# Coastal Kadazan language

Coastal Kadazan, also known as Dusun Tangara, is a dialect of the Central Dusun as well as a minority language primarily spoken in Sabah, Malaysia. It is the primary dialect spoken by the Kadazan people in the west coast of Sabah especially in the districts of Penampang, Papar and Membakut (sub-district of Beaufort).

## Characteristics

The use of Coastal Kadazan has been declining due to the use of Malay by the Malaysian federal government and by the use of English by missionaries, which was done through the method of language shift enforced by the work of both the colonial and federal governments. The state of Sabah has introduced policies to prevent this decline, which is also happening to other native Sabahan languages. This included the policy of using Kadazan and other indigenous languages in public schools. Efforts have also been done to allow the language to become official in the state.
Coastal Kadazan has adopted many loanwords, particularly from other northern Borneo indigenous languages and also Malay. Kadazan extensively employs the voiced alveolar sibilant fricative /z/ in their native lexicons, a feature found in only a few Austronesian languages. The Tsou and Paiwan languages also have these particular elements, spoken by the Taiwanese aborigines. Another language is Malagasy spoken in the island of Madagascar thousands of miles away off the coast of Africa.
Coastal Kadazan is highly mutually intelligible with Central Dusun and is considered by many to be the same language.

## History

The language was suppressed with many other Sabahan vernacular languages under Mustapha Harun's ministership in favour of an assimilationist policy enforcing Bahasa Malaysia across the state.
Under the efforts of the Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah, in 1995, the central Bundu-Liwan dialect (Central Dusun) was selected to serve as the basis for a standardised "Kadazandusun" language. This dialect was selected as it was deemed to be the most mutually intelligible when conversing with other "Dusun" or "Kadazan" dialects.

## Phonology

Miller (1993) lists the following phonemes:
Consonants :
| | | Labial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ |
| Plosive | voiced | b | d | ɡ | |
| Plosive | implosive | ɓ | ɗ | | |
| Fricative | voiceless | | s | | h |
| Fricative | voiced | v | z | | |
| Lateral | Lateral | | l | | |
Vowels :
| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i | | u |
| Mid | | | ɤ~o |
| Open | | a | |
/o/ ranges from weakly rounded to unrounded. Four borrowed consonants from Malay and English include /dʒ r w j/.

## Sample prayers
### Our Father

Tama za doid surga, apantang daa o ngaan nu, koikot no daa kopomolintaan nu, kaandak nu, adadi doiti id tana miaga doid Surga. Pataako dagai do tadau diti, oh takanon za do tikid tadau, om pohiongo zikoi do douso za, miaga dagai do popohiong di pinapakaus doid dagai. Kada zikoi pohogoso doid koimbazatan, katapi pahapaso zikoi mantad kalaatan. Amen.
    Translation:
Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us. Do not lead us into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen.

### Hail Mary

Ave Maria, noponu do graasia, miampai diau o Kinoingan, obitua ko do id saviavi tondu, om obitua o tuva' tinan nu Jesus. Sangti Maria, tina' do Kinoingan, pokiinsianai zikoi tu' tuhun do momimidouso, baino om ontok jaam do kapatazon za. Amen.
    Translation:
Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with you. Blessed are you amongst women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus. Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us, sinners, now and at the hour of our death. Amen.

## Austronesian languages comparison table

Below is a table of Kadazan and other Austronesian languages comparing thirteen words.
| English | one | two | three | four | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (inclusive) | what | fire |
| Kadazan | iso | duvo | tohu | apat | tuhun | hamin | tasu | piasau | tadau | vagu | tokou | onu | tapui |
| Dusun | iso | duo | tolu | apat | tulun | walai | tasu | piasau | tadau | wagu | tokou | onu/nu | tapui |
| Tombulu (Minahasa) | esa | zua (rua) | telu | epat | tou | walé | asu | po'po' | endo | weru | kai, kita | apa | api |
| Tagalog | isa | dalawa | tatlo | apat | tao | bahay | aso | niyog | araw | bago | tayo | ano | apoy |
| Central Bikol | saro | duwa | tulo | apat | tawo | harong | ayam | niyog | aldaw | ba-go | kita | ano | kalayo |
| Rinconada Bikol | əsad | darwā | tolō | əpat | tawō | baləy | ayam | noyog | aldəw | bāgo | kitā | onō | kalayō |
| Waray | usa | duha | tulo | upat | tawo | balay | ayam/ido | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | anu | kalayo |
| Cebuano | usa/isa | duha | tulo | upat | tawo | balay | iro | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | unsa | kalayo |
| Hiligaynon | isa | duha | tatlo | apat | tawo | balay | ido | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo |
| Aklanon | isaea, sambilog, uno | daywa, dos | tatlo, tres | ap-at, kwatro | tawo | baeay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kaeayo |
| Kinaray-a | sara | darwa | tatlo | apat | tawo | balay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo |
| Tausug | hambuuk | duwa | tu | upat | tau | bay | iru' | niyug | adlaw | ba-gu | kitaniyu | unu | kayu |
| Maranao | isa | dowa | t'lo | phat | taw | walay | aso | neyog | gawi'e | bago | tano | tonaa | apoy |
| Kapampangan | metung | adwa | atlu | apat | tau | bale | asu | ngungut | aldo | bayu | ikatamu | nanu | api |
| Pangasinan | sakey | dua | duara | talo | talora | apat | apatira | too | abong | aso | niyog | ageo | balo |
| Ilocano | maysa | dua | tallo | uppat | tao | balay | aso | niog | aldaw | baro | datayo | ania | apoy |
| Ivatan | asa | dadowa | tatdo | apat | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | va-yo | yaten | ango | apoy |
| Ibanag | tadday | dua | tallu | appa' | tolay | balay | kitu | niuk | aggaw | bagu | sittam | anni | afi |
| Yogad | tata | addu | tallu | appat | tolay | binalay | atu | iyyog | agaw | bagu | sikitam | gani | afuy |
| Gaddang | antet | addwa | tallo | appat | tolay | balay | atu | ayog | aw | bawu | ikkanetam | sanenay | afuy |
| Tboli | sotu | lewu | tlu | fat | tau | gunu | ohu | lefo | kdaw | lomi | tekuy | tedu | ofih |
| Malay (incl. Malaysian and Indonesian) | satu | dua | tiga | empat | orang | rumah | anjing | kelapa, nyiur | hari | baru, baharu | kita | apa | api |
| Javanese | siji | loro | telu | papat | uwong | omah | asu | klapa/kambil | hari | anyar/enggal | kita | apa/anu | geni |
| Acehnese | sa | duwa | lhèë | peuët | ureuëng | rumoh/balèë | asèë | u | uroë | barô | (geu)tanyoë | peuë | apuy |
| Lampung | sai | khua | telu | pak | jelema | lamban | asu | nyiwi | khani | baru | kham | api | apui |
| Buginese | sedi | dua | tellu | eppa | tau | bola | asu | kaluku | esso | baru | idi' | aga | api |
| Toba Batak | sada | dua | tolu | opat | halak | jabu | biang | harambiri | ari | baru | hita | aha | api |
| Tetum | ida | rua | tolu | haat | ema | uma | asu | nuu | loron | foun | ita | saida | ahi |
| Samoan | tasi | lua | tolu | fa | tagata | fale | taifau | niu | aso | fou | matou | ā | afi |
| Māori | tahi | rua | toru | wha | tangata | whare | kuri | kokonati | ra | hou | taua | aha | ahi |
| Tuvaluan | tasi | lua | tolu | fā | toko | fale | kuri | moku | aso | fou | tāua | ā | afi |
| Hawaiian | kahi | lua | kolu | hā | kanaka | hale | 'īlio | niu | ao | hou | kākou | aha | ahi |
| Banjarese | asa | duwa | talu | ampat | urang | rūmah | hadupan | kalapa | hari | hanyar | kita | apa | api |
| Malagasy | isa | roa | telo | efatra | olona | trano | alika | voanio | andro | vaovao | isika | inona | afo |
| Iban | satu | dua | tiga | empat | orang | rumah | asu | nyur | ari | baru | kitai | nama | api |
| Melanau | satu | dua | telou | empat | apah | lebok | asou | nyior | lau | baew | teleu | nama | apui |