# Le Mans

Le Mans (/ləˈmɒ̃/; French: ) is a city in Northwestern France on the Sarthe River where it meets the Huisne. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine, it is now the capital of the Sarthe department and the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Le Mans. Le Mans is a part of the Pays de la Loire region.
Its inhabitants are called Manceaux (male) and Mancelles (female). Since 1923, the city has hosted the 24 Hours of Le Mans, the world's oldest active endurance sports car race. The event is among the most attended and prestigious motor sports events in the world.

## History

First mentioned by Claudius Ptolemy, the Roman city Vindinium was the capital of the Aulerci, a sub tribe of the Aedui. Le Mans is also known as Civitas Cenomanorum (City of the Cenomani), or Cenomanus. Their city, seized by the Romans in 47 BC, was within the ancient Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. A 3rd-century amphitheatre is still visible. The thermae were demolished during the crisis of the third century when workers were mobilized to build the city's defensive walls. The ancient wall around Le Mans is one of the most complete circuits of Gallo-Roman city walls to survive.
As the use of the French language replaced late Vulgar Latin in the area, Cenomanus, with dissimilation, became known as Celmins. Cel- was taken to be a form of the French word for "this" and "that", and was replaced by le, which means "the".
As the principal city of Maine, Le Mans was the stage for struggles in the eleventh century between the counts of Anjou and the dukes of Normandy. When the Normans had control of Maine, William the Conqueror successfully invaded England and established an occupation. In 1069 the citizens of Maine revolted and expelled the Normans, resulting in Hugh V being proclaimed count of Maine. Geoffrey V of Anjou married Matilda of England in the cathedral. Their son Henry II Plantagenet, king of England, was born in the town.
In the 13th century Le Mans came under the control of the French crown. It was subsequently invaded by England during the Hundred Years' War.
Industrialization took place in the 19th century which saw the development of railway and motor vehicle production as well as textiles and tobacco manufacture.
Wilbur Wright began official public demonstrations of the airplane he had developed with his younger brother Orville on 8 August 1908, at the Hunaudières horse racing track near Le Mans.

### World War II

Soon after Le Mans was liberated by the U.S. 79th and 90th Infantry Divisions on 8 August 1944, engineers of the Ninth Air Force IX Engineering Command began construction of a combat Advanced Landing Ground outside of the town. The airfield was declared operational on 3 September and designated as "A-35". It was used by several American fighter and transport units until late November of that year in additional offensives across France; the airfield was closed.

## Main sights

* Le Mans has a well-preserved old town (Cité Plantagenêt, also called Vieux Mans) and the Cathédrale St-Julien, dedicated to St Julian of Le Mans, who is honoured as the city's first bishop.
* Remnants of a Roman wall are visible in the old town and Roman baths are located by the river. These walls are highlighted every summer (July and August) evening in a light show that tells the history of the town.
* Arboretum de la Grand Prée
* Notre-Dame de la Couture, medieval church
* Notre Dame de Sainte Croix, neogothic church
* Part of the former Cistercian abbey de l'Epau, founded by Queen Berengaria and currently maintained in extensive grounds by the Département de la Sarthe.
* Jardin des Plantes du Mans
* Musée de la reine Bérengère, a museum of Le Mans history located in a gothic manor house.
* Musée de Tessé [fr], the fine arts museum of the city, displaying painting (including artworks by Philippe de Champaigne, Charles Le Brun, François Boucher, John Constable, Ingres, Théodore Géricault and Camille Corot) and archaeological collections as well as decorative arts.
* The Hôtel de Ville (City Hall)

## Gallery

* Le Palais des Comtes du Maine
* Gallo-Roman walls
* Organ in the cathedral
* A street in the old town
* Manhole cover depicting the city's coat-of-arms
* Effigy of Berengaria of Navarre in the chapter house of Épau abbey.
* The Hôtel de Ville (City Hall)

## Climate

Le Mans has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb) influenced by the mild Atlantic air travelling inland. Summers are warm and occasionally hot, whereas winters are mild and cloudy. Precipitation is relatively uniform and moderate year round.
Climate data for Le Mans (1991–2020 averages) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.2 (63.0) | 21.8 (71.2) | 25.6 (78.1) | 30.3 (86.5) | 32.4 (90.3) | 39.7 (103.5) | 41.1 (106.0) | 40.5 (104.9) | 35.0 (95.0) | 30.0 (86.0) | 22.2 (72.0) | 18.3 (64.9) | 41.1 (106.0) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) | 16.2 (61.2) | 20.4 (68.7) | 24.8 (76.6) | 28.2 (82.8) | 32.4 (90.3) | 33.9 (93.0) | 34.0 (93.2) | 29.2 (84.6) | 23.5 (74.3) | 17.6 (63.7) | 14.3 (57.7) | 35.4 (95.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.4 (47.1) | 9.7 (49.5) | 13.3 (55.9) | 16.6 (61.9) | 20.1 (68.2) | 23.6 (74.5) | 26.0 (78.8) | 26.0 (78.8) | 22.2 (72.0) | 17.2 (63.0) | 11.9 (53.4) | 8.8 (47.8) | 17.0 (62.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.5 (41.9) | 5.9 (42.6) | 8.7 (47.7) | 11.3 (52.3) | 14.9 (58.8) | 18.2 (64.8) | 20.3 (68.5) | 20.1 (68.2) | 16.7 (62.1) | 13.0 (55.4) | 8.6 (47.5) | 5.9 (42.6) | 12.4 (54.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.7 (36.9) | 2.2 (36.0) | 4.0 (39.2) | 6.0 (42.8) | 9.7 (49.5) | 12.9 (55.2) | 14.6 (58.3) | 14.3 (57.7) | 11.2 (52.2) | 8.8 (47.8) | 5.2 (41.4) | 2.9 (37.2) | 7.9 (46.2) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | −6.1 (21.0) | −5.1 (22.8) | −3.0 (26.6) | −0.6 (30.9) | 2.7 (36.9) | 6.8 (44.2) | 8.8 (47.8) | 7.7 (45.9) | 4.5 (40.1) | 0.8 (33.4) | −2.8 (27.0) | −5.2 (22.6) | −8.0 (17.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −18.2 (−0.8) | −17.0 (1.4) | −11.3 (11.7) | −4.9 (23.2) | −3.7 (25.3) | 1.6 (34.9) | 3.9 (39.0) | 3.2 (37.8) | −0.5 (31.1) | −5.4 (22.3) | −12.0 (10.4) | −21.0 (−5.8) | −21.0 (−5.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 65.9 (2.59) | 49.1 (1.93) | 52.2 (2.06) | 51.1 (2.01) | 63.2 (2.49) | 55.1 (2.17) | 49.4 (1.94) | 49.0 (1.93) | 50.8 (2.00) | 65.5 (2.58) | 67.1 (2.64) | 75.0 (2.95) | 693.4 (27.29) |
| Average precipitation days | 11.0 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 9.0 | 9.5 | 7.9 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 10.6 | 11.3 | 11.6 | 112 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 87 | 83 | 78 | 74 | 75 | 73 | 72 | 74 | 79 | 86 | 88 | 88 | 79.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 65 | 94 | 139 | 180 | 207 | 221 | 233 | 226 | 185 | 118 | 75 | 67 | 1,810 |
| Source 1: Meteo France ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Infoclimat (humidity 1961–1990) ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

As of 2018, there were 367,082 inhabitants in the metropolitan area (aire d'attraction) of Le Mans, with 143,252 of these living in the city proper (commune). In 1855 Le Mans absorbed four neighbouring communes. The population data for 1851 and earlier in the table and graph below refer to the pre-1855 borders.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 18,855 | — |
| 1800 | 18,081 | −0.60% |
| 1806 | 19,030 | +0.86% |
| 1821 | 18,881 | −0.05% |
| 1831 | 19,792 | +0.47% |
| 1836 | 23,164 | +3.20% |
| 1841 | 25,189 | +1.69% |
| 1846 | 27,461 | +1.74% |
| 1851 | 27,059 | −0.29% |
| 1856 | 34,664 | +5.08% |
| 1861 | 37,209 | +1.43% |
| 1866 | 45,230 | +3.98% |
| 1872 | 46,981 | +0.64% |
| 1876 | 50,175 | +1.66% |
| 1881 | 55,347 | +1.98% |
| 1886 | 57,591 | +0.80% |
| 1891 | 57,412 | −0.06% |
| 1896 | 60,075 | +0.91% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1901 | 63,272 | +1.04% |
| 1906 | 65,467 | +0.68% |
| 1911 | 69,361 | +1.16% |
| 1921 | 71,783 | +0.34% |
| 1926 | 72,867 | +0.30% |
| 1931 | 76,868 | +1.07% |
| 1936 | 84,525 | +1.92% |
| 1946 | 100,455 | +1.74% |
| 1954 | 111,891 | +1.36% |
| 1962 | 132,181 | +2.10% |
| 1968 | 143,246 | +1.35% |
| 1975 | 152,285 | +0.88% |
| 1982 | 147,697 | −0.44% |
| 1990 | 145,502 | −0.19% |
| 1999 | 146,105 | +0.05% |
| 2007 | 144,164 | −0.17% |
| 2012 | 143,599 | −0.08% |
| 2017 | 142,946 | −0.09% |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. :
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968–2017) :

## Transportation

The Gare du Mans is the main railway station of Le Mans. It takes 1 hour to reach Paris from Le Mans by TGV high speed train. There are also TGV connections to Lille, Marseille, Nantes, Rennes and Brest. Gare du Mans is also a hub for regional trains. Le Mans inaugurated a new light rail system on 17 November 2007.

## Sport
### Motorsport

The first French Grand Prix took place on a 64-mile (103 km) circuit based at Le Mans in 1906.
Since the 1920s, the city has been best known for its connection with motorsports. There are two official and separate racing tracks at Le Mans, though they share certain portions. The smaller is the Bugatti Circuit (named after Ettore Bugatti, founder of the car company bearing his name), a relatively short permanent circuit, which is used for racing throughout the year and regularly hosts the French motorcycle Grand Prix. The longer and more famous Circuit de la Sarthe is composed partly of public roads. These are closed to the public when the track is in use for racing. Since 1923, this route has been used for the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans sports car endurance race. Boutiques and shops are set up during the race, selling merchandise and promoting products for cars.
The "Le Mans start" was formerly used in the 24-hour race: drivers lined up across the track from their cars, ran across the track, jumped into their cars and started them to begin the race.
The 1955 Le Mans disaster was a large accident during the race that killed eighty-four spectators.

### Basketball

The city is home to Le Mans Sarthe Basket, 2006 Champion of the LNB Pro A, France's top professional basketball division.
The team plays its home games at the Antarès, which served as one of the host arenas of the FIBA EuroBasket 1999.

### Football

* Le Mans FC

### Cycling

* Circuit de la Sarthe (cycling)

## Notable people

Le Mans was the birthplace of:
* Elijah ben Menahem Ha-Zaken, born 980
* Henry II of England, born 1133
* Geoffroy V d'Anjou, born 1113
* Geoffrey de Goreham or Gorron, became Abbot of St Albans, Hertfordshire, UK in 1119
* John II of France, born 1319
* Dom Louis Le Pelletier, born 1663, linguist of the Breton language
* Gilles-François de Beauvais, born 7 July 1693, Jesuit writer and preacher
* Jean-Marie-Joseph Coutelle (1748–1835), engineer, scientist and pioneer of ballooning
* Basil Moreau, born 1799, priest of Le Mans, founded the Congregation of Holy Cross, beatified in Le Mans in 2007
* Léon Bollée, born 1870, car manufacturer and inventor
* Henri Fournier, born 1871, racing driver
* Christine and Lea Papin, whose murder (1933) of their employers inspired Jean Genêt's The Maids
* Jean Françaix, born in 1912, composer
* Jean Lucas, born 1917, racing driver
* Anny-Charlotte Verney, born 1943, racing driver
* François Migault, born 1944, racing driver
* Jean Rondeau, born in 1946, racing driver and constructor
* Gérard Tremblay, born 1950, racing driver
* Jean-Yves Empereur born 1952, archeologist
* Bertrand Lançon, born 1952, Roman history scholar
* François Fillon, born in 1954, former Prime Minister of France
* Yves Jumeau, born in 1955, visual artist
* François Vallejo, born 1960, novelist
* Sylvie Tolmont, born 1962, politician
* Lionel Robert, born 1962, racing driver
* Sabine Toutain, born in 1966, violist
* Doan Bui, born in the 1970s, journalist
* Amaelle Landais-Israël, born 1977, climatologist
* Emmanuel Moire, born 1979, French singer
* Sébastien Bourdais, born 1979, race car driver
* Julien Canal, born 1982, race car driver
* Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, born 1985, professional tennis player
* Guillaume Loriot, footballer
* Leslie, born 4 February 1985, French singer
* Louis Rossi born 1989, Grand Prix motorcycle racer
* Emma Mackey, born 1996, French-British actress
Notable residents include:
* Gilles Villeneuve, lived temporarily in Le Mans in 1973.
* Gérard Genette, literary theorist, lived and taught in Le Mans from 1956 to 1963.
* Jacques Derrida, philosopher, lived and taught in Le Mans in 1959–1960.
* David Jason, English actor, lived in Le Mans between 1965–1968 and 1999–2001.
* Andy Wallace, born 1961, racecar driver.
Died in Le Mans:
* Liborius of Le Mans (c. 348–397), bishop of Le Mans
* André d'Arbelles (1767–1825), journalist and historiographer
* Lawrence Aubrey Wallace (1857–1942) British Colonial Administrator

## International relations

Le Mans is twinned with:
* Bolton, England, United Kingdom
* Haouza, Morocco
* Paderborn, Germany
* Rostov-on-Don, Russia
* Suzuka, Japan
* Volos, Greece
* Xianyang, China

## Gastronomy

The culinary specialty of Le Mans is rillettes, a shredded pork pâté.

## Landmarks

Located at Mayet near Le Mans, the Le Mans-Mayet transmitter has a height of 342 m and is one of the tallest radio masts in France.

## Representation in popular culture

* Le Mans has been a setting for numerous feature films that feature its famous race.
* Le Mans is a setting for sections of the 2020 novel, The Invisible Life of Addie LaRue, by V.E. Schwab.