OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Siege of Herat (1833)

The siege of Herat took place in late 1833 at Herat between Qajar Iran and the city's local Durrani ruler, Kamran Mirza Durrani.

## Background and siege

Herat, a frontier vassalage barely under Iranian control, was seen by the Qajar dynasty as an integral part of the Guarded Domains of Iran. Due to widespread anti-Iranian tensions in Herat and Britain's increasing engagement in Afghanistan, Iran's rule over Herat was under heavy threat. The British East India Company had started to advocate for Herat's autonomy as a buffer state between northwestern India, Russia and Iran, even though they had previously supported Iranian rule over the city.
In late 1831, the Iranian crown prince Abbas Mirza received the governorship of Khorasan, which amongst other things led to growing hostilities with Kamran Mirza Durrani, the Durrani ruler of Herat. The latter received an ultimatum from Abbas Mirza at the beginning of 1833 with two options: either have the name of the Iranian shah (king) mentioned on coin engravings and Friday prayers, pay taxes, and release hostages, or relinquish Herat and appear at the Iranian court.
Kamran Mirza responded by offering a "gift" of 15,000 toman in gold coins, cautioning Abbas Mirza that seeking more would require facing war. In the summer of 1833, Abbas Mirza sent an army to besiege Herat. Abbas Mirza wanted to capture to Herat to show his military capabilities, but also to advance the eastern objectives of the Russian Empire, who was pressuring him. Iran's control of Herat was seen by the Russians as a threat to British India and a challenge to British objectives in Afghanistan. The Iranian army against Herat was led by Abbas Mirza's sons Mohammad Mirza and Khosrow Mirza, as well as his minister Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam.
As a result, Kamran Mirza made an alliance with the British, whose operatives convinced him to oppose a military takeover by Iran. Capturing a portion of Iranian territory in Sistan was something he also considered. Mohammad Mirza was forced to end the siege and return to the capital Tehran after learning of Abbas Mirza's death in Mashhad in November 1833. There, he was crowned the new crown prince. In late November 1833, Mohammad Mirza summoned the minister of Herat, Yar Muhammad Khan Alakozai, to Mashhad and put him in charge of negotiating a deal with Herat. A treaty was shortly made afterwards, in which Kamran Mirza was required to send one of his sons as a hostage, have the name of the Iranian shah mentioned on coin engravings and Friday prayers, and provide 15,000 toman and 50 rolls of cashmere wool as a "gift".
Even though Herat was officially under Iranian control due to the Iranian shah being mentioned on coin engravings and Friday prayers, the income generated from there had significantly decreased since 1817 and, compared to the more established provinces in Iran, was insignificant.
# Creeper and Reaper

Creeper was the first computer worm, while Reaper was the first antivirus software, designed to eliminate Creeper.

## Creeper

Creeper was an experimental computer program written by Bob Thomas at BBN in 1971. Its original iteration was designed to move between DEC PDP-10 mainframe computers running the TENEX operating system using the ARPANET, with a later version by Ray Tomlinson designed to copy itself between computers rather than simply move. This self-replicating version of Creeper is generally accepted to be the first computer worm. Creeper was a test created to demonstrate the possibility of a self-replicating computer program that could spread to other computers.
The program was not actively malicious software as it caused no damage to data, the only effect being a message it output to the teletype reading "I'M THE CREEPER : CATCH ME IF YOU CAN"

### Impact

Creeper had a minimal impact on the computers it infected. No more than 28 machines could have been infected, as that was the number of machines running the TENEX operating system on ARPANET. The operators of the machines were also collaborators in the project, and Tomlinson needed permission to run the program on their machines. In an interview, Tomlinson also stated that there were no unintended effects from running the program.

## Reaper

Reaper was the first anti-virus software, designed to delete Creeper by moving across the ARPANET. It was created by Tomlinson in 1972.

## Cultural impact

The conflict between Creeper and Reaper served as inspiration for the programming game Core War, while fictionalized versions of Reaper have been used as antagonists in the anime Digimon Tamers and the visual novel Digital: A Love Story. A humanized Creeper has also appeared in the webcomic Internet Explorer, alongside the likewise personified Morris Worm.
# 1986–87 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team

The 1986–87 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team represented West Virginia University as a member of the Atlantic-10 Conference during the 1986-87 season. The team played their home games at WVU Coliseum in Morgantown, West Virginia. Led by 9th-year head coach Gale Catlett, the Mountaineers finished second in the conference regular season standings, and received an at-large bid to the 1987 NCAA Tournament as No. 7 seed in the East region.

## Schedule and results

| Date time, TV | Rank$^#$ | Opponent$^#$ | Result | Record | Site city, state |
| Regular Season ||||||
| Nov 29, 1986* | | George Mason | W 90–74 | 1–0 | WVU Coliseum Morgantown, West Virginia |
| Dec 13, 1986* | | at No. 17 Pittsburgh | L 57–78 | 5–1 | Fitzgerald Field House Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
| Dec 27, 1986* | | Marshall Rivalry | W 69–67 | 7–1 | WVU Coliseum Morgantown, West Virginia |
| Feb 3, 1987* | | UAB | W 79–64 | 15–5 | WVU Coliseum Morgantown, West Virginia |
| Atlantic-10 Tournament ||||||
| Mar 1, 1987* | | Duquesne Quarterfinals | W 74–60 | 22–6 | WVU Coliseum Morgantown, West Virginia |
| Mar 3, 1987* | | Rhode Island Semifinals | W 80–58 | 23–6 | WVU Coliseum Morgantown, West Virginia |
| Mar 5, 1987* | | at No. 8 Temple Championship game | L 57–70 | 23–7 | McGonigle Hall Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| NCAA Tournament ||||||
| Mar 13, 1987* | (7 E) | vs. (10 E) Western Kentucky First round | L 62–64 | 23–8 | Carrier Dome Syracuse, New York |
| *Non-conference game. $^#$Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. E=East. All times are in Eastern. ||||||
# Bert Vlaardingerbroek

Bert Vlaardingerbroek (born 24 March 1960) is a Dutch former professional darts player who has competed in events of the British Darts Organisation (BDO), Professional Darts Corporation (PDC), and World Darts Federation (WDF).
Vlaardingerbroek was the first Dutch darter to qualify for a world championship tournament.

## Career

In 1988 he was the first Dutch darter who qualified for the BDO World Darts Championship.
Vlaardingerbroek made four BDO World Darts Championship appearances and lost in the first round each time, losing to Bob Anderson in 1988, Dennis Hickling in 1989, Cliff Lazarenko in 1990 and Martin Phillips in 1992.
He also played in the Winmau World Masters thirteen times, his best performance was a quarter finals in 1986, beating Alex MacKinnon, Lars Erik Karlsson, Mike Gregory and Lyndon Hextall before losing to Jocky Wilson.
His most successful period in the game came during 1992–93, when he reached the final of the Swiss Open (1992) and twice reached the last four of the Dutch Open (1992–93). He also reached the quarter-finals of the Swiss Open and Belgian Open in 1993. The 1993 Swiss event was the first event to suffer the loss of the 16 "rebel" players who had formed the World Darts Council which led to the split in darts.
The loss of the top players from the BDO/WDF led to opportunities for players to make progress up the world rankings. However, Vlaardingerbroek was not one of those who capitalised and faded from the scene after the 1993 World Masters.
He never featured in the final stages of a major event until reaching the last 32 of the Winmau World Masters in 1999 and then competed in some PDC Pro Tour events in 2003, 2005 & 2006 in his native country, which invites resident country players to compete without having to commit to affiliation of the Professional Dart Players Association.

## World Championship results
### BDO

* 1988: 1st Round (lost to Bob Anderson 1–3) (sets)
* 1989: 1st Round (lost to Dennis Hickling 0–3)
* 1990: 1st Round (lost to Cliff Lazarenko 2–3)
* 1992: 1st Round (lost to Martin Phillips 0–3)

## Performance timeline

| Tournament | 1985 | 1986 | 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 |
| BDO World Championship | Did not qualify | Did not qualify | Did not qualify | 1R | 1R | 1R | DNQ | 1R | Did not qualify | Did not qualify | Did not qualify | Did not qualify | Did not qualify | Did not qualify | Did not qualify |
| Winmau World Masters | 2R | QF | 2R | RR | 1R | 4R | 2R | 4R | 3R | 1R | 2R | DNQ | DNQ | 2R | 3R |
| News of the World | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | RR | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held | DNP | Not held | Not held |
Performance Table Legend :
| DNP | Did not play at the event | DNQ | Did not qualify for the event | NYF | Not yet founded | #R | lost in the early rounds of the tournament (WR = Wildcard round, RR = Round robin) |
| QF | lost in the quarter-finals | SF | lost in the semi-finals | F | lost in the final | W | won the tournament |
# Aku Partanen

Veli-Matti "Aku" Partanen (born 28 October 1991, in Lappeenranta) is a Finnish racewalker who competes mostly at the 50 kilometres race walk. Partanen's club is Lappeenrannan Urheilumiehet.
Partanen competed at the 2013 World Championships in Moscow, where he was 41st at 50 kilometres. At the 2014 European Championships, in Zürich, Partanen was 18th. His time was 3:52:58. In 2018, he competed in the men's 50 kilometres walk at the 2018 European Athletics Championships held in Berlin, Germany. He did not finish his race. In 2019, he competed in the men's 50 kilometres walk at the 2019 World Athletics Championships held in Doha, Qatar. He did not finish his race.
Partanen's original name was Veli-Matti, but he changed his name to Aku because everyone called him Aku.
In 2021, he represented Finland at the 2020 Summer Olympics, where he finished 9th in the men's 50 kilometres walk and set a season best of 3:52:39.

## Records

* 50 kilometres race walk: 3.49.02 (Dudince 2015)
# Control Strip

The Control Strip is a user interface component introduced in the "classic" System 7 Macintosh operating system.

## History

The Control Strip was initially released in 1994 with the PowerBook 500 series of notebook computers and the PowerBook Duo 280 subnotebook computers, at that point shipping with System 7.1. Later on it was made available to desktop and portable Macintosh computers, beginning with System 7.5.3.
Apple removed Control Strip in 2001 as a consequence of its move to Mac OS X. Apple initially attempted to integrate the Control Strip’s features into the Dock. After this was found to be too clumsy, most of its features were again duplicated in the menu extras of 10.1.
An attempt was made at an open source reimplementation of the Control Strip for OS X, but it never received much developer traction and the last release is dated 27 October 2000.
The Control Strip name was revived for a similar feature on the Touch Bar, which served a similar purpose.

## Features

Somewhat like the system trays of other operating systems, the Control Strip allowed easy access to status information about and control of simple tasks such as screen resolution, AppleTalk activity, battery status etc. Each task appears as a button-like popup menu called a module, these modules are managed in the Finder as individual module files, which have their own folder in the System Folder ("Control Strip Modules") and are executed alongside the Control Strip as it starts up or can be dragged directly onto the strip while it is running.
The Control Strip always anchors itself to the closest vertical screen edge (left or right,) but can be freely moved up and down both sides of any display by the user. It defaults to the lower left corner of the primary display on fresh systems.
Users can choose whether to turn the Control Strip on and off and even set a hot key to hide and reveal it using its control panel. Two buttons at either end allow the Strip to be collapsed and expanded (with the one opposite the screen edge also allowing the strip to be resized when dragged), while two more buttons just inside those allow one to scroll through a very full Strip. Holding down the option key while clicking turns the cursor into a distinctive hand shape that allows one to drag the Strip around the screen, rearrange modules within the Strip and drag modules out.
Functionality similar to the control strip is present in Apple's Touch Bar, which first launched in October 2016. By default, the rightmost portion of the Touch Bar displays a subset of system controls previously available on the keyboard's function keys. When Control Strip is expanded the full set of system controls is displayed.

## Extensibility

Control Strip modules were also available from many third parties. For example, Conflict Catcher included a Control Strip module to switch extension sets, while DAVE used one to toggle SMB/NetBIOS networking. Some novelty modules even consisted of calculators, calendars and games. Like the System Trays of other OSs, this was often abused to insert a flotsam module that merely launched and quit a given application.
# Gaston Ruter

Gaston Ruter (2 November 1898 – 2 November 1979) was a French entomologist. He studied the Coleoptera Cetoniidae.

## Life

A short notice was published by Paulian & Decarpentries
An amateur entomologist, he was always interested in the Coleoptera fauna of France, of which he had a large collection, especially microcoleoptera, for which he accurately prepared the tiny genitalia.
He first studied the Curculionidae of the genus Bagous. Then, with the help of Bourgoin, his research became focused on the study of exotic Cetonids.
His collection is housed at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris.

## Works

The list of his publications was given later by Menier.
There is one work missing.
In fact he published relatively little compared to all of his discoveries. A number of taxa remained in litteris.
His descriptions were always very detailed, along with many figures and references.

## Reward

He was elected president of the Société entomologique de France in 1956.

## Taxa

A list of 74 of the taxa he described, fully referenced, is given elsewhere

## Entomological terms named after him

* Acalles ruteri Roudier, 1954
* Agrilus ruteri Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963
* Alleucosma ruteri Antoine, 1989
* Amaurina ruteri Antoine, 2000
* Ancyrophorus ruteri Jarrige 1949
* Aphelorhina neumanni ruteri Allard, 1986
* Arachnodes ruteri Lebis, 1953
* Astenus ruteri Lecoq, 1996
* Athous ruteri Chassain, 1985
* Bothrorrhina ruteri Lisle, 1953
* Calais ruteri Girard 1968
* Clinteria ducalis ruteri Paulian 1960
* Coelocorynus ruteri Antoine, 2003
* Coelorrhina ruteri De Lisle, 1953
* Coenochilus ruteri Schein, 1954
* Colpodes ruteri Morvan, 1972
* Cyprolais ruteri Lisle, 1953
* Dinosius ruteri Ferragu 1986
* Entomoderus ruteri Roudier, 1954
* Euselates rufipes ruteri Miksic, 1971
* Goliathus ruteri Endrodi, 1960
* Haematonotus ruteri Basilewsky, 1956
* Heteroderes ruteri Chassain, 1978
* Hoplopyga ruteri Antoine 2008
* Ischiopsopha ruteri Allard, 1995
* Laparocerus ruteri Roudier, 1957
* Leucocelis ruteri Antoine, 2000
* Mausoleopsis amabilis ruteri Antoine, 1989
* Mycterophallus ruteri Alexis & Delpont, 2000
* Ochthephilus ruteri Jarrige, 1949
* Oedichirus ruteri Lecoq, 1986
* Pachnoda aemula ruteri Villiers, 1950
* Peritelus ruteri Péricart, 1963
* Plaesiorrhina ruteri Lisle, 1953
* Porphyronota ruteri Gomes Alves, 1973
* Proictes ruteri Ferragu 1978
* Protaetia ruteri Paulian, 1959
* Pseudalleucosma ruteri Antoine, 1998
* Pseudomeira ruteri Roudier, 1954
* Rhinocoeta ruteri Basilewsky, 1956
* Ruteria Jarrige, 1957
* Scheinia ruteri Krikken, 1977
* Stenotarsia ruteri Paulian, 1991
* Stephanorrhina neumanni ruteri Allard, 1986
* Tafaia ruteri Arnaud, 1982
* Tephraea ruteri Basilewsky 1956
* Trechus grenieri ruteri Colas & A. Gaudin, 1935
* Urodon rufipes ruteri Hoffmann, 1950
* Xestagonum ruteri Morvan, 1972
# Cuniculitremaceae

The Cuniculitremaceae are a family of fungi in the order Tremellales. There are three genera in the family. Sterigmatosporidium polymorphum parasitizes other fungi growing in insect galleries in wood. It does not produce basidiocarps (fruit bodies), but has septate basidia similar to those found in the genus Tremella. Most species are known only from their yeast states.
# Nino Camardo

Nino Camardo (born 24 February 1949 in Pisticci) is an Italian naïve art painter.

## Biography

Born in Pisticci in the province of Matera on 24 February 1949, he paints subjects that speak a naïve art language, telling stories of love, poetry, with primitive expression. The path behind Camardo began in the 1970s, and receiving recognition from art critics, among the most important prizes were the Prize of the Centro Studi di Roma, the Art in the World Prize; exhibits at the Palazzo delle Esposizioni in Rome. It is mentioned in publications on art including several editions of The Great Masters of the History of Art and in the Bolaffi National Catalog of naïve art. He currently lives in Tuscany and is still in full artistic production.
# Chun Chil-sung

Chun Chil-sung (Korean: 전칠성; born July 7, 1961, in Sinan, Jeollanam-do, South Korea) is a retired South Korean boxer.

## Amateur career

Chun managed a career record of 100-6 during his amateur career.
In 1983, Chun won the silver medal in lightweight (–60 kg) at the 3rd Boxing World Cup in Rome, Italy. He defeated 1983 European lightweight champion Emil Chuprenski of Bulgaria in the semifinal bout.
Next year, he won the bronze medal in the lightweight division at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. In the semifinals he was defeated by eventual winner Pernell Whitaker of the United States by 0-5 unanimous decision, but this is considered one of the controversial pro-American jury decisions in the boxing competitions at the 1984 Olympics.

### Results

1983 Boxing World Cup
| Event | Round | Result | Opponent | Score |
| Lightweight | First | Win | Carlo Russolillo | DQ 3 |
| Lightweight | Quarterfinal | Win | James Omondi | 5-0 |
| Lightweight | Semifinal | Win | Emil Chuprenski | 3-2 |
| Lightweight | Final | Loss | Ramon Goire | 1-4 |
1984 Summer Olympics
| Event | Round | Result | Opponent | Score |
| Lightweight | First | Win | Patrick Waweru | 3-2 |
| Lightweight | Second | Win | Slobodan Pavlović | 4-1 |
| Lightweight | Third | Win | Renato Cornett | 4-1 |
| Lightweight | Quarterfinal | Win | Leopoldo Cantancio | RSC 3 |
| Lightweight | Semifinal | Loss | Pernell Whitaker | 0-5 |

## Pro career

In 1986 Chun turned professional. He was the first South Korean Olympic medalist boxer to turn pro since 1968 Olympic bronze medalist Chang Kyou-chul.
Chun defeated former two-time WBC Super Featherweight champion Rafael Limón in 1989. After going 18–1, he was matched up against Joey Gamache for the WBA Lightweight title in Portland, Maine in 1992, but was defeated by 9-round TKO. After the bout, he retired from boxing.
# George Sisler Jr.

George Harold Sisler Jr. (August 1, 1917 – December 31, 2006) was an American professional baseball player and executive. The son of Hall of Fame first baseman and two-time .400 hitter George Sisler and the brother of two Major League Baseball players, Dick and Dave, George Jr. was a longtime executive in minor-league baseball, especially in the Triple-A International League (IL); at his death, the IL calculated that Sisler had been associated with that league for 52 of its 124 years of existence. He also served in the majors as chief assistant to St. Louis Cardinals vice president and de facto general manager William Walsingham Jr. during the late 1940s and early 1950s.
A three-sport star at Colgate University, Sisler had a brief playing career in minor-league baseball. Baseball Reference lists him as having played from 1939–1941 in the lowest levels of the minors in the organizations of St. Louis' two MLB teams of the era, the Browns and the Cardinals. After World War II, he focused on his front-office career. In the minors, he was the general manager of the Columbus Red Birds of the Triple-A American Association in 1953 and 1954 before taking over in 1955 as front-office boss of the Cardinals' other top-level affiliate, the Rochester Red Wings of the International League. Sisler spent 11 seasons, through 1965, in the Rochester post, navigating transitions when the Cardinals sold the team to a community organization and, then, in 1961, when the Red Wings ended their 33-year relationship with St. Louis and affiliated with the Baltimore Orioles.
In 1966, Sisler was elected president of the International circuit itself, serving another 11 seasons through 1976. Then, he accepted a new challenge when he returned to Columbus to take the executive reins of the Clippers when that franchise (now in the International League) moved to Ohio's capital from Charleston, West Virginia. He spent 13 seasons (1977–1989) as the Clippers' general manager, with the team winning International League championships in 1979, 1980, 1981 and 1987 and Western Division titles in 1979, 1980, 1981, 1983 and 1984. Sisler then retired to a consulting role, working with the IL office through his formal retirement in 1999 at age 82.
Four times Sisler was selected the International League's Executive of the Year, and in 1989 he was presented with the King of Baseball award given by Minor League Baseball.
Sisler died from Alzheimer's disease in Worthington, Ohio, at age 89. The year after his 2006 death, he was one of the first two new inductees to the resurrected International League Hall of Fame, which had had no new members since 1963.
# Půlnoc

Půlnoc (pronounced "pull-knots" and Czech for "midnight") was a Czech rock band established in 1988 by three members of the Plastic People of the Universe: Milan Hlavsa (bass guitar), Josef Janíček (keyboards), and Jiří Kabeš (violin and guitar). Hlavsa chose his sister-in-law, Michaela Němcová, to be the band's lead singer. Hlavsa started Pulnoc because the Plastic People was denied permission to travel or perform openly by the Czech government. In the spring of 1989, Pulnoc went on a tour of the United States that led to them gaining considerable favorable attention there. For example, Robert Christgau named a bootleg of a concert the band played in New York City the best album of 1989. Steve Hochman described this tour as "remarkable at least as much musically as it was culturally," writing that when the band played a show in San Francisco in 1989, "Plastic People fans and the uninitiated curious alike were floored by the combination of heavy metal, art-rock, operatic vocals and locomotive-worthy propulsion."
In 2011, the band reunited (without Hlavsa and Kabeš) and played a number of concerts during the following decade. In April and May 2022, they embarked on an eight-date final tour, culminating on 13 May 2022 in Jihlava.

## Discography

* Pulnoc (Globus International, 1990)
* City of Hysteria (Arista Records, 1991)