OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bombing of Hollandia

From 30 March to 3 April 1944 the United States Fifth Air Force, under the command of General George Kenney, conducted a series of bombing raids on the important airbase of Hollandia that led to the destruction of 340 Japanese airplanes on the ground and 60 Japanese airplanes shot down in combat. This raid was an important factor in the success of the upcoming Battle of Hollandia later in April.
On 30–31 March the Fifth Air Force destroyed or heavily damaged a total of 208 Japanese aircraft. After a two day break for rest and weather delays on 3 April the U.S. bombers and fighters made the biggest bombing raid of the whole operation when 66 B-24 bombers and 96 A-20 bombers with escorting fighters destroyed or heavily damaged around 200 more Japanese aircraft. After the invasion of Hollandia occurred weeks later the Allied forces on the ground confirmed 340 Japanese planes were destroyed on the airfield. Gunner crews and fighter pilots confirmed another 60 planes destroyed in dogfights. This was the last major Japanese airbase in New Guinea with a substantial number of aircraft that could threaten the U.S. and Australian forces. After the Hollandia bombing raid the Japanese no longer had any substantial air power in all of New Guinea for the rest of the war. Air supremacy was established by the Allied forces. One squadron reported after returning from the raid that "Hollandia had really been Wewaked.'"
Japanese prisoners-of-war and captured documents later revealed that the reason the bombing operation was so successful was because the Japanese high command erroneously transported too many airplanes to Hollandia from the Philippines and the Dutch East Indies but did not transport more pilots and maintenance crews with the airplanes. There was no way for them to build appropriate defensive shelters to protect all 400 aircraft and also there were not enough trained pilots who could fly all of those airplanes at the same time so many perfectly operational aircraft were left sitting there with no aircrew to maintain them. The morale at Hollandia airbase was very low during the bombing operation, with many Japanese soldiers and airmen hiding in bunkers instead of manning anti-aircraft artillery and getting airplanes into the air. Most of these Hollandia soldiers and airmen were rear-echelon and not combat-oriented at all because most of the combat-trained divisions from the 18th Army were recently sent further east in anticipation of amphibious landings that would never come thanks to deception and feints by the U.S. and Australians. A Japanese seaman commented, "Yesterday, the anniversary of the birthday of Emperor Meiji, we received from the enemy, greetings, which amount to the annihilation of our Army Air Force in New Guinea."
# Bumble Hole line

Bumble Hole Line :
Legend :
The Bumble Hole line was a short railway located in Central England. It opened in 1878 to give Dudley a direct railway link with Old Hill, over a distance of three miles. It was used as a connection between Dudley town and Snow Hill, and was dual track all of the way, to allow its inclusion into a mainline route. As with most lines of this nature, patronage was extremely poor and passengers would often find themselves alone on the single car Class 122 DMU that operated the service in later years.

## Opening

The line was opened by the GWR on 1 March 1878 on the same day as the line from Old Hill to Halesowen started service.

## Closure

Passenger services along the line were withdrawn in 1964 due to the Beeching Axe. A study showed that just one person per day used the Windmill End station. The line remained open to goods traffic until January 1968 with the track being removed a year later.

## Remains

By 1980 most signs of the line had been obliterated, at least to the casual observer, though a number of reminders of the line – including embankments, cuttings, three former road bridges over the line (at New Road, St. Peters Road and Greaves Road) and the remains of other bridges including an overbridge in Old Hill – are still in existence some 50 years after the line's closure. With the assistance of a pre-Beeching closure map and the current Explorer Ordnance Survey map of the area (sheet 219) it is possible to trace much of the line either on foot or on satellite images. The OS map shows much of the Netherton end of the line (including the canal branch) is now a footpath and it is possible to walk on the former track bed from the New Road crossing, south of Dudley, to the site of Windmill End station and a little beyond with just a few detours around new buildings. Access to the line is more difficult as it approaches Old Hill but since little has been built on, its route is clearly visible on satellite images. The junction with the former South Staffordshire Line near New Road, Dudley, was obliterated in the late 1990s when the Dudley Southern By-Pass was built, although the South Staffordshire Line itself has been preserved and is set to re-open to goods trains and was an extension to the Midland Metro tram network from 2023 although cost overruns on the other part of the Metro extension has delayed this until 2025 at the earliest.
# Seiyū Club (1900s)

Seiyū Club (Japanese: 政友倶楽部, lit. 'Political Friends Club') was a political party in Japan in the 1900s.
The party contested the 1903 general elections, winning 13 of the 376 seats. It did not contest any further general elections.
# Seiyū Club (1913)

The Seiyū Club (Japanese: 政友倶楽部, "Constitutional Friends Club") was a short-lived political party in Japan.

## History

The party was established in February 1913 as a 26 MP breakaway from Rikken Seiyūkai led Yukio Ozaki over objections to Yamamoto Gonnohyōe being appointed Prime Minister.
The party was a strident critic of Gonnohyōe and one of the strongest supporters of party government of its time. However, some members soon defected back to Rikken Seiyūkai, and in December 1913 the remaining MPs merged with Ekirakukai to form the Chūseikai.
# 1901 Stratford-on-Avon by-election

The Stratford-on-Avon by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held on 25 June 1901. The constituency returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.
The by-election was triggered by the death of the Conservative Party Member of Parliament Victor Milward on 31 May 1901.

## Campaign

Despite the Liberals not fielding a candidate in 1900, they did this time with their candidate Bolton King who has been described as a 'radical idealist'. His objective was "to carry the principles of Christianity into political and social life". However, before his campaign could even get off the ground it ran into trouble. His adoption meeting at the Corn Exchange descended into chaos with speeches being interrupted with patriotic songs, chairs being turned over and ultimately, fighting breaking out. By contrast, the Conservative candidate, Philip Foster, had a much more peaceful adoption meeting the next evening in which he called for tolerance as a result of the previous night's events. Two further Liberal meetings at the Corn exchange received an equally malicious response. Learning from this, at King's eve-of-poll rally the seats were arranged in such a way that would reduce confrontation.

## Result

Stratford-on-Avon remained a Conservative seat with Philip Foster winning with a majority of 1,778.
# Piotr Stańczak

Piotr Stańczak (23 July 1966 – 7 February 2009) was a Polish geologist. In February 2009, he was abducted and beheaded in Pakistan by Islamist terrorists, the Tariq Gidar Group .

## Abduction

Stańczak was abducted in the city of Attock in September 2008 after gunmen shot dead his driver, translator and bodyguard with whom he was travelling in a car. His murderers, the Tariq Gidar Group linked to the Pakistani Taliban, said they murdered him because the Pakistani government failed to release Taliban prisoners. Officials at the Polish Embassy in Islamabad saw the video of the murder and confirmed that the person who was murdered was Piotr Stańczak.

## Murder

The taped murder was reminiscent of the beheading in 2002 of Daniel Pearl, at that time the last Westerner to be murdered on video in Pakistan. Stańczak was allegedly offered the opportunity to avoid death by converting to Islam. When Stańczak refused, he was forced to read statements before his murder. The video shows Stańczak asking the Polish government not to send troops to Afghanistan, which later leads to the masked men cutting off Stańczak's head.

## Aftermath

Stańczak's body was later recovered outside a paramilitary camp in Razmak and returned to Poland aboard a Pakistani Air Force plane. A brief ceremony was held on the tarmac.
The Polish government issued international arrest warrants for the murderers, in addition to offering a 1 million złoty (about $290,000 USD) reward for information that would lead to the arrest of the suspects. Warsaw also "categorically demands from Pakistan's authorities the capture of the culprits of this crime and their punishment with the full severity this act demands", according to a statement released by the Polish Foreign Ministry. Poland requested help from the United States in their efforts to catch the killers.
On July 25, 2009, Pakistani police arrested a former parliamentarian with close links to the Taliban, Shah Abdul Aziz, in connection with the murder of Stańczak. A captured member of the Taliban told an anti-terrorism court that he was given orders by Aziz to kill Stańczak.
On September 30, 2010, the President of Poland posthumously awarded him the Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.
In November 2017 another Al-Qaeda commander responsible for multiple kidnappings, including Stańczak, was arrested in Afghanistan.
# Kentucky Route 2014 Bridge

The Kentucky Route 2014 Bridge along Kentucky Route 2014 in Bell County, Kentucky, was a truss bridge spanning the Cumberland River near Pineville, Kentucky. The bridge was 328 feet (100 m) long. The bridge was a Warren through truss bridge and one of the early styles of the bridge. The bridge was constructed in 1873 by the Louisville Bridge and Iron Company of Louisville, Kentucky, and the Phoenix Iron Company of Pennsylvania and subsequently maintained by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. Its vertical clearance was 22 feet 6 inches (6.86 m) and could hold a limit of 15 tons of traffic.

## History

The Kentucky Route 2014 Bridge was constructed mostly by the Louisville Bridge and Iron Company; Phoenix Iron Company supplied the Phoenix columns used on the bridge, which were patented in 1862. The bridge was not structurally safe for some time prior to its replacement in 1993. It was found eligible for the National Register of Historic Places and only one of two constructed by the Louisville Bridge and Iron Company in Kentucky. The Route 2014 Bridge, when constructed in 1873, proved to be a large and good example of its construction.
The bridge, which served people in rural areas around Pineville, was rated a 38.3 out of 100 points in a May 1, 1987, survey, which also included the 15-ton limit. A lot of the 70 historic bridges spread throughout Kentucky are either Pratt or Warren through trusses, the two most popular kinds of trusses. The Kentucky Route 2014 Bridge, along with others built in the early nineteenth century, represented an early style of bridge construction.

## Bridge details

The Kentucky Route 2014 Bridge was located about 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Pineville and spanned the Cumberland River, which is one part of the major drainage system in southern Kentucky. The bridge's main span over the river was 208 feet (63 m) long, but adding the approaches, its total length was 328 feet (100 m). Three I-beam spans, each about 30 feet (9.1 m) long, supported the southern approach, while the northern approach was only supported by two.
The horizontal clearance of the Kentucky Route 2014 Bridge was 15 feet (4.6 m) and its vertical clearance was 22 feet 6 inches (6.86 m). The bridge was known for its unique top chord, which was created through a sectional, eight-sided cast iron columns bolted at each point. The bridge also had unusual flooring made out of pin-connected wood truss beams, which provided greater strength with lighter weight.
# Ramakrishna Ramaswamy

Ram Ramaswamy (born 14 October 1953 in Chennai, India) is an Indian scientist and professor of chemistry at JNU.

## Education and career

He obtained his B.Sc. in chemistry (1972) from Loyola College, Chennai, then M.Sc. in chemistry from the IIT, Kanpur, and Ph.D. (1978) from Princeton University where he worked under the supervision of Herschel Rabitz. He then moved to California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, where he was between 1978 and 1980, working with Prof. Rudolph A. Marcus.
He returned to India in 1980 and joined the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research as visiting fellow (1981) and fellow (1983). In 1986 he moved to the Jawaharlal Nehru University as one of the first members of the School of Physical Sciences, and has been at JNU since then. In addition to a professorship in the School of Physical Sciences, he is also on the faculty of the Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics in the School for Computational and Integrative Sciences at JNU. He has to date supervised about 35 PhD students.
He spent a year on sabbatical at the Institute for Molecular Science in Okazaki, Japan (1989–90). A second sabbatical (2004–05) was spent at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. In 2011 he was appointed Vice Chancellor of the University of Hyderabad. He resigned the position in January 2015, returning to his substantive positions at the Jawaharlal Nehru University. After his retirement from JNU in 2018, he joined IIT Delhi as visiting professor where is still serving.
He was Vice President of the Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, as well as of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore. He served as President of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, during 2016–2018.
# Lotsane Dam

The Lotsane Dam is a dam on the Lotsane River in Botswana completed in 2012. Its purpose is to provide drinking water to local villagers and to support a horticultural project.

## Description

The purpose of the dam is to provide a reliable source of drinking water to 22 villages in the Tswapong area, and to provide irrigation water for a 250 hectares (620 acres) horticulture operation near Maunatlala.
The dam is an earth fill embankment 30 metres (98 ft) high and 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) long, with an ungated 180 metres (590 ft) long ogee crest spillway. The reservoir has 40,000,000 cubic metres (1.4×10$^9$ cu ft) active storage capacity. The dam was built by Sinohydro Corporation at a cost of about US$100.7 million. 835 Botswana citizens and 138 Chinese were employed in construction. The pipeline network to deliver the water will be 174 kilometres (108 mi) long when completed.

## Construction

The engineering service contract for design review, procurement and consultancy during construction of the dam was given to SMEC Holdings of Australia. The contract was awarded to Sinohydro of China in January 2009, with completion planned for October 2011. In May 2010 the Minister of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources warned that the water pipes from the Lotsane Dam to the villages would cut across some ploughing fields belonging to Maunatlala and Mokokwane residents, but said that the villagers would be compensated. In August 2011 the deadline for completion was extended to December 2011. As of February 2012 the dam was complete and starting to hold water, but did not yet have enough to start supplying the villages since there had not yet been any heavy rainfall in the catchment area.
# Labour-Farmer Masses Party

The Labour-Farmer Masses Party (労農大衆党, Rōnō-taishū-tō) was a political party in Japan. It was founded in January 1929 by Mizutani Chozaburo, a former associate of the Labour-Farmer Party leader Oyama Ikuo. Mizutani criticized Oyama Ikuo for being too open towards a merger with the centrist sectors of the socialist movement. The Labour-Farmer Masses Party was largely confined to Kyoto. The party was one of the founders of the United Proletarian Party Front in 1929.
After the 1930 election the party changed its mind regarding unification with the other socialist groups and the party. The party merged with the Tokyo Proletarian Party, forming the National Conference for a United Proletarian Party which in turn merged with other parties on July 20, 1930, founding the National Masses Party.
# Louis-Georges Niels

Louis-Georges Niels (2 May 1919 – 16 February 2000) was a Belgian bobsledder who competed in the late 1940s. He won a silver medal in the four-man event at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz and finished tenth in the two-man event at those same games.
# National Democratic Party (Japan, 1929)

The National Democratic Party was a political party in Japan, led by Miyazaki Ryusuke. Miyazaki broke away from the Social Democratic Party in 1929, after having drifted towards conservative positions. The party contested the 1930 elections, with Miyzaki unsuccessfully running in the Fourth district. After the 1930 election the party merged with the Japan Masses Party, the Tokyo Proletarian Party and ten local parties, forming the National Masses Party.
# Metodi Maksimov

Metodi Maksimov (Macedonian: Методи Максимов; born 20 August 2002) is a Macedonian professional footballer who plays as a right back or a right winger for Austrian Bundesliga club LASK.

## Career
### Club career
#### Rabotnichki

Maksimov made his senior football debut on 9 August 2020 at the age of 17, by playing the opening 60 minutes for Rabotnichki against Makedonija G. P. in the first round of the 2020–21 Macedonian First Football League season. That season he went on to play 25 games, throughout which he also assisted two goals.

#### LASK

On 25 January 2024, Maksimov signed a long-term contract with Austrian club LASK and was immediately loaned to Aalesund in Norway.

#### Loan to Aalesunds

In Aalesunds, Maksimov made his debut on 15 April, he just made five caps with the club before out for the rest of the year due to injuries.

#### Return to LASK

On 1 January 2025, Maksimov return to the club after his loan spell ends.

## International career

Ever since 2018 Maksimov has been regular at most of North Macedonia's national youth teams.
He made his debut for North Macedonia national football team on 22 October 2022 in a friendly match against Saudi Arabia.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of match played 11 May 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Europe | Europe | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Rabotnichki | 2020–21 | Macedonian First Football League | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 25 | 0 |
| Rabotnichki | 2021–22 | Macedonian First Football League | 26 | 4 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 26 | 4 |
| Rabotnichki | 2022–23 | Macedonian First Football League | 14 | 3 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 14 | 3 |
| Rabotnichki | Total | Total | 65 | 7 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 65 | 7 |
| Shkëndija | 2022–23 | Macedonian First Football League | 12 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 12 | 0 |
| Shkëndija | 2023–24 | Macedonian First Football League | 17 | 1 | — | — | 2 | 0 | 19 | 1 |
| Shkëndija | Total | Total | 29 | 1 | — | — | 2 | 0 | 31 | 1 |
| LASK | 2023–24 | Austrian Bundesliga | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| LASK | 2024–25 | Austrian Bundesliga | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| LASK | Total | Total | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Aalesunds (loan) | 2024 | Eliteserien | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 7 | 0 |
| Aalesunds II (loan) | 2024 | Norwegian Third Division | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 2 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 101 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 105 | 8 |
* ↑ Appearances in UEFA Conference League

### International

    As of match played 29 March 2022
Appearances and goals by national team and year :
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| North Macedonia | 2022 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 1 | 0 |
# Lyginopteridaceae

Lyginopteridaceae is an extinct family of plants (Pteridospermatophyta) in North America and European Carboniferous coal measures.

## Description

Lyginopteridaceae were shrubs and vines with radiospermic ovules containing a lagenostome. They consisted of forms with monostelic stem petioles usually with single strand and small seeds. Family members include Lyginopteris and Heterangium.
# Linhares Esporte Clube

Linhares Esporte Clube, commonly known as Linhares, was a Brazilian football team from Linhares, Espírito Santo. They competed once in the Série C and four times in the Copa do Brasil.

## History

Linhares Esporte Clube were founded on March 15, 1991, after a failed attempt to merge Industrial Esporte Clube and América Futebol Clube de Linhares. After the merger failed, Industrial folded and were founded again as Linhares Esporte Clube.
Linhares won the Campeonato Capixaba for the first time in 1995. The club competed in the Série C in 1995, and reached the Copa do Brasil semifinals in 1994, when they were eliminated by Ceará. They competed again in 1996, in 1998 and in 1999.
The club were relegated to the Campeonato Capixaba Second Division in 2002, then, after a financial crisis, the club folded in 2003.

## Stadium

The club played their home games at the Guilherme Augusto de Carvalho stadium. The stadium had a maximum capacity of 12,000 people.

## Presidents

List of presidents:
* Ademilson Nunes Loureiro (1991)
* José Viguini (1992)
* José Armando Maciel (1993)
* Cirilo Pandini (1994)
* Titi Conti (1995)
* Ademilson Nunes Loureiro (1996—1997)
* Edson Ferreira de Paula (1998—1999)
* Cirilo Pandini (1999)

## Honours

* Campeonato Capixaba
** Winners (4): 1993, 1995, 1997, 1998
** Runners-up (1): 1996
# Starr Clark Tin Shop

Starr Clark Tin Shop is a historic commercial building located at Mexico in Oswego County, New York. It is a two-story wood-framed vernacular building built about 1827 with Federal details. The tin shop measures 24 feet 4 inches (7.42 m) wide and 32 feet (9.8 m) deep, with a 24-foot-4-inch-wide by 25-foot-8-inch-deep (7.42 m by 7.82 m) rear wing. Its owner, Starr Clark, was a widely recognized abolitionist and supporter of the Underground Railroad.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
The Mexico Historical Society has restored the shop and operates it as a museum that highlights its use as a working tin shop and as a hub for the abolition movement.
# Chik Bazaar

Chik Bazar (Urdu: چک بازار) is a bazaar located in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
The bazaar is known for cane and bamboo sticks, blinds, and other handicrafts. Apart from Pakistan, people from other countries also contact the artisans of this market to make handicrafts.
# Cayo Espanto

Cayo Espanto is an island off the coast of Belize in the Caribbean Sea. It is one of the approximately 450 islands of the Belize Barrier Reef. Administratively it is part of the Belize District. It is private property.
Until 1997 the island had no name and formed the archipelago of Pinkerton Islands together with two adjacent, tiny islands. In 1997 the island was bought by US-American estate agent Jeff Gram. In December 1998 Gram opened up a resort with seven villas for paying guests. The resort features a helipad, a spa, a gym, and a PADI diving base. Various celebrities have been visiting the island in the past, among them Leonardo DiCaprio, who bought nearby Blackadore Caye together with Jeff Gram in order to put up another resort there. In 2022 it was listed among the "20 Best Adults-Only All-Inclusive Resorts in the World" by Reader's Digest magazine.