OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Curtiss-Wright CA-1

The Curtiss CA-1 (sometimes known as the Commuter or the Courtney Amphibian) was an American five-seat biplane amphibian designed by Frank Courtney and built by Curtiss-Wright at St Louis, Missouri.

## Design and development

Designed by the British test pilot Frank Courtney, the CA-1 was a five-seat amphibian. The CA-1 was powered by a 365 hp (272 kW) Wright 975E-1 radial, cowled and fitted into the leading edge of the top wing driving - through an extension shaft - a pusher propeller. It had a tricycle amphibian landing gear and an enclosed cabin for the pilot and passengers. Only three aircraft were built, and they were all sold in Japan, designated Curtiss-Wright LXC (Navy Experimental Type C Amphibious Transport) by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service.

## Specifications

Data from Curtiss Aircraft 1907–1947
General characteristics
* Crew: one
* Capacity: four passengers 240 lb (110 kg) baggage
* Length: 31 ft 0 in (9.45 m)
* Wingspan: 40 ft 0 in (12.19 m)
* Height: 12 ft (3.7 m)
* Airfoil: NACA 2412
* Empty weight: 2,980 lb (1,352 kg)
* Gross weight: 4,650 lb (2,109 kg)
* Powerplant: 1 × Wright R-975E-1 Whirlwind 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 365 hp (272 kW)
* Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch pusher propeller
Performance
* Maximum speed: 151 mph (243 km/h, 131 kn)
* Cruise speed: 125 mph (201 km/h, 109 kn)
* Stall speed: 60 mph (97 km/h, 52 kn)
* Range: 550 mi (890 km, 480 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 14,000 ft (4,300 m)
* Rate of climb: 835 ft/min (4.24 m/s)
# Rachel Williams (disambiguation)

Rachel Williams (born 1967) is an American model and landscape designer.
Rachel Williams may also refer to:
* Rachel Williams (footballer) (born 1988), English footballer
* Rachel DeLoache Williams (born 1988), American photographer
* Rachel Rodriguez-Williams (born 1978), American politician
* Rachel Williams (hockey umpire), English field hockey umpire
* Rachel Williams (engineer) FREng, British biomedical engineer
# The Craft of Research

The Craft of Research is a book by Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, Joseph Bizup, and William T. Fitzgerald. The work is published by the University of Chicago Press. The book aims to provide a basic overview of how to research, from the process of selecting a topic and gathering sources to the process of writing results. The book has become a standard text in college composition classes and is now in its fourth edition.
The first edition of The Craft of Research was a winner of the 1995–1996 Critics' Choice Award. Material from The Craft of Research has also been adapted to form the first part of Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations.

## Structure

Below is the structure of the work, as outlined in the fourth edition.

### Part 1: Research, Researchers, and Readers

* Thinking in Print: The Uses of Research, Public and Private
* Connecting with Your Reader: Creating a Role for Yourself and Your Readers

### Part 2: Asking Questions, Finding Answers

* From Topics to Questions
* From Questions to Problems
* From Problems to Sources
* Engaging Sources

### Part 3: Making an Argument

* Making Good Arguments: An Overview
* Making Claims
* Assembling Reasons and Evidence
* Acknowledgments and Responses
* Warrants

### Part 4: Writing Your Argument

* Planning and Drafting
* Organizing Your Argument
* Incorporating Sources
* Communicating Evidence Visually
* Introductions and Conclusions
* Revising Style: Telling Your Story Clearly

### Part 5: Some Last Considerations

* The Ethics of Research
* A Postscript for Teachers
* Appendix: Bibliographical Resources

## Editions

Editions of The Craft of Research :
| Edition | Year | ISBN | In Print? |
| First | 1995 | ISBN 978-0226065847 | No |
| Second | 2003 | ISBN 978-0226065670 | No |
| Third | 2008 | ISBN 978-0226065656 (Cloth) ISBN 978-0226065663 (Paperback) | Yes |
| Fourth | 2016 | ISBN 978-0226239736 | Yes |
| Fifth | 2022 | ISBN 9780226826677 | |

## Translations

* Swedish: Forskning och skrivande: konsten att skriva enkelt och effektivt, ISBN 978-9144129327 (from 4th ed. 2019)
* Japanese: Risachi no giho, ISBN 978-4802611527 (from 4th ed. 2018)
* Korean: Haksul nonmun chaksongbop, ISBN 978-8993712889 (from 4th ed. 2017)
* Chinese: Yan jiu shi yi men yi shu, ISBN 978-7501189045 (from 2nd ed. 2009)
* Portuguese: A arte da pesquisa, ISBN 978-8533621572 (from 2nd ed. 2008)
* Spanish: Cómo convertirse en un hábil investigador, ISBN 978-8474328172 (from 1st ed. 2001)
# Iowa's 15th House of Representatives district

The 15th District of the Iowa House of Representatives in the state of Iowa. It's currently composed of Harrison County, as well as part of Pottawattamie County.

## Current elected officials

Matt Windschitl is the representative currently representing the district.

## Past representatives

The district has previously been represented by:
* Dennis L. Freeman, 1971–1973
* Donald Avenson, 1973–1983
* Sue Mullins, 1983–1989
* Dolores Mertz, 1989–2003
* Brian Quirk, 2003–2013
* Mark Brandenburg, 2013–2015
* Charlie McConkey, 2015–2023
# Snow pea

The snow pea is an edible-pod pea with flat pods and thin pod walls, in contrast to snap pea pods, which are round with thick walls. It is eaten whole, with both the seeds and the pod, while still unripened.

## Names

The common name snow pea seems to be a misnomer as the planting season of this pea is no earlier than that of other peas. Another common name, Chinese pea, is probably related to its prominence in Chinese dishes served in the West. It is called mangetout in the United Kingdom and Ireland (from the French for "eat-all" and pronounced monge-too; /mɒnʒtuː/).
Snow peas and snap peas both belong to Macrocarpon Group, a cultivar group based on the variety Pisum sativum var. macrocarpum Ser. named in 1825. It was described as having very compressed non-leathery edible pods in the original publication.
The scientific name Pisum sativum var. saccharatum Ser. is often misused for snow peas. The variety under this name was described as having sub-leathery and compressed-testes pods and the French name petit pois. The description is inconsistent with the appearance of snow peas, and therefore botanists have replaced this name with Pisum sativum var. macrocarpum. Austrian scientist and monk Gregor Mendel used peas which he called Pisum saccharatum in his famous experiments demonstrating the heritable nature of specific traits, and this Latin name might not refer to the same varieties identified with modern snow peas.

## Uses
### Culinary

Snow peas, along with snap peas and unlike field and garden peas, are notable for having edible pods that lack inedible fiber (in the form of "parchment", a fibrous layer found in the inner pod rich in lignin) in the pod walls. Snow peas have the thinner walls of the two edible pod variants. Two recessive genes known as p and v are responsible for this trait. p is responsible for reducing the sclerenchymatous membrane on the inner pod wall, while v reduces pod wall thickness (n is a gene that thickens pod walls in snap peas).
Pea shoots (Chinese: 豆苗; pinyin: dòu miáo) are the stems and leaves of the immature plant, used as a vegetable in Chinese cooking. They are commonly stir-fried with garlic and sometimes combined with crab or other shellfish.

### Nitrogen fixers

As with most legumes, snow peas host beneficial bacteria, rhizobia, in their root nodules, which fix nitrogen in the soil—this is called a mutualistic relationship—and are therefore a useful companion plant, especially useful to grow intercropped with green, leafy vegetables that benefit from high nitrogen content in their soil.

## Cultivation

Snow peas can be grown in open fields during cool seasons and can thus be cultivated during winter and spring seasons.

### Storage

Storage of the pea with films of polymethylpentene at a temperature of 5 °C (41 °F) and controlled atmosphere with a concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide of 5 kPa augments the shelf life, internal and external characteristics of the plant.

## Gallery

* Snow pea flowers
* Sautéed snow pea shoots, a popular dish in Chinese cuisine
# Lashtu

Lashtu (Persian: لشتو) is a neighborhood in the city of Shirud in the Central District of Tonekabon County, Mazandaran province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 census, Lashtu's population was 430 in 131 households, when it was a village in Goli Jan Rural District. After the census, the villages of Bala Shirud, Beramsar, Hemmatabad, Kaseh Gar Mahalleh, Khezr Konar, Kochanak, Lapa Sar, Lashtu, Mian Daj Mahalleh, Mohammadabad, Mojtame-ye Meskuni Farhangian, Pain Shirud, Ramj Mahalleh, Rashidiyeh, Shaghuz Kaleh, Sharifabad, Tamijanak, Vachak, and Zaruj Mahalleh were merged to form the city of Shirud.
# Bamnet Narong district

Bamnet Narong (Thai: บำเหน็จณรงค์, pronounced; Northeastern Thai: บำเหน็จณรงค์, pronounced) is a district (amphoe) in the southwestern part of Chaiyaphum province, northeastern Thailand.

## History

In the reign of King Rama II of Rattanakosin, the area of Bamnet Narong was a frontier town called Dan Chuan (ด่านชวน). As the town was in a strategic location, King Nangklao (Rama III) ordered a soldier from Mueang Khukhan to be the head of the town. In 1826, King Anouvong of Lan Xang moved his troops to Siam. At Nakhon Ratchasima, the headman of Dan Chuan led his soldiers to battle against the Laotian troop. Because of his courage, King Rama III promoted the leader of Dan Chuan to be Phra Ritthi Rue Chai (พระฤทธิฤาชัย) and upgraded Dan Chuan to be Mueang Bamnet Narong, under Mueang Nakhon Ratchasima.
In 1897 King Chulalongkorn downgraded Bamnet Narong to be a district of Chaiyaphum Province. It was downgraded to be Tambon Ban Chuan of Chatturat district in 1903. Later it was upgraded to be Bamnet Narong minor district (king amphoe) in 1905. It was renamed Ban Chuan after the central tambon, and back to the original name in 1939. It became a full district on 24 June 1956.

## Geography

Neighboring districts are (from the west clockwise): Thep Sathit, Sap Yai, and Chatturat of Chaiyaphum Province; Dan Khun Thot and Thepharak of Nakhon Ratchasima province.

## Administration

The district is divided into seven sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 88 villages (mubans). There are two townships (thesaban tambons) in the district: Bamnet Narong covers parts of tambons Ban Chuan, Ban Phet Phu Khiao, and parts of tambon Ban Phet. There are a further seven tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
| 1. | Ban Chuan | บ้านชวน |
| 2. | Ban Phet | บ้านเพชร |
| 3. | Ban Tan | บ้านตาล |
| 4. | Hua Thale | หัวทะเล |
| 5. | Khok Roeng Rom | โคกเริงรมย์ |
| 6. | Ko Manao | เกาะมะนาว |
| 7. | Khok Phet Phatthana | โคกเพชรพัฒนา |

## Economy

Bamnet Narong is site of a potash mine. The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) plans to build a coal-fired power plant to power the mine. Those plans have encountered opposition from anti-coal activists.
# Iowa's 22nd House of Representatives district

The 22nd District of the Iowa House of Representatives in the state of Iowa. It's currently composed of part of Warren County.

## Current elected officials

Stan Gustafson is the representative currently representing the district.

## Past representatives

The district has previously been represented by:
* E. Kevin Kelly, 1971–1973
* Maurice R. Hennessey, 1973–1977
* Nancy Shimanek, 1977–1981
* Donald J. Knapp, 1981–1983
* Raymond A. Lageschulte, 1983–1993
* Bob Brunkhorst, 1993–2003
* Deborah Berry, 2003–2013
* Greg Forristall, 2013–2017
* Jon Jacobsen, 2017–2023
# Nina Marker

Nina Cornelia Marker (born 1997) is a Danish fashion model who speaks frequently on neurodevelopmental disorders and mental health issues. A top-ranked runway model who has worked internationally with luxury brands such as Chanel and Versace, she is known within the industry for her "refreshingly unpretentious approach" to her work and more broadly in her Instagram profile.

## Early life

Marker was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. She struggled in school and was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome, a form of autism, after seeking help for depression when she was 15 years old.

## Career

Marker was scouted while riding the subway on the way to McDonald's. In 2014, she won the Copenhagen round of the Elite Model Look competition. Her major break came as a runway model for Anthony Vaccarello's collection for Saint Laurent. She has appeared on catwalks at the New York, London, Paris, and Milan fashion weeks, and has modeled for brands such as Chanel, Dolce & Gabbana, Fendi, Stella McCartney, and Versace.
In September 2017, as one of the top models at Milan Fashion Week, she gained international attention when she posted a photograph of herself on Instagram wearing a t-shirt that said, "Bee Kind, I Have Autism". In the message to her followers, she wrote, "It's possible for us to be successful and have a good time...Stay safe and protect your mind." The post quickly went viral on social media, particularly among family and friends of children with Aspergers and other neurodevelopmental disorders, and caused a stir in the fashion world.
Marker was subsequently featured in the American edition of Vogue magazine, and has since spoken regularly about mental health issues, sharing her frustration in school, which she says was ill-equipped to deal with her condition. In 2021, she told Vogue Business that she constantly needs to remind people how her neurodivergence affects her on set, where there are many stimuli that could lead to sensory overload, because of misconceptions that her "normal" appearance means she is neurotypical. She works with her agents at The Society and Elite to ensure that she has breaks between jobs to allow her to decompress, and that her travel plans are arranged to minimize stress and avoid possible triggers. She practices yoga to improve her ability to cope with work pressures.
Vogue listed Marker as a breakout model for the Spring 2018 season, describing her as "delivering confidence and attitude aplenty", and said that "by using her social media platforms to raise awareness about autism in the midst of everything, Marker made her impact on and off the runway".
As of 2022, Marker is ranked on the Models.com Money List of models with commercial clients.
# Pane di Laterza

Pane di Laterza is a traditional bread of Laterza, a comune (municipality) in the province of Taranto, Apulia. It is made with durum flour with water, salt and sourdough. It is mainly produced in Laterza, but it can be also found in neighbouring municipalities. It has been recognised by the Italian Ministry of the Agriculture, Food and Forestry Policies as a prodotto agroalimentare tradizionale (PAT) of Apulia.

## Origins

Agriculture has ever been fundamental for the economy of Laterza. The first evidence of the use of cereals for the production of bread date back to 5th century BC. Spelt and barley were the most used ones, above all for what was called focaccia. After the Roman period, for several centuries, the production of bread was only for the noble people who could manage a bakery. In the district called nowadays "Fornaci" (furnaces which, in Italian, stands also for 'bakeries'), an ancient oven for bread has been found. It had been active until 18th century and it belonged to a feudatory.
In the 50s, the bakeries were managed by only four women: a baker and three workers. The workers prepared the firewood and took the dough from the houses of the village. The baker cooked it and then the workers brought the baked bread in the houses again.

## Characteristics

Pane di Laterza is baked in the wood oven with olive wood with some other natural aromatic products like seeds of apricot and almonds. The size of each piece of bread (called panelle or panédd in local dialect) can amount to one, two and four kg. The crust is brown while the soft part inside the bread is ivory.
For 100 grams:
| Water | Protein | Fat | Carbohydrate | Fiber | Energy Value |
| 28 | 10 | 2,3 | 49 | 9,8 | 257 kcal |

## Consortium

Consorzio per il Pane di Laterza, Laterza (Taranto).
Laterza is also a member of the National Association of the Cities of Bread (Associazione nazionale Città del pane), an Italian organization with the aim of promoting and enhancing the traditional types of bread.
# 1956 Santa Barbara Gauchos football team

The 1956 Santa Barbara Gauchos football team represented Santa Barbara College—now known as University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) as a member of the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) during the 1956 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Ed Cody, the Gauchos compiled an overall record of 5–5 with a mark of 2–1 in conference play, tying for second place in the CCAA. At the end of the regular season, the Santa Barbara accepted an invitation to play in a charity bowl game. The game was the first and only Citricado Bowl, played at Escondido High School in Escondido, California against a military team from Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego. The Gauchos played home games at La Playa Stadium in Santa Barbara, California.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 22 | at Whittier* | Hadley FieldWhittier, CA | W 34–0 | |
| September 28 | Occidental* | La Playa StadiumSanta Barbara, CA | W 31–6 | |
| October 6 | Long Beach State | La Playa StadiumSanta Barbara, CA | W 13–6 | |
| October 12 | at Los Angeles State | Reseda High SchoolReseda, CA | W 33–14 | |
| October 20 | vs. Cal Aggies* | California Memorial StadiumBerkeley, CA | L 6–14 | |
| October 27 | Pomona-Claremont* | La Playa StadiumSanta Barbara, CA | L 14–15 | |
| November 3 | at Pepperdine* | El Camino StadiumTorrance, CA | L 9–21 | |
| November 10 | San Diego State | La Playa StadiumSanta Barbara, CA | L 7–30 | 4,000 |
| November 16 | Sacramento State* | La Playa StadiumSanta Barbara, CA | W 33–0 | |
| December 1 | vs. San Diego Marines* | Escondido High SchoolEscondido, CA (Citracado Bowl) | L 14–25 | |
| *Non-conference game ||||||
# Pepijn van de Merbel

Pepijn van de Merbel (born 18 March 2002) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays for Eerste Divisie club Den Bosch as a goalkeeper.

## Career

Born in Oud Gastel, van de Merbel began his career with NAC Breda, signing a three-year professional contract in January 2021. Playing at youth level, he said he was keen to learn. He made his senior debut in December 2022, in a 1–0 home defeat to Almere City.
On 4 June 2024, van de Merbel returned to his youth club Den Bosch on a two-year contract.
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 2401

United Nations Security Council Resolution 2401 was unanimously adopted on 24 February 2018. It calls for a nationwide ceasefire in Syria for 30 days. According to the resolution, the cease-fire does not apply to military operations against the Islamic State, al-Qaeda and Al-Nusra Front and their associates, and other terrorist groups as designated by the Security Council.
After adoption, Syrian Permanent Representative Bashar Jaafari stated that the regime would continue to practice "a sovereign right of self-defense" and would go after what it deemed were terrorist groups.
While People's Protection Units accepted the resolution 2401 and said that it would act, according to the Sana news agency, the Turkish Army continues to fight in Afrin, and has continued its attacks after the passage of the resolution.
French President, Emmanuel Macron, telephoned the Turkish President, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, telling him that the truce in Syria also applies in the Afrin Region. "I think the resolution was clear here in naming exactly which groups are considered to be exempt from the ceasefire," State Department Spokesperson Nauert said. Turkish Deputy Prime Minister, Bekir Bozdag, has accused the United States of using double standards.
# Westcombe baronets

The Westcombe Baronetcy, of Cadiz in Spain, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 23 March 1700 for Martin Westcombe, English Consul at Cádiz, Spain. The title became extinct on the death of the second Baronet in 1752.

## Westcombe baronets, of Cadiz (1700)

* Sir Martin Westcombe, 1st Baronet (died before 1736)
* Sir Anthony Westcombe, 2nd Baronet (c. 1708–1752)
# Lulworth Camp

Lulworth Camp is a British Army base that is home to the Armoured Fighting Vehicle Gunnery School and runs the Lulworth Ranges on the southern coast of Dorset, England. It is part of Bovington Garrison and is located on the Purbeck Ridge between the villages of East and West Lulworth. The camp lies immediately southeast of the road junction between the B 3070 and B 3071 and about a mile northeast of Lulworth Cove.

## History

The camp was established in 1918 and has been in continuous use since then. Bovington and Lulworth have been the main British training areas for tanks and armoured warfare since their introduction. The camp is currently home to the Armoured Fighting Vehicle Schools Regiment (AFVSR) Gunnery School.
On 8 February 2023, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy visited the base as part of a state visit. Along with British prime minister Rishi Sunak, he met Ukrainian troops who were being trained to use Challenger 2 tanks, part of Operation Interflex.
# Mircea Dincă

Mircea Dincă (born 1980) is a Romanian-American inorganic chemist. He is the Andrew Stewart 1886 Professor of Chemistry at Princeton University. At Princeton, Dincă leads a research group that focuses on the synthesis of functional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which possess conductive, catalytic, and other material-favorable properties.

## Early life and education

Mircea Dincă was born in Făgăraș, Romania. His passion for chemistry began in his chemistry class in 7th grade, where he had a "dedicated teacher that did spectacular demonstrations with relatively limited regard for safety". In 1998, he represented Romania at the International Science Olympiad (Chemistry) in Yakutsk, Russia, where he won first prize.
After high school, Dincă was offered a scholarship from Princeton University and moved to New Jersey in 1999. At Princeton, he worked with Jeffrey Schwartz, conducting research on materials science. After graduating magna cum laude in 2003, Dincă went on to the University of California, Berkeley to attend the Chemistry doctorate program, where he worked with chemistry professor Jeffrey R. Long on increasing H$_2$ adsorption in metal-organic frameworks with mobile hydrogen storage applications. He graduated with his Ph.D. from Berkeley in 2008.

## Career

Dincă completed his postdoc studies at MIT, where he was promoted to associate professor in 2010 and, in 2017, tenured. Until 2024, he was the W. M. Keck Professor of Chemistry. In 2025, he joined the faculty at Princeton University.

## Research

Dincă's research primarily focuses on electrical conductivity of MOF's, which was previously unknown and resulted in a new categorization of such materials with "charge mobility values". His focus is on the exploration of increasing electrical conductivity capacities through the marriage of organic and inorganic materials to assemble hybrid MOF's.
Research includes exploring electrochemical cycling through strongly adhering, electroactive metal–organic framework thin films to vary results, such as multicolored electrochromic responses and transparent to dark behavior.