OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Patricia Boyle

Patricia Jean Boyle (née Ehrhardt, later Pernick; March 31, 1937 – January 13, 2014) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan from 1978 to 1983 and an associate justice of the Michigan Supreme Court from 1983 to 1999.

## Education and career

Born in Detroit, Michigan as Patricia Jean Ehrhardt, Boyle received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Wayne State University and a Juris Doctor from Wayne State University Law School in 1963. She was a law clerk to Kenneth Davies, a Detroit attorney from 1963 to 1964, and to Judge Thaddeus M. Machrowicz of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan from 1964 to 1965. She was an Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Michigan in Detroit from 1965 to 1970. She was an assistant prosecuting attorney of Wayne County, Michigan from 1970 to 1976. She was a judge of the Recorder's Court of the City of Detroit from 1976 to 1978.

## Judicial service

On July 25, 1978, Boyle was nominated by President Jimmy Carter to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan vacated by Judge Damon Keith. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 22, 1978, and received her commission the following day. She resigned on April 20, 1983, to be appointed as an associate justice of the Michigan Supreme Court. She was elected to the Court in 1986, and re-elected to an eight-year term beginning in 1990. Her service on the Michigan Supreme Court ended in 1998.

## Death

Boyle died on January 13, 2014, of respiratory failure at the age of 76, in Fort Myers, Florida.
# John F. Grady

John Francis Grady (May 23, 1929 – December 2, 2019) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.

## Education and career

Born in Chicago, Illinois, Grady attended Lake Forest Academy, a nationally known private school for boys, and graduated in 1948. He subsequently received a Bachelor of Science degree from Northwestern University in 1952 and a Juris Doctor from Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law in 1954. He was in private practice in Chicago from 1954 to 1956. He was Chief of the Criminal Division in the Office of the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois from 1956 to 1961. He returned to private practice in Waukegan, Illinois from 1961 to 1976.

## Federal judicial service

On October 20, 1975, Grady was nominated by President Gerald Ford to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois vacated by Judge Edwin Albert Robson. Grady was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 20, 1975, and received his commission on November 21, 1975. He served as Chief Judge from 1986 to 1990, and assumed senior status on May 23, 1994. He took inactive senior status on January 30, 2015. His service terminated on December 2, 2019, due to his death at his home in Wilmette, Illinois.
# William John Keefe

William John Keefe (November 17, 1873 – September 14, 1955) was a judge of the United States Customs Court.

## Biography

Born on November 17, 1873, in Clinton, Iowa, Keefe received a Bachelor of Laws in 1894 from the University of Iowa College of Law. He worked in private practice in Clinton from 1895 to 1902 and again from 1910 to 1933. He served as county attorney for Clinton County, Iowa from 1902 to 1910.

## Federal Judicial Service

Keefe was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 8, 1933, to a seat on the United States Customs Court vacated by Judge George M. Young. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 10, 1933, and received his commission on June 13, 1933. His service terminated on January 15, 1947, due to his retirement.

## Death

Keefe died on September 14, 1955, in Bronxville, New York.
# Charles Drummond Lawrence

Charles Drummond Lawrence (August 5, 1878 – February 12, 1975) was a judge of the United States Customs Court.

## Education and career

Born on August 5, 1878, in North Yarmouth, Maine, Lawrence received a Bachelor of Laws in 1902 from New York Law School. He received a Master of Laws in 1905 from New York University School of Law. Lawrence served as a law clerk to the United States Board of General Appraisers from 1899 to 1903. He served as assistant counsel for the United States Department of the Treasury in New York City, New York from 1903 to 1907. He served as assistant solicitor of customs for the United States Customs Bureau in New York City from 1907 to 1910. He served as special attorney of the Customs Division of the United States Department of Justice in New York City from 1910 to 1925. He served as assistant attorney general for customs of the Customs Division of the Justice Department in New York City from 1925 to 1934. He served as special assistant to the attorney general for the Customs Division of the Justice Department in New York City from 1934 to 1943.

## Federal judicial service

Lawrence was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 1, 1943, to a seat on the United States Customs Court vacated by Judge Frederick W. Dallinger. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 18, 1943, and received his commission on February 22, 1943. Lawrence was initially appointed as a Judge under Article I, but the court was raised to Article III status by operation of law on July 14, 1956, and Lawrence thereafter served as an Article III Judge. He assumed senior status on March 31, 1965. His service terminated on February 12, 1975, due to his death in New York City.
# Treculia

Treculia is a genus of trees in the plant family Moraceae that is native to west and central Africa and Madagascar. The best-known member of the genus, Treculia africana, commonly known as the African breadfruit, is used as a food plant.
The fruits are hard and fibrous, can be the size of a volleyball and weight up to 8.5 kg. Chimpanzees have been observed to use tools to break the fruits into small pieces that they can eat.

## Species

Five species are accepted.
* Treculia acuminata Baill.
* Treculia africana Decne. ex Trécul
** Treculia africana var. africana
*** Treculia africana var. africana cultivar Nutreculia Nutrecul-TRC
** Treculia africana var. ilicifolia (Leandri) C.C.Berg
** Treculia africana var. inversa Okafor
** Treculia africana var. mollis (Engl.) Léonard
** Treculia africana var. sambiranensis (Leandri) C.C.Berg
* Treculia lamiana Leandri
* Treculia obovoidea N.E.Br.
* Treculia zenkeri Engl.
# Whitfieldia

Whitfieldia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae. It includes 13 species of erect or scrambling shrubs native to tropical Africa. The greatest species diversity is in the Guineo-Congolian rainforests of western and central Africa.

## Species

13 species are accepted:
* Whitfieldia brazzae (Baill.) C.B.Clarke
* Whitfieldia colorata C.B.Clarke ex Stapf
* Whitfieldia elongata (P.Beauv.) De Wild. & T.Durand
* Whitfieldia lateritia Hook.
* Whitfieldia latiflos C.B.Clarke
* Whitfieldia laurentii (Lindau) C.B.Clarke
* Whitfieldia liebrechtsiana De Wild. & T.Durand
* Whitfieldia orientalis Vollesen
* Whitfieldia preussii (Lindau) C.B.Clarke
* Whitfieldia purpurata (Benoist) Heine
* Whitfieldia rutilans Heine
* Whitfieldia stuhlmannii (Lindau) C.B.Clarke
* Whitfieldia thollonii (Baill.) Benoist
# Susan H. Black

Susan Sims Harrell Black (born October 20, 1943) is an American lawyer who serves as a senior United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. She was a former United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. She was the first female federal court judge in Florida.

## Education and career

Black was born in Valdosta, Georgia. She earned her Bachelor of Arts from Florida State University in 1964 and her Juris Doctor from the University of Florida College of Law in 1967. Black was a high school teacher in Jacksonville, Florida from 1967 to 1968 and an attorney for the United States Army Corps of Engineers in Jacksonville from 1968 to 1969. From 1969 to 1972 she served as assistant state attorney in Jacksonville and from 1972 to 1973 she served as assistant general counsel for the City of Jacksonville. She received a Master of Laws from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1984.

### State judicial service

Black was a judge in Duval County Court from 1973 to 1975 and was a judge in the state Fourth Judicial Circuit (Duval, Clay, and Nassau counties) from 1975 to 1979.

### Federal judicial service

President Jimmy Carter nominated Black to the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida on May 22, 1979, to a new seat created by 92 Stat. 1629. She was confirmed by the Senate on July 23, 1979, she received her commission the next day. Black served as chief judge from 1990 to 1992. Her service terminated on September 3, 1992, due to elevation to the Eleventh Circuit.
President George H. W. Bush nominated Black to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit on March 10, 1992, to the seat vacated by Judge Thomas Alonzo Clark. Confirmed by the Senate on August 11, 1992, she received her commission the next day and began serving on the court on September 3, 1992. On February 25, 2011, Black assumed senior status.
# Harold Montelle Stephens

Harold Montelle Stephens (March 6, 1886 – May 28, 1955) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

## Education and career

Born in Crete, Nebraska, Stephens attended the University of California, Berkeley and received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Cornell University in 1909. In 1913, he received a Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School, from which he would go on to receive a Doctor of Juridical Science in 1932. He entered private practice in Salt Lake City, Utah in 1912. He worked as a prosecutor in Salt Lake County, Utah from 1915 until 1917, when he was appointed to a seat on the Third Judicial District Court of Utah. He returned to his private practice in 1921, relocating to Los Angeles, California in 1928. In 1933, he moved to Washington, D.C. to become the first Assistant Attorney General in charge of the newly established Antitrust Division of the United States Department of Justice. He was Assistant to the Attorney General of the United States in 1935.

## Federal judicial service

Stephens was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on July 23, 1935, to an Associate Justice seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from June 25, 1948) vacated by Associate Justice William Hitz. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 24, 1935, and received his commission on July 27, 1935. Following the death of Justice Cardozo in 1938, Stephens was considered by President Roosevelt as a possible replacement, although the seat ultimately went to Felix Frankfurter. His service terminated on March 9, 1948, due to appointment as Chief Justice of the same court.
Stephens was nominated by President Harry S. Truman on February 2, 1948, to the Chief Justice seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia vacated by Judge Duncan Lawrence Groner. He was confirmed by the Senate on March 2, 1948, and received his commission on March 5, 1948. Stephens was reassigned by operation of law to the newly renamed United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on September 1, 1948, to a new Judge seat authorized by 62 Stat. 869. He served as Chief Judge and as a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 1948 to 1955. His service terminated on May 28, 1955, due to his death.
# Marvin J. Garbis

Marvin Joseph Garbis (born June 14, 1936) is a former United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland.

## Education and career

The grandson of Jewish immigrants, Garbis was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and received a Bachelor of Engineering Science from Johns Hopkins University in 1958, a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1961, and a Master of Laws from Georgetown University Law Center in 1962. He was a trial attorney in the Tax Division of the United States Department of Justice from 1962 to 1967. He was in private practice in Baltimore from 1967 to 1988, and in Washington, D.C., from 1988 to 1989.

## Federal judicial service

On August 4, 1989, Garbis was nominated by President George H. W. Bush to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, which was vacated by Judge Joseph H. Young. Garbis was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 24, 1989, and received his commission on October 25, 1989. He assumed senior status on June 14, 2003, and retired from active service on June 26, 2018.
# Seth Thomas (judge)

Seth Thomas (May 18, 1873 – February 2, 1962) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit.

## Education and career

Born in McConnelsville, Ohio, Thomas did not get a college degree until he was 31, receiving a Bachelor of Philosophy from the University of Iowa in 1904. He remained at the University of Iowa for his graduate work, receiving an Artium Magister degree in 1906 and a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Iowa College of Law in 1910. Upon receiving his law degree, he started a private practice of law in Fort Dodge, Iowa. Thomas suspended his private practice to become an Assistant United States Attorney for the Northern District of Iowa in 1914. After about six years of service, he returned to his private practice in 1920. He didn't return to public service until the Democratic Party again controlled the White House in 1933, when he became Solicitor for the United States Department of Agriculture.

## Federal judicial service

Thomas received a recess appointment from President Franklin D. Roosevelt on December 2, 1935, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit vacated by Judge Charles Breckenridge Faris. He nominated to the same position by President Roosevelt on January 6, 1936. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 22, 1936, and received his commission on January 28, 1936. He assumed senior status on May 1, 1954. His service terminated on February 2, 1962, due to his death in Sioux City, Iowa.
# Green Wix Unthank

Green Wix Unthank (June 14, 1923 – June 25, 2013) was an American attorney and United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky, from 1980 to 1988, when he took senior status. A veteran of World War II, he went to college and to law school after the war. He served as a judge of Harlan County Court, had a private practice for several years, and also served as an Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Kentucky.

## Education and career

Unthank was born on June 14, 1923 in Tway, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in Harlan County. He was the son of Green W. Unthank and Estelle (née Howard) Unthank, who were both teachers in the Harlan County public school system.
After graduating from Loyall High School in 1940, Unthank enlisted in the United States Army, serving during World War II as a paratrooper in the 509th Infantry Regiment. He was awarded the Bronze Star Medal and a Purple Heart, the latter due to injuries sustained in 1943 from a German hand grenade while in enemy territory. He was honorably discharged in 1945.
After the war, Unthank completed his undergraduate degree and law school. He earned a Juris Doctor from the University of Miami School of Law in 1950. He served as a judge of the Harlan County Court in Kentucky from 1951 to 1958, where he used the name G. Wix Unthank professionally. After this tenure, he entered private law practice.
He served as an Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Kentucky from 1966 to 1969. He was appointed as Commonwealth's Attorney of the 26th Judicial District of Kentucky, serving from 1979 to 1980.

## Federal judicial service

On December 19, 1979, Unthank was nominated by President Jimmy Carter to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky, created by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 18, 1980, and received his commission the same day.
President Ronald Reagan involuntarily certified Unthank as disabled on November 30, 1987, pursuant to 71 Stat. 586 which entitled the President to appoint an additional judge for the court and provided that no successor to the judge certified as disabled be appointed. Karl Spillman Forester was appointed to the additional judgeship. Pursuant to the certification, Unthank assumed senior status on June 14, 1988, but continued to maintain a substantial caseload.

## Death

Unthank died on June 25, 2013, in Harlan, Kentucky at the age of 90. He was survived by his wife, Marilyn Ward Unthank.

## Honors and legacy

On August 14, 2017, the Green Wix Unthank Memorial Bridge was dedicated in his honor. It crosses the Clover Fork River in Harlan County, Kentucky.
# Albert John Henderson

Albert John Henderson (December 12, 1920 – May 11, 1999) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit and earlier was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.

## Education and career

Born in Canton, Georgia, Henderson was a Sergeant in the United States Army from 1943 to 1945, and then received a Bachelor of Laws from the Walter F. George School of Law at Mercer University in 1947. He was an underwriter for Lawyers Title Insurance Company in Atlanta, Georgia from 1947 to 1948, and was in private practice in Marietta, Georgia from 1948 to 1960. He was a trial attorney of the Assistant State Solicitor General's Office of the Blue Ridge Judicial Circuit from 1949 to 1952. He was a judge of the Juvenile Court of Cobb County, Georgia from 1953 to 1960, and then on the Superior Court of Cobb County from 1961 to 1968.

## Federal judicial service

On September 25, 1968, Henderson was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia vacated by Judge Lewis Render Morgan. Henderson was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 10, 1968, and received his commission on October 11, 1968. He served as Chief Judge from 1976 to 1979. His service terminated on July 26, 1979, due to his elevation to the Fifth Circuit.
On April 18, 1979, President Jimmy Carter nominated Henderson to a new seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit created by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the Senate on July 12, 1979, receiving his commission the following day. On October 1, 1981, Henderson was reassigned by operation of law to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. He assumed senior status on January 31, 1986, serving in that capacity until his death, in Marietta.
# James T. Giles

James Tyrone Giles (born 1943) is a former United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

## Education and career

Born in Charlottesville, Virginia, Giles received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Amherst College in 1964 and a Bachelor of Laws from Yale Law School in 1967. He was a clerk for the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 1967, and a field attorney of the National Labor Relations Board in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 1967 to 1968. He was in private practice in Philadelphia from 1968 to 1979.

## Federal judicial service

On October 11, 1979, Giles was nominated by President Jimmy Carter to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania vacated by Judge Herbert Allan Fogel. Giles was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 26, 1979, and received his commission on November 27, 1979. He served as Chief Judge from 1999 to 2005. He assumed senior status on February 11, 2008, and retired from the court completely on October 3, 2008. He thereafter returned to private practice.
# Gagea serotina

Gagea serotina, synonym Lloydia serotina, is an Arctic–alpine flowering plant of the lily family. It is widespread across the mountainous parts of western North America, from Alaska to New Mexico, and in Europe is found in the Alps, the Carpathians and the mountains of Bulgaria, as well as in Great Britain. It is also native to much of Central Asia, Siberia, China, Nepal, Mongolia, Korea and Japan.
It was originally known as mountain spiderwort, but is now known in Great Britain as the Snowdon lily, or in Welsh as Lili'r Wyddfa (meaning "rush-leaves of the mountain"). In North America, it is called the common alplily. It is also known as Snowdon alplily.

## Description

For most of the year, the plant is visible only as long, curving, stiff, grass-like leaves, often protruding through cushions of other plants. The flowers appear from June onwards (despite the name serotina, meaning "late-flowering"), and are borne at the end of long stalks. The flowers themselves are white, with purple or reddish veins along the tepals.
In Great Britain, G. serotina is an ice age relict, only found on a few inaccessible sites in Snowdonia National Park, Cwm Idwal being one such site, and seems to have developed in isolation since the glacial period. Although the total Welsh population may number fewer than 100 bulbs, the Welsh plants are genetically distinct from other populations of the same species, and are more diverse than those found in the Alps.
While their inaccessibility protects the plants to a certain degree against grazing by sheep and trampling by hikers, they are likely to suffer under climate change, and it is believed that G. serotina will be the first plant to become extinct in Britain as a result of global warming. Plans are therefore being considered to introduce the plant to sites in Scotland, where it may survive in the longer term.
It became a protected species in the UK in 1975 under the Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act.

## Taxonomy

The genus Lloydia was formerly considered distinct from Gagea, this species being called Lloydia serotina. All the species of Lloydia are now included in Gagea.
# Gerald McLaughlin

Gerald McLaughlin (May 11, 1893 – December 6, 1977) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.

## Education and career

Born in Newark, New Jersey, McLaughlin received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Fordham University in 1914, and a Bachelor of Laws from Fordham University School of Law in 1917. He served in the United States Army during World War I and thereafter was in private practice in Newark from 1919 to 1943.

## Federal judicial service

McLaughlin was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on May 24, 1943, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit vacated by Judge William Clark. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 8, 1943, and received his commission on June 14, 1943. He assumed senior status on July 15, 1968, serving in that status until his death on December 6, 1977.