OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1830 Liverpool by-election

The 1830 Liverpool by-election took place on 30 November to elect one of Liverpool's two Members of Parliament (MPs) after the death of incumbent William Huskisson. Huskisson, who had died in a railway accident in September, was a Tory, as was fellow MP Isaac Gascoyne. Radical William Ewart defeated Whig Evelyn Denison. Both men's views were regarded as similar, but Denison was considered more elitist and anti-reform.
After allegations of bribery, the election was nullified in March. Both Ewart and Denison defeated Gascoyne heavily in the following year's general election.

## Background

The constituency of Liverpool was entitled to two Members of Parliament (MPs). Since 1729, franchise in the constituency had been restricted to the Mayor, bailiffs, and freemen who were not receiving alms. This gave an electorate size contemporaneously estimated to be around 3,000, although modern sources give more than 5,000 eligible voters in the early 1830s.
Isaac Gascoyne and George Canning heavily defeated two other candidates to receive the seats in 1820. Canning became prime minister in 1823, whereupon his protege, William Huskisson, succeeded him in the constituency. Gascoyne and Huskisson would continue as MPs until Huskisson died in an accident while attending the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway on 15 September, necessitating a by-election to determine his successor.

## Campaign

Campaigning for the election began before Huskisson was buried, on 24 September.
William Ewart, a member of multiple commercial and politically-linked families, announced his candidacy on 1 October.
A Mr. Gladstone was speculated as a possible third candidate on 22 October, but had not formally entered the race as of the following day. At the same time, the opinions of Denison and Ewart were considered so identical that in the absence of a third candidate the race was considered "in great measure a personal one". Nevertheless, Denison was criticised for failing to disclose his opinions on various issues to the electorate at that time.
During the campaign, Denison was criticised for espousing aristocratic and anti-franchise expansion views, which were considered especially hypocritical given that he had visited America.

## Results

This election was conducted over the course of 7 days.
By-election, 30 November 1830: Liverpool :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Radical | William Ewart | 2,215 | 50.3 | +30.6 |
| | Whig | Evelyn Denison | 2,186 | 49.7 | N/A |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 29 | 0.6 | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 4,401 | c. 82.3 | c. +77.0 |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | c. 5,350 | | |
| | Radical gain from Tory | Radical gain from Tory | Swing | N/A | |

## Aftermath

Both sides accused each other of bribery, and the election was declared null and void in March.
In the 1831 election, both Denison and Ewart defeated Gascoyne by a respective 1,886 and 1,910 to Gascoyne's 610. Gascoyne, mockingly described as "Gallant" by the Morning Chronicle, was also deemed to have "the ambition to obtain a bad pre-eminence".
# Halflife (EP)

Halflife is the second EP by Italian gothic metal band Lacuna Coil, released in 2000 by Century Media. The EP contains 5 tracks. A slightly altered version of the track Senzafine would later appear on international releases of their 2001 full-length album, Unleashed Memories, while the entire HALFLife EP was appended to the United States release of the album. A performance of Senzafine can also be found on the band's 2008 live album.

## Personnel
### Band members

* Cristina Scabbia - vocals
* Andrea Ferro - vocals and grunts
* Marco Biazzi - guitar
* Cristiano Migliore - guitar
* Marco Coti Zelati - bass, keyboards, programming, design, layout design
* Cristiano Mozzati - percussion, drums, programming

### Production

* Waldemar Sorychta - producer, engineer, mixing
* Dario Mollo - engineer
* Carsten Drescher - layout design
* Volker Beushausen - photography
# Aquilegia formosa

Aquilegia formosa, the crimson columbine, western columbine, or (ambiguously) "red columbine", is a common wildflower native to western North America, from Alaska to Baja California, and eastward to Montana and Wyoming.

## Description

Aquilegia formosa is a perennial herb that grows to 20–80 cm in height, averaging around 60 cm. Flowers, which can be seen from April to August (with some variation between regions), are about 5 cm long and red and yellow in color. The sepals and petal spurs are typically a reddish-orange color, attributed to the anthocyanin pigments pelargonidin and cyanidin, and carotenoids. Petal blades are yellow, pigmented by carotenoids. The primary pollinators are hummingbirds, although bees, butterflies, and flies will also visit flowers. Despite several floral adaptations to hummingbird pollination, at ~9,000-10,000 feet in elevation in the eastern drainages of the central Sierra Nevada mountains of California, A. formosa forms hybrid zones with Aquilegia pubescens, which is primarily pollinated by hawk moths.
The flowers are edible, with a sweet taste—though the seeds can be fatal if eaten, and most parts of the plant contain cyanogenic glycosides.

## Distribution

Within its range, the crimson columbine can be found in most kinds of habitat (chaparral, oak woodland, mixed-evergreen or coniferous forest). It is not found on desert floors, nor at altitudes above 3300 metres, and it is absent from the Central Valley of California. It prefers moist locations such as stream banks.

## Native American use

Some Plateau Indian tribes used the Aquilegia formosa to concoct a perfume. It is also used medicinally by several Native American tribes.

## Etymology

Aquilegia is derived from the Latin word 'aquila', meaning 'eagle', or possibly from the Medieval German words 'Acheleia' or 'Akelei'; this name is in reference to its talon-like nectaries. Formosa means 'handsome', 'beautiful', or 'well-formed'.
# Wojciech Kaczmarek

Wojciech Kaczmarek (born 29 March 1983) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
In March 2011, Kaczmarek was called up to the Poland national team for games against Lithuania and Greece, but did not appear in any of these games.

## Honours

Śląsk Wrocław
* Ekstraklasa Cup: 2008–09
Zawisza Bydgoszcz
* I liga: 2012–13
* Polish Cup: 2013–14
Carina Gubin
* Regional league Zielona Góra: 2017–18
# Gelb

Gelb may refer to:
* Gelb (album), by Neuroticfish
* Gelb (surname), people with the surname Gelb
* Gelb, a squadron in Ace Combat Zero: The Belkan War
# Diapriidae

The Diapriidae are a family of parasitoid wasps. These tiny insects have an average length of 2–4 mm and never exceed 8 mm. They typically attack larvae and pupae of a wide range of insects, especially flies. The about 2,300 described species in around 200 described genera are divided into three subfamilies, and the group has a global distribution.
Diapriids show considerable diversity of form, with aptery (lack of wings) fairly common, sometimes in both sexes. Nearly all species exhibit noticeable sexual dimorphism, with males and females often mistaken for separate species. The wings, when present, show characteristically reduced venation, with the greatest reduction in the subfamilies Ambositrinae and Diapriinae.

## Selected genera

* Acanopsilus
* Acanosema
* Acanthopsilus
* Aclista
* Acropiesta
* Anaclista
* Aneurhynchus
* Aneuropria
* Anommatium
* Antropria
* Aprestes
* Atomopria
* Aulacopria
* Auxopaedeutes
* Basalys
* Belyta
* Bruesopria
* Cardiopsilus
* Cerapsilon
* Cinetus
* Coptera
* Cordylocras
* Cyathopria
* Diapria
* Diphora
* Doliopria
* Ecitovagus
* Entomacis
* Erasikea
* Eumiota
* Eunuchopria
* Geodiapria
* Gwaihiria
* †Iberopria
* Idiotypa
* Labidopria
* Labolips
* Lepidopria
* Lyteba
* Macrohynnis
* Maoripria
* Miota
* Monelata
* Myrmecopria
* Neurogalesus
* Opazon
* Oxylabis
* Oxypria
* Pamis
* Panbelista
* Pantoclis
* Pantolyta
* Paramesius
* Paroxylabis
* Pentapria
* Plagiopria
* Platymischus
* Polypeza
* Praeaclista
* Propsilomma
* Psilomma
* Psilommacra
* Psilus
* Rhynchopsilus
* Scorpioteleia
* Solenopsia
* Spilomicrus
* Symphytopria
* Synacra
* Synbelyta
* Tetramopria
* Townesella
* Trichopria
* Valia
* Viennopria
* †Xenomorphia
* Zygota
# Stephen Higgins (conductor)

Stephen Higgins is a British conductor, accompanist, arranger, and presenter.
Higgins attended the University of Oxford, where he played with the Oxford University Jazz Orchestra. He then studies the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, and the National Opera Studio, also in London. He is a conductor and pianist, working with opera houses in the United Kingdom, including English National Opera (ENO), Glyndebourne, the Royal Opera House (ROH), and Scottish Opera. Higgins is a member of the music staff at ENO. He has conducted the Magic Flute for ENO and created a new commission, The Duchess of Malfi.
Stephen Higgins has worked for the Musica nel Chiostro Opera Festival in Batignano, Tuscany, Italy, as music director. In addition, he was music director of Opera Faber in northern Portugal, conducting performances of Don Giovanni and L'elisir d'amore with the Orquesta da Norte and the Orquesta Nacional de Porto. He also conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra and the Philharmonia orchestra at the Royal Festival Hall in London, in the production of Carmen Jones by Jude Kelly. As well as live performances, Stephen Higgins has worked for film and television companies as music supervisor, including films and documentaries for BBC Two, Channel 4, and Film4. For example, he appeared on BBC Two's Maestro at the Opera with actress and comedian Josie Lawrence in 2012.
# Schiller Elementary School

The Schiller STEAM Academy (also known as Schiller School) in the East Allegheny neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is a building from 1939. The school is still in use today, as part of the Pittsburgh Public School System, and is known as Schiller STEAM Academy. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
# Arthur Pijpers

Arthur Pijpers is a Dutch chess player.

## Chess career

In April 2015, he played in the Neckar Open, where he drew a game against super-grandmaster Étienne Bacrot in the final round despite not yet being an IM. This earned him his first GM norm.
In January 2024, he won the Tienkamp section of the Tata Steel Chess Tournament, qualifying to play in the Challengers section in 2025.
In April 2024, he earned his final GM norm at the Dutch Team Chess Competition. He will be awarded the Grandmaster title when he surpasses the 2500 rating mark.
# De Gulle Minnaar

De Gulle Minnaar is a 1990 Dutch comedy drama film directed by Mady Saks. It revolves around the romantic entanglements of a graphic designer who becomes involved with the mothers of his son's classmates, before finally meeting his ideal partner.

## Cast

* Peter Faber as Peter Heg
* Mariska Van Kolck as Mascha Silman
* Ella van Drumpt as Kiki
* Ian Smith as Tommie
* Lieneke le Roux as Oekje
* Sylvia Millecam as Hedda
* Adèle Bloemendaal as Pina Overgauw
* Herbert Flack [nl] as Jimmy
* Maarten Spanjer as Freek
* Rik Launspach as Lucas
* Frank Groothof as Freddy
* Lex de Regt as Kalewijn
* Hans Beijer as Van der Leeuw (as Hans Beyer)
* Hester van de Vijver as Beatrijs
* Sylvie Allard as Jessica
# St. Joe Lead Company Administration Building

St. Joe Lead Company Administration Building, also known as the St. Joe Company Offices, Central Office Building, is a historic office building located at Bonne Terre, St. Francois County, Missouri. It was built in 1909 by the St. Joe Lead Company, and is a 2+1⁄2-story, H-shaped, Gothic Revival style brick building with granite trim. It features pointed arched entrances, bay windows and bi-chromatic decoration.$^{:2,6}$
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
# Ayse Diker

Ayşe Diker (born 8 March 1984) is a Turkish former swimmer, who specialized in butterfly events. She represented Turkey, as a 16-year-old, at the 2000 Summer Olympics, and held a total of 25 Turkish records in swimming, including the 200 m butterfly. An active member of Galatasaray Spor Kulübü in her sporting career, Diker also trained for the St. Bonaventure Bonnies swimming and diving team, under head coach Lance Brennan, from 2003 to 2007.
Diker competed only in the women's 100 m butterfly at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. She achieved a FINA B-cut of 1:03.67 from the Speedo Turkish Open Championships in Istanbul. She challenged six other swimmers in heat two, including two-time Olympians Hsieh Shu-ting and María del Pilar Pereyra. Coming from fourth at the final turn, Diker held off a sprint battle from Pereyra by a tenth of a second (0.10) to grab a third seed in 1:04.65. Diker failed to advance into the semifinals, as she placed forty-second overall on the first day of prelims.
# Aktiogavialis

Aktiogavialis is an extinct genus of crocodylian that lived from the Oligocene until the Miocene in what is now the Caribbean. Two species have been described: Aktiogavialis puertoricensis from the Middle Oligocene of Puerto Rico and Aktiogavialis caribesi from the Huayquerian of the Late Miocene of Venezuela.
As a typical gavialoid, Aktiogavialis followed the standard crocodilian body plan. An elongated, squat quadrupedal body terminated in a long, laterally flattened tail at one end, and a specialized, narrow snout at the other. As with the other members of its family, the snout of Aktiogavialis was extremely long and narrow, tapering into a thin structure past the eye sockets. Based on the fragmentary remains recovered, the species was differentiated from other members of its family by unique positioning and geometry of its skull elements. Phylogenetic analysis indicates its closest relatives were the extinct gavials Gryposuchus and Siquisiquesuchus.
The type species of the genus, A. puertoricensis, was described in 2007. The holotype, designated UPRMP 3094, was discovered in Puerto Rican deposits dating around 28 million years old, from the Middle to Late Oligocene. The deposits, part of the San Sebastián Formation along the Río Guatemala in Puerto Rico, have been an adequate supply of other crocodylian fossils. Aktiogavialis remains recovered were extremely fragmentary, consisting of an incomplete skull featuring elements of the braincase and other scattered cranial elements.
Marine sediments and nannofossils form part of the deposits where the specimen was found, indicating a marine distribution for A. puertoricensis. This is in contrast with the living gavialoids, which reside entirely in the freshwater rivers of South Asia. While fossils found in prehistoric deltaic sediments possibly have been washed onto the delta from inland sources, the Aktiogavialis specimen found so far was from a location that had essentially been islandic. This has led to conclusions that gavialoids were partially or primarily saltwater reptiles prior to the evolution of the group's one or two extant species.
The genus' name, Aktiogavialis, is derived from the Greek words aktios (river) and gavialis (gavial). This roughly translates to "shore gavial", referring to its rather estuarine distribution. The specific name puertoricensis means "from Puerto Rico", in reference to the specimen's country of origin.
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 1321

United Nations Security Council resolution 1321, adopted unanimously on 20 September 2000, after recalling resolutions 1270 (1999), 1289 (1999), 1313 (2000) and 1317 (2000) on the situation in Sierra Leone, the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) until 31 December 2000.
By extending UNAMSIL's mandate, the council also decided to review the situation by 31 October 2000. The Secretary-General Kofi Annan, in his sixth report on Sierra Leone, recommended a six-month extension to UNAMSIL's mandate and an increase in its military component to 20,500 and 260 military observers.
# Battle of Salvatierra

The Battle of Salvatierra was a naval battle that occurred in Salvatierra, Guanajuato, Mexico, a town located on the banks of the Lerma River. It took place on Good Friday, April 16, 1813.
# Flotilla Service Act of 1814

Flotilla Service Act was a United States federal statute passed on April 16, 1814 preceding the British Royal Navy blockade of the New England Colonies commencing on April 25, 1814. The public law established a temporary Mid-Atlantic naval auxiliary service for amphibious operations orchestrated by the Chesapeake Colonies during the War of 1812. The Chesapeake Bay Flotilla conducted amphibious maneuvers in low-level tidal creeks seeking to deter the territorial headway of the British Royal Navy offensive into the Chesapeake Bay tributaries. The Act of Congress authorized appropriations for the federal law in response to the foreseeable onslaught by the British Army redcoats arson offensive on August 24, 1814 at Washington City better known as the Burning of Washington.

## Provisions of the Act

The Thirteenth United States Congress drafted public law 13-59 as three sections providing a manpower formulation which coincided with the military objectives discharged by the Colonial American counter-offensive naval flotilla forces.
Chapter LIX § 1: Appointment of Flotilla Officers
* Four captains
* Twelve lieutenants
* Officers employed in the flotilla service of the United States, without rank in the Navy, but with the same relative rank and authority in the flotilla service as officers of the same grade are entitled to in the Navy of the United States.
Chapter LIX § 2: Pay and Emoluments
* Captains shall receive the pay and subsistence of a captain in the Navy commanding a ship of twenty and under thirty-two guns.
* Lieutenants shall receive the same pay as officers of the same rank are entitled to in the Navy of the United States, and shall be governed by the rules and regulations provided for the government of the Navy.
Chapter LIX § 3: Authorization of Presidential Appointments
* It shall be lawful for the President of the United States to appoint, in the recess of the Senate, any of the officers authorized by this act, which appointments shall be submitted to the Senate at their next session.

## Abolishment of the Flotilla Service Act

On the tenth day after the ratification of the Treaty of Ghent, Flotilla Service Act of 1814 was repealed by the United States 13th Congressional session occurring on February 27, 1815.
# Battle of Casaglia

The Battle of Casaglia was a part of the Neapolitan War. An Austrian force under the command of Johann Friedrich von Mohr engaged a Neapolitan force under their commander, Joachim Murat. The battle took place around the village of Casaglia, seven miles northwest of Ferrara, and resulted in the Austrians recapturing the village from Murat.

## Battle

After Murat was defeated at the Battle of Occhiobello, the Neapolitans stopped their advance and made a defensive line on the Po River. However, even from his new position, Murat was still able to threaten the key Austrian held city of Ferrara, which had been under attack since 7 April. The commander of the main Austrian force on the north bank of the Po, Johann Frimont, decided to break out from his bridgehead at Occhiobello and drive Murat from his position, forcing him to lift the Siege of Ferrara.
Murat had entrenched General Ambrosio's division on his right flank northwest of Ferrara, around the villages of Ravale and Casaglia. The Neapolitan garrison of Ravale was quickly routed on the morning of 12 April. On the same day, an Austrian column under the command of General Mohr, attacked a larger Neapolitan force entrenched in Casaglia. Following severe fighting in the village, the Austrians eventually broke the morale of the defenders and drove the Neapolitans from their positions by the evening. The Neapolitans suffered severe casualties as they retreated. The remainder of the force fell back on the road to Bologna with a large number deserting Murat's cause altogether. Mirandola fell the following day to the Austrians without major fighting and Murat was forced to retire from his defensive position, finally pulling his troops back from Ferrara.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 Smith 1998, p. 532.
# Battle of Pesaro

The Battle of Pesaro was a minor battle in the Neapolitan War that took place on 28 April 1815 in the town of Pesaro.
The main Neapolitan army, commanded by their king, Joachim Murat, was retreating to their original headquarters in Ancona following a string a defeats in Northern Italy at the hands of the Germans. The Neapolitans were being pursued by an Austrian corps under the command of Adam Albert von Neipperg. Just like at the Battle of Cesenatico, a vastly outnumbered Austrian raiding party of hussars and jägers once again successfully attacked a Neapolitan garrison of 3,000 men during the night. The Austrians brought out 250 prisoners with only minor casualties whilst inflicting moderate casualties on the garrison, forcing them to flee during the night.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 4 5 Smith 1998, p. 532.
# Maroua

Maroua (Fula: Marwa, مَرْوَ‎, 𞤥𞤢𞤪𞤱𞤢) is the capital of the Far North Region of Cameroon, stretching along the banks of the Ferngo and Kaliao Rivers, in the foothills of the Mandara Mountains. The city had 301,371 inhabitants at the 2005 Census mainly Fulbe/Fulani ethnic group.

## History

The city was occupied by the Guiziga in the 17th century and the Mofu in the 18th century.
The Maroua Declaration, a maritime boundary agreement between Nigeria and Cameroon, was signed in Maroua on 1 June 1975.

## Economy

Embroidery, leather goods, jewelry, pottery are important economic activities in the city.

## Transport

The city also has the Maroua Salak Airport.

## Education

The University of Maroua is based in the city.

## Places of worship

Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Muslim mosques. There are also Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Diocese of Maroua–Mokolo (Catholic Church), Evangelical Church of Cameroon (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Presbyterian Church in Cameroon (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Cameroon Baptist Convention (Baptist World Alliance), Full Gospel Mission Cameroon (Assemblies of God).

## Climate

The climate is Sahelian, being hot and dry for most of the year. Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot semi-arid (BSh).
Climate data for Maroua :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.9 (89.4) | 34.9 (94.8) | 38.3 (100.9) | 40.0 (104.0) | 37.8 (100.0) | 34.6 (94.3) | 31.6 (88.9) | 30.5 (86.9) | 32.0 (89.6) | 34.8 (94.6) | 34.6 (94.3) | 32.6 (90.7) | 34.5 (94.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.5 (76.1) | 27.3 (81.1) | 30.8 (87.4) | 32.6 (90.7) | 31.3 (88.3) | 28.9 (84.0) | 26.8 (80.2) | 26.0 (78.8) | 26.7 (80.1) | 28.3 (82.9) | 27.2 (81.0) | 25.0 (77.0) | 27.9 (82.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 17.1 (62.8) | 19.7 (67.5) | 23.4 (74.1) | 25.6 (78.1) | 24.9 (76.8) | 23.1 (73.6) | 21.9 (71.4) | 21.5 (70.7) | 21.4 (70.5) | 21.3 (70.3) | 19.6 (67.3) | 17.4 (63.3) | 21.4 (70.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 16.8 (0.66) | 18.5 (0.73) | 62.7 (2.47) | 102.7 (4.04) | 197.4 (7.77) | 235.2 (9.26) | 131.4 (5.17) | 25.5 (1.00) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 790.2 (31.11) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 16 | 18 | 13 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 71 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 286.0 | 266.4 | 275.8 | 246.6 | 253.2 | 225.4 | 193.4 | 191.1 | 208.3 | 257.8 | 286.4 | 297.8 | 2,988.2 |
| Source: NOAA ||||||||||||||

## Sport

Sports activities are recognized on football, traditional wrestling.
* Traditional wrestling
* by young boys
* by young girls
* by warriors