OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hectocotylus

A hectocotylus (pl.: hectocotyli) is one of the arms of male cephalopods that is specialized to store and transfer spermatophores to the female. Structurally, hectocotyli are muscular hydrostats. Depending on the species, the male may use it merely as a conduit to the female, analogously to a penis in other animals, or he may wrench it off and present it to the female.
The hectocotyl arm was first described in Aristotle's biological works. Although Aristotle knew of its use in mating, he was doubtful that a tentacle could deliver sperm. The name hectocotylus was devised by Georges Cuvier, who first found one embedded in the mantle of a female argonaut. Supposing it to be a parasitic worm, in 1829 Cuvier gave it a generic name (Hectocotyle), which is a New Latin term combining the Greek words for "hundred" (hec(a)to(n)) and for "hollow thing, cup" (cotyle).

## Structure

Generalized anatomy of squid and octopod hectocotyli:

## Variability

Hectocotyli are shaped in many distinctive ways, and vary considerably between species. The shape of the tip of the hectocotylus has been much used in octopus systematics.
* Many coleoids lack hectocotyli altogether.
* Among Decapodiformes (ten-limbed cephalopods), generally either one or both of arms IV are hectocotylized.
* In incirrate octopuses, it is one of arm pair III. Rare examples of double and bilateral hectocotylization have also been recorded in incirrate octopuses.
* In male seven-arm octopuses (Haliphron atlanticus), the hectocotylus develops in an inconspicuous sac in front of the right eye that gives the male the appearance of having only seven arms.
* In argonauts, the male transfers the spermatophores to the female by putting its hectocotylus into a cavity in the mantle of the female, called the pallial cavity. This is the only contact the male and female have with each other during copulation, and it can be at a distance. During copulation, the hectocotylus breaks off from the male. The funnel–mantle locking apparatus on the hectocotylus keeps it lodged in the pallial cavity of the female.

### Table of hectocotyli

| Species | Family |
| Abraliopsis morisi | Enoploteuthidae |
| Argonauta bottgeri | Argonautidae |
| Bathypolypus arcticus | Octopodidae |
| Graneledone verrucosa | Octopodidae |
| Haliphron atlanticus | Alloposidae |
| Ocythoe tuberculata | Ocythoidae |
| Scaeurgus patagiatus | Octopodidae |
| Tremoctopus violaceus | Tremoctopodidae |
| Uroteuthis duvauceli | Loliginidae |
# Holzheim am Forst

Holzheim am Forst is a municipality in the district of Regensburg in Bavaria in Germany. The municipality, together with the community Duggendorf and the market town Kallmünz belong to the administrative community Kallmünz.
# 1379

Year 1379 (MCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

## Events
### January–December

* May 29 – John I succeeds his father, Henry II, as King of Castile and King of León.
* June 30 – New College, Oxford, is founded in England by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester.
* July 1 – Forces of the Republic of Venice and Ottoman Turks, having invaded Constantinople, restore John V Palaiologos as Byzantine co-emperor. Andronikos IV Palaiologos is allowed to remain as co-emperor, but is confined to the city of Silivri for the remainder of his life.
* September 9 – The Treaty of Neuberg is signed, splitting the Austrian Habsburg lands between brothers Albert III and Leopold III. Albert III retains the title of Duke of Austria.

### Date unknown

* Bairam Khawaja establishes the independent principality of the Kara Koyunlu (Turkomans of the Black Sheep Empire), in modern-day Armenia.
* Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow raids Estonia.
* In the Hundred Years' War, the French lose control of most of Brittany to the English.
* Wisbech Grammar School is founded in England.
* Timur conquers the Sufid Dynasty of Khwarazm.

## Births

* October 4 – King Henry III of Castile (d. 1406)
* date unknown
** Jerome of Prague, Hussite (d. 1416)
** Empress Zhang (Hongxi) of China (d. 1442)

## Deaths

* February 18 – Albert II of Mecklenburg (b. c. 1318)
* May 29 – King Henry II of Castile (b. 1333)
* November 15 – Otto V, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1346)
* December 16 – John Fitzalan, Marshal of England (drowned)
* date unknown – Aqsara'i, Persian physician
# Brockwell Meadows

Brockwell Meadows is a 4.3 hectare Local Nature Reserve in Kelvedon in Essex. It is owned by Kelevdon Parish Council and managed by the Council together with a group of local residents called the Brockwell Group.
This site has water meadow, woodland, a pond and hedgerows. The River Blackwater runs along the eastern boundary.
There is access from Riverside Way.
# Visa Hongisto

Visa Veli Hongisto (born April 9, 1987 in Valkeala) is a Finnish sprinter. His club team is Valkealan Kajo. He is the son of Eeva Haimi.
Hongisto represented Finland at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. He competed at the 200 metres and placed fourth in his first round heat in a time of 20.62 seconds. He did not improve his time in the second round and finished in 20.76 seconds, placing sixth, which was not enough to qualify for the semi-finals.

## Progression
### 100m

| Year | Time | Wind | City | Date |
| 2002 | 11,51 | -0.8 | Iisalmi | 17 August 2002 |
| 2003 | 10,94 | -0.4 | Paris, France | 28 July 2003 |
| 2004 | 10,56 | +0.5 | Kotka | 22 July 2004 |
| 2005 | 10,48 | -0.8 | Gothenburg, Sweden | 27 August 2005 |
| 2006 | 10,45 | +1.1 | Tampere | 7 June 2006 |

### 200m

| Year | Time | Wind | City | Date |
| 2004 | 21,23 | +1.6 | Grosseto, Italy | 15 July 2004 |
| 2005 | 21,05 | +0.8 | Gothenburg, Sweden | 28 August 2005 |
| 2006 | 21,33 | +0.0 | Eurajoki | 14 June 2006 |
| 2007 | 20,56 | +0.2 | Osaka, Japan | 28 August 2007 |

### 400m

| Year | Time | City | Date |
| 2008 | 47,02 | Dessau, Germany | 30 May 2008 |

## Personal bests

* 60m (indoor): 6,72 in Helsinki, 2006
* 100m: 10,45 in Tampere, 2006
* 200m: 20,56 in Osaka, 2007
* 400m: 47.02 in Dessau, 2008

## Physical characteristics

* Height: 184 cm
* Weight: 77 kg
# Crawford Baptie

Crawford Baptie (born 24 February 1959) is a Scottish former footballer.

## Career

During his playing career, Baptie played junior football for Baillieston Juniors, before moving onto the professional game with Falkirk (where he won the Scottish First Division title), Motherwell, Hamilton Academical, Clyde and Stenhousemuir. He was infamously punched by Mick McCarthy during a match in 1988.
Despite joining professional football, Baptie chose to stay part-time by continuing working as a manager at Arnold Clark. After retiring as a player, he left his twenty-year career at Arnold Clark and became General Manager of Falkirk for a number of years.

## Honours

Scottish First Division: 1990–91

## Personal life

His son Jack is also a footballer.
# Hilton, County Durham

Hilton is a village and civil parish in County Durham, about 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Darlington. Nearby places are Ingleton and Staindrop.
The 2011 Census recorded the parish population as less than 100. Information is kept in the parish of Bolam.
Hilton Hall is a former mediaeval chantry chapel that has been converted into a house, with 17th- and 18th-century additions. It is a Grade II* listed building.
# Singeumho station

Singeumho Station is a station on Seoul Subway Line 5, Seoul, South Korea. Prior to its opening, it was originally planned to be called Musumak Station (무수막역). Because of the relatively high altitude of this neighborhood, the platform is located eight floors below ground level.

## Station layout

| G | Street level | Exit |
| L1 Concourse | Lobby | Customer Service, Shops, Vending machines, ATMs |
| L2 Platforms | Island platform, doors will open on the left | Island platform, doors will open on the left |
| L2 Platforms | Westbound | ← Line 5 toward Banghwa (Cheonggu) |
| L2 Platforms | Eastbound | → Line 5 toward Hanam Geomdansan or Macheon (Haengdang)→ |
| Island platform, doors will open on the left ||
# Reid W. Crawford

Reid W. Crawford (born February 6, 1951) is an American politician, lawyer, and academic administrator. After serving on the Iowa House of Representatives from 1973 to 1981 while attending college and law school, Crawford worked for Iowa State University and the University System of Maryland.
Crawford was born in Ames, Iowa, on February 6, 1951, to parents Harold and Rachel. In 1969, Crawford graduated from Ames High School. He was a member of the Iowa House of Representatives from District 42 between 1973 and 1981. He won his first and second full terms in office by defeating Larry N. Larson, who served a single term for District 34. Politically Crawford was considered a moderate member of the Republican Party. While serving his final full term, Crawford chaired the state house's state government committee.
During his first term in office, Crawford was a senior at Iowa State University. After completing his bachelor's degree in political science and international relations, Crawford graduated from Drake University Law School in 1981, and stepped down from his public office on August 18, 1981, to work for Iowa State University. Despite having resigned his state legislative seat, Crawford considered contesting Iowa's 4th congressional district against incumbent Neal Smith in October 1981. At Iowa State, he was assistant to the university president until 1991, and held a concurrent position as the school's legal advisor until 1994. Crawford was appointed vice president for external affairs at ISU in 1991, and vacated the position at the end of the 1995–1996 academic year to accept a dual role within the University System of Maryland, where he was the vice president for institutional advancement and vice president of the University of Maryland Foundation. Crawford later relocated to Washington, D.C.
Crawford's father Harold, an alumnus and professor of Iowa State, died in 2020, aged 95. Crawford's mother Rachel, who worked for ISU's Office of the Registrar, died in 2024.
# Saunja, Lääne County

Saunja is a village in Lääne-Nigula Parish, Lääne County in western Estonia.
# Sessions House (Painesville, Ohio)

Sessions House (also called the "Tuscan House") is a historic Italianate style house at 157 Mentor Avenue in Painesville, Ohio.
Constructed in Italianate style in 1873 for the widow of one of the region's pioneers, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
# David McNaught

David McNaught (May 28, 1839 – August 10, 1922) was a Scottish-born veterinarian and political figure in Manitoba. He represented Saskatchewan from 1892 to 1899 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal.
He was born in Penpont, Dumfriesshire, the son of John McNaught, and was educated in Fergus, Canada West and in Brantford and at the Ontario Veterinary College. McNaught was subsequently an examiner for the veterinary college for five years. In 1865, he married Rebecca Ross. McNaught practised in Seaforth, Ontario for a number of years before coming to Rapid City, Manitoba in 1881. He served as mayor of Rapid City.
McNaught later died of influenza in Rapid City.
# Vladimir Aleksandrov

Vladimir Aleksandrov (born February 7, 1958) is a Soviet bobsledder who competed in the early 1980s. He won the bronze medal in the two-man event at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo.
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 1143

United Nations Security Council resolution 1143, adopted unanimously on 4 December 1997, after recalling all previous resolutions on Iraq, including resolutions 986 (1995), 1111 (1997) and 1129 (1997) concerning the Oil-for-Food Programme, the council, acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, extended provisions relating to Iraqi oil sales for a further 180 days to meet the humanitarian needs of the Iraqi people.
The security council was convinced of the need of a temporary measure to provide humanitarian assistance to the Iraqi people until the fulfillment of Security Council resolutions by the Iraqi government, notably Resolution 687 (1991). It was determined to avoid the further deterioration of the humanitarian situation in Iraq and welcomed the intention of the Secretary-General Kofi Annan to consider ways of best meeting the humanitarian needs of the Iraqi people.
Acting under Chapter VII, the Council decided that the mechanism whereby Iraqi oil exports would finance humanitarian aid would continue for a further 180 days, beginning at 00:01 EST on 5 December 1997. It was further decided that a review would be conducted 90 days after the adoption of the current resolution, concerning its implementation, including the possibility of further extensions.
The Secretary-General Kofi Annan was requested to report 90 days and before 180 days after the adoption of the current resolution, on the basis of observation by United Nations personnel in Iraq on whether the Iraqi government had distributed medicine, health supplies, foodstuffs, and materials and supplies for essential civilian needs. Meanwhile, the committee established in Resolution 661 (1991) was requested to report to the council at the same intervals as Kofi Annan regarding the implementation of the provisions of Resolution 986. Finally, the secretary-general was further directed to submit a supplementary report concerning ways to improve the humanitarian programme by 30 January 1998.
# Jim Rudd

Jimmy Dean Rudd (born c. 1943), known as Jim Rudd, is an attorney and a Democratic former member of the Texas House of Representatives from Brownfield in Terry County in West Texas. He held the District 77 seat from 1977 to 1993. For his last term from 1993 to 1995, he represented District 80.
After he left the state House, Rudd became a lobbyist in the capital city of Austin, Texas. The Jim D. Rudd Transfer Facility, a unit of the Texas Department of Corrections, located on the Lamesa Highway in Brownfield is named in his honor.
* Texas
* Law
* Politics
# Xinli station

Xinli Station (Chinese: 新立站), is a station of Line 9 of the Tianjin Metro. It started operations on 28 March 2004.
# Fukuoka Social Medical Welfare University

Fukuoka Social Medical Welfare University (福岡医療福祉大学, Fukuoka Iryō Fukushi Daigaku) was a private university in Dazaifu, Fukuoka, Japan. The school was founded in 2002 and adopted the present name in 2008. It closed in 2017.
# California Assembly Bill 1535 (2014)

The California State Legislature passed an act to amend Section 1714.22 of the Civil Code, relating to drug overdose treatment in 2014. California Assembly Bill 1535 (2014) delegated the authority to all properly licensed California state pharmacists who had undergone a training program of at least one hour of continuing education about the pharmacology of naloxone hydrochloride to dispense naloxone (under brand names including Narcan and Ezvio) under standards developed by the Medical Board of California in conjunction with the California Society of Addiction Medicine, the California Pharmacists Association, and any other appropriate entities.
Although the bill does not require that naloxone be dispensed only to those at risk of needing it themselves directly rather than observing secondhand an emergency (suggesting family members of opiate addicts may be eligible, the bill does require with patient consent that the patient's primary care provider be notified with the consent of the patient only, and the legislative's counsel's digest suggests that under the bill trained pharmacists may dispense naloxone (presumably primarily as an off-label intranasal spray or Ezvio autoinjector unless the patient is trained to perform manual intramuscular injections in a way similar to how they currently dispense Plan B and other forms of oral birth control.)

## Reception

Counties in California that already had naloxone programs in place saw a lower rise in opiate related deaths than those that didn't, so the bill has generally been supported among professionals. On a national level, the American Medical Association endorses all measures that make it more likely naloxone will be found at the scene of an opiate overdose, including AB1535. The original bill was sponsored by both the California Pharmacist's Association and the Drug Policy Alliance, with the concurrence of several law enforcement groups, and no opposition.
# GRB 011211

GRB 011211 was a gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected on December 11, 2001. A gamma-ray burst is a highly luminous flash associated with an explosion in a distant galaxy and producing gamma rays, the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation, and often followed by a longer-lived "afterglow" emitted at longer wavelengths (X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, and radio).

## Observations

GRB 011211 was detected by the Italian–Dutch X-ray astronomy satellite BeppoSAX on 11 December 2001 at 19:09 UTC. The burst lasted 270 seconds, making it the longest burst that had ever been detected by BeppoSAX up to that point. A spectrum recorded by the Yepun telescope indicated a redshift of z = 2.14.

## Supernova relation

A team of researchers at the University of Leicester conducted an analysis of the burst's X-ray afterglow with the XMM-Newton observatory. They found evidence for emission lines of magnesium, silicon, sulphur, and various other chemical elements. This was the first detection of these elements in the spectrum of a GRB. These observations provided strong evidence for a relation between gamma-ray bursts and supernova. However, other astronomers pointed out flaws in the methodology of the Leicester research team, such as the data reduction methods, the low statistical significance of the emission lines, and the low spectral resolution of the instrument used. Despite a follow-up paper from the Leicester team to address these concerns, the findings remained controversial, and GRB 020813 was given the distinction of being the first burst with direct evidence of a supernova relation.

## Host galaxy

Optical, infrared, and X-ray observations taken by the Hubble Space Telescope between 14 and 59 days after the burst's detection revealed a blue galaxy with an apparent magnitude of 24.95 ± 0.11. Like several other gamma-ray burst hosts, Lyman alpha emission was detected from this galaxy, supporting the theory that the progenitors of gamma-ray burst tend to be metal-poor.
# Camso

Camso Inc., formerly known as Camoplast Solideal, is a Canadian company that is a manufacturer and service supplier of products for off-the-road vehicles. They serve the material handling, construction, agriculture and powersport industries. Camso manufactures and distributes pneumatic, airless and solid tires, tracks, driven and trailed conversion track systems and OEM undercarriages. The company was founded in 1982, and is based in Magog, Quebec, Canada. It also has branches and manufacturing plants in America, Asia and Europe. Camso research centers are in Magog, Ghent, Colombo, Shanghai, and Ho Chi Minh City, and has a global workforce of more than 8000 employees.

## History

In 1982, Normand Carpentier and Michel Lasalle acquired four Bombardier divisions, including Roski Ltd., and founded Camoplast Inc.
in December 2004, Camoplast purchased the industrial vehicles division of Bombardier Recreational Products Bombardier manufactured snow and all-terrain vehicles with rubber tracks from the 1950s. The industrial vehicles division, based in Granby, Quebec, made tracked utility vehicles such as snowcats, sidewalk snow removal tractors and Tracked Utility Vehicles, including the descendant of the original Bombardier Muskeg tractor.
In November 2005, Camoplast sold the design, engineering, R&D, service, parts and sales operations of the snow groomer range of its Industrial vehicles Division to Leitner Group which will be marketed as Prinoth, with Camoplast handling the manufacturing.
In February 2009, Camoplast sold the remaining Industrial Vehicles division operations to Leitner Group including development, design, sales, service and vehicle production to Prinoth.
In 2010, Camoplast acquired Groupe Solideal, a company based in Luxembourg that manufactures tires, tracks and wheels for the industrial and construction markets. Subsequently, Camoplast changed its name to Camoplast-Solideal
On August 23, 2013, Camoplast-Solideal's Composite Division was acquired by four company managers and became a corporation in its own right under the name Roski Composites, presided by Yves Carbonneau.
On July 3, 2015, Camoplast Solideal was renamed to Camso to "represent the best of Camoplast and Solideal".
On July 25, 2018, Michelin agreed to acquire Camso for $1.45B. The 'off the road' operations of Michelin will be combined with Camso to form a new division.
On December 18, 2018, Michelin completed the acquisition of Camso, under the terms announced on July 12, 2018 and after obtaining all of the necessary approvals for the transaction. A total consideration of US$1.36 billion was paid for the acquisition.
On December 6, 2024, Michelin sold Camso to Indian tire company CEAT for US$225 million.
# Kumar Gandharva Samman

The Kumar Gandharva Samman is an Indian annual award for outstanding talent in the field of music established by the government of Madhya Pradesh in 1992. It is named after Kumar Gandharva, a classical singer.

## Selection criteria

Performers of Indian classical music, Carnatic music, and Hindustani classical music between the ages of 25 and 45 are considered for the award each year. Nominations are filed with the state's department of culture, and a selection committee of experts makes the final decision.

## Recipients

Recipients of the Kumar Gandharva Samman are given a scroll of honour and a cash prize.
List of recipients :
| Name | Year |
| Ajoy Chakrabarty | 1992–1993 |
| Budhaditya Mukherjee | 1993–1994 |
| Rajan and Sajan Mishra | 1994–1995 |
| Narasimhan Ravikiran | 1995–1996 |
| Mukul Shivputra | 1996–1997 |
| Shahid Parvez | 1997–1998 |
| Umakant & Ramakant Gundecha | 1998–1999 |
| E. Gayathri | 1999–2000 |
| Uday Bhawalkar | 2000–2001 |
| Shujaat Khan | 2001–2002 |
| Rashid Khan | 2002–2003 |
| U. Srinivas | 2003–2004 |
| Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande | 2004–2005 |
| Ronu Majumdar | 2005–2006 |
| Arati Ankalikar Tikekar | 2006–2007 |
| Kala Ramnath | 2007–2008 |
| Sanjeev Abhyankar | 2008–2009 |
| Kamala Shankar | 2009–2010 |
| Satish Vyas | 2010–2011 |
| None | 2011–2012 |
| Rama Vaidyanathan | 2012–2013 |
| Manjiri Asanare-Kelkar | 2013–2014 |
| Bahauddin Dagar | 2014–2015 |
| Kapila Venu | 2015–2016 |
| Manjusha Kulkarni-Patil | 2016–2017 |
| Niladri Kumar | 2017–2018 |
| Niladri Kumar | 2018–2019 |
| Meeta Pandit | 2019–2020 |
| Debopriya and Suchismita Chatterjee | 2020–2021 |
# Stephan Pfister

Stephan Pfister (born 8 August 1956) is a Swiss male curler and curling coach.
As a coach of the Swiss wheelchair curling team, he participated in the 2018 Winter Paralympics and 2022 Winter Paralympics.

## Record as a coach of national teams

| Year | Tournament, event | National team | Place |
| 2010 | 2010 World Wheelchair Curling Qualification | Switzerland (wheelchair) | 5 |
| 2011 | 2011 World Wheelchair Curling Qualification | Switzerland (wheelchair) | 5 |
| 2012 | 2012 World Wheelchair Curling Qualification | Switzerland (wheelchair) | 7 |
| 2014 | 2014 World Wheelchair Curling Qualification | Switzerland (wheelchair) | 7 |
| 2016 | 2016 World Wheelchair Curling Championship | Switzerland (wheelchair) | 4 |
| 2017 | 2017 World Wheelchair Curling Championship | Switzerland (wheelchair) | 8 |
| 2018 | 2018 Winter Paralympics | Switzerland (wheelchair) | 6 |
| 2019 | 2019 World Wheelchair Curling Championship | Switzerland (wheelchair) | 5 |
| 2020 | 2020 World Wheelchair Curling Championship | Switzerland (wheelchair) | 11 |
| 2021 | 2020 World Wheelchair-B Curling Championship | Switzerland (wheelchair) | |
| 2021 | 2021 World Wheelchair Curling Championship | Switzerland (wheelchair) | 12 |
| 2022 | 2022 Winter Paralympics | Switzerland (wheelchair) | 11 |
| 2022 | 2022 World Wheelchair Mixed Doubles Curling Championship | Switzerland (wheelchair mixed double) | 11 |
| 2022 | 2022 World Wheelchair-B Curling Championship | Switzerland (wheelchair) | 6 |
| 2023 | 2023 World Wheelchair Mixed Doubles Curling Championship | Switzerland (wheelchair mixed double) | 16 |