OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Anfinsen's dogma

Anfinsen's dogma, also known as the thermodynamic hypothesis, is a postulate in molecular biology. It states that, at least for a small globular protein in its standard physiological environment, the native structure is determined only by the protein's amino acid sequence. The dogma was championed by the Nobel Prize Laureate Christian B. Anfinsen from his research on the folding of ribonuclease A. His research was based on previous studies by biochemist Lisa Steiner, whose superiors at the time did not recognize the significance. The postulate amounts to saying that, at the environmental conditions (temperature, solvent concentration and composition, etc.) at which folding occurs, the native structure is a unique, stable and kinetically accessible minimum of the free energy. In other words, there are three conditions for formation of a unique protein structure:

## Challenges to Anfinsen's dogma

Protein folding in a cell is a highly complex process that involves transport of the newly synthesized proteins to appropriate cellular compartments through targeting, permanent misfolding, temporarily unfolded states, post-translational modifications, quality control, and formation of protein complexes facilitated by chaperones.
Some proteins need the assistance of chaperone proteins to fold properly. It has been suggested that this disproves Anfinsen's dogma. However, the chaperones do not appear to affect the final state of the protein; they seem to work primarily by preventing aggregation of several protein molecules prior to the final folded state of the protein. However, at least some chaperones are required for the proper folding of their subject proteins.
Many proteins can also undergo aggregation and misfolding. For example, prions are stable conformations of proteins which differ from the native folding state. In bovine spongiform encephalopathy, native proteins re-fold into a different stable conformation, which causes fatal amyloid buildup. Other amyloid diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are also exceptions to Anfinsen's dogma.
Some proteins have multiple native structures, and change their fold based on some external factors. For example, the KaiB protein complex switches fold throughout the day, acting as a clock for cyanobacteria. It has been estimated that around 0.5–4% of Protein Data Bank (PDB) proteins switch folds. The switching between alternative structures is driven by interactions of the protein with small ligands or other proteins, by chemical modifications (such as phosphorylation) or by changed environmental conditions, such as temperature, pH or membrane potential. Each alternative structure may either correspond to the global minimum of free energy of the protein at the given conditions or be kinetically trapped in a higher local minimum of free energy.
# Henry Bacon (basketball)

William Henry Bacon (born July 5, 1948) is an American former basketball player. He played collegiately for the University of Louisville.
Bacon was selected by the Golden State Warriors in the fifth round (73rd pick overall) of the 1972 NBA draft, and by the Memphis Pros in the 1972 ABA Draft. He played for the San Diego Conquistadors (1972–73) in the ABA for 47 games.
# List of Rajya Sabha members from Manipur

The list of current and past Rajya Sabha members from the Manipur State. State elect 1 member for the term of 6 years and indirectly elected by the state legislators, since year 1972.

## List of all Rajya Sabha members from Manipur state

Source:
| Name | Party | Term start | Term end |
| Arman Ali Munshi | Others | 03/04/1952 | 02/04/1954 |
| Ng Tompok Singh | INC | 03/04/1954 | 02/04/1956 |
| Laimayum Lalit Madhob Sharma | INC | 01/12/1956 | 02/04/1960 |
| Laimayum Lalit Madhob Sharma | INC | 03/04/1960 | 02/11/1964 |
| Sinam Krishnamohan Singh | INC | 13/01/1965 | 02/04/1966 |
| Sinam Krishnamohan Singh | INC | 10/04/1966 | 02/04/1972 |
| Salam Tombi Singh | Others | 10/04/1972 | 04/04/1974 |
| Irengbam Tompok Singh | INC | 18/06/1974 | 09/04/1978 |
| Ng Tompok Singh | INC | 10/04/1978 | 09/04/1984 |
| Rajkumar Jaichandra Singh | INC | 10/04/1984 | 12/07/1988 |
| Rajkumar Dorendra Singh | INC | 20/09/1988 | 12/03/1990 |
| B. D. Behring | JD | 10/04/1990 | 10/04/1990 |
| W. Kulabindu Singh | JD | 13/06/1990 | 09/04/1996 |
| W. Angou Singh | INC | 10/04/1996 | 09/04/2002 |
| Rishang Keishing | INC | 10/04/2002 | 09/04/2008 |
| Rishang Keishing | INC | 10/04/2008 | 09/04/2014 |
| Abdul Salam | INC | 10/04/2014 | 28/02/2017 |
| Bhabananda Singh | BJP | 25/05/2017 | 09/04/2020 |
| Leishemba Sanajaoba | BJP | 22/06/2020 | 21/06/2026 |
* ↑ Manipur & Tripura
* ↑ Manipur & Tripura
* ↑ Died
* ↑ Resigned
* ↑ By-ele 1974 due to resignation of S T Singh
* ↑ Resigned
* ↑ Resigned
* ↑ Resigned
* ↑ By-election due to the resignation of Behring
* ↑ Died
* ↑ Bye-elections due to the death of Abdul Salam
* ↑ Current Member
# Bolivia at the 2024 World Aquatics Championships

Bolivia competed at the 2024 World Aquatics Championships in Doha, Qatar from 2 to 18 February.

## Competitors

The following is the list of competitors in the Championships.
| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| Open water swimming | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Swimming | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Total | 4 | 3 | 7 |

## Open water swimming
### Men

| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank |
| Alejandro Plaza | Men's 10 km | OTL | OTL |
| Diego Solano | Men's 5 km | 1:00:47.3 | 68 |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank |
| María Rodríguez | Women's 5 km | OTL | OTL |

## Swimming

Bolivia entered 4 swimmers.

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Esteban Nuñez del Prado | 100 metre butterfly | 56.68 | 48 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Esteban Nuñez del Prado | 200 metre individual medley | DSQ | DSQ | | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| José Alberto Quintanilla | 50 metre freestyle | 23.87 | 60 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| José Alberto Quintanilla | 100 metre freestyle | 53.08 | 77 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Adriana Giles | 50 metre freestyle | 26.60 | 48 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Adriana Giles | 100 metre freestyle | 58.53 | 35 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Naiara Roca | 50 metre breaststroke | 35.20 | 36 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Naiara Roca | 100 metre breaststroke | 1:16.41 | 46 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
# Cyrestis achates

Cyrestis achates is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in south-east Asia.

## Description

The meridional stripes are complete and rather heavy, more so than in thyodamas and nais; the first and second consist, when they start at the costa of the forewings, of two branches having their interspaces delicately laved with pale blue; in no other Cyrestis form we find so much blue along the costa in the basal half; also the submarginal band is on either wing most profusely marked with blue. The chain-pattern is so indistinct, that we can barely recognize the two links at the anal extremity of the submarginal band on the hindwings. The innermost meridional stripe does not reach on the hindwing the anal margin, but ends shortly beyond the median vein; but the first median nervule being obscured with black appears like the continuation of the meridional stripe. The females are larger and paler and have the tails longer.

## Biology

The larvae feed on Ficus species. They feed in large groups.

## Subspecies

* Cyrestis achates achates (Aru to West Irian to Papua and Goodenough Island)
* Cyrestis achates bougainvillei Ribbe (Bougainville, Guadalcanal, Santa Isabel)
* Cyrestis achates whitmei Butler (Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia)
# Ernest Francillon

Ernest Francillon (1834 – 3 April 1900) was the Swiss manager of Longines watches and an entrepreneur. He was the nephew of Auguste Agassiz.
Francillon was born in Lausanne in 1834. He studied in his birth town, Vevey and Stuttgart. He subsequently became an apprentice watchmaker in Val-de-Travers. He founded the Longines company in 1866. During the final decades of the 19th century he set up a modern watch factory and undertook action to remain competitive against producers in the United States.
He died on 3 April 1900 in Saint-Imier, where he founded the factory. A monument to his memory was erected on 13 October 1907.
# Cyrestis acilia

Cyrestis acilia is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Sulawesi the Australasian realm including Sulawesi mainland, Buton island, Kabaena island and Wowoni island. See subspecies.
* upperside
* underside

## Description

acilia is at a glance recognized by the very broad white median band tapering both towards the costa of the forewing and the anal margin of the hindwing, and by the uncommonly vivid and extensive orange colouring of the anal area on the hindwing. It is the only Cyrestis species, in which the row of ocelli in the submarginal band on the forewing, which is but very faintly bordered with yellow, becomes obsolete in the middle, having of the six ocelli usually found in this group only 3—4 that are distinctly developed. At the apex of the hindwing moreover, the line which accompanies the inner border of the row of ocelli is, proximally to the uppermost ocellus, yellow instead of black-brown. On the hindwing. the second and third ocelli (counting from the anal angle) are distinctly elongate and reniform, particularly on the under surface. The anal ocellus is round, reversed ocellus distinct, anal projection quite insignificant. The females which are not at all scarce, are somewhat larger, of lighter and more faded colour, especially in the anal area of the hindwing, where the orange colour appears quite faded and irrorated with brownish.

## Subspecies

* Cyrestis acilia acilia
* Cyrestis acilia abisa Fruhstorfer, 1904 (Obi)
* Cyrestis acilia aruana Martin, 1903 (Aru)
* Cyrestis acilia bettina Fruhstorfer, 1899 (Sula Islands)
* Cyrestis acilia biaka Grose-Smith, 1894 (Biak)
* Cyrestis acilia ceramensis Martin, 1903 (Ambon, Serang)
* Cyrestis acilia dola Fruhstorfer, 1904 (Fergusson Island, Kiriwina)
* Cyrestis acilia eximia Oberthür, 1879 (Sanghie Islands)
* Cyrestis acilia fratercula Salvin & Godman, 1877 (New Britain, Duke of York, New Ireland, New Hanover)
* Cyrestis acilia haterti Martin, 1903 (Halmahera)
* Cyrestis acilia jordani Martin, 1903 (Morotai)
* Cyrestis acilia kumambana van Mastrigt, 2010 (Papua New Guinea)
* Cyrestis acilia laelia (C. & R. Felder, 1860) (Batchian)
* Cyrestis acilia latifascia Martin, 1903 (Ternate)
* Cyrestis acilia maforensis Martin, 1903 (Mafor Island)
* Cyrestis acilia misolensis Martin, 1903 (Misol)
* Cyrestis acilia moorensis van Mastrigt, 2010 (Papua New Guinea)
* Cyrestis acilia nitida Mathew, 1887 (Solomon Islands)
* Cyrestis acilia parthenia Röber, 1887 (Banggai)
* Cyrestis acilia russellensis Tennent, 2001 (Solomon Islands)
* Cyrestis acilia sicca Fruhstorfer, 1904 (Buru)
* Cyrestis acilia solomonis Mathew, 1887 (Solomon Islands)
* Cyrestis acilia strigata C. & R. Felder, 1862 (Sulawesi, Togian, Kabaena, Wowoni, Butung)
* Cyrestis acilia ulawana Martin, 1903 (Ulawa Island)
# Eric Turner

Eric Turner may refer to:

## Sports

* Eric Turner (American football) (1968–2000), American football player
* Eric Turner (athlete) (born 1909), English athlete
* Eric Turner (basketball) (born 1963), American basketball player

## Others

* Scott Turner (politician) (born 1972), officially Eric Scott Turner, American politician
* Eric Turner (singer) (born 1977), American singer and songwriter
* Eric Gardner Turner (1911–1983), English papyrologist and classicist
* P. Eric Turner (born 1951), Indiana politician
# Little Traverse Bay

Little Traverse Bay (/ˈtrævərs/ TRAV-ərss) is a small open bay of Lake Michigan. Extending about 10 miles (16 km) into the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, much of the head of the land surrounding Little Traverse Bay, and has become part of the urban areas of Petoskey and Harbor Springs. Little Traverse Bay primarily lies within Emmet County, although a small portion lies within Charlevoix County.

## Overview

Harbor Springs, a settlement on the bay, originated as L'arbre de Croche, (Crooked Tree) a French Jesuit mission village to serve the Odawa people bands in the area. After the British took over the territory, the village was renamed in English. The federally recognized Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians have their headquarters here. They have land here, and additional land and a gaming casino in Petoskey.
The Little Traverse Light marks the entrance at Harbor Springs to the smaller harbor within the bay.
After the Odawa bands in northern Michigan were persuaded to cede considerable lands to the United States, the Little Traverse Bay region was developed by Illinois land developers and resort founders, such as lawyers Henry Stryker III and Henry Brigham McClure, and the Capps family of Jacksonville, Illinois and woolen mills fame. The Stryker, Capps, and McClure families were interconnected with the Jacob Bunn industrial dynasty of Chicago and Springfield, Illinois.
The bay has also been used as a refuge by Great Lakes freighters during severe weather.

## Settlements

* Bay Shore
* Bay View
* Forest Beach
* Harbor Springs
* Harbor Point
* Petoskey
* Wequetonsing

## Recreation

The bay has significant publicly accessible parkland on the waterfront, including in the cities of Petoskey and Harbor Springs, and in Petoskey State Park.
Little Traverse Bay is popular during the summer for boating, sailing and swimming by the numerous vacation communities on the bay, including Bay View, Wequetonsing, and Harbor Point. Many of these communities also provide sailing and swimming lessons.
The bay is the location of the annual Ugotta Regatta, hosted by the Little Traverse Yacht Club in Harbor Springs. Participants are often boat owners and crews who have sailed in the Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac and Port Huron to Mackinac Boat Race, each held on one of the two weekends before.
# Nasty Little Thoughts

Nasty Little Thoughts is the third studio album by American rock band Stroke 9. It was released on September 7, 1999, by Universal Records.
It was certified Gold by the RIAA on April 21, 2000 and yielded 2 singles: "Little Black Backpack" and "Letters", which charted the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks. The album charted the Top Heatseekers chart.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Courier News | |
| Edmonton Journal | |
The San Francisco Examiner wrote that the album "is chockablock with hooks the size of battleship anchors, as well as enough meaty guitar and excellent singing—plus a nice blend of boyish introspection and lighthearted humor—to keep Stroke 9 on the radio for the next eon."

## Track listing

* "Letters"
* "City Life"
* "Little Black Backpack"
* "Tail Of The Sun"
* "Washin' + Wonderin'"
* "Make It Last"
* "Are You In This?"
* "Not Nothin'"
* "One Time"
* "Down"
* "Angels"
* "Tear Me In Two"
# Ramnagar, Varanasi

Ramnagar is a city, just adjacent to Varanasi city and a municipal board in Varanasi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Ramnagar has a fort known as Ramnagar Fort which is still the residence of King of Varanasi (Benares). He was known as Kashi Naresh meaning king of Kashi (Ancient name of Beneres) and is still regarded by old residents of the city of Varanasi. Ramnagar Fort and its museum are the repository of the history of the kings of Benares and since the 18th century has been the home of Kashi Naresh. Even today the Kashi Naresh is deeply revered by the people of Benares. He is the religious head and the people of Benares consider him the incarnation of Shiva. He is also the chief cultural patron and an essential part of all religious celebrations. Ramnagar is popular for Ramlila that is held annually under the aegis of King of Varanasi.
Recently Ramnagar has emerged as a favourite spot for shooting movies because of the scenic location of the Ramnagar Fort (residence of the King of Varanasi) near the Ganges. Chokher Bali, Raanjhanaa are one of the popular movies shot here. Amazon Prime web series Mirzapur and Anurag Kashyap Gangs of Wasseypur was also shot in Ramnagar. The town has many century-old houses and structures near the fort area.

## History

The Ramnagar Fort was built by Kashi Naresh Raja Balwant Singh with creamy chunar sandstone in the eighteenth century. It is a typically Mughal style of architecture with carved balconies, open courtyards, and picturesque pavilions.

## Ramlila

Over a million pilgrims arrive annually for the vast processions and performances of Ramlila organized by Kashi Naresh. The Ramlila of Ramnagar basically operated by Maharaja of Banaras with the help of Pt. Laxmi Narayan Pandey and his cultural family every year. It is one of the majestic show which happens once in the year every time. The venues are well scattered across Ramnagar, Lanka, Janakpuri, PAC and several small areas.

## Geographical indication

Ramnagar Bhanta (Brinjal) was awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) status tag from the Geographical Indications Registry, under the Union Government of India, on 31 March 2023 and is valid until 3 November 2030.
Kashi Vishwanath Farmer Producer Company from Varanasi, proposed the GI registration of Ramnagar Bhanta (Brinjal). After filing the application in November 2020, the Brinjal was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in Chennai, making the name "Ramnagar Bhanta (Brinjal)" exclusive to the Brinjal grown in the region. It thus became the first brinjal variety from Uttar Pradesh and the 45th type of goods from Uttar Pradesh to earn the GI tag.
The GI tag protects the brinjal from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

## Demographics

As of the 2001 Census of India, Ramnagar had a population of 39,941. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Ramnagar has an average literacy rate of 58%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 66%, and female literacy is 49%. In Ramnagar, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.
# Petrovice (Hradec Králové District)

Petrovice is a municipality and village in Hradec Králové District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Petrovice consists of two municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Petrovice (273)
* Kanice (17)
# Battle of Samos

The Battle of Samos (Greek: Ναυμαχία της Σάμου) was a naval battle fought on August 5–17, 1824 off the Greek island of Samos during the Greek War of Independence.

## Background

The island of Samos, under its leader, Lykourgos Logothetis, had successfully rebelled against the Ottomans in 1821, and established its own autonomous government. The island's position, however, a few miles off the Anatolian coast, made it vulnerable to a potential Ottoman attack. In the summer of 1824, following the destruction of Psara, the Ottoman fleet and troops assembled on the Anatolian coast, with the intention of capturing the island. Anxious to avoid repeating the failure to protect Psara, the Greek fleet, under Admiral Georgios Sachtouris, assembled to guard the island. After some minor engagements on the previous days, the decisive battle occurred on August 17.

## Battle

The Ottomans attempted to drive the Greek forces from their position in the straits, an Ottoman frigate began the cannonade, while the Ottoman fleet attempted to pass between the Anatolian coast and the Greek fleet's left-wing. At ten o'clock in the morning, the Greek fireships, including one under the celebrated Konstantinos Kanaris, began their approach towards an Ottoman frigate, the first fireship attempting to assail her was thwarted, despite this the fireship of Kanaris launched its own attack, the Ottoman ship attempted to avoid it to no avail. As the fireship reached the Ottoman frigate, the Ottoman crew abandoned ship, jumping into the sea, the flames reached the magazine of the ship causing it to explode, the explosion also caused much debris which destroyed and damaged other ships in the proximity, as well as causing casualties to men on shore. After witnessing the destruction of their frigate the Ottomans suspended any further actions for a short while. The Ottomans would renew their assault and through the course of the battle the Greeks would destroy two more Ottoman vessels, a Tunisian brig of war, and Tripolitanian Corvette. The Ottomans suffered fatal losses totaling three fine ships, 100 cannons, and at least 1,000 men lost. Greek casualties amounted to three dead and six spent fireships. The Ottoman troops encamped on shore who witnessed the battle saw desertions and a decline in moral.

## Aftermath

Together with the victory at the strait of Gerontas soon after, the battle of Samos ensured the safety of the island at that time. However, it was not included in independent Greece; rather, it became an autonomous principality under Ottoman suzerainty until the Balkan Wars.
# Lucken Farm

The Lucken Farm near Portland, North Dakota, United States, is a bonanza farm that was developed by 1888. The owner of the farm was Halleck E. Lucken, the son of Norwegian immigrants. The farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The listing included seven contributing buildings on.
# Iain Fletcher

Iain Fletcher (born 23 August 1966) is a British actor, known for his role as DC Rod Skase in the ITV drama series The Bill. He portrayed the character for six years from 1994.
Other television credits include Band of Brothers, Murphy's Law, Family Affairs, Holby City, Waterloo Road, Casualty, Doctors as Gary Lucas and EastEnders as Councillor Barker.
Stage credits include Sam Carmichael in the musical Mamma Mia! in the West End and Bill Sikes in Cameron Mackintosh's Production of Oliver!.
# Battle of Houthalen

The Battle of Houthalen was a battle of the Ten Days' Campaign during the Belgian Revolution. The battle took place on 6 August 1831. The Dutch army defeated the Belgian rebels and continued further to the Belgian inlands.

## The Battle

After the victorious battles of Ravels and Turnhout Prince William II at the head of the Dutch army continued with a military intervention against the Belgian Revolution as the part of the Ten Days' Campaign. On 6 August Dutch forces clashed with a Belgian rebel forces near Houthalen-Helchteren in a border Limburg province. The Dutch took a decisive victory, mainly thanks to a seize action of the 2nd Division of Frisian Archery.
Conflict lasted for six another days and included several another clashes such as battle of Hasselt and the battle of Leuven. Finally on 13 August 1831 the truce was arranged the Dutch pulled back. The last Dutch troops withdrew on 20 August.
At the cemetery of Houthalen a commemorative cross was erected after the battle. Dutch painter Nicolaas Pieneman portrayed Lieutenant-General Frederik Knotzer in the battle on his painting from 1834.