# Houston County, Minnesota

Houston County (/ˈhjuːstən/ HEW-stən) is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. At the 2020 census, the population was 18,843. Its county seat is Caledonia. Houston County is included in the La Crosse–Onalaska Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

The area covered by today's Houston County was first organized as St. Croix County, of the Wisconsin Territory, in 1839. On October 27, 1849, part of that county was partitioned off to create Wabashaw County of the Minnesota Territory. On February 23, 1854, the territorial legislature authorized the partitioning of sections of Wabashaw to create Fillmore County and Houston County. An election on April 4, 1854, allowed the county government to be completed. The county was named for Sam Houston, who had been president of the Republic of Texas and a US senator from Texas. The village of Houston was the first county seat. Then a land speculator made an effort to move the seat to Caledonia, and in 1855 the county board moved the county records to Caledonia, which became the de facto seat, and eventually the legal seat after several county votes. In 1855 the records were stored in the cabin of Commissioner Samuel McPhail; the first court hearings were held in that cabin, and a one-story courthouse and jail was built in Caledonia in 1857. A two-story building was built in Caledonia in 1867, and several referendums made Caledonia the county seat by 1874. From that point on, Caledonia prospered and Houston slowly declined. The only other area of prominence was La Crescent, which benefited from its connection to La Crosse, Wisconsin.

## Geography

Houston County is at Minnesota's southeast corner. Its eastern border abuts Wisconsin (across the Mississippi River) and its southern border abuts Iowa. The Mississippi flows south-southeast along its eastern border. The Root River flows east through the northern part of the county, discharging into the Mississippi. Pine Creek flows east-southeast through the northeastern part of the county to discharge into the Mississippi, while Crooked Creek flows east across the southern part of the county to discharge into the Mississippi. The county's terrain consists of low rolling hills on its western end, transitioning to hills carved with drainages toward the east. The central and western portion of the county is a plateau with its highest point at 1,273 ft (388 m) ASL, near its southwest corner. The county has an area of 569 square miles (1,470 km$^2$), of which 552 square miles (1,430 km$^2$) is land and 17 square miles (44 km$^2$) (2.9%) is water.
The county is in the Driftless Zone, marked by the absence of glacial drift and presence of bedrock cut by streams into steep hills. The plateau that surrounds Caledonia includes flat, fertile farmland and hilly, verdant pasture land.

### Lakes

The Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge runs along the county's eastern border. Four lakes in the refuge fall within the county:
* Blue Lake
* Hayshore Lake
* Lawrence Lake
* Target Lake

### Adjacent counties

* Winona County - north
* La Crosse County, Wisconsin - northeast
* Vernon County, Wisconsin - east
* Allamakee County, Iowa - south
* Winneshiek County, Iowa - southwest
* Fillmore County - west

### Protected areas

* Beaver Creek Valley State Park
* Mound Prairie Scientific and Natural Area
* Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge (part)

## Demographics
### 2020 Census

Houston County Racial Composition :
| Race | Num. | Perc. |
| White (NH) | 17,840 | 94.7% |
| Black or African American (NH) | 90 | 0.5% |
| Native American (NH) | 42 | 0.22% |
| Asian (NH) | 101 | 0.54% |
| Pacific Islander (NH) | 4 | 0.02% |
| Other/Mixed (NH) | 523 | 2.8% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 243 | 1.3% |

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 19,718 people, 7,633 households and 5,411 families in the county. The population density was 35.7 per square mile (13.8/km$^2$). There were 8,168 housing units at an average density of 14.8 per square mile (5.7/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 98.47% White, 0.31% Black or African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.14% from other races, and 0.51% from two or more races. 0.61% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 43.1% were of German, 29.6% Norwegian and 7.5% Irish ancestry.
There were 7,633 households, of which 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% were non-families. 25.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.05.
The county population contained 27.2% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males.
The median household income was $40,680 and the median family income was $49,196. Males had a median income of $32,557 and females $22,158. The per capita income was $18,826. About 4.2% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and 11.2% of those age 65 or over.

## Transportation
### Transit

* La Crosse MTU

### Major highways

* U.S. Highway 14
* U.S. Highway 61
* Minnesota State Highway 16
* Minnesota State Highway 26
* Minnesota State Highway 44
* Minnesota State Highway 76

### Airport

* Houston County Airport

## Communities
### Cities

* Brownsville
* Caledonia (county seat)
* Eitzen
* Hokah
* Houston
* La Crescent (partly in Winona County)
* Spring Grove

### Unincorporated communities

* Bee
* Black Hammer
* Freeburg
* Jefferson
* Mayville
* Money Creek
* Newhouse
* Pine Creek (partial)
* Reno
* River Junction
* Willington Grove
* Wilmington
* Yucatan
* Sheldon

### Townships

* Black Hammer Township
* Brownsville Township
* Caledonia Township
* Crooked Creek Township
* Hokah Township
* Houston Township
* Jefferson Township
* La Crescent Township
* Mayville Township
* Money Creek Township
* Mound Prairie Township
* Sheldon Township
* Spring Grove Township
* Union Township
* Wilmington Township
* Winnebago Township
* Yucatan Township

## Government and politics

Houston County voters have tended to vote Republican in the 21st century. As of 2024 the county had selected the Republican candidate in 75% of presidential elections since 1980.
United States presidential election results for Houston County, Minnesota :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 6,547 | 57.29% | 4,667 | 40.84% | 214 | 1.87% |
| 2020 | 6,334 | 55.37% | 4,853 | 42.42% | 253 | 2.21% |
| 2016 | 5,616 | 52.96% | 4,145 | 39.09% | 843 | 7.95% |
| 2012 | 4,951 | 47.40% | 5,281 | 50.56% | 214 | 2.05% |
| 2008 | 4,743 | 43.58% | 5,906 | 54.27% | 234 | 2.15% |
| 2004 | 5,631 | 50.81% | 5,276 | 47.61% | 175 | 1.58% |
| 2000 | 5,077 | 49.94% | 4,502 | 44.28% | 588 | 5.78% |
| 1996 | 3,674 | 38.88% | 4,153 | 43.95% | 1,623 | 17.17% |
| 1992 | 3,853 | 36.87% | 3,744 | 35.82% | 2,854 | 27.31% |
| 1988 | 4,777 | 54.13% | 3,936 | 44.60% | 112 | 1.27% |
| 1984 | 5,645 | 61.06% | 3,512 | 37.99% | 88 | 0.95% |
| 1980 | 5,582 | 58.88% | 3,218 | 33.94% | 681 | 7.18% |
| 1976 | 4,853 | 54.37% | 3,861 | 43.26% | 212 | 2.38% |
| 1972 | 5,186 | 66.57% | 2,467 | 31.67% | 137 | 1.76% |
| 1968 | 4,450 | 57.94% | 2,703 | 35.19% | 528 | 6.87% |
| 1964 | 3,433 | 46.86% | 3,885 | 53.03% | 8 | 0.11% |
| 1960 | 4,807 | 60.93% | 3,080 | 39.04% | 3 | 0.04% |
| 1956 | 4,538 | 67.93% | 2,133 | 31.93% | 9 | 0.13% |
| 1952 | 5,365 | 74.28% | 1,830 | 25.34% | 28 | 0.39% |
| 1948 | 3,540 | 56.81% | 2,623 | 42.10% | 68 | 1.09% |
| 1944 | 4,036 | 68.31% | 1,847 | 31.26% | 25 | 0.42% |
| 1940 | 4,825 | 69.48% | 2,082 | 29.98% | 37 | 0.53% |
| 1936 | 2,701 | 44.28% | 3,156 | 51.74% | 243 | 3.98% |
| 1932 | 2,335 | 42.63% | 3,052 | 55.71% | 91 | 1.66% |
| 1928 | 3,615 | 64.87% | 1,937 | 34.76% | 21 | 0.38% |
| 1924 | 2,782 | 53.58% | 402 | 7.74% | 2,008 | 38.67% |
| 1920 | 4,101 | 85.67% | 598 | 12.49% | 88 | 1.84% |
| 1916 | 1,783 | 69.08% | 744 | 28.83% | 54 | 2.09% |
| 1912 | 659 | 23.75% | 762 | 27.46% | 1,354 | 48.79% |
| 1908 | 1,700 | 67.35% | 745 | 29.52% | 79 | 3.13% |
| 1904 | 1,546 | 76.12% | 434 | 21.37% | 51 | 2.51% |
| 1900 | 1,765 | 64.58% | 884 | 32.35% | 84 | 3.07% |
| 1896 | 2,087 | 65.92% | 991 | 31.30% | 88 | 2.78% |
| 1892 | 1,509 | 50.13% | 1,243 | 41.30% | 258 | 8.57% |
County Board of Commissioners :
| Position | Name | District | Next election |
| Commissioner | Dewey Severson | 1 | 2024 |
| Commissioner | Eric Johnson | 2 | 2026 |
| Commissioner | Bob Burns | 3 | 2024 |
| Commissioner | Bob Schuldt | 4 | 2026 |
| Commissioner | Greg Myhre | 5 | 2024 |
State Legislature (2021–2023) :
| Position | Position | Name | Affiliation | District |
| | Senate | Jeremy Miller | Republican | District 26 |
| | House of Representatives | Greg Davids | Republican | District 26B |
U.S Congress (2021–2023) :
| Position | Name | Affiliation | District |
| House of Representatives | Brad Finstad | Republican | 1st |
| Senate | Amy Klobuchar | Democrat | N/A |
| Senate | Tina Smith | Democrat | N/A |

## Education

School districts include:
* Caledonia Public School District
* Houston Public School District
* La Crescent-Hokah School District
* Mabel-Canton Public School District
* Rushford-Peterson Public Schools
* Spring Grove School District