OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Louise Sherwood McDowell

Louise Sherwood McDowell (29 September 1876 - 6 July 1966) was an American physicist and educator. She spent most of her career as a professor of physics at Wellesley College and is best known for being one of the first female scientists to work at the United States Bureau of Standards, now the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

## Early life and education

Louise McDowell was born in Wayne, New York, to Francis Marion and Eva (Sherwood) McDowell. McDowell received her B.A. in 1898 from Wellesley College. Following graduation she worked as a high school teacher of English, science, and mathematics until 1905.
She was then admitted for graduate studies to Cornell University. The chair of the physics department, Edward Nichols was supportive of women in physics. McDowell worked on short-wave radiation under Ernest Merritt. She earned an M.A. in 1907 followed by a Ph.D. in 1909. McDowell attended Cornell at approximately the same time as Frances Wick. The two became friends and later collaborated on research.

## Career

After receiving her Ph.D., McDowell returned to work at Wellesley College in 1909 as an instructor in the physics department in. After Sarah Frances Whiting's retirement from the physics department in 1912, McDowell served as department chair until 1945. During her tenure as chair, McDowell oversaw the rebuilding of the department after the 1914 fire which destroyed College Hall. The physics department, which had been housed on the upper floors of the building, lost all of its demonstration and research equipment.
In 1918 during World War I, McDowell took a leave of absence from Wellesley when she was hired by the National Institute of Standards and Technology to conduct research on radar. She was the first female physicists, and the first female Ph.D., to work at the institute.
McDowell was a fellow of the American Physical Society and American Association for the Advancement of Science, a member of the Optical Society of America, and vice president for the American Association of Physics Teachers. McDowell was one of nine women to join the Optical Society of America in its first decade.
# Midwestern Baptist College

Midwestern Baptist College, is an independent Baptist college in Orion, Michigan.

## History

In 1953, the school was founded in Pontiac, Michigan by Tom Malone Sr. as a liberal arts college, which included a Baptist seminary on more than 55 acres (220,000 m$^2$). It specializes in Christian theological doctrine. Malone wanted to offer a faith-based education including both academics and morals. The college also stressed being a moral compass, to "abstain from all appearances of evil", and fulfilling the Great Commission.
For the fall semester of 2010, Midwestern planned to move from Pontiac, Michigan to the property of Shalom Baptist Church in Orion Township, Michigan.

## Education

Midwestern Baptist College is not accredited by any accreditation body recognized by its country. According to the US Department of Education, unaccredited degrees and credits might not be acceptable to employers or other institutions, and use of degree titles may be restricted or illegal in some jurisdictions.
The highest degree the college awards is the Bachelor of Religious Education (B.R.E.) or Bachelor of Sacred Music (B.S.M.). The school also offers associate degree in Music, Commercial Subjects, and Biblical Studies.

## Alumni

* Chuck Baldwin, attended for two years, but did not graduate. Baldwin was the presidential nominee of the Constitution Party for the 2008 U.S. Presidential election.
* Kent Hovind, an evangelist, young-earth creationist, and convicted tax protester, earned a Bachelor of Religious Education in 1974.
* Gary Click, a politician.
# Choe Jeong-hui

Choe Jeong-hui (1912–1990) was one of the most successful early women writers in South Korea.

## Life

Choe Jeong-hui was born in Dancheon, South Hamgyong Province and was educated in Seoul. She worked at a kindergarten in Tokyo and as a journalist in Seoul before starting her writing career in 1931; she worked for the magazine Samcheolli (삼천리) and the newspaper The Chosun Ilbo (조선일보). She was associated with the Korean Artists' Proletarian Federation, and was jailed in 1934 as a result.
Her daughters, Kim Ji-won and Kim Chae-won, were also successful writers. She first married filmmaker Kim Yu-yeong in 1930, but they divorced a year later when she met her second husband, Kim Dong-hwan, in 1931 while working for Samcheolli.

## Selected works

* Earthly Ties (지맥), novella
* Human Ties (인맥), novella
* Heavenly Ties (천맥), novella
# Eliza Allen (Virginia)

Eliza Allen (born c. 1840 – after 1910) was an African American banker, activist, and clubwoman. She was a founder of the True Reformers Savings Bank, the first African-American-owned bank to be chartered in the United States. She was affiliated with several African American economic self-help organizations. Before the Civil War, she formed three societies to help enslaved women.

## Early life

Allen was born enslaved in Westmoreland County, Virginia around 1840 on the estate of Major Richard Beale. She joined the Methodist church as a child.
Later, Allen lived in Petersburg, Virginia with her enslaver, Professor W. T. Davis. In Petersburg, Allen formed three benevolent societies for enslaved women, including the Consolation Sisters, Sisters of Usefulness, and Tobitha. These groups helped the women share resources needed by their families and communities. Sisters of Usefulness had as many as thirty members. The societies met on Sunday afternoon and were required to have a white male at all meetings.
Her slave organizations ended with the start of the Civil War. During the war, Allen lived in Danville, Virginia where Davis operated the Methodist College for Females.

## Clubwoman

After the Civil War, Allen was involved with African American economic self-help and fraternal organizations, including the Order of the Eastern Star and the United Order of Tents, with whom she was a senior matron and board member. She was a member of the Independent Order of St. Luke, serving as its grand chief. She was a member of the Independent Order of Good Samaritans and Daughters of Samaria, serving as the Grand Presiding Daughter. She founded the Grand United Order of Brothers and Sisters of Love and Charity, serving in the role of all major officers in this group that operated in the United States and Liberia.
Allen joined the Grand United Order of True Reformers when it was reestablished in Richmond, Virginia in 1875. She then established one of its first three chapters, called fountains. She was the founder of the Shiloh Fountain No. 6 (later No. 20) in Petersburg, Virginia. In 1881, she was elected the national Grand Worthy Mistress of the United Order; because this was a coed fraternal order, it had both this office and a Grand Worthy Master. She served in this office for six years. She continued to serve on the grand board as the Governess who oversaw the Rosebuds, the girl's arm of the order, from its founding in 1885 to 1892. When retired from the position, she was made Grand Worthy Governess for life.

## Banking

In 1888, when the Grand United Order of True Reformers started the True Reformers Savings Bank in Richmond, Allen was the only woman on its charter. In 1899, this became the first African American-owned and African American-operated bank to be chartered in the United States. In addition to banking services, the bank provided a youth education program and retirement home for African Americans.

## Personal life

After gaining her freedom, she married James Allen a shoemaker from Petersburg. The couple had five children. She worked as a laundress and her husband was a shoemaker.
# Breaking Up (1985 film)

Breaking Up is a 1985 TV movie about the breakdown of a marriage seen through the eyes of a child.

## Premise

Jackie and Alan break up. Their child struggles to deal with it.

## Cast

* Nick Enright
* Mat Stevenson
* Bradley Kilpatrick
* Candy Raymond

## Production

The film was based on a 1983 juvenile literature novel by Frank Willmott which was written from the point of view of fifteen year old Mark. The book was a best seller.

## Awards

Candy Raymond's performance won her a 1986 AFI Award for Best Actress in a Telefeature.
# Onyinyechi Zogg

Onyinyechi Salome Zogg (born 3 March 1997) is a footballer who plays as a defender for Perth Glory in the A-League Women. Born in Switzerland, she represents Nigeria at international level.

## Early life

Zogg was born and raised in Bern. Her father is Nigerian and her mother is Swiss.

## College career

Zogg has attended the Monroe College in the United States.

## Club career

Zogg has played for BSC Young Boys, Femina Kickers Worb, FC Bethlehem and Zürich in Switzerland.
In January 2024, Zogg returned to Switzerland, signing with Servette.
In August 2024, Zogg joined Australian club Perth Glory. She was named co-captain along with Isobel Dalton on 15 October 2024.

## International career

Zogg made her senior debut for Nigeria on 10 June 2021 in a 0–1 friendly loss to Jamaica.
# Midwestern College

42°01′01″N 95°19′37″W﻿ / ﻿42.017°N 95.327°W﻿ / 42.017; -95.327
Midwestern College was a private liberal arts college that operated from 1965 to 1970 in Denison, Iowa. Midwestern was one of several colleges in the upper Midwest established by local civic leaders with the support and encouragement of Parsons College in Fairfield, Iowa. These Parsons "satellite schools" were by-products of the strong growth and apparent success of Parsons during the late 1950s and early 1960s, and all followed the "Parsons Plan" academic model developed at that school. None of the schools, however, were ultimately successful.
The "Parsons Plan" academic model employed at Midwestern was the brainchild of Millard Roberts, who was the president of Parsons College from 1955 to 1967; the multi-faceted plan featured innovative teaching and administrative techniques, and emphasized the recruitment of a geographically and academically diverse student body. Among other characteristics, the "Parsons Plan" schools welcomed unconventional students who had not seen success at other colleges.
In the 1960s, the schools were also attended by a substantial number of young men seeking draft deferments that would allow them to avoid military service during the Vietnam War. Midwestern College's softball team appeared in the Women's College World Series in 1970.
At least initially, Midwestern's reputation and fortunes were strongly tied to those of Parsons, and when Parsons faltered in the late 1960s the prospects for Midwestern and the other Parsons satellite schools grew bleak. Although the satellite schools ended their relationships with Parsons, they suffered from a lack of funding, high student turnover, and accreditation issues. Ultimately, none of the "Parsons Plan" colleges became economically viable, and all closed by the mid-1970s. Midwestern was among the first to close, in 1970. The former campus is now home to the Denison Job Corps Center.
# Kursi, Lääne-Viru County

Kursi is a village in Tapa Parish, Lääne-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia.
# Siege of Khillia and White Fortresses

The Siege of Khillia and White Fortresses is a part of the Moldavian–Ottoman Wars. After the Ottoman occupation of Dobruja it was the first encounter of Moldavia and the Ottoman Empire in a battle. The battle was fought between The Moldavian Voivode Alexander the Good supported by the Kingdom of Poland and the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I Çelebi in the year 1420.
Following the year 1418, after the death of Mircea the Elder of Wallachia, the small principality who had given the Ottoman Empire a hard time trying to expand its territory was now finally an Ottoman vassal. This was a positive development for the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I Çelebi, however a cause of concern for Voivode of Moldavia Alexander the Good as he had lost an ally against the Ottoman threat. The Ottoman desire to expand their holdings in Eastern Europe resulted in the empire coming into conflict with the Principality of Moldavia. In the night of July 5 1420 Moldavia was attacked by the Ottomans. They first sieged Khillia before attacking the White Fortress by the Black Sea. Alexander the Good of Moldavia managed to protect both fortresses and expelled the Ottomans from the country, making it the first military encounter Moldavia had with the Ottoman Empire.
# Friendship, Ohio

Friendship is a census-designated place in western Nile Township, Scioto County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 343. It has a post office with the ZIP code 45630. It lies along U.S. Route 52.
The citizens of Friendship are served by the Nile Township Volunteer Fire Department and the Washington-Nile Local School District (Portsmouth West High School).

## Notable person

* Al Bridwell, former Major League Baseball player
# Waldemar Volmar Méndez

Andrés Waldemar Volmar Méndez (born March 9, 1989) was a Puerto Rican politician and public servant for the New Progressive Party (PNP). He served as the Secretary of Sports and Recreation of Puerto Rico from 2017 to 2018, under Governor Ricardo Rosselló. Volmar ran for mayor of his hometown of Dorado, Puerto Rico on the 2020 Puerto Rican general election, but was defeated by the incumbent Carlos López Rivera. He is currently the host of La Bóveda de TeleOnce.

## Early career

Volmar Méndez was one of the singers of the Roberto Roena orchestra, Apollo Sound. He also presided the ASSMCA National Young Leaders group, which promotes drug prevention through arts, recreation, and sports. In 2008, Volmar received an award from the Government of Puerto Rico for his work as a leader in recreation in his community. Earned a Bachelor's Degree in Labor Relations with a concentration in Science Policies of the University of Puerto Rico. A year later, for the In 2014, she obtained a Bachelor's Degree in Drama with a concentration in Acting. Then for the year 2016 he obtained the degree of Master of Business Administration from Universidad Metropolitana of the Ana G. Méndez System.

## Political career

In 2016, Volmar Méndez presented his intentions to run for Mayor of his hometown of Dorado, Puerto Rico. He faced Melinda Romero Donnelly, daughter of former Puerto Rico Governor Carlos Romero Barceló, in a primary, winning by a margin of 56.4–43.6. However, Volmar was defeated at the 2016 elections by the incumbent Carlos López Rivera.
In December 2016, Governor-elect Ricardo Rosselló appointed Volmar Méndez as Secretary of Sports and Recreation of Puerto Rico. He was confirmed by the Senate of Puerto Rico in March 2017. During his tenure, Volmar was criticized by recreation leaders for strict budget cuts to numerous sports and athletics programs. He was also criticized by Henry Neumann, a member of his party and former Secretary of Sports and Recreation, as well as his former opponent in Dorado, Carlos López Rivera. In January 2018, Volmar abruptly resigned, citing personal reasons.
After resigning, Volmar briefly retook his musical career. However, in 2019 he announced his intentions to run for mayor of Dorado again and received the support of then-Governor Ricardo Rosselló.
# Stéphanie Obertin

Stéphanie Obertin (born 13 May 1974), is a Luxembourgish politician and physician who has been serving as Minister for Digitization and Minister for Higher Education and Research since 17 November 2023.

## Life
### General practitioner

Stéphanie Obertin studied medicine in Strasbourg and Nancy in France. She practised in Bonnevoie as general practitioner for 16 years. She was president of the General Practitioners of Luxembourg from 2019 to 2022.

### Politician

Stéphanie Obertin is part of the Frieden-Bettel Government, a coalition between the Christian Social People's Party (CSV) and the Democratic Party (DP) and is named Minister for Digitization, and for Higher Education and Research. Her nomination came as a surprise since she was only the 11th candidate on her party's list, the Democratic party.
# Milford High School (New Hampshire)

Milford High School & Applied Technology Center is a grade 9-12 high school in the Milford School District located in Milford, New Hampshire.

## Athletics

The school competes at the Division II level. School teams include football, cheer, cross country, golf, soccer field hockey, basketball, volleyball, wrestling, swimming, indoor track, gymnastics, ice hockey, tennis, baseball, softball, lacrosse, and lastly track and field.

## Notable alumni

* Morgan Andrews, soccer player
* Erland Van Lidth De Jeude (1983-1987), actor and amateur wrestler
* Lisa Biron, Attorney and convicted sex offender. Sentenced to 40 years in prison for sex trafficking and sexual exploitation.
# CT Institute of Technology

The CT Institute of Technology, is accredited by All India Council for Technical Education and affiliated to Punjab Technical University, is located at Shahpur (near Lambra) about 10.5 km (6.5 mi) from Jalandhar Bus Stand and 12.5 km (7.8 mi) from Jalandhar Railway Station.
The institute was established in 2008. It offers seats in disciplines; computer science engineering (CSE), electrical and electronics engineering (EEE), electronics and communication engineering (ECE) and information technology (IT) with the intake of 60 seats in each discipline. A new discipline, civil engineering, was added in 2009. The intake of students increased from 60 to 120 for ECE and CE in the year 2010.

## Departments

* Mechanical engineering
* Electrical and electronics engineering
* Civil engineering
* Computer science engineering
* Electronics and communication engineering
* Information technology
* Automobile Engineering
# Cracker

Cracker, crackers or The Crackers may refer to:

## Animals

* Hamadryas (butterfly), or crackers, a genus of brush-footed butterflies
* Sparodon, a monotypic genus whose species is sometimes known as "Cracker"

## Arts and entertainment
### Films

* Crackers (1984 film), an American film starring Sean Penn
* Crackers (1998 film), an Australian film
* Crackers (2011 film), a Bollywood film

### Music

* Cracker (band), an American rock band
** Cracker (album), the debut studio album by the American rock band Cracker, released on March 10, 1992
* Crackers (song), a 1980 song by Barbara Mandrell
* Crackers: The Christmas Party Album, an album by the British glam rock band Slade
* The Crackers, a 1968 pseudonym of the band The Merseybeats

### Television

* Cracker (British TV series), a television crime drama series
** Cracker (American TV series), the American remake of the British television series

### Other uses in arts and entertainment

* Crackers (Captain Underpants), a comic book character
* Cracker (comic), a British children's comic

## People

* Cracker (term), a derogatory term for a person of white European descent
* Computer cracker, a security hacker who maliciously exploits weaknesses in a computer or network
* Software cracker, a person who uses reverse engineering to remove software copy protections
* Safecracker, a person who breaks open safes, usually to rob them
* Georgia cracker, 19th–20th century cattle drivers of the Georgia plains
* Florida cracker, 19th–20th century cattle drivers of the Florida scrub regions
* Miz Cracker, American drag queen
* Kane Gamble, a British hacker known under the pseudonym Cracka

## Places

* Cracker, a mountain peak in Glacier National Park (U.S.), Montana
** Cracker (benchmark), its benchmark summit

## Other uses

* Cracker (food), a type of biscuit, usually salted or savoury
* Cracker, a petrochemical industry component used for cracking
* Christmas cracker, a traditional British Christmas toy or decoration
* Operation Crackers, a British Commando raid during the Second World War
* Atlanta Crackers, an American baseball team from Atlanta, Georgia
* "The Cracker," a railroad train of the Southern Railway operating from Atlanta to Valdosta
* Cracker, a length of twine or string at the end of a whip that produces a cracking sound
* Firecracker, commonly shortened to "cracker" in Indian English
# Shalango

Shalango is a historic plantation house located at Wicomico Church, Northumberland County, Virginia. It was built in 1855–1856, and is a large 2+1⁄2-story, five-bay, I-house frame dwelling. It has a single-pile, central-passage plan and interior end chimneys. The house stands on a tall brick basement and is covered with a gable roof pierced by three dormers on either slope. The front facade features a one-story late 19th-century porch with scroll-sawn decoration.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
# BrooWaha

BrooWaha is an online newspaper with a wiki-style structure for publishing articles. The articles published on the website are written by registered users.
Several local editions of BrooWaha were launched for a number of major U.S. cities. The content of all these editions was aggregated in the main BrooWaha website. By 2013, all local editions were defunct and redirected to the main site.
The website was featured in the Los Angeles Times in December 2006.
# French catheter scale

The French scale, also known as the French gauge or Charrière system, is a widely used measurement system for the size of catheters. It is commonly abbreviated as Fr but may also be abbreviated as Fg, FR or F, and less frequently as CH or Ch (referencing its inventor, Charrière). However, the term gauge, abbreviated G or ga, typically refers to the Birmingham gauge for hypodermic needles.
The French scale measures and is proportional to the outer diameter of a catheter, with 1 French (Fr) defined as 1⁄3 millimeter, making the relationship: 1 mm = 3 Fr. Thus, the outer diameter of a catheter in millimeters can be calculated by dividing the French size by 3. For example, a catheter with a French size of 9 would have an outer diameter of approximately 3 mm.
While the French scale aligns closely with the metric system, it introduces redundancy and the potential for rounding errors. This metrication problem is further complicated in medical contexts where metric and imperial units are used interchangeably.
Unlike the Birmingham gauge, where larger gauge numbers indicate smaller diameters, an increasing French size corresponds to a larger outer diameter.
The French scale measures the outer diameter of the catheter, not the size of the internal drainage channel (inner diameter). For instance, a two-way catheter of 20 Fr and a three-way catheter of 20 Fr have the same outer diameter, but the three-way catheter has an additional channel for irrigation, reducing the size of its drainage channel.
The French gauge system was devised by Joseph-Frédéric-Benoît Charrière, a 19th-century Parisian surgical instrument maker.

## Size correspondence

| French gauge | Circumference (mm) | Outer diameter | Outer diameter |
| French gauge | Circumference (mm) | (mm) | (inches) |
| 2 | 2.1 | 0.67 | 0.026 |
| 3 | 3.1 | 1.00 | 0.039 |
| 4 | 4.2 | 1.33 | 0.053 |
| 5 | 5.2 | 1.67 | 0.066 |
| 6 | 6.3 | 2.00 | 0.079 |
| 7 | 7.3 | 2.33 | 0.092 |
| 8 | 8.4 | 2.67 | 0.11 |
| 9 | 9.4 | 3.00 | 0.12 |
| 10 | 10.5 | 3.33 | 0.13 |
| 11 | 11.5 | 3.67 | 0.14 |
| 12 | 12.6 | 4.00 | 0.16 |
| 13 | 13.6 | 4.33 | 0.17 |
| 14 | 14.7 | 4.67 | 0.18 |
| 15 | 15.7 | 5.00 | 0.20 |
| 16 | 16.8 | 5.33 | 0.21 |
| 17 | 17.8 | 5.67 | 0.22 |
| 18 | 18.9 | 6.00 | 0.24 |
| 19 | 19.9 | 6.33 | 0.25 |
| 20 | 20.9 | 6.67 | 0.26 |
| 22 | 23.0 | 7.33 | 0.29 |
| 24 | 25.1 | 8.00 | 0.32 |
| 26 | 27.2 | 8.67 | 0.34 |
| 28 | 29.3 | 9.33 | 0.37 |
| 30 | 31.4 | 10.00 | 0.39 |
| 32 | 33.5 | 10.67 | 0.42 |
| 34 | 35.6 | 11.33 | 0.45 |