OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cowles Foundation

The Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics is an economic research institute at Yale University.

## History

It was created as the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics at Colorado Springs in 1932 by businessman and economist Alfred Cowles. In 1939, the Cowles Commission moved to the University of Chicago under Theodore O. Yntema. Jacob Marschak directed it from 1943 until 1948, when Tjalling C. Koopmans assumed leadership. Increasing opposition to the Cowles Commission from the department of economics of the University of Chicago during the 1950s impelled Koopmans to persuade the Cowles family to move the commission to Yale University in 1955 where it became the Cowles Foundation.
As its motto Theory and Measurement implies, the Cowles Commission focuses on linking economic theory to mathematics and statistics. Its advances in economics involved the creation and integration of general equilibrium theory and econometrics.
The thrust of the Cowles approach was a specific, probabilistic framework in estimating simultaneous equations to model an economy. Its ultimate goal in doing so was to gain policy insight. The Cowles approach structured its models from a priori economic theory. One of its main contributions was in exposing the bias of ordinary least squares regression in identifying coefficient estimates. Consequently, Cowles researchers developed new methods such as the indirect least squares, instrumental variable methods, the full information maximum likelihood method, and the limited information maximum likelihood method. All of these methods used theoretical, a priori restrictions. According to an article by Carl F. Christ, the Cowles approach was grounded on certain assumptions:
    1. Simultaneous economic behavior;
    2. Linear or logarithmic equations and disturbances;
    3. Systematic, observable variables without error;
    4. Discrete variable changes as opposed to continuous;
    5. A priori determination of exogeneity and endogeneity;
    6. The existence of a reduced form;
    7. Independence of the explanatory variables;
    8. A priori identified structural equations;
    9. Normally distributed disturbances with zero means, finite and constant covariances, a nonsingular covariance matrix, and serial independence;
    10. A dynamically stable system of equations.

## Notable alumni

Several Cowles associates have won a Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for research done while at the Cowles Commission. These include Tjalling Koopmans, Kenneth Arrow, Gérard Debreu, James Tobin, Franco Modigliani, Herbert A. Simon, Joseph E. Stiglitz, Lawrence Klein, Trygve Haavelmo, Leonid Hurwicz, and Harry Markowitz.
The Cowles Foundation is located at 30 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut.
# TU Arena

TU Arena, formerly SECU Arena, is a 5,200-seat multi-purpose arena on the Towson University campus in Towson, Maryland, United States. The arena was completed and opened in 2013, and now hosts the men's and women's basketball teams, as well as the volleyball and gymnastics teams. It replaced the Towson Center, which had been in use since 1976. The arena has 340 club seats, four private suites and 104 courtside seats. Upon opening, the arena was awarded LEED Gold certification for energy use, lighting, water and material use, and other sustainable features.
In addition to being the home of several Towson sports teams, the arena also serves several other functions. It has been used as a concert arena for artists. Since opening, the arena has been host to an annual performance by the Harlem Globetrotters. Additionally, both the university and local Baltimore County high schools use the facility for their commencement ceremonies.
In 2017, the Baltimore Blast of the Major Arena Soccer League moved to the arena after 37 years at CFG Bank Arena.
# Thierry Goudet

Thierry Goudet (born 11 November 1962) is a football coach and former player who played as a midfielder and most recently managed Laval.
# Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)

In Eastern Orthodoxy, autonomy designates a type of limited self-government of a church (group) toward its mother church. An autonomous church is self-governing in some aspects, which differentiates it from a non-autonomous church. The aspects on which the autonomous church is self-governing depends on the decision of the mother church. A church that is autonomous has its highest-ranking bishop, such as an archbishop or metropolitan, approved (or ordained) by the primate of the mother church.
Kephale (κεφαλή) means "head" in Greek, whereas nomos (νόμος) means "law". Hence, autocephalous (αὐτοκέφαλος) denotes self-headed, or a "head unto itself"; and autonomous denotes "self-legislated".
# Hot runner

A hot runner system is an assembly of heated components used in plastic injection molds that inject molten plastic into the cavities of the mold. (The cavities are the part of the mold shaped like the parts to be produced.)
By contrast, a cold runner is simply a channel formed between the two halves of the mold, for the purpose of carrying plastic from the injection molding machine nozzle to the cavities. Each time the mold opens to eject the newly formed plastic parts, the material in the runner is ejected as well, resulting in waste. A hot runner system usually includes a heated manifold and a number of heated nozzles. The main task of the manifold is to distribute the plastic entering the mold to the various nozzles which then meter it precisely to the injection points in the cavities.

## Hot runner advantages

* Shorter cycle time: No runner controlling the cooling time
* Easier to start: Without runners to remove, and auto cycle occurs faster and more frequently
* Fewer sink marks and under-filled parts: Unlike when plastic flows through a cold runner and loses heat to mold plates
* Design flexibility: Can locate the gate at many points on the part
* Balanced melt flow: Separate melt channels are in externally heated manifolds that are insulated from mold plates surrounding them.
Hot runner systems were first developed and came into sporadic use in the early 60s with generally negative results. They gained popularity in the 80s and 90s as technological advancements allowed improved reliability and the escalation of plastic materials prices made hot runner systems more desirable and cost effective. Hot runners are fairly complicated systems, they have to maintain the plastic material within them heated uniformly, while the rest of the injection mold is being cooled in order to solidify the product quickly. For this reason they are usually assembled from components pre manufactured by specialized companies.
A hot runner controller is a temperature controller used to control the temperature in the hot runner. This helps create the most consistent part(s).
Hot runners usually make the mold more expensive to manufacture and run, but generate savings by reducing non-productive plastic and allowing shorter cycle time. (do not have to wait until the conventional runners freeze).
# 1992 San Juan, Puerto Rico, mayoral election

San Juan, Puerto Rico, held an election for mayor on November 3, 1992. It was held as part of the 1992 Puerto Rican general election. It saw the reelection of incumbent mayor Héctor Luis Acevedo, a member of the Popular Democratic Party.

## Nominees

* Héctor Luis Acevedo (Popular Democratic Party), incumbent mayor
* Carlos Díaz Olivo (New Progressive Party)
* Hiram A. Meléndez Rivera (Puerto Rican Independence Party)

## Results

San Juan mayoral election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Popular Democratic | Héctor Luis Acevedo (incumbent) | 101,432 | 48.65 |
| | New Progressive | Carlos Díaz Olivo | 99,644 | 47.79 |
| | Independence | Hiram A. Meléndez Rivera | 7,396 | 3.55 |
| | Write-In | Others | 26 | 0.01 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 208,498 | 100 |
# PP-100 Faisalabad-III

PP-100 Faisalabad-III (پی پی-100، فیصل آباد-3) is a Constituency of Provincial Assembly of Punjab.

## General elections 2024

Provincial election 2024: PP-100 Faisalabad-III :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | PML(N) | Khan Bahadar | 44,147 | 40.17 |
| | Independent | Umair Wasi Chaudhary | 38,699 | 35.21 |
| | PPP | Rai Waqas Aslam | 12,864 | 11.70 |
| | Independent | Shahid Iqbal Awan | 7,178 | 6.53 |
| | JI | Muhammad Tahir Khan | 2,691 | 2.45 |
| | Others | Others (twenty five candidates) | 4,329 | 3.94 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 122,791 | 50.97 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 109,908 | 89.51 |
| Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | 12,883 | 10.49 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 5,448 | 4.96 |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 240,912 | |

## General elections 2018

Provincial election 2018: PP-100 Faisalabad-IV :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | PTI | Zaheer Ud Din | 41,357 | 35.63 |
| | PML(N) | Iffat Miraj Awan | 25,113 | 21.64 |
| | Independent | Khan Bahadar | 21,945 | 18.91 |
| | PPP | Shafqat Rana | 7,366 | 6.35 |
| | TLP | Falak Sheer Sikandar | 6,574 | 5.66 |
| | Independent | Umair Wasi Choudhary | 5,375 | 4.63 |
| | MMA | Abdul Waheed Khan | 4,557 | 3.93 |
| | AAT | Nisar Anmad | 2,067 | 1.78 |
| | Others | Others (ten candidates) | 2,459 | 1.47 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 121,491 | 53.66 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 116,813 | 96.15 |
| Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | 4,678 | 3.85 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 16,244 | 13.99 |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 226,406 | |

## General elections 2013

| Contesting Candidates | Party Affiliation | Votes Polled |

## General elections 2008

| Contesting Candidates | Party Affiliation | Votes Polled |
# Kabayama Sukenori

Count Kabayama Sukenori (樺山 資紀, 9 December 1837 – 8 February 1922) was a Japanese samurai military leader and statesman. He was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army and an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy. He later became the first Japanese Governor-General of Taiwan during the island's period as a Japanese colony. He is also sometimes referred to as Kabayama Motonori.

## Biography

Born in Satsuma domain (modern day Kagoshima Prefecture) to a samurai family, Kabayama fought in the Anglo-Satsuma War and the Boshin War.
In 1871, he enlisted in the new Imperial Japanese Army and was accepted with the rank of major due to his previous combat experience. He was one of the defenders of Kumamoto Castle during the Satsuma Rebellion against his former Satsuma countrymen. He was subsequently promoted to colonel, and then major general, and placed in charge of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police.
In 1883, Kabayama changed from the army to the navy, becoming taifu (senior vice minister) of Navy with the rank of rear admiral, and was also ennobled with the title of viscount (koshaku) under the kazoku peerage system. The following year he was promoted to vice admiral.
Kabayama became Vice Navy Minister in 1886. He visited the United States and Europe from 25 September 1887 to 19 October 1888. He then served in several positions before being appointed Navy Minister under the first Yamagata and Matsukata cabinets from 1890 to 1892. Although not a politician, he spoke out harshly against representative democracy and civilian influence on the government in a speech Banyu Enzetsu made during the second Imperial Diet session. He retired in 1892.
During the First Sino-Japanese War, Kabayama was recalled from the reserves and accepted a field command, and was present at the Battle of the Yalu and Battle of Weihaiwei. It states something of his personality to note that he ordered his flagship, the lightly armed passenger liner Saikyo to charge the Chinese fleet at the Battle of the Yalu River.
Kabayama was commander of the Japanese invasion force for Taiwan. On 10 May 1895, he was promoted to full admiral and became the first Japanese Governor-General of Taiwan, being responsible for moving the seat of government to Taipei. He was elevated to hakushaku (Count) on 5 August 1895 and also awarded the Order of the Rising Sun (first class).
Despite his best efforts to stabilise Japan's rule over Taiwan, his 13 months term as Governor-General were not peaceful. From December 1895 to January 1896, uprisings surfaced in many parts of the island, and he was forced to request reinforcements from home. In the ensuing action, 2800 Taiwanese were killed. Kabayama was succeeded by Lieutenant General Katsura Tarō.
After his return to Japan in June 1896, Kabayama subsequently served on the Privy Council, as Home Minister under the 2nd Matsukata Cabinet, and Education Minister under the 2nd Yamagata cabinet.
Kabayama retired again from duty in 1910. His grave is at the Somei Reien Cemetery, in Sugamo, Tokyo.
# Freudis Rojas

Freudis Rojas (born August 13, 1998) is an American professional boxer. As an amateur he won a bronze medal at the 2017 World Championships.

## Amateur career
### World Championships result

Hamburg 2017
* First round: Defeated Hadi Srour (Norway) 5–0
* Second round: Defeated Vitaly Dunaytsev (Russia) 4–1
* Quarter-finals: Defeated Eslam El-Gendy (Egypt) 5–0
* Semi-finals: Defeated by Ikboljon Kholdarov (Uzbekistan) 4–1

## Professional boxing record

| 13 fights | 13 wins | 0 losses |
| By knockout | 11 | 0 |
| By decision | 2 | 0 |
| No. | Result | Record | Opponent | Type | Round, time | Date | Location |
| 12 | Win | 12-0 | Saul Bustos | UD | 8 | Sep 15, 2023 | Boeing Center at Tech Port, San Antonio, Texas, U.S. |
| 11 | Win | 11-0 | Diego Santiago Sanchez | TKO | 7 (10) 0:58 | Jul 15, 2023 | The Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas, Chelsea Ballroom, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. |
| 10 | Win | 10-0 | Gilbert Venegas | KO | 1 (6) | Feb 25, 2023 | Caribe Royale Orlando, Orlando, Florida, U.S. |
| 9 | Win | 9-0 | Jorge Mendez | RTD | 4 (8) 3:00 | Jul 30, 2022 | Costa Rica |
| 8 | Win | 8-0 | Jorge Mendez | RTD | 4 (8) 3:00 | May 14, 2022 | BN Arena, Hatillo, Costa Rica |
| 7 | Win | 7-0 | Nicasio Campos | RTD | 3 (8) 1:32 | Jan 15, 2022 | Gimnasio Comite Deportes de Escazu, Escazu, Costa Rica |
| 6 | Win | 6-0 | Ricardo Hernandez Iglesias | KO | 2 (6) 1:32 | Dec 18, 2021 | Gimnasio UAT, Reynosa, Mexico |
| 5 | Win | 5–0 | DeAngelo Cunningham | TKO | 2 (4), 2:57 | Jul 24, 2021 | World Gym Arena, Texas City, Texas, U.S. |
| 4 | Win | 4–0 | Jader Alves de Oliveira | TKO | 2 (6), 2:46 | May 14, 2021 | The Blind Tiger, Biloxi, Mississippi, U.S. |
| 3 | Win | 3–0 | Moises Castro | KO | 2 (6), 2:30 | May 1, 2021 | Gimnasio Tabarcia de Mora, San José, Costa Rica |
| 2 | Win | 2–0 | Stanley Mendez | TKO | 3 (8), 2:19 | Apr 17, 2021 | Fiesta Casino, San José, Costa Rica |
| 1 | Win | 1–0 | Luis Solorzano | KO | 1 (4), 1:09 | Jan 30, 2021 | Oxigeno Human Playground, Heredia, Costa Rica |
# Art Marcum and Matt Holloway

Art Marcum and Matt Holloway are an American screenwriting duo, best known for writing the scripts of movies like Iron Man and Punisher: War Zone.

## Career

In 2008, Marcum and Holloway wrote the script of Marvel Studios' superhero film Iron Man, which was directed by Jon Favreau and released on May 2, 2008, by Paramount Pictures. The duo also wrote the script for the action film Punisher: War Zone, directed by Lexi Alexander and released on December 5, 2008, by Lionsgate. They were hired by Paramount to co-write a script with John Fusco for the 2014 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film, but their script was ultimately never used. In 2019, they were hired by Sony to write the script for the adventure film Uncharted, directed by Ruben Fleischer. In 2020, they scripted the Sony Marvel film Kraven the Hunter.

## Filmography

* Shadow of Fear (2004)
* Iron Man (2008)
* Punisher: War Zone (2008)
* Transformers: The Last Knight (2017)
* Men in Black: International (2019)
* Uncharted (2022)
* Kraven the Hunter (2024)

## Accolades

In 2025, for their work on Kraven the Hunter, they was nominated at the 45th Golden Raspberry Awards for "Worst Screenplay".
# B. V. R. Mohan Reddy

B. V. R. Mohan Reddy (born 12 October 1950) is an Indian business executive and engineering manager who founded and served as Executive Chairman of Cyient. He joined the DCM Group in 1974, and has subsequently worked with MICO Bosch, HCL, and OMC Computers Limited. He was the Chairman of NASSCOM from 2014–2015, and is a business analyst.

## Early life and education

BVR Mohan Reddy was born on 12 October 1950 in Mahbubnagar, Mahbubnagar District, Telangana. Mohan holds a graduate degree in Mechanical engineering from the College of Engineering, Kakinada, India, and postgraduate degrees from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur and the University of Michigan. He has also received an honorary Ph.D. from the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad; an honorary D.Sc. from the Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam; and Doctor of Science Honoris Causa from KL University (Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation), Vaddeswaram.

## Career

Mohan started his career with the DCM group (Shiram Refrigeration), where he contributed to the assembly line operations in Diesel Engine production. After leaving the DCM group, he worked with MICO Bosch and then HCL, before joining OMC computers as Managing Director. Mohan founded Cyient as Infotech Enterprises in 1991, and he currently serves as the executive chairman of the company.
He has also been a member of the NASSCOM Executive Council since 2003 and served as the Chairman of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), southern region (2008-2009). Reddy also serves as Chairman, Board of Governors of IIT Hyderabad and IIT Roorkee; member on the Board of NIIT University, Neemrana; and member of Centre for Innovation and Entrepreneurship at IIIT Hyderabad.

## Awards

* The Golden Peacock Award for Lifetime Achievement and Leadership in Technological Innovations by the Institute of Directors (IOD)
* 24th ICSI Lifetime Achievement Award
* Dr. BVR Mohan Reddy, has been inducted into the 'Geospatial Hall of Fame' at the Geospatial World Forum (GWF) 2022
* Hyderabad Management Association awarded him the "Entrepreneur of the year" for 1992
* HYSEA Outstanding Contribution Award in 1997
* Ernst & Young presented him the "Outstanding Entrepreneur Award" in 1999
* ASME Leadership Award
* Honorary Doctorate - JNTU, Hyderabad
* Distinguished Alumni Award - IIT, Kanpur
* Hyderabad Management Association awarded him the "Life Time Achievement Award" for the year 2015
* Shared Services Forum, New Delhi felicitated him as "Pioneering Business Leader in Global India" in the year 2016
* Padma Shri award 2017 in Trade & Industry.

## Honors

* Former Chairman NASSCOM
* Vice Chairman NASSCOM
* Chairman, Board of Governors, IIT Hyderabad
* President of Electronic Industries Association of Andhra Pradesh (ELIAP)
* President of Hyderabad Software Exporters Association (HYSEA)
* Vice Chairman of the CII-AP Chapter.
* Chairman of CII (AP State Council)
# Samuel Isaac Weissman

Samuel Isaac Weissman (/ˈwaɪsmən/; June 25, 1912 – June 12, 2007) was an American chemist and professor best known for his work on the application of electron spin resonance (ESR) to chemistry.

## Biography

Weissman was born in South Bend, Indiana in 1912. He completed a chemistry degree at the University of Chicago in 1933 and his doctorate from the same university in 1938.
Weissman was working on a project on fluorescent energy transfer, which later led to some rare-earth lasers, at the University of California at Berkeley when he was asked to join the Manhattan Project developing atomic weapons in 1943. He was among a group who asked unsuccessfully that the bomb not be dropped on civilian targets.
After his Los Alamos stint, Weissman went to the Washington University in St. Louis in 1946 becoming a full professor in 1955. At Washington University, Weissman worked with others developing the use of electron spin resonance. He was one of the first, probably in parallel with Clyde Hutchison, to measure the hyperfine splitting of the ESR line caused by the interaction with nuclear spins. This hyperfine splitting is the main source of the sensitivity of ESR to the chemical environment of the electron, and hence it underlies the broad applications of ESR in chemistry. Much of his work concerned the way this interaction term behaves as molecules tumble around in solution or undergo chemical reactions. He also investigated the special non-equilibrium ESR effects which are found as reactions take place.
Weissman was a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences. Weissman retired from Washington University in 1980 and died in June 2007. He was married to a distinguished psychologist, Jane Loevinger.
# Phosphorus tetroxide

Diphosphorus tetroxide, or phosphorus tetroxide is an inorganic compound of phosphorus and oxygen. It has the empirical chemical formula P$_2$O$_4$. Solid phosphorus tetroxide (also referred to as phosphorus(III,V)-oxide) consists of variable mixtures of the mixed-valence oxides P$_4$O$_7$, P$_4$O$_8$ and P$_4$O$_9$.

## Preparation

Phosphorus tetroxide can be produced by thermal decomposition of phosphorus trioxide, which disproportionates above 210 °C to form phosphorus tetroxide, with elemental phosphorus as a byproduct:
    8 P$_2$O$_3$ ⇌ P$_4$ + 6 P$_2$O$_4$
In addition, phosphorus trioxide can be converted into phosphorus tetroxide by controlled oxidation with oxygen in carbon tetrachloride solution.
Careful reduction of phosphorus pentoxide with red phosphorus at 450-525 °C also produces phosphorus tetroxide.
# Sinikka Keskitalo

Sinikka Marja-Liisa Keskitalo (29 January 1951 – 25 October 2011) was a female long-distance runner from Finland. She competed in the women's marathon for her native country at two consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1984. Her best result was the 15th place at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. She was born in Jalasjärvi.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Finland ||||||
| 1982 | European Championships | Athens, Greece | 15th | Marathon | 2:48:54 |
| 1983 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 27th | Marathon | 2:46:10 |
| 1984 | Olympic Games | Los Angeles, United States | 15th | Marathon | 2:35:15 |
| 1986 | European Championships | Stuttgart, West Germany | 4th | Marathon | 2:34:31 |
| 1987 | World Championships | Rome, Italy | 8th | Marathon | 2:35:16 |
| 1988 | Olympic Games | Seoul, South Korea | 42nd | Marathon | 2:43:00 |
# William Barber (Nottinghamshire cricketer)

William Douglas Barber (17 October 1881 – 26 April 1971) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper who played for Nottinghamshire. He was born in Eastwood and died in Nottinghamshire.
Barber was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 1st Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps on 4 May 1901. He served with the battalion in South Africa during the later part of the Second Boer War. Following the end of the war, he left South Africa in September 1902 with other men of his regiment on the SS Sardinia, which took them to a new posting at Malta.
Barber's first-class debut came in 1904, against Lancashire. Barber scored 7 runs in the only innings in which he batted in the match.
Twenty years after his sole County Championship appearance, Barber played for the Army cricket team against Oxford University. The game finished in an innings defeat for the Army team.