# Charmouth Mudstone Formation

The Charmouth Mudstone Formation is a geological formation in England, dating to the Early Jurassic (Sinemurian–Pliensbachian). It forms part of the lower Lias Group. It is most prominently exposed at its type locality in cliff section between Lyme Regis and Charmouth (alongside the underlying Blue Lias) but onshore it extends northwards to Market Weighton, Yorkshire, and in the subsurface of the East Midlands Shelf and Wessex Basin. The formation is notable for its fossils, including those of ammonites and marine reptiles and rare dinosaur remains. The formation played a prominent role in the history of early paleontology, with its Lyme Regis-Charmouth exposure being frequented by fossil collectors including Mary Anning.

## Stratigraphy
### Shales With Beef Member

The Shales With Beef Member is around 28–30 metres thick in the Lyme Regis-Charmouth region and predominantly consists of thinly bedded medium to dark grey mudstone, blocky calcareous pale-weathering mudstone and brown-grey organic-rich mudstones with frequent bedding parallel veins of fibrous calcite ("beef"), that are usually less than 10 centimetres thick. Several beds of nodular and tabular limestone are also present. It is the lowest unit of the formation and directly overlies the Blue Lias Formation, with the boundary being marked by a prominent bioturbated horizon. Notable persistent marker beds within the member include the laminated calcareous siltstone "Fish Bed", "Table Ledge", which consists of lens beds of limestones with mud content with nests of rhynchonellid brachiopods, the Devonshire Head and the Spittles limestones and the Birchi Nodules (which are septarian concretions) The upper boundary with the Black Ven Marl Member is marked by the prominent laterally persistent limestone Birchi Tabular Bed.

### Black Ven Marl Member

The Black Ven Marl Member is around 43 metres thick consists of thinly bedded dark mudstones, with several laterally persistent cementstone horizons, notable horizons include the Lower and Upper Cement beds and the Stellare nodules.

### Belemnite Marl Member

The Belemnite Marl Member is around 20 to 27 metres thick, and consists of interbedded pale and dark grey calcareous mudstone, with numerous belemnites, hence the name. The top of the member is marked by the Belemnite Stone Bed

### Green Ammonite Member

The Green Ammonite Member is up to 31 metres thick predominantly consists of medium grey mudstones, with 3 limestone horizons, Lower Limestone; Red Band, and Upper Limestone, it is conformably overlain by the Dyrham Formation in some areas, but in the Charmouth area there is an erosive unconformable boundary with the much younger Early Cretaceous (Albian) aged Gault clays.

## Paleobiota
### Ammonites

Ammonites of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation :
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position |
| Apoderoceras | A. cf. dunrobinense, A. subtriangulare | |
| Arnioceras | A. semicostatum | Semicostatum Zone |
| Asteroceras | A. obtusum | Obtusum zone |
| Caenisites | | |
| Cymbites | | |
| Echioceras | E. raricostatum | Raricostatum Zone |
| Eoderoceras | E. bispinigerum | |
| Gemmellaroceras | G. cf. peregrinum | Belemnite Marls |
| Oxynoticeras | O. williamsi | |
| Phricodoceras | P. taylori, P. lamellosum | Belemnite Marls |
| Promicroceras | P. planicosta | Obtusum Zone |
| Radstockiceras | R. complicatum | |
| Tragophylloceras | T. ibex, T. loscombi | Green Ammonite Member |
| Uptonia | U. bronni | |
| Xipheroceras | | |

### Sauropterygia

Sauropterygia of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation :
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Archaeonectrus | A. rostratus | Charmouth | Arnioceras semicostatum-Echioceras raricostatum ammonoid zone | BMNH 38525 (holotype skeleton) | A marine sauropterygian, member of the family Rhomaleosauridae | |
| Attenborosaurus | A. conybeari | Black Ven Water, Charmouth Northwest corner of Black Ven Water | Asteroceras obtusum, Arnioceras semicostatum-Echioceras raricostatum ammonoid zones | Holotype skeleton (now destroyed) BMNH 40140, partial skeleton and skull | A marine sauropterygian, early member of the family Pliosauridae. It was first identified as Plesiosaurus conybeari. | Cast of the holotype |
| ?Plesiosaurus | ? P. sp. | Eastern point of Wear Cliffs, below Golden Cap | Prodactylioceras davoei ammonoid zone | BRSMG Ce17972a-o, articulated juvenile partial postcranial skeleton | A marine sauropterygian, type member of the family Plesiosauroidea inside Plesiosauria. A juvenile specimen that resembles those assigned to the genus Plesiosaurus. Its assignation is dubious. | |
| Plesiosaurus | P. dolichodeirus | Lyme Regis | Echioceras raricostatum ammonoid zone | Holotype (BMNH 22656) Numerous specimens referred | A marine sauropterygian, type member of the family Plesiosauroidea inside Plesiosauria. The typical plesiosaur, and one of the most common found on the formation. | |
| Thaumatodracon | T. wiedenrothi | Between Lyme Regis and Charmouth | Black Ven | NLMH 106.058, "a partial skeleton comprising a complete cranium, mandible, articulated cervical series, and indeterminate fragmentary remains" | A rhomaleosaurid | |

### Ichthyosauria

Ichthyosauria of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation :
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Ichthyosauria indet. | Indeterminate | Lyme Regis, Charmouth | | Indeterminate remains | Un-attributable to any genus | |
| Ichthyosaurus | I. anningae | Charmouth | Stonebarrow Marls Member | DONMG:1983.98 Subadult specimen | An ichthyosaurid ichthyosaur | |
| Ichthyosaurus | Ichthyosaurus sp. | West of Westhay Water, Stonebarrow | Stonebarrow Marls Member | NHMUK R15907, partial skeleton | Considered to belong to I. communis by Bennett et al. 2012, considered indeterminate within Ichthyosaurus by Lomax and Massare 2015 | |
| Leptonectes | L. moorei | Seatown | Belemnite Marls Member | BMNH R14370 partial anterior skeleton with most complete skull | A leptonectid ichthyosaur | |
| Leptonectes | L. solei | Seatown | Acanthopleuroceras valdani Subzone, Tragophylloceras ibex Zone, lower Pliensbachian | NMW 91.296.2.2 "a large, isolated and incomplete forefin" | A leptonectid ichthyosaur | |
| Temnodontosaurus | T. platyodon | | | | | Temnodontosaurus platyodon. |

### Thalattosuchia

Thalattosuchia of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation :
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Thalattosuchia | Indeterminate | Stonebarrow beach, Charmouth Conesby Quarry, Scunthorpe | Black Ven Mudstone Member | NHMUK PV R 36710, incomplete snout NHMUK PV R 9731, axis and four post-axial cervical vertebrae. Two incomplete axial ribs, the lef fourth cervical rib, and two cervical rib fragments NHMUK PV R 36 711, dorsal vertebra from the caudal end of the dorsal series, and the neural arch of another dorsal vertebra, both held together by matrix | Early Thalattosaurian specimens that can't be referred to any concrete genus. Includes a possible early diverging metriorhynchoid | |
| Turnersuchus | T. hingleyae | 1 kilometer west of the Charmouth Heritage Coast Centre | Belemnite Marl Member | LRM 2021/45, a partial skeleton including cranial material, cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae, ribs, right pectoral girdle, partial limb bones, and an osteoderm | An early diverging thalattosuchian. | |

### Pterosauria

Pterosauria of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation :
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes |
| Dimorphodon | D. macronyx | Charmouth Lyme Regis | Black Ven Marl Member | Tail Fragments Tibia Femur Humerus Phalanax Metacarps Semi-Complete Skeletons | A basal pterosaur and the type member of the family Dimorphodontidae. |
| Dimorphodontidae | Indeterminate | Charmouth, Black Ven Lyme Regis | Black Ven Marl Member | OUM J.53070 NHMUK PV R1595, wing phalanges | A basal dimorphodontid pterosaur. Known as "Charmouth dimorphodontid" it shares resemblance with the genus Dimorphodon. |
| Dimorphodontidae | Indeterminate | Near Seatown | Lower Pliensbachian member | Associated remains of the rostrum and mandibles | A basal dimorphodontid pterosaur. The relatively deep rostrum and extreme size dimorphism in the dentition show clear similarities to Dimorphodon, also from the Lias of Dorset. The distinctive dentition, in which the first four pairs of rostral teeth and two pairs of mandibular teeth are relatively large and fang-like, while the remaining teeth are remarkably small and short. |

### Dinosauria

Dinosauria of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation :
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes |
| Coelophysidae | "Megalosaurus" lydekkeri | Lyme Regis | Black Ven Marl Member | NHMUK OR 41352, isolated tooth | A theropod, possibly a member of Coelophysidae inside Neotheropoda. Invalid and non diagnostic. It was identified as Zanclodon(?) sp. b., Megalosaurus lydekkeri and reassigned as Magnosaurus(?) lydekkeri. Mortimer found that was changed to "Megalosaurus" woodwardi later. It was found on mostly of recent works to be non diagnostic, probably a coelophysoid. |
| Dornraptor | D. normani | Lower cliff face, Charmouth | Black Ven Marl Member (Likely) | NHMUK OR 39496, Partial hind limb GSM 109560, left femur | An Averostran theropod, possible Ceratosaur or Tetanuran. In 2024 was formally described, but referred to the older Blue Lias. A paper non quoted on the description relocated it on the Charmouth mudstone. |
| Neotheropoda | Indeterminate | Near Lyme Regis | obtusum Zone, obtusum subzone | NHMUK PV R36855, Left fibula, ~ 17 cm long | A theropod, possibly a basal member of Neotheropoda. Previously misidentified as a referred specimen of the pterosaur Dimorphodon macronyx. NHMUK PV R36855 differs from those of all other Early Jurassic-Late Triassic, theropods in its combination of features, but bears no discernible autapomorphies. It is similar to Tawa, Dracoraptor and Liliensternus, being considered an early branching neotheropod, with a size range similar to Coelophysis bauri, representing an individual of approximately 10 kg, approximately the same size as Coelophysis bauri. |
| Massopoda | Indeterminate | lower cliff face, Charmouth | obtusum Zone, obtusum subzone | GSM 109561 pedal ungual | A sauropodomorph, possibly a member of Massopoda. While it was not associated with BMNH 39496 or GSM 109560 and was not assigned to "Merosaurus" it was classified as coming from an indeterminate theropod. Mortimer found closer resemblance with pedal unguals of basal massopods like Blikanasaurus and Jingshanosaurus. |
| Scelidosaurus | S. harrisonii | Charmouth, Black Ven Black Ven landslip | Black Ven Marl Member | NHMUK OR42068. Six osteoderms NHMUK OR42070. Phalanx. NHMUK OR42072. Large bone fragment – indet. NHMUK OR42074. Ulna (paired with NHMOR41323). NHMUK OR43062. Shaft of a large humerus, crushed proximal femur, fibula, fragmentary radius?, other large bone fragments NHMUK OR46011. Probable rib fragment – indet. BRSMG Ce12785. Partial skull and some disarticulated postcranial elements BRSMG Ce12787. Partly eroded femur and vertebra BRSMG Ce12788. cervical osteoderms. BRSMG Ce12789. Vertebra and bone fragments BRSMG Cf2781. nine middle-distal caudal vertebrae and some haemal arches with some organic (kerogenized) remains of the skin preserved. BRSMG LEGL 0004. Articulated skeleton BRSMG LEGL 0005. Articulated partial skeleton DORCM G.7542. Osteoderms DORCM G.10817. Osteoderms CAMSM X39256. Cranial: disarticulated skull and jaw elements | A basal thyreophoran, and the type member of the family Scelidosauridae. One of the best known armored dinosaurs of the lower Jurassic, also the most complete found to date, with specimens preserving even the skin and dermal armour. |
| Scelidosaurus | S. "sp. A" | Belemnite Marls at Seatown | Belemnite Marl Member, Uptonia jamesoni Zone | DORCM G.7842. Three dorsal vertebrae in articulation | A basal thyreophoran, and the type member of the family Scelidosauridae. One of the best known armored dinosaurs of the lower Jurassic, also the most complete found to date, with specimens preserving even the skin and dermal armour. |
| Scelidosaurus | Cf. S. sp. | Foot of Black Ven, Charmouth | Asteroceras obtusum ammonoid zone, Black Ven Marl Member | NHMUK R6704, juvenile specimen NHMUK R12019. A posterior fragment of the occiput and an articulated series of six cervical vertebrae NHMUK R10103. Indeterminate bone fragments NHMUK OR28333. Two scapulae NHMUK OR32396. Radius NHMUK OR39516. Osteoderms. NHMUK OR39517. Caudal or?sacral vertebra, small distal caudal vertebra, small distal caudal NHMUK OR39518. Haemal arch (chevron). NHMUK OR39519. Two phalanges. NHMUK OR39520. Ungual phalanx of ?pes. NHMUK OR39521. Several bone fragments. NHMUK OR40503. Tibia (proximal end). NHMUK OR41322. Femur NHMUK OR41323. Radius NHMUK OR41324. Scapular blade NHMUK OR41325. Humerus NHMUK OR41326. Fibula NHMUK OR41327. Two caudal vertebrae NHMUK OR41328. Three metatarsals NHMUK OR41329. Osteoderm NHMUK OR41330. Ischium | A basal thyreophoran, and the type member of the family Scelidosauridae. One of the best known armored dinosaurs of the lower Jurassic, also the most complete found to date, with specimens preserving even the skin and dermal armour. |

### Fish

Numerous fish species are known from the Charmouth Mudstone and underlying Blue Lias, from such horizons as the "Fish Bed" of the Shales With Beef Member.
Fish of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation :
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes |
| Acrodus | | | A hybodont shark |
| Hybodus | | | A hybodont shark |
| Palidiplospinax | | | A synechodontiform shark |
| Squaloraja | S. tenuispina, S. polyspondyla | | A ray-like holocephalan fish related to modern chimaeras |
| Myriacanthus | M. paradoxus, M. granulatus | Black Ven Marl Member | A myriacanthid closely related to modern chimaeras |
| Dorsetichthys | D. bechei | | A stem-group teleost |
| "Coccolepis" | "C." liassicus | | A coccolepidid fish, probably does not belong to the genus |
| Holophagus | H. gulo | | A coelacanth |
| Chondrosteus | C. acipenseroides | | A chondrosteid acipenseriform fish, related to sturgeon and paddlefish |
| Oxygnathus | O. ornatus | | A palaeonisciform fish |
| Saurorhynchus | S. brevirostris, S. anningae | | A member of Saurichthyiformes |
| Ptycholepis | P. gracilis, P. curtus | | A palaeonisciform fish |
| Dapedium | Spp. | | A dapediiform fish |
| Caturus | Spp. | | An amiiform fish related to bowfins |
| Platysiagum | P. sclerocephalum | | A platysiagid fish |
| Furo | F. orthostomus | | A member of Ionoscopiformes within Halecomorphi |

### Insects

Numerous species of insect are known from concretions, predominately in the Black Ven Marl Member.
Insects of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation :
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes |
| Anglophlebia | A. gigantea | Woodstones, Black Ven | Black Ven Marl Member | NHMUK In.51030, part and counterpart of partial forewing | Damsel-dragonfly |
| Archaeolepis | A. mane | Birchi Nodules, Black Ven | Shales with Beef | Isolated wing | Among the oldest known lepidopterans |
| Archelcana | A. durnovaria | Woodstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 59162 | Elcanid orthopteran |
| Austaulius | A. haustrum | Monmouth Beach, Lyme Regis | Black Ven Marl Member | NHMUK II 3103 | Necrotauliid caddisfly |
| Brevicula | B. gradus, B. maculata | Flatstones, Woodstones;Monmouth Beach, Lyme Regis | Black Ven Marl Member | B. gradus: Holotype: NHMUK In.53993, female with ovipositor, B. maculata: Holotype: NHMUK II.3086, isolated Tegmina | Dermapterid earwig |
| Brochocoleus | B. maculatus | Flatstones, Stonebarrow | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 49577, 59133, 59361, 59154 | Ommatid beetle |
| Chrismooreia | C. michaelbehei | Charmouth | Obtusum Zone | Part and counterpart of a mostly complete specimen | Asiopterid damsel-dragonfly |
| Dacryoderma | B. teres | Charmouth-by-pass construction site | Obtusum Zone | Isolated tegmen | Dermapterid earwig |
| Daniilacheta | D. aristovi | Monmouth Beach, Brooki bed | Shales with Beef Member | ZIN LD/Orth 19 | Protogryllidae cricket |
| Dorsettia | D. laeta | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 59375, a male hindwing fragment | Campterophlebiid damsel-dragonfly, genus also known from China |
| Durnovaria | D. parallela | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 59171 | Aerophasmatid, Stem group of Phasmatodea |
| Elaterina | E. liassica | Lyme Regis | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 59369 | Click beetle |
| Elaterophanes | E. regius | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 59385, 53952 | Click beetle |
| Eoptychoptera | E. spectra | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 49226 | Ptychopterid fly, formerly referred to the genus Prodocidia |
| Hagla | H. cf. gracilis | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 59167 | Haglidae hump-winged cricket |
| Holcoptera | H. giebeli, H. alisonae; H. schlotheimi | Flatstones; Bed 75, Black Ven; Catherstone Lane; Monmouth Beach, Lyme Regis | Black Ven Marl Member | Complete specimen, isolated wings | Coptoclavid beetle |
| Hypsothemis | H. fraseri | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 59109, a hindwing | Campterophlebiid damsel-dragonfly, genus also known from China and Kazakhstan |
| Jurachorista | J. bashkuevi | Monmouth Beach, Brooki bed | Shales with Beef Member | ISEA I-F/MP/4/1637/14 | Eomeropid scorpionfly |
| Lateophlebia | L. anglicanopsis | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 49573, 59376 | Campterophlebiid damsel-dragonfly |
| Lethonectes | L. naucoroides | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 49615, 51014(59383) | Belostomatidae giant water bug |
| Liassocorixa | L. dorsetica | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 59166 | Corixid bug |
| Liassocupes | L. parvus | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 64008, 49210 | Ommatid beetle |
| Liassophlebia | L. pseudomagnifica | Stonebarrow | Black Ven Marl Member | NHMUK In.64000, partial hindwing | Liassophlebiid damsel-dragonfly |
| Locustopsis | L. spectabilis | Flatstones; Monmouth Beach, Brooki bed | Black Ven Marl Member | ZIN LD/Orth 1, Orth 4, Orth 10, Orth 18, Orth 31 | Locustopsid grasshopper |
| Megarhyphus | M. amberae | Monmouth Beach, Brooki bed | Shales with Beef Member | NHML In 28447 | Anisopodidae wood gnat |
| "Mesocixiella" | "M." fennahi | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 53942 | Fulgoridiid planthopper, does not belong to the genus Mesocixiella |
| Metaraphidia | M. confusa | Charmouth (GSM) | Black Ven Marl Member | GSM 117552 | Snakefly |
| Micromacula | M. gracilis | Flatstones, Birchi Nodules; Flatstones, Black Ven | Shales with Beef; Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 49230 | Regiatid orthopteran |
| Mimemala | M. giganteum | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 51026 | Schizocoleid beetle |
| Nannoblattina | N. petulantia | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 53929, 51004 | Mesoblattinid cockroach |
| Nannotanyderus | N. oliviae | Monmouth Beach, Brooki bed | Shales with Beef Member | ISEA I-F/MP/2/1621/13, 12 | Tanyderid fly |
| Neomeridium | N. trifurcum | Woodstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 59151, 51039, 53901, 64014 | Pachymeridiid Lygaeoid bug |
| Oligophryne | O. britannica | Stonebarrow Hill | Black Ven Marl Member | Coll. Ansorge fly No 1 | Oligophrynidae fly |
| Omma | O. liassicum | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH 59132 | Ommatid beetle, genus extant |
| Orthophlebia | O. capillata | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 53924, an exoskeleton (wings & thorax) | Orthophlebiid scorpionfly |
| Orichalcum | O. ornatum | Flatstones, Birchi Nodules | Shales with Beef | BMNH In 53983 | Triassomanteidae grasshopper |
| Paraprosbole | P. rotruda | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 59374, 48162, 64395 | Tettigarctid cicada |
| Propreocoris | P. maculatus | Woodstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 59152 | Stem-group to Ochteridae and Gelastocoridae |
| Protogryllus | P. (Archaegryllodes) magnus | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 44003, 51016, 51022, 59373 | Protogryllidae cricket |
| Protohagla | P. langi | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 59018 | Haglid cricket |
| Protomyrmeleon | P. cf. brunonis | Charmouth burden pile | Black Ven Marl Member | AR 428 | Protomyrmeleontidae winged insect |
| Protorthophlebia | P. latipennis | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 49575, 53954, 53963, 59120, 59365, 59371, 59384 | Protorthophlebiid scorpionfly |
| Priscaenigma | P. obtusa | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 53898 | Snakefly |
| Pseudopolycentropus | P. triangularis | Woodstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 53915 | Pseudopolycentropodid scorpionfly |
| Pterocimex | P. jacksoni | Woodstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH in 53909, 49589, 51048, 59359 | Nepomorphan |
| Regiata | R. scutra | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 64027 | Regiatid orthopteran |
| Rhipidoblattina | R. ssp. | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 49212, 49249, 53909, 53920 | Caloblattinidae cockroach |
| Rossiphlebia | R. jacksoni | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | NHMUK In.53999, part and counterpart of a partial hindwing | Liassophlebiid damsel-dragonfly |
| Tarsabedus | T. menkei | 0.6 km east Charmouth | Black Ven Marl Member | BRSMG Cc 688 | Belostomatidae giant water bug |
| Tersus | T. crowsoni | Flatstones | Black Ven Marl Member | BMNH In 53949, 59038 | Schizophorid beetle |

### Plants

| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
| Ctenozamites | C. cycadea | Lyme regis Charmouth | Isolated shoots | A "Seed Fern" of the group with Corystospermales | |
| Cycadites | C. rectangularis | Lyme regis | Isolated shoots | A possible Cycadophyte leaf, related with Cycadales. Alternatively, it can be of Bennettite origin | |
| Cycadeoidea | C. gracilis | Lyme regis | Stems | Bennettite Trunks of the family Cycadeoidaceae | Example of specimen of the genus |
| Cycadopteris | C. jurensis | Lyme regis | Isolated shoots | A "Seed Fern" of the group with Corystospermales | Shoot of the same species |
| Otozamites | O. obtusus | Lyme regis Charmouth Seatown | Isolated shoots | Bennettite leafs of the family Williamsoniaceae | Shoot of the same species |
| Pagiophyllum | P. peregrinum P. sewardii | Lyme regis Charmouth Seatown Wear Cliffs | Isolated shoots | Conifer shoots of the family Hirmeriellaceae or Araucariaceae | Shoot of the same species |