OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shmuel Safrai

Shmuel Safrai (Hebrew: שמואל ספראי) (June 18, 1919 – July 16, 2003) was Professor Emeritus of Jewish History at Hebrew University and laurate of the Israel Prize for Land of Israel studies for 2002.

## Biography

Safrai born in 1919 in Warsaw, Poland, and immigrated to Land of Israel at the age of three (1922). He lived in the Etz Chaim neighborhood of Jerusalem during his childhood and youth. He studied at the Merkaz HaRav Yeshiva for one year, and at the Mizrachi Teachers' Training College in Jerusalem for two years. From 1951 to 1955 he was a member of Kibbutz Sde Eliyahu.
During the 1940s and 1950s, he pursued his studies at the Hebrew University, earning a doctorate in 1960 for his thesis, which focused on pilgrimage practices during the Second Temple period. By the late 1960s, Safrai was appointed as a professor at the Hebrew University, and in 1978, he achieved the rank of full professor. Since then, he has been actively engaged in teaching both within and outside the university, alongside his prolific contributions to scholarly literature through over eighty articles and twelve books.
His son, Prof. Ze'ev Safrai, is a historian in the Department for Israel Studies in Bar Ilan University. His daughter, Prof. Hanna Safrai, was a researcher in the field of Chazal literature and a religious feminist activist.
In 1993, Yad Ben Zvi published a volume of studies in honor of Shmuel Safrai, titled Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple, Mishna and Talmud Period. Edited by Isaiah Gafni, Menachem Stern, and Aharon Oppenheimer, the book features contributions from prominent scholars, including David Flusser, Alon Goshen-Gottstein, Daniel Sperber, Uriel Rappaport and others.

## Awards

In 1986, Safrai received the Jerusalem Prize.
In 2002, he was awarded the Israel Prize for Land of Israel studies.
# A Flower Bookmark 2

A Flower Bookmark 2 (Korean: 꽃갈피둘; RR: Kkotgalpi dul) is the second cover extended play by South Korean singer-songwriter IU. It is also her sixth Korean-language extended play. The EP was released on September 22, 2017, by LOEN Entertainment under its imprint Fave Entertainment. Like her previous cover album, A Flower Bookmark features cover versions of nostalgic K-pop songs popularized from the 1960s to the 2000s.

## Background and release

A Flower Bookmark 2 consists of cover versions of nostalgic K-pop songs popularized from the 1960s to the 2000s, including "Autumn Morning" (Yang Hee-eun, 1991), "Last Night Story" (Sobangcha, 1988), "Sleepless Rainy Night" (Kim Gun-mo, 1990), "Secret Garden" (Lee Tzsche, 2003), "By the Stream" (Jeong Mi-jo, 1972) and "Everyday with You" (Deulgukhwa, 1980s). It was reported that IU personally approached the artists directly to ask for permission to remake their songs.
On September 18, 2017, "Autumn Morning" was released to coincide with the singer's ninth anniversary. The rest of the tracks were digitally released four days later, along with a music video of "Last Night Story" and a special performance clip of "Sleepless Rainy Night". The physical release of the album was scheduled to be September 25, but was postponed to October 12 because the remake album was originally going to include "With the Heart to Forget You" by the late singer Kim Kwang-seok. However, due to the recent revelations surrounding his daughter's death, FAVE decided to remove the track from IU's album. On January 6, 2018, IU unveiled a music video for the song, describing it as a tribute to the late singer Kim Kwang-seok. She shared, "As a loving fan of his music, I'd like to express my respect and memory to Kim Kwang-seok with this beautiful song sung with all my sincerity."

## Reception
### Commercial reception

"Autumn Morning" achieved a perfect all-kill status two days after its release. The song also peaked at number one on the Gaon Digital Chart.

### Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| IZM | |
The Korea Herald said that the album lacked raw emotions, and IU's voice failed to bear the weight and complicated emotions of the originals. Billboard's review of the album was positive, explaining that "IU's latest features six cover songs that takes the vocalist’s sound into bygone decades, delving into genres like folk and nu-disco to prove her worth as one of South Korea’s most formidable songstresses." The 405 says that "isn't content to just mimic her childhood favorites, these are classic Korean songs completely re-imagined and recreated to into something undeniably 'IU'."

## Sales

| Region | Sales |
| South Korea (Gaon) | 79,532 |
# Kangar (disambiguation)

Kangar is the state capital and the largest town in Perlis, Malaysia.
Kangar may also refer to:
* Kangar, Iran
* Kangar (federal constituency), represented in the Dewan Rakyat
* Bandar Kangar (state constituency), formerly represented in the Perlis State Legislative Assembly (1959–1986) (see List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1982–1986))
* Kangar (state constituency), formerly represented in the Perlis State Council (1955–1959) (see List of Malayan State and Settlement Council Representatives (1954–1959))
# First inauguration of James Monroe

The first inauguration of James Monroe as president of the United States was held on Tuesday, March 4, 1817, in front of the Old Brick Capitol, where the Supreme Court building now stands. The inauguration marked the commencement of the first four-year term of James Monroe as president and Daniel D. Tompkins as vice president. The Chief Justice, John Marshall administered the oath of office.

## Ceremony

On March 4, 1817, Monroe arrived at the Capitol at noon in front of a large crowd of around 8000 people, the largest crowd to gather in the city to that point. The ceremony, unlike previous inaugurations, took place outside on a platform because Congress could not agree on protocols for an indoor occasion. Henry Clay, unhappy that Monroe did not appoint him Secretary of State, had opposed an event in the House chamber and did not attend the inauguration. The weather was mild and sunny. The Marine Corps and some militia regiments were the first to greet Monroe on his arrival.
After vice president Tompkins spoke briefly, Monroe, never a good public speaker, gave his inaugural address but was difficult for the audience to hear. He called for increased military buildup after the recent War of 1812 as well as unity between Republicans and Federalists to bring an end to factionalism.
# Moises R. Espinosa Airport

Moises R. Espinosa Airport (IATA: MBT, ICAO: RPVJ), also known as Masbate Airport, is the airport serving the general area of Masbate City, located in the province of Masbate in the Philippines. It is named for Moises R. Espinosa Sr., a former Representative of Masbate who was assassinated at the airport on March 17, 1989.
The airport is classified as a Class 2 principal (minor domestic) airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, a body of the Department of Transportation that is responsible for the operations of not only this airport but also of all other airports in the Philippines except the major international airports.

## Future expansion

Moises R. Espinosa Airport underwent a renovation of its runway and terminal building between 2006 and 2008. The Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines plans to improve aviation facilities to become an airport that will welcome tourism in the province.

## Incidents and accidents

* On January 2, 2008, Asian Spirit Flight 321, an NAMC YS-11 on a flight from Manila, overshot Runway 21 of the airport at 7:30 a.m. while landing, collapsing the right main landing gear and damaging the starboard engine. None of the 47 passengers and crew on board were seriously injured.
* On August 18, 2012, a chartered Piper PA-34 Seneca crashed at sea around 300 meters (980 ft) short of the runway. The aircraft was carrying Jesse Robredo, the Secretary of the Interior and Local Government, his aide and two pilots. The flight, originating from Cebu, was bound for Naga, Camarines Sur when its crew declared an emergency and requested priority landing at the airport. Robredo and the two pilots died in the crash, while his aide was rescued with only minor injuries.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Cebgo | Cebu, Clark (begins March 30, 2025), Manila (ends March 29, 2025) |
# List of massacres in Lithuania

The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Lithuania (numbers may be approximate):
| Name | Date | Location | Deaths | Notes |
| First Mass Execution of the Jews of Gargždai | June 24, 1941 | Gargždai | 201 | The mass execution of Jewish men from Gargždai was the first of more than 250 mass execution of Jews committed by the Nazis and their Lithuanian collaborators during the Holocaust in Lithuania |
| Rainiai massacre | June 24–25, 1941 | Rainiai, near Telšiai | 70 - 80 | Mass murder of between 70 and 80 Lithuanian political prisoners by the NKVD, with help from the Red Army, in a forest near Telšiai during the night of June 24–25, 1941 |
| Kaunas pogrom | June 25–29, 1941 | Kaunas | 5,000 | |
| Kaunas massacre | October 29, 1941 | Kaunas | 9,200 | |
| Koniuchy massacre | January 29, 1944 | Koniuchy (now Kaniūkai) | 34 | |
| Ponary (Paneriai) massacre | July 1941 - August 1944 | Paneriai, Vilnius | 100,000 | |
| Pirčiupiai massacre | 3 June 1944 | Dzūkija | 119 | |
| Glinciszki massacre | 20 June 1944 | Glitiškės | 27 | |
| Dubingiai massacre | 23 June 1944 | Dubingiai | 20-27 | |
| Draučiai shooting | February 15, 1998 | Draučiai | 10 (including shooter) | While the government initially suspected political motives, it turned out that it was most likely the result of mental illness. |
# Sarcoplasm

Sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell. It is comparable to the cytoplasm of other cells, but it contains unusually large amounts of glycogen (a polymer of glucose), myoglobin, a red-colored protein necessary for binding oxygen molecules that diffuse into muscle fibers, and mitochondria. The calcium ion concentration in sarcoplasm is also a special element of the muscle fiber; it is the means by which muscle contractions take place and are regulated. The sarcoplasm plays a critical role in muscle contraction as an increase in Ca$^{2+}$ concentration in the sarcoplasm begins the process of filament sliding. The decrease in Ca$^{2+}$ in the sarcoplasm subsequently ceases filament sliding. The sarcoplasm also aids in pH and ion balance within muscle cells.
It contains mostly myofibrils (which are composed of sarcomeres), but its contents are otherwise comparable to those of the cytoplasm of other cells. It has a Golgi apparatus near the nucleus, mitochondria just inside the cell membrane (sarcolemma), and a smooth endoplasmic reticulum (specialized for muscle function and called the sarcoplasmic reticulum).
While sarcoplasm and myoplasm, viewed etymologically, might seem to be synonyms, they are not. Whereas sarcoplasm is a type of cytoplasm, myoplasm is the entire contractile portion of muscle tissue.
While some authors argue that the proteins and other molecules within the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen technically belong to the sarcoplasm. These molecules are not part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane itself but reside within the enclosed sarcoplasmic reticulum space. In that sense, one could say the sarcoplasmic reticulum has a type of specialized sarcoplasm.
# Musical Mountaineers

Musical Mountaineers is a 1939 Fleischer Studios animated short film starring Betty Boop.

## Synopsis

Betty Boop's automobile runs out of gasoline while driving through hillbilly country. When she goes up to a nearby shack to ask for help, landowner Zonk Peters and his family are suspicious of the stranger, mistaking her for an attacking Hatfield, but Betty wins them with her dancing. Soon, the entire Peters clan are making music and dancing. Betty's new friends help her on her way by filling her gas tank with a jug of "corn dripp'ns".
# Mullaghduff, County Donegal

Mullaghduff (Irish: An Mullach Dubh) is a townland in northwest County Donegal, Ireland. It forms part of the greater Rosses region and is officially in the Gaeltacht, however, English is the predominantly spoken language today.

## Etymology

The name Mullaghduff is an anglicisation of the Irish placename 'An Mullach Dubh', which means 'The Black Hilltop'; which possibly derives from the blackish soil which covers the nearby hills.

## Music and sport

Mullaghduff is home to the marching band Buíonn Cheoil Mhullach Dubh (Mullaghduff Band), founded in 1881, which includes the "Old Band" and the "Wee Band". They have won the All Ireland Fleadh – Marching Band Competition fourteen times.
Mullaghduff is also home to Glasgow Celtic's first sod of turf, which was cut in April 1995 and placed in Celtic Park. In June 1996, a small plaque which is along the road was unveiled by Celtic Captain Paul McStay.

## Memorials

There is a memorial near to the Community Centre dedicated to 14 young men killed in the 1943 Ballymanus Mine Disaster, when local men aided by young teenagers attempted to bring an unexploded naval mine ashore the nearby beach when it exploded after hitting a rock.
In 2022, a memorial was erected at Mullaghduff Community Centre to commemorate the 100th anniversary of 3 IRA members (Neil Plunkett O'Boyle, Owen Boyle and Con Boyle) and 1 Cumann na mBan member (Mary McBride) from the area, coined the 'Rosses Martyrs', that fought in the Irish War of Independence and then either died or were killed during the Irish Civil War. Neil Plunkett O'Boyle was the last Anti-Treaty IRA member to be killed during the civil war

## Religion

The predominant religion in Mullaghduff is Roman Catholicism and it is part of the parish of Kincasslagh. The nearest churches that serve parishioners are St. Mary's Church in Kincasslagh and St. Mary's Star of the Sea in Annagry.
# Scott Sunderland (actor)

Scott Sunderland (19 September 1883 – 1956) was an English actor. Principally working on the stage, his few film roles included Colonel Pickering in the 1938 film adaptation of Shaw's Pygmalion and Sir John Colley in the 1939 film adaptation of Goodbye, Mr. Chips.

## Life

Educated in England and Germany, his first professional theatrical appearance was with the F.R. Benson company at Stratford-upon-Avon in 1909 as Douglas in Henry IV, Part 2, followed later that year with his London debut. Other roles he played during his stage career included Feste in Twelfth Night, Ulysses S. Grant in Abraham Lincoln, Peter Dais in North of the Moon, Petruchio in The Taming of the Shrew' (during his late forties in the late 1920s), and several of George Bernard Shaw's plays (including The Apple Cart).
His stage experience of Shaw and his move to 'grand old man' roles by the late 1930s led to his being cast in the 1938 film of Pygmalion as Colonel Pickering and in the 1939 film of Goodbye, Mr. Chips. He appeared in Here's to Our Enterprise, a one-night show in May 1938 based on Henry Irving's life (as part of the celebrations surrounding the centenary of Irving's birth) and, though this marked his last major appearance on the London stage, also performed in revivals and new work for the Birmingham Repertory Company between 1942 and 1945 before retiring in the late 1940s. He was gay and his life-long partner was the director, Sir Barry Jackson.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1938 | Pygmalion | Colonel George Pickering | Film debut |
| 1939 | Goodbye, Mr. Chips | Sir John Colley | Final film |
# Henry Folliott Scott-Stokes

Henry Folliott Scott-Stokes (13 October 1896 – 19 January 1976) was an English businessman and writer.

## Life

Scott-Stokes was educated at Winchester College and New College, Oxford, where he came to know the economist Roy Harrod. In 1921 he married Mary Elizabeth Morland, daughter of John Morland, the Quaker founder of Morlands of Glastonbury, a sheepskin garments and footwear manufacturer. He moved to Glastonbury and worked for his father-in-law's business, becoming managing director. In 1928 he collaborated with J. Colby Morland on 'The Security of the Worker', a paper delivered to the conference of Quaker Employers.
Scott-Stokes contested Weston-super-Mare as a Liberal candidate in the 1934 by-election, and the 1935 general election.
Scott-Stokes was mayor of Glastonbury six times, the founder president of Glastonbury Conservation Society and the first Freeman of Glastonbury. In 1952 he turned down the offer of an OBE. He died on 19 January 1976.

## Works

* Perseus; or, Of dragons, London: Kegan Paul, 1924. To-day and To-morrow series.
* (tr.) Glastonbury Abbey before the conquest by William of Malmesbury. Translated from the Latin De antiquitate Glastoniensis ecclesie [On the antiquity of the Church of Glastonbury]. Glastonbury: Central Somerset Gazette, 1932
* (tr.) Glastonbury Abbey during the crusades by Adam of Domerham. Translated from the Latin. London: Folk Press Ltd., 1934. The Somerset folk series, no. 28.
# Royal Scientific Society

The Royal Scientific Society (RSS) in Jordan is an independent non-governmental, not-for-profit multidisciplinary science institution established by royal charter. Founded in 1970 as a national organisation to actively advise and support the development of Jordan with sound technical and policy advice, and consultations. The RSS undertakes specialised and accredited testing, research work with local industries and universities, consultations for the private and public sectors, and works in partnership with regional and international organisations. Since its inception, the prime objectives of the RSS have been to protect human health and safety, to safeguard the environment, and to contribute to sustainable economic development.
The RSS is the largest applied research institution in Jordan and a member of the International Science Council. In 2024 it had 500 staff.

## Main aims

* To support the development process in Jordan through R&D to strengthen the role of SMEs in Jordan's economy.
* To promote itself as a reference technical institution in Jordan and the region.
* To expand its role as a certification body for both skilled manpower and industrial products.
* To strengthen co-operation with similar institutions to promote mutual interests.
* To develop human resources.
* To encourage and support the start-up, incubation and development of innovation-led knowledge-based businesses.

## Technical centres

* Building Research Centre
* Electronic Services & Training Centre
* Environmental Research Centre
* Information Technology Centre
* Mechanical Design & Technology Centre
* Industrial Chemistry Centre
* Quality Assurance Department
There are also three supporting departments: Administrative, Financial, and Marketing and Public Relations.
# Supermercados Monterey

Supermercados Monterey, originally written Monterrey, was a Peruvian supermarket chain created in 1954, in Lima. It also operated in Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Cuzco, Piura, Sullana and Talara until its closure in 1993 due to the economic crisis and internal conflict of the country.

## History

The company was founded in 1954 as Casa Monterrey by Swiss businessman Bruno Tschudi and the Benavides family, current owners of Compañía de Minas Buenaventura, opening its first store in the 54th block of the Jirón de la Unión. It opened up to sixteen stores in the city, in the districts of Miraflores, San Isidro, Surco and the Cercado. The spelling of its name was changed in February 1980 due to a legal battle, as it was identical to that of a retailer in Arequipa.
It was sold to the Lau family in 1991, closing in the early months of 1993 due to the economic crisis of the time.
# Kana'i Mauga

Kana'i Mauga (born January 8, 2000) is an American professional football linebacker for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the USC Trojans and was signed by the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent in 2022.

## Early life

Mauga was born on January 8, 2000, in Waianae, Hawaii. He attended Waianae High School and after being named third-team all-state as a junior he was the Hawaii Defensive Player of the Year in 2017 while totaling 52.5 tackles and three defensive touchdowns. Ranked a four-star prospect and the best outside linebacker in the state, Mauga committed to play college football for the USC Trojans.

## College career

As a true freshman at USC in 2018, Mauga appeared in all 12 games and posted 14 tackles with two pass breakups. He saw his first time as a starter in 2019, posting in his first start 13 tackles, a sack, an interception and a forced fumble. He finished the year with eight starts and compiled 59 tackles, seven TFLs, three sacks and two pass breakups. He tallied 41 tackles, three TFLs, a sack and an interception in the COVID-19-impacted 2020 season. In his final year, Mauga played 12 games and finished with 91 tackles, 5.5 TFLs, a sack and an interception. He declared for the National Football League Draft after the 2021 season, ending his stint at USC with 206 tackles, six pass breakups, five sacks and three interceptions.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables :
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press |
| 6 ft 0+3⁄4 in (1.85 m) | 245 lb (111 kg) | 33+1⁄4 in (0.84 m) | 9+3⁄4 in (0.25 m) | 4.67 s | 1.67 s | 2.67 s | 4.40 s | 7.27 s | 32.0 in (0.81 m) | 9 ft 7 in (2.92 m) | 21 reps |
| All values from Pro Day ||||||||||||

### Denver Broncos

After going unselected in the 2022 NFL draft, Mauga was signed by the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent. He was waived on August 30 and subsequently re-signed to the practice squad. He was released from the practice squad on November 1.

### Las Vegas Raiders

On December 13, 2022, Mauga was signed to the practice squad of the Las Vegas Raiders. He was signed to a reserve/future contract on January 9, 2023. He was released on August 1, but later re-signed on August 12. He was released at the final roster cuts in 2023 and subsequently re-signed to the practice squad. He was signed to the active roster on September 30 and later made his NFL debut in the team's Week 4 game against the Los Angeles Chargers, becoming the third alumni of his high school to ever make it to the NFL. He was placed on injured reserve on October 30, and activated on December 9, but placed back on IR three days later with a knee injury. Mauga finished the 2023 season with five games played and three tackles.