OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dose area product

Dose area product (DAP) is a quantity used in assessing the radiation risk from diagnostic X-ray radiography examinations and interventional procedures, like angiography. It is defined as the absorbed dose multiplied by the area irradiated, expressed in gray-centimetres squared (Gy·cm$^2$ – sometimes the prefixed units dGy·cm$^2$, mGy·cm$^2$ or cGy·cm$^2$ are also used). Gray (Gy) is the SI unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation, while the milligray (mGy) is its subunit, numerically equivalent to the millisievert (mSv) as used to quantify equivalent and effective doses for gamma (γ) and X-rays.
Manufacturers of DAP meters usually calibrate them in terms of absorbed dose to air. DAP reflects not only the dose within the radiation field but also the area of tissue irradiated. Therefore, it may be a better indicator of the overall risk of inducing cancer than the dose within the field. It also has the advantage of being easily measured, with the permanent installation of a DAP meter on the X-ray set. Due to the divergence of a beam emitted from a "point source", the area irradiated (A) increases with the square of distance from the source (A ∝ d$^2$), while radiation intensity (I) decreases according to the inverse square of distance (I ∝ 1/d$^2$). Consequently, the product of intensity and area, and therefore DAP, is independent of distance from the source.
DICOM "X-Ray Acquisition Dose Module" metadata within each medical imaging study often includes various DAP and dose length product (DLP) parameters.

## How DAP is measured

An ionization chamber is placed beyond the X-ray collimators and must intercept the entire X-ray field for an accurate reading. Different parameters of the X-ray set, such as peak voltage (kVp), X-ray tube current (mA), exposure time, or the area of the field, can also be changed.
For example, a 5 cm × 5 cm X-ray field with an entrance dose of 1 mGy will yield a 25 mGy·cm$^2$ DAP value. When the field is increased to 10 cm × 10 cm with the same entrance dose, the DAP increases to 100 mGy·cm$^2$, which is four times the previous value.

## Kerma Area Product

Kerma area product (KAP) is a related quantity, which for all practical radiation protection purposes is equal to dose area product. However, strictly speaking $\mathrm {DAP} =\mathrm {KAP} \times (1-g)$, where g is the fraction of energy of liberated charged particles that is lost in radiative processes in the material and the dose is expressed in absorbed dose to air. The value of g for diagnostic X-rays is only a fraction of a percent.
Adult coronary angiography and PCI procedures expose patients to an average DAP in the range of 20 to 106 Gy·cm$^2$ and 44 to 143 Gy·cm$^2$ respectively.
# Raid on Caesarea

The Raid on Caesarea occurred in 1067 when the Seljuk Turks under Alp Arslan and Afshin Bey attacked Caesarea. Caesarea was sacked and its Cathedral of St. Basil desecrated. This provoked Romanos IV Diogenes' first campaign in 1068.
# Darren Murray (swimmer)

Darren Murray (born April 2, 1991, in Cape Town) is a South African swimmer. Qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics as the first person of colour to represent South Africa in swimming at the Olympics. He competed in the Men's 200 metre backstroke, finishing in 25th place overall in the heats, failing to qualify for the semifinals.
Murray has also competed at the 2008 and 2010 African Swimming Championships, the 2009, 2011 and 2013 World Aquatics Championships, the 2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m), the 2011 All-Africa Games, and the 2014 Commonwealth Games.
# Yasuomi Kugisaki

Yasuomi Kugisaki (釘﨑 康臣, Kugisaki Yasuomi, born May 3, 1982) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club statistics

| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Total | Total |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Japan | Japan | Japan | League | League | Emperor's Cup | Emperor's Cup | J.League Cup | J.League Cup | Total | Total |
| 2005 | Avispa Fukuoka | J2 League | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | - | - | 6 | 0 |
| 2006 | Avispa Fukuoka | J1 League | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 2007 | Avispa Fukuoka | J2 League | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 6 | 0 |
| 2008 | Avispa Fukuoka | J2 League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 |
| 2009 | Avispa Fukuoka | J2 League | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 16 | 0 |
| 2010 | Honda Lock | Football League | | | | | | | | |
| Country | Japan | Japan | 27 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 0 |
| Total | Total | Total | 27 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 0 |
# Sandra Lee Scheuer

Sandra Lee "Sandy" Scheuer (/ˈʃɔɪ.ər/; August 11, 1949 – May 4, 1970) was a student at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio, when she was killed by Ohio National Guardsmen in the Kent State shootings.

## Background

Scheuer was born in Youngstown, Ohio, the daughter of Sarah (Lacko) and Martin Scheuer. She had an older sister, Audrey. She was Jewish. She was an honors student in speech therapy, and was a graduate of Boardman High School.

## May 4, 1970

Scheuer did not take part in the Vietnam War protests that preceded the shootings. She was shot once in the neck with an M-1 rifle from a distance of 130 yards (119 m) while walking between classes. The bullet severed her jugular vein and she died within five or six minutes from loss of blood. According to the account of her boyfriend Bruce Burkland, Scheuer "was walking with one of her speech and hearing therapy students across the green. Caught in the gunfire, neither Sandra nor the young man had anything to do with the assembly of students on the green." Three other unarmed students were also killed in the shootings: Allison Krause, Jeffrey Miller, and William Knox Schroeder.
The shootings led to protests and a national student strike, causing hundreds of campuses to close because of both violent and non-violent demonstrations. The Kent State campus remained closed for six weeks. Five days after the shootings, 100,000 people demonstrated in Washington, D.C., against the war.
Scheuer had been a member of the Alpha Xi Delta sorority, and current members of this sorority speak in her memory each year on the Kent State University campus at the May 4 Task Force's commemoration of the 1970 tragedy.
In 2018 an exhibit in memory of Scheuer called "Sandy's Scrapbook", based on an actual scrapbook she kept while attending Kent State, opened at the University's May 4 Visitor Center.

## In popular culture

Just after Scheuer's death, the songwriter Harvey Andrews composed a song titled "Hey Sandy", whose lyrics are addressed to her:
   Did you see them turn, did you feel the burn Of the bullets as they flew?
In the song "Ohio", which was written immediately after the shootings, folk rocker Neil Young made a reference to Scheuer in the chorus:
   What if you knew her, And found her dead on the ground? How can you run when you know?
Scheuer is also remembered in poet Gary Geddes' poem "Sandra Lee Scheuer", found in his 1980 collection The Acid Test. An image of a memorial to Scheuer was included in the CD case to The Argument (2001) by Fugazi.
# Battle of Río Quirós

The Battle of Río Quirós occurred after the Battle of Las Babias in which the Asturians attempted to stop the Umayyad attack. The battle was an Umayyad victory.
On September 18, 795, The Umayyads defeated the Asturians at Las Babias. They chose to follow up with their victory and give no quarter to the Asturians. The Asturian king, Alfsonso II, decided to gather his troops at Quirós, regroup them, and return to face the Muslims on more advantageous land. The Umayyad general, Abdul Karim, gave him no time to organize his forces who wished to avenge his brother's death at Lutos. He arrived in Quirós before Alfonso could be ready. Alfonso saw the upcoming Umayyads, and he decided to send the majority of his cavalry to stop them, numbering around 3,000 cavalry.
The Cavalry force was led by a man called Gadaxara. A certain brave man in the King's inner circle. The King ordered him to stand his ground between the king and Abdul Karim. Alfonso did not escape to Oviedo, instead, he remained on the other side of the river to intervene in the battle if circumstances required. The battle began and it was undoubtedly fierce. The Muslim troops were more numerous. Although the terrain was not suitable for cavalry charges, the Umayyads, with numerical numbers, won the battle. The Asturians were defeated and Gadaxara was taken prisoner, but it is most likely he was killed. Alfonso had to retreat again.
# Braian Molina

Braian Nicolás Molina (born 17 April 1995) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a defender for Central Norte.
# 1590 in Norway

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events in the year 1590 in Norway.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Christian IV.

## Events

* 7 April – Anne Pedersdotter was burned alive at the stake in the city of Bergen. Her case is regarded as the starting point of the witch trials in Norway.

## Births

* Peter Paulson Paus, provost (died 1653)

### Probable

* Magdalena Andersdotter, shipowner (died c.a 1650)

## Deaths

* 7 April – Anne Pedersdotter, alleged witch (born c. 1530)
* Gude Axelsen Giedde, military officer and priest (born 1510)
# Revolution Max

The Revolution Max is a V-twin motorcycle engine from Harley-Davidson. It features double overhead camshafts and liquid cooling. It debuted in the Pan America adventure bike in February 2021. Harley-Davidson has announced this engine will eventually come in sizes ranging from 500cc to 1250cc. A variant of the Revolution Max called the 1250T saw use in the Sportster S, the first motorcycle under the Sportster nameplate to receive a new engine since 1986.
A 975cc version of the engine was announced for an upcoming streetfighter motorcycle called the Bronx, but that bike has been put on hold and may be cancelled. However, the engine was eventually introduced in the Nightster in 2022.
# Gangneung station

Gangneung station is a railway station on the Yeongdong Line and Gangneung Line in Gyo-dong, Gangneung, Gangwon, South Korea. All Sea Trains and Mugunghwa trains stopped at this station until September 14, 2014 when it was closed because of the construction of the Gangneung Line. Because of this, all Mugunghwa trains had terminated at Jeongdongjin station.
The Gangneung Line and Gangneung station opened at December 22, 2017. The KTX-Sancheon (now KTX-Eum) trains started stopping here. However, the Mugunghwa-ho trains terminated at Jeongdongjin station before July 18, 2018, before all of the Mugunghwa trains that terminated at Jeongdongjin got cut back to Donghae. This is because there were many KTX-Sancheon because of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang County.
# Battle of Oktwin

The Battle of Oktwin March 20–23, 1942, was the second battle in the Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road in the Burma Campaign of World War II and Second Sino-Japanese War.
On March 20, the Japanese 143rd Regiment plus cavalry units of the 55th Division attacked the positions of the Chinese 5th Army Cavalry Regiment north of the Kan River, driving the Chinese forces back with heavy losses. The bulk of the cavalry regiment was withdrawn to the north of Toungoo, leaving only a company of cavalry and infantry each to delay the advancing Japanese. Meanwhile, the commanding general of 200th Division, Dai Anlan’s fortifications at Oktwin and around Toungoo were now ready. They were built using timber, which was in abundant supply, and all positions were carefully concealed. On March 21, Japanese forces brushed aside the delaying forces and reached the 200th Division outposts at Oktwin.
The 112nd Regiment of the 55th Division attacked 200th Division positions at first light on March 22, but made little headway. Japanese forces attacking the Chinese positions consisted of a battalion of infantry with several guns; the defenders were the 1st Battalion, 600th Regiment. The Japanese sent cavalry forces around the left flank of the Chinese and the position was stabilized only when reserve forces of the 1st Battalion, 598th Regiment were committed immediately in counterattacks.
The Japanese were now more careful after the ambush, and used their artillery and machine guns to fire at suspected positions before sending their infantry forward. Light machine guns were positioned up among the trees and caused many Chinese casualties. Eventually the Chinese set up their heavy machine guns to fire at an angle to deal with this menace.
On March 23, the Japanese attacked again on the left flank with strong artillery and air support. The battle continued until 4 pm without much success for the attackers, who then tried another flanking move with a company of infantry and scores of cavalry troops around the right side of the Chinese positions. The Chinese held their ground until nightfall and fell back to the main defensive line at Toungoo on March 24.
# San Juan Bautista de Ñeembucú

San Juan Bautista de Ñeembucú (Guaraní: San Juan Bautista del Ñe'embuku) is a village and distrito in the Ñeembucú department of Paraguay.

## Sources

* World Gazeteer: Paraguay – World-Gazetteer.com
# Luis Silverio

Luis Pascual Silverio Delmonte (born October 23, 1956) is a Dominican former professional baseball player and coach, currently serving as the Senior Advisor to Latin American Operations for the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball (MLB). In 2011 and 2012, he was the first-base, outfield and baserunning coach for the Pirates' major league team.
Prior to joining the Pittsburgh organization, Silverio spent thirty-five years in the Kansas City Royals' organization, and was a coach at the Major League level for the Royals from 2003–2008. Silverio has been associated with the Royals since he signed as a non-drafted free agent on November 12, 1973. Though he played in only eight games with the Royals in September 1978, he recorded six hits in his eleven career at bats. His .545 batting average is the highest in baseball history for any player who came to bat ten or more times in their career. Silverio coached in the Royals minor league system from 1983 to 1989. He was the general manager of the Royals' Dominican League entry from 1990 to 1992, the coordinator of Latin American operations from 1993 to 1999, the coordinator of Dominican operation from 2000 to 2002, and player development coordinator in 2009–2010. His daughter, Jennifer, is married to former Royals shortstop Ángel Berroa.
Silverio has two sons and two daughters and lives in Florida.
# Jeff Williams (rugby union)

Jeff Williams (born 16 August 1988) is a South Africa born English professional rugby union player. Williams previously played Rugby sevens for England and was a member of the team which won the [[Japan Sevens|Tokyo Sevens]and a winning in wellington sevens ].After international 7s rugby Williams joined Bath Rugby Club for the next 3 seasons before heading over to France where he played the next 4 season at Asbh Beziers rugby in the Pro d 2. Current Belgium 7s men rugby head coach

## Early life

Williams was born in South Africa to an English father and grew up in the suburb of Sunnyridge. He attended George Randell Primary School, in Greenfields from grade one to seven. He then moved on to Selborne College where he finished his high school career. Williams played Rugby Union for the Hamiltons club in Cape Town, and was a part of the Sharks Academy. Williams then signed for RC Chateaurenard playing in French Fédérale 1.

## Rugby Sevens

Williams was a member of the England Sevens team from 2012-2015 playing at prop or wing, he made his debut in the 2012 Marriot London Sevens. Williams opportunity to join the England Sevens team came about after his father contacted the RFU to make them aware he was eligible to play for England. Williams was contacted by Ben Ryan who offered him an opportunity to try out for the team.
Williams was a member of the England team which won the 2015 Tokyo Sevens Tournament. He scored a total of 39 tries in 22 games throughout his career.

## Rugby Union

In April 2015 it was announced that Williams was returning to Rugby Union having signed for Bath for the 2015/16 season. Williams' contract was extended for one year in March 2016.
Williams made his Aviva Premiership debut for Bath on 7 November 2015 in a 14-45 Victory over London Irish

## Honours

2012 Wellington Sevens Winners
2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens Silver Medal
2015 Japan Sevens Winners
# Peter Kupferschmidt

Peter Kupferschmidt (born 2 March 1942) is a German footballer who played for Bayern Munich during the 1960s.

## Early life

Kupferschmidt's story began in Filipovo, which is now in Serbia and known as Backi Gracac. His family had to flee when he was three years old and ended up in Munich, in Gartenstadt-Trudering. Kupferschmidt felt at home here, and as he had always played football, the sport played a big role in growing up. One day in the summer of 1956, a friend took him to FC Bayern Munich, and Rudi Weiß became his sponsor.
# Wojciech Skaba

Wojciech Skaba (Polish pronunciation:; born 9 April 1984) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper, and a former youth gymnastics champion.

## Career

After a successful 2006–07 season at Odra, he signed a contract with Legia Warsaw after Łukasz Fabiański was sold to Arsenal. He spent two seasons as the club's second-choice keeper, making only two league appearances. In July 2009, he joined Polonia Bytom on a one-year loan. He returned to Legia in the summer of 2010.
In 2014, he moved to Ruch Chorzów and played seven games in Ekstraklasa.
On 27 March 2017, he signed a contract with Zagłębie Sosnowiec.

## Honours

Legia Warsaw
* Ekstraklasa: 2013–14
* Polish Cup: 2007–08, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13
# Peto Galim

Peto Galim is a Malaysian politician and engineer who has served as the State Assistant Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Industries of Sabah in the Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) administration under Chief Minister Hajiji Noor and Minister Jeffrey Kitingan since January 2023 and Member of the Sabah State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Inanam since September 2020. He is a member of the People's Justice Party (PKR), a component party of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition. He has served as the State Deputy Chairman of PKR of Sabah since May 2024 and Division Chief of PKR of Sepanggar since July 2022.

## Election result

Sabah State Legislative Assembly :
| Year | Constituency | Candidate | Votes | Pct. | Opponent(s) | Votes | Pct. | Ballots cast | Majority | Turnout |
| 2020 | N18 Inanam | Peto Galim (PKR) | 8,586 | 49.67% | William Majinbon (PBS) | 2,948 | 17.05% | 17,286 | 5,638 | 66.40% |
| 2020 | N18 Inanam | Peto Galim (PKR) | 8,586 | 49.67% | Kenny Chua Teck Ho (IND) | 2,346 | 13.57% | 17,286 | 5,638 | 66.40% |
| 2020 | N18 Inanam | Peto Galim (PKR) | 8,586 | 49.67% | Chong Kah Kiat (LDP) | 1,606 | 9.29% | 17,286 | 5,638 | 66.40% |
| 2020 | N18 Inanam | Peto Galim (PKR) | 8,586 | 49.67% | Goh Fah Shun (GAGASAN) | 362 | 2.09% | 17,286 | 5,638 | 66.40% |
| 2020 | N18 Inanam | Peto Galim (PKR) | 8,586 | 49.67% | Regina Lim (PCS) | 291 | 1.68% | 17,286 | 5,638 | 66.40% |
| 2020 | N18 Inanam | Peto Galim (PKR) | 8,586 | 49.67% | Achmad Noorasyrul Noortaip (IND) | 286 | 1.65% | 17,286 | 5,638 | 66.40% |
| 2020 | N18 Inanam | Peto Galim (PKR) | 8,586 | 49.67% | Terence Tsen Kim Fatt (ANAK NEGERI) | 255 | 1.48% | 17,286 | 5,638 | 66.40% |
| 2020 | N18 Inanam | Peto Galim (PKR) | 8,586 | 49.67% | Mohd Hary Abdullah (USNO Baru) | 156 | 0.90% | 17,286 | 5,638 | 66.40% |
| 2020 | N18 Inanam | Peto Galim (PKR) | 8,586 | 49.67% | George Ngui (IND) | 54 | 0.31% | 17,286 | 5,638 | 66.40% |

## Honours

* Sabah :
** Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (PGDK) – Datuk (2024)
# Brenda Tau

Brenda Tau (born 17 June 1998) is a Papua New Guinean cricketer. She played for the Papua New Guinea women's national cricket team in the 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier in February 2017. In the tournament, she was the highest run-scorer for Papua New Guinea, with 85 runs.
In June 2018, she was named in Papua New Guinea's squad for the 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier tournament. She made her Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) against Bangladesh in the World Twenty20 Qualifier on 7 July 2018. She was the leading run-scorer for Papua New Guinea in the tournament, with 82 runs in five matches.
In April 2019, she was named in Papua New Guinea's squad for the 2019 ICC Women's Qualifier EAP tournament in Vanuatu. In August 2019, she was named in Papua New Guinea's squad for the 2019 ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier tournament in Scotland. In October 2021, she was named in Papua New Guinea's team for the 2021 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier tournament in Zimbabwe.
# Anil Joshi

Anil Joshi is a politician from Amritsar, Punjab, India who was serving as Minister for Local Bodies, Medical Education & Research in the previous Punjab Government. He joined the Shiromani Akali Dal party in 2021 following his expulsion from the BJP. He was first elected as a member of Punjab Legislative Assembly from Amritsar North Constituency in 2007 and then re-elected in 2012.

## Early life

Joshi was born on 31 March 1964 in Sanghe, District Tarn Taran. His father's name is Kishori Lal Joshi and mother's name Pushpa Rani Joshi.

## Political career

He successfully contested election from Amritsar North in 2007 as a BJP candidate. In 2012 he was re-elected from Amritsar North. He was cabinet minister and holding portfolio of Local Bodies, Medical Education & Research. He lost to Sunil Dutti (Congress) by 14000 votes in 2017 Punjab assembly election. He was colloquially known as "Vikas Purush" because of his significant development work done in North Amritsar Constituency. In July 2021 he left the Bhartiya Janta Party for six years for opposing the party line in the farmers' protest.. He joined Sharomani Akali Dal in August 2021.

## Personal life

He married Monika Joshi on 7 October 1992. He has two sons (Paras Joshi and Amit Joshi).