# 1860 Constitutional Union Convention

The 1860 Constitutional Union National Convention met on May 9, 1860, in Baltimore, Maryland. It was the only national convention ever held by the Constitutional Union Party, which was organized largely by former Whig Party members from the Southern United States who opposed secession. The convention nominated former Senator John Bell of Tennessee for president and former Secretary of State Edward Everett of Massachusetts for vice president.
Bell won the presidential nomination on the second ballot of the convention, defeating Everett, Governor Sam Houston of Texas, Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky, former Governor William Alexander Graham of North Carolina, Associate Justice John McLean of Ohio, and several other candidates. In the 1860 presidential election, Bell and Everett finished third in the electoral vote and fourth in the popular vote.

## Background

After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, the Whigs collapsed due to divisions over slavery. Many Northern Whigs shifted to the new Republican Party, while many Southern Whigs joined the American Party, or "Know Nothings."$^{:304}$ By 1859, the Know Nothing movement had collapsed, but some former Southern Whigs who refused to join their long-time rivals in the Democratic Party had organized themselves into the "Opposition Party." Several of this party's supporters, among them Knoxville Whig editor William Brownlow, former vice presidential candidate Andrew Jackson Donelson, and California attorney Balie Peyton sought to launch a third-party presidential ticket.$^{:346}$
In May 1860, disgruntled ex-Whigs and disenchanted moderates from across the country convened in Baltimore, where they formed the Constitutional Union Party. The party's platform was very broad and made no mention of slavery. While there were several candidates for the party's presidential nomination, the two frontrunners were Bell and Sam Houston.$^{:354}$

## Presidential nomination
### Presidential candidates

* John Bell, Tennessee former U.S. Senator
* Sam Houston, Texas Governor
* John J. Crittenden, Kentucky U.S. Senator
* Edward Everett, Massachusetts former U.S. Senator
* William A. Graham, North Carolina former U.S. Senator
* William C. Rives, Virginia former U.S. Senator
Bell led the initial round of balloting with 68.5 votes to Houston's 59. The remainder of the votes were split among eight other candidates. Houston's military endeavors had brought him national renown, but he reminded the convention's Clay Whigs of their old foe Andrew Jackson. On May 10, Bell received 139 votes to Houston's 69, and was declared the candidate.$^{:354}$
Presidential Ballot :
| Ballot | 1st | 2nd (Before Shifts) |
| Bell | 68.5 | 139 |
| Houston | 57 | 69 |
| Crittenden | 28 | 1 |
| Everett | 25 | 9.5 |
| Graham | 22 | 18.5 |
| McLean | 21 | 1 |
| Rives | 13 | 0 |
| Botts | 9.5 | 7.5 |
| Sharkey | 7 | 8.5 |
| Goggin | 3 | 0 |
| Not Represented | 49 | 49 |
Presidential Balloting / 2nd Day of Convention (May 10, 1860)
* 1st Presidential Ballot
* 2nd Presidential Ballot (Before Shifts)

## Vice presidential nomination
### Vice presidential candidates

* Former Senator Edward Everett of Massachusetts
* Former Governor Washington Hunt of New York (Withdrawn)
The vice presidential nomination went to Edward Everett of Massachusetts, who had served as president of Harvard University and as Secretary of State in the Fillmore administration. Everett was nominated by acclaimation.