# 1948 in science

The year 1948 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

## Astronomy and space science

* February 16 – Miranda, innermost of the large moons of Uranus, is discovered by Gerard Kuiper from the McDonald Observatory in Texas.
* October 10 – An R-1 (missile) on test becomes the first Soviet launch to enter space.

## Biology

* August 7 – Teaching and research in Mendelian genetics is prohibited in the Soviet Union in favour of Lysenkoist theories of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
* October 5 – Delegates to a conference organised by Sir Julian Huxley at Fontainebleau agree to formation of the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
* November 20 – The South Island takahē, a flightless bird generally thought to have been extinct for fifty years, is rediscovered by Geoffrey Orbell near Lake Te Anau in the South Island of New Zealand.
* Last recorded sighting of the Caspian tiger in Kazakhstan.
* Publication of Fairfield Osborne's Our Plundered Planet, a Malthusian critique of human environmental destruction.

## Computer science

* May 12 – World's first stored-program computer operates, the mechanical ARC (Automatic Relay Calculator) at Birkbeck College, University of London (largely built by Kathleen Booth).
* June 21 – World's first working program run on an electronic stored-program computer, the Manchester Baby (written by Tom Kilburn).
* July–October – Claude E. Shannon publishes "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" in Bell System Technical Journal, regarded as a foundation of information theory, introducing the concept of Shannon entropy and adopting the term Bit.

## History of science

* December 17 – The original Wright Flyer goes on display in the Smithsonian Institution.

## Medicine and human sciences

* January 5 – The first Kinsey Report, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, is published in the United States.
* April 7 – The World Health Organization is established by the United Nations.
* July 5 – The National Health Service begins functioning in the United Kingdom, giving the right to universal healthcare, free at point of use.
* Winter 1948/49 – Outbreak of Akureyri disease in Iceland.
* In psychology, Bertram Forer demonstrates the Barnum effect (that people tend to accept generalised descriptions of personality as uniquely applicable to themselves).
* Julius Axelrod and Bernard Brodie identify the analgesic properties of acetaminophen.

## Meteorology

* March 25 – Meteorologists at Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma City issue the world's first tornado forecast, for the second of the 1948 Tinker Air Force Base tornadoes.

## Physics

* April 1 – Physicists Ralph Asher Alpher and George Gamow publish the Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper about the Big Bang.
* May 29 – Casimir effect predicted by Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir.
* Herbert Fröhlich makes a key breakthrough in understanding superconductivity, at the University of Liverpool.

## Technology

* June 18 – Columbia Records unveil the LP records developed by Peter Goldmark of CBS Laboratories.
* First modern long-span permanent box girder bridge completed, between Cologne and Deutz.

## Publications

* First publication of Norbert Wiener's Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine.
* Publication in Britain of the novel No Highway by former aeronautical engineer Nevil Shute, dealing with the effects of metal fatigue on aircraft.

## Awards

* Nobel Prizes
** Physics – Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett
** Chemistry – Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius
** Medicine – Paul Hermann Müller

## Births

* January 30 – Akira Yoshino, Japanese chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
* March 1 – Alison Richard, English primatologist and academic.
* March 9 – László Lovász, Hungarian computer scientist.
* March 21 – Robert Watson, British atmospheric chemist.
* May – David Mabberley, English-born plant taxonomist.
* June 13 – Nina L. Etkin (died 2009), American anthropologist and biologist.
* June 28 – Kenneth Alan Ribet, American mathematician.
* July 20 – Martin Green, Australian solar cell researcher.
* August 4 – Giorgio Parisi, Italian theoretical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
* August 7 – James P. Allison, American immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
* August 25 – Nicholas A. Peppas, Greek chemical and biomedical engineer.
* August 29 – Robert S. Langer, American biomedical engineer.
* August 30 – Victor Skumin, Russian scientist, psychiatrist and psychologist; describes Skumin syndrome in 1978.
* September 2 – Christa McAuliffe, born Sharon Christa Corrigan (died 1986), American astronaut.
* October 29 – Frans de Waal, Dutch primatologist.
* October 31 – Mu-ming Poo, Chinese neuroscientist.
* December 30 – Randy Schekman, American cell biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
* Margaret Allen, American cardiothoracic surgeon.
* Robert Plomin, American-born psychologist.

## Deaths

* January 30 – Orville Wright (born 1871), American pioneer aviator.
* May 26 – Sir George Newman (born 1870), English public health physician.
* June 10 – Philippa Fawcett (born 1868), English mathematician.
* June 21 – D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (born 1860), Scottish biologist.
* December 12 – Marjory Stephenson (born 1885), English biochemist.