OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# First Battle of Tuxpan

The First Battle of Tuxpan was the only major battle fought during the Mexican–American War at Tuxpan, Mexico.$^{:337}$

## Background

Commodore Matthew C. Perry's Home Squadron extended its blockade of Mexico's eastern ports to include Tuxpan and Tabasco, more commonly known as Villahermosa.$^{:337}$ Perry's Mosquito Fleet carrying a landing force of 1,519 men and four pieces of artillery, reached the mouth of the Tuxpan River on 17 April. The Mexicans had five batteries with eight guns each, and about 400 men under the command of General Martin Perfecto de Cos, along the six mile approach to the town.$^{:337}$

## Battle

On 18 April, Perry's crafts towed 30 barges upriver, and secured two downriver fortifications and those at the edge of town by 3 PM.$^{:337}$ The town surrendered by 4 PM, when Perry removed the guns and destroyed the fortifications before evacuating the town on 22 April, keeping a pair of craft to blockade the river.$^{:337}$
# Battle of El Número

18°27′36″N 70°44′24″W﻿ / ﻿18.46000°N 70.74000°W﻿ / 18.46000; -70.74000
The Battle of El Número (Spanish: Batalla del Número) was a battle during the years after the Dominican War of Independence and was fought on 17 April 1849, nearby Azua de Compostela, Azua Province. A force of 300 Dominican troops, a portion of the Army of the South, led by General Francisco Domínguez and General Antonio Duvergé defeated an outnumbering force of 10,000 troops of the Haitian Army led by General Jean Francois Jeannot.
# 1985–86 Israel State Cup

The 1985–86 Israel State Cup (Hebrew: גביע המדינה, Gvia HaMedina) was the 47th season of Israel's nationwide football cup competition and the 32nd after the Israeli Declaration of Independence.
The competition was won by Beitar Jerusalem who have beaten Shimshon Tel Aviv 2–1 in the final.

## Results
### Round of 16

| Home Team | Score | Away Team |
| Hapoel Tel Aviv | 1–2 | Maccabi Haifa |
| Shimshon Tel Aviv | 2–2, replay: 2–1 | Maccabi Jaffa |
| Hapoel Be'er Sheva | 1–1, replay: 1–0 | Maccabi Netanya |
| Hapoel Kfar Saba | 2–1 | Beitar Netanya |
| Maccabi Petah Tikva | 1–0 | Hapoel Jerusalem |
| Beitar Jerusalem | 1–0 | Hapoel Haifa |
| Maccabi Hadera | 2–2, replay: 1–0 | Hapoel Petah Tikva |
| Maccabi Yavne | 0–0, replay: 1–2 | Maccabi Tel Aviv |

### Quarter-finals

| Home Team | Score | Away Team |
| Maccabi Haifa | 2–3 | Beitar Jerusalem |
| Maccabi Hadera | 2–0 | Hapoel Kfar Saba |
| Hapoel Be'er Sheva | 1–2 | Shimshon Tel Aviv |
| Maccabi Tel Aviv | 1–1, replay: 2–2, 5–4 p. | Maccabi Petah Tikva |

### Semi-finals

| Home Team | Score | Away Team |
| Shimshon Tel Aviv | 4–0 | Maccabi Hadera |
| Beitar Jerusalem | 2–1 | Maccabi Tel Aviv |
# Novgorod Airport

Novgorod Yurievo Airport (Russian: Аэропорт Новгород Юрьево) (IATA: NVR, ICAO: ULNN) is a former airport serving the city of Velikiy Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) southwest of the city centre. It was officially closed and replaced by the Krechevitsy Airport in 2002. It was a busy airport during the Soviet era, with regular flights to Minsk, Moscow, Krasnodar and other destinations. After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the airport became abandoned due to economic stagnation. In 1996, the airport was hosting only one regular daily flight to Moscow, but these flights were cancelled soon afterwards due to a small numbers of travellers deterred by high ticket prices.
As of 2006, the only purpose Novgorod Airport serves is hosting a meteorological facility, still operational and providing weather forecasts for the city. The former runway is used for car racing.
Excavations on the site in preparation for a residential development unveiled the foundations of a structure associated with the Arkazhsky Monastery.

## Incidents

On October 22, 1975, a Yak-40 plane crashed, flying from Syktyvkar to Riga with an intermediate landing in Novgorod. When landing in fog, the crew mistakenly believed that they had flown over the marker and continued to descend. 700 m away from the glide path at a height of 20 m, the landing gear and wing grazed the roof of the printing house, after which the plane flew over Karl Marx Avenue, hit several trees and еhe plane collided with a four-story apartment building. 4 crew members, 2 passengers, 5 residents of the city were killed in the accident, eight people were injured.
# Edward Raymond Turner

Edward Raymond Turner (1873 – 9 March 1903) was a pioneering British inventor and cinematographer. He produced the earliest known colour motion picture film footage.

## Biography

Turner was born in 1873 in Clevedon, North Somerset, UK. In later life, Raymond and his wife Edith lived near the centre of Hounslow in West London. Some of Turner's colour film experiments were carried out in the back garden of this house in Montague Road and showed his three young children, Alfred, Agnes and Wilfrid.
Turner was only 29 when he died suddenly at his workshop on 9 March 1903 of a heart attack. He was buried 3 days later in the churchyard of St Leonard's parish church, Heston, Hounslow. Following his death, film producer, Charles Urban, who had been financing Turner, asked George Albert Smith to continue his work.

## Lee–Turner colour process

Turner is noted for his attempts to develop what is believed to be the first actually implemented colour motion picture system, initially with financial backing from Frederick Marshall Lee, then later from Charles Urban.
On 22 March 1899, while Turner was employed in the London workshop of colour photography pioneer Frederic E. Ives, Turner and Lee applied for a British patent on a 3-colour additive motion picture process. It was granted on 3 March 1900. In September 1902, Urban bought out Lee's interest and continued funding research and development.
Turner's camera used a rotating disk of three colour filters to photograph colour separations on one roll of black-and-white film. A red, green or blue-filtered image was recorded on each successive frame of film. The finished film print was projected, three frames at a time, through the corresponding colour filters.
The system suffered from two types of colour registration problems.
* First, because the three frames had not been photographed at the same time, rapidly moving objects in the scene did not match up on the screen and appeared as a blurred jumble of false colours.
* Second, and apparently much worse, mechanical instabilities in the system caused serious overall registration problems, so that the three superimposed images ceaselessly jittered and wove about relative to each other.$^{:42}$
When Turner died in 1903, Urban passed on the development of the process to George Albert Smith in the hope of creating a commercially viable process. Smith however found the process unworkable, and instead developed Kinemacolor, a greatly simplified two-colour version that enjoyed great commercial success until 1915.$^{:118}$

## Legacy

Turner's role in the development of colour film technology was not widely appreciated until the UK's National Media Museum produced digital colour composites of his then 110-year-old test films and unveiled them publicly on 12 September 2012.
The modern digital restoration allows present-day viewers to see a more successful combination of the three colour elements than was possible with the original mechanical projection system.
# Palakkad–Kozhikode Greenfield Highway

Palakkad–Kozhikode Greenfield Highway is a 121-kilometre-long planned greenfield access-controlled highway in Kerala, India. The highway, which is proposed under the Bharatmala project, is expected to reduce the travel time between Palakkad and Kozhikode to two hours and decongest traffic on the existing NH 966. It also interconnects the national highways 544 and 66.

## Overview

During peak traffic, it takes approximately four hours to travel from Kozhikode to Palakkad through the present NH 966 route. However, the proposed 121-kilometer-long highway, which connects national highways 544 and 66, is intended to reduce travel time to two hours. The congestion on NH 966 is also expected to be reduced. The highway would be constructed on four or six-lane, and starts from Marutharode village in Palakkad in the NH 544 to Pantheeramkavu in Kozhikode in the NH 66.
In 2018, the Central Government first designed the alignment of the project. It is expected to cost ₹8,000 crore. Of this, Rs 4,000 crore is for construction and the remaining 4000 crores is for acquiring 547 hectares of land with a width of 45 meters including the service road. The project will have a little impact on forests and human settlements, according to a pre-feasibility report for environmental impact assessment. There is no tunnel or forest along the alignment. The highway will accommodate traffic between Kozhikode and the Calicut airport in Kondotty, Malappuram and is expected to enable high-speed access to the ports of Kozhikode and Chennai. It is also expected to increase connectivity to the 39 villages along the alignment and to tourist sites such as Wayanad, Mysuru, Silent Valley, Nilambur and Ooty.
# Kaseh Gar Mahalleh

Kaseh Gar Mahalleh (Persian: كاسه گرمحله) is a neighborhood in the city of Shirud in the Central District of Tonekabon County, Mazandaran province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 census, Kaseh Gar Mahalleh's population was 314 in 80 households, when it was a village in Goli Jan Rural District. After the census, the villages of Bala Shirud, Beramsar, Hemmatabad, Kaseh Gar Mahalleh, Khezr Konar, Kochanak, Lapa Sar, Lashtu, Mian Daj Mahalleh, Mohammadabad, Mojtame-ye Meskuni Farhangian, Pain Shirud, Ramj Mahalleh, Rashidiyeh, Shaghuz Kaleh, Sharifabad, Tamijanak, Vachak, and Zaruj Mahalleh were merged to form the city of Shirud.
# Abbazia di San Salvatore

42°52′56.79″N 11°40′34.14″E﻿ / ﻿42.8824417°N 11.6761500°E﻿ / 42.8824417; 11.6761500
The Abbazia di San Salvatore or Abbadia San Salvatore is an abbey on the Monte Amiata, in the town of Abbadia San Salvatore, Tuscany, Italy, to which it gives its name.
The traditional account of its origin indicates that the Lombard king Ratchis founded the abbey in 743, entrusting it to the Benedictines. Later handed over to the Cistercians, the abbey played an important regional role, being often in conflict with the houses of the Aldobrandeschi and the Orsini, as well as other allies of the Holy Roman Emperors.
It is mentioned that in 816, Holy Roman emperor Louis assigned some freedom to the abbey to the election of their abbott the Monistero di San Salvatore di Monte Amiate.
The Codex Amiatinus was kept at the monastery from the 9th century until 1786 when it passed to the Laurentian Library in Florence.
# Valda James

Valda James (born 1928) is the former mayor of Islington. She was the first black woman elected to Islington Council and the borough's first black mayor.

## Life

James was born in Saint Thomas Parish, Jamaica, and moved to England in 1961, as part of the Windrush generation. Following the end of her marriage, James raised her children as a single parent, 'an experience that later informed her work on the Social Services committee.' James worked first in catering and dressmaking, in order to support herself and her family, before becoming a nurse with the British Red Cross for eight years.
James was elected to Islington Council in 1986, and became mayor two years later. In order to take up the post, James took early retirement from her existing job, affecting her pension, and was additionally unable to claim councillors' attendance allowances because mayoral duties did not leave enough time to carry out the functions required of a councillor. In order to support herself financially, James worked from 5.30am as a cleaning supervisor, before the start of her working day as Mayor.
While Mayor, in 1989, James founded a Sickle Cell Support Group in Camden, which was 'primarily set up to be a forum for people with sickle cell and thalassaemia diseases to meet and get to know and support each other.'
In 2018, as part of the LDN WMN initiative celebrating 100 years since the first women gained the vote in Britain, a photograph of James by her granddaughter, the artist Phoebe Collings-James, was displayed on the outside of The Peel Institute, Islington. The artwork 'celebrates the cultural impact left by James on the Borough and is located close to the estate where she lived all her life'.
# Low Dinsdale

Low Dinsdale is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Neasham, in the borough of Darlington and the ceremonial county of Durham, England. It is situated a few miles to the south-east of Darlington. On 1 April 2016 the parish was abolished and merged with Neasham and Middleton St. George.
Historically the village was commonly known as Dinsdale. "Low" was added to distinguish the village from the neighbouring village of Over Dinsdale, on the opposite bank of the River Tees in North Yorkshire. The toponym was recorded in Domesday Book as Dignesale and Dirneshale, and recorded in 1088 as Detnisale. The name is Old English and means either "nook of land belonging to a man named Dyttin" or "nook of land belonging to Deighton". Deighton was in the same wapentake (Allerton) as Over Dinsdale.
Listed buildings include Low Dinsdale Manor and Dinsdale Park a former Spa hotel.

## Demographics

The parish population taken at the 2011 census was 871.
# Edwin B. Swope

Edwin Burnham Swope (May 6, 1888 – December 26, 1955), nicknamed "Cowboy", was the second warden of Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary, which was situated on Alcatraz Island, California, US. He was a native of New Mexico, having been born at Santa Fe in 1888. His earlier posts as warden included New Mexico State Prison, Washington State's McNeil Island Federal Penitentiary, and the Federal Penitentiary at Terre Haute, Indiana.
Swope served at Alcatraz from 1948 to 1955. A member of the Democratic Party, Swope was Chairman of the City Commission of Albuquerque, New Mexico from February 1923 through February 1925. He was appointed Commissioner of Public Lands by New Mexico Governor Arthur T. Hannett.

## Warden of Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary

Swope was the last political appointee to serve as Alcatraz's warden, and the only Alcatraz warden who did not have an escape attempt while serving in that role. He and his wife lived in the Warden's House on Alcatraz Island. He was described as having a soft voice, gray hair, and wore rimless eyeglasses. His fashion style of sombrero, cowboy boots, and rings and belt buckles of turquoise bore out his southwest heritage. Swope was approximately 5 feet, 9 inches tall, and of slender build. He was a fan of horse racing.
In his first 18 months as warden, Swope introduced painting and a prisoners' orchestra as reform measures. He was a strict disciplinarian but unlike his predecessor, James A. Johnston, he was considered the most disliked warden of Alcatraz with his officers and the inmates. He once said, in response to an inmate who complained to him on the recreation yard about his term of 199 years, which was really a life sentence, "My boy, we're all doing life. Every one of us is doing life."
In 1950, Swope brought movies to the Alcatraz, which were viewed in the chapel every other weekend, although at some stage movies were shown in the auditorium above the dining room. At the age of 66, he resigned from his post at Alcatraz on January 21, 1955, shortly before his death.
# Anastasia Absolutely

Anastasia Absolutely (1995) is a young-adult novel by Lois Lowry. It is part of a series of books that Lowry wrote about Anastasia and her younger brother Sam.

## Plot

Anastasia, a junior high school student, takes a class on values which makes her begin to question ethics in the world around her and her own life. She faces a moral dilemma of her own when she accidentally mixes up her dog's waste and some letters she is meant to deliver, and must decide whether or not she should confess.

## Critical reception

The School Library Journal said "The plot is pretty far-fetched and the dog-doo dilemma packs only so much humor. The Values class assignments tagged to the end of each chapter--scenarios drawn from modern life--are also a letdown. The wishy-washy responses from Anastasia and her family reveal neither humor nor depth of thought and are out of character from the Krupniks we have come to know. While children have come to expect more from this very talented author, the book is packed with believable dialogue and references to current groups and situations."
# Third umpire

The third umpire (or TV Umpire) is an off-field umpire used in some cricket matches, particularly international matches. Their role is to make the final decision in questions referred to them by the two on-field umpires or the players.
The third umpire is also there to act as an emergency on-field umpire if required.

## History

The third umpire was the brainchild of Dr Ali Bacher, the former Managing Director of the United Cricket Board of South Africa and Mike Demaine, the senior cricket producer at the South African Broadcasting Television sports department. The idea was conceived in a meeting between Ali Bacher & Mike Demaine at the UCBSA offices in Johannesburg in 1991 & used for the first time in South African domestic cricket competitions that season (with the approval of the ICC). After the successful use of the technology in 1991 the ICC then agreed for the UCBSA and the SABC to use the technology in the television coverage of international matches in South Africa in 1992.
It debuted in Test cricket in November 1992 at Kingsmead, Durban for the South Africa vs. India series. Karl Liebenberg was the third umpire, with Cyril Mitchley the on-field umpire, who referred the run out decision in this match. Sachin Tendulkar became the first batsman to be dismissed (run out) by using television replays in the second day of the Test scoring 11.

## Appointment

The third umpire is appointed from the Elite Panel of ICC Umpires or the International Panel of ICC Umpires for Test matches, ODIs, and T20Is.
For all Test matches, and for ODIs where DRS is used, the third umpire is appointed by the ICC, and is a different nationality to the two sides. For ODIs where DRS is not used, and for all T20Is, the third umpire is appointed by the home side's Governing body.

## Functions
### Decision requests

An on-field umpire can, at his own discretion, use a radio link to refer particular types of close decision to the third umpire, this is called an Umpire Review. When the full Umpire Decision Review System is not in use, the third umpire uses television replays (only) to assist him in coming to a decision.
When the full DRS is in use, players can also initiate reviews of particular decisions by the on-field umpires, this is called a Player Review. These are judged by the third umpire, and the third umpire has the full range of technology available beyond simple replays, for both Umpire Reviews and Player Reviews.

### Emergency on-field umpire

In the case of injury or illness to one of the on-field umpires, the third umpire will take his place. The third umpire duties will then be taken on by the fourth umpire.
For example, during the 4th ODI between Australia and India at Canberra in 2015–16, umpire Richard Kettleborough was injured during Australia's innings and was replaced by third umpire Paul Wilson.
# Chai-Anan Samudavanija

Chai-Anan Samudavanija (Thai: ชัยอนันต์ สมุทวณิช; RTGS: Chai-a-nan Samutthawanit; 23 February 1944 – 14 September 2018) was a Thai political scientist. He served as a director of Vajiravudh College, president of the Royal Institute, judge of the Constitutional Court, and professor of political science at Chulalongkorn University. He was one of the key drafters of the 1997 constitution of Thailand. During the 2005–2006 political crisis, he was a vocal critic of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. He was associated with Sondhi Limthongkul: he chaired IEC and was head of several of Sondhi's foundations. Chai-Anan supported the 2006 military coup that overthrew the Thaksin government.
After gaining the support of the military and 40 provincial millionaires, Chai-Anan helped found the Matchima political party.
Chai-Anan died on 14 September 2018 at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital at the age of 74.

## Academic rank

* Professor
# Papiliovenator

Papiliovenator (meaning "butterfly hunter", after a butterfly-shaped feature on its first two dorsal vertebrae) is a genus of troodontid theropod dinosaur from the Bayan Mandahu Formation of Inner Mongolia, China. The type and only species is Papiliovenator neimengguensis.

## Description

The holotype, BNMNH-PV030, is a partial, semi-articulated subadult skeleton consisting of a nearly complete cranium and other postcranial bones. Uniquely, its snout was short and subtriangular, more similar to that of Early Cretaceous troodontids such as Mei long than the long, low snouts of Late Cretaceous troodontids. This and other unique traits of its skeleton suggest a high diversity of troodontid morphotypes in the Late Cretaceous Gobi Desert.

## Classification

Pei et al. recover Papiliovenator as the earliest-diverging member of a clade consisting of all Late Cretaceous troodontids except for Almas ukhaa.
# Büklükale

Büklükale is an archaeological site located in Kırıkkale province, central Turkey near the town of Karakeçili. It is located about 50 km northwest from yet another important archaeological site of Kaman-Kalehöyük. The site is about 30 hectares in area. During the Middle Bronze Age, Buklukale became a part of the Hittite Empire.
The location of Büklükale is significant because it is situated on the west bank at the narrowest point of the Kızılırmak River and served as an important crossing point through the ages. There is a Seljuk (13th century A.D.) bridge there, and the remains of a Roman bridge.

## History

The site was settled in the Early Bronze Age period (the third millennium BC).

### Early Bronze

In the Early Bronze, the Anatolian Trade Network may have crossed at this junction of the Kızılırmak River, connecting Central Anatolia with Western Anatolia (Asia Minor).

### Middle Bronze

In the Middle Bronze, the site was an important crossing on the Kızılırmak River for trade routes going east to west. It may have been part of the Assyrian Trade Network. Compared with the Early Bronze, Central Anatolia was less focused on trade with Western Anatolia, which became more directed towards the Aegean. In contrast, Central Anatolia trade moved eastwards to the Assyrians.
There was a walled Lower Town over-topped by a rocky outcrop at the riverside which contained significant buildings surrounded by a 7-meter-high cyclopean wall. According to the excavators the upper city buildings were built around 1980 BC, destroyed around 1860 BC, and then rebuilt to be destroyed again in 1680 BC.

#### Oldest glass

Some of the oldest glass in the world has been found at Büklükale and the nearby Kaman-Kalehöyük. This glass is estimated to be 3600-year-old [1600 BC].

### Late Bronze
#### Hittite Period

The Kızılırmak river functions as a border with the Hittite Kingdom proper on the east side and the imperial frontier on the west side. Major roads went from Central Anatolia to Afyon.
A fragment of a Hittite cuneiform tablet was found here during excavations in 2010. This is the most westerly find of any cuneiform tablet in Turkey to date. The tablet has since been transcribed and translated. Recently a tablet was found written in the Hurrian language containing a purification ritual.

## Excavations

The Japanese archaeological team from the Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology that excavated Kaman-Kalehöyük also conducted excavations here under the direction of K. Matsumura beginning in 2009.