OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1881 Chicago Social Revolutionary Congress

The Congress of Socialists of the United States, better known as the 1881 Chicago Social Revolutionary Congress, was a meeting of anarchists and socialists in Chicago in October 1881 to organize the new social revolutionary groups splintered from the American Socialistic Labor Party.

## Preparations

The Chicago congress, officially known as the Congress of Socialists of the United States, was held October 21 to 23, 1881, with 21 delegates in North Side Turner Hall. Organized by the New York Social Revolutionary Club and American delegates to the London congress three months earlier, the meeting was called to gather social revolutionaries who believed in action outside of electoral politics. All socialists with this aim were invited to apply to August Spies of Chicago's Arbeiter-Zeitung newspaper, who served as the congress's secretary. Many German emigres attended, mostly representing East Coast and Midwest cities. It was the first meeting of what became the American anarchist movement.

## Proceedings

Key figures in the congress included Justus Schwab, Albert Parsons, and August Spies. Resolutions addressed the British government in Ireland, the populists in Russia, and militant positions against private property, against wage slavery, for insurrectionary propaganda by the deed, and for the resolutions of the London congress.
# Sukamulya

Sukamulya is a village and an administrative district (kecamatan) located in the Tangerang Regency of Banten Province on Java, Indonesia.
Sukamulya was previously part of Jayanti and Balaraja districts before it were split off from the northwestern and northeastern parts of the district in 2006.
The district covers a land area of 25.44 km$^2$, and had a population of 59,027 at the 2010 Census and 69,275 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 74,309 - comprising 37,511 males and 36,798 females. The district administrative centre is the village of Sukamulya, and the district is sub-divided into eight villages (desa), all sharing the postcode of 15612, and listed below with their areas and their officially-estimated populations as at mid 2023.
| Kode Wilayah | Name of Desa | Area in km$^2$ | Pop'n mid 2023 estimate |
| 36.03.27.2001 | Benda | 2.84 | 7,171 |
| 36.03.27.2002 | Sukamulya (village) | 3.02 | 9,484 |
| 36.03.27.2003 | Kali Asin | 2.51 | 10,141 |
| 36.03.27.2004 | Buni Ayu | 3.54 | 5,956 |
| 36.03.27.2005 | Parahu | 3.73 | 4,322 |
| 36.03.27.2006 | Merak | 2.39 | 9,094 |
| 36.03.27.2007 | Bunar | 3.85 | 10,947 |
| 36.03.27.2008 | Kubang | 3.57 | 7,194 |
| 36.03.27 | Totals | 25.44 | 74,309 |
# Musanze District

Musanze is a district in the Northern Province of Rwanda. Its capital city is Ruhengeri.

## Geography and tourism

Musanze is Rwanda's most mountainous district, containing the largest part of the Volcanoes National Park, and its head office at Kinigi. Five of the eight volcanoes of the Virunga chain (Karisimbi, Bisoke, Sabyinyo, Gahinga and Muhabura) are within the district boundaries. It is also in this district that most of Rwanda's mountain gorillas are found, making it the most popular tourist destination in the country.

## Sectors

Musanze district is divided into 15 sectors (imirenge): Busogo, Cyuve, Gacaca, Gashaki, Gataraga, Kimonyi, Kinigi, Muhoza, Muko, Musanze, Nkotsi, Nyange, Remera, Rwaza and Shingiro. But Musanze district is not entirely covering the whole area of former Ruhengeri province. 68 cells, and 432 umudugudus/villages, with a population of 398,986.

## Irish Potatoes plantation

Irish potatoes are mainly grown in Burera, Musanze, Nyabihu and Rubavu districts and this program is expected to harmonize the Irish potato trading locally and turn it into export-oriented business
# Smyser and English Pharmacy

The Smyser and English Pharmacy building, also known as the Leedom & Wissler Pharmacy, is an historic, American pharmacy building that is located in the Germantown neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

## History and architectural features

Built between 1886 and 1887, this historic structure is a three-story, three-bay, rectangular brick building that was designed in the Queen Anne style and had a ground floor pharmacy, with offices and residences above until 1997. It features an ornamental cornice and terra cotta decorative details. The interior also features ornate tiled fireplaces.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.
# I Saw Red

"I Saw Red" is a power ballad by American glam metal band Warrant. It was released in December 1990 as the second single from Warrant's second album Cherry Pie. The song was one of Warrant's most successful singles, reaching number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 in February 1991, number 14 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and number 36 on the Australian charts and spawning two music videos.

## Background

The song was inspired by a true story of betrayal. It was written after Warrant lead vocalist Jani Lane had walked in on his girlfriend in bed with his best friend, resulting in Lane's nervous breakdown and the delayed release of the band's first record Dirty Rotten Filthy Stinking Rich.

## Acoustic

The Acoustic version of "I Saw Red" was released as the B-side from the single and features a music video with Jani Lane performing on his own. The acoustic version was released as a single in its own right and featured on the band's first compilation album The Best of Warrant.
# Erwin Rothbarth

Erwin Rothbarth (16 December 1913 – 25 November 1944) was a German economist and statistician. He worked as a research assistant for John Maynard Keynes and made important contributions to the measurement of GDP and the modelling of individual consumption.

## Biography

Rothbarth was born in Frankfurt am Main to a German Jewish family. His father, Otto Rothbarth was a lawyer. Rothbarth joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany. He studied law at the University of Frankfurt from 1932 to 1933. He graduated from the London School of Economics in 1936 and remained there as a researcher in economics and statistics until 1938. He moved to Cambridge University in 1938 and became a research assistant for John Maynard Keynes in 1939.
From May to August 1940 Rothbarth was interned by the British government due to his German nationality. In September 1940 he married Myfanwy Charles (M.C. Rintoul). He volunteered for the Suffolk Regiment of the British Army and was killed in heavy fighting near Venray, The Netherlands while serving with the 1st Battalion of his regiment.

## Contributions to Economics
### GDP

While working as Keynes' research assistant for the influential article How to Pay for the War Rothbarth developed techniques which are now used to calculate GDP. Rothbarth calculated for Keynes statistics for private income and outlay, government income and outlay, national output, and savings and investment. Rothbarth's main contribution, and the main advancement from the older work of Colin Clark on national income, is the concept of Gross National Income which is a large component of modern GDP figures. Rothbarth's and Keynes' figures are also the first GDP figures to be based on a double-entry accounting system in order to ensure their accuracy.

### New Goods

The problem of New Goods in Industrial Organisation is of how to estimate the value that consumers put on the availability of goods and services which previously did not exist. A book-length treatment of the subject by Timothy Bresnahan and Robert J. Gordon credits Rothbarth with pioneering the subject in his 1941 article 'The Measurement of Changes in Real Income under Conditions of Rationing'. Rothbarth's treatment of the problem was the first mathematical attempt at the problem (John Hicks had discussed the problem in 1940). His approach involves the estimation of a 'virtual reservation price' at which consumers would choose to purchase none of the good and then examining the changes in consumers' consumption choices once the new good becomes available in order to infer the consumers' valuation of the new good.
# Kawasaki Ki-88

The Kawasaki Ki-88 was a proposed Japanese World War II fighter aircraft intended for use by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force. Its anticipated performance was disappointing and only a mock-up was completed.

## Design and development

Faced with delays in development of the Kawasaki Ki-64 fighter, the Imperial Japanese Army was open in 1942 to alternative fighter designs that might reach combat units more quickly. Kawasaki proposed the Ki-88, a design inspired by the Bell P-39 Airacobra fighter then in service with the United States Army Air Forces.
Kawasaki began design work on the Ki-88 in August 1942. The Ki-88 was to have a 1,117-kW (1,500-hp) Kawasaki Ha-140 engine behind its cockpit, driving a tractor propeller through an extension shaft. It was to mount a 37-mm cannon in its propeller shaft and two 20-mm cannons in its lower nose.
When design work had progressed far enough to allow it, Kawasaki built a full-scale mock-up of the Ki-88, which bore a strong resemblance to the P-39. After inspection of the mockup, the Japanese calculated a maximum speed for the aircraft of 600 km/h (373 mph) at an altitude of 6,000 m (19,685 feet). This was only slightly faster than the Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien fighter, which already was in production. As a result, Kawasaki discontinued design work on the Ki-88 less than a year after beginning it.

## Specifications

Data from Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Length: 10.2 m (33 ft 6 in)
* Wingspan: 12.4 m (40 ft 8 in)
* Height: 4.15 m (13 ft 7 in)
* Gross weight: 3,900 kg (8,598 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Kawasaki Ha-140 18-cyl. liquid-cooled piston engine, 1,120 kW (1,500 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 600 km/h (370 mph, 320 kn) at 6,000 m (19,685 ft)
* Range: 1,200 km (750 mi, 650 nmi)
Armament
* 1× 37mm Ho-203 cannon in the propeller hub
* 2× 20mm Ho-5 cannons in the lower fuselage
# Euphemia of Hungary

Euphemia of Hungary was a daughter of King Béla I of Hungary and his wife, Richesa (or Adelaide) of Poland (1050s – 11 April 1111). She was the wife of Duke Otto I of Olomouc, the second son the Duke of Bohemia Bretislav I .
They were married before 1073.
Some researchers believe that Euphemia was the daughter of Bela's older brother Andrew I of Hungary and his wife Anastasia of Kiev, with the alternative name Adelhaid been proposed, due to minimal sources on her birth. Though the theory supported by most scholars and historians is that Euphemia was born as a result of a marriage between King Bela I and an unknown Piast Princess.
Together they have four children:
* Svatopluk, Duke of Bohemia (21 September 1109)
* Otto II the Black (18 February 1126)
* Bretislav
* Boleslava
Their youngest two children disappeared from written records and thus, are assumed to have died at a young age.

## Civil War

After her husband's death in 1087, Vratislaus II of Bohemia, who had been crowned King of Bohemia, gave the Principality of Olomouc to his own son, Bořivoj II, Duke of Bohemia, and banished Euphemia and her children. Instead of returning to Hungary, Euphemia stayed with her sons and took refuge under her husband's elder brother, Conrad I, Duke of Bohemia. Conrad only ruled for eight months before his death, after which the Dukedom was awarded to the late king's son, Bretislav II according Agnatic seniority. Nevertheless, the enmity with the Moravian branch of the Přemyslids increased, more so when Duke Bretislav II appointed his half-brother Bořivoj II ruler of the Moravian lands and made an application to Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor to acknowledge Bořivoj's succession as Bohemian duke, thus starting a civil war with the sons of Conrad, Ulrich and Luitpold of Znojmo. In 1092 peace was made.
After this peace, Euphemia and her children were able to return to Olomouc where the boys received their inheritance during which Euphemia ruled as regent until 1095.
In 1099, Borivoj prevailed when the Emperor had an Imperial charter written out, and after the death of Bretislav II in 1100, Bořivoj took power.
Though, when the Emperor was deposed by his own son Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, her eldest son, Svatopluk, took the opportunity march against Borivoj and claim the Dukedom of Bohemia which he was able to maintain due to his good relationship with Henry V.
Not much else is known about Euphemia during this period. She died in 1111, and was buried next to her husband in the Hradisko Monastery which they founded.
# Kerygmachelidae

Kerygmachelidae is a family of gilled lobopodians (stem-arthropods with flapping trunk appendages and radial mouths) from the Cambrian period. Currently three genera are included in the family: Kerygmachela from the lower Cambrian of Greenland, Utahnax from the middle Cambrian of Utah, and Mobulavermis from the lower-middle Cambrian of Nevada. These animals are characterized by well developed frontal appendages similar to other dinocaridids like the radiodonts, except the ones present in these genera are horizontal to one another, and do not curve downward. These animals were most likely nektonic predators, using their large trunk flaps to swim in the water column, and using their frontal appendages to grab small-sized prey. Unlike other groups referred to as Lobopodians, this family lacks the distinctive legs (lobopods) that are usually seen in Lobopodian groups.
# Lorenz Nieberl

Lorenz Nieberl (sometimes spelled as Lorenz Niebert; 7 July 1919, in Munich, Germany – 12 April 1968) was a West German bobsledder who competed in the early 1950s. At the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, he became the first person to win both the two-man and four-man competitions at the same Winter Olympics. Nieberl also finished sixth in the four-man event at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo.
He also won four medals at the FIBT World Championships with two golds (Two-man and four-man: both 1951) and two bronzes (Two-man: 1953, Four-man: 1954).
# A. K. A. Abdul Samad

A.K.A. Abdul Samad (4 October 1926 – 4 November 1999) was a prominent Tamil politician, and an important leader of the Indian Union Muslim League. He was also a journalist, editor, author, educationist and businessman. He is popularly known in his native states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala by the title "Siraj-ul-Millat" (Light of the Nation).

## Early life

Abdul samad was born on 4 October 1926 at Karaikal, Pondicherry French India. His father was an Indian freedom fighter and great scholar Allama A.K. Abdul hameed Baqavi and he was the first person to translate the holy Quran into Tamil language.

## Association with political parties

* All India General Secretary, Indian Union Muslim League
* State President (Tamil Nadu), Indian Union Muslim League

## Political career

* MP, Ninth Lok Sabha, 1989–91 (affiliated with Indian National Congress, serving Vellore, TN)
* MP, Seventh Lok Sabha, 1980–84 (Independent, serving Vellore, TN)
* MLA, Legislative Assembly, Tamil Nadu, 1984–88 (affiliated with Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam serving Triplicane, Chennai)
* MP, Rajya Sabha, 1964–76

## Government experience

* Member, Public Accounts Committee, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 1985–86
* Member, Public Accounts Committee, Rajya Sabha
* Member, Committee on Absence of Members from the Sittings of the House and Committee on Petitions, 7th Lok Sabha
* Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation, Rajya Sabha
* Member, Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Rajya Sabha
* Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Industry, 1990

## Delegation to foreign countries

* Member, IPD to Yugoslavia, 1971
* Member, Govt. of India's Haj Delegation, 1971 and 1989

## Memberships

* Syndicate Member, Madras University
* Senate Member, Annamalai University
* Court Member, Aligarh Muslim University
* President, Muslim Educational Association of South India (MEASI)
* Chairman, Board of Islamic Studies, Madras University

## Publications

* Sweet Memories of Sacred Haj (Tamil)
* 'Narpaniyatri Nabi Mani' (Muhammad's Biography in Tamil)
* 'An Introduction to Holy Quran' (Tamil)
* Founder-Editor, Mani Chudar (Tamil Daily)
* Founder-Editor, Mani Vilakkur (Tamil Monthly)
* Publisher, Crescent (English Weekly)

## Social activities

* Amelioration of the down-trodden
* Communal harmony
* Spread of higher education amongst Muslim minorities
# Warren Training School

The Warren Training School was a boys-only day school in Chatham, Virginia founded in 1906 by Charles R. Warren. It closed in 1909, after operating for three years.

## History

The Warren Training School was founded by its namesake and first and only headmaster, Charles R. Warren, in 1906. It averaged an enrollment of approximately twenty students. There was considerable need at the time for schools in and around Chatham, and WTS was founded in direct response to that. WTS closed due to insufficient funds after the third session in May 1909.
A section of page 1 of Colonel Aubrey H. Camden's "Fifty Years of Christian Education in a Baptist School: A Historical Record of Hargrave Military Academy" reads:
"In 1906, a young graduate of Trinity College, Durham, North Carolina, Mr. Charles R. Warren, learned of the dire educational needs in the vicinity of Chatham. He came to Chatham, accepted the Challenge, organized and operated a day school in which he had about twenty boys. The Simms' house, presently located at the extreme end of Merchant Street, was used as a school building. It became known as Warren Training School. At the close of the third session in May, 1909, it was announced that insufficient funds would not permit the school to reopen in September."

## Legacy

Though it was short-lived, Warren Training School served as an inspiration to Jesse Hunt Hargrave, his son John Hunt Hargrave, and Reverend T. Ryland Sanford. These three men joined with Charles R. Warren and together went on to found the Chatham Training School in 1909, which is better known by the name it adopted in 1925: Hargrave Military Academy.
# I Surrender (Michelle Wright song)

"I Surrender" is a song recorded by Canadian country music artist Michelle Wright. It was released in 2000 as the second single from her first greatest hits album, The Greatest Hits Collection. It peaked at number 10 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in April 2000. In 2001, it was named by SOCAN as one of the most performed Canadian country songs.

## Chart performance

| Chart (2000) | Peak position |
| Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM) | 3 |
| Canada Country Tracks (RPM) | 10 |
# Administrative proceeding

An administrative proceeding is a non-judicial determination of fault or wrongdoing and may include, in some cases, penalties of various forms. They are typically conducted by government or military institutions.
In a military setting, a "Captain's Mast", held by a commanding officer of a U.S. Navy unit is one such administrative proceeding. As a consequence of the proceeding, the commander may impose non-judicial punishment upon members of the command.
Various other administrations of government (for example, a department regulating motor vehicles, air pollution, forestry practices, or real estate sales agents) may impose fines or revocation of permits or licenses upon persons or corporations for acts of commission or omission found to be violating operating, permitting, reporting, or other rules. Such rules are typically formulated in the specific by the administrative authority under general authority established and limited by statute.
There may be additional paths of judicial appeal in some cases, provided all appeal paths internal to the administrative group have been exhausted. In general, such appeals are usually not based on the determination of fact (unless relevant evidence was not allowed to be presented), but rather on some legal theory that the administrative body exceeded its statutory authority, or that the administrative body did not follow its own established rules of procedure, or that the authorising statute itself or the subsequently derived rules are defective in some way, for example by being an unconstitutional infringement of some constitutional right. In these cases the case may be remanded to the authority for further examination and determination under the new rules established by the court or the administrative decision may be declared null and void with prejudice.
# Apamea longula

Apamea longula is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae that was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1879. It is found in western North America, mostly from California to the Great Plains. There are also a few records from areas north, including Alberta, Yukon, and Alaska.
The forewing length is 17 to 22 millimetres.
# Last man standing (video games)

Last man standing (LMS) or last team standing (LTS) is a multiplayer deathmatch gameplay mode featured in certain computer and video games, particularly, but not exclusively, first-person shooters, and is also the basis of battle royale games. The aim of a player in a last man standing match is to neutralize their opponents and remain the sole survivor. The basic rules followed are generally the same as a regular deathmatch mode, with one important difference being that respawn is limited or not allowed at all. Each player is assigned a specific number of lives per match (or just one when there is no respawn). Once these lives have been expended, the player is no longer able to return to the current match and remains as an invisible spectator until there is a winner and the LMS round is over. In some games, the player is allowed to buy or pick up items before spawning, while other titles have the player spawn with full weapons and ammo and there are no powerups available on the map.
Several different variations of the last man standing mode exist, with the most common being team LMS. The rules are the same as the standard LMS, the winning team being the one that eliminates all members of the opposing teams while keeping at least one of its members alive.
The first last-man-standing video game with a shrinking play zone was the 1983 action game Bomberman.
# 1622 in Taiwan

Events from the year 1622 in Taiwan.

## Events

* Dutch East India Company occupied Penghu.
# 1965 Dallas mayoral election

The 1965 Dallas mayoral election was held on April 6, 1965. J. Erik Jonsson was elected mayor in a special election in 1964 following the vacancy of Earle Cabell due to his election to the U.S. House of Representatives. J. Erik Jonsson would run for election in 1965 and was elected mayor with 73.6% of the vote.

## Results

1965 Dallas mayoral election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Nonpartisan | J. Erik Jonsson | 59,438 | 73.57% |
| Nonpartisan | Elizabeth Blessing | 21,353 | 26.43% |