OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1893 ICA Track Cycling World Championships

The 1893 Track Cycling World Championships were the inaugural world championships for track cycling. Before then there had been events described as world championships but without ratification by a world cycling authority. The creation of the International Cycling Association in 1892 made internationally recognised championships possible.
They took place in Chicago, United States. There were three events: sprint, stayers' race (motor-paced) and a 10 km, now classified as a scratch race. The rules allowed for a team race but it was not held. Races were held only for amateurs. Winners received a gold medal and all other participants a silver.
The USA took two of the three gold medals. The table below shows the position had gold, silver and bronze medals been awarded.

## Event overview

The first Track Cycling World Championship was held over two days from August 11 to 12. Three events were held at the event with them being the Sprint, Motor-paced and the 10 km. These events were part of the Chicago World's Fair which took place from August 5-12. The three events was part of a week long schedule that also held local events with the major international races being on the weekend. Competitors from ten nations competed in the week long events with the main favorites being the American riders W.W Windle, Arthur Augustus Zimmerman and John S. Johnson.
The first two races of the weekend was the 10km and the sprint. In the 10km, Zimmerman broke the national record with a time of the 15:33 3-5. This improved on the previous record that was set by Seeley in the previous year by three minutes and seven seconds. Julian Perrin Bliss and Johnson rounded out the top three for the United States as every American but Bodes finished ahead of the internationals. Zimmerman then recorded a second win of the night as he won the sprint in only twenty-seven seconds, finishing well ahead of Johnston and Bliss who finished second and third where only American and Canadians riders competed.
The final major international race of the weekend was in the motor-paced with Lawrence Meintjes being the only non-American rider to win a medal at the championships as they finished ahead of Ernst Emil Ulbricht.

## Medal summary

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's Amateur Events ||||
| Sprint details | Arthur Zimmerman United States | John S. Johnson United States | Julian Perrin Bliss United States |
| Motor-paced details | Lawrence Meintjes Transvaal | Ernst Emil Ulbricht United States | |
| 10 km details | Arthur Zimmerman United States | Julian Perrin Bliss United States | John S. Johnson United States |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | United States (USA) | 2 | 3 | 2 | 7 |
| 2 | Transvaal (South African Republic) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Totals (2 entries) | Totals (2 entries) | 3 | 3 | 2 | 8 |
# Osmolyte

Osmolytes are low-molecular-weight organic compounds that influence the properties of biological fluids. Osmolytes are a class of organic molecules that play a significant role in regulating osmotic pressure and maintaining cellular homeostasis in various organisms, particularly in response to environmental stressors. Their primary role is to maintain the integrity of cells by affecting the viscosity, melting point, and ionic strength of the aqueous solution. When a cell swells due to external osmotic pressure, membrane channels open and allow efflux of osmolytes carrying water, restoring normal cell volume.
These molecules are involved in counteracting the effects of osmotic stress, which occurs when there are fluctuations in the concentration of solutes (such as ions and sugars) inside and outside cells. Osmolytes help cells adapt to changing osmotic conditions, thereby ensuring their survival and functionality. Osmolytes also interact with the constituents of the cell, e.g., they influence protein folding. Common osmolytes include amino acids, sugars and polyols, methylamines, methylsulfonium compounds, and urea.

## Case studies

Natural osmolytes that can act as osmoprotectants include trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), dimethylsulfoniopropionate, sarcosine, betaine, glycerophosphorylcholine, myo-inositol, taurine, glycine, and others. Bacteria accumulate osmolytes for protection against a high osmotic environment. The osmolytes are neutral non-electrolytes, except in bacteria that can tolerate salts. In humans, osmolytes are of particular importance in the renal medulla.
Osmolytes are present in the cells of fish, and function to protect the cells from water pressure. As the osmolyte concentration in fish cells scales linearly with pressure and therefore depth, osmolytes have been used to calculate the maximum depth where a fish can survive. Fish cells reach a maximum concentration of osmolytes at depths of approximately 26,900 feet (8,200 meters), with no fish ever being observed beyond 27,349 feet (8,336 meters).
# 1895 Inverness Burghs by-election

The 1895 Inverness Burghs by-election was a parliamentary by-election held on 31 August 1895 for the UK House of Commons constituency of Inverness Burghs, which was made up of the towns of Inverness, Fortrose, Forres and Nairn in the Scottish Highlands.

## Vacancy

Under the provisions of the Succession to the Crown Act 1707 and a number of subsequent Acts, MPs appointed to certain ministerial and legal offices were at this time required to seek re-election. The vacancy in Inverness Burghs was caused by the appointment of the sitting Liberal Unionist MP, Robert Finlay to become Solicitor General.

## Candidates

Finlay stood again in the Liberal Unionist interest. The Liberal Party had held the seat from 1892, when Gilbert Beith took it from Finlay, until the general election of 1895 when Finlay had regained it. Beith had stood down and the Liberals had a new candidate, Henry Bell. But on 26 August 1895, the local Liberal Association held a meeting to consider whether or not to oppose Finlay and it was unanimously agreed not to field a candidate.
There being no other nominations therefore, Finlay was returned unopposed.

## The result

Inverness Burghs by-election, 1895 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal Unionist | Robert Finlay | Unopposed | N/A | N/A |
| | Liberal Unionist hold | Liberal Unionist hold | Swing | N/A | |
# Non-Chalcedonian Christianity

Non-Chalcedonian Christianity comprises the branches of Christianity that do not accept theological resolutions of the Council of Chalcedon, the Fourth Ecumenical Council, held in 451. Non-Chalcedonian denominations reject the Christological Definition of Chalcedon (which asserted Dyophysitism), for varying reasons. Non-Chalcedonian Christianity thus stands in contrast to Chalcedonian Christianity.
Today, the Oriental Orthodox Churches predominantly comprise most of non-Chalcedonian Christianity.

## Overview

The most substantial non-Chalcedonian tradition is known as Oriental Orthodoxy. Within this tradition are a number of ancient Christian churches including the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch (sometimes referred to as "Jacobite"), the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.
The Christology of the Church of the East (i.e., "Nestorian" Christianity) may be called "non-Ephesine" for not accepting the Council of Ephesus, but did finally gather to ratify the Council of Chalcedon at the Synod of Mar Aba I in 544.
Within the Patriarchates of Alexandria and Antioch, the rejection of the Chalcedonian definition became a cause of schism. While the common people of Egypt and Syria mostly objected to the Council, the Byzantine-Greek minority that formed the ruling class mostly accepted the Council. These two parties vied for possession of the ancient sees of Alexandria and Antioch that formed, at the time, the third and fourth most prestigious sees in Christendom, respectively. Ultimately, neither group absolutely dominated either church. The end result was the existence of two distinct patriarchates of Alexandria and Antioch for almost 1500 years, continuing in the present time. What is now known as the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is the native Egyptian patriarchal faction of Alexandria that reject Chalcedon, whereas the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria is composed of those who accept Chalcedon. For Syrians, the Syriac Orthodox Church forms the patriarchal faction of the native Syrian-Semitic population whereas the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch is composed of those who accept Chalcedon.
In India and to a lesser degree in Persia, the schism that occurred was between the Oriental Orthodox and the Assyrian Church of the East. Even today in Kerala, there is a continuing presence of both the Assyrian Church of the East and the Syriac Orthodox Church along with an independent Oriental Orthodox Church which is separated from Syriac Orthodox Church called the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.
In the 18th century and onwards, Nontrinitarian and Unitarian Christians are necessarily non-Chalcedonian having their own separate traditions, different nontrinitarian theologies, and polities. The largest such groups are the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Latter Day Saint movement), Jehovah's Witnesses and the Iglesia ni Cristo.
# Power of the Damn Mixxxer

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal | 4/10 |
| Type 3 Media | |
Power of the Damn Mixxxer is a remix album by American metal band Prong. It consists of remixed versions of all the tracks from their 2007 album, Power of the Damager.

## Track listing

| music3 = Franky DeSmet-VanDamme, Mikey Doling, Victor

## Personnel

* Tommy Victor - vocals, guitar
* Monte Pittman - bass, backing vocals
* Aaron Rossi - drums
* Al Jourgensen - keyboards on "The Banishment (Bitter Harvest Mix)"
# List of University of Phoenix alumni

DO NOT add anyone to this list without a reliable source that directly supports the person's graduation from UOPX This list of University of Phoenix alumni includes notable graduates.

## Business

| Name | Class year(s) | Degree(s) | Notability | Reference |
| Peter Sperling | | MBA | Former chairman of Apollo Education Group, owner of the University of Phoenix | |

## Government, law, and public policy

| Name | Class year(s) | Degree(s) | Notability |
| Celina Caesar-Chavannes | 2005 | MBA | Member of Parliament of Canada for Whitby (Liberal, then Independent); memoirist; businessperson |
| Marlon Coleman | 2012 | MBA | Mayor of Muskogee, Oklahoma |
| Brad Dee | 1991 | M.S. | Representative (R) in the Utah House of Representatives |
| Eric Dick | 2005 | B.S. | Attorney and politician |
| Dan Huberty | 1998 | MBA | Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from Harris County; former trustee and president of the Humble Independent School District |
| Harold Hurtt | 1991 | M.S. | Director of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement |
| Joyce Lawrence | | MBA | Republican member of the Colorado House of Representatives |
| Gervin Miyamoto | 2000 | M.A. | United States Marshal for the District of Hawaii |
| Mary Peters | | B.S. | 15th U.S. Secretary of Transportation |
| Howard Schmidt | | BSBA MAOM | Cyber-Security Coordinator of the Obama administration |

## Journalism and media

| Name | Class year(s) | Degree(s) | Notability | Reference |
| Christina Brown | | B.S. | MSNBC anchor and a host of NBC's Early Today | |

## Law enforcement

| Name | Class year(s) | Degree(s) | Notability | Reference |
| Brian Sicknick | 2013 | B.S. | U.S. Capitol Police Officer killed in the 2021 United States Capitol attack | |

## Military

| Name | Class year(s) | Degree(s) | Notability |
| Kirkland H. Donald | 1991 | MBA | U.S. Navy Admiral |
| Harold Brown Jr. | | MBA | CIA Officer and U.S. Army Reserve Major who was killed during the Camp Chapman attack |
| Steven Ferrari | 2000 | B.S. | US Army major general |
| Lisa M. Franchetti | 1998 | M.S. | U.S. Navy Chief of Naval Operations |

## Sports

| Name | Class year(s) | Degree(s) | Notability |
| Nick Buchert | 2012 | B.S. | NBA referee |
| Omar Easy | 2010 | MBA | Former National Football League running back and vice-principal of Everett High School |
| Larry Fitzgerald | 2016 | B.A. | Drafted third overall in the 2004 football draft while a sophomore in college |
| Paul Goldschmidt | 2013 | B.S. | Major League Baseball player |
| Lisa Leslie | 2009 | MBA | Three-time WNBA MVP; four-time Olympic gold medal winner |
| Shaquille O'Neal | 2005 | MBA | Three-time NBA Finals MVP and fifteen-time NBA All-Star |
| Michael Russell | 2012 | B.S. | World top-100 tennis player |
| Darrell Sherman | 2010 2013 | B.S. M.S. | Professional baseball player in Major League Baseball and the Mexican League |
# Battle of Smilevo

The Battle of Smilevo occurred on 5 August 1903, during the Ilinden Uprising against the Ottoman Empire, in the village of Smilevo, in what is today the southwest of North Macedonia.
Smilevo has a mountainous terrain and a number of forests. The Ottoman forces were unfamiliar with the area and because of the layout or surroundings of the village this went in favour of the local resistance detachments. With the help of a revolutionary leader by the name of Dame Gruev, one of the founders of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO), the people of the village decided to go ahead with the revolutionary ideas of Dame's work. The Smilevo Congress was also in the process of forming, with the assistance of a number of revolutionary leaders that worked together with Dame Gruev. Boris Sarafov and Atanas Lozanchev had decided to also join the Smilevo Congress to assist with the process of maintaining the set up of the Congress associated with Dame Gruev's workings. The battle saw a Turkish force, withdraw from the village after great losses on the Ottoman side. The rebels achieved a victory. Because of the number of battles lost near the area of Smilevo and Demir Hisar, the Turkish forces had named the area "the iron fortress".
# 1904 New South Wales state election

The 1904 New South Wales state election was held on 6 August 1904 for all of the 90 seats in the 20th New South Wales Legislative Assembly and it was conducted in single-member constituencies with a first past the post voting system. For the first time, women were entitled to vote. Both adult males and females were entitled to vote, but not Indigenous people. The 19th parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 16 July 1904 by the Governor, Sir Harry Rawson, on the advice of the Premier, Thomas Waddell.
This election saw the size of the Legislative Assembly reduced from 125 to 90 seats as a result of the 1903 New South Wales referendum.

## Key dates

| Date | Event |
| 16 July 1904 | The Legislative Assembly was dissolved, and writs were issued by the Governor to proceed with an election. |
| 26 July 1904 | Nominations for candidates for the election closed at noon. |
| 6 August 1904 | Polling day. |
| 23 August 1904 | Opening of 20th Parliament. |
| 29 August 1904 | Carruthers ministry sworn in. |

## Results

New South Wales state election, 6 August 1904  Legislative Assembly
<< 1901–1907 >> :
| Enrolled voters | Enrolled voters | 689,490 | | | | |
| Votes cast | Votes cast | 396,622 | | Turnout | 59.31 | −3.53 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | 3,973 | | Informal | 0.99 | +0.21 |
| Summary of votes by party |||||||
| Party | Party | Primary votes | % | Swing | Seats | Change |
| | Liberal Reform | 176,796 | 44.58 | +11.03 | 45 | +8 |
| | Labour | 92,426 | 23.30 | +4.86 | 25 | +1 |
| | Progressive | 75,297 | 18.98 | −4.01 | 16 | −26 |
| | Independent | 25,605 | 6.46 | −4.62 | 2 | −10 |
| | Independent Liberal | 21,189 | 5.34 | −3.26 | 2 | −2 |
| | Other | 5,309 | 1.34 | −4.01 | 0 | −6 |
| Total | Total | | | | 90 | -35 |
Popular vote
Liberal Reform
44.58%
Labor
23.30%
Progressive
18.98%
Independent
6.46%
Ind. Liberal
5.34%
Others
1.34%
Parliamentary seats
Liberal Reform
45
Labor
25
Progressive
16
Independent
2
Ind. Liberal
2 :

## Retiring members

Orange Liberal MLA Harry Newman died on 1 June. Deniliquin Independent MLA Joseph Evans died on 5 July. Due to the proximity of the election, no by-elections were held.

### Progressive

* Albert Chapman MLA (Braidwood)
* William Davis MLA (Bourke)
* James Gormly MLA (Wagga Wagga) — appointed to the Legislative Council.
* James Hayes MLA (Murray) — appointed to the Legislative Council.
* William Hurley MLA (Macquarie) — appointed to the Legislative Council.
* Daniel O'Connor MLA (Sydney-Phillip)
* Sir John See MLA (Grafton) — appointed to the Legislative Council.

### Liberal

* Samuel Whiddon MLA (Sydney-Cook)

### Labor

* John Power MLA (Sydney-Lang) — lost preselection

### Independent

* Frank Byrne MLA (Hay)
* Thomas Griffith MLA (Albury)
* Edward Terry MLA (Ryde)
# Saturn-Shuttle

The Saturn-Shuttle was a preliminary concept of launching the Space Shuttle orbiter using a modified version of the first stage of the Saturn V rocket. It was studied and considered in 1971–1972.

## Description

An interstage would be fitted on top of the S-IC stage to support the external tank in the space occupied by the S-II stage in the Saturn V. It was an alternative to the SRBs.
Some studies proposed the addition of wings (and some form of landing gear) to the S-IC stage, which would allow the booster to fly back to the Kennedy Space Center, where technicians would then refurbish the booster (by replacing only the five F-1 engines and reusing the tanks and other hardware for later flights).
The Shuttle would handle space station logistics, while the Saturn V would launch components. This would have allowed the International Space Station, using a Skylab or Mir configuration with both U.S. and Russian docking ports, to have been lifted with just a handful of launches. However, it was ultimately rejected on basis of cost.
# Brígida Walker

Brígida Walker Guerra (August 22, 1863 – 1942) was a Chilean teacher.
Born in Copiapó in 1863, she was the daughter of Juan Walker Fleming and Rosario Guerra. She obtained her early education in Valparaíso at the Girls' High School and later graduated from the Teachers' Normal School of Santiago in 1889. She made her career as a teacher and was honoured by various public appointments. In 1905, she became a member of the committee to organize the Teachers' Normal School of Valparaiso. In 1911, she served on the committee which was sent to Buenos Aires and Montevideo to study normal schools. From 1908 to 1913, she was a member of the Council of Primary School Education. She then became the head of the First Teachers' Normal School for Women of Santiago. She wrote on educational subjects and her works include: Curso de Pedagojta, translated from the French, 1917; Desarrollo del Programa Moral, 1919; Detalle del Programa de Educacion Cívica, 1919.
# Zollbrück railway station

Zollbrück railway station (German: Bahnhof Zollbrück) is a railway station in the municipality of Rüderswil, in the Swiss canton of Bern. It is an intermediate stop on the standard gauge Solothurn–Langnau line of BLS AG.

## Services

As of the December 2024 timetable change, the following services stop at Zollbrück:
* Bern S-Bahn S4: hourly service between Thun and Langnau.
# Battle of Lai

The Battle of Laï began on 21 August 1914 in Chad, during the First World War at the village of Laï, capital of the district of Logone, on the Logone River in the south.
A German column from Kamerun, led by Captain Von Duhring, attacked the village of Laï, defended by Captain Jeanjean. After a bitter fight, the French were driven out and the village was occupied by the Germans until 1 September 1914.

## Sources

* Malval, J.; Tubiana, M. J. (1974). Essai de chronologie tchadienne, 1707–1940 (in French). Paris: Éditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. ISBN 2-22201-625-8.
* Moberly, F. J. (1931). Military Operations Togoland and the Cameroons 1914–1916. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence (Battery Press 1995 ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 0-89839-235-7.
# North American Kant Society

North American Kant Society (NAKS) is an organization whose purpose is to advance the study of Kantian thought and scholarship. It was established by the philosopher Hoke Robinson in 1985 at the Sixth International Kant Conference hosted on the campus of the Pennsylvania State University.
The internationally noted Kantian scholar Lewis White Beck contributed to the founding of the North American Kant Society in 1985 while fostering cooperative research into the works of Kant among scholars in both the United States and Germany during the twentieth century.
The journal Kantian Review is published by the North American Kant Society in collaboration with Cambridge University Press.

## Awards

* Markus Herz Student Essay Prize
* Wilfrid Sellars Junior Scholar Essay Prize
* The Henry Allison Senior Scholar Prize
* The Mary Gregor Lecture Series
# John Parkin (Wisconsin politician)

John Wilbur Parkin (April 10, 1918 – June 4, 2003) was an American businessman and politician.

## Biography

Parkin was born on April 10, 1918, in Rochester, Minnesota, and went to Rochester High School. He went to University of Minnesota. Parkin moved to Marshfield, Wisconsin, and was involved in his family business: the Parkin Ice Cream Company. He served on the Wood County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors and was chairman of the county board. He served in the Wisconsin Assembly in 1969 and 1970 and was a Republican. Parkin moved to Atlanta, Georgia and lived at King's Bridge Retirement Community. He died in Atlanta, Georgia.
# Atrial volume receptors

Atrial volume receptors (also known as Veno-atrial stretch receptors) are low pressure baroreceptors that are found in the atria of the heart. They are myelinated vagal fibres in the endocardium found at the junction between atria and the vena cava/pulmonary vein.
When these receptors detect a blood volume increase in the atria, the atrial stretch triggers the release of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP), and a signal is transmitted from the receptors to the hypothalamus in the brain. The ANP causes increased natriuresis, while the hypothalamus, in turn, decreases the production of vasopressin (also known as ADH, AVP, or arginine vasopressin). These receptors also cause a renal vasodilation, resulting in increased diuresis. This decreases the blood volume, resulting in the decrease of blood pressure.There are two types, type A is activated by atrial wall tension in atrial contraction (during the a wave of the atrial pressure curve), type B is activated by atrial stretch during atrial filling (with the v pressure wave).
They can display hysteresis.