OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bisacodyl

Bisacodyl (INN) is an organic compound that is used as a stimulant laxative drug. It works directly on the colon to produce a bowel movement. It is typically prescribed for relief of episodic and chronic constipation and for the management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction, as well as part of bowel preparation before medical examinations, such as for a colonoscopy.
Bisacodyl is a derivative of triphenylmethane. It was first used as a laxative in 1953 because of its structural similarity to phenolphthalein.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

## Mechanism of action

Bisacodyl works by stimulating enteric neurons to cause peristalsis, i.e., colonic contractions. It is also a contact laxative; it increases fluid and salt secretion. The action of bisacodyl on the small intestine is negligible; stimulant laxatives mainly promote evacuation of the colon.

## Available forms

Bisacodyl is marketed under the trade names Dulcolax/Durolax, Muxol, Fleet, Nourilax, Alophen, Correctol, and Carter's Little Pills (formerly Carter's Little Liver Pills), as well as being available generically. It is usually sold as 5 mg tablets, 10 mg suppositories, or 5 mg pediatric suppositories. It is also available as a 1.25 US fluid ounces (37 ml) pre-packaged enema containing a 10 mg delivered dose of liquid bisacodyl.

## Administration

When bisacodyl is administered orally, it is usually taken at breakfast. Oral administration is known to produce no action for more than eight hours and then to work suddenly and relatively quickly. This is especially true if more than 10 mg is taken at one time. Normally, the dosage is 5 or 10 mg, but up to 30 mg can be taken for complete cleansing of the bowel before a procedure.
When administered rectally in suppository form, it is usually effective in 15 to 60 minutes. For optimal use, if used as a suppository, it is recommended that bisacodyl be given after breakfast to synchronize with the gastrocolic reflex. Two suppositories can be inserted at once if a very strong, purgative, enema-like result is needed. A few hours after the initial evacuation, there can be a secondary action which will continue as long as there is unexpelled bisacodyl present in the rectum.
As a commercially prepared micro-enema, it is usually effective in 5 to 20 minutes.
# Black Moor (musical group)

Black Moor is a Canadian heavy metal band formed in 2005 in Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada. Since their inception, they have worked steadily to expand their fanbase and refine their sound, described as "retro, riding that familiar border between traditional heavy metal and speed metal, putting the band squarely in the New Wave of Traditional Heavy Metal camp."
In June 2008, the members of Black Moor were involved in a car accident while on their way home from playing a show in Montreal. All survived, but the crash left drummer Sylvain Coderre with severe injuries and the accident set back production on the band's debut album The Conquering by almost a year.
In 2009, the group signed to Halifax-based Diminished Fifth Records and released their debut album The Conquering. They released the album Lethal Waters in 2012, and Brave to the Grave in 2016.

## Members

* Eric Hanlin — Rhythm Guitar / Vocals
* Evan Frizzle — Lead Guitar / Vocals
* Brycen Gunn — Bass / Vocals
* Bobby Webb — Drums

## Past members

* Rob Nickerson — bass
* Kenny Myers — drums
* Sylvain Coderre — drums
* Nick Jones — lead guitar

## Discography

* The Conquering – 2009, Diminished Fifth Records
* Lethal Waters – 2012, Diminished Fifth Records
* Brave To The Grave – 2016, Self-Released
# Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata

Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata, the large brown cicada, is a species of cicada in the genus Graptopsaltria of the family Cicadidae found across East Asia, including Japan, the Korean Peninsula, and China. They are called aburazemi (アブラゼミ) in Japanese. The males make a loud chirping that ends with a click caused by a flick of the wings.

## Description

Large brown cicadae are usually about 55–60 millimetres (2.2–2.4 in) long, having a wingspan of roughly 75 mm (3.0 in).

## Life cycle

Their median life cycle from egg to natural adult death is around three years.
# Bornum am Elm

Bornum am Elm is a village of 919 inhabitants (2021) in the city of Königslutter am Elm, Lower Saxony, Germany. It was a municipality until 1974, when it was joined to Königslutter.
Bornum is near the northern edge of the Elm hills on the bank of the Scheppau stream, at an elevation of 135 meters. Neighboring places are Scheppau, Lauingen, and Abbenrode, as well as Königslutter proper. Industries include farming, tourism, and construction.
Archaeological evidence shows the existence of the village in the Iron Age. The oldest documentary mentioning dates from 1135, when properties in Bornum were given to the newly founded Königslutter Abbey by Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor. The manor of the village was given as a fief to various holders by the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In 1390, it came to the von Weferlingen family; they sold it to the von Westphalen family in 1764. In 1779, it was bought back by Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, who sold it to Amelungsborn Abbey in 1781. Up to the Napoleonic period, the Lord of the Manor had jurisdiction over the village. In 1844 the manor was bought by the farmers in the village and was dissolved.
# Breckenridge (surname)

Breckenridge is a locational Scottish surname, referring to a person from a place named Breckenridge, and other phonetic spellings, e.g. Breckonridge, Breakenridge, Brackenridge, et al. Such names as the aforementioned are anglicizations of the Scottish place name "Brackenrig". There are several villages in Scotland named "Brackenrig", including in Lanarkshire, Ayrshire, Glasgow, and others. "Brackenrig" referred to plowed fields with ridges and ferns, prolific in this area. The prefix derives from braken (northern Middle English, meaning "bracken", itself derived from the Old Norse brækni). The suffix derives from rigg (meaning "ridge", from the Old Norse hryggr). Early spellings had several variations including Brecenrigg, Brecenrig, Breckinrigg, Breconrig, Breconnrigg; and these evolved to Brackenridge, Breakenridge, Breakinridge, Breckenridge, Breccinridge, Breckenridge, and others. As people moved, the surname spread to England and Ireland, becoming a common English and Irish surname as well. At the time of the British Census of 1881, the frequency of the surname Breckenridge was highest in Ayrshire (66.2 times the British average), followed by Haddingtonshire, Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, Stirlingshire, Pembrokeshire, Argyll, Kirkcudbrightshire, Edinburghshire and Dunbartonshire. People with the surname include:
* Alexandra Breckenridge (born 1982), American film and television actress
* Keith Breckenridge (born 1965), South African historian
* Beverly Breckenridge (b.?), Canadian musician
* Donald Breckenridge (1932–2005), American hotel chain founder and president
* Eddie Breckenridge (born 1979), American bassist with Thrice; younger brother of Riley Breckenridge
* Hugh Henry Breckenridge (1870–1937), American painter
* Jody A. Breckenridge (b.?), American Coast Guard Rear Admiral
* John C. Breckinridge (1821–1875), Vice President of the United States, Confederate Army general
* Laura Breckenridge (born 1983), American actress
* Lisa Breckenridge (born 1965), American TV reporter
* Michael Breckenridge (b.?), American actor, musician, humorist and artist
* Patricia Breckenridge (born 1953), American Judge on the Supreme Court of Missouri
* Riley Breckenridge (born 1975), American drummer with Thrice; older brother of Eddie Breckenridge
* Thomas Breckenridge (1865–3 May 1898), Scottish footballer
# Creatures of Middle-earth

Creatures of Middle-earth is a supplement published by Iron Crown Enterprises (I.C.E.) in 1988 for the fantasy role-playing game Middle-earth Role Playing (MERP), itself based on the works of J.R.R. Tolkien.

## Description

Creatures of Middle-earth is a bestiary that details all the creatures that have appeared in J.R.R. Tolkien's history of Middle-earth, as well as creatures created by I.C.E. in various MERP supplements.
The book first concentrates on animals, which are divided into eight families such as herbivores or flying creatures. If there are extraordinary examples of the animal, such as Gwaihir of the great eagles, they are given a full description.
The next section deals with monsters, again divided into eight groups such as dragons and undead. As with the section on animals, notable individuals such as Smaug are highlighted.
Various tables describe each of the above in MERP game terms, should the player characters ever encounter them.

## Publication history

I.C.E. acquired the license to publish games based on Tolkien's works from the Tolkien Estate in the early 1980s, and released MERP in 1984. This was followed by a large number of supplements, including a series of three books highlighting every named character that appears in Tolkien's Middle-earth works: Lords of Middle-earth, Volume I: The Immortals, Lords of Middle-earth, Volume II: The Mannish Races, and Lords of Middle-earth, Volume III: Hobbits, Dwarves, Ents, Orcs & Trolls. As a companion volume, I.C.E. published Creatures of Middle-earth in 1988, a 64-page softcover book created by Pete Fenlon, Ruth Sochard Pitt, and Jeff O'Hare with cover art by Angus McBride, and illustrations by Jim Holloway.

## Reception

In Issue 151 of Dragon (November 1989), Jim Bambra wrote, "Okay, Tolkien fans, [this is] for you! Full of background information on ... creatures of Middle-earth, it is a handy source of ideas for I.C.E.'s MERP game, other fantasy games, and lovers of Tolkien's creation."
# Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education

The Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education is a quarterly academic journal covering music education. It is published by the University of Illinois Press on behalf of the Council for Research in Music Education.

## History

The journal was established in 1963 by Charles Leonhard and Richard J. Colwell at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign as Council of Research in Music Education and obtained its current name in the following year.
The initial volume was published as part of "plans for an organization to encourage research in music education [which had] been in process for more than a year." Its contents reflected two perceived needs for research in music education: (a) the need "for a means through which interest may be stimulated, guidance may be given, and some actual assistance offered to would-be researchers," and (b) the need "of disseminating information concerning research which has already taken place, whose findings the teacher may utilize in teaching, this being, after all, the basic purpose of such research."

## Scope

The journal focuses mainly on quantitative and qualitative studies in music education, but also publishes invited essays, book reviews, dissertation reviews, and conference proceedings. Notable contributors include Harry Broudy, Elliot W. Eisner, David J. Elliott, Howard Gardner, Edwin E. Gordon, Janet Mills, and Bennett Reimer.

## Editors

The founding editor-in-chief was Richard J. Colwell, who edited the journal (vols. 1–44 & 48–103). Other editors have included Marilyn P. Zimmerman (vols. 104–124), Eunice Boardman (vols. 118–139), John W. Grashel (vols. 119–146), Deborah A. Sheldon (vols. 144–150), Gregory F. DeNardo (vols. 151–189), and Eve Harwood (interim editor, vols. 190–197). The current editor is Janet R. Barrett.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Arts & Humanities Citation Index and Current Contents/Arts & Humanities.

## Outstanding Dissertation Award in Music Education

The journal sponsors the Outstanding Dissertation Award in Music Education (ODA). Dissertations written by recent graduates of doctoral programs in music education are nominated by university faculty and reviewed by members of the journal's advisory committee and other reviewers selected by the editor. Based on their recommendations, the editor and a select panel of judges choose the winner. The winner is then announced in the print version. In the past, the ODA winner has been honored at a special session sponsored by the Council for Research in Music Education at The National Association for Music Education National Conference.
# Byuravan

40°00′58″N 44°31′07″E﻿ / ﻿40.01611°N 44.51861°E﻿ / 40.01611; 44.51861
Byuravan (Armenian: Բյուրավան) is a village in the Artashat Municipality of the Ararat Province of Armenia.

## History

In 1936-1967 the village was engaged in cotton making, hence the name of the village - Bambakavan. In 1978, on the initiative of Hovhannes Shiraz, the village was renamed Byuravan. Renovated with the help of the community with the support and now the completely destroyed St. Gregory the Illuminator Church is functioning. A memorial fountain was built in the center of the village in memory of 29 fellow villagers who died in the Great Patriotic War. The village is located on the right bank of the Azat River, in the Ararat valley.

## Notable people

* Haik M. Martirosyan, grandmaster and World Youth Chess champion
# Donald R. Lobaugh Bridge

The Donald R. Lobaugh Bridge (commonly known as the Freeport Bridge) is a cantilever bridge that carries vehicular traffic across the Allegheny River between Buffalo and Allegheny townships in Pennsylvania.

## History

Built in 1965, the bridge marks the boundary between suburban Pittsburgh and the more rural Upper Allegheny. The structure replaced the 1889 Garvers Ferry Bridge, which was extremely deteriorated by the 1950s and that was nearly destroyed in a 1959 barge collision. The bridge's namesake is Donald R. Lobaugh, a Medal of Honor recipient from World War II.
The bridge was listed as having a poor deck and substructure and having serious deterioration of its superstructure before having $5 million of emergency steel repairs in 2006/2007. Before the repairs the weight limit was 3 tons; this was increased to a legal load limit of 40 tons after the repairs.
The bridge is maintained by Pennsylvania Department of Transport 12-0 and was rehabilitated over a period from 2010 to 2013.
# David Ghazaryan

David Ghazaryan (Armenian: Դավիթ Ղազարյան; 5 May 1989 – September–October 2020) was an Armenian Lieutenant-Colonel, who participated and fell during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh war. In 2020, he was posthumously awarded the military award of Hero of Artsakh.

## Awards and honours

A decree by Arayik Harutyunyan, the President of the Republic of Artsakh, awarded David Ghazaryan posthumously the title of Hero of Artsakh.
   "For exceptional services rendered to the Artsakh Republic while defending and ensuring the security of the Motherland, as well as for bravery and personal courage, I have awarded David Ghazaryan, servicemen of the Defense Army. with the highest title of the "Hero of Artsakh" (posthumously), awarding him with the "Golden Eagle" order.
   — President of the Republic of Artsakh, Arayik Harutyunyan
According to the President, Ghazaryan fought by the principle of “not a step back” and performed a heroic deed.

## Personal life

Ghazaryan was married and had two children.
# Donora–Monessen Bridge

The Donora–Monessen Bridge, officially known as the Stan Musial Bridge, is a truss bridge that carries vehicles across the Monongahela River between Donora and Monessen in Pennsylvania, U.S.A. The bridge was built in 1972, as part of a 1960s-era project to increase access to the industrial Monongahela Valley through a semi-freeway connection to Interstate 70. However, the decline of the steel sector halted area road construction, and the entire project was not completed until 1989. The road was originally named for former State Engineer C. Vance DeiCas.
In 2011, a bill was introduced in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives to rename the structure for Baseball Hall of Fame member Stan Musial, a Donora native. Effective January 8, 2012, Musial's name adorned the bridge.
# Jonathan Twingley

Jonathan Twingley is an American artist, illustrator and author. His paintings and illustrations have appeared in The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Los Angeles Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic Monthly, The New Republic, Mother Jones, and The Progressive.
Twingley's first novel, The Badlands Saloon, was published by Scribner in 2009.

## Early life

Twingley was born in Bismarck, North Dakota. His mother was a librarian. His father was an artist and high school arts instructor. Twingley's primary and high school education occurred in his home town of Bismarck. He earned his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from Minnesota State University Moorhead in 1996, and completed his Master of Fine Arts (MFA) in illustration at the School of Visual Arts (SVA) in New York City.

## Illustrator

As an illustrator, Twingley's work has appeared in the New York Times, Atlantic Monthly, Los Angeles Times, The Nation, and The New Republic. In addition, Twingley has been commissioned by the Columbia Journalism Review, Boston Magazine, and trade magazine publishers such as Corporate Counsel, The Deal, The Chronicle of Higher Education, and Re-Thinking Schools.
According to a contributing writer for High Plains Reader, Twingley's illustrations show a profound awareness of character − pertaining to people and places alike, he arranges his compositions in a careful manner, like a cinematographer, paying close attention to narrative elements that individualize each separate work.
PRINT magazine featured Twingley's work in a showcase of 20 artists under the age of 30. His work has also been recognized by the Society of Illustrators, American Illustration, the Society of Publication Designers, and Communication Arts Magazine.

## The Badlands Saloon

After working for over 10 years creating illustrations featured in books, magazines, trade journals and newspapers, Twingley wrote and illustrated The Badlands Saloon, his debut novel. Published by Scribner in 2009, the 224-page hardcover includes 38 full-color illustrations covering 76 pages. It tells the story of Oliver Clay, and his life-changing summer in a small North Dakota town.
Booklist called Twingley as "an up-and-coming artist" and praised his "uniquely stylized characters...a gallery of portraits rendered in prose, punctuated by visuals, and delivered with unsentimental but heartfelt honesty."

## Arts education

Twingley holds a teaching position as senior lecturer at the University of the Arts (Philadelphia).
He also served as visiting artist-in-residence at Minnesota State University Moorhead, where he met individually with students, lectured on art and writing, and illustrated these with selections from his own work.
In 2012, Twingley juried the Rourke Art Museum's 53rd annual Midwestern exhibit.
# Cowles Mountain

Cowles Mountain (/koʊlz/, /kaʊlz/ {a proscribed pronunciation}; properly KOHLZ, commonly KOWLZ) is a prominent mountain in San Carlos, San Diego, California. The 1,593-foot (486 m) summit is the highest point of the city of San Diego. It is protected within Mission Trails Regional Park.

## History

The mountain is named after George A. Cowles, a rancher and businessperson in southwestern San Diego County during the 1870s and 1880s.

### San Diego State University

For many years Cowles Mountain was locally known as "S" Mountain. In 1931, 500 students from San Diego State College, now San Diego State University (SDSU), painted a 400-foot-tall (120 m) letter "S" on the side of the mountain, after which it took on its popular name. In April 1942, during World War II, the military ordered the "S" covered up for national security, as it could serve as a potential reference for enemy aerial attacks for strategic sites. After the war, the painting tradition was resurrected.
In the 1970s, the annual repainting tradition was ceased for environmental and habitat protection but had a brief resurgence in the late 1980s. The "S" has not been repainted for nearly three decades.

## Mission Trails Regional Park

The entire mountain, with marked trails, is a protected area within Mission Trails Regional Park, which opened in 1972.

### Trails

The main trail to the summit is a popular hiking destination taking hundreds of people per day to a 360-degree panorama of San Diego County. The hike to the top is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long and an elevation change of about 950 feet (290 m). This trail is on the corner of Golfcrest Drive and Navajo Road. A much-less-used but maintained trail begins near the intersection of Boulder Lake Avenue and Barker Way. This trail meets the main trail near the summit.
On March 25, 2013, the trails of Cowles were closed for maintenance. The trails were reopened in May 2013 after several improvements to water drainage and rock steps.

## Geology

Cowles Mountain consists of Jurassic and early Cretaceous metavolcanic and shallow intrusive igneous rocks that are resistant to erosion, and never covered by later Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary overburden. Small plateaus on the south and east slopes are the remnants of an extensive terrestrial, near sea level erosional surface called the Poway Terrace that are now about 1,200 feet (370 m) in elevation.
A prominent former seacliff on the west side rises above a now-dry wave-cut terrace, now mostly covered with suburban developments, at about 600 feet (180 m) in elevation.
# Sub-Zero (company)

Sub-Zero Group, Inc. is a privately-held American company that manufactures and sells luxury kitchen appliances. It sells refrigerators and wine preservation products under the Sub-Zero brand. The company also manufactures kitchen appliances under the Wolf brand and dishwashers under the Cove brand name. Sub-Zero Group is based in Madison, Wisconsin.

## History

Sub-Zero was founded as the Sub-Zero Freezer Company on August 20, 1945 by Westye F. Bakke in Madison, Wisconsin. In 2000, it acquired the domestic appliance line of the Wolf Range Corporation, a California-based manufacturer of professional-style ranges, cooktops and grills for both home and commercial use.
Wolf Appliance Inc., Sub-Zero's corporate companion, expanded the few products acquired from Wolf Range Corporation. It now sells domestic cooking appliances from kitchen stoves, cooktops, wall ovens, warming drawers and ventilation equipment. The company's products compete with those made by Viking, Dacor, Thermador, GE Monogram, KitchenAid, JennAir and Miele.

## Innovations

According to the official company history, Bakke invented the first free-standing freezer in 1943. It also claims to have been the first to manufacture built-in refrigerators, beginning in the 1950s,.

## Appliance models

Sub-Zero manufactures two series of built-in refrigeration as well as wine storage and under counter units. Each refrigerator model usually comes in two variations, namely a stainless steel exterior or a customizable exterior in an overlay or flush inset version. The customizable option allows the buyer to install kitchen cabinet panels on the door(s) to match with the rest of the kitchen. Its refrigerators are designed with a 24-inch (61 cm) depth and can be installed flush with kitchen cabinets of the same standard depth to provide an integrated look.
The Sub-Zero 424 Wine Cooler has held virtually the same design since the early 1990s. It is the only under-counter wine cooler in its class to be able to keep wine as low as 38 °F (3 °C). It has two temperature zones and can be connected to a house alarm.
A Sub-Zero refrigerator can weigh as much as 800 pounds (360 kg) and require four delivery people to move the refrigerator unit into a kitchen. Most Sub-Zero full-size models are 84 inches (2.1 m) tall and 48 inches (120 cm) wide.
The company has production facilities in Madison, Wisconsin; Phoenix, Arizona; Goodyear, Arizona; Richmond, Kentucky; and Fitchburg, Wisconsin and a forthcoming 400,000 ft² facility in Cedar Rapids, Iowa scheduled to open in 2025.
# Alexander Mordukhovich

Alexander Mordukhovich (born March 28, 1946), is a composer and musician from Russia.