# Pateros

Pateros, officially the Municipality of Pateros (Tagalog:; Filipino: Bayan ng Pateros), is the lone municipality of Metro Manila, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 65,227 people.
This municipality is famous for its duck-raising industry and especially for producing balut, a Filipino delicacy, which is a boiled, fertilized duck egg. Pateros is also known for the production of red salty eggs and "inutak", a local rice cake. Moreover, the town is known for manufacturing of "alfombra", a locally-made footwear with a carpet-like fabric on its top surface. Pateros is bordered by the highly urbanized cities of Pasig to the north, and by Taguig to the east, west and south.
Pateros is the smallest municipality both in population and in land area, in Metro Manila, but it is the second most densely populated at around 37,000 inhabitants per square kilometer or 96,000 inhabitants per square mile after the capital city of Manila. Unlike its neighbors in Metro Manila, Pateros is the only municipality in the region.

## Etymology

The name Pateros is most likely derived from the duck-raising industry. The Tagalog word (of Spanish origin) for "duck" is pato and pateros, "duck-raisers". The early 19th-century U.S. diplomat Edmund Roberts used Duck-town, another name for Pateros, stating that he "never before saw so many ducks together" in one place. The duck reference is perfectly suited for Pateros, whose popular culinary specialty is a street food called Balut (food), a fertilized developing duck embryo that is boiled and eaten from the shell. Several balutans offer different and unique cuisine as well as street merchants selling them on the side of the road.

## History
### Spanish colonial era

Before 1799, Pateros was only a barrio of Pasig. The barrio was called "Aguho" or "embarcadero" (meaning small port). Pateros as a port, was the focal point of trade and commerce not just for Pasig but also for the neighboring towns. It was a reason why Pateros was the most progressive barrio of Pasig. It was not until the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines issued a decree making Pateros an independent municipality. The town was then composed of five barrios (villages): Aguho, San Roque, Santa Ana, Santo Rosario (Santo Rosario-Silangan and Santo Rosario-Kanluran), and Mamangcat (now part of Fort Bonifacio).

#### The Philippine revolution

During the Philippine–American War in March 1899, the first contingent of American Volunteers from Washington arrived in the town of Pateros. The American soldiers rallied and eventually won the battles to take control and establish a temporary camp.

### American colonial era

Throughout this period, American soldiers were able to experience the culture and livelihood of the citizens of Pateros. Having roast duck for meals during wartime and sending postcards of Pateros back to the United States of America. In 1900, a member of the American contingent, Lieutenant Charles Nosler, renamed the city of Ive's Landing in Washington State, USA, after the town of Pateros in the Philippines. Pateros in Washington State officially became an American city on May 1, 1913.

#### Inclusion to newly created province of Rizal

On March 29, 1900, Pateros, then a part of the province of Manila, became one of the towns in the newly created province of Rizal, by virtue of General Order No. 40, Act No. 137 of the Philippine Commission, which was promulgated on June 11, 1901. Then on October 12, 1903, Act No. 942 united Pateros with Taguig and Muntinlupa into one municipality under Pateros. Muntinlupa was later separated from Pateros on November 25, 1903 to become part of Biñan, La Laguna through Act No. 1008. The municipality was renamed Taguig and Muntinlupa was reconsolidated with it on March 22, 1905 through Act No. 1308.
Executive Order No. 20 dated February 29, 1908, partitioned Pateros from Taguig, and the town regained independent status as a municipality on January 1, 1909, by Executive Order No. 36.

### Philippine independence
#### Incorporation to Metropolitan Manila

On November 7, 1975, Pateros became a part of the new Metropolitan Manila Area through Presidential Decree No. 824.

#### International partnership

On July 23, 2013, Mayor Jaime C. Medina visited the city of Pateros, Washington State, United States to sign the Sister City Memorandum of Understanding between the Municipality of Pateros, Metro Manila and Pateros City of Okanogan County, Washington State, USA. According to Mayor Gail Howe, the two cities have not applied through Sister Cities International but the goals of promoting the culture and exchanges have turned the sisterhood into reality.

## Geography
### Climate

Climate data for Pateros, Metro Manila :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29 (84) | 30 (86) | 32 (90) | 34 (93) | 33 (91) | 31 (88) | 30 (86) | 29 (84) | 29 (84) | 30 (86) | 30 (86) | 29 (84) | 31 (87) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 21 (70) | 23 (73) | 24 (75) | 25 (77) | 24 (75) | 25 (77) | 24 (75) | 23 (73) | 22 (72) | 21 (70) | 23 (73) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 7 (0.3) | 7 (0.3) | 9 (0.4) | 21 (0.8) | 101 (4.0) | 152 (6.0) | 188 (7.4) | 170 (6.7) | 159 (6.3) | 115 (4.5) | 47 (1.9) | 29 (1.1) | 1,005 (39.7) |
| Average rainy days | 3.3 | 3.5 | 11.1 | 8.1 | 18.9 | 23.5 | 26.4 | 25.5 | 24.5 | 19.6 | 10.4 | 6.4 | 181.2 |
| Source: Meteoblue ||||||||||||||

### Barangays

Pateros is politically subdivided into 10 barangays:
| | Barangays | Population (2020) | Area (km$^2$) | Density (/km$^2$) |
| | Aguho | 7,322 | 0.21 | 35,372 |
| | Magtanggol | 1,388 | 0.08 | 18,026 |
| | Martirez del 96 | 5,027 | 0.19 | 26,983 |
| | Poblacion | 2,000 | 0.0743 | 26,918 |
| | San Pedro | 2,218 | 0.1 | 23,080 |
| | San Roque | 4,749 | 0.2 | 24,106 |
| | Santa Ana | 29,680 | 0.75 | 39,489 |
| | Santo Rosario–Kanluran | 5,345 | 0.21 | 25,094 |
| | Santo Rosario–Silangan | 4,693 | 0.2 | 23,383 |
| | Tabacalera | 2,805 | 0.1 | 28,918 |
| Source: Facts & Figures | Pateros Official |||| |

### Boundary dispute

The municipal government of Pateros claims that its original land area was not its present land area of 2.10 km$^2$ (0.81 sq mi) but 1,040 hectares (10.4 km$^2$) including Fort Bonifacio, particularly the Embo barangays Comembo, Pembo, East Rembo, West Rembo, Cembo, South Cembo, Pitogo, Rizal, Post Proper Northside and Post Proper Southside which are now part of the city of Taguig (originally Mamancat, Masilang, San Nicolas, and Malapadnabato, former parts of Pateros), based on documents and official maps obtained by former Pateros Councilor Dominador Rosales from 30 libraries and offices including USA Library of Congress and USA Archives. One of those maps was the 1968 Land Classification Map of the Bureau of Land. Also included in their claim are the present-day barangays Buting, San Joaquin, and Kalawaan in Pasig.
Pateros' decrease in territory was accounted to a cadastral mapping in Metro Manila conducted in 1978. Pateros Mayor Nestor Ponce challenged the map through an objection letter dated June 23, 1978. But in January 1986, then President Ferdinand Marcos issued Proclamation No. 2475 which stated that Fort Bonifacio is situated in Makati and it is open for disposition. Because of that, a boundary dispute arose which moved Pateros to request a dialogue about that with then Municipal Council of Makati in 1990. Pateros also filed a complaint against Makati at the Makati Regional Trial Court in 1996 but the trial court dismissed the case for lack of jurisdiction. The case was brought to the Court of Appeals in 2003 but the case was also denied. The same case was also elevated to the Supreme Court in 2009 but it was denied again.

#### Supreme Court decision

Almost two decades later, the Supreme Court on June 16, 2009, per Antonio Eduardo B. Nachura denied Pateros' petition against Makati but ruled out that the boundary dispute should be settled amicably by their respective legislative bodies based on Section 118(d) of the Local Government Code. Pursuant to the decision, Pateros invited Makati to a council-to-council dialogue. This happened on October 8, 2009. Four meetings were held and at the fourth dialogue on November 23, 2009, a joint resolution was made stating that Makati is requesting a tripartite conference between Pateros, Taguig and Makati.
Despite the resolution of the dispute between Taguig and Makati in favor of the former by the Supreme Court in 2023, the high court has allowed Pateros to pursue its claims.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1903 | 4,105 | — |
| 1918 | 4,113 | +0.01% |
| 1939 | 7,160 | +2.67% |
| 1948 | 8,380 | +1.76% |
| 1960 | 13,173 | +3.84% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1970 | 25,468 | +6.81% |
| 1975 | 32,821 | +5.22% |
| 1980 | 40,288 | +4.18% |
| 1990 | 51,409 | +2.47% |
| 1995 | 55,286 | +1.37% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 2000 | 57,407 | +0.81% |
| 2007 | 61,940 | +1.05% |
| 2010 | 64,147 | +1.28% |
| 2015 | 63,840 | −0.09% |
| 2020 | 65,227 | +0.42% |
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority :
As of 1818, the population was estimated at 3,840 Tagalog people. When Edmund Roberts visited in 1834, he estimated approximately 4,500 residents.
According to the town's 2005 land use classification report, 91.62% of Pateros's 1.7-square-kilometer (0.66 sq mi) land is classified as residential.

## Economy

Poverty incidence of Pateros
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 2006 8.20
* 2009 2.99
* 2012 2.41
* 2015 2.54
* 2018 2.50
* 2021 2.90
* Source: Philippine Statistics Authority
The town of Pateros is known for balut and had a duck-raising industry. As early as 1834, Pateros has been raising and selling duck and maintaining a fishing industry. Due to the water pollution on the Pateros River which connects to the Pasig River, the duck-raising industry declined around the 1970s or 1980s.
Vendors continue to sell balut in Pateros, taking advantage of the association of the food item to the town with duck eggs supplied from neighboring provinces in the Calabarzon region. While the duck-raising industry in the town is now minimal, the local government is encouraging the growth of the balut industry. It gives tax exemptions to balut vendors in the town. As of 2017, the local government is encouraging the growth of other industries in Pateros such as business process outsourcing although the town's size, 1.76 square kilometers (0.68 sq mi), remains a hindrance.
According to the town's 2005 classification report, 3.13% of its land area is classified as commercial, 0.39% industrial, and 0.88% agricultural.

## Government
### Official seal

The official municipal seal of Pateros features the Pateros (Mallard) duck and ten duck eggs. The duck symbolizes the duck-raising industry where town was known, while the eggs represent the barangays of Pateros and signifies the town's balut industry.

## Education

The following are the different Elementary and High schools in Pateros under Pateros School District of the Department of Education – Schools Division of Taguig City and Pateros and one community college recognized by Commission on Higher Education.

### Primary public schools

* Aguho Elementary School
* Captain Hipolito Francisco Elementary School
* Captain Hipolito Francisco Elementary School-Annex
* Paulina Manalo Elementary School
* Pateros Elementary School
* Sta. Ana Elementary School
* Sto. Rosario Elementary School

### Secondary public schools

* Mayor Simplicio Manalo National High School
* Maria Concepcion Cruz High School
* Pateros National High School

### Tertiary

* Pateros Technological College

### Private schools

* APEC Schools - Pateros (Santo Rosario-Silangan)
* Pateros Catholic School
* Saint Genevieve School of Pateros
* Maranatha Christian Academy
* SEP Christian School Inc.
* Huckleberry Montessori School

## Notable personalities

* Pelagia Mendoza y Gotianquin (1867–1939) - first female sculptor in the Philippines and was the first female student at the Escuela de Dibujo y Pintura (Drawing and Painting School)
* Socrates Villegas (b. 1960) - Bishop of Balanga (2004–2009), Archbishop of Lingayen-Dagupan (2009–present), former CBCP President
* Pete Lacaba (b. 1945) - poet, writer and journalist
* Emmanuel Lacaba (1948–1976) - poet, writer and activist
* Cesar Concio (1907 – 2003) - architect who as the first University Architect of the University of the Philippines designed many buildings in the University of the Philippines Diliman campus.
* Jimmy Santos (b. 1951) - Filipino actor, basketball player, and TV host
* Berting Labra (1933–2009) - actor, sidekick of FPJ
* Daisy Reyes - beauty queen, actress

## Sister cities
### Local

* Taguig, Metro Manila
* Pasig, Metro Manila

### International

* Pateros, Washington, U.S.