OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Battle of the Sambre (1918)

The Second Battle of the Sambre (4 November 1918) (which included the Second Battle of Guise (French: 2ème Bataille de Guise) and the Battle of Thiérache (French: Bataille de Thiérache) was part of the final European Allied offensives of World War I.

## Background

At the front, German resistance was falling away. Unprecedented numbers of prisoners were taken in the Battle of the Selle, and a new attack was quickly prepared. The French First Army and the British First, Third, and Fourth Armies were tasked with advancing from south of the Condé Canal along a 30-mile (48 km) front toward Maubeuge-Mons, threatening Namur. Together with the American forces breaking out of the forests of Argonne, this would, if successful, disrupt the German efforts to reform a shortened defensive line along the Meuse.
At dawn on 4 November, 17 British divisions (including the 3rd and 4th Canadian Divisions of the Canadian Corps assigned to the British First Army) and 11 French divisions headed the attack. The Tank Corps, its resources badly stretched, could provide only 37 tanks for support.

## Battle

The first barrier to the northern attack was the 60–70-foot (18–21 m)-wide Sambre Canal and the flooded ground around it. It was there that the BEF had fought over four years earlier. The XIII and IX Corps reached the canal first. German guns quickly ranged the attackers, and bodies piled up before the temporary bridges were properly emplaced under heavy fire. The 1st and 32nd Divisions of IX Corps lost around 1,150 men in the crossing, including celebrated war poet Wilfred Owen. Even after the crossing the German forces defended in depth amid the small villages and fields, and it was not until midday that a 2-mile-deep (3 km) by 15-mile-wide (24 km) breach was secured. Lieutenant Colonel D.G. Johnson was awarded the Victoria Cross for leading the 2nd Battalion Sussex Regiment's crossing of the canal.
Further north, IV and V Corps attacked into Forêt de Mormal and the Canadian Corps towards the direction of Mons. The Germans defence was haphazard: the 13th Royal Welsh Fusiliers hardly needed to use their guns, while the 9th Battalion of the 17th Division lost all but two officers and 226 of 583 soldiers. Despite this, the advance continued and the battle objectives were reached on the 4th or the following day. The town of Le Quesnoy, to the west of Forêt de Mormal, was captured by the New Zealand Division.
To the south, the French First Army attacked, capturing the communes of Guise (the Second Battle of Guise) and Origny-en-Thiérache (the Battle of Thiérache).
This resulted in a bridgehead almost 50 miles (80 km) long being made, to a depth of 2–3 miles (3–5 km).
From this point, the northern Allies advanced relentlessly, sometimes more than five miles a day, until the Armistice Line of 11 November from Ghent, through Hourain, Bauffe, Havré, to near Consoire, and Sivry [fr].
# Constituent Charter of the Belarusian People's Republic

The Constituent Charter of the Belarusian People's Republic (Belarusian: Устаўныя граматы БНР, Ustaŭnyja hramaty BNR) are documents adopted by the Executive Committee of the Council of the All-Belarusian Congress and the Council of the BNR in February and March 1918, which proclaimed the will of the Belarusian people regarding their national and state future.

## The First Constituent Charter

Adopted by the Executive Committee of the Council of the All-Belarusian Congress on February 21, 1918 in Minsk.
The First Constituent Charter called on the Belarusian people to exercise their right to "full self-determination" and national minorities to exercise national and personal autonomy. Referring to the right of peoples to self-determination, the authors of the charter argued that power in Belarus should be formed in accordance with the will of the peoples inhabiting the country. This principle must be implemented through democratic elections to the All-Belarusian Constituent Assembly.

## The Second Constituent Charter

Adopted by the Executive Committee of the All-Belarusian Congress on March 9, 1918 in Minsk.
The Belarusian People's Republic was proclaimed within the limits of the settlement and numerical superiority of the Belarusian people.
The rights and freedoms of citizens and peoples of the Belarusian People's Republic were proclaimed: freedom of speech, press, assembly, strikes, allies; freedom of conscience, inviolability of person and premises; the right of peoples to national and personal autonomy; equality of all languages of the peoples of Belarus. Private ownership of land was abolished, the transfer of land without redemption to those who worked on it was announced; forests, lakes and subsoil were declared state property. The maximum length of the working day was 8 hours.

## The Third Constituent Charter

Adopted by the BNR Council on March 25, 1918 in Minsk.
The Belarusian People's Republic was proclaimed an independent state.
The BNR Rada demanded to revise the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. In the lands of the former Russian Empire, where the Belarusian people live and have a numerical advantage, a free, independent state was proclaimed; it included Mahilioŭ, Mensk, Viciebsk, Belarusian parts of Horadnia, Vilno, Smolensk, Chernihiv and neighboring governorate. The rights and freedoms of the citizens and peoples of Belarus, proclaimed by the Second Constituent Charter of March 9, 1918, were also confirmed.
# 1920 Greek parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on Sunday, 14 November 1920, or 1 November 1920 old style. They were possibly the most crucial elections in the modern history of Greece, influencing not only the few years afterwards, including the Greek defeat by Kemal Atatürk's reformed Turkish Land Forces in 1922, but setting the stage for Greece's political landscape for most of the rest of the 20th century. It had been nearly five years since the last elections, a period during which all democratic procedures were suspended due to the National Schism, when Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos announced that elections would take place on 25 October. However, after the unexpected death of King Alexander, who had assumed the throne after the exile of his father, King Constantine I, the elections were postponed until 14 November.
Venizelos believed a victory for his Liberal Party was all but certain because of his diplomatic and military successes against the Ottoman Empire. However, the results were a disaster for him. Although his Liberal Party received just over 50% of the vote, it won only 118 of the 369 seats in the Hellenic Parliament, with the United Opposition – an alliance of the People's Party, Conservative Party, Reform Party and others – winning 251 of the 369 seats. Venizelos also failed to win a seat. Humiliated and disappointed by the outcome of the election, Venizelos left the country for France, leaving his Liberal Party to the administration of Panagiotis Dagklis.

## Electoral system

The elections were held using multiple non-transferable vote, with voters having as many votes as there were seats in their constituency. Constituencies were based on the provinces, with provinces with a populations of under 10,000 having one seat, with others having one additional seat for every 10,000 people.

## Results

The Liberals' defeat was considered to have been caused by the electoral system, the opposition having a highly esteemed leader in Dimitrios Gounaris and managing to turn the elections into a referendum on the exiled King Constantine I, who was still popular especially in Old Greece. It was also thought that voters were tired after almost a decade of wars and division were tempted by the United Opposition promise to secure peace with the Turks and bring troops home.
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats |
| | Liberal Party | 375,803 | 50.31 | 118 |
| | United Opposition | 368,678 | 49.36 | 251 |
| | Others | 2,465 | 0.33 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 746,946 | 100.00 | 369 |
| Source: Greek Institute of Constitutional History |||||
# Lytham rail crash

53°44′17″N 2°58′37″W﻿ / ﻿53.738°N 2.977°W﻿ / 53.738; -2.977
The derailment of a passenger train at Lytham, Lancashire, England occurred when the front tyre of the locomotive fractured. The crash caused the loss of 15 lives. The accident happened on 3 November 1924 to the 4.40 pm Liverpool express travelling to Blackpool at 5.46 pm. When the tyre failed, the train was moving at about 50 mph (80 km/h), and the train derailed at a crossing, then hit a bridge, closely followed by the Warton signal box. The building was completely demolished and coals from the grate ignited a carriage. The engine toppled over together with two of the carriages.

## Investigation

Colonel Pringle of the Railway Inspectorate found part of the broken tyre 50 yards (46 m) away in a field, the left-hand leading wheel of the engine having broken. The tread had broken from a large internal blow hole. The defect probably formed during the steel casting operation, and became critical as the tread was worn away. The tyre had been made in 1920, and had run over 100,000 miles (160,000 km) before failure. All the other wheels from the same batch were removed from service and broken up, but no other cavities were found in the treads. Pringle also showed how tyre fractures had decreased over the years. In 1880, there were 1,238 broken tyres, 577 ten years later and by 1900, the number had dropped to 234. The majority were found on wagons, but by 1920, there were only 20 wheel failures. The drop in failure rate was due to the introduction of the monobloc steel wheel and better inspection and maintenance methods.
# 1926 Uruguayan general election

General elections were held in Uruguay on 28 November 1926, electing the president, three members of the National Council of Administration and six of the nineteen members of the Senate.
Although Luis Alberto de Herrera of the National Party received the most personal votes for president, the Colorado Party received the most votes overall, resulting its lead candidate Juan Campisteguy being elected president. The Colorado Party won two of the three seats in the National Council of Administration and three of the five Senate seats.

## Results
### President

| Party and lema | Party and lema | Party and lema | Party and lema | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Colorado Party | | For the Colorado victory | Juan Campisteguy | 97,475 | 33.71 |
| | Colorado Party | | For the Colorado tradition | Julio María Sosa | 43,929 | 15.19 |
| | Colorado Party | | al lema | — | 149 | 0.05 |
| | Colorado Party | Total | Total | Total | 141,553 | 48.96 |
| | National Party | National Party | National Party | Luis Alberto de Herrera | 139,959 | 48.41 |
| | Radical White Party | Radical White Party | Radical White Party | Lorenzo Carnelli | 3,844 | 1.33 |
| | Communist Party | Communist Party | Communist Party | — | 3,775 | 1.31 |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | 289,131 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 353,860 | – |
| Source: Nohlen, Bottinelli et al. |||||||

### National Council of Administration

| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats |
| | Colorado Party | 141,553 | 48.96 | 2 |
| | National Party | 139,959 | 48.41 | 1 |
| | Radical White Party | 3,844 | 1.33 | 0 |
| | Communist Party | 3,775 | 1.31 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 289,131 | 100.00 | 3 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 353,860 | – | |
| Source: Nohlen, Bottinelli et al. |||||

### Senate

| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats |
| | Colorado Party | 32,823 | 46.90 | 3 |
| | National Party | 37,119 | 53.04 | 2 |
| | Communist Party | 44 | 0.06 | 0 |
| Vacant seat | Vacant seat | | | 1 |
| Total | Total | 69,986 | 100.00 | 6 |
| Source: Bottinelli et al. |||||
# 1781 Massachusetts gubernatorial election

A gubernatorial election was held in Massachusetts on April 2, 1781. John Hancock, the incumbent governor, defeated James Bowdoin, the former president of the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention.

## Results

1781 Massachusetts gubernatorial election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| Nonpartisan | John Hancock | 7,996 | 93.14% | +1.58 |
| Nonpartisan | James Bowdoin | 339 | 3.95% | −4.49 |
| Others | Scattering | 250 | 2.91 | New |
# 1931 Uruguayan parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Uruguay on 29 November 1931. The various factions of the Colorado Party won the most seats in the Chamber of Representatives.

## Results

| Party and lema | Party and lema | Party and lema | Party and lema | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| | Colorado Party | | Batllista Colorado Party | 110,693 | 35.82 | 45 | +8 |
| | Colorado Party | | Gral. Rivera Colorado Party | 18,302 | 5.92 | 7 | –2 |
| | Colorado Party | | Party for the Colorado Tradition | 13,831 | 4.48 | 5 | –4 |
| | Colorado Party | | Radical Colorado Party | 8,965 | 2.90 | 3 | –1 |
| | Colorado Party | Total | Total | 151,791 | 49.12 | 60 | +1 |
| | National Party | National Party | National Party | 133,625 | 43.24 | 55 | –5 |
| | Civic Union | Civic Union | Civic Union | 7,404 | 2.40 | 3 | +2 |
| | Communist Party | Communist Party | Communist Party | 6,235 | 2.02 | 2 | +1 |
| | Socialist Party | Socialist Party | Socialist Party | 5,630 | 1.82 | 2 | +1 |
| | Radical White Party | Radical White Party | Radical White Party | 3,367 | 1.09 | 1 | 0 |
| | Sindica Gente de Artes y Afines | Sindica Gente de Artes y Afines | Sindica Gente de Artes y Afines | 412 | 0.13 | 0 | New |
| | Agrupactión Militar Patria y Ejército | Agrupactión Militar Patria y Ejército | Agrupactión Militar Patria y Ejército | 244 | 0.08 | 0 | New |
| | Party for the Defence of the People | Party for the Defence of the People | Party for the Defence of the People | 156 | 0.05 | 0 | New |
| | People's Agrarian Party | People's Agrarian Party | People's Agrarian Party | 151 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 |
| | People's Party | People's Party | People's Party | 26 | 0.01 | 0 | New |
| | Reformist Party | Reformist Party | Reformist Party | 7 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | 309,048 | 100.00 | 123 | 0 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 419,271 | – | | |
| Source: Nohlen, Parliament ||||||||
# Sebastian Tyrała

Sebastian Tyrała (born 22 February 1988) is a Polish professional football manager and player, who is currently the head coach of Regionalliga West club Wuppertaler SV. He played primarily as an attacking midfielder.

## Club career

Tyrała was born in Racibórz, Poland. He moved to Borussia Dortmund as an 11-year-old boy and passed through all the youth ranks. He was named Sportsman of 2004 in Soest. At age 16, he was selected for Borussia Dortmund's Senior squad. But in 2005, he ruptured the cruciate ligament in his left knee and was sidelined for six months.
Tyrała was honoured by the German Football Association (DFB) with a third place in the category "under 17s" in 2005. He won the "Adler Cup" with Borussia Dortmund's under 17s and became the tournaments top goal-scorer with seven goals. In April 2005, he injured his medial meniscus in training. He made several appearances in preparation for the 2006–07 season and made his full Bundesliga debut on 22 September in an away defeat to Borussia Mönchengladbach. Tyrała also played for Borussia Dortmund's second team and wore the number 28 on his shirt.
After twelve years with Borussia Dortmund, he announced his departure on 18 May 2010 and signed a two-year contract with VfL Osnabrück. On 5 June 2014, he joined FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt.
In May 2019, Tyrała announced his retirement from professional football due to injury problems.

## International career

Tyrała has played for Germany's U-19 national team. He scored his first goal in September 2006. In 2007, Tyrała played for Germany in the under 19's European Championships in Austria.
However, he requested a Polish passport, desiring to play for Poland. On 21 November 2008, Tyrała was called up by the Poland national team coach Leo Beenhakker to their national team for friendly matches in Antalya, Turkey. He made his first appearance for the Poland national team in a friendly against Serbia on 14 December 2008.

## Managerial career

Since his retirement, Tyrała has worked as a manager in amateur football for BV Bad Sassendorf, Türkspor Dortmund and TuS Bövinghausen. He returned to Türkspor Dortmund in 2022 and led the club to a historic promotion to the Regionalliga West in 2024. Despite this success, he was unexpectedly dismissed in September 2024, just a few months into the 2024–25 season.
In November 2024, Tyrała became new manager of Wuppertaler SV in the Regionalliga West.
# World Charter for Nature

The World Charter for Nature was adopted by United Nations member nation-states on October 28, 1982. It proclaims five "principles of conservation by which all human conduct affecting nature is to be guided and judged."
* Nature shall be respected and its essential processes shall not be impaired.
* The genetic viability on the earth shall not be compromised; the population levels of all life forms, wild and domesticated, must be at least sufficient for their survival, and to this end necessary habitats shall be safeguarded.
* All areas of the earth, both land and sea, shall be subject to these principles of conservation; special protection shall be given to unique areas, to representative samples of all the different types of ecosystems and to the habitats of rare or endangered species.
* Ecosystems and organisms, as well as the land, marine and atmospheric resources that are utilized by man, shall be managed to achieve and maintain optimum sustainable productivity, but not in such a way as to endanger the integrity of those other ecosystems or species with which they coexist.
* Nature shall be secured against degradation caused by warfare or other hostile activities.
The vote was 111 for, one against (United States), 18 abstentions.
# Demon Queen's Enclave

Demon Queen's Enclave is the second part of a three-part series of adventures belonging to the 4th edition Dungeons & Dragons concept of Points of Light, a loosely connected and open-ended setting designed to allow modules and Dungeon Masters created materials to be seamlessly integrated into either a single, largely unmapped fantasy world or a Dungeon Master custom made setting. The adventure, written by David Noonan and Chris Sims was published in 2008 by Wizards of the Coast. The adventure is designed for character of levels 14-17 and the module code "P" stands for Paragon Tier. This module is set on Phaervorul, a small drow settlement deep in the Underdark.

## Contents

* A 31-page adventure book one booklet
* A 64-page adventure book two booklet
* A full-color poster map
* A light cardboard portfolio

## Publication history

The adventure was designed by Chris Sims, Mike Mearls, and Robert J. Schwalb, and was published in December 2008. Cover art was by William O'Connor, with interior art by Dave Allsop, Concept Art House, Corey Turner, and Eric Williams.
# Powhatan Ellis

Powhatan Ellis (January 17, 1790 – March 18, 1863) was a justice of the Mississippi Supreme Court, United States senator from Mississippi, and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Mississippi.

## Education and career

Born on January 17, 1790, at Red Hill Farm in Amherst County, Virginia, Ellis graduated from Washington Academy (now Washington and Lee University) in 1809, received an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1810 from Dickinson College and graduated from the College of William & Mary in 1814, where he studied law. He was admitted to the bar and entered private practice in Lynchburg, Virginia from 1813 to 1814 and from 1815 to 1816. He was a lieutenant in the Prevost Guards of Virginia in 1814. He resumed private practice in Natchez, Mississippi Territory in 1816. He continued private practice in Winchester, Mississippi Territory (State of Mississippi from December 10, 1817) from 1816 to 1817. He was a justice of the Mississippi Supreme Court from 1817 to 1818 and from 1818 to 1825.

## Congressional service

Ellis was appointed as a Jacksonian Democrat to the United States Senate from Mississippi to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of United States Senator David Holmes and served from September 28, 1825, to January 28, 1826, when a successor was elected and qualified. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to fill the vacancy. He was elected as a Jacksonian Democrat to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1827, to July 16, 1832, resigning to accept a judicial position.

## Federal judicial service

Ellis was nominated by President Andrew Jackson on July 13, 1832, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Mississippi vacated by Judge Peter Randolph. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 14, 1832, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on January 5, 1836, when he resigned.

## Later career and death

Ellis was appointed charge d'affaires to Mexico for the United States Department of State by President Jackson, serving from January 1836 to December 1836 when he closed the legation. He was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico for the United States Department of State by President Martin Van Buren, serving from February 1839 to April 1842. He resumed private practice in Natchez starting in 1842 and continued private practice in Richmond, Virginia until 1863. He died on March 18, 1863, in Richmond. He was interred in Shockoe Hill Cemetery in Richmond.

## Heritage and family

One account in The Green Bag stated that Ellis was a descendant of Pocahontas. In 1833, he married Eliza Rebecca Winn who died in the spring of 1835. Together, they had two children.

## Legacy

The city of Ellisville, Mississippi is named in Ellis's memory.