# Hymenocallis

Hymenocallis /ˌhaɪmɪnəˈkælɪs/ (US) or /ˌhaɪmɛnoʊˈkælɪs/ (UK) is a genus of flowering plants in the amaryllis family native to the Americas.
Hymenocallis contains more than 60 species of herbaceous bulbous perennials native to the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and northern South America. Some species are cultivated as ornamentals in warm nations around the globe, and a few have become naturalized in parts of Africa and on various tropical islands. Many of the species from the Caribbean and from the southeastern United States inhabit wet areas such as marshes, streambanks, and seashores. Some species even have floating seeds. Some of the Mexican species, in contrast, grow on grassy slopes in hills and mountains.
The flower stalks arise from basal rosettes of strap-shaped leaves. The terminal clusters of fragrant flowers are green, white or yellow, and can be large and spectacular. The genus name is derived from the Greek words ὑμήν (hymen), meaning "membrane", and καλός (kalos), meaning "beautiful". It refers to the curious shape of the flowers, which consist of six narrow, curved petals attached to a shallow cup that is formed from the fused stamens. The effect is of a spidery daffodil or lily, thus explaining the common name "spider lily".

## Taxonomy

The genus Hymenocallis was created by Richard Anthony Salisbury in 1812, when he separated out a number of species formerly placed in Pancratium, starting with Hymenocallis littoralis. The main reason for the separation was that the fruits have only two seeds in each locule. Salisbury explained the name as referring to the "beautiful membrane which connects the filaments."

### Species

As of September 2014, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepts 65 species:
* Hymenocallis acutifolia (Herb. ex Sims) Sweet - Mexico
* Hymenocallis araniflora T.M.Howard - Sinaloa, Nayarit
* Hymenocallis arenicola Northr. - Bahamas, Greater Antilles
* Hymenocallis astrostephana T.M.Howard - Guerrero
* Hymenocallis azteciana Traub - Jalisco, Nayarit, Zacatecas
* Hymenocallis baumlii Ravenna - Chiapas
* Hymenocallis bolivariana Traub - Monagas in Venezuela
* Hymenocallis caribaea (L.) Herb. – Caribbean spiderlily - West Indies
* Hymenocallis choctawensis Traub – Choctaw spiderlily - Louisiana to Florida Panhandle
* Hymenocallis choretis Hemsl. - southern Mexico
* Hymenocallis cleo Ravenna - Chiapas
* Hymenocallis clivorum Laferr. - Sonora
* Hymenocallis concinna Baker - Jalisco
* Hymenocallis cordifolia Micheli - Guerrero
* Hymenocallis coronaria (Leconte) Kunth – Cahaba lily - South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama
* Hymenocallis crassifolia Herb. - South Carolina, Georgia, North Carolina, Florida
* Hymenocallis durangoensis T.M.Howard - Durango
* Hymenocallis duvalensis Traub ex Laferr. – Dixie spiderlily - Georgia, Florida
* Hymenocallis eucharidifolia Baker - Guerrero, Oaxaca
* Hymenocallis fragrans (Salisb.) Salisb. - Jamaica
* Hymenocallis franklinensis Ger.L.Sm. – Franklin spiderlily - Florida Panhandle
* Hymenocallis gholsonii G.Lom.Sm. & Garland - Florida Panhandle
* Hymenocallis glauca (Zucc.) M.Roem. - central + southern Mexico
* Hymenocallis godfreyi G.L.Sm. & Darst – Godfrey's spiderlily - Florida Panhandle
* Hymenocallis graminifolia Greenm. - Morelos
* Hymenocallis guatemalensis Traub - Guatemala
* Hymenocallis guerreroensis T.M.Howard - Guerrero
* Hymenocallis harrisiana Herb. - central + southern Mexico
* Hymenocallis henryae Traub – Henry's spiderlily - Florida Panhandle
* Hymenocallis howardii Bauml - western Mexico
* Hymenocallis imperialis T.M.Howard - San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo
* Hymenocallis incaica Ravenna - Peru
* Hymenocallis jaliscensis M.E.Jones - Jalisco, Nayarit
* Hymenocallis latifolia (Mill.) M.Roem. – perfumed spiderlily - West Indies, Florida
* Hymenocallis leavenworthii (Standl. & Steyerm.) Bauml - Michoacán
* Hymenocallis lehmilleri T.M.Howard - Guerrero
* Hymenocallis limaensis Traub - Lima Province in Peru
* Hymenocallis liriosme (Raf.) Shinners – Texan spiderlily (yellow center) - south-central United States
* Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb. - Mexico, Central America, northern South America
* Hymenocallis lobata Klotzsch - Venezuela
* Hymenocallis longibracteata Hochr. - Veracruz
* Hymenocallis maximilianii T.M.Howard - Guerrero
* Hymenocallis multiflora Vargas - Peru
* Hymenocallis occidentalis (Leconte) Kunth - southeastern + south-central United States
* Hymenocallis ornata (C.D.Bouché) M.Roem. - Guatemala
* Hymenocallis ovata (Mill.) M.Roem. - Cuba
* Hymenocallis palmeri S.Watson – alligator lily (yellow center) - Florida
* Hymenocallis partita Ravenna - Chiapas
* Hymenocallis phalangidis Bauml - Nayarit
* Hymenocallis pimana Laferr. - Chihuahua, Sonora
* Hymenocallis portamonetensis Ravenna - Chiapas
* Hymenocallis praticola Britton & P.Wilson - Cuba
* Hymenocallis proterantha Bauml - southern Mexico
* Hymenocallis pumila Bauml - Jalisco, Colima
* Hymenocallis puntagordensis Traub – Punta Gordo spiderlily - southern Florida
* Hymenocallis pygmaea Traub - North Carolina, South Carolina
* Hymenocallis rotata (Ker Gawl.) Herb. – streambank spiderlily - northern Florida
* †Hymenocallis schizostephana Worsley - Brazil but extinct
* Hymenocallis sonorensis Standl. - Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit
* Hymenocallis speciosa (L.f. ex Salisb.) Salisb. – green-tinge spiderlily - Windward Islands
* Hymenocallis tridentata Small - Florida
* Hymenocallis tubiflora Salisb. - Trinidad, Venezuela, Guianas, northwestern Brazil
* Hymenocallis vasconcelosii García-Mend. - Oaxaca, Puebla
* Hymenocallis venezuelensis Traub - Venezuela
* Hymenocallis woelfleana T.M.Howard - Durango, Sinaloa, Nayarit

#### Formerly included

Numerous names have been coined for species once considered members of Hymenocallis but now regarded as better suited to other genera. Most of the species are native to South America. Such genera include Clinanthus, Eucharis, Ismene, Leptochiton and Pancratium. Below are some examples of these species:
* Hymenocallis amancaes - Ismene amancaes
* Hymenocallis andreana - Leptochiton quitoensis
* Hymenocallis bonplandii - Eucharis bonplandii
* Hymenocallis calathina - Ismene narcissiflora
* Hymenocallis caroliniana - Pancratium maritimum
* Hymenocallis hawkesii - Ismene hawkesii
* Hymenocallis heliantha - Leptochiton helianthus
* Hymenocallis lacera - Pancratium maritimum
* Hymenocallis longipetala - Ismene longipetala
* Hymenocallis macleana - Ismene pedunculata
* Hymenocallis maritima - Pancratium maritimum
* Hymenocallis morrisonii - Ismene morrisonii
* Hymenocallis narcissiflora - Ismene narcissiflora
* Hymenocallis nutans - Ismene nutans
* Hymenocallis pedunculata - Ismene pedunculata
* Hymenocallis quitoensis - Leptochiton quitoensis
* Hymenocallis ringens - Ismene ringens
* Hymenocallis ruizii - Pancratium maritimum
* Hymenocallis sublimis - Ismene sublimis
* Hymenocallis tenuifolia - Leptochiton quitoensis
* Hymenocallis vargasii - Ismene vargasii
* Hymenocallis velardei - Ismene longipetala
* Hymenocallis virescens - Ismene pedunculata
* Hymenocallis viridiflora - Clinanthus viridiflorus

## Phylogeny

It is closely related to Ismene, to which it shared a common ancestor 26.14 million years ago. It is the sister group to Leptochiton, from which it separated 24.46 million years ago.

## Cultivation

Most Hymenocallis must be grown in a warm greenhouse or in a sheltered sunny spot where the ground does not freeze. The North American species H. occidentalis is found as far north as southwestern Indiana where winters can reach 0 °F (−18 °C). They like good drainage and grow well in a soil rich with organic matter. The following species and hybrids are found in cultivation:-
| H. amancaes H. caribaea H. harrisiana H. littoralis H. × macrostephana (H. narcissiflora × H. speciosa) | H. narcissiflora H. speciosa H. 'Sulphur Queen' |