# Northern Wu phonology

Northern Wu, or Taihu Wu, is the largest subbranch of Wu Chinese, and is spoken in Shanghai, southern Jiangsu, and northern Zhejiang. These languages are noted for their extremely high number of vowels, even compared to some Germanic languages, and highly complex tone sandhi. This article will use Wugniu and IPA for transcription.

## Syllable structure

Much like other Sinitic languages, Northern Wu languages almost universally have an initial-final-tone syllable structure. The final can be further split into the glide, nucleus and coda. For the most part, contemporary Northern Wu languages only permit nasals and the glottal stop (/ʔ/) in coda position, though there is evidence to suggest that this was not the case in some historical varieties. There are plentiful initials in Northern Wu, more than many other Sinitic languages such as Cantonese or Changshanese, partially due to the preservation of voiced initials, which will be explained in more detail in other sections.

## Initials

Much like other Wu languages, Northern Wu languages tend to preserve historical voiced initials, which is a feature only found in several other lects along the Yangtze River, such as Old Xiang.
Northern Wu languages' initials are generally similar. The following is a table of all the commonly-found Northern Wu phonemic initials, with their common urban realizations, Wugniu romanization, and example syllables.
Initial Consonants :
| | | Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ 美悶梅門 | n ⟨n⟩ 拿囡內男 | ɲ ⟨gn⟩ 粘扭泥牛 | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ 砑我外鵝 | |
| Plosive | plain | p ⟨p⟩ 布幫北 | t ⟨t⟩ 膽懂德 | | k ⟨k⟩ 干公夾 | (ʔ) 鴨衣烏 |
| Plosive | aspirated | pʰ ⟨ph⟩ 怕胖劈 | tʰ ⟨th⟩ 透聽鐵 | | kʰ ⟨kh⟩ 開擴康 | |
| Plosive | voiced | b ⟨b⟩ 步盆拔 | d ⟨d⟩ 地動奪 | | ɡ ⟨g⟩ 葵共軋 | |
| Affricate | plain | | ts ⟨ts⟩ 煮增質 | tɕ ⟨c⟩ 舉精腳 | | |
| Affricate | aspirated | | tsʰ ⟨tsh⟩ 處倉出 | tɕʰ ⟨ch⟩ 丘輕切 | | |
| Affricate | voiced | | dz ⟨dz⟩ 茶從鋤 | dʑ ⟨j⟩ 旗羣劇 | | |
| Fricative | voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ 飛粉福 | s ⟨s⟩ 書松色 | ɕ ⟨sh⟩ 修血曉 | | h ⟨h⟩ 花荒忽 |
| Fricative | voiced | v ⟨v⟩ 扶服浮 | z ⟨z⟩ 樹石十 | ʑ ⟨zh⟩ 徐秦絕 | | ɦ ⟨gh⟩, ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩ 鞋移胡雨 |
| Lateral | Lateral | | l ⟨l⟩ 拉賴領 | | | |

### Noteworthy omissions

Some varieties in Suzhou and Jiaxing have retroflex initials, much like some Mandarin varieties. Compare the following examples.
| | Beijing | Changshu | Changzhou | Shengzhou |
| 張 | zhāng /tʂaŋ⁵⁵/ | can$^1$ /tʂaŋ⁵²/ | tsan$^1$ /tsaŋ⁵⁵/ | tsan$^1$ /tsã⁵³⁴/ |
| 常 | cháng /tʂʰaŋ³⁵/ | jan$^2$ /dʐaŋ³⁴/ | zan$^2$ /zaŋ²¹³/ | dzan$^2$ /dzã²¹³/ |
| 船 | chuán /tʂʰuan³⁵/ | zhe$^2$ /ʐe³⁴/ | zoe$^2$ /zɤ²¹³/ | zoen$^2$ /zœ̃²¹³/ |

### Characteristic preservations and innovations

Northern Wu, much like other Wu varieties, preserves voicing in its initials. The exact mechanism in which this is realized is discussed below.
Again, much like other Wu languages, Northern Wu preserves the Middle Chinese ri initial (日母) as a nasal. Compare the following, where ⟨gn⟩ is used to notate /ɲ/:
| | Beijing | Guangzhou | Xi'an | Seoul (Sino-Korean) | Shanghai | Beilun | Anji |
| 日 | rì | jat$^6$ | ěr | il | gniq$^8$ | gniq$^8$ | gniq$^8$ |
| 玉 | yù | juk$^6$ | yǔ | ok | gnioq$^8$, gniuq$^8$ | gnioq$^8$ | gnioq$^8$ |
Note that 日 here is pronounced in the colloquial pronunciations rather than literary ones.

#### Palatalization

Many Northern Wu varieties have sibilants that undergo palatalization (尖團合流 [zh]). This process is becoming more common among younger speakers.
| | Old Suzhou | Old Wuxi | Shanghai | New Suzhou | New Wuxi |
| 精 | tsin$^1$ | tsin$^1$ | cin$^1$ | cin$^1$ | cin$^1$ |
| 經 | cin$^1$ | cin$^1$ | cin$^1$ | cin$^1$ | cin$^1$ |
| 齊 | zi$^2$ | zi$^6$ | zhi$^6$ | ji$^6$ | ji$^6$ |
| 旗 | ji$^2$ | ji$^6$ | ji$^6$ | ji$^6$ | ji$^6$ |

### Depression

The voiced initials in Northern Wu languages are realised with breathy voice. This functions much like a phonemic depressor and lowers the pitch of the realization. Some linguists, such as Y. R. Chao, transcribe these phones not as voiced consonants, but as voiceless consonants followed by /ɦ/ or /ʢ/. More recently, potentially due to Standard Mandarin influence, the younger generation has merged the pronunciation of the unaspirated voiceless series with the (breathy) voiced series. However, the functional load of the breathy voice is already relatively low, due to the fact that tonal distribution lends to disambiguation between historically voiced and voiceless syllables. This breathy voice is at times known as "murmur".
Some speakers, particularly in Shanghai, may constrict their throats when pronouncing voiceless (unaspirated) initials to further disambiguate breathy and modal initials. This construction may result in the pronunciation of an implosive.

#### Implosives

In various suburban Shanghainese varieties, the unaspirated voiceless series is realised as implosives. This feature appears to also have been in urban (Puxi) Shanghainese, though it is lost today.

### Glottal plosive series

The glottal fricatives /h/ and /ɦ/ are phonotactically part of a plosive series with /ʔ/. Spectral analyses have found that these three phones show three-way differences parallel to stops. Younger speakers also tend to merge /ɦ/ with /ʔ/, not /h/, as would be expected if it were phonotatically a fricative. As the /ʔ/ has been analyzed as a null initial in the past, it could be said that Northern Wu languages have a three-way null initial contrast.

## Finals

Finals vary significantly more than initials in Northern Wu languages. As such, only noteworthy phonological and diachronic features will be discussed. For detailed analyses of individual lects, refer to their specific pages.

### Characteristic innovations
#### Ma raising

A feature found in many Wu languages, including Northern Wu, is the raising of the historical ma (麻) rimes. They are typically realised as /o/, though some lects such as Shanghainese or Wuxinese may raise it even higher and having it merge with /u/. The exact sets of words that undergo raising varies from lect to lect, though in general, the southern two branches (Linshao and Yongjiang) have more raising than northern ones.
| | Haimen | Qingpu | Wuxi | Tonglu | Ningbo | Beijing |
| 爬 | bo$^2$ | bo$^2$ | bu$^2$ | buo$^2$ | bo$^2$ | pá |
| 茶 | dzo$^2$ | zo$^2$ | zeu$^2$ | jiuo$^2$ | dzo$^2$ | chá |
| 下 | gho$^4$ | gho$^6$ | wu$^6$ | wo$^6$ | gho$^6$ | xià |
| 家 | ka$^1$ | ka$^1$ | ka$^1$ | kuo$^1$ | ko$^1$ | jiā |
Notice how the two localities in Zhejiang, Tonglu and Ningbo, both pronounce the word 家 with a raised vowel, whereas those in Jiangsu and Shanghai do not. Northern varieties tend to retain the /a/ value after velars, whereas Linshao and Yongjiang do not.

#### Hou fronting

Northern Wu lects along the Grand Canal tend to front the Qieyun Middle Chinese 侯 rime (ie. Wugniu eu). Y. R. Chao suggested that this is due to influence from Hangzhounese. Chao raises the example of 歐洲後頭的狗 "the dog behind Europe", pronounced as [sic] [eitsei ɦeidei kə' kei], taken from his native Changzhounese. Compare Standard Mandarin Ōuzhōu hòutóu de gǒu.

#### Shan and xian rimes

The Northern Wu languages exhibit interesting behaviour regarding Qieyun Middle Chinese shan (山) and xian (咸) rimes (ie. Wugniu ae). Some varieties lose the nasal coda completely, whereas others retain it. Some also leave some sporadic nasalization. They typically also have abnormally raised, rounded, or fronted vowels and more complex distribution when compared to other lects, thus resulting in noticeable differences. This behaviour is also exhibited in Hangzhounese.
Correspondence of vernacular Shanghainese readings with Middle Chinese rime classes :
| Modern reflex | Historical class | Historical class | Conditions | Examples |
| Modern reflex | Yunshe (韻攝) and division (等) | Yun (韻) | Conditions | Examples |
| i | Open III 咸 | 鹽 | 幫, 泥, 精 and 日 series; velars | 貶尖染厭 |
| i | Open III 咸 | 嚴 | Unconditional | 嚴劍欠醃 |
| i | Open IV 咸 | 添 | 端, 泥, 見 and 曉 series | 店念嫌兼 |
| i | Open III 山 | 仙 | 幫, 泥, 精, 見 and 影 series | 變剪連延 |
| i | Open III 山 | 元 | Unconditional | 建言軒堰 |
| i | Closed III 山 | 仙 | most terms of 泥 and 精 series and two irregular 以 initial terms | 戀泉宣沿 |
| e | Open I 咸 | 覃 | Sporadic | 耽堪坎勘 |
| e | Open I 咸 | 談 | (Historical) dentialveolars | 膽淡籃三 |
| e | Open II 咸 | 咸 | Unconditional | 站攙減陷 |
| e | Open II 咸 | 銜 | Unconditional | 攙衫監艦 |
| e | Closed III 咸 | 凡 | Unconditional | 凡泛帆範 |
| e | Open I 山 | 寒 | (Historical) dentialveolars | 丹坦懶傘 |
| e | Open II 山 | 山 | Unconditional | 扮產揀限 |
| e | Open II 山 | 刪 | Unconditional | 班棧姦晏 |
| e | Closed I 山 | 桓 | Sporadic labials | 慢蔓般瘢 |
| e | Closed III 山 | 元 | 非 series | 反翻飯萬 |
| ue | Closed I 山 | 桓 | two irregular terms | 慣款 |
| ue | Closed II 山 | 山 & 刪 | Velars | 關慣環幻 |
| ue | Closed III 山 | 元 | one irregular term | 挽 |
| oe | Open I 咸 | 覃 | Velars | 甘敢蚶酣 |
| oe | Open III 咸 | 鹽 | (Historical) retroflex | 占陝閃禪 |
| oe | Open I 山 | 寒 | Velars | 看乾汗安 |
| oe | Open III 山 | 仙 | 知, 章 and 日 series | 展戰善然 |
| oe | Closed I 山 | 桓 | 幫 series and (historical) dentialveolars | 搬短暖酸 |
| oe | Closed II 山 | 刪 | 莊 series | 篡閂栓 |
| oe | Closed III 山 | 仙 | 知 and 章 series | 轉傳磚船 |
| uoe | Closed I 山 | 桓 | Velars | 官寬歡碗 |
| uoe | Closed II & III 山 | 刪 & 元 | Sporadic | 婉宛 |
| ioe | Closed III 山 | 仙 | Velars and 日 initial | 軟卷拳院 |
| ioe | Closed III 山 | 元 | Velars | 勸願怨遠 |
| ioe | Closed IV 山 | 先 | Velars | 犬縣玄淵 |
| | Qieyun description | Yixing | Kunshan | Jiaxing | Wuhang | Zhoushan |
| 山 | Open Grade II 山 | sa$^1$ | sae$^1$ | sae$^1$ | sae$^1$ | sae$^1$ |
| 凡 | Closed Grade III 咸 | va$^2$ | vae$^2$ | vae$^2$ | vae$^2$ | vae$^2$ |
| 鹽 | Open Grade III 咸 | ye$^2$ | ie$^2$ | ye$^2$ | ye$^2$ | ghien$^2$ |
| 天 | Open Grade IV 山 | tie$^1$ | thie$^1$ | thie$^1$ | thie$^1$ | thien$^1$ |
| 川 | Closed Grade III 山 | chioe$^1$ | tshoe$^1$ | tshoe$^1$ | tshae$^1$ | tshoen$^1$ |
| 南 | Open Grade I 咸 | ne$^2$ | noe$^2$ | noe$^2$ | nae$^2$ | nei$^2$ |

#### Frication

Several Northern Wu varieties have a very large number of contrastive high vowels. This contrast is typically realised in the form of rounding or frication. This frication can be notated as a lowering or raising of the vowel or as a glide insertion. Typically, frication in non-apical vowels happens to contrast terms with historical nasal codas.
Frication contrast in some high front vowels :
| Syllable | Suzhou | Suzhou | Changzhou | Changzhou |
| Syllable | Wugniu | IPA | Wugniu | IPA |
| 天 | thie$^1$ | /tʰi⁴⁴/ | thie$^1$ | /tʰiɪ⁵⁵/ |
| 梯 | thi$^1$ | /tʰiⱼ⁴⁴/ | thi$^1$ | /tʰi⁵⁵/ |
| 鳩 | cieu$^1$ | /tɕy⁴⁴/ | ciou$^1$ | /tɕy⁵⁵/ |
| 居 | ciu$^1$ | /tɕyⱼ⁴⁴/ | ciu$^1$ | /tɕiɤɯ⁵⁵/ |
| 絲 | sy$^1$ | /sɿ⁴⁴/ | sy$^1$ | /sɿ⁵⁵/ |
| 書 | syu$^1$ | /sʮ⁴⁴/ | syu$^1$ | /sʮ⁵⁵/ |

### Codas

Codas in Northern Wu are relatively simple compared to other Sinitic languages. In most modern Northern Wu varieties, only a single nasal phoneme and a checked coda (typically transcribed /ʔ/) are permitted in coda position.

#### Nasal coda

Northern Wu languages typically only have one final nasal phoneme. This is typically realised as [n], [ŋ], [ȵ] or a nasalization of the nucleus vowel, typically in free variation.

#### Checked coda

Aside from nasals, Northern Wu languages typically only permit /ʔ/ in coda position, though some modern varieties and historical texts still preserve /k/. This is different to other coastal Southern Chinese languages, as they typically do not merge all checked codas into one category. It is also noteworthy that the coda is often realised as a shortening of the vowel rather than an actual [ʔ], which contrasts with Oujiang varieties, which typically lengthen checked syllables. Compare the following syllables.
Checked-coda terms in various languages :
| | Historical coda | Edkins (1868) | Shanghai | Haining (Xiashi) | Shangyu | Yinzhou | Wenzhou | Hong Kong | Xi'an | Tokyo (Go'on) |
| 立 | -p | lih | liq$^8$ /liɪʔ˩˨/ | liq$^8$ /liəʔ˨/ | liq$^7$ /liɪʔ˥/ | liq$^8$ /liʔ˩˨/ | lei$^8$, li$^8$ /lei˨˩˧/,/li˨˩˧/ | laap$^6$ /laːp˨/ | lǐ /li˧˩/ | ryuu /ɾjɯː/ |
| 法 | -p | fah | faq$^7$ /faʔ˦/ | faq$^7$ /faʔ˥/ | faq$^7$ /fɐʔ˥/ | faq$^7$ /faʔ/ | ho$^7$ /ho˨˩˧/ | faat$^3$ /faːt˧/ | fǎ /fa˧˩/ | hou /hoː/ |
| 鐵 | -t | t’ih | thiq$^7$ /tʰiɪʔ˦/ | thiq$^7$ /tʰiəʔ˥/ | thiq$^7$ /tʰiɪʔ˥/ | thiq$^7$ /tʰiʔ˥/ | thi$^7$ /tʰi˨˩˧/ | tit$^3$ /tʰiːt˧/ | tiě /tʰiɛ˧˩/ | teti /tetɕi/ |
| 七 | -t | t’sih | chiq$^7$ /tɕiɪʔ˦/ | chiq$^7$ /tɕiəʔ˥/ | chiq$^7$ /tɕiɪʔ˥/ | chiq$^7$ /tɕiɪʔ˥/ | tshai$^7$ /tsʰai˨˩˧/ | cat$^1$ /tsʰɐt˥/ | qǐ /tɕi˧˩/ | siti /ɕitɕi/ |
| 角 | -k | kók | koq$^7$ /koʔ˦/ | koq$^7$ /koʔ˥/ | koq$^7$ /koʔ˥/ | koq$^7$ /koʔ˥/ | ko$^7$ /ko˨˩˧/ | gok$^3$ /kɔːk˧/ | juǒ /tɕyɤ˧˩/ | kaku /kakɯ/ |
| 落 | -k | lok | loq$^8$ /loʔ˩˨/ | loq$^8$ /loʔ˨/ | loq$^8$ /loʔ˧/ | loq$^8$ /loʔ˩˨/ | lo$^8$ /lo˨˩˧/ | lok$^6$ /lɔːk˨/ | luǒ /luɤ˧˩/ | raku /ɾakɯ/ |

## Tones

Tone plays a critical role in Northern Wu and impacts the realisation of both initials and finals. It disambiguates between both monosyllabic words via underlying tone and polysyllabic terms through the use of tone sandhi. Northern Wu languages can theoretically have up to twelve phonemic tones, depending on analysis. These lects can be found in places in Suzhou and Jiaxing, such as Wujiang.

### Phonemic tone

Phonemic tones in Northern Wu is traditionally analysed based on four historical tone categories, which are further divided in half based on the voicing of the initial. Those that pair with voiceless initials are known as "dark" (陰) tones and the opposite is true for "light" (陽) ones. This yields a total of eight tones. The hypothetical maximum of 12 tones are achieved when aspiration conditions a further tone split through the dark tones.
Tone contours of monosyllables in three lects in Wujiang :
| Historical Category | Phonation | Example words | Category | Wugniu | Songling | Tongli | Pingwang |
| Level | Plain | 剛丁三安 | Whole dark level 全陰平 | 1 | 55 | 55 | 55 |
| Level | Aspirate | 開粗天偏 | Partial dark level 次陰平 | 1 | 33 | 33 | 33 |
| Level | Voiced | 陳唐寒人 | Light level 陽平 | 2 | 13 | 13 | 24 |
| Rising | Plain | 古短比好 | Whole dark rising 全陰上 | 3 | 51 | 51 | 51 |
| Rising | Aspirate | 口草體普 | Partial dark rising 次陰上 | 3 | 42 | 42 | 34 |
| Rising | Voiced | 近厚老染 | Light rising 陽上 | 4 | 31 | 31 | 23 |
| Departing | Plain | 蓋對漢送 | Whole dark rising 全陰去 | 5 | 412 | 412 | 513 |
| Departing | Aspirate | 臭菜退戲 | Partial dark rising 次陰去 | 5 | 312 | 312 | 313 |
| Departing | Voiced | 樹共飯帽 | Light rising 陽去 | 6 | 212 | 212 | 213 |
| Checked | Plain | 各百說發 | Whole dark rising 全陰入 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Checked | Aspirate | 尺切拍曲 | Partial dark rising 次陰入 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Checked | Voiced | 局服岳六 | Light rising 陽入 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Note that, unlike Yue languages, the dark checked tone split is conditioned by aspiration, not vowel length.
Although there are Northern Wu lects with a high number of tones, it is also noteworthy that contemporary Shanghainese in particular only has at most five phonemic tones, by merging tones 2 and 4 with 6, and tones 3 with 5. A typical Northern Wu variety has 7–8 tones.
Tone categories in Shanghainese :
| | Level | Rising | Departing | Checked |
| Voiceless | 1 | 5 | 5 | 7 |
| Voiced | 6 | 6 | 6 | 8 |
For the most part, light tones can only occur with voiced initials, and dark tones can only occur with voiceless initials. In general, the light counterpart of a dark tone tends to be a lowered (or depressed) equivalent of the dark tone, as explored above. Compare the pronunciations of the dark and light departing tones in the following Wu varieties:
| | Tone 5 | Tone 6 |
| Jiangyin | 423 | 213 |
| Suzhou | 513 | 31 |
| Pinghu | 445 | 13 |
| Haiyan | 35 | 213 |
| Xiaoshan | 53 | 31 |
| Ningbo | 44 | 213 |
| Shanghai | 334 | 113 |

### Neutral tones

Neutral tones (Chinese: 輕聲), informally transcribed as 0 or not transcribed at all, are found in tone sandhi and in some grammatical particles. For instance, the perfective particle 了, leq in Shanghainese should be tone 8 due to its voiced and checked nature, though it in reality functions without a tone. This phenomenon can also be observed in Standard Mandarin, though it is more pronounced in Northern Wu due to the grammatical nature of Northern Wu sandhi.

### Tone sandhi

Northern Wu languages all have tone sandhi, both left-prominent (hereafter LPS) and often right-prominent (RPS). LPS is typically found in polysyllabic words, whereas RPS is typically found in verb-object constructions. This is a feature that is shared among Wu languages, though in Northern Wu, sandhi chains generally share similar contours. This, coupled with the fact that this sort of complex tone sandhi cannot be found in the Qieyun system or reconstructions of Middle Chinese, would suggest that this sandhi is a Wu shared innovation, and that Northern Wu languages share a recent common origin.
There are five general types of contours:
* Contour spreading, where the contour of the head syllable gets stretched over subsequent syllables
* Default realization, where the subsequent syllables become null tones
* Contour leveling, where a syllable removes its tone contour movement such that it becomes level
* Citation target, where a tone on a syllable in a sandhi chain varies compared to its monosyllabic/citation form because it is affected by other conditioning factors such as stress. For example, stress can cause an apparent tone contour to start and end higher compared to its underlying form. Stress can also neutralize the dipping portion of such a bidirectional tone, becoming a simple rising contour (if the underlying tone is low-dip-high ˨˩˦).
* Categorical shift, where the subsequent syllables change tone categories

#### Left-prominent sandhi

LPS in Northern Wu is typically regarded as highly complex. Northern Wu varieties are traditionally analysed to have unique sandhi chains for each tone category of every syllable, which results in complex charts that sprawl several pages. However, these analyses can usually be simplified, and not all combinations yield unique sandhi chains. Shanghainese LPS, for instance, has traditionally been analysed to only preserve phonemic tone on the first or head syllable, and drop it on all subsequent syllables, which may thus be considered somewhat similar to pitch accent in some languages. However, some younger speakers insert a rising tone contour on traditionally voiced initials to perhaps mimic the depression effect.
This is similar to some analyses of Suzhounese and Hangzhounese. Checked tones in Suzhounese can be analysed to preserve the underlying tone of the first two syllables, whereas Hangzhounese sandhi is conditioned based on whether the second syllable belongs to the rising or non-rising category.
Suzhounese checked tone sandhi :
| Tone number | Tone number | Disyllabic | Trisyllabic | Quadrisyllabic |
| First syllable | Second syllable | Disyllabic | Trisyllabic | Quadrisyllabic |
| 7 | 1, 2 | 44 23 | 44 23 0 | 44 23 44 0 |
| 7 | 3 | 22 33 | 22 33 0 | 22 33 44 0 |
| 7 | 5, 6 | 55 523 | 55 52 33 | 55 52 22 33 |
| 7 | 7, 8 | 44 44 | 44 44 0 | 44 44 22 0 |
| 8 | 1, 2 | 22 33 | 22 33 0 | 22 33 44 0 |
| 8 | 3 | 22 51 | 22 51 0 | 22 51 11 0 |
| 8 | 5, 6 | 22 523 | 22 52 33 | 22 52 22 33 |
| 8 | 7, 8 | 33 44 | 33 44 0 | 33 44 22 0 |
The tone category of the third and fourth syllables do not matter.

#### Right-prominent sandhi

RPS primarily occurs on verbs in verb-object constructions, and often is only relevant to monosyllables. They also occur in certain situations such as quantitative adjectives and a handful of irregular words. This can be used to disambiguate between certain constructions, such as the famous 炒麪 example, but also the following:
LPS and RPS minimal pairs in Chongmingese :
| LPS | 九桶 /tɕiɵ⁴² dõ³³/ | 半天 /pie³³ tʰie⁵⁵/ |
| RPS | 酒桶 /tɕiɵ³³ dõ/ | 變天 /pie⁴² tʰie⁵⁵/ |