OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Arthur Spatt

Arthur Donald Spatt (December 13, 1925 – June 12, 2020) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.

## Education and career

Born in Brooklyn, New York, Spatt was a Navigation Petty Officer in the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946, and received a Bachelor of Laws from Brooklyn Law School in 1949. He was in private practice in New York City from 1949 to 1978. He was a state court judge in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, Tenth Judicial District from 1978 to 1982, then an Administrative judge of Nassau County from 1982 to 1986, and an associate justice of the New York Appellate Division, Second Judicial Department, from 1986 to 1989.

## Federal judicial service

On October 25, 1989, Spatt was nominated by President George H. W. Bush to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York vacated by Henry Bramwell. Spatt was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 21, 1989, and received commission on November 27, 1989. He assumed senior status on December 1, 2004. His service terminated on June 12, 2020, due to his death at his home in Commack, New York, of the effects of blood cancer.

## Notable rulings

Spatt penned the ruling in the Mahender and Varsha Sabhnani slavery federal criminal trial. He awarded rare double damages to Indonesian maids - Samirah, $620,744, and Enung, $315,802. The judgment's award of double damages in federal criminal trials is notable, since the punitive sums are only, ordinarily granted in civil cases. On August 20, 2012 Spatt suspended a Nassau County law that would have allowed County Executive Edward Mangano to reduce negotiated employee benefits.
# Ellen Bree Burns

Ellen Lucille Bree Burns (December 13, 1923 – June 3, 2019) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut.

## Education and career

Burns was born in New Haven, Connecticut. She received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Albertus Magnus College in 1944. She received a Bachelor of Laws from Yale Law School in 1947. She was a special assistant to the Commission to Revise the Connecticut General Statutes from 1947 to 1948. She was an attorney for Legislative Legal Services of the State of Connecticut from 1949 to 1973. She was a judge of the Circuit Court of Connecticut from 1973 to 1974. She was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Connecticut from 1974 to 1976. She was a judge of the Superior Court of Connecticut from 1976 to 1978.

## Federal judicial service

Burns was nominated by President Jimmy Carter on February 15, 1978 to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut vacated by Judge Mosher Joseph Blumenfeld. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 17, 1978, and received her commission on May 18, 1978, becoming the first female district judge in Connecticut. She served as Chief Judge from 1988 to 1992 and assumed senior status on September 1, 1992. She took inactive senior status on March 31, 2015, meaning that while she remained a federal judge, she no longer heard cases or participated in the business of the court. She died on June 3, 2019, aged 95.
# Lacey A. Collier

Lacey Alexander Collier (born June 23, 1935) is an American attorney serving as a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida.

## Early life and education

Collier was born in Demopolis, Alabama. He entered the United States Navy at age 20, serving from 1955 to 1975. He graduated with his Bachelor of Arts degree from the Naval Postgraduate School of the United States Naval Academy in 1970 and received a Master of Arts from the University of West Florida in 1972. After leaving the navy, Collier received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of West Florida in 1975, and his Juris Doctor from the Florida State University College of Law in 1977.

## Career

After graduating from law school he served as an assistant state attorney for the First Judicial District from 1977 to 1984. He served as a circuit judge on the First Judicial District from 1984 to 1991.

### Federal judicial service

President George H. W. Bush nominated Collier to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida on July 24, 1991, to a new seat created by 104 Stat. 5089. He was confirmed by the Senate on November 15, 1991, he received his commission three days later. Collier assumed senior status on November 20, 2003.
# Kuladhar Saikia

Kuladhar Saikia, is an ex officer of Indian Police Service who had retired in 2019 as Director General of Police at Guwahati has been involved in issues relating to Community Development and Community Policing. He was awarded President's police medals twice for his outstanding contribution to policing. He was the initiator and Nodal officer of Assam Police community empowerment initiative called “Project Prahari”. and one of the founders of Economic Policy Research group called Assam Prakalpa. He was awarded the prestigious Katha Award in 2000 and Sahitya Akademi Award in 2015 for his short stories. He was elected President of Asam Sahitya Sabha in January 2020.

## Change Agent

A three-part case series had been published by Harvard Business Review titled, "Being a Change Agent" set in a rural district of Assam in India. It describes the efforts made by Kuladhar Saikia, then Deputy Inspector General of Police in the early 2000s, to tackle witchcraft-related crimes that were prevalent in this isolated and economically backward part of the country. Determined to end the social evil that still haunts rural and backward areas of Assam, Saikia's initiative and perseverance has resulted in raising awareness about the scourge of witchcraft that is often used bizarrely to settle personal scores and land disputes in villages.
Kuladhar Saikia initiated the project in 2001 by running campaigns involving village chiefs and elders, said the involvement of entire communities and the lack of evidence due to the fear of being ostracised had made the task of apprehending the culprits quite challenging. Project Prahari has brought together different stakeholders – student groups, science clubs, mahila samitis and other social activists on a common platform.

## Awards and recognition

* Munin Borkotoky Award(1998)for "Akhorot Moi Aru Anyanya"(আখৰাত মই আৰু অন্যান্য), a collection of short stories
* Kotha Award (2000)
* Rashtrapati Arakhyi Award received twice
* Sahitya Academy Award (2015) for "Akashar Chhabi Aru Anyanya Galpa"

## Asam Sahitya Sabha

Saikia is the president of Asam Sahitya Sabha and he has appealed on social media to contribute to the field of Assamese Wikipedia as well as various methods for the preservation of the Assamese language in digital plateform.This has helped many people to learn about the Assamese Wikipedia and many interested people to create accounts on Wikipedia.
# Gongreos

Gongreos is a genus of flowering plants in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. It includes two species of climbing shrubs or subshrubs native to tropical Asia, including Nepal, southern China, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, and Borneo.
* Gongreos filipes (Kerr) Rodda, Liede & Meve – southern China (Guangxi and southwestern Yunnan) and northern Thailand.
* Gongreos wallichii (Wight) Rodda, Liede & Meve – Nepal, Peninsular Malaysia, and Borneo
# Charles Joseph Vogel

Charles Joseph Vogel (September 20, 1898 – September 8, 1980) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit and previously was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of North Dakota.

## Education and career

Born in Star Lake Township, Minnesota, Vogel was in the United States Army as a Sergeant from 1918 to 1919, and then received a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Minnesota Law School in 1923. He was in private practice in Minot, North Dakota from 1924 to 1925, and in Fargo, North Dakota from 1925 to 1941. He was a Referee in Bankruptcy for the United States District Court for the District of North Dakota in 1924, and was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for United States Senate from North Dakota in 1940.

## Federal judicial service

Vogel was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on July 15, 1941, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of North Dakota vacated by Judge Andrew Miller. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 27, 1941, and received his commission on October 30, 1941. He served as Chief Judge in 1954. His service was terminated on August 20, 1954, due to his elevation to the Eighth Circuit. As of 2020, Vogel is the last judge for the District of North Dakota to have been appointed by a Democratic president.
Vogel was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on August 16, 1954, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit vacated by Judge Walter Garrett Riddick. He was confirmed by the Senate on August 18, 1954, and received his commission on August 20, 1954. He served as Chief Judge from 1965 to 1968 and as a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 1965 to 1967. He assumed senior status on February 20, 1968. His service was terminated on September 8, 1980, due to his death.
# J. Joseph Smith

John Joseph Smith (January 25, 1904 – February 16, 1980) was an American lawyer, a United States representative from Connecticut, a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut.

## Education and career

Born in Waterbury, Connecticut, Smith attended the public schools, and earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from Yale University in 1925 and his Bachelor of Laws from Yale's law department (later Yale Law School) in 1927. Smith was admitted to the bar in 1927. He was a research fellow at Yale Law School from 1927 to 1928. Smith served in the Field Artillery Reserves from 1925 to 1935. He was in private practice in Waterbury from 1928 to 1941.

## Congressional service

Smith was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives, serving as a United States representative from Connecticut from 1935 to 1941 (in the Seventy-fourth, Seventy-fifth, Seventy-sixth, and Seventy-seventh Congresses). He resigned from Congress on November 4, 1941, to accept appointment to the federal bench.

## Federal judicial service

Smith was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on October 16, 1941, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut vacated by Judge Edwin Stark Thomas. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 28, 1941, and received his commission on October 30, 1941. He served as Chief Judge from 1953 to 1960. His service terminated on September 13, 1960, due to his elevation to the Second Circuit.
Smith was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on January 11, 1960, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vacated by Judge Carroll C. Hincks. He was confirmed by the Senate on September 1, 1960, and received his commission the next day. He assumed senior status on November 6, 1971. His service terminated on February 16, 1980, due to his death.

## Later life and death

Smith resided in West Hartford, Connecticut. He died in Waterbury on February 16, 1980. Smith is interred at Calvary Cemetery in Waterbury.
# Imbralyx

Imbralyx is a genus of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native from Bangladesh and south-central China to Sumatra. The genus was established by Robert Geesink in 1984.

## Species

As of September 2023, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:
* Imbralyx acutiflorus (Gagnep.) Z.Q.Song
* Imbralyx albiflorus (Prain) R.Geesink
* Imbralyx bracteolatus (Dasuki & Schot) Z.Q.Song
* Imbralyx incredibilis (Whitmore) Z.Q.Song
* Imbralyx leptobotrys (Dunn) Z.Q.Song
* Imbralyx leucanthus (Kurz) Z.Q.Song
* Imbralyx ngii (Whitmore) Z.Q.Song
* Imbralyx niveus (Dunn) Z.Q.Song
* Imbralyx pierrei (Gagnep.) Z.Q.Song
* Imbralyx unifoliatus (Prain) Z.Q.Song
# Pam Cameron

Pamela (Pam) Cameron MLA (born 30 December 1971; formerly Lewis, née Pamela Brown) is a Unionist politician from Northern Ireland, who has served as a Junior Minister in the Executive of the 7th Northern Ireland Assembly since 2024. She is a member of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP).

## Political career

Cameron has sat in the Northern Ireland Assembly since 2011 as the Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the South Antrim constituency. She is the DUP Spokesperson for Equality, Disability and Participation.
Cameron was elected to Antrim Borough Council in 2005 and was elected as the Council's first woman Mayor in 2010. Prior to her election to the Assembly, Cameron was the constituency office manager for the politician Sammy Wilson. Speaking about her election success, Cameron said: "I thought I would do well but I did not think I would get to this stage. I know there are Roman Catholics who voted for me and that I have cross-community support. I hope that continues."
Cameron became junior minister in the 2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation.

## Personal life

Pam is married to Michael Cameron, a Northern Ireland civil servant. The relationship was the subject of a Press Complaints Commission complaint, which resulted in the publication of a correction and apology.
# Nastus

Nastus is a genus of slender, erect, scrambling or climbing bamboos in the grass family. It is native to Southeast Asia, Papuasia, and certain islands in the Indian Ocean (Madagascar and Réunion).

## Species

* Nastus ambrensis A. Camus - Madagascar
* Nastus aristatus A. Camus - Madagascar
* Nastus borbonicus J.F. Gmel. - Réunion
* Nastus decaryanus A. Camus - Madagascar
* Nastus elatoides Widjaja - New Guinea
* Nastus elatus Holttum - Papua New Guinea
* Nastus elegantissimus (Hassk.) Holttum - Thailand, Vietnam, Java, Sumatra
* Nastus elongatus A. Camus - Madagascar
* Nastus emirnensis (Baker) A. Camus - Madagascar
* Nastus glaucus Widjaja - New Guinea
* Nastus holttumianus Bor - western New Guinea
* Nastus hooglandii Holttum - Papua New Guinea
* Nastus humbertianus A. Camus - Madagascar
* Nastus lokohoensis A. Camus - Madagascar
* Nastus longispicula Holttum - Papua New Guinea
* Nastus madagascariensis A.Camus - Madagascar
* Nastus manongarivensis A.Camus - Madagascar
* Nastus obtusus Holttum - New Guinea
* Nastus perrieri A. Camus - Madagascar
* Nastus productus (Pilg.) Holttum - New Guinea
* Nastus reholttumianus Soenarko - Sumba Island in Indonesia
* Nastus rudimentifer Holttum - New Guinea
* Nastus schlechteri (Pilg.) Holttum - New Guinea
* Nastus schmutzii S. Dransf. - Flores Island in Indonesia
* Nastus tsaratananensis A. Camus - Madagascar

## formerly included

see Arundinaria, Bambusa, Cathariostachys, Cenchrus, Chusquea, Dendrocalamus, Dinochloa, Gigantochloa, Guadua, Melocanna, and Thamnocalamus
* N. arundinaceus - Bambusa bambos
* N. baccifera - Melocanna baccifera
* N. barbatus - Guadua tagoara
* N. brunneus - Chusquea baculifera
* N. capitatus - Cathariostachys capitata
* N. carolinianus - Cenchrus spinifex
* N. chusque - Chusquea scandens
* N. guadua - Guadua angustifolia
* N. latifolius - Guadua latifolia
* N. macrospermus - Arundinaria gigantea
* N. prolifer - Chusquea quila
* N. quila - Chusquea quila
* N. strictus - Dendrocalamus strictus
* N. tessellatus - Thamnocalamus tessellatus
** N. thouarsii - Bambusa vulgaris
* N. tjankorreh - Dinochloa scandens
* N. verticillatus - Gigantochloa verticillata
* N. viviparus - Bambusa vulgaris
# Hits 54

Hits 54 is a compilation album released in the UK in November 2002. It contains 40 tracks on two CDs, including three number one singles on the UK Singles Chart from Will Young & Gareth Gates, Las Ketchup, and Blazin' Squad.
"The Long and Winding Road"'s music video is featured on disc two as a special enhanced feature able to be watched when put into a PC. The song itself opens disc one.
Milky's "Just the Way You Are" was previously featured on Hits 53.
# Murray Gurfein

Murray Irwin Gurfein (November 17, 1907 – December 16, 1979) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and prior to that a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.

## Early life and career

Born on November 17, 1907, in New York City, Gurfein received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Columbia College in 1926. He received a Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1930. He served as a law clerk for Judge Julian Mack of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, from 1930 to 1931. He was an Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, from 1931 to 1933. He was in private practice of law in New York City from 1933 to 1935. He was a deputy assistant district attorney of New York County, from 1935 to 1938. He was an assistant district attorney of New York County, from 1938 to 1942. He was in the United States Army as a lieutenant colonel, in the Office of Strategic Services, from 1942 to 1946. He was an assistant to Justice Robert H. Jackson, the United States Chief Counsel at the Nuremberg trials in 1945. He was in private practice of law in New York City from 1946 to 1971.
Gurfein was elected president of HIAS (Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society) from 1956 to 1957 and from 1960 to 1967.

## Federal judicial service

Gurfein was nominated by President Richard Nixon on April 14, 1971, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated by Judge Thomas Francis Murphy. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 20, 1971, and received his commission the same day. His service was terminated on September 11, 1974, due to elevation to the Second Circuit.
Gurfein was nominated by President Nixon on July 11, 1974, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vacated by Judge Paul R. Hays. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 22, 1974, and received his commission on August 27, 1974, from President Gerald Ford. His service was terminated on December 16, 1979, due to death.

## Pentagon Papers case

During his first week as a United States District Judge, Gurfein was assigned the Pentagon Papers case and gained national prominence when he refused the government's motion to enjoin publication of the documents. Gurfein's ruling was initially reversed by the Court of Appeals, but ultimately reinstated by the Supreme Court. Gurfein wrote: "The security of the Nation is not at the ramparts alone. Security also lies in the value of our free institutions. A cantankerous press, an obstinate press, an ubiquitous press must be suffered by those in authority in order to preserve the even greater values of freedom of expression and the right of the people to know."

## Personal life

In 1931, he married Eva Hadas. The couple had two daughters: Abigail and Susan Hadas.
Gurfein died in New York City on December 16, 1979.
# Lorenzo Infantino

Lorenzo Infantino (8 January 1948 – 18 January 2025) was an Italian philosopher and economist.

## Life and career

Infantino was born in Gioia Tauro on 8 January 1948. He was a professor of Philosophy of Social Sciences at LUISS Guido Carli University in Rome. He had a diverse academic background, having studied economics, sociology, Italian politics, and epistemology. A significant portion of his research has been conducted at the University of Oxford, particularly at Linacre College. In a review in the "Times Literary Supplement," Kenneth Minogue described him as a "scholar with an Anglo-Austrian orientation." Indeed, Infantino's intellectual pursuits align closely with the traditions forged by Friedrich A. von Hayek, who skillfully integrated insights from Mandeville, the Scottish moralists, and the Austrian School of Economics.
In 1983, Lorenzo Infantino received a grant from the Luigi Einaudi Foundation in Turin for his research on the Scottish historical school, with a particular focus on the writings of Adam Ferguson.
Infantino was actively involved in the dissemination of classical texts from the Austrian School. He oversaw the Italian editions of works by prominent authors such as Menger, Boehm-Bawerk, Mises, and Hayek, which have been published by Rubbettino in the "Biblioteca Austriaca" series. Additionally, his academic contributions include the publication of four key volumes:
* "L'ordine senza piano" (1995), initially published in Italian and subsequently released in English by Routledge in London in 1998.
* "Ignorance and Freedom" (1999), published in English in 2003.
* "Individualism, Market, and History of Ideas" (2008).
* "Power: The Political Dimension of Human Action" (2013), released in English in 2020 by Palgrave Macmillan.
Lorenzo Infantino's research centred on the unintended consequences of intentional human actions, emphasizing the critical role of conditions that influence social events. This approach draws heavily from the traditions of the Scottish moralists, Menger, and Hayek, highlighting human ignorance and fallibility as pivotal elements in understanding social phenomena. Infantino delves into the subject of power, distinguishing between infrasocial power arising from human interaction and public power represented by state intervention in society. Competition is viewed as a means to minimize infrasocial power, while the state should serve voluntary social cooperation.
Infantino also authored essays dedicated to important figures in liberal philosophy, including Benjamin Constant, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich A. von Hayek, among others. In 2019, a collection of his writings titled "Seekers of Freedom" was published, and he received honours and recognition in various academic contexts.
Infantino died on 18 January 2025, at the age of 77.