OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kulunda Main Canal

The Kulunda Main Canal (Russian: Кулундинский магистральный канал) is an irrigation canal in Altai Krai, Russian Federation. The canal was built to bring water to the Kulunda Steppe, a region periodically subjected to severe droughts.

## Topography

The canal begins close to Kamen-na-Obi and runs first southwards; shortly thereafter it heads in a southeast direction then it bends and runs in a roughly southwest direction. It passes through the Kamensky, Tyumentsevsky, Bayevsky, Blagoveshchensky and Rodinsky districts. The total length of the canal is 182 km (113 mi) with a capacity of 25 m$^3$/s (883 cu ft/s) and two pumping stations. The main pumping station is in Kamen-na-Obi and it pumps the water of the Ob river at an elevation of 113 m (371 ft) to the edge of the Ob Plateau at an elevation of 140 m (459 ft). The secondary one is further south in Klyuchi village, Tyumentsevsky District.
The canal ends at the Kuchuk river close to Novotroitsk. A 120 km (75 mi) extension reaching Zlatopol was projected, but never carried out.

## History

Construction of the canal began in August 1973, at the time of the USSR. The project had been put forward at the beginning of the decade and aimed to irrigate 20,000 ha (49,421 acres) in the area of Novotroitsk, as well as Zlatopol, located further west near the Kazakhstan–Russia border. Besides, it was expected that the canal would also benefit 18,500 ha (45,714 acres) of agricultural fields and around 45,000 ha (111,197 acres) of pastureland in the areas located by the eastern section of the canal.

### Current situation

In present times the surfaces watered by the canal have diminished. The canal has become silted in some places with water overflowing its banks in heavy rain, leading to the flooding of inhabited areas. In other stretches its waters are absorbed by the sandy soil, owing to the deterioration of the original watertight coating. The canal crosses areas with various types of soil, including clayey, sandy, loamy, and solonetz soils. A length totaling approximately 80 km (50 mi) running through sandy soil sectors was planned to be provided with an anti-filtration polyethylene coating over a 1 m (3 ft) thick protective layer of soil. But in the end only a 20 km (12 mi) length of canal sections were treated against filtration and the coating has a lifetime of about 30 years, which already ran out by the turn of the millennium. Plans for the maintenance and overhaul of the canal have been put forward, but so far they have not been implemented.

## Ecological impact

The Kulunda Main Canal runs roughly in a NE/SW direction only 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) to the east of lake Gorkoye, a long salt lake. The building of the canal disrupted the Gorkoye ecosystem by increasing the salinity of the lake and some fish species died out.
# Israelis in China

Israelis in China, as compared to other foreign communities, are not large in number. There are at most a few hundred in each of a few major cities, and possibly more scattered around in other locations outside the major cities.

## Beijing

Roughly 130 Israelis were reported to live in Beijing in 2005. In 2005, the Israeli embassy to China held their Hanukkah celebrations at the Great Wall of China, the first such celebration in Chinese history.

## Shanghai

Shanghai's Israeli community may be the largest in mainland China. In 1995, when the Israeli consulate opened, only two Israelis lived in the city. However, by 2003 that number had grown to 70, and by 2005 over 200 Israelis were registered as living in Shanghai. The city also boasts an Israeli restaurant run by a husband-and-wife team from Israel who came with their three sons which is considered something of a gathering point for the city's Israeli community; the Israeli consul is also known to frequent the restaurant.
Many Israelis in Shanghai are involved in the diamond industry. Most notable among them is Sara Imas, a former Chinese citizen with a German Jewish father and Jiangsu mother, who was born and raised in China and later recognized by former Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin as the first Jewish immigrant from China to Israel. Imas later returned to Shanghai as the representative of a diamond company after gaining Israeli citizenship and living in Israel for 12 years.

## Hong Kong

The Israeli community in Hong Kong is larger than those of Beijing and Shanghai combined.
# United States federal building security

United States federal building security refers to the security of federal government installations in the United States. A variety of measures are undertaken to make the buildings safer, while preserving an open architecture consistent with democratic governance. This includes glass glazing to reduce the potential for injuries from shattering glass; greater standoff distances implemented by preventing unscreened traffic from approaching within a certain distance of the building; and measures to prevent progressive collapse of buildings.

## Security levels

In the wake of the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, the government classified all buildings into five security levels and established minimum security requirements for them.

### Level V

These buildings contain mission functions critical to national security, such as the Pentagon, CIA Headquarters, and ARTCCs. A Level-V building should be similar to a Level-IV building in terms of number of employees and square footage. It should have at least the security features of a Level-IV building. The missions of Level-V buildings require that tenant agencies secure the site according to their own requirements.

### Level IV

This type of building has 450 or more federal employees; high volume of public contact; more than 150,000 square feet (14,000 m$^2$) of space; and tenant agencies that may include high-risk law enforcement and intelligence agencies (e.g., ATF, FBI, and DEA), the Federal courts, and judicial offices, and highly sensitive government records.

### Level III

This is a building with 151 to 450 federal employees; moderate/high volume of public contact; 80,000 to 150,000 square feet (14,000 m$^2$) of space; and tenant agencies that may include law enforcement agencies, court/related agencies and functions, and government records and archives. (According to GSA, at the request of the Judiciary, GSA changed the designation of a number of buildings housing agencies with court and court-related functions from Level III to Level IV.)

### Level II

This type of building has 11 to 150 federal employees; moderate volume of public contact; 2,500 to 80,000 square feet (7,400 m$^2$) of space; and federal activities that are routine in nature, similar to commercial activities.

### Level I

This type of building has 10 or fewer federal employees; low volume of public contact or contact with only a small segment of the population; and 2,500 or less square feet of space, such as a small store front type of operation. This type of building is more vulnerable to attack.
# Artin approximation theorem

In mathematics, the Artin approximation theorem is a fundamental result of Michael Artin (1969) in deformation theory which implies that formal power series with coefficients in a field k are well-approximated by the algebraic functions on k.
More precisely, Artin proved two such theorems: one, in 1968, on approximation of complex analytic solutions by formal solutions (in the case $k=\mathbb {C}$); and an algebraic version of this theorem in 1969.

## Statement of the theorem

Let $\mathbf {x} =x_{1},\dots ,x_{n}$ denote a collection of n indeterminates, $k[[\mathbf {x} ]]$ the ring of formal power series with indeterminates $\mathbf {x}$ over a field k, and $\mathbf {y} =y_{1},\dots ,y_{n}$ a different set of indeterminates. Let
    $f(\mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {y} )=0$
be a system of polynomial equations in $k[\mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {y} ]$, and c a positive integer. Then given a formal power series solution ${\hat {\mathbf {y} }}(\mathbf {x} )\in k[[\mathbf {x} ]]$, there is an algebraic solution $\mathbf {y} (\mathbf {x} )$ consisting of algebraic functions (more precisely, algebraic power series) such that
    ${\hat {\mathbf {y} }}(\mathbf {x} )\equiv \mathbf {y} (\mathbf {x} ){\bmod {}\mathbf {x} )^{c}.$

## Discussion

Given any desired positive integer c, this theorem shows that one can find an algebraic solution approximating a formal power series solution up to the degree specified by c. This leads to theorems that deduce the existence of certain formal moduli spaces of deformations as schemes. See also: Artin's criterion.

## Alternative statement

The following alternative statement is given in Theorem 1.12 of Michael Artin (1969).
Let $R$ be a field or an excellent discrete valuation ring, let $A$ be the henselization at a prime ideal of an $R$-algebra of finite type, let m be a proper ideal of $A$, let ${\hat {A}}$ be the m-adic completion of $A$, and let
    $F\colon (A{\text{-algebras}})\to ({\text{sets}}),$
be a functor sending filtered colimits to filtered colimits (Artin calls such a functor locally of finite presentation). Then for any integer c and any ${\overline {\xi }}\in F({\hat {A}})$, there is a $\xi \in F(A)$ such that
    ${\overline {\xi }}\equiv \xi {\bmod {m}}^{c}$.
# List of airlines of Germany

This is a list of current airlines of Germany.

## Scheduled airlines

| Airline | IATA | ICAO | Callsign | Commenced operations | Notes |
| City Airlines | VL | LHX | CITY AIR | 2024 | Subsidiary of Lufthansa, independent of Lufthansa CityLine |
| Eurowings | EW | EWG | EUROWINGS | 1993 | NFD - Nürnberger Flugdienst (1975–1992) merged into Eurowings RFG - Regionalflug (1976–1992) merged into Eurowings |
| FLN Frisia Luftverkehr | | FRS | | 2014 | Rebranded from Frisia-Luftverkehr Norddeich (1969–2014) LFH - Luftverkehr Friesland Harle (1983–2014) merged into FLN - Die Inselflieger |
| Lufthansa | LH | DLH | LUFTHANSA | 1926 | |
| Lufthansa CityLine | CL | CLH | HANSALINE | 1992 | |
| OFD Ostfriesischer-Flug-Dienst | | | | 2011 | Rebranded from OLT - Ostfriesische Lufttransport (1958–2011) |
| TUI fly Deutschland | X3 | TUI | TUI JET | 2006 | Rebranded from Hapag-Lloyd Express (2002–2006) Hapagfly (2005–2007) merged into TUIfly (Germany), later rebranded TUI fly Deutschland |
| Discover Airlines | 4Y | OCN | OCEAN | 2023 | |

## Charter airlines

| Airline | IATA | ICAO | Callsign | Commenced operations | Notes |
| ACM Air Charter | | BVR | BAVARIAN | 1992 | |
| ADAC Luftrettung | | | | 1970 | |
| Aero-Dienst | | ADN | AERODIENST | 1958 | |
| Air Hamburg | HH | AHO | AIR HAMBURG | 2001 | |
| Air Independence | | JTV | JUNIOR | 1998 | |
| air-taxi europe | TZ | TWG | TWIN-GOOSE | 2005 | |
| AirGO Flugservice | | XGO | PASTIS | | |
| Arcus-Air | ZE | AZE | ARCUS AIR | 1973 | |
| Avanti Air | | ATV | AVANTI AIR | 1994 | |
| Businesswings | | JMP | JUMP RUN | 1989 | |
| Condor | DE | CFG | CONDOR | 1955 | Südflug (1952–1968) merged into Condor Condor Berlin (1997–2013) merged into Condor |
| DC Aviation | | DCS | TWIN STAR | 2007 | Rebranded from DaimlerChrysler Aviation (1998–2007) Cirrus Aviation (2001–2008) merged into DC Aviation |
| Deutsche Lufthansa Berlin-Stiftung | | | | | |
| Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei | | | | 2001 | |
| DRF Stiftung Luftrettung gemeinnützige | 1I | AMB | CIVIL AIR AMBULANCE | 1972 | |
| FAI rent-a-jet | | IFA | RED ANGLE | | |
| German Regional Airlines | WH | WDL | WDL | 1955 | |
| Hahn Air | HR | HHN | ROOSTER | 1994 | |
| Jet Executive | | JEI | JET EXECUTIVE | | |
| K5 Aviation | | KAY | KAYAK | | |
| PrivatAir (Germany) | | PTG | | 2003 | |
| Private Wings | 8W | PWF | PRIVATE WINGS | 1991 | |
| RWL German Flight Academy | DZ | RWL | RHEINTRAINER | | |
| Stuttgarter Flugdienst | | FFD | FIRST FLIGHT | | |
| Sundair | SR | SDR | SUNDAIR | 2017 | |
| Sylt Air | 7E | AWU | SYLT-AIR | 1963 | Scheduled flights in the summer season |
| Wiking Helikopter Service | | WHS | WEEKING | | |
| Windrose Air | | QGA | QUADRIGA | | |

## Cargo airlines

| Airline | IATA | ICAO | Callsign | Commenced operations | Notes |
| AeroLogic | 3S | BOX | GERMAN CARGO | 2009 | |
| European Air Transport Leipzig | QY | BCS | POSTMAN | 2010 | Rebranded from EAT - European Air Transport (1971–2010) |
| Lufthansa Cargo | LH | GEC | LUFTHANSA CARGO | 1993 | Rebranded from German Cargo (1977–1993) |
| CargoLogic Germany | | GCL | SAXONIA | | |
# Paisa (disambiguation)

Paisa is a monetary unit name used in South Asia.
Paisa may also refer to:
* Indian paisa, Indian monetary unit
* A person from the Paisa Region of Colombia
* An inmate of one of the prisons in Honduras who did not belong to a street gang
* Paisa (2014 film), an Indian Telugu-language film
* Paisa (2016 film), an Indian Tamil-language film
* Paisà, a 1946 Italian film directed by Roberto Rossellini, released in English as Paisan
# List of defunct airlines of Panama

This is a list of defunct airlines of Panama.
| Airline | IATA | ICAO | Callsign | Founded | Ceased operations | Notes |
| Aero Palmas International Airlines | | | | 1985 | 1991 | Renamed to Trans Canal Airways |
| Aerofletes Internacionales | | | AFISA | 1966 | 1969 | |
| Aeroperlas | WL | APP | AEROPERLAS | 1970 | 2012 | |
| Aerovías Nacionales | | | | 1932 | 1941 | |
| Air Panamá Internacional | OP | API | ARPA | 1967 | 1990 | |
| Air Services Cargo | | | | 2002 | 2003 | |
| Air Transport Gelabert | | | | 1933 | 1941 | |
| Alas Chiricanas | | AHC | ALAS CHIRICANAS | 1980 | 1995 | Absorbed by Aeroperlas |
| Aerovias Panama Airways | | | | 1956 | 1965 | Renamed to AVISPA |
| Arrow Panama | 8A | WAP | ARROW PANAMA | 2005 | 2008 | |
| ATP Cargo | | AEP | | 1986 | 1987 | |
| Chitreana de Aviación | | | | 1977 | 1996 | |
| Inair Panama | IX | | | 1967 | 1984 | |
| Isthmian Airways | | | | 1929 | 1936 | |
| Las Americas Cargo | | AVL | | 1993 | 1994 | |
| Pacific International Airlines | P4 | PFC | | 1993 | 1997 | |
| PAISA | PI | PAI | PAISA | 1967 | 1969 | Subsidiary of Viasa |
| Panama International Airways | | | | 1990 | 1991 | |
| Panama World Airways | | PWA | | 1980 | 1981 | |
| Panavia | 6Z | PNV | | 1994 | 2006 | |
| RAPSA | | | | 1958 | 1977 | |
| TLN Airlines | | | | 1993 | 1999 | |
| Trans Latin Air | | TLA | | 1990 | 1993 | Renamed to TLN Airlines |
| Trans Panama | 2T | | | 1978 | 1980 | |
# Wairau River

The Wairau River is one of the longest rivers in New Zealand's South Island. It flows for 170 kilometres (110 mi) from the Spenser Mountains (a northern range of the Southern Alps), firstly in a northwards direction and then northeast down a long, straight valley in inland Marlborough.
The river's lower reaches and surrounding fertile plain provide the basis for the Marlborough wine region. The river has its outflow into Cook Strait at Cloudy Bay, just north of Blenheim in the island's northeast. The Wairau River meets the sea at the Wairau Bar, an important archaeological site.
In pre-European and early colonial New Zealand, one of the South Island's largest Māori settlements was close to the mouth of the Wairau. The Wairau Valley was the scene of the 1843 Wairau Affray, the first violent clash between Māori residents and English settlers over land in New Zealand and the only one to take place in the South Island.

## Hydroelectricity

There are currently two hydroelectric power stations operating on tributaries of the river.
The Wairau Hydro Scheme proposed by TrustPower will operate on a 48-kilometre (30 mi) long canal. Up to 60 percent of the flow of the river will be diverted into the canal. A resource consent has been granted for the scheme but opponents have already appealed to the Environment Court.
# Bug (Dinosaur Jr. album)

Bug is the third studio album by American alternative rock band Dinosaur Jr., released in October 1988 through SST Records. Blast First and Au Go Go Records released the album in the United Kingdom and Australia, respectively. It was the last Dinosaur Jr. album with original bassist Lou Barlow until Beyond in 2007.
Despite it being a favorite of many Dinosaur Jr. fans, J Mascis has said it is his least favorite Dinosaur Jr. album. The version of 'Keep The Glove' included on the 2005 reissue is not the same as the version on the b-side of the 'Freakscene' single or the 'Fossils' compilation.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Entertainment Weekly | A− |
| Mojo | |
| NME | 8.999999/10 |
| Paste | |
| Pitchfork | 7.3/10 |
| PopMatters | 8/10 |
| The Rolling Stone Album Guide | |
| Spin Alternative Record Guide | 8/10 |
| Stylus Magazine | A |
NME critic Jack Barron deemed Bug "the most comprehensive rock statement of the year so far" in a 1988 review for the magazine, noting Dinosaur Jr.'s predominantly "torpid" approach and commenting that the music "trepidates everyday reality away", while rating the album "8.999999" on a ten-point scale.
In a retrospective review of Bug for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine described "Freak Scene" as the album's "masterpiece" and opined, "Although the majority of the album is firmly situated in the sprawling, noisy metallic fusion of hard rock and avant noise, Bug also demonstrates that J Mascis has a talent for winding folk-rock". While finding its songs "quite uneven", Erlewine concluded that the album nonetheless constitutes "a major step forward for Mascis".
Writing for Drowned in Sound in 2005, Mike Diver said of Bug, "The songwriting has increased tenfold since You're Living All Over Me ... really, if you like music – be it grunge, indie, punk, whatever – you will love this. Period. Go spend some money already." Keith Cameron of Mojo wrote, "Bug marks the emergence of Mascis writing by rote. When applied to such an outlandishly great song as 'Freak Scene' his skills still blazed, however, and as formulaic exercises in discordant alienation go, Bug is better than most."
Bug is included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Beats Per Minute ranked it the 41st best album of the 1980s.

## Track listing

All songs written by J Mascis.

## Personnel
### Dinosaur Jr.

* J Mascis – vocals, guitar
* Lou Barlow – bass, vocals on "Don't"
* Murph – drums

### Additional personnel

* Sean Slade – engineering
* Paul Q. Kolderie – engineering
* Maura Jasper – cover art
# Markström

Markström is a Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Elisebeht Markström, (born 1955), Swedish social democratic politician who has been a member of the Riksdag since 1995
* Hans Markström (born 1965), former ice speed skater from Sweden
* Jacob Markström (born 1990), Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender, currently playing for the New Jersey Devils
# Thunbergia

Thunbergia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae. It includes 150 species native to tropical and subtropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, southern Asia, New Guinea, and Australia. Thunbergia species are vigorous annual or perennial vines and shrubs growing to 2–8 m tall. The generic name honours the Swedish naturalist Carl Peter Thunberg (1743-1828).
Its members are known by various names, including thunbergias and clockvine. Thunbergia on its own usually refers to Thunbergia grandiflora, while Thunbergia alata is often known as black-eyed Susan vine or just black-eyed Susan (not to be confused with other flowers called black-eyed Susan). Orange clockvine is the name of Thunbergia gregorii.
Thunbergias are frequent garden escapes, becoming invasive species; T. grandiflora, T. fragrans, and T. laurifolia are considered weeds in Australia.

## Selected species

Species include:
* Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims
* Thunbergia annua Hochst. ex Nees
* Thunbergia atriplicifolia E.Mey. ex Nees
* Thunbergia battiscombei Turrill
* Thunbergia bicolor (Wight) Lindau
* Thunbergia coccinea Wall. ex D.Don
* Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T. Anderson
* Thunbergia fragrans Roxb.
* Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb.
* Thunbergia gregorii S.Moore
* Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl.
* Thunbergia mildbraediana Lebrun & L.Touss.
* Thunbergia mysorensis (Wight) T.Anderson
* Thunbergia natalensis Hook.

### Formerly placed here

* Meyenia hawtayneana (Wall.) Nees (as T. hawtayneana Wall.)

## Gallery

* Thunbergia alata
* Thunbergia erecta
* Thunbergia fragrans
* Thunbergia gregorii
* Thunbergia laurifolia
* Thunbergia mysorensis
# Qajar Kheyl

Qajar Kheyl (Persian: قاجارخيل, also romanized as Qājār Kheyl; also known as Ghajar Kheil) is a village located in the Rudpey-ye Shomali Rural District, within the Central District of Sari County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. According to the 2006 census, the village had a population of 1,187 people, distributed among 310 families.
# Switch (Fluke song)

"Switch" is a single by the English electronic music band Fluke. It is the band's last official single using the alias Fluke to date although it has been followed by the white label vinyl release Bullet 2005 which does not appear to be an official "on-label" release by the band.
"Switch" was featured on the Need For Speed Underground 2 soundtrack.

## Versions

| Switch | 382TR7CD |
| Format: | CD |
| Label: | One Little Indian |
| Released: | 28 July 2003 |
| Track listing: | 1. Switch - 7" (4 minutes 33 seconds) 2. Switch - Twitch (11 minutes 16 seconds) (sample) 3. Switch - Marco Bellini & Val Weller Bosomania Club Mix (8 minutes 09 seconds) 4. Nebulus Vox (7 minutes 03 seconds) |
| Switch | 382TP12 |
| Format: | 12" Vinyl |
| Label: | One Little Indian |
| Released: | 28 July 2003 |
| Track listing: | 1. Switch - Twitch (11 minutes 16 seconds) 2. Switch - Marco Bellini Mix (8 minutes 09 seconds) |