# Punjabi Americans

Punjabi Americans are Americans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly from the Punjab region of India and Pakistan. There are over 300,000 Punjabi Americans, many of whom were Sikhs, Ravidassias from British Punjab who first settled in California's Central Valley.

## Sikhs

Sikhs have been a part of the American populace for more than 130 years. At the turn of the 19th century, the province of Punjab of British India was hit hard by British practices of mercantilism. Many Sikhs emigrated to the United States and began arriving to work on farms in California. They traveled via Hong Kong to Angel Island, California, the western counterpart to Ellis Island in New York.
"Some Sikhs worked in lumber mills of Oregon or in railroad construction and for some Sikhs, it was on a railway line, which allowed other Sikhs who were working as migrant laborers to come into the town on festival days".
Due to discrimination from Anglo Americans, many early Punjabi immigrants in California married Mexican Americans, forming a sizable Punjabi Mexican American community. Punjabi farmers were also able to circumvent laws prohibiting their ownership of property by operating through American bankers.

## Ravidassias

There is a notable population of Ravidassias in the United States, with the majority of them living in California. It is estimated that there are about 20,000 members of the Ravidassia community in California’s Central Valley - a vast majority of them with roots in Punjab in northwestern India. The background of the Ravidassia community in California is from Sikhs, Hindus, and Indigenous peoples. Ravidassia community has six Guru Ravidass temples in California, which have an appearance of Sikh Gurdwaras with the sacred book Shri Guru Granth Sahib Ji placed at the center point of the main prayer hall.

## Role in America

Most Sikhs started life in America as farm labourers, with many eventually becoming landowners and successful farmers. In 1956, Dalip Singh Saund became the first Asian American to be elected to the United States House of Representatives. At present Amarjit Singh Buttar is perhaps the only turbaned Sikh who holds elected public office. He was elected in December 2001 to the Vernon, Connecticut Board of Education for a four-year term. He has also been recently selected as the chairman of the board. Bobby Jindal, the governor of Louisiana is also of Punjabi descent, as well as Nikki Haley, the former United States Ambassador to the United Nations and the 116th governor of South Carolina.
Many Punjabi Americans have become successful in technology-related fields. Vinod Dham helped to develop the Pentium processor while Vinod Khosla and Sabeer Bhatia co-founded Sun Microsystems and Hotmail respectively. Aneesh Chopra served as the first Chief Technology Officer (CTO) of the United States, appointed by President Barack Obama.

## Geographical distribution
### States

Approximately half of all American Punjabis live in California.
Punjabi Americans by state and territory (1990 −2021) :
| State and territory | 2017-21 (est.) | 2017-21 (est.) | 2006-10 (Est.) | 2006-10 (Est.) | 2000 | 2000 | 1990 | 1990 |
| State and territory | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % |
| California | 142,450 | 0.38% | 103,998 | 0.31% | 67,820 | 0.22% | 25,725 | |
| New York | 36,435 | 0.19% | 32,135 | 0.18% | 22,560 | 0.13% | 5,516 | |
| Washington | 18,410 | 0.26% | 11,454 | 0.19% | 6,005 | 0.11% | 861 | |
| New Jersey | 17,225 | 0.2% | 11,304 | 0.14% | 7,730 | 0.1% | 2,648 | |
| Texas | 9,795 | 0.04% | 6,875 | 0.03% | 3,765 | 0.02% | 1,497 | |
| Virginia | 7,828 | 0.1% | 8,177 | 0.11% | 4,560 | 0.07% | 1,283 | |
| Michigan | 7,612 | 0.08% | 5,676 | 0.06% | 3,635 | 0.04% | 1,256 | |
| Maryland | 7,147 | 0.12% | 3,224 | 0.06% | 2,975 | 0.06% | 1,699 | |
| Indiana | 6,691 | 0.11% | 2,895 | 0.05% | 740 | 0.01% | 418 | |
| Illinois | 6,195 | 0.05% | 4,276 | 0.04% | 4,315 | 0.04% | 2,180 | |
| Pennsylvania | 5,057 | 0.04% | 3,944 | 0.03% | 2,030 | 0.02% | 769 | |
| Ohio | 5,011 | 0.05% | 5,083 | 0.05% | 2,040 | 0.02% | 1,067 |
| Massachusetts | 4,917 | 0.07% | 2,588 | 0.04% | 995 | 0.02% | | |
| Arizona | 3,833 | 0.06% | 1,980 | 0.03% | 1,035 | 0.02% | | |
| North Carolina | 3,642 | 0.04% | 2,932 | 0.03% | 705 | 0.01% | 485 | |
| Wisconsin | 2,852 | 0.05% | 1,936 | 0.04% | 1,165 | 0.02% | 318 | |
| Florida | 2,544 | 0.01% | 2,126 | 0.01% | 1,655 | 0.01% | | |
| Georgia | 2,540 | 0.03% | 1,882 | 0.02% | 790 | 0.01% | 317 | |
| Nevada | 2,190 | 0.08% | 743 | 0.03% | 715 | 0.04% | | |
| Kansas | 1,948 | 0.07% | 827 | 0.03% | 249 | 0.01% | 240 | |
| Missouri | 1,670 | 0.03% | 579 | 0.01% | 500 | 0.01% | 142 | |
| Oregon | 1,570 | 0.04% | 1,246 | 0.04% | 425 | 0.01% | | |
| Connecticut | 1,455 | 0.04% | 1,269 | 0.04% | 934 | 0.03% | | |
| Utah | 1,383 | 0.05% | 632 | 0.03% | 255 | 0.01% | 86 | |
| Colorado | 1,121 | 0.02% | 367 | 0.01% | 360 | 0.01% | | |
| Minnesota | 1,153 | 0.02% | 331 | 0.01% | 459 | 0.01% | | |
| Mississippi | 858 | 0.03% | 622 | 0.02% | 275 | 0.01% | 114 | |
| South Carolina | 676 | 0.01% | 261 | 0.01% | 199 | 0.01% | 214 | |
| Louisiana | 612 | 0.01% | 551 | 0.01% | 474 | 0.01% | 257 | |
| Alabama | 507 | 0.01% | 451 | 0.01% | 219 | 0.01% | 249 | |
| Iowa | 481 | 0.02% | 60 | 0% | 125 | 0% | | |
| Arkansas | 478 | 0.02% | 91 | 0% | 80 | 0% | 56 | |
| Oklahoma | 464 | 0.01% | 53 | 0% | 150 | 0% | | |
| Tennessee | 379 | 0.01% | 572 | 0.01% | 200 | 0% | | |
| New Hampshire | 359 | 0.03% | 287 | 0.02% | 85 | 0.01% | 125 | |
| Kentucky | 317 | 0.01% | 340 | 0.01% | 160 | 0% | | |
| Vermont | 289 | 0.05% | 120 | 0.02% | 0 | 0% | | |
| Delaware | 214 | 0.02% | 371 | 0.04% | 169 | 0.02% | | |
| New Mexico | 207 | 0.01% | 228 | 0.01% | 130 | 0.01% | | |
| District of Columbia | 189 | 0.03% | 138 | 0.03% | 134 | 0.02% | | |
| Nebraska | 160 | 0.01% | 70 | 0% | 65 | 0% | | |
| Idaho | 92 | 0.01% | 324 | 0.02% | 0 | 0% | 33 | |
| Rhode Island | 74 | 0.01% | 0 | 0% | 30 | 0% | | |
| Hawaii | 68 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 39 | 0% | | |
| Alaska | 33 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 25 | 0% | | |
| North Dakota | 23 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 35 | 0.01% | 21 | |
| Montana | 12 | 0% | 13 | 0% | 0 | 0% | | |
| Maine | 5 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 25 | |
| South Dakota | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | | |
| West Virginia | 0 | 0% | 196 | 0.01% | 219 | 0.01% | 72 | |
| Wyoming | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | | |
| Puerto Rico | 0 | 0% | 16 | 0% | 0 | 0% | | |
| United States | 309,373 | 0.1% | 223,309 | 0.08% | 141,295 | 0.05% | 47,673 | |

### Metropolitan areas

15 largest Punjabi American Primary statistical area populations :
| Primary statistical area | 2017-2021 American Community Survey | 2017-2021 American Community Survey | 2012-2016 American Community Survey | 2012-2016 American Community Survey |
| Primary statistical area | Pop. | % | Pop. | % |
| San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA CSA | 62,574 | 0.69% | 49,626 | 0.62% |
| New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA | 49,005 | 0.22% | 49,728 | 0.22% |
| Sacramento-Roseville, CA CSA | 31,576 | 1.26% | 30,195 | 1.28% |
| Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA CSA | 20,217 | 0.12% | 18,858 | 0.11% |
| Fresno-Madera-Hanford, CA CSA | 16,559 | 1.36% | 16,010 | 1.56% |
| Seattle-Tacoma, WA CSA | 15,743 | 0.34% | 11,825 | 0.28% |
| Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA CSA | 13,054 | 0.14% | 12,930 | 0.15% |
| Bakersfield, CA MSA | 6,610 | 0.79% | 6,822 | 0.85% |
| Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD CSA | 6,416 | 0.09% | 5,125 | 0.08% |
| Chicago-Naperville, IL-IN-WI CSA | 5,711 | 0.06% | 5,606 | 0.06% |
| Indianapolis-Carmel-Muncie, IN CSA | 5,493 | 0.24% | 4,533 | 0.21% |
| Detroit-Warren-Ann Arbor, MI CSA | 5,458 | 0.11% | 4,548 | 0.09% |
| Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT CSA | 5,144 | 0.06% | 3,256 | 0.04% |
| Dallas-Fort Worth, TX-OK CSA | 4,273 | 0.06% | 4,467 | 0.07% |
| Houston-The Woodlands, TX CSA | 4,135 | 0.06% | 2,854 | 0.05% |
| United States | 309,373 | 0.1% | 280,867 | 0.09% |

### Communities

Nearly half of American Punjabis live in California. Most of California's Punjabi population live in NorCal, especially in the Central Valley and the Bay Area. The nation's largest Punjabi population is in California's Central Valley, where Punjabi is the third most spoken language after only English and Spanish. Punjabis can be found across the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, but the largest concentrations can be found in the valley's largest cities (Sacramento in the Sacramento Valley and Stockton, Fresno, and Bakersfield in the San Joaquin Valley), and in smaller communities associated with the farming of almonds, peaches, walnuts, and plums. There are also significant concentrations of Punjabi Americans in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta and in the Bay Area near Fremont, California.
In the Sacramento Valley, Yuba City and Live Oak have prominent Punjabi populations, with the first Punjabi arriving in Yuba City in 1906. In 2021, Yuba City was home to an Indian American population of 10,638 (15.3% of the city's population), while Live Oak was home to an Indian American population of 1,038 (11.4% of the city's population), with most of these being Punjabis. Sutter County, California as a whole is home to 12,753 Indian Americans (12.9% of the county population); with most of these being Punjabis, this makes Sutter County the most proportionally Punjabi county in America. Down south in the San Joaquin Valley, Livingston is home to 2,798 Indian Americans (19.9% of the city's population); with most of these being Punjabi, Livingston is the most proportionally Punjabi municipality in America.
The New York metropolitan area also has a significant Punjabi American presence, with 49,005 Punjabis living in the area. 18,187 Punjabis live in New York City (0.23% of the city's population), including 16,139 in the borough of Queens (0.73% of the borough's population). The Richmond Hill neighborhood of Queens is often referred to as "Little Punjab" due to its large Punjabi population. In 2020, the stretch of 101st Avenue between 111th and 123rd streets in Richmond Hill was renamed Punjab Avenue (ਪੰਜਾਬ ਐਵੇਨਿਊ) and the stretch of 97th Avenue between Lefferts Boulevard and 117th Street was renamed Gurdwara Street. Outside of the city, the suburbs of Hicksville in Long Island and Carteret in Central Jersey have significant Punjabi populations. In 2021, Hicksville was home to 8,040 Indian Americans (18.7% of the community's population) while Carteret was home to 4,708 Indian Americans (18.8% of the borough's population), with many of these being Punjabis.
Outside of California and the New York metropolitan area, there are significant populations of Punjabi Americans in Kent, Washington and Greenwood, Indiana.
20 largest Punjabi American Public Use Microdata Area populations :
| PUMA | 2017-2021 American Community Survey | 2017-2021 American Community Survey |
| PUMA | Pop. | % |
| Sutter & Yuba Counties--Yuba City PUMA, California | 11,182 | 6.7% |
| San Joaquin County (South)--Tracy, Manteca & Lathrop Cities PUMA; California | 9,432 | 4.17% |
| NYC-Queens Community District 9--Richmond Hill & Woodhaven PUMA, New York | 7,705 | 5.39% |
| Alameda County (Southwest)--Union City, Newark & Fremont (West) Cities PUMA; California | 4,717 | 3.41% |
| Fresno County (North Central)--Fresno City (North) PUMA, California | 4,686 | 2.57% |
| Kern County (Central)--Bakersfield City (West) PUMA, California | 4,683 | 2.19% |
| NYC-Queens Community District 13--Queens Village, Cambria Heights & Rosedale PUMA; New York | 4,592 | 2.26% |
| Sacramento County (Northwest)--Sacramento City (Northwest/Natomas) PUMA, California | 4,457 | 3.98% |
| King County (Southwest Central)--Kent City PUMA, Washington | 4,236 | 3.35% |
| San Joaquin County (Central)--Stockton City (North) PUMA, California | 3,927 | 2.2% |
| NYC-Queens Community District 10--Howard Beach & Ozone Park PUMA, New York | 3,877 | 2.88% |
| Middlesex County (Northeast)--Carteret Borough PUMA, New Jersey | 3,615 | 3.38% |
| Alameda County (South Central)--Fremont City (East) PUMA, California | 3,310 | 1.73% |
| Sacramento County (Central)--Elk Grove City PUMA, California | 3,300 | 2.13% |
| Fresno County (Central)--Fresno City (Southwest) PUMA, California | 3,260 | 1.98% |
| Nassau County (East Central)--Oyster Bay Town (Central) PUMA, New York | 3,202 | 3.19% |
| Fresno County (Central)--Fresno City (Southeast) PUMA, California | 2,875 | 2.73% |
| Merced County (West & South)--Los Banos & Livingston Cities PUMA, California | 2,771 | 2.6% |
| Sacramento County (South)--Galt, Isleton Cities & Delta Region PUMA; California | 2,769 | 2.43% |
| Alameda County (East)--Livermore, Pleasanton & Dublin Cities PUMA; California | 2,768 | 1.22% |
| United States | 309,373 | 0.1% |

## Notable Punjabi Americans
### Activists

* Kala Bagai, immigration activist
* Bhagat Singh Thind, soldier and spiritualist. Fought for Indian-American citizenship rights in the US
* Sakharam Ganesh Pandit, lawyer and civil rights activist. Lawyer of Bhagat Singh Thind in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind
* Khizr and Ghazala Khan, parents of US Army captain Humuyun Khan and anti-Islamophobia activists

### Military

* Humayun Khan, US Army officer who was killed in the Iraq War
* Uday Singh, soldier of Indian descent who died in Operation Iraqi Freedom

### Musicians

* Raaginder
* Heems, rap artist and former member of alternative hip-hop group Das Racist
* Raveena Aurora, singer-songwriter
* Amar Sandhu, singer-songwriter

### Politics

* Bobby Jindal, governor of Louisiana
* Nikki Haley, governor of South Carolina and former United States Ambassador to the United Nations
* Kashmir Gill, former mayor of Yuba City, California
* Ravinder "Ravi" Bhalla, mayor of Hoboken, New Jersey and first turban-wearing Sikh mayor of a U.S. city
* Dalip Singh Saund, first Asian American and first member of a non-Abrahamic faith elected to the House of Representatives
* Ro Khanna, U.S. Representative for California's 17th District
* Lahori Ram - First Indo-American to be appointed as the Economic Development Commissioner of California.

### Judiciary

* Satnam Rattu - Indian origin judge of the Superior Court of Sacramento County in California.
* Neetu Badhan Smith - First Sikh woman judge in the United States.

### Sports

* Mike Mohamed, American football linebacker