OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gelisol

Gelisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy. They are soils of very cold climates which are defined as containing permafrost within two meters (6 ft 7 in) of the soil surface. The word "Gelisol" comes from the Latin gelare meaning "to freeze", a reference to the process of cryoturbation that occurs from the alternating thawing and freezing characteristic of Gelisols.
In the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB), most Gelisols belong to the Cryosols. In soil taxonomy, Gelisols key out before the Histosols. In the WRB, the Histosols key out before the Cryosols. Organic permafrost soils are therefore Gelisols (Histels) in the soil taxonomy and Histosols (Cryic Histosols) in the WRB.
Structurally, Gelisols may have a B horizon and more commonly have an A horizon and/or O horizon resting on the permafrost. Because soil organic matter accumulates in the upper layer, most Gelisols are black or dark brown in soil color, followed by a shallow mineral layer. Despite the influence of glaciation in most areas where Gelisols occur, chemically they are not highly fertile because nutrients, especially calcium and potassium, are very easily leached above the permafrost. The permafrost greatly restricts the engineering use of Gelisols, as large structures (e.g. buildings) subside as the frozen earth thaws when they are put in place.
Gelisols are found chiefly in Siberia, Alaska and Canada. Smaller areas are found in the Andes (mainly near the intersection between Chile, Bolivia and Argentina), Tibet, northern Scandinavia and the ice-free parts of Greenland and Antarctica. Fossil Gelisols are known from as far back as Precambrian ice ages 900 million years ago.

## Suborders

In USDA soil taxonomy, Gelisols are subdivided into:
* Histels: organic soils similar to histosols except that they have permafrost within two meters (6 ft 7 in) below ground surface. They have 80% or more organic materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50 cm (20 in) or to a glacic layer or densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest. These soils occur predominantly in subarctic and low arctic regions of continuous or widespread permafrost. Less than one-third of the active layer (the soil between the ground surface and a permafrost table) or an ice layer which is at least 30 cm (12 in) thick has been cryoturbated.
* Turbels: soils that show marked influence of cryoturbation (more than one-third of the depth of the active layer) such as irregular, broken, or distorted horizon boundaries and involutions and areas with patterned ground. They commonly contain tongues of mineral and organic horizons, organic and mineral intrusions, and oriented rock fragments. Organic matter is accumulated on top of the permafrost, and ice or sand wedges are common features. Turbels occur primarily in the zone of continuous permafrost.
* Orthels: soils that show little or no cryoturbation (less than one-third of the depth of the active layer). Patterned ground (except for polygons) generally is lacking. Orthels occur primarily within the zone of discontinuous permafrost, and in alpine areas.
# Gomer Hughes

Gomer Hughes (13 May 1910 – (1974-11-14)14 November 1974) was a Welsh dual-code international rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for Wales and Wales XV, and at club level for Tonmawr RFC and Penarth RFC, as a lock, and representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales, and at club level for Swinton, as a prop, or second-row.

## Background

Hughes was born in Neath, Glamorgan, and he died aged 64 in Salford, Greater Manchester, England.

## Playing career
### International honours

Gomer Hughes represented Wales XV (RU) while at Swinton (RL) in the 'Victory International' non-Test match(es) between December 1945 and April 1946, won 3 caps for Wales (RU) in 1935–1940 while at Penarth RFC (RU) in 1934 England, Scotland, and Ireland, and won caps for Wales (RL) while at Swinton (RL).
Six rugby league footballers represented Wales XV (RU) while at rugby league clubs, they were; Tyssul Griffiths, Elwyn Gwyther, Gomer Hughes, Hugh Lloyd-Davies, Harold Thomas and Leslie Thomas.
Gomer Hughes, and Harold Thomas had previously won Wales (RU) caps, but the other footballers hadn't, and having already changed to the rugby league code they were unable to do so, but Tyssul Griffiths, Elwyn Gwyther, Leslie Thomas, did go on to win Wales (RL) caps.
# 1946 United States Senate election in Maine

The 1946 United States Senate election in Maine was held on September 9, 1946.
Incumbent Republican Senator Owen Brewster was re-elected to a second term in office over Democrat Peter McDonald.

## Republican primary
### Candidates

* Owen Brewster, incumbent Senator since 1941

### Results

Senator Brewster was unopposed for re-nomination.
1946 Republican U.S. Senate primary :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Owen Brewster (inc.) | 51,260 | 100.00% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 51,260 | 100.00% |

## Democratic primary
### Candidates

* Peter McDonald, unsuccessful candidate for U.S. Representative in 1940

### Results

McDonald was unopposed for the Democratic nomination.
1946 Democratic U.S. Senate primary :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Peter McDonald | 10,192 | 100.00% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 10,192 | 100.00% |

## General election
### Results

1946 U.S. Senate election in Maine :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Owen Brewster (inc.) | 111,215 | 63.55% | 4.94 |
| | Democratic | Peter McDonald | 63,799 | 36.45% | 4.82 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 175,014 | 100.00% |
# 1940 United States Senate election in Maine

The 1940 United States Senate election in Maine was held on September 9, 1940.
Incumbent Republican Senator Frederick Hale did not run for re-election. Republican U.S. Representative and former Governor Owen Brewster won the open seat, defeating two Governors of Maine: incumbent Republican Governor Lewis Barrows in the primary and former Democratic Governor Louis Brann in the general election.

## Republican primary
### Candidates

* Lewis O. Barrows, Governor of Maine
* Owen Brewster, U.S. Representative from Dexter and former Governor (1925–29)

### Results

1940 Republican U.S. Senate primary :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Owen Brewster | 70,623 | 58.88% |
| | Republican | Lewis O. Barrows | 49,327 | 41.12% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 119,950 | 100.00% |

## Democratic primary
### Candidates

* Louis J. Brann, former Governor of Maine (1933–37)

### Results

Brann was unopposed for the Democratic nomination.
1940 Democratic U.S. Senate primary :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Louis J. Brann | 23,015 | 100.00% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 23,015 | 100.00% |

## General election
### Results

1940 U.S. Senate election in Maine :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Owen Brewster | 150,149 | 58.61% | 8.57 |
| | Democratic | Louis J. Brann | 105,740 | 41.27% | 8.44 |
| | Independent | Lewis Gordon | 305 | 0.12% | N/A |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 256,194 | 100.00% |
# Stephen B. Baylin

Stephen Bruce Baylin is the deputy director and associate director for research at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Virginia and D.K. Ludwig Professor for Cancer Research and medicine and chief of cancer biology of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. His research focus is epigenetics in the development of cancer, and he was one of the first researchers in this field in the 1980s.
Baylin received his BS and MD from Duke University in 1968. Baylin started his research against cancer during the Vietnam war. "They called us the Yellow Berets — MDs who opted to do their public service by engaging in research at the National Institutes of Health. I was interested in an inherited form of thyroid cancer, called medullary thyroid carcinoma." He published his findings in relation to that research in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1970. He joined the faculty at Johns Hopkins in 1974. In 1991, he was appointed chief of tumor biology.
He and Peter Laird were the original investigators of the epigenetic portion of The Cancer Genome Atlas. He co-leads, with Peter Jones, a Stand Up To Cancer team science initiative in regulatory epigenetics, the VARI-SU2C Epigenetics Dream Team, and as part of this has an appointment to the faculty of the Van Andel Research Institute.
In 2010, he was featured in GQ's "Rock Stars of Science" to publicize biomedical researchers. Baylin, Peter Jones and Andrew Feinberg were awarded the 2022-2023 Harvey Prize in Science and Technology for their seminal contributions to the field of Cancer Epigenetics.

## Awards

* 1990 – Edwin B. Astwood Award Lecture, Endocrine Society
* 2004 – National Investigator of the Year Award, National Cancer Institute SPORE Program
* 2005 – Simon M. Shubitz Cancer Prize and Lectureship
* 2008 – David Workman Memorial Award, Samuel Waxman Cancer Research Foundation
* 2008 – Raffaele Tecce Memorial Lecture, Rome
* 2009 – Kirk A. Landon-AACR Prize for Basic Cancer Research
* 2010 – Alfred G. Knudson Award for Excellence in Cancer Genetics, National Cancer Institute
* 2010 – Nakahara Memorial Lecture, Princess Takematsu Symposium
* 2011 – Medal of Honor, American Cancer Society
* 2014 – SU2C Phillip A. Sharp Innovation in Collaboration Award
* 2014 – Elected fellow of the AACR Academy
* 2017 – Elected to the National Academy of Sciences
* 2022-2023 – Harvey Prize in Science and Technology
# Tachikawa Ki-55

The Tachikawa Ki-55 was a Japanese advanced trainer.

## Design and development

The excellent characteristics of the Tachikawa Ki-36 made it potentially ideal as a trainer. This led to the development of the Ki-55 with a single machine gun. After successful testing of a prototype in September 1939, the type was put into production as the Tachikawa Army Type 99 Advanced Trainer.
In all, 1,389 Ki-55 were constructed before production ended in December 1943 - with Tachikawa having built 1078 and Kawasaki 311.
Both the Ki-55 and the Ki-36 were given the Allied nickname Ida.

## Variants
### Ki-36

    Army co-operation aircraft.

### Ki-72

    An evolved version with a 447 kW (599 hp) Hitachi Ha38 engine and retractable undercarriage. Not built.

## Operators
### Japan

* Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
* Kumagaya Army Flying School
* Mito Army Flying School
* Tachiarai Army Flying School
* Utsonomiya Army Flying School

### Manchukuo

* Manchukuo Air Force

### Reorganized National Government of China

* National Government of China Air Force received several from the Japanese.

### Republic of China

* Republic of China Air Force operated captured aircraft.

### People's Republic of China

* People's Liberation Army Air Force operated more than 30 captured aircraft at the end of 1945. These Ki-55s were used until the last 14 retired in 1953.

### Thailand

* Royal Thai Air Force
Francillon also mentions delivery to the Japanese satellite air force of Cochinchina, the southernmost third part of present Vietnam

## Specifications (Ki-55)

Data from Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War
General characteristics
* Crew: 2
* Length: 8 m (26 ft 3 in)
* Wingspan: 11.8 m (38 ft 9 in)
* Height: 3.64 m (11 ft 11 in)
* Wing area: 20 m$^2$ (220 sq ft)
* Airfoil: root: NACA 23014; tip: NACA 23006
* Empty weight: 1,292 kg (2,848 lb)
* Gross weight: 1,721 kg (3,794 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Hitachi Ha13a (Army Type 98 450hp Air Cooled Radial) 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 380 kW (510 hp) for take-off
             350 kW (470 hp) at 1,700 m (5,600 ft)
* Propellers: 2-bladed wooden propeller
Performance
* Maximum speed: 349 km/h (217 mph, 188 kn) at 2,200 m (7,200 ft)
* Cruise speed: 235 km/h (146 mph, 127 kn)
* Range: 1,060 km (660 mi, 570 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 8,200 m (26,900 ft)
* Time to altitude: 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in 6 minutes 55 seconds
* Wing loading: 86.1 kg/m$^2$ (17.6 lb/sq ft)
* Power/mass: 0.222 kW/kg (0.135 hp/lb)
Armament
* Guns: one fixed, forward-firing 7.7mm (0.303in) Type 89 machine gun
# All Together Now (book)

All Together Now: Common Sense for a Fair Economy (ISBN 978-1-57675-387-3) is a book written by Jared Bernstein, Chief Economist and Economic Policy Advisor to Vice President Joe Biden, and published in 2006. In it, Bernstein lays the groundwork of what he argues are deep-rooted problems within the U.S. economic system and offers a collaborative solution in which economic risk is shouldered equally at all levels. Bernstein uses the issues of globalization, health care, and income inequality as his case examples of how to improve government policy.
Bernstein often uses the acronyms WITT (we're in this together) and YOYO (you're on your own) to define a basic difference in contemporary political thinking. He promotes the benefits of a "WITT" ideal while describing faults of a "YOYO" attitude.

## Reception

The book received a generally positive reception, receiving reviews from academic journals including New Labor Forum and Community Development (Taylor & Francis), along with having excerpts published in The New York Times.
The book was also reviewed by the magazine Industrial Worker and a number of other publications.
# Kokusai Ki-59

The Kokusai Ki-59 (一式輸送機, Isshiki-yusōki) was an early 1940s light transport monoplane built by Nippon Kokusai Koku Kogyo K.K for the Imperial Japanese Army as a development of the Teradako-ken TK-3, which had first flown in 1938.

## Development

The Teradako-ken TK-3 was a prototype, eight-to-ten passenger light transport monoplane built by Nippon Koku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha as a short-range transport for civil use at the request of Imperial Japanese Airways to replace its aging fleet of Airspeed Envoys and Fokker Super Universals. The first of two prototypes flew in June 1938, but they were unable to meet the required performance requirements, and the project was cancelled. In 1939, the Imperial Japanese Army revived the project to meet its urgent requirement for a light transport and liaison aircraft, and they instructed Nippon to develop the design as the Ki-59.
The Ki-59 was a high-wing, cantilever monoplane with a fixed tailwheel landing gear and conventional single vertical tail surfaces. It was powered by two 450 hp (336 kW) Hitachi Ha-13a radial engines, and other modifications to the design were made to meet Army requirements. The Ki-59 was ordered into production in 1941 with the designation Army Type 1 Transport, and an additional fifty-nine units were produced. After the start of World War II, the aircraft was given the Allied reporting name Theresa. Despite the more powerful engines and modifications sponsored by the Japanese Army, the Ki-59 remained a poor performer and saw little service before being replaced by the more capable Tachikawa Ki-54. A small number were transferred to Manchukuo National Airways.
Near the end of 1941, one Ki-59 was modified into a glider with the removal of the engines and the landing gear replaced by underfuselage skids. It was designated the Ku-8-I or Army Experimental Glider. This was further developed as the Ku-8-II or Army Type 4 Large Transport Glider, which became the only operationally-used Japanese assault glider. It was named Gander by the Allies.

## Variants
### TK-3

    Prototype civil transport with two 640 hp (477 kW) Nakajima Kotobuki 3 radial engines, two built.

### Ki-59 (Army Type 1 Transport) ("Theresa")

    Production military transport with two 450 hp (336 kW) Hitachi Ha-13a radial engines, 59 built.

### Ku-8-I (Army Experimental Glider)

    Experimental conversion to glider configuration.

### Ku-8-II (Army Type 4 Large Transport Glider) ("Gander")

    Assault-glider variant.

## Operators
### Japan

* Imperial Japanese Army Air Force

### Manchukuo

* Manchukuo National Airways

## Specifications (Ki-59)

Data from Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War
General characteristics
* Crew: 3
* Capacity: Eight passengers
* Length: 12.5 m (41 ft 0.13 in)
* Wingspan: 17 m (55 ft 9.25 in)
* Height: 3.05 m (10 ft 0 in)
* Wing area: 38.4 m$^2$ (413 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 2,880 kg (6,349 lb)
* Gross weight: 4,120 kg (9,083 lb)
* Powerplant: 2 × Hitachi Ha-13a radial engine , 336 kW (450 hp) each
Performance
* Cruise speed: 300 km/h (186 mph, 162 kn)
* Range: 800 km (497 mi, 432 nmi)
Armament
* none.
# Arabacı Ali Pasha

Arabacı Ali Pasha (also known as Bahadırzade Ali Pasha; 1620–1693) was a short-term Albanian Ottoman grand vizier from 1691 to 1692. His epithet arabacı means "charioteer" in Turkish, an allusion to his practice of sending his political enemies to death or exile in a certain tumbrel.

## Early years

He was born in Ohrid (in modern North Macedonia) of Albanian ethnicity. After serving in various government offices, he became a subordinate of Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha, who was appointed as a grand vizier. The empire was engaged in Great Turkish War. Fazıl Mustafa Pasha temporarily halted Austrian advance but was killed in action during the Battle of Slankamen. Five days later, Ahmet II, the sultan appointed Ali Pasha as the new grand vizier.

## As grand vizier

Ali Pasha was expected to command the army like his predecessor and mentor Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha had done. However, Ali Pasha preferred to stay in the capital, contributing to the Ottoman defeats. His inattentiveness to military affairs and harsh methods (including death sentences) towards his potential opponents caused him to lose the support of the sultan. On 21 March 1692, he was deposed.

## Final days and death

Ali Pasha was first exiled to Gelibolu (a port on the Dardanelles strait, in modern Turkey) and then to the island of Rhodes (in modern Greece). However, when a rumor reached the sultan in Istanbul that he had plans return (or revolt), he was executed in Rhodes in 1693.
# China General Chamber of Commerce-U.S.A.

China General Chamber of Commerce - USA (CGCC; Chinese: 美国中国总商会; pinyin: Měiguó zhōngguó zǒng shānghuì) is a U.S.-based chamber of commerce focused on the U.S. and Chinese business communities. It was founded in 2005 and regularly engages with political and business leaders in the U.S. and the People's Republic of China (PRC).
CGCC, along with 600 other prominent U.S. organizations, including the Committee of 100 (C100), were described by a Newsweek article as part of the Chinese Communist Party's united front system of influence. CGCC denied any linkage.

## Programming

CGCC hosts and co-hosts programs and event series that aim to provide a platform for U.S. and Chinese business leaders, state governors, corporate executives, policy makers and other stakeholders to exchange viewpoints on substantial issues in U.S.-China economic relations.
Past programs also include the U.S. - China Governors Collaboration Summit, co-hosted with the National Governors Association (NGA), International Finance and Cooperation Forum, co-hosted with Bloomberg L.P., and the HSBC China Forum, co-hosted with HSBC.
In addition to seminars, forums and networking events for member companies, CGCC also offers research and information on Chinese investment in America through its flagship publication of its Annual Business Survey Report on Chinese Enterprises in the U.S. and maintenance of its U.S.- China Investment & Cooperation Database.

## CGCC Foundation

The CGCC Foundation is an IRS 501(c)(3) charitable organization affiliated with CGCC that was established in 2014. It aims to deepen mutual understanding and cooperation between the United States and China through research, public charity and engagement in economic, cultural and social exchanges.
# Ardgroom

Ardgroom (Irish: Dhá Dhrom, meaning 'two drumlins') is a village on the Beara peninsula in County Cork, Ireland. Its name refers to two gravelly hills deposited by a glacier, Dromárd and Drombeg. It lies to the north west of Glenbeg Lough, overlooking the Kenmare River estuary. It sits between the coast and the Slieve Miskish Mountains. The village contains a shop, post office, a petrol station and "The Village Inn" pub.

## Stone circle

Near the village lie a number of megalithic monuments. Signposted is the stone circle to be found to the east of the village at a distance of about 1 mile, off the old Kenmare road. It has the name "Canfea" but is normally called the "Ardgroom" stone circle. About 1 mile north east lie the remains of another stone circle.
The circle consists of 11 stones, 9 of which are still upright with one alignment stone outside the circle. Unusually for a stone circle, its stones tend to taper toward points.
Also in the vicinity are the remains of at least two ring forts and a number of standing stones and stone rows.
# Changsha University station

Changsha University station (Chinese: 长沙大学站; pinyin: Chángshā Dàxué Zhàn) is a subway station in Kaifu District, Changsha, Hunan, China, operated by the Changsha subway operator Changsha Metro. It entered revenue service on 28 June 2020.

## History

The station started the test operation on 30 December 2019. The station opened on 28 June 2020.

## Surrounding area

* Changsha University
* Moon Lake Park
# Andrew White (MP)

Andrew White (22 January 1792 – 3 October 1856) was a British businessperson and politician.

## Life

He was the son of John White (1764–1833) and his wife Jane Young. Born in Bishopwearmouth, he followed his father in becoming a shipowner, also owning coal mines and iron and glass factories. He became a magistrate for Sunderland and County Durham, chair of the directors of the Sunderland Joint Stock Bank, chair of the Sunderland Board of Guardians, a director of the Durham and Sunderland Railway, a commissioner of the River Wear and of Sunderland Bridge. He was president of the Sunderland Mechanics' Institute, and of the town's British and Foreign School for Boys.
A supporter of the Whigs, White was elected as the first Mayor of Sunderland. He left that office to stand in the 1837 UK general election in Sunderland, winning the seat. In Parliament, he supported shorter terms between general elections, the secret ballot, extension of the electoral franchise to all ratepayers, and for a national education system on ecumenical principles. He opposed flogging in the armed forces. He stood down at the 1841 UK general election.