OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lynching of David Jones

David Jones was an African-American man who was lynched in Nashville, Tennessee on March 25, 1872 after being arrested as a suspect in a killing. He was mortally wounded while in jail, shot twice in the back while resisting white mob members who came to take him out; the whites pulled him into the Public Square and hanged him from a post outside the police station, with a crowd of an estimated 2,000 in attendance. The sheriff interrupted the hanging and took Jones down. Taken back to the jail, Jones died of his injuries on April 9, 1872.

## Lynching

David Jones, an African-American man, was accused of murdering white man Henry Murray, who died in March 1872. Jones was arrested and taken to the county jail in Nashville.
At 7pm on March 25, 1872, a mob met outside the Maxwell House Hotel in Downtown Nashville. By 9pm, they walked to the jail, where they broke into Jones's cell, shot him twice when he resisted, and put a halter around his head. They took him to the public square and hanged him on the gas post outside the police station. A crowd of 2,000 onlookers surrounded Jones. Sheriff Donaldson interrupted the hanging, taking Jones down from the post and carrying him back to the police station. The crowd dispersed at 10pm.
Former Nashville mayor and Tennessee representative Major Richard Boone Cheatham asked the crowd to go home, and Nashville Mayor Kindred Jenkins Morris and Governor John C. Brown made their way to the scene. Governor Brown ordered a detachment of federal troops from Ash Barracks to act as a posse under the mayor's direction, and vowed to prosecute the lynchers. Jones was mortally wounded from the gunshots, and died of his injuries several days later on April 9, 1872.
The Nashville Union and American suggested the lynching was perpetrated by "twenty or more negroes." The Chicago Tribune said the lynchers were thought to be "railroad men." After Jones died, in April 1872 Governor Brown offered a reward of $500 to anyone able to identify the lynchers.

## Legacy

In June 2019 David Jones is to be acknowledged by his name on a memorial in downtown Nashville as a victim of lynching in 1872. A metropolitan coalition known as "We Remember Nashville," together with the Equal Justice Initiative, plans events and education that week related to the four cases of lynching in the city in the late 19th century.
# Azzo Passalacqua

Azzo Passalacqua (2 July 1885 – 7 September 1967) was an Italian general during World War II.

## Biography

He was born in 1885 in the province of Rieti, the son of Anastasio Passalacqua. He attended the Military Academy of Modena in 1907–1908, graduating with the rank of second lieutenant, assigned to the 2nd Bersaglieri Regiment. He participated in the First World War fighting in the Carnic Alps, on the Karst Plateau, on the Piave river and on Monte Grappa, earning a Silver Medal of Military Valor and reaching the rank of major.
On June 16, 1934, Passalacqua was promoted to colonel and assigned to the headquarters of the 21st Infantry Division Granatieri di Sardegna in Rome. In October 1939 he was briefly attached to the Fast Army Corps. After the outbreak of the Second World War he held the command of the 4th Coastal Brigade Sector in Sardinia from 1 April to 31 July 1941 and then of the 8th Coastal Brigade Sector in Sicily from 1 August to 14 November 1941. From 15 November he was transferred to the headquarters of the XII Army Corps in Palermo. On 1 December 1941 he was transferred to the Army reserve and promoted to brigadier general, being then given command of Difesa Porto E, the ad hoc unit (consisting of two coastal infantry battalions, a coastal artillery group and a mortar company) tasked with the defense of the port of Catania from 16 April 1942. By decree of 18 September 1942 he was made Commander of the Order of the Crown of Italy.
After the Allied landings in Sicily, on 10 July 1943, Catania became one of the main targets of the British Eighth Army. After the rapid fall of nearby Augusta and Syracuse, Passalacqua took harsh measures to quell the growing desertions among his men; he set up roadblocks, ordered to carry out roll calls four times a day in order to quickly find out if anyone had gone AWOL, and instructed his subordinates to immediately hunt down and execute deserters with summary judgment. On 15 July he personally presided over a drumhead court-martial that sentenced to death by firing squad a MILMART officer, capomanipolo (lieutenant) Giuseppe Catanzaro, for having abandoned the battery under his command, located near the Simeto river, along with all his men. Catanzaro claimed that he had been ordered to destroy the guns and retreat towards Messina by a superior; after the war, in 1955, he was rehabilitated and acquitted with a sentence of the Court of Cassation.
During the battle for Catania, Passalacqua was repeatedly called by telephone by Benito Mussolini (until 22 July), worried by the nonarrival of the reinforcements that were expected to hold the city. On 5 August, a few hours before Catania fell to the British, he was ordered to withdraw from Catania with his surviving troops.
Passalacqua died in 1967 in Rome and was buried at the Verano cemetery.
# Ediya Coffee

Ediya Coffee (Korean: 이디야 커피) is a coffeehouse chain based in South Korea. As of 2019, the chain has 3,000 retail stores in South Korea.

## Name

The name of the brand is inspired from the Ediya tribe of Ethiopia which means the "Only emperor of the continent” in the Ethiopian language.

## History

The coffee house opened its first store in 2001. In September 2005, it opened a branch in Beijing. As of September 2016, it had more than 2,000 stores after opening its 2000th location in Yongin, near Seoul. On November 20, 2019, Ediya Coffee opened its 3,000th store in Seo-gu, Daejeon. In February 2011, the company moved to Yeoksam-dong, Gangnam-gu.
In 2018, Ediya Coffee launched its delivery service through Yogiyo.
# Delta (horse)

Delta (1946–1960) was a champion Australian thoroughbred racehorse who raced from a two-year-old to a six-year-old from distances of 6 furlongs to 2 miles. Champion jockey Neville Sellwood won 22 races including the 1949 VRC Derby, 1949 Cox Plate and the 1951 Melbourne Cup. Neville Sellwood was also the regular jockey of the champions Tulloch and Todman. Purchased by owner Adolph Basser for £2,665 at the 1948 Sydney yearling sales he was trained by former jockey and successful trainer Maurice McCarten. He died at Widden Stud in 1960.

## Breeding

Delta by Midstream (GB) was bred by studmaster Percy Miller at Kia-Ora stud Scone, New South Wales. Dam Gazza also produced classic winners Deep River 1952 AJC Derby and Midway 1951 VRC St Leger.

## Racing career

Delta raced between 1949 -1952 for five seasons winning 7 major races in succession between 1951 – 1952 including a rare triple win in the Chelmsford Stakes also defeated the great champions Hydrogen and Dalray. As a six-year-old Delta defeated the champion Hydrogen in the 1952 Chelmsford Stakes setting an Australasian record for the nine furlongs. This was his last start as soon after injury problems forced his retirement. Delta's racing colours were Brown and dark blue hoops, red cap.
Owner Sir Adolf Basser (1887 – 1964) was an optician, jeweller and philanthropist from Sydney was interested in scientific and medical research and in 1959 founded the Basser College, University of New South Wales Kensington, Sydney.
Delta's racing record: 41 starts for 22 wins, 6 seconds, 2 thirds.

### 1951 racebook

* 1951 Randwick Plate racebook front cover
* 1951 Randwick Plate showing race day officials
* 1951 Randwick Plate racebook showing race conditions
* 1951 Randwick Plate showing Delta placed 2nd
# Stokenham

Stokenham (/stoʊkənˈhæm/) is a village and civil parish in the South Hams district, in the county of Devon, England. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 1,895.

## Pronunciation

For the great majority of towns in England with names ending in -ham the suffix is very weakly pronounced as /əm/ and the stress is always earlier in the word. In Birmingham, for example, the stress is on the first syllable. Stokenham is a clear exception, with the -ham fully enunciated and stressed.

## Places in the parish

As well as Stokenham the civil parish includes the settlements of Torcross, Beesands, Hallsands, Kellaton, Kernborough, Dunstone, Beeson and Chillington and Bickerton. It forms part of the district of South Hams.
Download coordinates as:
* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)
| Point | Coordinates (Links to map resources) | OS Grid Ref | Notes |
| Beesands | 50°15′11″N 3°39′26″W﻿ / ﻿50.253°N 3.6572°W﻿ / 50.253; -3.6572﻿ (Beesands) | SX818406 | |
| Torcross | 50°16′00″N 3°39′13″W﻿ / ﻿50.2666°N 3.6535°W﻿ / 50.2666; -3.6535﻿ (Torcross) | SX822420 | |

## History

The village of Stokenham was known in Saxon Times as Stoc or Stoc Hamme ("meaning Stoc meadows"). By the 13th century the town was called Stoke in Hamme. An electoral ward has the same name. The ward population at the 2011 census was 1,895.
In Mediaeval times St. Humbert the Confessor (d.1188AD) was locally venerated as patron saint in the town.
The area was known in the 19th century for the fine crabs, and in World War II local residents were evacuated from the area, on the eve of D-day.

## Geography

To the east of the parish is Start Bay in the English Channel. The principal road in the parish is the A379 running between the nearest towns of Kingsbridge (to the west) and Dartmouth to the north.

## Local landmarks
### The parish church

The present church dates from 1431; an earlier Norman church predated it.
"The church as it stands today, is a fine example of the perpendicular style of medieval architecture. It is built on the side of a hill so that its whole length can be seen from below and is dedicated to St Michael and All Angels, which was common practice for churches standing on elevated sites. It was, however, dedicated to St Barnabas and prior to that to St Humbert the Confessor."

### Stokenham manor house

Immediately to the east of the church is the site of Stokenham manor house, abandoned in 1585 but possibly dating back to at least the 12th century.

### Local pub

The Tradesman's Arms is an imposing 14th-century, part-thatched pub and restaurant.
On the 27 September 2021, a fire believed to have originated in the kitchen destroyed much of the pub alongside three neighbouring homes. The Tradesman's Arms was repaired having undergone a three-year building reconstruction, along with the fire damaged adjoining cottages which all reopened in May 2024.
# Stacey Tyrell

Stacey Tyrell is a Canadian photographer who currently resides in Brooklyn. Her work predominantly deals with themes of identity, race and heritage as it pertains to post-colonial societies and the Caribbean Diaspora. The influence of Tyrell's heritage is that of familial history and immigration; she traces her roots to the Caribbean island of Nevis.
Tyrell is recognized for the photo series Backra Bluid, which seeks to "broaden the discussion about what it means to be Black." In these self portraits, Tyrell makes changes to her skin tone and tweaks facial features to "show that if someone were to take a closer look at my face they would see that it might not be that different from their own."
Tyrell is also popularly known for using arts or photos to explore racial identity. Her photographic projects are a reflection of both individual and familial experiences; critically analyzing colonialism, capitalism (in the western canon) and race as social construct.

## Exhibitions

Tyrell's work was featured in the 2017 Art Gallery of Windsor exhibition Position As Desired, curated by Kenneth Montague of The Wedge Collection; the title, Position As Desired, was borrowed from her work of the same name.
# Guilherme Bentes

Guilherme Frederico Feria Bentes (born 10 June 1973 in Lisbon) is a retired Portuguese judoka.

## Achievements

| Year | Tournament | Place | Weight class |
| 2001 | European Judo Championship TEAMS | 2nd | -81kg |
| 1998 | European Judo Championships | 7th | Lightweight (73 kg) |
| 1997 | World Judo Championships | 3rd | Lightweight (71 kg) |
| 1997 | European Judo Championships | 5th | Lightweight (71 kg) |
# Amy's Kitchen-Perpetual

Amy's Spikers were a professional women's volleyball club that briefly played in the Philippine Superliga (PSL). It is owned by Sonia Trading, Inc., distributor of Amy's Kitchen products. It debuted in 2015 during the PSL Beach Challenge Cup. For 2016, it competed for one conference only, in partnership with the UPHSD Altas women's volleyball team.

## Honors

| Season | Conference | Title |
| 2015 | Beach Challenge Cup | 7th place |
| 2015 | All-Filipino | (Did not compete) |
| 2015 | Grand Prix | (Did not compete) |
| 2016 | Invitational | (Did not compete) |
| 2016 | Beach Challenge Cup | (Did not compete) |
| 2016 | All-Filipino | 8th place |
| 2016 | Grand Prix | (Did not compete) |
# Patrick Regan (Medal of Honor, 1873)

Patrick Regan (born 1852, date of death unknown) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor.

## Biography

Born in 1852 in Cobh (then known as Queenstown), Ireland, Regan immigrated to the United States and was living in New York City when he joined the U.S. Navy. He served as an ordinary seaman on the USS Pensacola.
On the morning of 30 July 1873, Pensacola was in the harbor of Coquimbo, Chile, when a northerly gale began. During the high winds, one of Regan's crewmates, Ordinary Seaman Peter Linguist, fell into the water while trying to re-board the ship from a small boat. When he resurfaced, his head struck the boat and he was knocked unconscious. Wearing heavy clothing and boots, Linguist quickly began to sink. Regan witnessed the event from the ship's gun deck and, when he realized the sailor was drowning, jumped through a porthole and rescued him. Pensacola's captain, John H. Upshur, sent word of Regan's act to his superiors that very day, and Regan was notified two months later, on 6 October, that he would be awarded the Medal of Honor.
Regan's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
   Serving on board the U.S.S. Pensacola, Regan displayed gallant conduct in the harbor of Coquimbo, Chile, 30 July 1873.
# Nikolaos Christodoulou

Nikolaos Christodoulou (Greek: Νικόλαος Χριστοδούλου; 1863 – c. 1924) was a Greek infantry officer who rose to the rank of Major General.

## Biography

Christodoulou was born on 18 July 1863 in Chalcis. He enlisted in the Hellenic Army on 14 July 1878. By 1897, he was an officer in the 2nd Infantry Regiment, and fought in the Unfortunate War.
In the Balkan Wars of 1912–13 he initially served as battalion commander in the 3rd Infantry Regiment. On 20 June 1913 and until the Battle of Kresna Gorge he assumed command of the 1st Infantry Regiment following the death of the latter's commander, Col. F. Dialetis. He then returned to command his battalion for a few days, before assuming command of the entire 3rd Regiment, which he led during the last days of the Second Balkan War.
In 1916, following the Bulgarian invasion of eastern Macedonia, he did not obey orders from Athens to surrender and joined with his men the "National Defence" in Thessaloniki and assumed command of the Serres Division, which he led to the front near Gevgeli in December 1916. He continued to command the division until 1918, when he was replaced due to illness. He retired on 24 April 1924.
# Alan Schoolcraft

Alan Schoolcraft is an American politician who was elected member of the Texas House of Representatives for the 44th district in 2024. A member of the Republican Party, he succeeded John Kuempel. He is a businessman and attorney. He was a member of the Texas State House from 1981 to 1993.
# 1874 South Devonshire by-election

The 1874 South Devonshire by-election was fought on 19 March 1874. The byelection was fought due to the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir Massey Lopes, becoming Civil Lord of the Admiralty. It was retained by the incumbent.
# Gymnocalycium andreae

Gymnocalycium andreae is a species of Gymnocalycium from Argentina.

## Description

Gymnocalycium andreae often forms groups with diameters of up to 15 centimeters and more. The blue-green to blue-gray shoots are spherical, depressed spherical or sometimes short columnar and reach heights of up to 5 centimeters with diameters of 6 centimeters. A long beet root is formed. The eight to twelve rounded ribs are clearly furrowed. The single central spine, sometimes missing, sometimes up to three are formed, is dark brown, slightly curved upwards to protruding and up to 1.3 centimeters long. The approximately six to ten, thin, spread out to comb-like adjacent or protruding marginal spines are 0.8 to 1.5 centimeters (rarely up to 4 centimeters) long. They are whitish and have a darker base.
The pale to bright sulfur yellow or white to light pink flowers are 4 to 5 centimeters in diameter and up to 4 centimeters long. The blue-green fruits are spherical to cylindrical and reach a diameter of up to 1.2 centimeters.

## Distribution

Gymnocalycium andreae is widespread in the Argentine provinces of Córdoba and San Luis at altitudes of 1500 to 2700 meters.

## Taxonomy

The first description as Echinocactus andreae was made in 1930 by Friedrich Bödeker. The specific epithet andreae honors the honorary member of the German Cactus Society, the German cactus specialist and cactus connoisseur Wilhelm Andreae from Bensheim. Curt Backeberg placed the species in the genus Gymnocalycium in 1936.
# Valence Cathedral

Valence Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Saint-Apollinaire de Valence) is a Catholic church, dedicated to Saint Apollinaris of Valence, in Valence, France. It is the seat of the Bishop of Valence. It was elevated to the status of a minor basilica in 1847. The cathedral is in the Romanesque architectural tradition. It has been classified as a historical monument since 1862.

## History

Valence Cathedral was originally dedicated to Saints Pope Cornelius and Cyprian (third-century martyrs, respectively Bishops of Rome and of Carthage).
It was a stopover church on the road to Santiago de Compostela. In 1095 during a visit to France, Pope Urban II rededicated the cathedral to Saint Apollinaris, one of Valence's sixth-century bishops.
The architecture of this cathedral is similar to other monuments in Auvergne and Velay, in particular the polychrome stone decorations. The apse is surrounded by four semi-circular chapels.
It suffered extensive damage in the French Wars of Religion, but it was restored in the first decade of the 17th century.
Pope Pius VI, who had been taken prisoner and deported from Italy by troops of the French Directory, was imprisoned in the fortress of Valence. After six weeks he died there, on 29 August 1799. The church contains his monument.
The cathedral was granted the status of minor basilica on 4 May 1847. The porch and the stone tower above it were rebuilt in 1861.
* View down the nave looking east
* Apse
* Vaulted roof of the nave
# Linda Milor

Linda Susan Milor is an American electrical engineer specializing in the design, manufacture, testing, and yield of integrated circuits. She is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Georgia Tech.

## Education and career

Milor was a student of electrical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, both as an undergraduate and as a graduate student. She completed her Ph.D. there in 1992. Her dissertation, on testing circuits with a mix of analog and digital components, was Fault-Driven Analog Testing, and was supervised by Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli.
She became an assistant professor of electrical engineering at the University of Maryland, College Park from 1990 to 1995, but left academia to work in industry, at Advanced Micro Devices from 1995 to 2000, and then briefly as a vice president at eSilicon in 2000. In 2001 she joined Georgia Tech as an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering. She was promoted to full professor in 2012.

## Recognition

Milor was named as an IEEE Fellow in 2023, "for contributions to testing of analog circuits and bridging the design-manufacturing gap for integrated circuits (ICs)".
# Diocese of Dodona

The diocese of Dodona was an episcopal see in the Roman province of Epirus Vetus in Late Antiquity (fl. 5th–6th centuries). The diocese disappeared during the Slavic invasions. In the 9th century, a new diocese of Vonitsa, taking its name from one of the Slavic tribes, appeared. Although the 1907 Catholic Encyclopedia recognized Vonitsa (then called Bodone) as the same diocese as Dodona, the Annuario Pontificio treats Vonitsa (Bonitza) and Dodona as distinct titular sees in the Catholic Church.
At some date a Christian church was built on the site of the temple of Zeus at Dodona. There are records of some early bishops of Dodona:
* Theodorus was present at the First Council of Ephesus in 431;
* Philotheus appeared at the Council of Chalcedon in 451;
* Uranius signed the letter of the bishops of Epirus Vetus to Emperor Leo I the Thracian in 458;
* Philippus subscribed a synodal report of the bishops of Epirus to Pope Hormisdas concerning the election of John to the metropolitan see of Nicopolis in 516.
# José António Gregório

José António Gregório (born 12 August 1939) is a Portuguese wrestler. He competed in the men's Greco-Roman featherweight at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
# Rafael Peñas Cruz

Rafael Peñas Cruz (born March 1, 1964, in Spain) has been a novelist since 2004.
He was born in Pozoblanco in Cordoba in Spain. His parents moved to Barcelona when he was young, and he graduated in English Literature from the city's university, before coming to London to study in summer 1989, and live from 1992 onwards.
There, in a relationship with the film maker Constantine Giannaris he acted in the films "Jean Genet is Dead" (1989) and "Trojans" (1990) credited as Rafael Peñas.
After completing an MA in Hispanic studies at Birkbeck University of London, he worked at schools and colleges teaching Spanish and Hispanic culture. At the Blackheath Bluecoat Church of England School he taught Rio Ferdinand who went on to achieve a noted career in football, and later worked at the City of London School where Daniel Radcliffe who subsequently enjoyed fame as a screen and stage actor, was one of his students. Cruz started work at the London School of Economics in 2000 in the Language Centre, where he remained until the summer of 2019. He is now retired from teaching.
He married in London in 2004, the year his first novel, Las Dimensiones del Teatro (The Dimensions of the Theatre) was published under the name Rafael Peñas. But it was his second novel Charlie, published in 2010, that gained him international attention, after he won the Terenci Moix Prize for Lesbian and Gay fiction. The story was loosely based on a young student of Cruz's, Charlie Aldridge, from his days as a schoolmaster at the City of London School in the capital.
He is working on his third novel, with the working title Celia's Legacy which is due for publication in 2024, and an autobiographical chronicle provisionally entitled Up and Out in Barcelona and London. He is also developing a website The Quince Jelly Tin quincejellytin.com which is - in his words - a writing project to turn old photographic albums into stories, thereby creating a repository of people's lives.
In 2020, he co-authored Una imagen y mil palabras a collaboration with the designer and artist Mayca Martinez Victoria. His writings were inspired by, and an interpretation of, her abstract images and collages.
The following year he translated the work of the Balaeric poet and author Àngel Terron from Catalan into English. The volume entitled The Poetry of Science was the first publication from his company Goatstar Books.
Goatstar Books followed up The Poetry of Science with Popping Corn, a translation of the work of Spanish surrealist poet Mendigo Diego into English. Late in 2022, Cruz and Goatstar published Keats Now an attempt to bring the writings of the poet John Keats to a newer Spanish audience.