OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pasquale Vinaccia

Pasquale Vinaccia (1806 – c. 1882) was an Italian luthier, appointed instrument-maker for the Queen of Italy, and maternal grandfather to Carlo Munier. In 1835 he improved the mandolin, creating a version of the instrument that used steel wires for strings, known today as the "Neapolitan Mandolin." His use of steel strings has become the dominant way of stringing mandolins.

## Developing the mandolin

The first evidence of modern metal-string mandolins is from literature regarding popular Italian players who travelled through Europe teaching and giving concerts. Notable are Gabriele Leone, Giovanni Battista Gervasio, Pietro Denis, who travelled widely between 1750 and 1810. This, with the records gleaned from the Italian Vinaccia family of luthiers in Naples, Italy, led some musicologists to believe that the modern steel-string mandolins were developed in Naples by the Vinaccia family. Pasquale was born into this musical instrument making family and was the son of Gaetano Vinaccia.
Not limited to mandolins, the Vinaccias made stringed instruments, including violins, cellos, guitars, mandolas and mandolins. Noted members of the family who made mandolins are known today from labels inside of surviving instruments and include Vincenzo, Giovanni, Domenico, and Antonio (and his sons Gaetano and Gennaro, grandson Pasquale and great-grandsons Gennaro and Achille). The mandolins they made changed over generations, from mandolinos with flat soundboards and gut-strings, through mandolins with a bent soundboard and bronze or bronze-and-gut strings, into mandolins with bent soundboards that used steel or steel-and-bronze strings.
Pasquale modernized the mandolin by raising and extending the fingerboard to 17 frets and introducing the stronger wire strings made of high-tension steel. He substituted a machine head for the friction tuning pegs that were standard in the early 19th Century. The new wire strings required that he strengthen the mandolin's body, and he deepened the mandolin's bowl, giving the tonal quality more resonance.
His own sons, Gennaro and Achille, were also luthiers. Instruments were made into the 1880s bearing the label Pasquale Vinaccia and sons. He had two daughters Teresa and Rosa. Rosa was the mother of mandolinist virtuoso Carlo Munier.

## Elder family and cousins

There is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier. His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia (c.1710-c.1788) (active c. 1755-c. 1778) and Nic. Vinaccia.
His son Antonio Vinaccia (1734-1796) was active c. 1756 to c. 1784. An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by Antonio Vinaccia in 1759, which resides at the University of Edinburgh. Another is by Giuseppe Vinaccia, built in 1893, is also at the University of Edinburgh. The earliest extant mandolin was built in 1744 by Antonio's son, Gaetano Vinaccia. It resides in the Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels, Belgium.

## Gallery

* Antonius Vinaccia 3/4 angle
* Antonius Vinaccia mandolin back
* Antonius Vinaccia mandolin neck and peghead
* Vincentius Vinaccia mandolin, detail
* Vincenzo Vinaccia mandolin
* Vincenzo Vinaccia mandolin details
# Woodland High School (California)

Woodland High School is a high school in Woodland, California, United States. It enrolls students in 9th through 12th grade.

## Notable alumni

* Jillian Camarena, Olympic shot put competitor
* Vicente Escobedo, Olympic boxer, professional boxer under Golden Boy Promotions
* Hunter Moore, website creator, hacker, and convicted felon
* Alyssa Nakken, the first female Major League Baseball coach
* Dustin Pedroia, professional baseball player (Boston Red Sox)
* Craig Penrose, professional football player
* Chris Vargas, professional football player
* Jack Yerman, Olympic gold medalist in track and field
* Anthony Hernandez, UFC fighter in the Middleweight Division
# Trevor Day School

Trevor Day School is an independent day school in New York City in the borough of Manhattan.

## History

It was founded in 1930 as The Day School for the Church of the Heavenly Rest, an Episcopal church located on Fifth Avenue at 90th street. In 1997, the school was renamed in honor of the late Paul Trevor, an early Board President.
In 1991, the school took over the Walden Lincoln School (which itself was a merger of two schools, Walden and New Lincoln) and acquired the Goodman Building at 1 West 88th Street. It refurbished the building and until May 2015 used it to house the Upper School opened for sixth through twelfth grades. The Goodman Building is now home to the Lower School for Pre K through fifth grade.
Recently, Trevor Day bought 312 East 95th Street by Ken Kal LLC, which would now be the home for the upper school. The new building, which opened in May 2015, is approximately 101,243 square-feet and 12 stories high. The new building uses a sustainable geothermal heating and cooling system that reduces energy consumption. Trevor Day School is the first school in Manhattan to use geothermal technology.
Daniel Feigin became the Head of School in July 2023.

## Advancements in Education

* Trevor Day School implemented common spaces in the late 1970s. These spaces allow students to collaborate with others and talk to their teachers. Common spaces are still a big part of Trevor to this day.
* Trevor has been using family conferences for over 20 years. Family conferences allow the student to be a part of the meeting and share his or her thoughts on the school year.
* Trevor has implemented computing into education. Computers were first used at Trevor in 1982 and 150 laptops were purchased in 1996.

## Notable alumni

* Will Janowitz, actor and writer
* Anthony Volpe, baseball player
# 1205 in Ireland

Events from the year 1205 in Ireland.

## Incumbent

* Lord: John

## Events

* Enniscorthy Castle, an Anglo-Norman stronghold was built on high ground beside the River Slaney
* Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster was reappointed Viceroy of Ireland
# Vincent McBride

Vincent McBride (21 January 1934 – 20 May 2005) was a footballer who played in the Football League for Walsall and Mansfield Town.
Vince McBride was associated with Aston Villa for a period of two years without establishing himself in the first team. He had spells with Northwich Victoria, Colwyn Bay and Rhyl before joining Mossley in 1962. McBride successfully limited the young giant of a keeper's Jock Wallace, Jr. appearances for the Ashton United (Hurst F.C) first team; being one of two Football League calibre keepers on the books at the same time.

## Later life

Vince McBride went on to teach P.E at West Hill School, where he had been Head Boy in 1949, after his footballing career.
He settled in Cheshire after retirement until his death in 2005. A bench at Sandiway Golf Club is set on the 12th hole in his memory.

## Sources

* ↑ "MacDonald to McWilliams". www.mossleyweb.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008.
* ↑ "MacDonald to McWilliams". www.mossleyweb.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008.
* ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 17 June 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
* ↑ http://www.friendsreunited.co.uk/this-is-class-4b-in-year-1965-the-year-we-all-left-west-hill-to-join-the-great/Memory/4bc500c1-b946-4311-ba08-b399e046d697
* ↑ "Head Boy's Introduction | West Hill School". www.westhillschool.co.uk. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
* ↑ Mr Alan Seaman (2006). A Concise History Sandiway Golf Club, p. 24.
# Smilovy Hory

Smilovy Hory is a municipality and village in Tábor District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Smilovy Hory lies approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) north-east of Tábor, 69 km (43 mi) north-east of České Budějovice, and 70 km (43 mi) south-east of Prague.

## Administrative division

Smilovy Hory consists of seven municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Smilovy Hory (118)
* Františkov (19)
* Malý Ježov (60)
* Obrátice (4)
* Radostovice (28)
* Stojslavice (43)
* Velký Ježov (71)

## Notable people

* Adalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio (c. 1320–1388), theologian and philosopher
# 2013 SY99

2013 SY$_{99}$, also known by its OSSOS survey designation uo3L91, is a trans-Neptunian object discovered on September 29, 2013 by the Outer Solar System Origins Survey using the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope at Mauna Kea Observatory. This object orbits the Sun between 50 and 1,300 AU (7.5 and 190 billion km), and has a barycentric orbital period of nearly 20,000 years. It has the fourth largest semi-major axis for an orbit with perihelion beyond 38 AU. 2013 SY$_{99}$ has one of highest perihelia of any known extreme trans-Neptunian object, behind sednoids including Sedna (76 AU), 2012 VP113 (80 AU), and Leleākūhonua (65 AU).

## Discovery

According to astronomers Mike Brown and Konstantin Batygin, the discovery of 2013 SY$_{99}$ provides additional evidence for the existence of Planet Nine, but Michele Bannister (see 10463), one of the astronomers who reported the discovery of this object, disputes this due to the orientation of the orbit.
Its existence was announced in 2016, but the observations were kept private until 2017. It was listed at the Minor Planet Center and the JPL Small-Body Database on 6 April 2017 with a three-year observation arc and an epoch 2017 heliocentric orbital period of 17,500 years. Barycentric orbital solutions, however, are more stable for objects on multi-thousand year orbits, and the barycentric period for 2013 SY$_{99}$ is 19,700 years.
As of April 2019, its perihelion distance of q=50.029±0.056 AU and semi-major axis a=690±22 AU make 2013 SY$_{99}$ a possible sednoid, according to the most common definition of the term (q>50 AU, a>150 AU). It is listed as a sednoid by some. However, 2013 SY$_{99}$ is usually considered to be an extreme trans-Neptunian object and not a sednoid, due to its high eccentricity which makes the heliocentric orbit unstable. In the heliocentric reference frame, the perihelion is currently rising, and the nominal orbit has a perihelion distance above 50 AU only since October 2018.
2013 SY$_{99}$ is estimated to be about 250 km (160 mi) in diameter and moderately red in color. In 2052 it will be roughly 20.3 AU (3.04 billion km) from Neptune. It will come to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) around 2055 when it will be 50 AU (7.5 billion km) from the Sun.
# Mathew Kalarickal

Mathew Samuel Kalarickal is an Indian cardiologist widely known as the father of angioplasty in India. He specializes in coronary angioplasty, carotid stenting, coronary stenting and rotablator atherectomy.

## Early years

Kalarickal was born on 6 January 1948 in Kottayam, Kerala. He studied at Union Christian College, Aluva. Subsequently, he obtained his MBBS degree from Government Medical College, Kottayam in 1974, his MD from Stanley Medical College, Chennai in 1978 and his DM in 1981 from Madras Medical College, Chennai.

## Career

After starting his career in India, Kalarickal moved to Jakarta to work at Medistra Hospital. Later, he moved to Oman to work as a cardiologist at the Royal Hospital, Muscat. He continued his practice in the United States only to return to India in 1985 after training there under Andreas Gruentzig, who was known as the father of coronary angioplasty, and joined Apollo Hospitals in Chennai.

## Positions held

Kalarickal is the Director, Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac Catheterisation Laboratories, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai. He is also a visiting Interventional Cardiologist at hospitals in different parts of India. He is the founder-convenor of the National Angioplasty Registry of India, which is a forum for interventional cardiologists of the country to learn from each other, streamline the standard of procedure and maintain international standards. Kalarickal was the President, Asian-Pacific Society of Interventional Cardiology, from 1995 to 1997 and Chairman of Interventional Cardiology, Asian-Pacific Society of Cardiology, from 1995 to 1999.

## Awards and recognitions

* Doctor of Science Award by the Dr. M.G.R. University in 2003
* Padmashri by the President of India in 2000
* Dr. B. C. Roy Award in Interventional Cardiology in 1996
* "Rashtriya Samman" (top tax payers award) in 2000
# Hørsholm Hurricanes

Hørsholm Hurricanes is the oldest professional softball club in Denmark, founded in 1977. Over the years the Hurricanes have won 15 Danish Men's Championships and also provided the national team with numerous players. The Hurricanes have won the 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014 and 2017 Danish Championship, and the team also won the European Cup for European clubteams in 2011 and 2012. The Hurricanes play all home games at Hurricane Park in Hørsholm Sportspark.
# ERAM (disambiguation)

ERAM is an FAA program.
ERAM or eRAM or Eram may also refer to:
* ERAMS, a form of electronic library service
* SM-6 Standard ERAM, an American missile
* Eram, Mahmudabad, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran
* Eram, Neka, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran
* Eram District, an administrative subdivision of Iran
* Eram Garden, a botanical garden in Shiraz, Iran
* Eram, Oklahoma, a populated location in Okmulgee County, Oklahoma in the United States.
* Electronic Research Archive for Mathematics
* eRAM, embedded random-access memory
* Éram [fr], a French clothing shop chain
* ERAM, an open source RAM disk software
* Eeram, a 2009 Indian film
# Caress (disambiguation)

A caress is an expression of physical intimacy and care.
Caress may also refer to:
* A surname.
** Ronald Caress (1920–unknown), an English professional rugby league footballer.
** Zeke Caress (1884–1968), an American bookmaker.
* Caress, West Virginia, an unincorporated community, US.
* "The Caress" (1995), a short story by Greg Egan from Axiomatic (book).
* Caress Morell a fictional character from the TV series Dynasty.
* Caress, an American Thoroughbred mare who won the 1995 Grade III Poker Stakes.
** Caress Stakes, a Grade III American Thoroughbred horse race, named after the mare.
* The brand of Lux (soap) as sold in America.
# Gustavo Gaviria

Gustavo de Jesús Gaviria Rivero (25 December 1946 – 11 August 1990) was a Colombian drug trafficker. As Pablo Escobar's cousin and right-hand man, Gaviria controlled the Medellín cartel's finances and trade routes. He and Escobar had collaborated in their criminal careers since the early 1970s.
Though he was the owner of a fortune comparable to Escobar's and even had a military apparatus at his service, Gaviria was not as well known, as he kept a low profile.
After Gustavo's death, Escobar decided to turn himself in but to stay at La Catedral, a jail of his own making, guarded by his own guards. Since Gustavo died four days after President César Gaviria took office, at the time, the media and the country in general thought the president had begun his term with an offensive against the narcoterrorists. Gustavo's death triggered a counter-offensive by Escobar that initially destabilised administration.

## In popular culture

* Gustavo was played by actor Juan Pablo Raba in the first season of the Netflix television series, Narcos. The series attributes his death to the former members of the Search Bloc as well as relatives of Escobar's victims, but depicts it happening some time into the Gaviria administration.
* Actor Christian Tappan plays "Gonzalo Gaviria", a character inspired by Gustavo Gaviria, in the 2012 television series Pablo Escobar, The Drug Lord.
* In TV Series Tres Caínes is portrayed by the Colombian actor Julio Pachón
* In TV Series En la boca del lobo is portrayed by Simón Rivera as the character of Pariente Gavirno.
# Ngaliema

Ngaliema is a municipality (commune) in the Lukunga District of Kinshasa, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## Location

Ngaliema is situated in the west of Kinshasa. It stretches south towards Mont Ngaliema and along the main road linking Kinshasa and the city of Matadi in Bas-Congo. The boundary between Ngaliema and the Mont Ngafula commune is defined by the Lukunga River.

## Buildings

In addition to the communities of Binza Ozone, Binza Météo, Binza Delvaux and Binza I.P.N., the area also accommodates:
* The Marble Palace: built as a Presidential guests' residence under Mobutu Sese Seko, it was the official residence of President Laurent-Désiré Kabila. It is in his private office at the Marble palace that Kabila was assassinated, allegedly by one of his bodyguards.
* The Cité de l'Union Africaine (African Union village) compound: built when Kinshasa was the host of a summit of heads of states of the Organisation of African Unity, the sprawling compound has paid host to many official functions. Most recently, it has become the official location of the weekly meeting of the Council of Ministers, the deliberative body of the Congolese executive branch.
* The Camp Militaire Colonel Tshatshi (Colonel Tshatshi Military Compound): One of the two major military bases in Kinshasa, the base pays host to the defense department, and the Joint Chiefs of staff central command headquarters for the Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC). It also surrounds two previous Presidential palaces.

## Demographics

Historical population of Ngaliema :
| Year | 1967 | 1970 | 1984 | 2003 | 2004 |
| Population | 30,640 | 63,844 | 252,151 | 660,646 | 683,135 |

## Education

The American School of Kinshasa (TASOK) is in Ngaliema.
# Aaqib Khan

Aaqib Khan (born 25 December 2003) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Uttar Pradesh in domestic cricket. He has also played for the Indian Under-19 team. He made his first-class debut on 11 January 2020, for Uttar Pradesh in the 2019–20 Ranji Trophy. He made his Twenty20 debut on 16 January 2021, for Uttar Pradesh in the 2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. He made his List A debut on 24 February 2021, for Uttar Pradesh in the 2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy.
# Paraliparis avellaneus

Paraliparis avellaneus, the nutty snailfish, is a species of snailfish found in the eastern Indian Ocean.

## Size

This species reaches a length of 13.2 cm (5.2 in).
# Paraliparis brunneocaudatus

Paraliparis brunneocaudatus, browntail snailfish, is a species of snailfish found in the eastern Indian Ocean.

## Size

This species reaches a length of 12.7 cm (5.0 in).
# Křižovatka

Křižovatka (German: Klinghart) is a municipality and village in Cheb District in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

## Administrative parts

The village of Nová Ves is an administrative part of Křižovatka.

## Etymology

The original German name Klinghart consisted of two parts: kling ('to sound') and hart ('harsh'). It was originally a name for the local harsh landscape. In 1948, the municipality was renamed to Křižovatka, literally meaning 'crossroads'.

## Geography

Křižovatka is located about 13 kilometres (8 mi) north of Cheb and 33 km (21 mi) west of Karlovy Vary. It lies in an agricultural landscape in the Cheb Basin. The highest point is at 495 m (1,624 ft) above sea level. The stream Lužní potok flows through the municipality. The Plesná River flows along the northern and eastern municipal border.

## History

The first written mention of Křižovatka is from 1322. The village was damaged during the Hussite Wars and during the Thirty Years' War. Křižovatka experienced its greatest boom in the 1930s, when the village proper had over 600 inhabitants and the municipality also included the villages of Šneky (now an integral part of Plesná) and Velký Luh.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 994 | — |
| 1880 | 977 | −1.7% |
| 1890 | 875 | −10.4% |
| 1900 | 838 | −4.2% |
| 1910 | 917 | +9.4% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 864 | −5.8% |
| 1930 | 944 | +9.3% |
| 1950 | 401 | −57.5% |
| 1961 | 327 | −18.5% |
| 1970 | 304 | −7.0% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 286 | −5.9% |
| 1991 | 261 | −8.7% |
| 2001 | 266 | +1.9% |
| 2011 | 258 | −3.0% |
| 2021 | 262 | +1.6% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

The Cheb–Luby railway crosses the municipal territory, but there is no train station. The municipality is served by the station in neighbouring Velký Luh.

## Sights

The main landmark of Křižovatka is the Church of Saint Catherine. It was originally built in the Gothic style around 1213 and is among the oldest churches in the region. In 1812–1813, it was rebuilt to its present form and a new tower was added.
# Brasilogyps

Brasilogyps is an extinct genus of New World vulture from the Late Oligocene or Early Miocene of the Tremembé Formation, Taubaté Basin, São Paulo state, Brazil. The type species is B. faustoi. It is related to Coragyps and slightly larger than C. occidentalis.
# Filipino Society of Cinematographers

The Filipino Society of Cinematographer (FSC) is an educational, cultural, and professional organization of cinematographers established on February 27, 1970.
In 2010, the FSC in cooperation with the National Commission for Culture and the Arts of the Philippines held the first Advance HD Cinematography and Digital Filmmaking Workshop in Batangas.
# Mehroo Bengalee

Mehroo Dhunjisha Bengalee (29 December 1931 – 21 May 2014) was an Indian Parsi academic. She served as Vice Chancellor of the University of Mumbai from 1986 to 1992, the first woman to hold this post.
Bengalee earned a master’s in education, followed by a PhD in economics and psychology from the University of Mumbai, in 1965. She started her career at St Xavier's Institute of Education and later became a professor at the St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. She served as Head of the Department of Education at the University of Mumbai from 1984 to 1986.
Bengalee was also a former trustee of the Bombay Parsi Punchayet and a founding member of the National Commission for Minorities.
Bengalee died on 21 May 2014, at the age of 82.
# 2017 FO161

2017 FO$_{161}$ is a large trans-Neptunian object from the scattered disc located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It is estimated to measure approximately 600 kilometers (370 mi) in diameter and currently orbits at a distance of about 78.5 AU from the Sun. The object was first observed by American astronomers Chad Trujillo and Scott Sheppard using the 4-meter Víctor M. Blanco Telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile on 23 March 2017. Precovery observations were made by the Pan-STARRS-1 survey at Haleakalā Observatory and by the Dark Energy Survey with DECam, dating back as far as March 2012 and January 2016, respectively.
# Tri-County North High School

Tri-County North High School is a public high school located in Lewisburg, Ohio. Their mascot is the panther. They offer basketball, archery, cross country, football, volleyball, soccer, baseball, golf, wrestling, and softball teams. Their main athletic rival is Twin Valley South High School, based in West Alexandria, Ohio.
# Ernst Weichselbaumer

Ernst Weichselbaumer (6 April 1907 – 10 May 1967) was a German chess player.

## Biography

During the years of independence of the Saar (1947–1956), Ernst Weichselbaumer was one of the strongest chess players in the country. In 1955, he participated in the Saar chess team match against Switzerland.
Ernst Weichselbaumer played for Saar in the Chess Olympiad:
* In 1952, at third board in the 10th Chess Olympiad in Helsinki (+3, =2, −7),
* In 1954, at first reserve board in the 11th Chess Olympiad in Amsterdam (+5, =4, −5),
* In 1956, at third board in the 12th Chess Olympiad in Moscow (+5, =3, −4).
A rapid chess tournament in memory of Ernst Weichselbaumer is held in Saarbrücken.
# Anar Zeinalov

Anar Zeinalov (born 13 January 1985) is an Estonian wrestler.
He was born in Kohtla-Järve.
He began his wrestling career in 1994, coached by Georgi Esebua. Later his coach was Henn Põlluste. He is competed at World Wrestling Championships. He is 9-times Estonian champion. 2005–2013 he was a member of Estonian national wrestling team. Later he is lived and competed in Germany.