OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# United States v. Lee (1982)

United States v. Lee, 455 U.S. 252 (1982), was a United States Supreme Court case establishing precedent regarding the limits of free exercise of religious conscience by employers.

## Background

The appellant, an Amish employer, sued the Federal Government of the United States following an assessment for unpaid Social Security taxes, claiming that the imposition of such taxes violated his freedom of conscience. The District Court had found in favor of the appellant.

## Ruling

Chief Justice Warren Burger delivered the opinion of the Court, with Justices Brennan, White, Marshall, Blackmun, Powell, Rehnquist, and O'Connor, joining, and Justice Stevens separately concurring.
The Court's opinion held that the tax imposed on employers to support the social security system must be uniformly applicable to all, except if the United States Congress explicitly provides otherwise. The Court's majority opinion explained its reasoning:
   The conclusion that there is a conflict between the Amish faith and the obligations imposed by the social security system is only the beginning, however, and not the end of the inquiry. Not all burdens on religion are unconstitutional. See, e. g., Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158 (1944); Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 (1879). The state may justify a limitation on religious liberty by showing that it is essential to accomplish an overriding governmental interest ...
   Congress and the courts have been sensitive to the needs flowing from the Free Exercise Clause, but every person cannot be shielded from all the burdens incident to exercising every aspect of the right to practice religious beliefs. When followers of a particular sect enter into commercial activity as a matter of choice, the limits they accept on their own conduct as a matter of conscience and faith are not to be superimposed on the statutory schemes which are binding on others in that activity. Granting an exemption from social security taxes to an employer operates to impose the employer's religious faith on the employees.

## Use as precedent

Lee was cited during oral arguments in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby (2014), a case about how the contraception requirement in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act affected closely held for-profit corporations.
# Pine Junior/Senior High School

Pine Junior/Senior High School is located near Franklinton, Louisiana, United States, and is a part of the Washington Parish School Board. Its current principal is Ramona Thomas.
The school mascot is the Raider.

## History

The school was damaged during Hurricane Katrina and re-opened in 2006 at a new site about a mile away from the old one.
The school's newly built football stadium was completed in 2010.

## Athletics

Pine Senior High athletics competes in the LHSAA.

## Notable alumni

* Derrick Dillon, professional football player for the New York Giants and college football player for LSU Tigers
# Gavriil Malysh

Gavriil Kondratievich Malysh (Russian: Гаврии́л Кондра́тьевич Ма́лыш; March 25, 1907 – October 25, 1998) was a Soviet, Russian painter, watercolorist, and graphic artist, lived and worked in Saint Petersburg, regarded as one of the brightest representatives of the Leningrad school of painting, most famous for his decorative still lifes and landscapes.

## Biography

Malysh was born March 25, 1907, in Kitaygorodka [ru] village, near Ekaterinoslav, Ukraine, Russian Empire.
In 1934 Malysh graduated from Odessa Art Institute, where he studied of A. Gaush and T. Fraermann. Since 1935 he lived and worked in Leningrad.
Since 1954 Malysh participated in art exhibitions. He painted landscapes, still lifes, genre paintings, worked in oil painting, watercolors, and pastel. The most known as master of watercolors. Malysh's personal exhibitions were in Leningrad (1975, 1976, 1977, 1985, 1988), Saint Petersburg (1996, 1997), and Stockholm (1991).
The leading place in Malysh's art takes a lyrical landscape and decorative still life. The untiring search for the artist in the field of colors predetermined his address to the decorative painting, to the synthesis of colors, where dominated his favorite light-blue and blue, lilac, cherry and violet hues, providing major sounding painting.
Malysh was a member of the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists (before 1992 – Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation) since 1955.
Malysh died on October 25, 1998, in Saint Petersburg. His painting and watercolors reside in State Russian Museum, in art museums and private collections in Russia, France, Sweden, Norway, England, US, China, Japan, and other countries.
# Luxorius

Luxorius may refer to:
* Luxorius (saint), an Ancient Roman official on Sardinia in the late 3rd and early 4th centuries
* Luxorius (poet), a Roman poet and writer in the 6th century
# Alfredo Rego (general)

Alfredo Rego was a Cuban general and veteran of the Cuban War of Independence.

## Biography

Alfredo Rego was born in the Cienfuegos Province of Cuba.
In August 1895, he helped organize a local rebel force, the Brigade of Cienfuegos, in which José González Planas led the infantry and Rego led the cavalry. The Cienfuegos Brigade had roughly 400 new soldiers incorporated in the Santa Clara Province by September. Serving as the brigadier general of the Cienfuegos brigade, Rego engaged a force of 1500 Spaniards in combat in November 1895 with 800 fully armed cavalrymen. It was fought on the sugar plantation of Cantabria in Cienfuegos and was known as the Battle of Cantabria. Twenty-eight weapons, a high quantity of ammunition, and sixteen Spaniards—two of them severely wounded—were captured by Rego's forces. After tending to the soldiers' wounds, he handed both over to a party dispatched by the Spanish commander. Soon after, General Luis Manuel de Pando y Sánchez wrote to Rego, offering him $60,000 and the rank of brigadier general in the Spanish army in exchange for abandoning the Cuban cause.
Rego was regarded as the best horseman in the Cuban army and had been promoted to general despite being severely wounded several times.
A Cuban hospital was defended against Spanish forces, the Saboya battalion, in July 1897 by forces under General Alfredo Rego. 2,000 people engaged in combat on both sides, resulting in 44 Spanish deaths and 60 injuries, as well as 24 Cuban deaths and 50 injuries. Following the battle, Rego treated the wounded Spaniards in the hospital they intended to raid.
General Alfredo Rego and Captain Rosendo Collazo led a combined force of 130 rural guards and volunteers in 1906 against 400 rebels in Havana.
# Carl Olaf Bue Jr.

Carl Olaf Bue Jr. (March 27, 1922 – December 24, 2020) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.

## Education and career

Born in Chicago, Illinois, Bue received a Bachelor of Philosophy degree from Northwestern University in 1951 and a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Texas School of Law in 1954. He served as a captain in the United States Army Adjutant General's Department, during World War II, from 1942 to 1946. He was in private practice at Royston Rayzor in Houston, Texas, from 1954 to 1970.

## Federal judicial service

On August 11, 1970, Bue was nominated by President Richard Nixon to a seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas vacated by Judge Joe McDonald Ingraham. Bue was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 13, 1970, and received his commission on October 15, 1970. He assumed senior status on September 2, 1987. He died on December 24, 2020, aged 98.
# Sarasota County Courthouse

The Sarasota County Courthouse is a historic courthouse building located in Sarasota, Florida. Designed by architect Dwight James Baum in the Mediterranean Revival style, it was built in 1926-1927 by Stevenson and Cameron, Inc. of New York.

## History

The County Commission had plans to construct a courthouse since late 1924. Charles and Edith Ringling conveyed land to the building. In March 1925, the County Commission hired Dwight James Baum as the architect for the courthouse. In September 1925, they awarded the construction contract to Stevenson and Cameron, Inc. of New York.
On March 22, 1984, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Sarasota Multiple Resource Area (MRA).

## Gallery

* Sarasota County Courthouse July 2022
* Sarasota County Courthouse July 2022
* Sarasota County Courthouse June 2022
* Sarasota County Courthouse June 2022
# Doug Asad

Douglas Samuel Asad (born August 27, 1938) is a former American football tight end in the American Football League. He played for the Oakland Raiders in 1960 and 1961. Asad played high school football at Fairview High School in Fairview Park, Ohio, and he played college football at Northwestern University.
# The Chameleon (party game)

The Chameleon is a deception party game designed by Rikki Tahta and published in 2017 by Big Potato Games. All players except one—the "Chameleon"—are given a secret topic and attempt to identify the Chameleon, while the Chameleon attempts to identify the topic, using social deduction.

## Gameplay

At the start of each round, a Topic Card containing different topics is placed in the middle for all players to see. Each player is given a Code Card which contains coordinate values. A yellow six-sided die and a blue eight-sided die are rolled. The values correspond to a coordinate on the Code Cards, which can then be used to locate a secret topic on the Topic Card. One player secretly receives a Chameleon card instead of a Code Card, and does not know the secret topic.
Every player takes a turn saying a word related to the Topic Card, including the Chameleon. Players debate and vote on the Chameleon's identity based on the words given and the player with the most votes flips over their card. If the card flipped is a Code Card, the Chameleon wins the round. If it is a Chameleon Card, the Chameleon gets a chance to guess the secret topic. They win if their guess is correct, otherwise all other players are the winners.
There is an optional scoring system in which the Chameleon scores two points for if a Code Card is flipped and one point if their card is flipped but they can guess the secret topic, and everyone else scores two points only if the Chameleon Card is flipped and the Chameleon guess incorrectly. The first player to five points wins.

## Reception

Wired praised The Chameleon for its quick and easy gameplay, but warned that "some topics can be tricky for younger kids". Wirecutter described the game as a "a great introduction to social deduction games" due to its simple rules and strategic possibilities. Lauren Orsini, writing for Forbes, noted that "the beauty of The Chameleon lies in how minimal it is. Anyone can pick it up without even reading the instructions". Dicebreaker contributor Matt Bassil concluded similarly, writing that the game is "great for casual play and the ideal gateway social deduction game".
The Chameleon was the winner of the 2017 UK Games Expo award for Best Party Game.
# Norman Mashabane

Norman Mashabane (26 June 1956 in Phalaborwa – 10 October 2007) was a former South African ambassador to Indonesia. He was born in Phalaborwa. He was recalled from that country after sexual harassment charges were laid against him. He was subsequently cleared by a foreign affairs inquiry.
For a short time thereafter he was an adviser to then Limpopo premier Sello Moloto, and a member of the Limpopo provincial legislature. He was later found guilty of sexual harassment charges in the Pretoria High Court, and quit his post as political adviser. He died in a car accident outside the provincial capital Polokwane.
# Noyakert

39°49′00″N 44°40′01″E﻿ / ﻿39.81667°N 44.66694°E﻿ / 39.81667; 44.66694
Noyakert (Armenian: Նոյակերտ) is a village in the Ararat Municipality of the Ararat Province of Armenia.
# Northwestern Preparatory School (California)

Northwestern Preparatory School (NWPS) is a post-high school graduate preparatory school designed to prepare young men and women who aspire to attend United States military academies. It focuses on improving students' standardized test taking skills through English, mathematics, science, and vocabulary study.
Founded in 1915 in Mound, Minnesota. James Hoiby served as Headmaster for over two decades. In 1982, NWPS relocated to Santa Barbara, California. It remained there for the next few years until again relocating to the San Bernardino Mountains. From 1988 to 1989, NWPS was located at Camp Cisquito (near Green Valley) in the heart of the Angeles National Forest. In 1990, NWPrep relocated to Malibu on the Pacific Coast Highway, leasing Camp Joan Mier from Ability First, formerly the Crippled Children Society . After the 1995 Malibu fire, NWPrep moved to another Ability First facility, Camp Paivika, in the San Bernardino Mountains, CA. Following James Hoiby's death, Mrs. Suzanne Durbeck was appointed Headmistress by members of the NWPS school board.
The school is very effective at achieving its stated goal of assisting students in their quest for an appointment to a Service Academy with over 2,000 placements at the United States Air Force Academy, the United States Coast Guard Academy, the United States Military Academy, West Point, the United States Naval Academy, and the United States Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point.

## Life at NWPS

Students endure rigorous training daily, testing memorization skills and developing high endurance in athletic training. Each student is expected to remember 20 selected vocabulary words each day and test in the morning (Except Sundays) The students also run everyday, have 1 hour and 15 minutes of physical training every weekday. Students also take math, chemistry, physics and English.

## Notable alumnus

General David L. Goldfein—Former United States Air Force Chief of Staff
# Oklahoma City Air Defense Sector

Download coordinates as:
* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)
The Oklahoma City Air Defense Sector (OCADS) is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with the Air Defense Command's 29th Air Division at Oklahoma City Air Force Station, Oklahoma.

## History

Oklahoma City Air Defense Sector was established in 1960 as manual sector as part of phaseout of Central Air Defense Force; it was discontinued 1 September 1961 and its personnel and equipment transferred to the 4752d Air Defense Wing, which was designated. organized and assigned to the 32nd Air Division on 1 September 1961. This change was short-lived, for the 4752nd Wing was discontinued and replaced once again by the Oklahoma City Air Defense Sector on 25 June 1963 as a result of the realignment and expansion of the 29th Air Division. Finally, the sector was inactivated and replaced by the 31st Air Division on 1 April 1966.
The sector operated a Manual Air Defense Control Center (ADCC), P-86, later redesignated Manual Combat Center (MCC-11) and later NORAD Sector Combat Center (Manual).

### Lineage

* Established as Oklahoma City Air Defense Sector
    Activated on 1 January 1960
    Discontinued on 1 September 1961
    Organized on 25 June 1963
    Discontinued and inactivated on 1 April 1966

### Assignments

* 33d Air Division, 1 January 1960
* 32nd Air Division, 1 July 1961 – 1 July 1961
* 29th Air Division, 25 June 1963 – 1 April 1966

### Stations

* Oklahoma City AFS, OK, 1 January 1960 – 1 September 1961
* Oklahoma City AFS, OK, 25 June 1963 – 1 April 1966

### Components
#### Interceptor squadrons

* 58th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron
    Walker AFB, New Mexico, 15 September – 25 December 1960
* 331st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron
    Webb AFB, Texas, 15 September 1960 – 1 September 1961, 25 June 1963 – 1 April 1966
* 332d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron
    England AFB, Louisiana, 1 January – 1 September 1960
# Olga Peredery

Olga Peredery (born 12 April 1994) is a former Ukrainian handball player for the Ukrainian national team.
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 700

United Nations Security Council resolution 700, adopted unanimously on 17 June 1991, after recalling resolutions 661 (1991), 665 (1991), 670 (1991) and 687 (1991), and noting the report by the Secretary-General it requested, the council, acting under Chapter VII, the Council approved the full implementation of Resolution 687–the arms embargo against Iraq.
The Council called on all states and international organisations to strictly implement the embargo, requesting states to report within 45 days on the measures they have taken the implementation. It also entrusted the Security Council Committee established in Resolution 661 (1990) to monitor the prohibitions against the sale or supply of arms to Iraq and related sanctions. The committee would submit five reports, at 90 days intervals, to the council on the implementation of the resolution.
# Terremoto

Terremoto (Italian: Earthquake) is the fifth studio album by the Italian rock band Litfiba. It is the second chapter of the "tetralogy of elements", started on El Diablo. It is dedicated to earth. It was produced by Alberto Pirelli. It is considered one of their most hard rock albums, with many songs featuring socially and politically charged lyrics. It sold over 700,000 copies.

## Track listing

* "Dimmi il nome" – 3:41
* "Maudit" – 4:54
* "Fata Morgana" – 5:13
* "Soldi" – 3:49
* "Firenze sogna" – 4:38
* "Dinosauro" – 3:47
* "Prima guardia" – 4:56
* "Il mistero di Giulia" – 5:57
* "Sotto il vulcano" – 4:50

## Personnel

* Piero Pelù – vocals
* Roberto Terzani – bass
* Federico Renzulli – guitars
* Antonio Aiazzi – keyboards
* Franco Caforio – drums
* Fabrizio Simoncioni – recording and mixing
* Alberto Pirelli – producer

## Charts

| Chart (1993) | Highest position |
| Europe (European Top 100 Albums) | 33 |
| Italy (Discografia internazionale) | 2 |
| Italy (Musica e dischi) | 1 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 28 |
# J. Philip Wogaman

J. Philip Wogaman is former Senior Minister at Foundry United Methodist Church in Washington, D.C. (1992–2002), and former Professor of Christian Ethics at Wesley Theological Seminary Washington, D.C. (1966–92), serving as dean of that institution from 1972–83.
Wogaman was born the second son of a Methodist minister in Toledo, Ohio, and lived in several Ohio communities as his father moved from parish to parish, until his father's respiratory condition forced the family's move to southern Arizona. He was a professor of Bible and social ethics at University of the Pacific from 1961–66, where he had previously earned his B.A. in 1954. He entered Boston University (M.Div., 1957, Ph.D., 1960) for graduate study in the semester following the graduation of Dr. Martin Luther King from the same institution.
Outside of theological circles, Wogaman is perhaps best known as one of the religious leaders who counseled President Bill Clinton, who attended Foundry Church during his terms as U.S. president. Wogaman is a past president of the Society of Christian Ethics of the United States and Canada (1976–77) and the American Theological Society (2004–05), and a member of the founding board of the Interfaith Alliance. A United Methodist Minister (ordained in 1957), he was a delegate to that denomination's General Conference four times. After retirement from Foundry Church in 2002, Wogaman served as Interim President of Iliff School of Theology, Denver, Colorado (2004–06) and as interim Senior Pastor of St. Luke United Methodist Church, Omaha, Nebraska (2008–09).

## Partial bibliography

* Protestant Faith and Religious Liberty (1967)
* Guaranteed Annual Income: The Moral Issues (1968)
* A Christian Method of Moral Judgement (1977)
* Economics and Ethics (1986)
* Christian Perspectives on Politics (1988)
* Making Moral Decisions (1990)
* Christian Ethics: A Historical Introduction (1993)
* Speaking the Truth in Love: Prophetic Preaching to a Broken World< (1998)
* From the Eye of the Storm: A Pastor to the President Speaks Out (1998), a memoir
* An Unexpected Journey: Reflections on Pastoral Ministry (2004).
* Moral Dilemmas: An Introduction to Christian Ethics (2009).
* What Christianity Can Learn from Other Religions (2014).
# Frank Arthur Hooper

Frank Arthur Hooper (April 21, 1895 – February 11, 1985) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.

## Education and career

Born in Americus, Georgia, Hooper attended Henry W. Grady High School (then Boys High School) in Atlanta, Georgia. He attended the George School of Technology (now the Georgia Institute of Technology) and then received a Bachelor of Laws and a Master of Laws from Atlanta Law School. He read law in 1916. He was a law clerk for Judge Walter F. George of the Georgia Court of Appeals from 1917 to 1919. He was a United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant in 1919. He was in private practice of law in Atlanta from 1919 to 1943. He was a member of the Georgia House of Representatives from 1925 to 1928. He was a Judge of the Georgia Court of Appeals in 1933. He was an instructor at Atlanta Law School from 1934 to 1943. He was an assistant city attorney of Atlanta from 1940 to 1943. He was a Judge of the Superior Court of Georgia for the Atlanta Judicial Circuit from 1943 to 1949. He served as president of the Georgia Tech Alumni Association from 1945 to 1947.

## Federal judicial service

Hooper received a recess appointment from President Harry S. Truman on October 21, 1949, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia vacated by Judge Robert Lee Russell. He was nominated to the same seat by President Truman on January 5, 1950. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 21, 1950, and received his commission on February 23, 1950. He served as Chief Judge from 1950 to 1965. He assumed senior status on June 29, 1967. His service was terminated on February 11, 1985, due to his death in Atlanta.
# Frederick Jacob Reagan Heebe

Frederick Jacob Reagan Heebe (August 25, 1922 – August 10, 2014) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.

## Education and career

Born in Gretna in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, Heebe received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Tulane University in 1943 and was a captain in the United States Army towards the end of World War II from 1945 to 1946. He received a Bachelor of Laws from Tulane University Law School in 1949 and was in private practice in Gretna from 1949 to 1958. He was a member from 1958 to 1960 of the Jefferson Parish Council. He was a judge of Division B of the 24th Judicial District Court in Jefferson Parish from 1961 to 1966.

## Federal judicial service

On February 16, 1966, Heebe was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana vacated by Judge Frank Burton Ellis. Heebe was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 25, 1966 and received his commission the following day. He served as Chief Judge from 1972 to 1992, assuming senior status on August 26, 1992. Heebe died on August 10, 2014, in Metairie, Louisiana.