OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gayle Chong Kwan

Gayle Chong Kwan (born 1973) is a London-based artist whose large-scale photographic, installation, and video work has been exhibited and published internationally.
She is known for her large-scale mise-en-scene environments and photographs, created out of waste products, found materials and documentary sources, and which are often sited in the public realm.

## Education

Chong Kwan is a Research Candidate in Fine Art at the Royal College of Art, London, (2012-). She holds a BA Hons Politics and Modern History, University of Manchester (1994), where she specialised in Post-Colonial Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa; an MSc in Communications, University of Stirling (1995); and a BA Hons Fine Art, Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design (2000).

## Awards

* Arts Council England International Fellow (2005)
* Pépinières Européennes pour Jeunes Artistes Award (2005)
* Vauxhall Collective Photography Award (2008)
* Royal Scottish Academy Award (2013)
* Refocus: the Castlegate mima Photography Prize, Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art (mima) and Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council (2013). A commission to produce ""Arripare"
* 'Wandering Waste', Stills, Edinburgh, and Deveron Arts, Huntly, Royal Scottish Academy Award (2014)
* FATHOM Award, Four Corners, London (2014)
* British Council/Arts Council England International Artist Award - 'Photography in the Public Realm New York' (2015)

## Personal life

Chong Kwan was born in Edinburgh to a Scottish mother and a Chinese-Mauritian father. She lives with her two sons (born in 2009 and 2015), in Leytonstone, London.
# Healthy eating pyramid

The Healthy Eating Pyramid (alternately, Healthy Eating Plate) is a nutrition guide developed by the Harvard School of Public Health, suggesting quantities of each food category that a human should eat each day. The healthy eating pyramid is intended to provide a more sound eating guide than the widespread food guide pyramid created by the USDA.
The new pyramid aims to include more recent research in dietary health not present in the USDA's 1992 guide. The original USDA pyramid has been criticized for not differentiating between refined grains and whole grains, between saturated fats and unsaturated fats, and for not placing enough emphasis on exercise and weight control.

## Food groups

In general terms, the healthy eating pyramid recommends the following intake of different food groups each day, although exact amounts of calorie intake depends on sex, age, and lifestyle:
* At most meals, whole grain foods including oatmeal, whole-wheat bread, and brown rice; 1 piece or 4 ounces (110 g).
* Plant oils, including olive oil, canola oil, soybean oil, corn oil, and sunflower seed oil; 2 ounces (60 g) per day
* Vegetables, in abundance 3 or more each day; each serving = 6 ounces (170 g).
* 2–3 servings of fruits; each serving = 1 piece of fruit or 4 ounces (110 g).
* 1–3 servings of nuts, or legumes; each serving = 2 ounces (60 g).
* 1–2 servings of dairy or calcium supplement; each serving = 8 ounces (230 g) non fat or 4 ounces (110 g) of whole.
* 1–2 servings of poultry, fish, or eggs; each serving = 4 ounces (110 g) or 1 egg.
* Sparing use of white rice, white bread, potatoes, pasta and sweets;
* Sparing use of red meat and butter.
# Julie Chen (academic)

Julie Chen is an American educator and chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Lowell. She is the University's fourth chancellor, the second woman, and first openly gay leader to fill the role. She's the first LGBTQ+ Chancellor in the UMass System. She is considered a New England expert in nanotechnology.

## Early life and education

Chen earned her bachelor's (1986), master's (1988) and doctoral (1991) degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

## Career

Chen started her career in 1990 as an engineering professor at Boston University. In 1997, she joined the faculty at UMass Lowell. She previously served as Vice Chancellor for Research and Economic Development.
In addition to her work in academics, she spent 2002 to 2004 as the director for the Materials Processing and Manufacturing at the National Science Foundation. In 2010, she was the Technical Program Chair for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition.
In 2019, she was awarded an honorary degree from Queens University Belfast. She is a recipient of the Public Service Commendation Medal.
Chen has been honored by the Lowell City Council for her work partnering with the city.
# Ben Leman

Benjamin Henry Leman (born January 31, 1976) is a former Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives for District 13.

## Political positions

Leman considers himself a conservative Republican. He opposes abortion, gun control legislation, regulation on business, and illegal immigration.

## Personal life

Leman was born in Magnolia, Texas. He's a 4th generation Texan. He graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a BBA in finance. He married his wife Christie in 2004 and they have four children. Leman and his family have lived in Grimes County for 13 years. He and his family run a cow/calf operation, his children show animals at county fairs, they are active in the 4H-Club, and participate in youth sports. The Lemans are members of St. Stanislaus Catholic Church in Anderson.

## Career

Leman is the co-founder of Merrimac Manufacturing, Inc. an oil and gas equipment manufacturing company. As CEO of the company grew to over 100 employees and 25 stocking locations around the world. Leman sold the company in 2012 to a publicly traded company.

## Political career

Ben Leman (R) won in the general election against Cecil R. Webster (D) 79.1% to 20.9%. He is a former judge for Grimes County. He announced in September 2021 that he will not be running for re-election.
# Émile Lasbax

Émile Lasbax was a French philosopher and sociologist of the early 20th century.

## Biography

Lasbax was born in the commune of Rieumes (Haute-Garonne) of southwestern France in 1888. He completed his doctoral thesis, Le Problème du Mal [The Problem of Evil], at the University of Bordeaux under the supervision of Gaston Richard in 1918. He taught in the French lycée at Tarbes and Roanne until he was granted a professorship in philosophy and sociology in the Faculty of Letters at the University of Clermont-Ferrand in 1925. It is here that he would remain until his retirement in 1942. Lasbax was best known for being the successor to Gaston Richard as the director of the Revue Internationale de Sociologie [International Review of Sociology] in 1934 but was also a corresponding member of the Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie [German Society for Sociology] and also the Academy of Political Sciences at Columbia University.

## Thought

Lasbax's original work can largely be characterized as a synthesis of metaphysics and sociology. He saw the spiritual and material life of collective society as thoroughly intertwined and asserted that history was developmental such that its final state would yield a truly "human society."

## Influences

Early on, Lasbax was heavily influenced by the work of Théodore Ruyssen who was, himself, an interpreter of Henri Bergson. Nevertheless, he drew from a wide variety of thinkers to develop his own original work. Such thinkers include Baruch Spinoza, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Auguste Comte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Emile Durkheim.
# Klaipėda Varpas gymnasium

Klaipėda "Varpas" gymnasium (Lithuanian: Klaipėdos „Varpo“ gimnazija) is a Lithuanian language gymnasium school located in Bandužiai neighborhood, Klaipėda, Lithuania. It was founded in 1989. The school is being accredited. As of 2007, "Varpas" gymnasium has 68 schoolteachers, including 1 teacher expert and 20 supervisors.
# 1953 World Archery Championships

The 1953 World Archery Championships was the 16th edition of the event. It was held in Oslo, Norway on 21–25 July 1953 and was organised by World Archery Federation (FITA).

## Medals summary
### Recurve

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's individual | Bror Lundgren Sweden | Einar Tang-Holbek Denmark | Carl-Eric Bissman Sweden |
| Women's individual | Jean Richards United States | Ilta-Meri Santaoja Finland | Jacqueline Lang France |
| Men's team | Sweden | Denmark | Belgium |
| Women's team | Finland | France | Sweden |

## Medals table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Sweden | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| 2 | Finland | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 3 | United States | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | Denmark | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 5 | France | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 6 | Belgium | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (6 entries) | Totals (6 entries) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 12 |
# Trey Wharton

Trey Wharton (born December 17, 1966) is an American politician who was elected member of the Texas House of Representatives for the 12th district in 2024. A member of the Republican Party, he succeeded Kyle Kacal. Wharton attended Huntsville High School and Texas Christian University. He is a businessman, community leader and school board trustee in Huntsville, Texas.
# Pseudocolumn

A Pseudocolumn is a "column" that yields a value when selected, but which is not an actual column of the table. An example is RowID or SysDate. It is often used in combination with the DUAL table.
# Klaus Wagner

Klaus Wagner (March 31, 1910 – February 6, 2000) was a German mathematician known for his contributions to graph theory.

## Education and career

Wagner studied topology at the University of Cologne under the supervision of Karl Dörge [de] who had been a student of Issai Schur. Wagner received his Ph.D. in 1937, with a dissertation concerning the Jordan curve theorem and four color theorem, and taught at Cologne for many years himself. In 1970, he moved to the University of Duisburg, where he remained until his retirement in 1978.

## Graph minors

Wagner is known for his contributions to graph theory and particularly the theory of graph minors, graphs that can be formed from a larger graph by contracting and removing edges.
Wagner's theorem characterizes the planar graphs as exactly those graphs that do not have as a minor either a complete graph K$_5$ on five vertices or a complete bipartite graph K$_{3,3}$ with three vertices on each side of its bipartition. That is, these two graphs are the only minor-minimal non-planar graphs. It is closely related to, but should be distinguished from, Kuratowski's theorem, which states that the planar graphs are exactly those graphs that do not contain as a subgraph a subdivision of K$_5$ or K$_{3,3}$.
Another result of his, also known as Wagner's theorem, is that a four-connected graph is planar if and only if it has no K$_5$ minor. This implies a characterization of the graphs with no K$_5$ minor as being constructed from planar graphs and Wagner graph (an eight-vertex Möbius ladder) by clique-sums, operations that glue together subgraphs at cliques of up to three vertices and then possibly remove edges from those cliques. This characterization was used by Wagner to show that the case k = 5 of the Hadwiger conjecture on the chromatic number of K$_k$-minor-free graphs is equivalent to the four color theorem. Analogous characterizations of other families of graphs in terms of the summands of their clique-sum decompositions have since become standard in graph minor theory.
Wagner conjectured in the 1930s (although this conjecture was not published until later) that in any infinite set of graphs, one graph is isomorphic to a minor of another. The truth of this conjecture implies that any family of graphs closed under the operation of taking minors (as planar graphs are) can automatically be characterized by finitely many forbidden minors analogously to Wagner's theorem characterizing the planar graphs. Neil Robertson and Paul Seymour finally published a proof of Wagner's conjecture in 2004 and it is now known as the Robertson–Seymour theorem.

## Recognition

Wagner was honored in 1990 by a festschrift on graph theory, and in June 2000, following Wagner's death, the University of Cologne hosted a Festkolloquium in his memory.

## Selected publications

* Wagner, K. (1937), "Über eine Eigenschaft der ebenen Komplexe", Mathematische Annalen, 114: 570–590, doi:10.1007/BF01594196, S2CID 123534907, archived from the original on March 15, 2015.
# Score

Score or scorer may refer to:

## Business

* Score Digital, now part of Bauer Radio
* Score Entertainment, a former American trading card design and manufacturing company
* Score Media, a former Canadian media company
* Service Corps of Retired Executives, a business advisory organization

## Mathematics

* Score (statistics), a quantity in statistics
* Score (number), a quantity of twenty units
* Raw score, an original datum that has not been transformed
* Score test, a statistical test
* Scorer's function, solutions to differential equations
* Scoring rule, measuring the accuracy of probabilistic predictions
* Standard score, a quantity derived from the raw score
* Score, a period of 20 years

## Science and technology

* Single colour reflectometry (SCORE), an optical technique for monitoring biomolecular interactions

## Arts, entertainment, and media

* Event score, written or printed instructions for a visual art performance

### Films

* Score (1974 film), an American adult film
* Score: A Hockey Musical, a 2010 Canadian musical
* Score: A Film Music Documentary

### Music

* Score, a sheet music format in which simultaneous parts are vertically aligned
* Score, a browser extension for rendering of musical scores
* Film score, original music written to accompany a film
* Piano–vocal score, a publishing format combining sung parts and a keyboard arrangement
* Theatre score, the physical embodiment of theatre music, including lyrics
* Video game music, also known as the game's score
* SCORE (software), for creating and editing sheet music

### Bands

* The Score, an alternative indie rock band

#### Albums

* Score (Randy Brecker album), 1969
* Score (Paul Haslinger album), 1999
* Score (Carol Lloyd album), 1979
* Score (Duncan Mackay album), 1977
* The Score (Fugees album), 1996
* Score (Dream Theater album), 2006
* Score (2Cellos album), 2017

### Periodicals

* Score, a football comic which became Scorcher in 1971
* Score, a pornographic magazine by The Score Group

### Television

* Score (talk show), or SCORE, a Pakistani sports talk show

## Sports and games

* Score (game), a number of points achieved in a game
* Score (sport), a number of points achieved in a sporting event
* Scoring in association football
* Baseball scoring, recording the events of a baseball game
* Scoring (cricket)
* Herb Score (1933–2008), baseball player
* Score, a 1977 video game and reskin of Death Race
# Muhammad Zahid Wakhshi

Muhammad Zahid Vakhshi (Persian: محمد زاهد وخشی; 852-936 AH) was a Sufi of the Naqshbandī Sufi order. He lived in Vakhsh (or Vakash), a small town in present-day Tajikistan, about 100 km South of the capital Dushanbe. Naqshbandī The Sufi order from Khwaja Ahrar transferred to him and he transferred to Darwish Muhammad. He was a close relative of Yaqub al-Charkhi, and according to some sources, he was his maternal grandson. His tomb is in Vakhsh.
# KBRL

KBRL (1300 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a news/talk format. Licensed to McCook, Nebraska, United States, the station is currently owned by Armada Media.

## History

The station went on the air on Sept. 26, 1947 as KBRL, a radio station built by Roy Lenwell and William J. Cox. Lenwell retired and sold the station to Edwin S Towell III from Falls City, Nebraska in 1972. The Santee Family purchased the station in January 1977. The station became a country station in 1977 and was sold to Jerry Venable and his bunch from KFNF in September 1981, and changed the call sign to KSWN on 1982-10-11. On 1990-04-03, the station changed its call sign back to the current KBRL.
# 1884 Danish Folketing election

Folketing elections were held in Denmark on 25 June 1884.

## Results

Seats :
| | Venstre Reform Party | | 56.3 | 81 |
| | Højre | | 38.7 | 19 |
| | Social Democratic Party | | 4.9 | 2 |
| Total | Total | | | 102 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 322,429 | 59.0 | |
| Source: Hatting, Nohlen & Stöver |||||
# Irina De Knop

Irina De Knop (born 5 July 1978) is a Belgian politician serving as a member of the Chamber of Representatives since 2024. She has served as mayor of Lennik since 2011.
# Small Holdings Act 1892

The Small Holdings Act 1892 (55 & 56 Vict. c. 31) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed by Lord Salisbury's Conservative government.
The Act intended to help agricultural labourers purchase small holdings of land by giving County Councils the power to advance money to the labourer up to the limit of one penny in the pound of the county rate. A small holding was described as a plot of land larger than an acre but not more than 50 acres. If land over 50 acres was worth less than £50 a year in value it was considered a small holding. In a speech in Exeter Lord Salisbury confessed he did not believe that small holdings were the most efficient use of land but added that there were "things more important than economy": "I believe a small proprietary is the strongest bulwark against revolutionary change". The Liberal leader William Ewart Gladstone supported the Bill but wished it had granted councils the power to compulsory purchase land for small holdings. Joseph Chamberlain defended the absence of compulsory purchase powers by saying that there was insufficient evidence of the success of small-hold farming to warrant compulsion.
Two future Liberal Party MPs, Richard Winfrey and Clement Edwards, complained that the Act was "an absolute failure owing to its operation being purely permissive". Few local authorities made use of the Act.
# Ibn Masarra

Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah ibn Masarra ibn Najih al-Jabali (883–931) was an Andalusian Muslim ascetic and scholar. He is considered one of the first Sufis as well as one of the first philosophers of al-Andalus.
Ibn Masarra was born in Córdoba in 883. He is believed to have been Muwallad. In his youth, he travelled to Kairouan and Mecca before settling in the Sierra Morena near his home town. This is the origin of his nickname, al-Jabali ('the mountain-dweller'). After his death in 931, his followers were accused of heresy and forced to publicly recant his teachings by the Umayyad authorities. In at least one case, his books were burnt.
# Praeclara gratulationis publicae

Praeclara gratulationis publicae (Splendid testimonies of public [rejoicing]) is an apostolic letter of Pope Leo XIII promulgated on 20 June 1894.

## Content

It called for the reunion of Eastern and Western churches into the "Unity of the Faith". It also condemned Freemasonry. A previous letter on the same subject, entitled In Suprema Petri Apostoli Sede, had been written by Pope Pius IX in 1848.

## Reactions and legacy

In 1895, it was criticized by Ecumenical Patriarch Anthimus VII.
The call for unity was re-asserted by the Second Vatican Council's Unitatis redintegratio, although the latter statement articulates a different kind of ecclesiology that is more in line with the Council's spirit of cooperation with fellow Christians.
Praeclara was cited in the encyclical Orientales omnes Ecclesias of Pope Pius XII on the topic of Eastern Catholic Churches.
Leo XIII has also been criticized by Protestant fundamentalists for having declared in the encyclical that "We hold upon this earth the place of God Almighty", which was seen as a sign of the coming apocalypse.
# Circus Vargas

Circus Vargas is an American traveling circus based in California. It was built with the intent of bringing an old time circus to everyone; it is billed as one of the world's biggest traveling circuses still using a big top tent. The circus produces a circus show throughout the western United States.

## History

Clifford E. Vargas (1924–1989) founded Circus Vargas in 1969. Vargas was influenced to restart the big top tent circus from his childhood fascination with glamour and thrills of old circuses. He was a frequent spectator with big top tent circuses that visited his hometown of Livermore, California every year. Vargas, the son of Portuguese immigrants, grew up on a farm near Livermore. He got a job in Chicago as the ticket seller, doorman and later ringmaster. Vargas saved money, and in 1972 purchased controlling interest in the Miller-Johnson Circus. The show was small to start, but grew. Circus Vargas at its peak was using the largest circus tent, the size of a football field, which took thirty men seven hours to raise.
After the death of Clifford Vargas in 1989, the show management went to Jack Bailey, longtime vice president of the company; and Joseph Muscarello, the show's general manager. Bailey sold his interest to concession manager Roland Kaiser. Kaiser and Muscarello, both longtime friends of Vargas and management executives with the show, began managing the circus. Faced with rising costs and declining attendance, Kaiser and Muscarello changed the circus into a more intimate one-ring 'European style' circus. They ran the circus until retiring in 2003.
Circus Vargas then went on hiatus. In 2005, Roland Kaiser's stepdaughter, Katya Arata Quiroga (née Arata) and husband Nelson Quiroga bought Circus Vargas from him. They continued to own the circus as of September 2023. In 2010, Circus Vargas discontinued its animal acts.
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, Circus Vargas closed to the public in 2020, but resumed their circus production in 2021.

## Television and movie appearances

Note: this list is not exhaustive.
* Water for Elephants (2011)
* MTV "True Life" (2008)
* La Feria de Los Ninos (Univision)
* The Nick Cannon Show (2002)
* Dismissed (MTV, 2001)
* Primera Edicion (Univision)
* Quantum Leap, "Leaping In Without a Net" (1990)
* Kidsongs "A Day at the Circus" (1987)
* "Side Show" (1981 TV movie)
# NGC 1245

NGC 1245 is an open cluster in the constellation Perseus. It was discovered by William Herschel on 11 December 1786. It is located 3° southwest of alpha Persei and can be spotted with 10x50 binoculars. The cluster is nearly 1 billion years old. NGC 1245 has about 200 members the brightest of which are of 12th magnitude. The cluster shows evidence of mass segregation and it is possible that it has lost its lower mass members. Lying at a distance of 3kpc, the cluster is estimated to be 27 light years across.
# 1987 World Archery Championships

The 1987 World Archery Championships was the 34th edition of the event. It was held in Adelaide, Australia in March 1987 and was organised by World Archery Federation (FITA).
It marked the first time that the competition took a knockout format.

## Medals summary
### Recurve

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's individual | Vladimir Yesheyev Soviet Union | Andreas Lippoldt West Germany | Jay Barrs United States |
| Women's individual | Ma Xiangjun China | Wang Hee-kyung South Korea | Yao Yawen China |
| Men's team | West Germany | United States | China |
| Women's team | Soviet Union | South Korea | France |

## Medals table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Soviet Union | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2 | West Germany | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 3 | China | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 4 | South Korea | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 5 | United States | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 6 | France | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (6 entries) | Totals (6 entries) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 12 |