# Gaskell Memorial Tower and King's Coffee House

The Gaskell Memorial Tower and King's Coffee House are in King Street, Knutsford, Cheshire, England. As originally built, it had the triple function of being council offices, a coffee house, and a memorial to the novelist Elizabeth Gaskell, a former resident of the town who is often known as Mrs Gaskell. The building was designed by Richard Harding Watt with assistance from W. Longworth, and was opened in 1907. Its design incorporates features of many styles of architecture, and has not been praised by all critics. Incorporated on the tower are two depictions of Mrs Gaskell, a stone bust and a bronze relief. The building is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. The building is owned by Knutsford Town Council but since the early 1970s it has been used as a restaurant.

## History

The building was erected between 1904 and 1907 and was designed by Richard Harding Watt with assistance from W. Longworth. Its initial function was to provide council offices, a coffee house with a ballroom, and a memorial to Mrs Gaskell. Watt was a local businessman and philanthropist who had studied drawing but was not a qualified architect. He had designed a number of houses and other buildings in the Knutsford area, and used other draughtsmen and architects to produce the drawing for the works he designed. The coffee house, known as the King's Coffee House, in addition to providing food and drink, also supplied newspapers and journals. Watt's intention was "to attract the inhabitants of Knutsford away from the local inns and public houses". Watt also wanted to commemorate the novelist Mrs Gaskell, who had lived in Knutsford, and who had based some of her works on the town, in particular the novel Cranford. The building was opened on 23 March 1907 in the presence of one of Mrs Gaskell's grandsons. A plaque was placed on the tower on 29 September 1960 on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of Mrs Gaskell's birth. As of 2014 the building is used as a restaurant.

## Description
### Former coffee house

The building is constructed mainly in sandstone, with the upper part of the tower in Portland stone. Its architectural style is eclectic, being mainly Italianate, with Arts and Crafts features. Nikolaus Pevsner placed it as "a parallel to Barcelona at the same time", and thought that some motifs might be Byzantine. The main block is the former coffee house, which is in two storeys. The entrance is on the right through a recessed porch, with an octagonal column, above which is an inscribed stone. To the left of the porch is a large oriel window, and in the upper floor are three windows and a stepped parapet. On the left of this is a square tower with a small recessed bow window, above which is a larger window divided by a large transom. On top of the tower is a domed lantern. On the left side of the tower is an external staircase, and a tall round-headed window. Between the main block and the memorial tower, the building in recessed, forming a small courtyard. At the rear of the building is a pair of large Doric columns which had been moved from St Peter's Church, Manchester, and nearby are the wheels that transported them.

### Memorial tower

The tower has a square plan, it is about 21 metres (69 ft) high, and 3 metres (10 ft) on each side. It has recessed bow windows on three sides around the bottom. Above the window on the side facing King Street is a stone bust in a niche, and on the right face is a bronze relief, both of which depict Mrs Gaskell. At a higher level than the bust is an offset oriel window, and near the top of the tower are randomly projecting blocks. Near the summit of the tower is an arcade of windows. At the top is an open parapet and turret-like projections. The bust on the King Street face is a copy of a marble bust made in 1897 by Hamo Thornycroft, which is itself a copy of a plaster bust by David Dunbar, which was executed in about 1830–31. This was not present at the formal opening, but was in place by 1913. The sculptor of the relief was Achille d'Orsi. In 1898 Watt has placed it on the front of Knutsford post office, and it was later moved to the tower.
On the right side of the tower, above the bronze relief, is carved a list of Mrs Gaskell's novels. Below the relief is carved:
       THOUGH HE SLAY ME
       YET WILL I TRUST IN HIM
On the front of the tower below the bow window is a plaque with an inscription reading:
       THIS PLAQUE WAS PLACED
       HERE ON THE OCCASION OF
       MRS GASKELL'S 150th BIRTH
       ANNIVERSARY, SEP 29th 1960
       AND TO RECORD THAT THIS
       TOWER WAS ERECTED
       TO THE MEMORY OF
       MRS GASKELL BY
       MR RH WATT IN MARCH 1907

## Appraisal

The statue was designated as a Grade II* listed building on 18 January 1949. Grade II* is the middle of the three grades of listing designated by English Heritage, and is granted to "particularly important buildings of more than special interest". The architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner did not know what to make of Watt's works. He described Watt's buildings in Knutsford as a "monstrous desecration of a small and pleasant country town", yet conceded that younger critics might call him the "Gaudí of England". Referring specifically to the tower and former coffee house he criticised its "remorseless imposing of crazy grandeur on poor Knutsford". Later writers have been kinder. Hartwell et al. in the Buildings of England series consider that Watt's houses elsewhere in the town show him to be the equal of Edgar Wood and Mackintosh. Describing the tower and former coffee house they comment that they "may floor the unwary".