# Fort Chipewyan

Fort Chipewyan /ˈtʃɪpəwaɪən, -pwaɪ-, ˈtʃɪpəwən/, commonly referred to as Fort Chip, is an unincorporated hamlet in northern Alberta, Canada, within the Regional Municipality (RM) of Wood Buffalo.

## History

Fort Chipewyan is one of the oldest European settlements in the Province of Alberta. It was established as a trading post of the North West Company in 1788, named after the Chipewyan people living in the area. Its original location was Old Fort Point, on the southwest shore west of the Old Fort River.
One of the founders of the fort, Roderick Mackenzie of Terrebonne, had a taste for literature. Later he opened correspondence with traders all over the north and west, asking for descriptions of scenery, adventure, folklore and history. He also founded a library at the fort that was not only for the residents of Fort Chipewyan, but also for traders and clerks of the whole Lake Athabasca region. He hoped it would be what he called, in an imaginative and somewhat jocular vein, "the little Athens of the Arctic regions." This library, started in 1790, held more than 2000 books. It became one of the most famous in the whole extent of Rupert's Land.
In 1798, Fort Chipewyan was relocated to its current site on the north shore. In 1802, the HBC set up another post on English Island at the lake's outlet, called Nottingham House, but was abandoned in 1806.
From about 1815 to 1821 the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) operated a competing Fort Wedderburn (named after Andrew Colvile's family) on Coal or Potato Island 2.4 km (1+1⁄2 mi) from the North West Company's fort. This fort was established by John Clarke, and Sir George Simpson stayed here 1820–1821, during which time he reorganized the fur trade. When the HBC and NWC merged in 1821, Fort Wedderburn was abandoned and all HBC's fur-trade operations moved to Fort Chipewyan.
Sir John Franklin set out from Fort Chipewyan on his overland Arctic journey in 1820.
In 1887–1888 there was a great famine in the Fort Chipewan area. Electricity and electric lights arrived in Fort Chipewyan in 1959.
In 2023 about a thousand people were evacuated from the centre due to threat by a wildfire.

### Historic sites

Old Fort Point, the site of the first Fort Chipewyan, established southeast of Fort Chipewyan in 1788, was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1930.
Historic places in the community include the site of the third Fort Chipewyan established in 1803, the Anglican Church built in 1880 and Day School built in 1874, and the Roman Catholic Mission Church built in 1909.

## Geography

It is located on the western tip of Lake Athabasca, adjacent to Wood Buffalo National Park, approximately 223 kilometres (139 mi) north of Fort McMurray.

### Climate

Fort Chipewyan has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) with long, very cold, dry winters and short, warm, wetter summers. The highest temperature ever recorded in Fort Chipewyan was 39.3 °C (102.7 °F) on 30 June 2021. The coldest temperature ever recorded was −51.1 °C (−60 °F) on 1 February 1917.
Climate data for Fort Chipewyan (Fort Chipewyan Airport) Climate ID: 3072658; coordinates 58°46′N 111°07′W﻿ / ﻿58.767°N 111.117°W﻿ / 58.767; -111.117﻿ (Fort Chipewyan Airport); elevation: 232.0 m (761.2 ft); 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1883–present :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high humidex | 7.3 | 10.6 | 15.0 | 26.4 | 32.4 | 38.3 | 37.7 | 40.6 | 32.1 | 26.0 | 14.1 | 8.4 | 40.6 |
| Record high °C (°F) | 10.5 (50.9) | 11.0 (51.8) | 15.5 (59.9) | 27.1 (80.8) | 32.4 (90.3) | 39.3 (102.7) | 36.1 (97.0) | 34.1 (93.4) | 31.2 (88.2) | 26.5 (79.7) | 14.4 (57.9) | 8.8 (47.8) | 39.3 (102.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −15.8 (3.6) | −12.3 (9.9) | −4.8 (23.4) | 5.4 (41.7) | 14.5 (58.1) | 21.0 (69.8) | 23.4 (74.1) | 21.3 (70.3) | 14.6 (58.3) | 5.2 (41.4) | −5.7 (21.7) | −13.1 (8.4) | 4.5 (40.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −21.0 (−5.8) | −18.4 (−1.1) | −11.7 (10.9) | −0.9 (30.4) | 7.9 (46.2) | 14.5 (58.1) | 17.2 (63.0) | 15.2 (59.4) | 9.0 (48.2) | 1.0 (33.8) | −10.0 (14.0) | −17.9 (−0.2) | −1.3 (29.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −26.2 (−15.2) | −24.5 (−12.1) | −18.5 (−1.3) | −7.3 (18.9) | 1.2 (34.2) | 8.1 (46.6) | 10.9 (51.6) | 9.1 (48.4) | 3.4 (38.1) | −3.2 (26.2) | −14.2 (6.4) | −22.8 (−9.0) | −7.0 (19.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −50.0 (−58.0) | −51.2 (−60.2) | −43.8 (−46.8) | −34.1 (−29.4) | −21.8 (−7.2) | −7.0 (19.4) | −0.9 (30.4) | −4.2 (24.4) | −12.2 (10.0) | −30.0 (−22.0) | −39.8 (−39.6) | −47.8 (−54.0) | −51.2 (−60.2) |
| Record low wind chill | −57.6 | −58.6 | −52.4 | −41.0 | −25.3 | −6.7 | 0.0 | −6.2 | −16.5 | −33.1 | −47.1 | −59.1 | −59.1 |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 18.1 (0.71) | 16.6 (0.65) | 17.8 (0.70) | 12.8 (0.50) | 26.5 (1.04) | 42.8 (1.69) | 64.0 (2.52) | 57.7 (2.27) | 51.0 (2.01) | 25.8 (1.02) | 17.9 (0.70) | 20.1 (0.79) | 370.9 (14.60) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.2 (0.01) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.2 (0.01) | — | 23.8 (0.94) | 42.7 (1.68) | — | 54.6 (2.15) | 51.8 (2.04) | — | — | — | — |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 12.4 (4.9) | 14.2 (5.6) | 14.9 (5.9) | — | 2.4 (0.9) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.7 (0.3) | — | — | — | — |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 12.9 | 12.1 | 12.3 | 7.5 | 11.3 | 13.5 | 14.2 | 13.9 | 13.8 | 12.5 | 13.9 | 14.3 | 152.1 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | — | 10.3 | 12.1 | — | 12.9 | 13.3 | — | — | — | — |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 10.3 | 9.9 | 9.6 | — | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | — | — | — | — |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 1500 LST) | 73.4 | 66.1 | 54.7 | 47.0 | 42.8 | 46.3 | 50.8 | 55.3 | 59.4 | 67.5 | 78.9 | 77.1 | 59.9 |
| Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada (February minimum) (June maximum) (July maximum) ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1941 | 441 | — |
| 1951 | 466 | +5.7% |
| 1956 | 304 | −34.8% |
| 1961 | 717 | +135.9% |
| 1966 | 1,026 | +43.1% |
| 1971 | 1,122 | +9.4% |
| 1976 | 1,179 | +5.1% |
| 1981 | 944 | −19.9% |
| 1986 | 922 | −2.3% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1991 | 537 | −41.8% |
| 1991A | 1,004 | +87.0% |
| 1996 | 935 | −6.9% |
| 2001 | 902 | −3.5% |
| 2006 | 756 | −16.2% |
| 2011 | 847 | +12.0% |
| 2016 | 852 | +0.6% |
| 2021 | 798 | −6.3% |
Source: Statistics Canada :
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Fort Chipewyan had a population of 798 living in 309 of its 387 total private dwellings, a change of -6.3% from its 2016 population of 852. With a land area of 9.93 km$^2$ (3.83 sq mi), it had a population density of 80.4/km$^2$ (208.1/sq mi) in 2021.
The population of Fort Chipewyan according to the 2018 municipal census conducted by the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo is 918, a decrease from its 2012 municipal census population count of 1,008.
As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Fort Chipewyan had a population of 852 living in 295 of its 372 total private dwellings, a change of 0.6% from its 2011 population of 847. With a land area of 10.7 km$^2$ (4.1 sq mi), it had a population density of 79.6/km$^2$ (206.2/sq mi) in 2016.
The hamlet's population is predominantly made up of Cree and Chipewyan (Dene) First Nations and Métis people.

## Transportation
### Air

The hamlet is served by the Fort Chipewyan Airport, opened on June 18, 1966. Air is one of two methods of access to Fort Chipewyan in the summer.

### Water

In the summer, the hamlet also can be accessed by boat from Fort McMurray via the Athabasca River.

### Road

There are no all-weather roads to Fort Chipewyan, but it can be reached via winter roads in the winter. These include roads from Fort Smith to the north and from Fort McMurray to the south. In June 1998, and as part of the Northwestern Canadian Integrated Road Network Plan, the Alberta government conducted studies on all-weather road access by extending the existing Highway 63 from Fort McMurray. As of 2008 Highway 63 has been extended from Fort McMurray to Syncrude; there are currently no plans on extending it further to Fort Chipewyan. In December 2005, one-third of Fort Chipewyan's residents signed a petition to request the government to build a 50 km (31 mi) all-weather road to connect with existing roads to the northwest that provide access to Fort Smith, Northwest Territories. The major expenditure would be a bridge over the Slave River.

## Solar energy

In September 2014, the community of Fort Chipewyan in collaboration with Keepers of the Athabasca installed a 1.8 kW solar array on the roof of the Elder Lodge to be used for emergency backup power. An energy baseline study was completed for Fort Chipewyan by the Pembina Institute in 2012.
The table below shows the mean daily global insolation (kWh/m$^2$) in Fort Chipewyan for each month of the year using five different fixed solar array orientations and one which tracks the sun. The data was provided by Natural Resources Canada's Municipality database of photovoltaic potential and insolation which used data collected over 50 years from 144 locations compiled from Environment Canada's CERES CD.
Mean daily global insolation (kWh/m$^2$) in Fort Chipewyan :
| Month | South facing (tilt = vertical) | South facing (tilt = latitude) | South facing (tilt = lat+15$^o$ | South facing (tilt = lat-15$^o$ | Two-axis sun-tracking | Horizontal (tilt=0$^o$) |
| January | 2.64 | 2.46 | 2.63 | 2.14 | 2.86 | 0.56 |
| February | 4.23 | 4.17 | 4.33 | 3.77 | 5.02 | 1.42 |
| March | 5.48 | 5.92 | 5.88 | 5.65 | 7.74 | 3.02 |
| April | 4.95 | 6.26 | 5.78 | 6.41 | 9.38 | 4.71 |
| May | 3.82 | 5.55 | 4.84 | 6.02 | 9.59 | 5.82 |
| June | 3.38 | 5.2 | 4.43 | 5.78 | 9.76 | 6.23 |
| July | 3.38 | 5.09 | 4.37 | 5.61 | 9.26 | 5.82 |
| August | 3.66 | 5.04 | 4.51 | 5.34 | 8.19 | 4.5 |
| September | 3.35 | 4.04 | 3.82 | 4.03 | 5.56 | 2.8 |
| October | 2.68 | 2.85 | 2.86 | 2.69 | 3.51 | 1.49 |
| November | 2.16 | 2.07 | 2.18 | 1.84 | 2.42 | 0.65 |
| December | 1.98 | 1.82 | 1.96 | 1.56 | 2.09 | 0.34 |
| Annual | 3.47 | 4.2 | 3.96 | 4.24 | 6.29 | 3.12 |

### Fort Chipewyan Solar Farm

The Fort Chipewyan Solar Farm was developed by Three Nations Energy LP, and constructed in 2019 through 2020. ATCO was the designer and builder, and operates the system. The Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation, Mikisew Cree First Nation, and Fort Chipewyan Métis Local 125 own the project. The solar farm is expected to supply approximately 25 percent of Fort Chipewyan's energy and annually replace 800,000 litres of diesel fuel. A battery storage system will store 1.5 MWh of power.
Phase 1 was planned to include 1,500 panels (400 kW) but was reported at the project completion as a 600 kW facility, while phase 2 was planned include 6,000 panels and was reported at the project completion to include 5,760 panels with the planned output of 2,200 kW. The Government of Canada provided $4.5M and the Government of Alberta provided $3.3M of the project's $7.8M cost.
ATCO will buy the solar farm's energy under a long-term purchase agreement and supply it to the local power grid, which is disconnected from the province-wide grid. ATCO stated that with the completion of the 2.2 MW-capacity project, about 25 fewer tanker trucks will trek across the winter ice road connecting the community with Fort McMurray, 220 kilometres to the south. In the summer, the community is only accessible by air or barge.