OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Richard J. Puddephatt

Richard John Puddephatt, OC FRSC FCIC was born 1943 in Aylesbury, England. He is a distinguished university professor in the department of chemistry at the University of Western Ontario, in London, Ontario, Canada. Richard is a former holder of a Canada research chair in material synthesis. He has been studying the fundamental chemistry of gold and other precious metals in the development of new materials for potential applications in health care and electronics. Puddephatt's research interests involve organometallic chemistry related to catalysis and materials science, and he is considered a world expert on platinum and gold chemistry. He has authored two books: The Chemistry of Gold and The Periodic Table of Elements.

## Education

* Penn and Tylers Green Primary School
* High Wycombe Royal Grammar School
* BSc from the University of London in 1965
* PhD from University College London in 1968

## Research and career

Puddephatt has conducted research on synthesis, reactivity and elucidation of mechanisms in the organometallic chemistry of the noble metals, particularly related to the role of organometallic compounds in catalysis and in materials science. He has elucidated the mechanisms of reactions in many homogenous catalytic processes, foe instance in studies of oxidative addition and reductive elimination with alkylplatinum and alkyl–gold complexes and of skeletal rearrangements of metallacyclobutane complexes, often called the Puddephatt rearrangement.
Coordinatively unsaturated platinum clusters and platinum–rhenium clusters have been synthesised and shown to be excellent mimics of the surface reactivity, related to heterogeneous catalysis by supported platinum and bimetallic platinum–rhenium catalysts. Commercially useful organometallic precursors for chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of thin films of metals such as palladium, platinum, silver and gold have been discovered and the mechanisms of those CVD processes elucidated. He has also synthesised catenanes and metal-containing polymers by dynamic ring opening polymerisation.

## Awards and honours

Puddephatt was won numerous awards including
* Officer of the Order of Canada
* Distinguished University Professor
* Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, FRS in 1998
* Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, FRSC
* Canada Research Chair
* Bucke Science Prize and Hellmuth Prize, University of Western Ontario
* Alcan Award and E.W.R. Steacie Award of the Chemical Society of Canada
* CIC Medal of the Chemical Institute of Canada
* Nyholm Lecture Award and Award for Chemistry of the Noble Metals of the Royal Society of Chemistry
* E.G. Pleva Teaching Award
* NSERC Award of Excellence (2001)
# 1896 South Australian referendum

A referendum was held in South Australia on 25 April 1896, and dealt with matters relating to secular and religious education. The referendum was held concurrently with the 1896 South Australian election, the first in Australia in which women were eligible to vote and stand for office, and was the first referendum to be held in Australia. The South Australian public affirmed the system of free, secular, state education in place at the time, and rejected scriptural instruction in state schools and a capitation grant for religious schools.

## Background

Following the passage of the Free Education Bill in 1891, free and secular education had been provided to South Australian children in state schools. This prompted a number of church groups to campaign for scriptural instruction in state schools. The National Scriptural Education League, led by the Wesleyan pastor Joseph Nicholson, had unsuccessfully attempted to make "scriptural education without dogma" a referendum question at the 1893 election. In 1895, Robert Caldwell, an Anglican Member of the House of Assembly called for a poll to be conducted, asking the opinion of the parents of state school children on the matter. The resolution was amended to extend the poll to all voters, and to include the question of capitation grants for non-state schools. The question was finally proposed as follows:
* Are you in favour of the continuance of the present system of education in State schools?
* Are you in favour of the introduction of Scriptural instruction in the State Schools during school hours?
* Are you in favour of the payment of a capitation grant to denominational schools for secular results?
The three options had initially been proposed as one question, which voters could either support or reject. However, Frederick Holder and Premier Charles Kingston moved that each part be considered separately.

## Results

Voters were instructed to place an 'X' next to a proposal to support it, or leave the proposal blank to reject it. All subsequent referendums have been held in a Yes/No format. Of the 137,781 colonists on the electoral roll, 91,348 voted, a turnout of 66.3%. The total informal vote was 12,830 (14%),.
| Proposal | Question | For (%) | Against (%) | Result |
| 1 | Continuing present system | 51,681 (74.4) | 17,819 (25.6) | Yes |
| 2 | Scriptural instruction | 19,280 (35.6) | 34,834 (64.4) | No |
| 3 | Capitation grant | 13,349 (24.1) | 42,007 (75.9) | No |

## Reaction

The Anglican bishop of Adelaide John Harmer, who had been an advocate of both scriptural instruction in schools and the capitation grant, distributed a pastoral letter to his diocese in the wake of the referendum, conceding that the result had decisively shown that these reforms would be unlikely to gain support. The Southern Cross, Adelaide's Catholic newspaper, pointed out that the capitation grant alone, and not scriptural instruction, had been requested by the Catholic Church, and that it was the size of the margin, rather than the result, that was of interest. Christian Weekly, a local Wesleyan paper, also called the decision decisive, but maintained hope for future changes.
# Chocolove from AKB48

Chocolove from AKB48 was a sub-unit consisting of three members from the idol group AKB48. It is the fourth unit under AKB48, and the first to release more than one single.
The group's debut single "Ashita wa Ashita no Kimi ga Umareru", which served as the ending theme for the anime adaptation of Skull Man, reached number 18 on the Oricon's Weekly Single Charts, and charted for three weeks in 2007. Their second single "Mail no Namida" reached number 29 and charted for two weeks.

## Members

* Rina Nakanishi (Team A)
* Sayaka Akimoto (Team K)
* Sae Miyazawa (Team K)

## Singles

| # | Title | Release date | First week sales | Total sales |
| 1 | "Ashita wa Ashita no Kimi ga Umareru" (明日は明日の君が生まれる) | June 6, 2007 | 8,133 | 9,444 |
| 2 | "Mail no Namida" (メールの涙, Mēru no Namida) | August 29, 2007 | 5,182 | 5,182 |

## Albums

| # | Title | Release date | First week sales | Total sales |
| 1 | Dessert | November 21, 2007 | - | - |
# Nomaindiya Mfeketo

Nomaindiya Mfeketo is a South African politician who served as South African Ambassador to the United States from 2020 to 2023, Minister of Human Settlements from 2018 to 2019, Deputy Minister of International Relations and Cooperation, Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa from 2009 to 2014, and mayor of Cape Town from 1998 to 2000 and again from 2002 to 2006.

## Early career

Prior to entering politics Mfeketo's worked for a number of non-governmental organisations (NGO). From 1981 to 1991 Mfeketo worked for the agricultural training NGO ZAKH after which she worked for the Social Change Assistance Trust (SCAT) from 1991 to 1992. From 1992 to 1994, Mfeketo worked for the Development Action Group (DAG) on a public housing project.

## Political career

In 1993, she became involved in negotiations to combine state and non-state activities in preparation for South Africa's transition to multiracial democracy. Following Mfeketo's work with DAG she was elected Chairperson of the first democratically elected City Council in Cape Town for the 1996 – 1998 pre–interim phase.

### Mayorship

She became the fourth woman and the first black woman to be mayor of the city when she held the post of Mayor briefly in 1998. She was re-elected mayor following the floor-crossing period which gave her party, the African National Congress (ANC), the majority in the city council in 2002, ousting Gerald Morkel of the Democratic Alliance (DA). She held the post until the DA regained control of the council in 2006, after which Helen Zille took office. Mfeketo left office amidst accusations of corruption, nepotism, and mismanagement.

### Parliament

In 2007, Mfeketo was elected to the ANC's National Executive Committee. On May 6, 2009, Mfeketo was elected as Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly. Mfeketo served in this position until May 21, 2014, when she was succeeded by former Minister of Co-Operative Governance, Lechesa Tsenoli.
In 2009 the DA alleged that Mfeketo received a custom built 'mansion' worth R8 million as part of a controversial government housing plan for ministers in Cape Town and Pretoria even though she owned a private residence 9 km away.

### Ambassadorship

Mfeketo was appointed Ambassador to the United States in 2020. Her activities as South African ambassador to the United States have been criticized by the South African media as a "great embarrassment" and as "disastrous."
# Fiat 619

The Fiat 619 is a multi-purpose truck, tractor for Semi-trailer trucks, manufactured from 1964 to 1980 and part of the Fiat V.I. family of heavy vehicles. The truck was intended to replace the Fiat 682 in production since 1952, but the manufacturing of the latter continued until 1984, also thanks to the demands of the African market.

## Different versions

The first generation included two versions: the Fiat 619 N, as a chassis truck, and the Fiat 619 T, as a road tractor. At that time the letters after the number indicated "naphtha" for the N and "tractor and semi-trailer" for the T. Both were equipped with the characteristic Fiat baffo cabin with the characteristic moustache (baffo in Italian) on the front. The Fiat baffo cabin would become the emblem of Fiat VI trucks from 1955 to 1974 and was designed to comply with the new Italian Highway Code of 1952, that imposed new rules on the sizes of Vehicles, in accordance with the Geneva Convention (1949) on international transport. In South America, where it was produced until 1994, the Fiat 619 was nicknamed pico de loro, that is parrot beak, due to the shape of the cabin.
The second generation was launched (Fiat 619 N1 and Fiat 619 T1) from 1970 and was equipped with the more spacious Fiat H cabin, which was then kept until 1991. Initially equipped with an engine of 12,883 cubic centimeters and 210 horsepower, with the N1 and T1 versions it changed to a propulsion unit of 13,798 cubic centimeters and 260 horsepower.
The two vehicles, built in advance of the European Code which stipulated 19 Tonnes as mass limits for two-axle vehicles and 26 tonnes for three-axle vehicles, were quite popular in Northern Europe. This preferential position of foreign markets ended up defining the Fiat 619 as the export truck.
The 619 T1 was equipped with a diesel engine type 221, straight-six engine, with a power of 208 and a displacement of 12883 cc. All combined with a Fiat 4 +4 gearbox. The maximum speed was 95 km/h.
The range was also marketed as a Unic in France and as a Magirus-Deutz in Germany.
# Gulf Intracoastal Waterway

The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (GIWW) is the portion of the Intracoastal Waterway located along the Gulf Coast of the United States. It is a navigable inland waterway running approximately 1,300 mi (2,100 km) from Saint Marks, Florida, to Brownsville, Texas.
The waterway provides a channel with a controlling depth of 12 ft (3.7 m), designed primarily for barge transportation. Although the U.S. government proposals for such a waterway were made in the early 19th century, the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway was not completed until 1949.

## EHL & WHL mileages

Locations along the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway are defined in terms of statute miles (as opposed to nautical miles, in which most marine routes are measured) east and west of Harvey Lock, a navigation lock in the New Orleans area located at 29°54′32″N 90°05′02″W﻿ / ﻿29.909°N 90.084°W﻿ / 29.909; -90.084. The Hathaway Bridge in Panama City, Florida, for example, is at mile 284.6 EHL (East of Harvey Lock). The Queen Isabella Causeway Bridge at South Padre Island is at mile 665.1 WHL (West of Harvey Lock).

## Connecting waterways

The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway crosses or meets, and in some cases is confluent with, numerous other navigable rivers and waterways. They include:
* Apalachicola River
* Arroyo Colorado
* Atchafalaya River
* Bayou Lafourche
* Bayou Terrebonne
* Calcasieu River
* Calcasieu Ship Channel
* Delcambre Canal
* Houston Ship Channel
* Industrial Canal
* Lower Mississippi River
* Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal
* Mobile Bay (connecting to the Tenn-Tom Waterway)
* Pearl River
* Sabine-Neches Waterway (Includes portions of)
** Neches River
** Sabine Lake
** Sabine River
* Santa Rosa Sound
* The Rigolets
* Vermilion River

## Ports and harbors

Many of the busiest ports in the United States in terms of tons of cargo are located on or near the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. Notable ports on or near the waterway include:
Florida
* Apalachicola, Florida
* Carrabelle, Florida
* Panama City, Florida
* Pensacola, Florida
Alabama
* Mobile, Alabama - Ranked 11th busiest
Mississippi
* Gulfport, Mississippi
* Pascagoula, Mississippi - Ranked 29th busiest
Louisiana
* Baton Rouge, Louisiana - Ranked 7th busiest
* Houma, Louisiana -
* Intracoastal City, Louisiana
* Lake Charles, Louisiana - As of mid-2024 ranked 10th busiest. The GIWW has the Calcasieu Lock just east of Lake Charles. The three-fold purpose is to facilitate navigation, provide flood relief, and prevent possible saltwater intrusion into the Mermentau River Basin.
* Larose, Louisiana
* Morgan City, Louisiana
* New Orleans, Louisiana - Ranked 5th busiest
* Port Allen, Louisiana
* Port of South Louisiana - Ranked 2nd busiest
* Port of Plaquemines - Ranked 12th busiest
Texas
* Beaumont, Texas - Ranked 8th busiest
* Brownsville, Texas
* Corpus Christi, Texas - Ranked 3rd busiest
* Port Freeport, Texas - Ranked 16th busiest
* Galveston, Texas - Ranked 46th busiest
* Houston, Texas - Ranked as busiest port in the United States
* Port Arthur, Texas - Ranked 15th busiest
* Port Lavaca - Point Comfort, Texas
* Texas City, Texas - Ranked 20th busiest
* Victoria, Texas
# Anthony T. Kronman

Anthony Townsend Kronman (born May 12, 1945) is an American legal scholar who serves as a Sterling Professor at Yale Law School specializing in contracts, bankruptcy, jurisprudence, social theory, and professional responsibility. He was the 14th dean of Yale Law School from 1994 to 2004.

## Early life and education

Kronman was raised in Los Angeles, California, the son of Harry Kronman, a Hollywood screenwriter, and actress Rosella Towne. Kronman received a Bachelor of Arts, magna cum laude, from Williams College in 1968 with membership in Phi Beta Kappa. Afterwards, he received a Ph.D. in philosophy from Yale University in 1972, and a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 1975. He was an editor of the Yale Law Journal while a law student at Yale.

## Career

He taught at the University of Minnesota Law School from 1975 to 1976, and the University of Chicago Law School from 1976 to 1978, before joining the Yale faculty. In addition to the courses that Kronman teaches at Yale Law School, he also teaches undergraduate classes in literature, philosophy, and history and politics as part of the Directed Studies program at Yale. Outside of his academic obligations, Kronman is of counsel at the law firm of Boies, Schiller & Flexner.

## Views on diversity

Kronman has characterized contemporary diversity campaigns as political rather than educational. In his 2019 book Assault on American Excellence, he criticized Yale's decisions to change the title of "master" to "head of college" and to rename "Calhoun College". He rebuked University President Peter Salovey's lack of support for the Christakises, who were targeted by students during a 2015 protest over inclusivity and free discourse. Other members of the university community disagreed with Kronman's positions.
# William Bullmore

William Lewis Bullmore (October 10, 1912 in Minnedosa, Manitoba – August 23, 1972) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1953 to 1958, initially as a Social Credit representative and later as an independent.
The son of Adrian Henry Bullmore and Annie Andrew, Bullmore was educated in Minnedosa, and worked as a manufacturer. He was the president of Dauphin Products Ltd. and also established the Bullmore Funeral Home. He married Arla Maynes, from Harrowby, Manitoba, on August 11, 1936 and they had two children, who were named James William Bullmore and Arla Anne Bullmore Porter. He served in Dauphin as a Councillor from 1944 to 1945, and was the town's mayor from 1946 to 1955. He was the first president of the Manitoba Urban League. Bullmore was also an active freemason, and was involved with several masonic organizations.
Bullmore's decision to run for the Social Credit Party was a surprise to many political observers, as he had been encouraged by some members of the Liberal Party to run federally under their banner. In his nomination speech, he acknowledged that some of his friends had warned him against running for Social Credit, suggesting it would be "political suicide".
He was elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1953 election, defeating Liberal-Progressive candidate John Potoski by 174 votes in the Dauphin constituency. Incumbent Progressive Conservative Ernest N. McGirr finished third.
Bullmore was one of only two Social Credit MLAs to serve in Manitoba's 1953-58 parliament. According to the Winnipeg Free Press, his early speeches in the legislature were focused on issues of monetary reform. He left the Social Credit Party in 1956 over contributions to the Social Credit Party from the Manitoba breweries. He did not seek re-election in the 1958 provincial election.
Bullmore moved to Winnipeg in 1958 and died there at the age of 59 following a lengthy illness.
# Battle of Atbara

The Battle of Atbara also known as the Battle of the Atbara River took place during the Mahdist War. Anglo-Egyptian forces defeated 15,000 Mahdists on the banks of the River Atbara. The battle proved to be the turning point in the reconquest of Sudan by the British and Egyptian coalition.
By 1898, the combined British and Egyptian army was heading south, advancing up the Nile into Sudan. The Sudanese Mahdist leader, the Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad ordered the Emir Mahmud Ahmad and his 10,000 strong army of western Sudan northward towards the junction of the Nile and the River Atbara to engage the British and Egyptian army led by Herbert Kitchener.
Encamping on the banks of the Atbara river by March 20, Mahmud, with Osman Digna's group of Mahdist warriors were within 20 miles (32 km) of the British camp outpost at Fort Atbara at the confluence of the Atbara with the Nile. On April 4, after seeing that the Mahdists were unwilling to attack, Kitchener quietly advanced with the British and Egyptian army towards the Mahdist fortified camp just outside the town of Nakheila.
The Anglo-Egyptian attack began at 06:20 on 8 April 1898. Three brigades, the British Brigade led by William Gatacre, and two Brigades of the Egyptian Division led by Archibald Hunter, led the attack. After a brief artillery bombardment of the Mahdist camp, the combined British and Egyptian brigades attacked. Soon, the British and Egyptian troops were in the Mahdist camp, often fighting hand-to-hand with the Mahdist warriors. After 45 minutes, the battle was over as Osman Digna led a few thousand warriors on a retreat to the south, while most of the remainder were killed or captured, including Mahmud who was captured by loyal Sudanese troops of the Egyptian Brigade.
The battle was celebrated by the Scottish poet William McGonagall.
# Fierce, Isakowitz and Blalock

Fierce, Isakowitz and Blalock is a Washington D.C. Republican government relations consulting firm.

## Client list

* Airbus
* American Forest & Paper Association
* American Gaming Association
* American Insurance Association
* American Pork Export Council
* American Television Alliance
* American Wind Energy Association
* Apple Inc.
* Apria Healthcare
* Bipartisan Policy Center Advocacy Network
* BP America
* Business Roundtable
* Coalition for Patent Fairness
* Coca-Cola
* Corporate Health Care Coalition
* CTIA - The Wireless Association
* Delta Air Lines, Inc
* EADS North America
* Edison International
* Facebook
* Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco
* Federation of American Hospitals
* Ford Motor Company
* FWD.us
* Generic Pharmaceutical Association
* The Home Depot
* JP Morgan Chase
* Kellogg's
* Magazine Publishers of America
* Managed Funds Association
* Medco Health Solutions
* MillerCoors Brewing Company
* Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
* Moore Capital Management
* Mutual of Omaha
* National Cable & Telecommunications Association
* National Pork Producers Council
* New York Private Bank & Trust
* NFL Players Association
* Noble Energy
* Och Ziff Capital Management
* Oracle
* Recording Industry Association of America
* Retail Industry Leaders Association
* Republic of Korea
* Sprint
* Time Warner Cable
* Union Pacific
* UnitedHealth Group
* US Chamber of Commerce
* URS Division of Washington
* Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc.
* Zurich International