# Memento Park

Memento Park (Hungarian: Szoborpark) is an open-air museum in Budapest, Hungary, dedicated to monumental statues and sculpted plaques from Hungary's Communist period (1949–1989). There are statues of Lenin, Marx, and Engels, as well as several Hungarian Communist leaders. The park was designed by Hungarian architect Ákos Eleőd, who won the competition announced by the Budapest General Assembly (Fővárosi Közgyűlés) in 1991. On public transport diagrams and other documents the park is usually shown as Memorial Park.
A quote by the architect on the project: "This park is about dictatorship. And at the same time, because it can be talked about, described, built, this park is about democracy. After all, only democracy is able to give the opportunity to let us think freely about dictatorship."
Memento Park is divided into two sections: Statue Park, officially named "A Sentence About Tyranny" Park after a poem of the same name by Gyula Illyés, and laid out as six oval sections; and Witness Square (also called "Neverwas Square"), which lies east of the main park entrance and is visible without payment. Statue Park houses 42 of the statues and monuments that were removed from Budapest after the fall of communism. Witness Square holds a replica of Stalin's Boots which became a symbol of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, after the statue of Stalin was pulled down from its pedestal, and is flanked by two single storey timber structures housing the internal exhibition space, their design being evocative of simple internment camp buildings.

## History

After the fall of the Communist regime in Hungary in 1989, many of the Communist statues and monuments were immediately removed. These formed the basis for the current collection of statues in the park. On 29 June 1993, the second anniversary of the withdrawal of the Soviet troops from Hungarian territory, the park celebrated a grand opening as a public outdoor museum.
In 2006, a life-sized copy of the tribune of the Stalin Monument in Budapest was built in the Statue Park with the broken bronze shoes on top of the pedestal. This is not an accurate copy of the original, but an artistic recreation by Ákos Eleőd.
In 2007, a new exhibition hall and a small movie theater were opened in the Witness Square of Memento Park. The photo exhibition called "Stalin's Boots" in the exhibition hall takes the viewer through the history of the 1956 revolution, of the political changes of 1989–1990 and of Memento Park, with both English and Hungarian captions. In the barracks-theater one can see The Life of an Agent, a documentary on the methods used by the secret police, directed by Gábor Zsigmond Papp. The film is shown in Hungarian with English subtitles.

## Sculptures, monuments and plaques
### The Wall behind the Scenes

| Image | Sculpture name (Original name) | Author | Year | Construction material | Original location |
| | Lenin (Lenin) | Pátzay Pál | 1965 | Bronze | Felvonulási tér (parallel to Dózsa György street and beside the Városliget city park) |
| | Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (Marx és Engels) | Segesdi György | 1971 | Granite from Mauthausen | V. ker. Jászai Mari square (at the main entrance of the communist party headquarters) |

### The Endless Parade of Liberation Monuments

| Sculpture name (Original name) | Author | Year | Construction material | Original location |
| Liberation Army soldier statue (Felszabadító szovjet katona) | Zsigmond Kisfaludi Strobl | 1947 | Bronze | Part of the Liberation Monument at the top of the Gellért Hill |
| Hungarian-Soviet Friendship Memorial (A magyar-szovjet barátság emlékműve) | Zsigmond Kisfaludi Strobl | 1956 | Bronze | X. Pataki square (today Szent László square) |
| Liberation Monument (Felszabadulási emlékmű) | István Kiss | 1971 | Limestone | XIV. Thököly street 141. |
| Liberation Memorial Stone (Felszabadulási emlékkő) | Unknown | 1960 | Stone | I. Dísz square |
| Soviet Heroic Memorial (Szovjet hősi emlékmű) | László Péter | 1951 | Limestone | XII. Széchenyi hegy, Rege park |
| Soviet-Hungarian Friendship (Szovjet-magyar barátság emlékműve) | Búza Barna | 1975 | Pyrogranite | X. Kőbánya-Óhegy, Barátság park |
| Soviet Heroic Memorial (Szovjet hősi emlékmű) | Mikus Sándor | 1970 | Bronze | XVI. Rákosszentmihály, Hősök tere (Heroes' Square) |
| Soviet Heroic Memorial (Felszabadulási emlékmű) | Kalló Viktor | 1965 | Bronze | XIII. Béke square |
| Soviet Heroic Memorial (Szovjet Hősi emlékmű) | Megyeri Barna | 1948 | Limestone | XVII. Kasztel András street |

### The Endless Parade of Personalities of the Workers Movement

| Sculpture name (Original name) | Author | Year | Construction material | Original location |
| Lenin Relief (Lenin-emléktábla) | Szabó Iván | 1970 | Bronze | VII. Lenin square (today Erzsébet square) |
| Georgi Dimitrov bust (Dimitrov mellszobor) | Jordan Kracsmarov | 1954 | Bronze | V. Dimitrov square (today Fővám square) 1954-1983 II. Dimitrov road (today Máraremetei road) 1984-1991 |
| Georgi Dimitrov statue (Dimitrov szobor) | Valentin Sztarcsev | 1983 | Bronze | V. Dimitrov square (today Fővám square) |
| Béla Kun, Jenő Landler and Tibor Szamuely Memorial (Munkásmozgalmi harcosok emlékműve) | Olcsai-Kiss Zoltán, Herczeg Klára, Farkas Aladár | 1967 | Bronze | VIII. Kun Béla square (today Ludovika square) |
| Lenin (Lenin) | Unknown soviet sculptor | 1958 | Bronze | XXI. Csepel, Vasmű (Iron Works) main entrance |
| József Kalamár Bust (Kalamár József mellszobor) | Gyenes Tamás | 1957 | Bronze | XXI. Kalamár József street (today Szent István street) |
| János Asztalos Memorial Plaque (Asztalos János emléktábla) | Nagy István János | 1968 | Stone | VIII. Nagyvárad square |
| Róbert Kreutz Memorial Plaque (Kreutz Róbert emléktábla) | Kiss Nagy András | 1977 | Bronze | VIII. Asztalos János Ifjúsági Park (today Orczy Garden) |
| Béla Kun Memorial Plaque (Kun Béla emléktábla) | Kalló Viktor | 1989 | Bronze | XXI. Tanácsház square (today Szent Imre square) |
| Endre Ságvári Bust (Ságvári Endre mellszobor) | Baksa Soós György | 1949 | Bronze | V. Városház street 9-11. |
| Árpád Szakasits bust (Szakasits Árpád szobra) | Marton László | 1988 | Bronze | XI. Szakasits Árpád street (today Etele street) |
| Béla Kun Memorial (Kun Béla emlékmű) | Imre Varga | 1986 | Bronze, chromium, copper | I. Vérmező-park |
| Ferenc Münnich statue (Münnich Ferenc szobra) | István Kiss | 1986 | Bronze | V. Néphadsereg square (today Honvéd square) |
| Ede Chlepkó Bust (Chlepkó Ede mellszobor) | Szabó György | 1980 | Bronze | XIX. Chlepkó Ede square (today Ötvenhatosok tere, roughly translated square of the heroes of 1956) |
| Kálmán Turner Memorial Plaque (Turner Kálmán emléktábla) | Unknown | 1959 | Marble | IX. Soroksári street |
| Kató Hámán Memorial Plaque (Hámán Kató emléktábla) | Unknown | 1959 | Marble | IX. Mester street 59. |

### The Unending Promenade of Worker's Movement Concepts

| Sculpture name (Original name) | Author | Year | Construction material | Original location |
| Workers' and Soldiers' Council Memorial Plaque (A Munkás és Katonatanács emléktáblája) | Unknown | 1959 | Marble | I. Szentháromság street 2. |
| The Display of the Worker's Militia Monument (Munkásőr-demonstráció emléktábla) | Kiss Nagy András | 1973 | Bronze | VI. November 7 square (today Oktogon) 2. |
| Workers' Movement Memorial (Munkásmozgalmi emlékmű) | István Kiss | 1976 | Steel | II. Hűvösvölgy |
| The Hungarian Fighters' in the Spanish International Brigades' Memorial (A spanyolországi nemzetközi brigádok magyar harcosainak emlékműve) | Makrisz Agamemnon | 1968 | Bronze and stone | V. Néphadsereg square (today Honvéd square) |
| Republic of Councils Monument (Tanácsköztársasági emlékmű) | István Kiss | 1969 | Bronze | XIV. Dózsa György street (Felvonulási tér) |
| The Republic of Councils Pioneers Memorial Plaque (Béke őrei dombormű) | Ambrózi Sándor and Stöckert Károly | 1953 | Stone | II. Pasaréti street 191–193. |
| Hungarian Communist Party Memorial Plaque (KMP ferencvárosi szervezet emléktábla) | Unknown | 1959 | Marble | IX. Soroksári street |
| Hungarian Communist Party Printing House Memorial Plaque (KMP Nyomda emléktábla) | Unknown | 1955 | Marble | IX. Ráday street 53. |
| The Heroes of Peoples' Power Memorial (A néphatalom hőseinek emlékhelye) | Kalló Viktor | 1983 | Stone | VIII. Köztársaság (Republic) square |
| Martyrs Monument (Az ellenforradalom mártírjainak emlékműve) | Kalló Viktor | 1960 | Stone | VIII. Köztársaság square |
| The Buda Volunteers Regiment Memorial (A Budai Önkéntes Ezred emlékműve) | Mészáros Mihály | 1975 | Concrete | II. Tárogató street |
| Ostapenko (Osztapenkó) | Kerényi Jenő | 1951 | Bronze | XI. Budaörsi út – Balatoni út |
| Captain Steinmetz (Steinmetz kapitány) | Mikus Sándor | 1958 | Bronze | XVIII. Vöröshadsereg street (today Üllői street) |