OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Launch Enterprise Directorate

The United States Space Force's Launch Enterprise Directorate (LE) is a unit located at Los Angeles Air Force Base in El Segundo, California.

## Mission

The LE's mission is "to acquire, operate and sustain affordable expendable launch and range capability providing 100 percent mission success."
LE ensures Assured Access to Space for the Department of Defense through the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) program.

## History

The Delta II rocket was developed when the Air Force decided to return to a mixed fleet of expendable launch vehicles following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and other launch failures. The Delta II entered the Air Force inventory in February 1987 after the Air Force awarded a contract to McDonnell Douglas for the construction of 18 Delta IIs to launch NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites, which were originally programmed for Space Shuttle launch. The first Delta II launched a GPS satellite 14 Feb. 1989.
The EELV program is designed to improve our nation's access to space by making space launch vehicles more affordable and reliable. The program is replacing the existing launch system (Delta II) with two families of launch vehicles (Delta IV & Atlas V), each using common components and common infrastructure. EELV's operability improvements over current systems include a standard payload interface and increased off-pad processing. As the Air Force's space-lift modernization program, EELV was designed to reduce launch cost by at least 25 percent over heritage Atlas, Delta and Titan space launch systems.
LTRS consists of ground-based surveillance, navigation, flight operations and analysis, command and control, communications and weather assets located at the Eastern Range (Patrick AFB, FL.), and the Western Range (Vandenberg AFB, CA.). There are two major efforts underway for the LTRS program: modernization and sustainment. Modernization efforts seek to revamp and recapitalize current systems in the Instrumentation, Control and Display and Network segments. The current modernization efforts will replace approximately 20% of the system. Depot support projects enhance the existing systems on the ranges to reduce the operations and sustainment costs.

## Organization

LE, located at the Space and Missile Systems Center at Los Angeles Air Force Base, CA, is home to than 540 government, military, aerospace, and contractor personnel.
LE was briefly designated as the Launch and Range Systems Wing; however the unit was later re-designated as a directorate.

## List of directors

| No. | Director | Director | Term | Term | Term |
| No. | Portrait | Name | Took office | Left office | Duration |
| 1 | | Claire Leon | 14 October 2015 | 15 December 2017 | 2 years, 62 days |
| 2 | | Colonel Robert Bongiovi | 15 December 2017 | 13 August 2021 | 3 years, 241 days |
# Alast-e Olya

Alast-e Olya (Persian: الست عليا) is a village in, and the capital of, Safiabad Rural District of the Central District of Bam and Safiabad County, North Khorasan province, Iran. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Safiabad, now a city.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 673 in 148 households, when it was in Bam and Safiabad District of Esfarayen County. The following census in 2011 counted 652 people in 178 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 559 people in 175 households.
In 2023, the district was separated from the county in the establishment of Bam and Safiabad County and renamed the Central District.
# Cautionary Tales for Children

Cautionary Tales for Children: Designed for the Admonition of Children between the ages of eight and fourteen years is a 1907 children's book written by Hilaire Belloc. It is a parody of the cautionary tales that were popular in the 19th century. The poems are a sardonic critique of Victorian era upper class society. The work is in the public domain in the United States.
Illustrated by Belloc's friend from Oxford Basil Temple Blackwood, it is similar in style to The Bad Child's Book of Beasts which had brought Belloc public acclaim and commercial success a decade earlier. The book contains an introduction and eleven tales, all written in rhyming couplets.
* "Introduction: Upon being asked by a Reader whether the verses contained in this book were true."
* "Jim: Who ran away from his Nurse, and was eaten by a Lion."
* "Henry King: Who chewed bits of string, and was early cut off in Dreadful agonies."
* "Matilda: Who told Lies, and was Burned to Death."
* "Franklin Hyde: Who caroused in the Dirt and was corrected by His Uncle."
* "Godolphin Horne: Who was cursed with the Sin of Pride, and, Became a Boot-black."
* "Algernon: Who played with a Loaded Gun, and, on missing his Sister, was reprimanded by his Father."
* "Hildebrand: Who was frightened by a Passing Motor, and was brought to reason."
* "Lord Lundy: Who was too Freely Moved to Tears, and thereby ruined his Political Career."
* "Rebecca: Who Slammed Doors For Fun And Perished Miserably."
* "George: Who played with a Dangerous Toy, and suffered a Catastrophe of considerable Dimensions."
* "Charles Augustus Fortescue: Who Always Did what was Right, and so Accumulated an Immense Fortune."
Four of the Cautionary Tales were set to music by Liza Lehmann in 1909; the famous contralto Clara Butt sang the piece in a successful tour of Britain in the same year.
Caedmon Records released 'The Bab Ballads of WS Gilbert and Cautionary Verses of Hilaire Belloc', in 1959, on: Caedmon TC-1104. The 'Ballads' were read by Stanley Holloway; and the 'Tales', by Joyce Grenfell.
The British actor Stephen Fry recorded a selection of the verses as an audiobook in 1992, and the American artist Edward Gorey created 61 new illustrations for the book, which were published posthumously in 2002. Pink Floyd writer and singer Syd Barrett used the book as the basis for the lyrics of the song "Matilda Mother", however Barrett was forced to re-write the lyrics as Belloc's estate did not give permission for his poems to be used. The re-written version appeared on the 1967 album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn; the version with the Belloc lyrics was not officially released until 2007.
# Pascaline Edwards

Pascaline Edwards (born 1970) is a Ghanaian actress, winner of Ghana’s Best Female Actress in 2002. Edwards is considered a diva in the Ghanaian movie scene, with over a hundred movies to her credit in a professional career spanning a little over two decades. She has also acted in a number of Nollywood films. Currently, she combines her career as an actress with managing her film acting training school, Film Techniques, and one of Ghana’s top fitness gyms, GeoDan Health and Fitness Centre.

## Early life and education

Born in Lomé, Togo in 1970, Pascaline Edwards came to Ghana in 1986 and attended Ghanatta Senior High School. Barely out of her teens, she honed her stage skills in the early 1990s as a member of one of Ghana’s top acting groups, the Talent Drama Group.

## Career

She was the lead actress in The Leopard’s Choice (1992). Her first film appearance began with the film Diabolo (1993).
She went back to stage acting and her major break came with a series of classic performances when Emancipation Day celebrations to commemorate the abolition of slavery were introduced in Ghana in 1995.
She played the role of Fathia Nkrumah, wife of Ghana’s first President Dr Kwame Nkrumah in a drama staged during the celebrations and played the role of the wife of former slave trader who was active in abolition of the slave trade in the drama Abolition (1995).
It was her portrayal of a cute, sexy student, who took advantage of a friend’s trust to seduce her friend’s father and destabilise a happy family, in Stab in the Dark (1999) that took her film career to a new level and projected her into stardom.
After a series of Ghanaian productions, her career took another major boost when she began acting major roles in Nollywood (Nigerian) movies with Journey of the Dead (2001).
Edwards set up a film acting institute, Film Techniques in 2007, to share her rich experience with young actors and actresses, who have the flair and passion to act.
Some of the popular movies she starred in include A Stab in the Dark, Forbidden Fruit (2000), The Mask, House Arrest, My Father’s Wife (1998), Messages, Deadline for Asante, Without Her Consent, and Jewels.

## Personal life

Edwards is married to Dan Badu, Commissioner for TV3's Ghana's Strongest IV.

## Partial filmography

* A Stab in the Dark (1999)
* Christ in Me (2003) as Thelma
* My Heart (2003) as Helena
* Amsterdam Diary (2005)
* V Republic (2014-2015 TV Series) as Amanda
* Deranged (2017) as Margaret Koleman
* The Case Study (2022)
* The Billionaire's Wife (2023)
* Evor (2024) as Auntie Adjoa
# Warden (given name)

Warden is a masculine given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Warden Burgess (1899–1979), Canadian politician
* Warden Chilcott (1871–1942), British politician
* Warden Flood (1694–1764), Irish judge
* Warden Flood (1735–1797), Irish politician
* Ward Prentice (Warden Selby Prentice, 1886–1969), Australian rugby union and rugby league player and first-class cricketer
# Mannie Rass

Manuel "Mannie" Johern Rass (born 19 April 1998) is a South African rugby union player for the Lions in the United Rugby Championship and the Golden Lions in the Currie Cup. His regular position is centre.
# Than Merrill

Nathaniel Merrill (born December 12, 1977) is an American businessman, television personality, and former professional football player. He is the co-owner of the real estate company CT Homes and the real estate investing educational company FortuneBuilders Inc. He was featured in the A&E's Flip This House in seasons 3 and 4 as part airing in 2007 to 2009, of the "New Haven" team.

## Football career

In high school Merrill was selected as an All-Far West Quarterback. In college, he started as a strong safety at Yale University, where he was named to Yale’s First-team All-Ivy Selections from 1999-2001. After graduating from Yale he was selected by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the seventh round of the 2001 NFL draft, but ultimately signed as a free agent with the Chicago Bears for the 2001 season. He spent one season with the Bears, and registered 7 tackles. He was later allocated by the Bears to the Barcelona Dragons of NFL Europe. In 2003, Merrill was signed by the Buccaneers and was allocated again to NFLE, this time to the Amsterdam Admirals. In 2003, Merrill suffered a career-ending knee injury. In 2004 he played one game at quarterback and safety for the Carinthian Cowboys of the Austrian Football League.

## Real estate career

Merrill co-founded CT Homes, LLC in 2004. The residential real estate investment company purchases, redevelops, and sells residential, multi-family, and commercial property.
Merrill and CT Homes caught the attention of the producers of Flip This House, a popular reality TV show featured on A&E, during their nationwide search for a real estate investing business. The show documented and educated prospective entrepreneurs on the intricacies of buying and selling real estate. Merrill’s “New Haven” team was featured on the last three seasons, from 2007 to 2009.
Merrill helped open Realty National Inc., a San Diego Real Estate Brokerage affiliated with CT Homes, in 2011. Realty National Inc. was established in Pacific Beach, San Diego and has continued to open other offices throughout California and the United States including; Orange County, Sacramento and Boston, MA. Merrill wrote The Real Estate Wholesaling Bible: The Fastest, Easiest Way to Get Started in Real Estate, which was published on April 21, 2014.
# Ine Karlsen Stangvik

Ine Karlsen Stangvik (born 4 April 1990) is a former Norwegian handball player who last played for Molde Elite.

## Achievements

* Norwegian Cup:
** Finalist: 2021
# 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, also called trichlorotrifluoroethane (often abbreviated as TCTFE) or CFC-113, is a chlorofluorocarbon. It has the formula Cl$_2$FC−CClF$_2$. This colorless, volatile liquid is a versatile solvent.

## Production

CFC-113 can be prepared from hexachloroethane and hydrofluoric acid:
    C$_2$Cl$_6$ + 3 HF → CF$_2$Cl−CFCl$_2$ + 3 HCl
This reaction may require catalysts such as antimony, chromium, iron and alumina at high temperatures.
Another synthesis method uses HF on tetrachloroethylene instead.

## Atmospheric reactions

CFC-113 is a very unreactive chlorofluorocarbon. It remains in the atmosphere about 90 years, sufficiently long that it will cycle out of the troposphere and into the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, CFC-113 can be broken up by ultraviolet radiation (UV, sunlight in the 190-225 nm range), generating chlorine radicals (Cl•), which initiate degradation of ozone requiring only a few minutes:
    CClF$_2$CCl$_2$F → C$_2$F$_3$Cl$_2$ + Cl•
    Cl• + O$_3$ → ClO• + O$_2$
This reaction is followed by:
    ClO• + O → Cl• + O$_2$
The process regenerates Cl• to destroy more O$_3$. The Cl• will destroy an average of 100,000 O$_3$ molecules during its atmospheric lifetime of 1–2 years.

## Uses

CFC-113 was one of the most heavily produced CFCs. In 1989, an estimated 250,000 tons were produced. It has been used as a cleaning agent for electrical and electronic components. CFC-113’s low flammability and low toxicity made it ideal for use as a cleaner for delicate electrical equipment, fabrics, and metals. It would not harm the product it was cleaning, ignite with a spark or react with other chemicals. It was used as a dry-cleaning solvent, introduced by Du Pont in March 1961 as "Valclene" and was also marketed as the "solvent of the future" by Imperial Chemical Industries in the 1970s under the tradename Arklone. Others from this series were Perklone (Tetrachloroethylene), Triklone (Trichloroethylene), Methoklone (Dichloromethane) and Genklene (1,1,1-Trichloroethane).
CFC-113 is one of the three most popular CFCs, along with CFC-11 and CFC-12.
CFC-113 in laboratory analytics has been replaced by other solvents.
Reduction of CFC-113 with zinc gives chlorotrifluoroethylene:
    CFCl$_2$−CClF$_2$ + Zn → CClF=CF$_2$ + ZnCl$_2$

## Dangers

Aside from its immense environmental impacts, Freon 113, like most chlorofluoroalkanes, forms phosgene gas when exposed to a naked flame.
# Pavetta sparsipila

Pavetta sparsipila is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae, endemic to Tanzania. Pavetta sparsipila is classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List
# Benoît Violier

Benoît Violier (French pronunciation:; 22 August 1971 – 31 January 2016) was a French-Swiss chef .
Violier owned the three Michelin star Restaurant de l'Hôtel de Ville in a suburb of Lausanne, Switzerland from 2012 to his death. The establishment topped the first La Liste in December 2015.

## Biography

Born in Saintes, Charente-Maritime, France, he went to Paris in 1991 to study with Joël Robuchon, Benoît Guichard and others. Violier moved to Switzerland in 1996 to work with Philippe Rochat. Upon Rochat's retirement in 2012, Violier began running the restaurant. He applied for Swiss citizenship in 2014. He specialised in cooking game.

## Death

Violier died at home in Crissier, Switzerland, of a self-inflicted gunshot wound on 31 January 2016, aged 44. Violier's suicide prompted shock and confusion, as Violier's restaurant Le Restaurant de l'Hôtel de Ville had been crowned by the French government as the best restaurant in the world only a month before, leading the media to hail Violier as "the world's best chef." It also drew attention to the high-pressure world of haute cuisine.
Swiss media subsequently reported that Violier may have been a victim of a fraud in which individual bottles of wine were sold several times; however, the management of his restaurant denied that Violier had any connection with the fraud.

## Food gallery

* Composition verte
* Composition maritime (homard et rouget)
* Symphonie papillaire
* Sonate printanière
* Asperges sauvageonnes sur émulsion
* Structure en équilibre
* Éclat de joies
* Bouquet d'amour
# Mustafa Jaffer Sabodo

Mustafa Jaffer Sabodo (14 May 1942 – 23 March 2024) was a Tanzanian economist, consultant in international debt-finance, and businessman. He had business interests in India, France, Kenya, Sudan, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe.

## Life and career

Mustafa Jaffer Sabodo was born in Lindi, Tanganyika (now Tanzania) to parents of Indian descent.
In 2003, he offered to finance the growing of pulse for export to the tune of TSh 100 million.
The Mwalimu Nyerere Foundation National Lottery was the brainchild of Sabodo, who donated TSh 800 million towards a project that established the lottery.
Sabodo died in Masaki, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania on 23 March 2024, at the age of 81.
# Foreign Assistance Act of 1974

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1974 (Pub. L. 93–559) was an Act of the 93rd United States Congress that added several amendments to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.

## Aid to South Vietnam

The Act effectively eliminated aid and military funding for South Vietnam. Direct US involvement in Vietnam was already prohibited under the Case–Church Amendment, and the termination of US funding and indirect support for South Vietnam was a significant factor leading to the Fall of Saigon.

## Covert actions

The Act also included the Hughes–Ryan Amendment, which required the President to report all covert operations of the CIA to Congress within a set time limit, and placed limits on the funding of such operations.
The Act also included other amendments, including, among others, appropriation of funds to Israel, Egypt, and Jordan, and the suspension of funds to Turkey due to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.

## Human rights

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1974 declared that it was the sense of the Congress that:
    "except in extraordinary circumstances, the President shall substantially reduce or terminate security assistance to any government which engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights..."
The Act goes on define the term “gross violations of internationally recognized human rights” as including:
    "...torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, prolonged detention without charges and trial, causing the disappearance of persons by the abduction and clandestine detention of those persons, and other flagrant denial of the right to life, liberty, or the security of person."
# Trunojoyo University

Trunojoyo University (Unijoyo) is a public university in the Bangkalan Regency (on Madura island), in East Java province, Indonesia. Unijoyo was redesignated as a public university under the Presidential Decree dated July 5, 2001. The college was inaugurated on 23 July 2001 by President Abdurrahman Wahid.

## History

University Trunojoyo is a continuation of the University of Bangkalan Madura (Unibang); the 'change in status', of Private Higher Education Institutions to State Universities, was based on Presidential Decree No. 85 of 2001 dated 5 July 2001.
The inauguration took place on 23 July 2001. In his speech, Abdurrahman Wahid, president of the Republic of Indonesia at the time, said that the Madurese community's desire to have a state university had been reached.
# Sarajevo Stock Exchange

The Sarajevo Stock Exchange or SASE (Bosnian: Sarajevska berza) is a stock exchange which operates in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## History and structure

The Sarajevo Stock Exchange (SASE) was founded on 13 September 2001 and commenced trading on 12 April 2002, as a central marketplace for trading in securities in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which together with Republika Srpska, makes up the post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina. The SASE was founded as a joint-stock company. It had eight founding members. According to the Securities Law, SASE members can only be legal entities - brokerage houses whose sole activity is trading in securities, with headquarters in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The founding capital of the exchange was BAM 200.000 (1 BAM = 0.51 €).
All SASE members must be licensed for securities trading by the Securities Commission of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Only those brokers authorized by the SASE members, who have passed a brokers' exam are allowed to trade. The Securities Commission defines the manner and conditions for taking the exam and for revoking the licence. A broker is required to hold a valid licence issued by the Agency. The SASE currently has 16 members, whose headquarters are spread around Bosnia and Herzegovina, the majority being in the country's capital, Sarajevo. The shareholder assembly elects a five-member supervisory board for a four-year term. The supervisory board appoints the Manager of the Exchange who is in charge of the strategic planning and daily operations.
The members of the management board of the Sarajevo Stock Exchange and Wiener Börse (Vienna Stock Exchange) signed a memorandum of understanding on 21 March 2006. This made Bosnia and Herzegovina – after Romania, Croatia and Serbia – the fourth Southeast European stock exchange to enter into a cooperation agreement with the Budapest Stock Exchange and the Wiener Börse. The memorandum of understanding lays the foundation for closer collaboration between the exchanges of Sarajevo and Vienna. The first joint project was an index.

## Performance

The performance of the Sarajevo Stock Exchange exploded in the first few years. From 2002, market capitalization rose by around twenty times and, at the end of 2005, it was €3.3 billion. The average daily trading volumes also soared in the first few years and hit €1.5 million by 2005. The leading index of the Sarajevo Stock Exchange, the BIFX, rose from 1,264.20 at the end of 2002 to 4,045.57 points at the end of 2005.
In April 2019, market capitalization was BAM 5.36 billion, while the average daily trading volumes in 2020 were at BAM 541.031 million.