OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hidden Beach Recordings

Hidden Beach is an American independent record label known for R&B, soul, inspirational, and contemporary jazz genres. Hidden Beach was formed in 1998 by Steve McKeever and has a distribution deal with Universal Music Group.

## History

Steven McKeever, a former lawyer and producer, founded Hidden Beach Recordings (HBR) in 1998.
On September 18, 2008, Hidden Beach released the compilation "Yes We Can: Voices of a Grassroots Movement"; proceeds benefitting the 2008 Barack Obama presidential campaign. The compilation included Kanye West, Stevie Wonder, and Sheryl Crow.

## Compilations

* Cornel West & BMWMB
* Hidden Hits
* Yes We Can: Voices of a Grassroots Movement (for the 2008 Obama Presidential Campaign)
* Change Is Now: Renewing America's Promise (for the 2012 President Obama campaign)

### Unwrapped music series

An ongoing series of albums, Unwrapped, has at least eight volumes. The series features instrumental versions of rap/hip-hop hits by contemporary jazz artists.
* Unwrapped, Vol. 1
* Unwrapped, Vol. 2
* Unwrapped, Vol. 3; features 50 Cent's "In Da Club" and Eminem's "Lose Yourself" as interpreted by keyboardists Jeff Lorber and former Earth, Wind & Fire member Larry Dunn, Hidden Beach saxophonist Mike Phillips and others. It debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard Contemporary Jazz chart and No. 4 on the jazz chart.
* Unwrapped: Vol 4 (released June 24, 2006) peaked at number 3 on the Top Contemporary Jazz charts
* Unwrapped Vol. 5: the Collipark Cafe Sessions (released June 24, 2008); includes Southern hip-hop hits
Box sets of volumes 1 through 4 and volumes 5 through 7 have been produced.

## List of artists

listed alphabetically
* Bent Fabric (licensed only)
* John Densmore - Tribaljazz
* Kindred the Family Soul
* Ramsey Lewis (licensed only)
* Lina
* Onitsha
* Darius Rucker
* Brenda Russell
* Jill Scott
* Al B. Sure!
* The Tony Rich Project
* Dr. Cornel West & BMWMB
* BeBe Winans
* Gene Noble
# Lucian Howard Cocke

Lucian Howard Cocke (March 27, 1858 – November 14, 1927) was an American lawyer, politician, historian and university rector from Virginia.

## Life

Cocke was born on March 27, 1858, at Hollins College in Roanoke, Virginia where his father, Charles Lewis Cocke, was founder and president. His mother was Susanna Pleasants, a cousin of Virginia governor James Pleasants. His early education was under the tutelage of Hollins College professors. He eventually matriculated to Richmond College (now University of Richmond) but finished his bachelor's degree at Washington & Lee. He attended law school at the University of Virginia and upon graduating set up his own practice. In 1884, he joined into a partnership in Richmond forming the firm Penn & Cocke, after the retirement of Penn he formed a new partnership in Cocke & Glasgow. He was the first Democrat elected mayor of Roanoke, Virginia. From 1924 to 1928, he served as rector and trustee of his alma mater Washington & Lee. In private life, he was an avid author of works on the law, history and genealogy periodically contributing to the Virginia Historical Society and the William & Mary Quarterly.

## Family

Cocke married twice, first on September 17, 1885, to his distant cousin Lelia Maria Smith (1859–1899) a descendant of Robert "King" Carter and William Thornton. He and Smith had four children. After her death he married secondly in 1903, Sarah Cobb Johnson (1865–1944) a native of Alabama and the granddaughter of John Addison Cobb and descendant of Ambrose Cobbs and Thomas Reade Rootes. They had no children.
Ancestors of Lucian Howard Cocke :
# Flora (sculpture)

Flora is a wax sculpture of Roman goddess Flora by English sculptor Richard Cockle Lucas, currently located in the Bode Museum in Berlin.

## Provenance

Wilhelm von Bode, the general manager of the Prussian Art Collections for the Berlin Museum, spotted the bust in a London gallery and purchased it for a few pounds for the Kaiser Friedrich Museum in 1909. Bode was convinced that the bust was by Leonardo da Vinci and the Berlin Museum authorities, and the German public, were delighted to have "snatched a great art treasure from under the very noses" of the British art world.
In 1910, it was revealed that the work may have actually been created by the English sculptor, Richard Cockle Lucas. Shortly after the purchase, The Times ran an article claiming that the bust was the work of Lucas, having been commissioned to produce it from a painting. Lucas's son, Albert, then came forward and swore under oath that the story was correct and that he had helped his father to make it. Albert was able to explain how the layers of wax had been built up from old candle ends; he also described how his father would stuff various debris, including newspapers, inside the bust. When the Berlin museum staff removed the base they found the debris, just as Albert had described it, including a letter dated in the 1840s.
Despite this evidence, Bode continued to claim that his original attribution was correct. To support this, he displayed the Flora bust among a selection of Lucas's lesser work – this exhibition rather backfired, however, as it showed that Lucas had been regularly making wax sculptures inspired by the great works of previous times.
In April 2021, the bust was dated using carbon-14, which confirmed that it was sculpted in the 19th century. The bust remains on display in what is now the Bode Museum labeled "England", "19th Century" with a question mark.
# Canada Institute

The Canada Institute also called the Public Policy Forum (PPF) is a Washington D.C.–based think tank that serves as a forum for issues concerning U.S.-Canada bilateral relations through policy papers and research projects. The institute, which is a program of the Wilson Center, also contributes in shaping public policy discourse in Canada and the U.S.

## Background

The Canada Institute was founded in 1987 by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars to raise the level of awareness of Canada in the United States. It was established as a public policy forum that focuses on dialogue about the full spectrum of US-Canada issues. The aim is to enhance the understanding and knowledge about Canada, particularly among the policy community in Washington D.C., and to create new channels of communication among scholars, business leaders, NGOs, and policymakers. Presently, it is considered the largest policy research institute on Canadian affairs outside of Canada.

## Initiatives

The institute engages in research, which focuses on the following areas: contemporary Canada, US-Canadian relations, North American political economy, and Canada's role on the global stage. Specific areas of concern include energy, trade, the US-Canadian border, security challenges, regional economic integration, immigration, globalization, and environment, among others. An example of the institute's initiatives is the One Issue, Two Voices publication series, which involves dialogues between Canadian and American authors discussing the two countries’ bilateral relationship. A discussion on health care in 2008, for instance, involved Antonia Maioni and Theodore Marmor, who revealed the disparities in spending, coverage, and access for the two countries. Information from the series inform and help shape policies that affect US-Canadian relationship. Scholars of the institute also engage in research on subjects such as systemic financial risk.
Funding for the institute includes Congressionally-appropriated funds but the bulk of its revenue is sourced from fund-raising activities in Canada. Other sources include income from projects and the works of the institute's scholars as well as grants from the private sector and the Canadian embassy in Washington, D.C.
The institute's public policy scholars include Louis Belanger and James T. McHugh. Christopher Sands currently serves as the institute's director.
# List of archives in South Africa

This is list of archives in South Africa.

## Archives in South Africa

* National Archives of South Africa
* National Film, Video and Sound Archives (South Africa)
# 2019 mass invasion of Russian polar bears

In February 2019, the Russian archipelago of Novaya Zemlya in the Arctic Ocean experienced a mass invasion of polar bears. Dozens of polar bears were seen trying to enter homes, civic buildings, and inhabited areas. The Arkhangelsk Oblast authorities declared a state of emergency on 16 February 2019.
According to the local report agency, at least 52 bears entered the area near Belushya Guba, the main settlement on the island. Footage shows the polar bears looking for food in the rubbish at a local dump. Polar bears cannot subsist on a garbage-based diet because of a lack of enough protein and fat.
Local administrator Alexander Minayev said at least between 6 and 10 bears came into the settlement's territory. People were frightened and did not want to leave their homes, so their planned daily routines were stopped. "Parents are afraid to let the children go to school or kindergarten," Minayev said. He also said that the bears "literally chased people in the region". Zhigansha Musin, the head of the local administration, said, "There have never been so many polar bears in this area since 1983".
Hunting polar bears and shooting them has been prohibited by law in Russia, and vehicle patrols and dogs were not successful in deterring them. A team of experts was dispatched to the Arctic region to remove polar bears coming into the inhabited area and its vicinity.

## Climate change effects

Russia's World Wildlife Fund said "Today, polar bears are entering human areas more frequently than in the past and climate change is the reason. Global warming is reducing sea-ice and this phenomenon forces polar bears to come to land in order to find new sources of food". Liz Greengrass, a director at the UK animal conservation charity Born Free Foundation told CNN that seals are the most popular food for polar bears, but global warming is shrinking their environment, so polar bears must change their food regime.
According to a 2013 study in the journal Nature, global warming is increasingly affecting the planet more than in the past. Model suggestions say that Arctic sea ice is declining at a rate of 13 percent per decade. Scientists believed this climate change is the main reason for the aggressive behavior of the polar bears.

## Aftermath

The local authorities have taken a number of safety measures, such as hunting down designated problem bears, securing a local school with fencing and sending military personnel to their posts by "special vehicles."
# Solar-blind technology

Solar-blind technology is a set of technologies to produce images without interference from the Sun. This is done by using wavelengths of ultraviolet light that are totally absorbed by the ozone layer, yet are transmitted in the Earth's atmosphere. Wavelengths from 240 to 280 nm are completely absorbed by the ozone layer. Elements of this technology are ultraviolet light sources, ultraviolet image detectors, and filters that only transmit the range of wavelengths that are blocked by ozone. A system will also have a signal processing system, and a way to display the results (image).

## Ultraviolet sources

Ultraviolet illumination can be produced from longer wavelengths using non-linear optical materials. These can be a second harmonic generator. They must have a suitable birefringence in order to phase match the output frequency doubled UV light. One compound commercially used is L-arginine phosphate monohydrate known as LAP. Research is underway for substances that are very non-linear, have a suitable birefringence, are transparent in the spectrum and have a high degree of resistance to damage from lasers.

## Optical system

Normal glass does not transmit below 350 nm, so it is not used for optics in solar-blind systems. Instead calcium fluoride, fused silica, and magnesium fluoride are used as they are transparent to shorter wavelengths.

## Filters

An optical filter can be used to block out visible light and near-ultraviolet light. It is important to have a high transmittance within the solar-blind spectrum, but to strongly block the other wavelengths.
Interference filters can pass 25% of the wanted rays, and reduce others by 1000 to 10,000 times. However they are unstable and have a narrow field of view.
Absorption filters may only pass 10% of wanted UV, but can reject by a ratio of 10$^{12}$. They can have a wide field of view and are stable.

## Ultraviolet detectors

Semiconductor ultraviolet detectors are solid state, and convert an ultraviolet photon into an electric pulse. If they are transparent to visible light, then they will not be sensitive to light.
| name | limit nm | efficiency |
| hexagonal boron nitride | 300 | |
| hydrogenated amorphous silicon | 187 | 20% |
| amorphous silicon carbide | 187 | 20% |
| gallium nitride | | |
| zinc oxide | | |
| diamond | | |
| photomultiplier tube | 300 | 30% |

## Use

Solar-blind imaging can be used to detect corona discharge, in electrical infrastructure. Missile exhaust can be detected from the troposphere or ground. Also when looking down on the Earth from space, the Earth appears dark in this range, so rockets can be easily detected from above once they pass the ozone layer. Israel, the People's Republic of China (PRC), Russia, South Africa, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) are developing this technology.
# 1974 Women's Nordic Football Championship

1974 Women's Nordic Football Championship was the first edition of the Women's Nordic Football Championship tournament. It was held from 26 July to 28 July in Mariehamn and Finström in Åland.
The match between Denmark and Sweden was the first international of the Denmark women's national football team.

## Standings

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| Denmark | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | +6 | 4 |
| Sweden | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Finland | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 6 | −6 | 0 |

## Goalscorers
### 3 goals

* Annette Frederiksen

### 2 goals

* Susanne Niemann

### 1 goal

* Ann Jansson
* Ann Stengård

## Sources

* Nordic Championships (Women) 1974 Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
* Landsholdsdatabasen Danish Football Association
* Lautela, Yrjö & Wallén, Göran: Rakas jalkapallo — Sata vuotta suomalaista jalkapalloa, p. 418. Football Association of Finland / Teos Publishing 2007. ISBN 978-951-851-068-3.
# Sajid Hussain (journalist)

Sajid Hussain (16 January 1981 – 2020) was a Baloch journalist and the founder and chief editor of the online news site, the Balochistan Times. He went missing on 2 March 2020 and his body was found in the Fyris River on 23 April 2020. Swedish police ruled out any foul play, ruling that cause of death was drowning. An autopsy indicated that he died either by suicide or an accident.

## Background

Hussain was an ethnic Baloch. He started his journalist career in the Pakistani newspapers, including Daily Times and The News International. In 2012, he wrote a series of reports on "enforced disappearances and human rights violations in Balochistan". Following a police raid, interrogations and alleged death threats, he fled the country, sought political asylum and lived in exile in Sweden since 2017. In 2015, he started the online magazine, the Balochistan Times.

## Death

Hussain went missing on 2 March 2020 and was found dead in the Fyris River just north of Uppsala, Sweden on 23 April. The body's identity became clear on 30 April. At the time of his death, Sajid Hussain was pursuing a master's of arts in Iranian languages at Uppsala University where he was also teaching Balochi language on part-time basis.

## Investigation

Swedish police said that they had launched a murder investigation, but suspicions of foul play weakened following an autopsy. Hussain's autopsy indicated he could have committed suicide or his death was an accident. Swedish police ruled out any "visible wrongdoing" and the cause of death of Hussain was ruled to be drowning. Later Swedish prosecution authority closed its murder investigation as they no longer suspect a crime has taken place.
# Bezalel Ronsburg

Bezalel ben Joel Ronsburg (Hebrew: בצלאל רנשבורג; 1760 – 25 September 1820) was a Talmudist and rabbi, dayan and head of the yeshiva in Prague. Zecharias Frankel was one of his pupils.

## Biography

Ronsburg was the author of Horah Gaver (Prague, 1802), commentary on the tractate Horayot, and Ma'aseh Rav (ib. 1823), marginal notes on the Talmud, reprinted in the Prague (1830–32) edition of the Talmud and in several later ones. Under the title Sedeh Tzofim, in the Prague (1839–46) edition of the Talmud, are printed Ronsburg's notes to the Halakot of Asher ben Jehiel; the same are reprinted in Romm's Wilna edition. The following works by Ronsburg remain in manuscript (as of 1906): Pitche Niddah, (later printed by Mossad HaRav Kook) novellæ, and Sichat Chullin.
At the official naming of the Jews, Ronsburg (the name is derived from Ronsperg, a city in Bohemia, and is pronounced "ronsh-berg") took the name Daniel Bezaleel Rosenbaum, the initials standing for both surnames; he continued to be known, however, as Ronsburg.
# Ruhr (river)

The Ruhr is a river in western Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia), a right tributary (east-side) of the Rhine.

## Description and history

The source of the Ruhr is near the town of Winterberg in the mountainous Sauerland region, at an elevation of approximately 670 metres (2,200 ft). It flows into the lower Rhine at an elevation of only 17 metres (56 ft) in the municipal area of Duisburg. Its total length is 219 km (136 mi), its average discharge is 79 cubic metres per second (2,800 cu ft/s) at Mülheim near its mouth. Thus, its discharge is, for example, comparable to that of the river Ems in Northern Germany or the River Thames in the United Kingdom.
The Ruhr first passes the towns of Meschede, Arnsberg, Wickede, Fröndenberg, Holzwickede, Iserlohn, and Schwerte. Then the river marks the southern limit of the Ruhr area, passing Hagen, Dortmund, Herdecke, Wetter, Witten, Bochum, Hattingen, Essen, Mülheim, and Duisburg.
The Ruhr area was Germany's primary industrial area during the early- to mid-20th century. Most factories were located there. The occupation of the Ruhr from 1923 to 1924 by French forces, due to the Weimar Republic's failure to continue paying reparations from World War I, provoked passive resistance, which saw production in the factories grind to a halt. As a result, the German hyperinflation crisis grew even worse.
During World War II, two of the dams on the Ruhr, the Möhne Dam and the Sorpe Dam were targets for Operation Chastise, in which special "bouncing bombs" were developed to take out the dams and flood the valley, with the hope of seriously affecting the German industries there. The story was told in a 1951 book and the popular 1955 film made from it, The Dam Busters.

## Lakes

There are five Ruhr reservoirs on the river, often used for leisure activities.
* Hengsteysee between Dortmund and Hagen, surface area: 1.36 km$^2$, height of the weir 4.5 m
* Harkortsee between Herdecke and Wetter; surface area: 1.37 km$^2$, height of the weir 7.8 m
* Kemnader See between Witten and Bochum; surface area: 1.25 km$^2$, height of the weir 2 m
* Baldeneysee in Essen-Werden; surface area: 2.64 km$^2$, height of the weir 8.5 m
* Kettwiger See in Essen-Kettwig; surface area: 0.55 km$^2$, height of the weir 6 m

## Tributaries

The main tributaries of the Ruhr are (from source to mouth):
* Left: Berkelbach, Voßmecke, Neger, Elpe, Valme, Nierbach, Henne, Kelbke, Wenne, Mühlenbach, Röhr, Bachumer Bach, Haßbach, Scheebach, Wimberbach, Hönne, Abbabach, Baarbach, Elsebach, Wannebach (Ergste), Lenne, Volme, Sprockhöveler Bach, Deilbach, Oefter Bach, Rinderbach
* Right: Hillebach, Gierskoppbach, Gebke (Meschede), Kleine Gebke, Gebke (Wennemen), Wanne, Möhne, Wannebach (Westhofen), Borbach, Wannenbach, Hörsterholzer Bach, Knöselsbach, Rumbach
# Guido Guinizelli

Guido Guinizelli (ca. 1225–1276) was an Italian love poet and is considered the "father" of the Dolce Stil Novo. He was the first to write in this new style of poetry writing, and thus is held to be the ipso facto founder. He was born in, and later exiled from, Bologna, Italy. It is speculated that he died in Verona, Italy.

## Poetry

Guinizelli's poetry can be briefly described as a conciliation between divine and earthly love with deep psychological introspection. His major works are Al cor gentil rempaira sempre Amore (Within the gentle heart abideth Love), which Peter Dronke considers "perhaps the most influential love-song of the thirteenth century" (Dronke 1965, 57), as well as Io vogli[o] del ver la mia donna laudare and Vedut'ho la lucente stella Diana.
The main themes of the Dolce Stil Novo can be found in Guinizelli's Al cor gentil rempaira sempre amore: the angelic beauty of the beloved women, the comparison of nobility to the sun and the rampant use of topoi such as cor gentil and Amore.

## Role in Dante's Divine Comedy
### Purgatorio XI

Guido Guinizelli appears twice in Dante Alighieri's Purgatorio. At first, he is briefly mentioned in Purgatorio XI, when Dante encounters the great Italian artist, Oderisi da Gubbio, on the terrace of Pride. While discussing the fleeting nature of fame and recognition, Oderisi refers to Guido Guinizelli and his successor, Guido Cavalcanti (ca. 1250–1300):
   Thus has one Guido taken from the other
   the glory of our tongue, and he, perhaps, is born
   who will drive one and then the other from the nest (Purgatorio XI. 97-99).

### Purgatorio XXVI

In Purgatorio XXVI, Dante journeys through the terrace of Lust, where he finally meets Guido Guinizelli. Like the other shades on this terrace, Guido is engulfed in flames to repent for his burning desires while alive. Once Guido reveals his identity, Dante narrates the awe and respect he has for the poet:
   when he gave his name and I knew he had been
   father to me and to others, my betters,
   who always used love's sweet and graceful rhymes (Purgatorio XXVI. 97-99).
In this tercet, Dante refers to Guinizelli's influence on Italian poetry and the style of Dolce Stil Novo.
# Bar-breasted firefinch

The bar-breasted firefinch (Lagonosticta rufopicta) is a common species of estrildid finch found in western and central Africa. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 2,900,000 km².

## Description

The bar-breasted firefinch with a red head and breast and white barring or speckling on the breast. The forehead, lores and supercilium are deep red fading on the ear coverts, chin, throat and neck sides to less intensely red colour. The crown and most of the upperparts are greyish brown and rather uniform contrasting with deep red lower rump and upper tail coverts. Tail is darker brown than back with variable amounts of red near the base. Flight feathers are dark. The underparts below the crimson breast are buffy grey. Juveniles are much duller with red being confined to the rump and upper tail coverts. 11 cm in length.

## Distribution

The bar-breasted firefinch is found from the Gambia and southern Senegal east to western Uganda and eastern Kenya.

## Habitat and habits

The bar-breasted firefinch is a common bird of grassland, bush, acacia savanna and forest clearings but will also occur near settlements and in farmland, especially in damp areas. It occurs in pairs and small family parties, but larger flocks will form outside the breeding season and it will join mixed species flocks. It feeds on the ground on small seeds, particularly grass seeds and millet.

## Taxonomy

The bar-breasted firefinch forms a superspecies with the brown firefinch Lagnosticta nitidula, and they have been considered to be conspecific. Two subspecies are currently recognized, they are:
* Lagonosticta rufopicta rufopicta (Fraser, 1843): Senegal, Gambia, east to Nigeria, Cameroon, southern Chad and Central African Republic.
* Lagonosticta rufopicta lateritia Heuglin, 1864 – South Sudan, north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, western Ethiopia, Uganda and south-western Kenya.