammunition, and theft of a car. The three counts of robbery and the firearm offences were committed in 2002. The theft of the car was an older charge from 1999. He was sentenced to serve a total of 45 years' imprisonment.

## Appeals

On appeal to the high court, the conviction for the theft of the car in 1999 was set aside and the sentence reduced to 43 years' imprisonment.
A further appeal against the sentence to the SCA, was made on the grounds that there had been a duplication of convictions, as the three robbery charges arose from actions committed with a single intent in a continuous transaction.

## Judgment

As to whether there had been a duplication of convictions in respect of the three counts of robbery, Majiedt JA held for the majority (Van Heerden JA and Snyders JA concurring, and Farlam JA and Cachalia JA dissenting) that there had been a separate intent by the three robbers to rob each of the three women which was executed separately.
The convictions were upheld, but the sentences were ordered to run concurrently, so the actual imprisonment was reduced to seventeen years.

## Related cases

* National Director of Public Prosecutions v King 2010 (2) SACR 146 (SCA) (2010 (7) BCLR 656; [2010] 3 All SA 304).
* S v Dos Santos and Another 2010 (2) SACR 382 (SCA).
* S v Egglestone 2009 (1) SACR 244 (SCA) ([2008] 4 All SA 207).
* S v Fourie 2001 (2) SACR 118 (SCA) ([2001] 4 All SA 365).
* S v Malgas 2001 (1) SACR 469 (SCA) (2001 (2) SA 1222; [2001] 3 All SA 220).
* S v Maneli 2009 (1) SACR 509 (SCA).
* S v Moloto 1982 (1) SA 844 (A).
* S v Vilakazi 2009 (1) SACR 552 (SCA) ([2008] 4 All SA 396).
* S v Whitehead and Others 2008 (1) SACR 431 (SCA) ([2008] 2 All SA 257).

### Statutes

* Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977.
# Small Luk

Small Luk is an intersex human rights activist and the first intersex person to openly acknowledge her biological sex characteristics in Hong Kong. She was born with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS). Luk lived as a male for 36 years, and now identifies and lives as a woman, after changing her sex characteristics from intersex to female through gender-affirming surgery, upon doctors' advice to undergo the surgery because her type of PAIS would most likely have caused cancer.
She founded the organization "Beyond Boundaries – Knowing and Concerns Intersex" in 2011, which is concerned with, and strives for, the rights of intersex people.

## Background

Small Luk was the first child of her family. When Luk was born, the doctor found that she was intersex, with organs resembling testicles and a penis. Luk was deemed male and underwent more than 20 operations between the ages of 8 and 13 to construct a urethra – the duct that conducts urine from the bladder. When she was 12, the surgery failed. Luk found the surgery too unbearable and attempted suicide several times. News records state that Luk was the only surviving person among the seven people who were operated on as children at Hong Kong's Kwong Wah Hospital in the 1970s to "fix" their anatomies. After surgery at the age of 13, Luk refused further genital reconstruction.
During adolescence, Luk developed breasts, suffered menstrual cramps, and saw blood in her urine. Doctors explained that her body did not respond to androgen and found undeveloped uterus and vagina in her body. Luk eventually underwent surgery to remove her male genitalia, and now lives as a woman.
Apart from the surgical pain, Luk also suffered from bullying. Luk was at the receiving end of discrimination from classmates and teachers.

## Education

Despite the past, Luk has completed her education, earning degrees in social work and traditional Chinese medicine, as well as a master's in gender studies at Chinese University of Hong Kong. She now runs a holistic treatment clinic in Hong Kong.

## Advocacy

Small Luk founded the organization "Beyond Boundaries– Knowing and Concerns Intersex" in 2011, and it has been working to spread awareness about intersex people. The aims of the organization are to raise public awareness about intersex people and promote the rights of intersex people, including ending forced genital normalising surgery and conversion therapies. Luk urges the Hong Kong government to educate the public about intersex conditions, extend anti-discrimination laws to cover intersex people and stop foisting surgery on intersex children without consulting them. Luk has been invited to various international and local events, including the United Nations meeting in Thailand, to speak on the issue of intersex people and their rights. In 2018, she participated in the forum where NGO Intersex Asia was founded.
# Ruy Kopper

Ruy Kopper (3 July 1930 – 26 March 2010) was a Brazilian rower. He competed in the men's coxed four event at the 1956 Summer Olympics.
# Bust of Nicolas Poussin

The Bust of Nicolas Poussin is a marble portrait bust by the Flemish sculptor François Duquesnoy. Nicolas Poussin was a close friend of Duquesnoy, and the leading classicist painter in 17th-century French art, although he spent most of his working life in Rome.
Both Poussin's and Duquesnoy's visions were at odds with the mainstream Baroque style of artists such as Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Pietro da Cortona. The portrait sculpture was completed in the 1630s, and is currently housed at the Bode Museum in Berlin.

## Sculpture

Duquesnoy was a close friend of a number of prominent artists in Rome; among these was Poussin. The two artists even shared a house in 1626.
Duquesnoy produced a small bust for Poussin, with details carefully worked out. The sitter has a melancholy face. The stylish rendering of moustache and beard and the composition itself are strongly reminiscent of Duquesnoy's Nano di Créqui and his bust of Cardinal Maurizio of Savoy. The physiognomy and the surface of the sitter's skin are delicately rendered; delicacy and sensitivity contrast with the long, curvy hair framing the sitter's face.
# Rokci (Aleksandrovac)

Rokci (Serbian: Рокци) is a village in the municipality of Aleksandrovac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 213 people.
# John Ball

Jack, Johnny, or John Ball may refer to:

## Clergymen

* John Ball (priest) (c. 1338 – 1381), English radical priest and leader of 1381 Peasants' Revolt
* John Ball (minister) (1665–1745), English Presbyterian minister
* John Ball (clergyman) (before 1760 – after 1795), African-American minister from Nova Scotia
* John Ball (bishop) (1934–2016), British Anglican bishop

## Performers

* Johnny Ball (born 1938), English children's television presenter
* John Ball (musician) (born 1990), American Christian musician

## Politicians

* John Ball (16th-century MP) (c.1518–1556), English Member of Parliament (MP) for Norwich
* John Ball (assemblyman) (1756–1838), American soldier and politician
* John Thomas Ball (1815–1898), Irish barrister and politician, MP for Dublin University 1868–1875
* John Ball (naturalist) (1818–1889), Irish naturalist and politician, MP for County Carlow 1857–1880
* John Ball (pioneer) (1794–1884), American pioneer and state politician
* John Ball (Drogheda MP) (c. 1754–1813), MP for Drogheda in the Irish House of Commons

## Sportsmen

* John Ball (golfer) (1861–1940), English amateur golfer; winner of The Open Championship
* Jack Ball (footballer, born 1900) (1900–1989), English footballer for Bury and England
* Jack Ball (footballer, born 1907) (1907–1976), English football forward
* Jack Ball (footballer, born 1923) (1923–1999), English football goalkeeper
* John Ball (footballer, born 1925) (1925–1998), English footballer for Bolton Wanderers
* John Ball (soccer, born 1972), American footballer for Rochester Rhinos

## Writers

* John Ball (Puritan) (1585–1640), English author and scholar
* John Ball (pioneer) (1794–1884), American explorer
* John Ball (geologist) (1872–1941), English geologist
* John Ball (novelist) (1911–1988), American novelist
* Sir John M. Ball (born 1948), English mathematician
* John Ball (cognitive scientist) (born 1963), American cognitive scientist
# Yoshitaka Iwamizu

Yoshitaka Iwamizu (岩水 嘉孝, Iwamizu Yoshitaka, born 20 June 1979 in Toyohashi, Aichi) is a Japanese long-distance runner. He competes in the 3000 metres steeplechase.
He finished fifth at the 2001 Summer Universiade in Beijing, won a silver medal at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, Korea and finished eleventh at the 2003 World Championships in Paris. He also competed at the World Championships in 2001 and 2005 as well as the 2004 Summer Olympics without reaching the finals there.
He graduated from the Juntendo University.

## Personal bests

* 3000 m s'chase: 8:18.93 minutes (Japanese record), 23 August 2003, Saint-Denis, France
* 5000m: 13:37.99 minutes, 21 May 2005, Fukuroi, Japan
* 10,000m: 28:17.80 minutes, 24 September 2010, Niigata, Japan
# Mounana

Mounana is a town in Gabon. It lies on the N3 road and from 1958 until the 1990s was a major uranium mining centre. The mine is now closed, and it is now primarily a centre for agriculture. According to the 1993 census it had a population of 6,372 and in 2013 it had an estimated population of 12,437.
# Jade De Rijcke

Jade De Rijcke (December 2, 2003) is a Belgian singer. De Rijcke won The Voice Kids Belgium in 2018 with the clean version of "Perfect" by Pink.
In 2019, she signed a contract with Universal and in March of that year, she released her first single, "Straw House". She was followed by a second single "Your Type" which was released in September. She released her third and fourth singles "Lately" and "When I Cry" on 23 September 2020 and 28 January 2022 respectively.
On 6 May 2022, it was announced, that Jade will represent Belgium at the Burger King Song Contest 2022. Her song "Pages" was released on 7 September 2022. The Grand Final was held on 11 November. Jade won the contest with her song "Pages" getting 553 points.
# Francis R. Chown House

The Francis R. Chown House is a house located in southwest Portland, Oregon. It is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is also a contributing property of the King's Hill Historic District. It is located in the Goose Hollow neighborhood.