# Demographics of the Ottoman Empire

The demographics of the Ottoman Empire include population density, ethnicity, education level, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
Lucy Mary Jane Garnett stated in the 1904 book Turkish Life in Town and Country, published in 1904, that "No country in the world, perhaps, contains a population so heterogeneous as that of Turkey."

## Census

Demographic data for most of the history of the Ottoman Empire is not quite precise. For most of the five centuries of its existence, the empire did not have easily computable valid data except figures for the number of employed citizens. Until the first official census (1881–1893), data was derived from extending the taxation values to the total population. Because of the use of taxation data to infer population size, detailed data for numerous Ottoman urban centers - towns with more than 5,000 inhabitants - is accurate. This data was collaborated with data on wages and prices. Another source was used for the numbers of landlords of households in the Ottoman Empire- every household was assumed to have 5 residents.
* Town population in the Balkans in the 16th century

### 1831 Ottoman census

Entire villages remained uncounted. Taxable population was enumerated, i.e. healthy men over 15 years old. For some settlements the rest of the male population was the majority.
Armenians :
| Total (Of those counted) | 1,316,682 | 1,941,816 | 93,943 | 20,636 | 4,230 |
| Rumeli Eyalet | 337,001 | 686,991 | 25,126 | 9,955 | 2,099 |
| Çatalca rural | 848 | 2,592 | | | |
| Silivri | 887 | | | | |
| Midya | 127 | | | | |
| Terkos | 794 | | | | |
| Çekmeceıkebır | 464 | | | | |
| Çekmeceısagır | 403 | | | | |
| Tiirkeşçıttiığı | 29 | | | | |
| Tekturdağı | 3,773 | 7,727 | 57 | | |
| Inecik | 812 | 836 | 24 | | |
| Malkara | 1,511 | 4,010 | 64 | | |
| Gelibolu | 4,179 | 6,613 | | | |
| Şarköy | 962 | 7,752 | | | |
| Bergos | 1,860 | 3,154 | 32 | 51 | |
| Çorlu | 971 | 1,938 | 45 | 73 | |
| Marmara Ereğlisi | 177 | 554 | 24 | | |
| Babayiatik | 542 | 1,253 | | | |
| Havas Mahmutpaşa | 684 | 896 | | | |
| Hayrabolu | 2,203 | 1,051 | | | |
| Evreşe | 666 | 956 | 39 | | |
| Inoz | 274 | 2,327 | 62 | | |
| Keşan | 850 | 4,557 | 72 | | |
| Çisriergene | 1,929 | 8,886 | | | |
| Ipsala | 955 | 1,512 | | | |
| Edirne | 18,487 | 16,789 | 750 | 1,541 | 1,443 |
| Ada rural | 1,090 | 5,214 | | | |
| Çdke rural | 1,990 | 4,803 | | | |
| Üsküdar and Manastır rural | 2,333 | 17,040 | | | |
| Tırfelli rural | | 181 | | | |
| Çisri Muştafa Paşa | 914 | 1,329 | | | |
| Çirmen | 1,910 | 1,262 | | | |
| Çirpan | 938 | 4,619 | | | |
| Ahlçelebi | 6,080 | 4,107 | | | |
| Akçakizanllk | 7,195 | 8,097 | 748 | | |
| Zağraiatık | 5,586 | 12,782 | | | |
| Dimetoka | 7,525 | 10,852 | | | |
| Ferecık | 2,385 | 3,473 | | | |
| Meğri | 692 | 833 | | | |
| Gumülcine | 30,517 | 5,339 | 1,712 | | |
| Yenıceikerasu | 7,582 | 2,540 | 1,273 | | |
| Uzuncaabat Hasköy | 9,941 | 10,118 | 633 | | |
| Sultanyeri | 6,251 | 51 | 89 | | |
| Drama | 8,618 | 3,077 | 1,007 | | |
| Cığlacik and San Şaban | 4,986 | 131 | 54 | | |
| Tırnova | 3,051 | | | | |
| Hutaliç rural | 7,543 | | | | |
| Torluk rural | 5,108 | | | | |
| Sahra rural | 2,678 | | | | |
| Filibe | 10,920 | 44,959 | 2,021 | 344 | 344 |
| Pazarcik | 3,269 | 14,083 | 3,653 | 119 | |
| Ihtaman | 408 | 1,501 | 83 | | |
| Sofya | 4,161 | 39,692 | 886 | | |
| Şehirköy | 1,341 | 27,643 | 379 | | |
| Pravişte | 4,718 | 2,596 | 259 | | |
| Bereketlu | 967 | 170 | | | |
| Kavala | 1,514 | 102 | | | |
| Berkofca | 1,125 | 13,549 | 382 | | |
| Cuma Pazari | 3,733 | 916 | | | |
| Egri Bucak | 1,482 | 1,294 | | | |
| Çarşamba | 2,350 | 1,717 | | | |
| Serfıce | 682 | 2,260 | | | |
| Tikveş | 4,454 | 6,104 | | | |
| Petriç | 3,893 | 3,869 | | | |
| Radovişte | 3,504 | 4,907 | | | |
| Nevrekop | 8,539 | 8,620 | 739 | | |
| Melnik | 918 | 4,182 | 260 | | |
| Timurhisar | 3,229 | 6,611 | 494 | | |
| Zihne | 2,867 | 10,017 | 642 | | |
| Siroz | 4,459 | 16,596 | 1,761 | 248 | |
| Selanik | 12,368 | 2,1669 | 511 | 5,667 | |
| Yenice Vardar | 6,811 | 4,766 | | | |
| Vodine | 3,996 | 3,883 | | | |
| Karaferiye | 1,680 | 11,052 | | | |
| Ağustos | 151 | 737 | | | |
| Perzinek | 215 | 4,436 | | | |
| Iznebol | 131 | 5,152 | 151 | | |
| Ustrumca | 3,674 | 5,344 | 546 | | |
| Toyran | 4,631 | 3,076 | 334 | | |
| Karadağ | 2,722 | 1,452 | 108 | | |
| Avrathisar | 3,176 | 6,949 | 332 | | |
| Dupniçe | 3,528 | 11,642 | | | |
| Radomir | 789 | 7,211 | | | |
| Ivraca | 1,463 | 14,282 | 262 | | |
| Kratova, Ivraniye, Palangai, Eğridere | 4,749 | 21,068 | 627 | | |
| Vidin, Akçar, Karalom, Belgratçik, Çunarka, Godgoskaca and Esterlik rural | 6,695 | 24,846 | 1,289 | | |
| Köprülü | 4,767 | 12,718 | 390 | | |
| Perlepe | 3,683 | 14,489 | 450 | | |
| Samokov | 816 | 11,973 | 11 | 94 | |
| Köstendil | 3,032 | 14,070 | 232 | 145 | |
| Behişte | 3,202 | 2,176 | 89 | | |
| Kesriye | 3,313 | 16,124 | 335 | | |
| Persepe | 568 | 2,162 | | | |
| Manastir | 6,723 | 24,550 | 705 | 1,163 | |
| Florina | 5,596 | 5,253 | 365 | | |
| Istrova | 1,658 | 1,176 | 57 | | |
| Hotpeşte | 2,081 | 3,630 | 43 | | |
| Nasliç | 2,693 | 5,748 | 275 | | |
| Iştip | 6,920 | 9,826 | | | |
| Koçana | 3,374 | 6,112 | | | |
| Kumanova | 2,276 | 10,819 | | | |
| Silistre Eyalet | 150,970 | 96,342 | 8,779 | 178 | |
| Niğbolu Sancak | 110,304 | 81,489 | 5,804 | 178 | |
| Selvı | 7,734 | | | | |
| Izladi | 2,580 | | | | |
| Etripolu | 545 | | | | |
| Lofça | 12,404 | | | | |
| Plevne | 6,031 | | | | |
| Rahova | 1,831 | | | | |
| Sipre | 235 | | | | |
| Niğbolu | 3,893 | 8,598 | 1,190 | | |
| Ziştovi | 3,897 | 5,760 | 629 | | |
| Rusçuk | 1,6165 | 7,196 | 1,437 | | |
| Yanbolu | 1,942 | 1,507 | | | |
| Nevahii Yanbolu | 1,444 | 1,237 | | | |
| Zağraicedıt | 3,292 | 4,745 | | | |
| Yenicei Kızılağaç, Hatunili | 499 | 1,502 | | | |
| Niš | 1,862 | 18,378 | 575 | 178 | |
| Prizren | 9,488 | 2,867 | 366 | | |
| Yehud | 2,768 | 2,479 | 44 | | |
| Tırguvişte | 2,404 | 2,323 | 3 | | |
| Gude | 7,574 | | 100 | | |
| Usküp | 9,660 | 11,700 | 900 | | |
| Kalkandelen | 11,766 | 8,043 | 472 | | |
| Kirçova | 2,286 | 5,154 | 88 | | |
| Silistre Sancak | 40,666 | 14,853 | 2975 | | |
| Varna | 3,427 | 1,573 | 167 | | |
| Isakçi | 553 | 605 | 39 | | |
| Minkalye | 694 | 15 | 37 | | |
| Balçik and Kuvarna | 1766 | 630 | 125 | | |
| Karkkala rural | | 52 | | | |
| Maçin | 991 | 821 | 25 | | |
| Köstence | 1,417 | 386 | 41 | | |
| Hırsova | 1,391 | 986 | 21 | | |
| Tulça | 472 | 592 | 19 | | |
| Kannabad | 5,065 | 1,454 | 358 | | |
| Babadağ | 1,171 | 1,661 | 38 | | |
| Doskasri | 1,114 | 596 | 273 | | |
| Aydos | 5,790 | 845 | 449 | | |
| Yenipazar | 3482 | 948 | 300 | | |
| Pravadı | 4,530 | 1,465 | 231 | | |
| Umurfakih | 1,140 | | 146 | | |
| Kozluca | 1,840 | 1,163 | 146 | | |
| Pazarcık | 3,515 | 761 | 287 | | |
| Çardak | 2,308 | 300 | 223 | | |
| Republic of Bulgaria borders | 181,455 | 296,769 | 1,7474 | 702 | 344 |

### 1844 Ottoman census

| District | Muslims |
| Rumelia | 29% |

### 1881–1893 Ottoman census

The first official census (1881–1893) took 10 years to finish. In 1893 the results were compiled and presented. This census is the first modern, general and standardized census accomplished not for taxation nor for military purposes, but to acquire demographic data. The population was divided into ethno-religious and gender characteristics. Numbers of both male and female subjects are given in ethno-religious categories including Muslims, Greeks (including Asia Minor Greeks, Pontic Greeks, and Caucasus Greeks, all Orthodox Christians under the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople from extremely distinct ethnic origin), Armenians, Bulgarians, Catholics, Jews, Protestants, Latins, Syriacs and Roma.
In 1867 the Council of States took charge of drawing population tables, increasing the precision of population records. They introduced new measures of recording population counts in 1874. This led to the establishment of a General Population Administration, attached to the Ministry of Interior in 1881–1882. These changes politicized the population counts.
* Population maps 1893-96
* 1893-96, Muslim, Greek and Armenian population
* 1893-96, Armenian distribution (in color)
* 1893-96, Green shows Muslim majority, red shows Armenian majority.
Ottoman Census Values :
| Administrative Unit | Total Pop | Armenian Pop | Armenian % |
| Van Vilayet | 132,007 | 55,051 | 41.70% |
| Bitlis Vilayet | 338,642 | 108,050 | 31.91% |
| Izmit | 228,443 | 44,953 | 19.68% |
| Erzurum Vilayet | 637,015 | 120,147 | 18.86% |
| Dersaadet | 903,482 | 166,185 | 18.39% |
| Vilayet of Mamuret-ul-Aziz | 466,579 | 83,394 | 17.87% |
| Diyarbekir Vilayet | 414,657 | 60,175 | 14.51% |
| Sivas Vilayet | 980,876 | 129,085 | 13.16% |
| Adana Vilayet | 398,764 | 36,695 | 9.20% |
| Halep Vilayet | 819,238 | 70,663 | 8.63% |
| Ankara Vilayet | 1,018,744 | 81,437 | 7.99% |
| Hüdavendigar Vilayet | 1,454,294 | 70,262 | 4.83% |
| Trabzon Vilayet | 1,164,595 | 49,782 | 4.27% |
| Sehremanati Mülhakati | 88,306 | 3,074 | 3.48% |
| Edirne | 985,962 | 18,458 | 1.87% |
| Çatalca | 61,001 | 979 | 1.60% |
| Biga | 143,904 | 1,842 | 1.28% |
| Konya | 1,022,834 | 10,972 | 1.07% |
| Aydin | 1,478,424 | 15,229 | 1.03% |
| Zor | 51,270 | 474 | 0.92% |
| Kastamonu | 968,884 | 6,652 | 0.69% |
| Kudüs | 258,860 | 1,610 | 0.62% |
| Beyrut | 620,763 | 2,921 | 0.47% |
| Suriye | 551,135 | 1,478 | 0.27% |
| Selanik | 1,038,953 | 51 | 0.00% |
| Cezayir-i Bahri Sefid | 286,736 | 10 | 0.00% |
| Manastir | 711,466 | 22 | 0.00% |
| | | 1,139,651 | |

### 1905–1906 Ottoman census

* Population maps 1905-1906, 1914
* 1905-1906 (printed in 1911)
* Muslim population in the Ottoman vilayets (1907)
* Muslim population in the Ottoman sanjaks
After 1893 the Ottoman Empire established a statistics authority (Istatistik-i Umumi Idaresi) under which results of another official census was published in 1899.
Istatistik-i Umumi Idaresi conducted a new census survey for which field work lasted two years (1905–06). 2-3 million people in Iraq and Syria remained unregistered and uncounted. As a factual note this survey's complete (total) documentation was not published. Results of regional studies on this data were published later, which were sorted by their publication date. Included in the publication and subsequent ones was the Ottoman Empire's population as of 1911, 1912, and 1914. The substantial archival documentation on the census has been used in many modern studies and international publications. After 1906 the Ottoman Empire began to disband and a chain of violent wars such as the Italo-Turkish War, Balkan Wars and World War I drastically changed the region, its borders, and its demographics.
Population distribution of the Millets in the Ottoman Empire in 1906, according to the official census- :
| Millet | Inhabitants | % of total |
| Muslims$^a$ | 15,498,747 - 15,518,478 | 76.09% - 74.23% |
| Greeks$^b$ | 2,823,065 - 2,833,370 | 13.86% - 13.56% |
| Armenians$^c$ | 1,031,708 - 1,140,563 | 5.07% - 5.46% |
| Bulgarians | 761,530 - 762,754 | 3.74% - 3.65% |
| Jews | 253,435 - 256,003 | 1.24% - 1.23% |
| Protestants$^d$ | 53,880 | 0.26% |
| Others$^d$ | 332,569 | 1.59% |
| Total | 20,368,485 - 20,897,617 | 100.00% |
| Notes: $^a$ The Muslim Millet includes all Muslims. The largest of them being Turks, Arabs and Kurds. $^b$ The Greek Millet includes all Christians part of the Greek Orthodox Church. This includes Slavs and Albanians. $^c$ This includes the various Assyrian Churches. $^d$ The first source doesn't include Protestants and "others". ||||||||||

### 1914 Ottoman census

* 1914, Muslim, Greek and Armenian population
1914 Official Census Values (Male-Female Aggregated) :
| Province | Muslim | Armenian | Greek |
| Adana | 341.903 (74.8%) | 52.650 (13%) | 8.974 (2.2%) |
| Ankara | 877.285 (92.5%) | 51.556 (5.4%) | 20.240 (2.1%) |
| Antalya | 235.762 (95.01%) | 630 (.02%) | 12.385 (4.97%) |
| Aydın (İzmir) | 1.249.067 | 20.287 | 299.097 |
| Bitlis | 309.999 (72.5%) | 117.492 (27.5%) | 0 |
| Bolu | 399.281 | 2.970 | 5.115 |
| Canik | 265.950 | 27.319 | 98.739 |
| Çatalca | 20.048 | 842 | 36.791 (63.78%) |
| Diyarbekir | 492.101 | 65.850 | 1.935 |
| Edirne | 360.411 | 19.773 | 224.680 |
| Erzurum | 673.297 | 134.377 | 4.864 |
| Eskişehir | 140.678 | 8.592 | 2.613 |
| Halep | 576.320 | 40.843 | 21.954 |
| Harput | 446.379 | 79.821 | 971 |
| Hüdavendigâr | 474.114 | 60.119 | 74.927 |
| İçil | 102.034 | 341 | 2.507 |
| İzmit | 226.859 | 55.852 | 40.048 |
| Kale-i Sultaniye | 149.903 | 2.474 | 8.550 |
| Kastamonu | 737.302 | 8.959 | 20.958 |
| Karahisar-ı Sahib | 277.659 | 7.439 | 632 |
| Karesi | 359.804 | 8.653 | 97.497 |
| Kayseri | 184.292 | 50.174 | 26.590 |
| Konya | 750.712 | 12.971 | 25.150 |
| Kostantiniyye | 560.434 | 82.880 | 205.752 |
| Menteşe | 188.916 | 12 | 19.923 |
| Kütahya | 303.348 | 4.548 | 8.755 |
| Maraş | 152.645 | 32.322 | 34 |
| Niğde | 227.100 | 4.936 | 58.312 |
| Sivas | 939.735 | 147.099 | 75.324 |
| Trabzon | 921.128 | 38.899 | 161.574 |
| Urfa | 149.384 | 16.718 | 2 |
| Van | 179.380 | 67.792 | 1 |
| Zor | 65.770 | 232 | 45 |
| Total | 13.390.000 (83,02%) | 1.173.422 (7,28%) | 1.564.939 (9,70%) |
| Total | 16.128.361 | 16.128.361 | 16.128.361 |

### 1866 Danube Vilayet census

In 1865, 658600 (40,51%) Muslims and 967058 (59,49%) non-Muslims, including females, were living in the province excluding Niş sanjak and 569.868 (34,68%) Muslims, apart from the immigrants and 1.073.496 (65,32%) non-Muslims in 1859–1860. Half the Muslims were refugees from a population exchange of Christians and Muslims with Russia. Before the establishment of the Danube Vilayet, some 250000-300000 Muslim immigrants from Crimea and Caucasus had been settled in this region from 1855 to 1864. Another 200–300,000 male and female Circassian and Crimean Tatar refugees settled in 1862-1878 were to a degree excluded from the 1866 census count.
Male population of the taxable population of the, Danube Vilayet:
1866 census :
| sancak | Muslim | Non-Muslim |
| Rusçuk | 138692 | 95834 |
| Varna | 58689 | 20769 |
| Vidin | 25338 | 124567 |
| Sofya | 24410 | 147095 |
| Tirnova | 71645 | 104273 |
| Tulça | 39133 | 17929 |
| Niş | 54510 | 100425 |
| Total | 412417 | 610892 |
Percentage of communities in towns from the male population in 1866 according to Ottoman tezkere:
| Town | Bulgarians | Muslims | Roma | Armenians | Jews |
| Vidin | 34 | 52 | 6 | | 8 |
| Sofya | 38 | 39 | 4 | | 20 |
| Lom | 58 | 35 | 3 | | 5 |
| Dupnice | 38 | 46 | 5 | | 11 |
| Plevne | 47 | 45 | 5 | | 2 |
| Rusçuk | 38 | 52 | 2 | 4 | 5 |
| Şumnu | 40 | 51 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
| Varna | 49 | 40 | 1 | 8 | 2 |
| Silistre | 30 | 62 | 2 | 4 | 1 |
In 1873, 17,96% of the population of the province were living in the urban areas.

### 1874 Danube Vilayet census

According to the 1874 census, there were 963596 (42,22%) Muslims and 1318506 (57,78%) non-Muslims in the Danube Province excluding Nış sanjak. Together with the sanjak of Nish the population consisted of 1055650 (40,68%) Muslims and 1539278 (59,32%) non-Muslims in 1874. Muslims were the majority in the sanjaks of Rusçuk, Varna and Tulça, while the non-Muslims were in majority in the rest of the sanjaks.

### Eastern Rumelia census

Census in Eastern Rumelia of 1878:
| Community (1878 census) | Population | Percentage |
| Bulgarians | 571231 | 70.3% |
| Muslims | 174759 | 21.4% |
| Greeks | 42516 | 5.2% |
| Roma (Gypsies) | 19524 | |
| Jews | 4177 | |
| Armenians | 1306 | |
Census of Eastern Rumelia in 1880:
| Ethnicity (1880 census) | Population | Percentage |
| Bulgarians | 590000 | 72.3% |
| Turks | 158000 | 19.4% |
| Roma (Gypsies) | 19500 | 2.4% |
| others | 48000 | 5.9% |
The ethnic composition of the population of Eastern Rumelia, according to the provincial census taken in 1884, was the following:
| Ethnicity (1884 census) | Population | Percentage |
| Bulgarians | 681,734 | 70.0% |
| Turks | 200,489 | 20.6% |
| Greeks | 53,028 | 5.4% |
| Roma (Gypsies) | 27,190 | 2.8% |
| Jews | 6,982 | 0.7% |
| Armenians | 1,865 | 0.2% |
Population of Eastern Rumelia according to the 1880 census:
| kaza | Bulgarians | Turks | Greeks | Roma | Jews | Armenians |
| Plovdiv | 127.619 | 36.848 | 14.265 | 4736 | 1185 | 806 |
| Haskovo | 74.656 | 55.334 | 1138 | 2116 | 246 | |
| Stara Zagora | 124.666 | 27.115 | 35 | 2811 | 431 | |
| Sliven | 96.425 | 12.463 | 14.184 | 3685 | 845 | 276 |
| Pazardzhik | 94.873 | 14.898 | 676 | 3487 | 1112 | 152 |
| Burgas | 36.997 | 28.091 | 11.798 | 2686 | 358 | 71 |

### 1903–1904 census of Salonika Vilayet

Population of the Salonika vilayet:
| sanjak | Muslims | Greeks | Bulgarians | Vlachs | Jews |
| Saloniki | 220.000 | 190.000 | 85.000 | 15.000 | 48.000 |
| Serres | 145.000 | 78.000 | 130.000 | 4000 | 2000 |
| Drama | 119.000 | 22.000 | 4000 | | 1000 |

## Ethnoreligious estimates and registered population
### Eyalets

The Muslim population in Silistra subprovince was most numerous (55.17%), while in the Vidin and Nis subprovinces the non-Muslim population constituted 75.59% and 81.18% respectively. Population of the eyalets (Silistra, Vidin and Niş) which constituted the establishment of the Danube Vilayet, according to the 1858 report of the British consul Edward Neale:
| Community | Population |
| Bulgarian Orthodox | 910,735 (65%) |
| Muslim | 430,485 (31%) |
| Vlach | 25,000 (2%) |
| Greek | 10,100 (1%) |
| Jewish | 5,000 (0%) |
| Others | 9,535 (1%) |
| TOTAL | 1,390,855 (100%) |

### Danube Vilayet

The Danube Province was founded in 1864 and consisted of the subprovinces of Ruse, Varna, Tulcea, Tarnovo, Vidin, Sofia and Niş. Two subprovinces (Sofia and Niş) were separated from the Danube Province, so that Niş sanjak was part of Prizren Vilayet in 1869–1874, while the detached Sofia Province was founded in 1876, and finally both Sofia and Niş were annexed to Adrianople and Kosovo Vilayets respectively in 1877.
The entire population of the province, reached ca. 2,6 Millions, including 1 Million (40%) Muslims and 1.5 Million (60%) non-Muslims before the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, with the main national components consisting of Bulgarians and Turks. New large communities of Circassians and Tatars were resettled in the province among the 250,000-300,000 Muslim refugees from Crimea and the Caucasus from 1855 to 1864; however, after the war of 1877–78, both the Muslim and Turkish population dropped by almost half, leaving only 63 Circassians recorded in Bulgaria by 1880.
The male population of the Danube Vilayet (excluding Niş sancak) in 1865, according to Kuyûd-ı Atîk (the Danube Vilayet printing press):
| Community | Rusçuk Sanjak | Vidin Sanjak | Varna Sanjak | Tırnova Sanjak | Tulça Sanjak | Sofya Sanjak | Danube Vilayet |
| Bulgar Millet | 85,268 (38%) | 93,613 (80%) | 9,553 (18%) | 113,213 (59%) | 12,961 (22%) | 142,410 (86%) | 457,018 (56%) |
| Islam Millet | 138,017 (61%) | 14,835 (13%) | 38,230 (74%) | 77,539 (40%) | 38,479 (65%) | 20,612 (12%) | 327,712 (40%) |
| Ullah millet | 0 (0%) | 7,446 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 7,446 (1%) |
| Ermeni Millet | 926 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 368 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 5,720 (10%) | 0 (0%) | 7,014 (1%) |
| Rum Millet | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2,639 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 2,215 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 4,908 (1%) |
| Yahudi Millet | 1,101 (0%) | 630 (1%) | 14 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 1,790 (1%) | 3,536 (0%) |
| Muslim Roma | 312 (0%) | 245 (0%) | 118 (0%) | 128 (0%) | 19 (0%) | 766 (0%) | 1,588 (0%) |
| Non-Muslim Roma | 145 (0%) | 130 (0%) | 999 (2%) | 1,455 (1%) | 92 (0%) | 786 (0%) | 3,607 (0%) |
| TOTAL | 225,769 (100%) | 116,899 (100%) | 51,975 (100%) | 192,335 (100%) | 59,487 (100%) | 166,364 (100%) | 812,829 (100%) |
The male population of the Danube Vilayet (excluding Niş sanjak) in 1866–1873, according to the editor of the Danube newspaper Ismail Kemal:
| Community | Population |
| MUSLIMS | 481,798 (42%) |
| - Established Muslims | 392,369 (34%) |
| - Muslim settlers | 64,398 (6%) |
| - Muslim Roma | 25,031 (2%) |
| CHRISTIANS | 646,215 (57%) |
| - Bulgarians | 592,573 (52%) |
| - Greeks | 7,655 (1%) |
| - Armenians | 2,128 (0%) |
| - Catholics | 3,556 (0%) |
| - other Christians | 40,303 (4%) |
| JEWS | 5,375 (0%) |
| NON-MUSLIM Roma | 7,663 (1%) |
| TOTAL Danube Vilayet | 1,141,051 (100%) |
The male population of the Danube Vilayet (excluding Niş sanjak) in 1868, according to Kemal Karpat:
| Group | Population |
| Christian Bulgarians | 490,467 |
| Muslims | 359,907 |
The male population of the Danube Vilayet (excluding Niş sanjak) in 1875, according to Tahrir-i Cedid (the Danube Vilayet printing press):
| Community | Rusçuk Sanjak | Vidin Sanjak | Varna Sanjak | Tırnova Sanjak | Tulça Sanjak | Sofya Sanjak | Danube Vilayet |
| Bulgar Millet | 114,792 (37%) | 131,279 (73%) | 21,261 (25%) | 148,713 (60%) | 10,553 (12%) | 179,202 (84%) | 605,800 (54%) |
| Islam Millet | 164,455 (53%) | 20,492 (11%) | 52,742 (61%) | 88,445 (36%) | 53,059 (61%) | 27,001 (13%) | 406,194 (36%) |
| Ermeni Millet | 991 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 808 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 3,885 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 5,684 (1%) |
| Rum Millet | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3,421 (4%) | 494 (0%) | 217 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 4,132 (0%) |
| Yahudi Millet | 1,102 (0%) | 1,009 (1%) | 110 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 780 (1%) | 2,374 (1%) | 5,375 (0%) |
| Circassian Muhacirs | 16,588 (5%) | 6,522 (4%) | 4,307 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 2,954 (3%) | 202 (0%) | 30,573 (3%) |
| Muslim Roma | 9,579 (3%) | 2,783 (2%) | 2,825 (3%) | 6,545 (3%) | 139 (0%) | 2,964 (1%) | 24,835 (2%) |
| Non-Muslim Roma | 1,790 (1%) | 2,048 (1%) | 331 (0%) | 1,697 (1%) | 356 (0%) | 1,437 (1%) | 7,659 (1%) |
| Vlachs, Catholics, etc. | 500 (0%) | 14,690 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 15,512 (18%) | 0 (0%) | 30,702 (3%) |
| TOTAL | 309,797 (100%) | 178,823 (100%) | 85,805 (100%) | 245,894 (100%) | 87,455 (100%) | 213,180 (100%) | 1,120,954 (100%) |
The male population of the Danube Vilayet in 1876, according to the Ottoman officer Stanislas Saint Clair:
| Community | Population |
| Turk Muslims | 457,018 (36%) |
| Other Muslims | 104,639 (8%) |
| Bulgarian Christians | 639,813 (50%) |
| Armenian Christians | 2,128 (0%) |
| Vlach and Greek Christians | 56,647 (4%) |
| Roma | 8,220 (1%) |
| Jews | 5,847 (0%) |
| TOTAL Danube Vilayet | 1,274,282 (100%) |
The total population of the Danube Vilayet (including Niş and Sofia sanjaks), according to the 1876 edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica:
| Group | Population |
| Bulgarians | 1,500,000 (63%) |
| Turks | 500,000 (21%) |
| Tatars | 100,000 (4%) |
| Circassians | 90,000 (4%) |
| Albanians | 70,000 (3%) |
| Romanians | 40,000 (2%) |
| Roma | 25,000 (1%) |
| Russians | 10,000 (0%) |
| Armenians | 10,000 (0%) |
| Jews | 10,000 (0%) |
| Greeks | 8,000 (0%) |
| Serbs | 5,000 (0%) |
| Germans, Italians, Arabs and others | 1,000 (0%) |
| TOTAL Danube Vilayet | 2,369,000 (100%) |
The total Population of the Danube Vilayet (excluding Niş sanjak) in 1876, estimated by the French consul Aubaret from the register:
| Community | Population |
| MUSLIMS | 1,120,000 (48%) |
| incl. Turks | 774,000 (33%) |
| incl. Circassians | 200,000 (8%) |
| incl. Tatars | 110,000 (5%) |
| incl. Roma | 35,000 (1%) |
| NON-MUSLIMS | 1,233,500 (52%) |
| incl. Bulgarians | 1,130,000 (48%) |
| incl. Roma | 12,000 (1%) |
| incl. Greeks | 12,000 (1%) |
| incl. Jews | 12,000 (1%) |
| incl. Armenians | 2,500 (0%) |
| incl. Vlachs and others | 65,000 (3%) |
| TOTAL Danube Vilayet | 2,353,000 (100%) |
The total population of the two mainly Turkish sanjaks of the Danube Vilayet in 1876, according to the French consul Aubaret:
| Community | Varna Sanjak | Rusçuk Sanjak |
| Turks | 92,800 (68%) | 388,000 (57%) |
| Bulgarians | 32,200 (24%) | 229,500 (34%) |
| Circassians | | 33,000 (5%) |
| Roma | 2,900 (2%) | 23,500 (3%) |
| Greeks | 6,842 (5%) | |
| Jews | | 2,200 (0%) |
| Armenians | | 2,000 (0%) |
| Vlachs | | 1,000 (0%) |
| TOTAL | 136,000 (100%) | 680,000 (100%) |

### Adrianople Vilayet

Total population of the Adrianople Vilayet in 1878 according to the Turkish author Kemal Karpat:
| Group | POPULATION |
| Bulgarians | 40% (526,691) |
| Other Christians | 22% (283,603) |
| Muslims | 39% (503,058) | - | TOTAL Adrianople Vilayet | 100% (1,304,352) |
Male population of the Filibe Sancak of the Adrianople Vilayet in 1876 according to the British R. J. Moore:
| | Turks | Muslim Roma | Christian Roma | Bulgarians | Greeks | Armenians | Jews | KAZA TOTAL |
| Filibe kaza | 28% (35,400) | 4% (5,474) | 0% (495) | 63% (80,107) | 3% (3,700) | 0% (380) | 1% (691) | 100% (126,247) |
| Tatar Pazardzhik kaza | 23% (10,805) | 4% (2,120) | 1% (579) | 70% (33,395) | 1% (300) | 0% (94) | 1% (344) | 100% (47,637) |
| Hasköy kaza | 55% (33,323) | 3% (1,548) | 0% (145) | 42% (25,503) | 0% (0) | 0% (3) | 0% (65) | 100% (60,587) |
| Zagora kaza | 20% (6,677) | 3% (989) | 0% (70) | 75% (24,857) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 2% (740) | 100% (33,333) |
| Kazanlak kaza | 46% (14,365) | 4% (1,384) | 0% (24) | 48% (14,906) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 1% (219) | 100% (30,898) |
| Chirpan kaza | 24% (5,157) | 2% (420) | 0% (88) | 74% (15,959) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 100% (21,624) |
| Sultan-Jeri kaza | 97% (13,336) | 1% (159) | 0% (0) | 2% (262) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 100% (13,757) |
| Akcselebi kaza | 59% (8,197) | 3% (377) | 0% (0) | 38% (5,346) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 100% (13,920) |
| TOTAL Filibe Sanjak | 37% (127,260) | 4% (12,471) | 0% (1,401) | 58% (200,335) | 1% (4,000) | 0% (477) | 1% (2,059) | 100% (348,000) |
Male population of İslimiye sanjak of Adrianople Vilayet in 1873 according to Ottoman almanacs:
| Community | Population |
| Muslims | 37,200 (47%) |
| Non-Muslims | 46,961 (53%) |
| TOTAL Islimiye sanjak | 100% (84,161) |
Male population of İslimiye sanjak of Adrianople Vilayet in 1875 according to British R.J. Moore:
| Community | Population |
| Muslims | 42% (44,747) |
| Non-Muslims | 58% (60,854) |
| TOTAL Islimiye sanjak | 100% (105,601) |
Total population of the Sanjak of Gümülcine of the Adrianople Vilayet In the 19th century:
| Sanjak | Muslims | Christian Bulgarians | Christian Greeks |
| Gümülcine | 206.914 | 20.671 | 15.241 |

### Eastern Rumelia

Total population of the later Eastern Rumelia before and after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 (Drummons-Wolff to Salisbury, 26.09.1878) after forced migration:
| Population | 1875 | 1878 | 1879 |
| Muslim Turks | 29% (220,000) | 16% (90,000) | +100.000 |
| Muslim Pomaks | 3% (25,000) | 4% (25,000) | |
| Muslim Tatars | 1% (10,000) | 1% (8,000) | |
| Muslim Circassians | 1% (10,000) | 0% (0) | |
| Muslim Gyspies | 3% (25,000) | 3% (16,000) | |
| Jews | 1% (9,000) | 1% (8,000) | |
| Bulgarian Catholics | 1% (9,000) | 2% (9,000) | |
| Bulgarian Exarchists | 53% (400,000) | 66% (380,000) | |
| Grecophile Bulgrians | 5% (35,000) | 5% (30,000) | |
| Greeks | 5% (35,000) | 5% (30,000) | |
| Greek Vlachs | 0% (2,000) | 0% (2,000) | |
| Greek Albanians | 0% (2,000) | 0% (2,000) | |
| Armenians | 0% (2,000) | 0% (2,000) | |
| TOTAL | 100% (760,000) | 100% (580,000) | |

### Constantinople Vilayet

Population of Istanbul in 1885 according to Stanford Shaw (Male:female):
| Group | Born in | Born outside |
| Muslim | 143.586(M:F 1:2) | 241.324(M:F 2:1) |
| Greeks | 68.764 | 83.977 |
| Armenian Orthodox | 78.679 | 70.991 |
| Bulgarian | 46 | 4331 |
| Catholic | 3722 | 2720 |
| Jewish | 42.363 | 1998 |
| Protestant | 225 | 594 |
| Latin | 609 | 473 |

### Salonika Vilayet

Male population of some sanjaks in 1880 according to Earl Granville:
| Sanjak | Muslims | Greeks | Patriarchist Bulgarians | Exarchist Bulgarians | Vlachs | Jews |
| Siroz | 54.436 | 31.820 | 28.053 | 15.335 | 2859 | 988 |
| Salonika | 25.669 | 61.434 | 13.099-15.000 | 15.975 | 4462 | 25.473 |
Male population of some sanjaks in 1878 according to Bulgarian Kusev and Gruev:
| Sanjak | Muslims | Bulgarians | Greeks | Vlachs | Roma | Pomaks |
| Siroz | 19.344 | 70.895 | 117.226 | 1812 | 1170 | 13873 |
| Salonika | 9.441 | 96.000 | 113.279 | | 1751 | 2862-8697 |
Total population of some sanjaks in 1881 according to Italian Hondros:
| Sanjak | Turks | Greeks | Bulgarians | Jews | Vlachs |
| Siroz | 91.700 | 66.500 | 54.580 | 1520 | 4150 |
Total population of some sanjaks according to vice-consul Stanislas Recchioli in 1878:
| Sanjak | Muslims | incl. Turks | Christians |
| Drama | 270.998 | 249.165 | 413.549 |

### Total

Total population according to Abdolonyme Ubicini who based the statistics on the Ottoman census of 1844:
| Community | in Europe | in Asia | in Africa |
| Turks | 2,100,000 (14%) | 10,700,000 (67%) | |
| Greeks | 1,000,000 (6%) | 1,000,000 (6%) | |
| Armenians | 400,000 (3%) | 2,000,000 (12%) | |
| Jews | 70,000 (0%) | 80,000 (0%) | |
| Slavs | 6,200,000 (40%) | | |
| Romanians | 4,000,000 (26%) | | |
| Albanians | 1,500,000 (10%) | | |
| Tatars | 16,000 (0%) | 20,000 (0%) | |
| Arabs | | 900,000 (6%) | 3,800,000 (100%) |
| Assyrians | | 235,000 (1%) | |
| Druzes | | 30,000 (0%) | |
| Kurds | | 1,000,000 (6%) | |
| Turcomans | | 85,000 (1%) | |
| Roma | 214,000 (1%) | | |
| Muslims | 4,550,000 (29%) | 12,650,000 (79%) | 3,800,000 (100%) |
| Christians | 10,640,000 (69%) | 3,260,000 (20%) | |
| Jews | 70,000 (0%) | 80,000 (0%) | |
| Total | 15,500,000 (100%) | 16,050,000 (100%) | 3,800,000 (100%) |
Total population according to The New Armenia's 1912 estimation before the Balkan Wars:
Ethnoreligious estimates of total the population :
| Group | Estimate |
| Turkic peoples | 4,000,000 (13%) |
| Christian Turks | 300,000 (1%) |
| Kurds | 2,000,000 (6%) |
| Lazes | 200,000 (1%) |
| Circassians | 1,000,000 (3%) |
| Chechens | 200,000 (1%) |
| Abaza | 100,000 (0%) |
| Karapapakhs | 200,000 (1%) |
| Georgians | 100,000 (0%) |
| Muslim Albanians | 2,500,000 (8%) |
| Christian Albanians | 500,000 (2%) |
| Arabs | 13,000,000 (41%) |
| Roma | 200,000 (1%) |
| Greeks | 3,000,000 (9%) |
| Armenians | 2,000,000 (6%) |
| Bulgarians | 1,000,000 (3%) |
| Vlachs | 200,000 (1%) |
| Serbs | 200,000 (1%) |
| other European | 100,000 (0%) |
| Jews | 400,000 (1%) |
| Qizilbash | 1,000,000 (3%) |
| Fellah, Tahtadji, etc. | 100,000 (0%) |
| Yazidis | 100,000 (0%) |
| Total | 32,000,000 (100%) |
Arab estimates :
| Group | Estimate |
| Hidjazi Arabs and Yemenis | 5,000,000 (16%) |
| Mesopotamian Arabs | 3,000,000 (9%) |
| Tripolitanian Arabs | 1,500,000 (5%) |
| Druze | 100,000 (0%) |
| Syrian | 2,000,000 (6%) |
| Christian Syrians | 1,000,000 (3%) |
| Total Arab population | 13,000,000 (100%) |

#### European part

Estimates in some eighteen sources show that the Muslims constituted about 35% of the total Balkan population during the first half of the 19th century, while in the second half of the century the proportion grew to 43%. According to thirty-three sources, the proportion of Turks in the European provinces during the 19th century ranges from 11 to 24 percent; of Greeks from 9 to 16 percent; of Bulgarians from 24 to 39 percent. The Turks made up two thirds of the Muslims in the Danube Vilayet and most of them in the Adrianople Vilayet and Salonika Vilayet. In the more western vilayets, the Muslims were a majority, which consisted usually of Slavs and Albanians. In the Ioannina Vilayet, the Orthodox Christians were dominant, a majority of whom were ethnically Albanian according to Ottoman officials and were also three fourths of the Muslims. In 1867, Salaheddin Bey estimated 595,000 Circassian newcomers and 400,000 Armenians in the European part. Practically all of the Circassians began migrating to Anatolia after the Russian military advances in the last quarter of the century.
Total population of the European part in 1831 according to David Urquhart:
| Community | Population |
| Muslim Turks | 700,000 (7%) |
| Muslim Albanians | 1,066,000 (10%) |
| Muslim Bosniaks, Tuleman, Pomaks | 2,000,000 (19%) |
| Christian Greeks(excl. Greece) | 1,180,000 (11%) |
| Christian Slavs | 4,000,000 (37%) |
| Christian Albanians | 530,000 (5%) |
| Christian Vlachs | 600,000 (6%) |
| Jews, Armenians, etc. | 600,000 (6%) |
| TOTAL | 10,676,000 (100%) |
Total population of the European part in the 1840s according to Auguste Viquesnel:
| Ethnic group | Total | Muslims | Christians | Jews |
| Moldo-Wallachians | 4,112,105 (27%) | | 3,976,825 | 135,280 |
| Bulgarians | 3,000,000 (20%) | 60,000 | 2,940,000 | |
| Ottomans, Yörüks, Tatars | 2,100,000 (14%) | 2,100,000 | | |
| Albanians | 1,400,000 (9%) | 1,250,000 | 150,000 | |
| Bosnians and Herzegovians | 1,300,000 (9%) | 600,000 | 700,000 | |
| Serbs | 1,004,000 (7%) | 15,000 | 987,600 | 1,400 |
| Greeks | 975,000 (6%) | 15,000 | 960,000 | |
| Armenians | 400,000 (3%) | | 400,000 | |
| Roma | 214,000 (1%) | 140,000 | | |
| Croats | 200,000 (1%) | | 200,000 | |
| Montenegrins | 100,000 (1%) | | 100,000 | |
| Jews | 70,000 (0%) | | | 70,000 |
| Cossacks | 9,000 (0%) | | 9,000 | |
| TOTAL | 15,184,105 (100%) | 4,180,000 | 10,723,425 | 206,680 |
Total population of European part in 1872 according to the military attaché in Constantinople Ritter zur Helle von Samo based on Ottoman province yearbooks:
| Vilayet | Muslims | Non-Muslims |
| Istanbul (Europe) | 285,100 (42%) | 400,100 (58%) |
| Adrianople | 503,058 (39%) | 801,294 (61%) |
| Scutari | 100,000 (44%) | 128,000 (56%) |
| Prizren | 728,286 (61%) | 470,868 (39%) |
| Danube | 817,200 (41%) | 1,199,230 (59%) |
| Janina | 249,699 (35%) | 460,802 (65%) |
| Salonica | 429,410 (35%) | 807,928 (65%) |
| Bosnia | 630,456 (51%) | 612,000 (49%) |
| Crete | 90,000 (43%) | 120,000 (57%) |
| Istanbul (Asia) | 455,500 (57%) | 340,500 (43%) |
| Serbia | 4,965 (0%) | 1,314,424 (100%) |
| United Principalities | 3,000 (0%) | 4,497,000 (100%) |
| Montenegro | 0 (0%) | 100,000 (100%) |
Total population of the European part in 1876 according to Ernst Georg Ravenstein who relied on several sources including Ottoman statistics:
| Community | Population |
| Muslim Turks and Tatars | 1,388,000 (17%) |
| Muslim Bulgarians | 790,000 (10%) |
| Muslim Albanians | 723,000 (9%) |
| Muslim Serbs | 442,000 (5%) |
| Muslim Circassians | 144,000 (2%) |
| Muslim Roma | 52,000 (1%) |
| Muslim Greeks | 38,000 (0%) |
| Muslim Arabs | 3,000 (0%) |
| Muslim foreigners | 5,000 (0%) |
| Non-Muslim Bulgarians | 2,071,000 (25%) |
| Non-Muslim Greeks | 1,082,000 (13%) |
| Non-Muslim Serbs | 672,000 (8%) |
| Non-Muslim Albanians | 308,000 (4%) |
| Non-Muslim Romanians | 200,000 (2%) |
| Non-Muslim Armenians | 100,000 (1%) |
| Jews | 72,000 (1%) |
| Non-Muslim foreigenrs | 60,000 (1%) |
| Non-Muslim Roma | 52,000 (1%) |
| Non-Muslim Russians | 10,000 (0%) |
| TOTAL | 8,207,000 (100%) |
Total population of some sanjaks in 1877 according to Russian diplomat Teplov:
| Sanjak | Bulgarians | Non-Bulgarians | Muslims | Non-Muslims |
| Vidin | 263.000 | 131.600 | 39.723 | 333.317 |
| Tırnova | 188.500 | 112.000 | 68.199 | 328.390 |
| Niş | 283.000 | 148.100 | 72.188 | 36.0559 |
| Sofia | 297.500 | 189.000 | 57.789 | 428.949 |
| Rusçuk | 201.025 | 354.324 | 268824 | 290626 |
| Varna | 36.000 | 74.100 | 64.621 | 45.875 |
| Tulça | 40.570 | 188.930 | 103.328 | 116.203 |
| Total (Danube) | 1.310.695 | 1.198.054 | 674.672 | 1.903.919 |
| Islimiye | 100.500 | 186.400 | 64.459 | 213.066 |
| Philippopolis | 382.500 | 564.600 | 318.052 | 628.770 |
| Total | 1.793.695 | 1.949.054 | 1.057.183 | 2.745.755 |
Population of the sanjaks according to a Greek author:
| Sanjak | Greeks | Bulgarians | Muslims | Others |
| Tekirdağ | 117.600 | | 19.000 | 32.000 |
| Gelibolu | 98.900 | | 35.000 | 10.000 |
| Adrianople | 171.000 | 78.320 | 125.000 | 35.000 |
| Islimiye | 37.100 | 54.200 | 54.300 | 30.000 |
| Filibe | 32.000 | 180.000 | 120.000 | 38.000 |
| Drama | 42.000 | 1000 | 35.000 | 30.000 |
| Salonika | 210.500 | 59.500 | 140.000 | 70.000 |
| Siroz | 175.000 | 20.000 | 84.000 | 15.000 |
| Bitola | 278.000 | 60.000 | 90.000 | 20.000 |
Male Population of the parts of the Danube, Adrianople and Salonika vilayets corresponding to the modern Republic of Bulgaria in 1875 according to Totev:
| Place | Muslims | Non-Muslims |
| Total | 687.998 | 1.053.387 |
| Danube Vilayet | 451.680 | 712.842 |

## Special Reports
### Arnold J. Toynbee

During the World War I; The treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire was a book by Viscount Bryce and Arnold J. Toynbee which compiled statements from eyewitnesses from other countries including Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland, who similarly attested to Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during 1915–1916. The publication presents Arnold J. Toynbee's analysis on Armenian population in the Ottoman Empire. A summary table of his analysis included in the page 199. In the "vilayet of Van", there were two portions, portions in modern use corresponds to county. As explained by Arnold J. Toynbee in the footprint at page 199, he developed his analysis by excluding certain portions of the province where he said "Armenians were a minor". Arnold Toynbee in finding the ratio of Armenians in vilayet of Van; he removed the values originating from portions of Van (listed in the foot print) where Armenians were in minority. The presented table in page 1999 shows the re-calculated values by Arnold J. Toynbee of these selected provinces using values of the parts (counties, sanjaks) which Armenians were not in minority. The presented map shows the re-calculated values of the stated provinces using values where Armenians are not in minority.
* Ethnic values of the Six vilayets according to presented data.