OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1849 Liberian constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was held in Liberia on 1 May 1849, alongside general elections. The constitutional changes would increase the number of members of the House of Representatives for Sinoe County from one to three. The proposals were approved by voters.

## Constitutional changes

| Section | Original text | Proposed text |
| Chapter II, Article 2, Section 1 | The representatives shall be elected by, and for the inhabitants of the several counties of Liberia, and shall be apportioned among the several counties of Liberia as follows: The County of Montserrado shall have four representatives, the County of Grand Bassa shall have three, and the County of Sinoe shall have one; and all counties that shall hereafter be admitted in the Republic shall have one representative; and for every ten thousand inhabitants one representative shall be added. | The representatives shall be elected by, and for the inhabitants of the several counties of Liberia, and shall be apportioned among the several counties of Liberia as follows: The County of Montserrado shall have four representatives, the County of Grand Bassa shall have three, and the County of Sinoe shall have three; and all counties that shall hereafter be admitted in the Republic shall have one representative; and for every ten thousand inhabitants one representative shall be added. |
# Nadia al Rawabdeh

Nadia Abdul Rauf Salim Al-Rawabdeh (born 4 December 1963) is a Jordanian politician currently serving as the Minister of Labour since 27 September 2023.

## Early life and education

Al-Rawabdeh was born on 4 December 1963. She received her bachelor's degree in Political Science and Sociology from the University of Jordan in 1984.

## Career

Throughout her professional journey, Al-Rawabdeh has occupied numerous roles. From September 2012 until April 2018, she was at the helm of the Social Security Corporation as its General Manager. Concurrently, she held the position of Vice Chairman on the Board of Directors for the same organization.
Al-Rawabdeh's board memberships span across a variety of organizations. These include the Social Security Investment Fund, Kingdom Electricity Company, Al Asr Company, and Jordan Ceramic Company. She also served on the boards of National Tourism Co. For Tourism Development, Daman for Investment Company, Al Daman for Development Zones Company, and The Jordan Worsted Mills Company.
Moreover, Nadia Abdul Rauf Salim Al-Rawabdeh held the position of Chairman at Yarmouk Water Company from 2019 to 2020. At present, she presides over Kingdom Electricity Co. PSC and Wadia Araba Development Company as their Chairman. She also contributes as a member of the Board of Trustees for the Jordanian Expatriate Award and the Economic Policy Development Forum.
Currently, Al-Rawabdeh is serving as the Minister of Labour, a position she has held since 27 September 2023. Her involvement in national affairs extends to her membership in several national committees. These include the National Committee for Poverty and Unemployment Strategy, the National Committee for Special Needs Strategy, and the National Committee to Follow-up on the Implementation of the Executive Plan for the National Family Strategy.
# Asbill massacre

The Asbill massacre refers to the murder of 40 Yuki people in Round Valley in 1854 by a band of six White explorers from Missouri.

## History
### Background

White immigrants flooded into northern California in 1848 due to the California Gold Rush, increasing the non-Indian population of California from 13,000 to well over 300,000 in little more than a decade. The sudden influx of miners and settlers on top of the nearly 300,000 Native Americans living in the area strained space and resources.
In 1851, the civilian governor of California declared, "That a war of extermination will continue to be waged, until the Indian race becomes extinct, must be expected." This expectation soon found its way into law. An 1851 legislative measure not only gave settlers the right to organize lynch mobs to kill Indians, but allowed them to submit their expenses to the government. By 1852 the state had authorized over a million dollars in such claims.

### Incident

On May 15, 1854, six Missouri-based explorers led by Pierce Asbill happened upon Round Valley while searching for a route between Weaverville, an interior mining center, and Petaluma, an important river port. Round Valley was in an isolated, difficult to access region of the Coast Range, allowing it to remain relatively untouched by settlers and miners to this point. While crossing a meadow, the explorers spotted movement in the grass and realized that Indians were in the valley.
Asbill stated, "We've come a long way from Missouri to locate this place... an' be damned if wigglin' grass 'ull keep us away! Git a–hold of yer weapons—we'uns are goin' in!"
The party proceeded to a creek bed where they encountered a large settlement of Yuki. Through the combination of superior weaponry, horses, and focused intent, the party killed approximately 40 of the people.

### Repercussions

Neither Asbill nor any of his fellow settlers were charged with any malfeasance for killing the nonthreatening Indians. Asbill stayed on to hunt the land and eventually began kidnapping and trafficking Yuki women to be sold to non-Indian men outside of the valley. Asbill sold 35 women in this manner by 1855.

## Aftermath

Due to Round Valley's remote location, it became a destination for other Indians the settlers had forced off their lands, and soon its native population swelled to 20,000, while the White settlers in the area remained a few dozen. With their concentrated and vulnerable position (along with the 1850 California law "Act for the Government and Protection of Indians," which legalized the kidnapping and forced servitude of Indians by White settlers), slave raids against the Round Valley Indians became common. Further conflict soon led to terrorist attacks meant to drive the Indians from the valley (see Round Valley Settler Massacres of 1856 - 1859 and Mendocino War). By 1860 all remaining Yuki Indians had been forced into reservations. In the 1880s, settlers began taking over the reservation lands which instigated another "war" (see Round Valley War), resulting in the further loss of land and lives by the Yuki Indians.
# 1857 Bharuch riot

There was communal violence between Parsis and Bharuchi Sunni Vohra Muslims in May 1857 in Broach (now Bharuch, Gujarat) in India.

## Background

Bharuch is a major trading port on the west coast of India. As Bharuch was an old settlement of Parsis, there were a considerable number of Parsis in the town. Bahram Mowbed, the younger brother of Zanhosht Mowbed, was one of the early priests to settle in Bharuch. A tower of silence in Bharuch was established in 1309. There was a riot in Bombay six months before the event.

## Riot

On 10 May 1857, just five days after the beginning of the Indian rebellion of 1857, a Parsi named Bejonji Sheriaiji Bharuch was accused of disrespecting a mosque by some Muslims and the riots broke out. After five days, 200 Muslims gathered near Bawa Rahan shrine in the north of the town. The police approached but were unable to stop the mob. The mob attacked Dastur Kamdin Dar-e Mihr, a fire temple, and killed its High Priest, Ervad Ardeshir Hormazdji Kamdin. They lynched Bejonji Sheriaiji Bharuch and dragged his body for several lanes. They also attacked Shapurji Narielwala Fire Temple (consecrated in 1783) and also injured its High Priest, Ervad Meherwanji Muncherji Kamdin. Mr. Davies, the Magistrate of Bharuch and the Collector, could not stop the riots. The troops were brought in from nearby towns of Vagra, Amod, Ankleshwar and Hansot. Lt. Richardson led the British contingent sent to bring the peace.

## Aftermath

The Parsis of Bharuch petitioned the Chief of Police of the Bombay Presidency, Bettington, on 19 May 1857 to examine the role of Head Constable. They also petitioned the Governor's Council to establish a commission for investigation. They told Parsi Panchayat to use their influence.
Alexander Kinloch Forbes, the Sessions Judge, sentenced imprisonments to 39 out of 61 persons arrested. Two were hanged for the killing of Bharucha and the High Priest.
The riots were examined in their connection with the rebellion in 1857 by historians. Taking advantage of the situation, there were attempts to incite the Muslim population to organise disturbance against the British government by the rebels.
There was another riot between Parsis and Muslims on 26 November 1885 when land to build a Dargah was not granted by the authorities. As there were Parsi members in the Municipal Council, they were accused of not granting it.
Khasumate Gujarat (August 1858), compiled by a school teacher, Ervad Kaikhushru Pestonji Vakil, in Gujarati, gives a detailed account of the event.
# 1858 Wairau by-election

The Wairau by-election 1858 was a by-election held in the Wairau electorate during the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, on 21 May 1858. The by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP William Wells and was won unopposed by Frederick Weld.
# Karel Smyczek

Karel Smyczek (born 31 March 1950) (Czech pronunciation:) is a Czech film director, actor and screenwriter. His film Why? was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival.
On 22 January 2025, the Czech Film and Television Academy announced, that he would be awarded the Czech Lion Award for Unique Contribution to Czech Film, together with Czech film music conductor Mario Klemens.

## Selected filmography

Director :
| Year | Film | Notes |
| 1980 | Housata | |
| 1983 | Sněženky a machři | |
| 1987 | Krajina s nábytkem | |
| 1987 | Why? | Golden Kingfisher - Plzeň Film Festival |
| 1987 | Záhada zlatého servisu | |
| 1992 | Kocourkov | |
| 1994 | Bylo nás pět | |
| 1997 | Srdeční slabosti | |
| 1997 | Lotrando a Zubejda | Award of the City of Zlín - Zlín International Film Festival for Children and Youth |
| 1998 | Poklad pana H. | |
| 1998 | Vše pro firmu | |
Actor :
| Year | Film | Role |
| 1960 | Zlé pondělí | Pavel Vítovec |
| 1960 | Holubice | Michal |
| 1962 | Pohádka o staré tramvaji | Chemist |
| 1964 | Láska nebeská | Jirka |
| 1976 | Den pro mou lásku | Customer in gallery |
| 1985 | Co je vám, doktore? | Specialist |
| 1987 | Why? | Reporter |
| 1988 | Útěk ze seriálu | |
| 1997 | Lotrando a Zubejda | Wanderer |
Writer :
| Year | Film | Notes |
| 1987 | Why? | story |
| 1994 | Bylo nás pět | screenplay |
| 1997 | Lotrando a Zubejda | technical screenplay |
| 1998 | Vše pro firmu | co-screenplay |
# May 1861 West Moreton colonial by-election

The West Moreton colonial by-election, May 1861 was a by-election held on 31 May 1861 in the electoral district of West Moreton for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

## History

On 16 May 1861, Henry Challinor, the member for West Moreton, resigned. He was re-elected at the resulting by-election on 31 May 1861.
# First Battle of Ignacewo

The First Battle of Ignacewo was one of many clashes of the January Uprising. It took place on May 8, 1863, near the village of Ignacewo, which at that time belonged to Russian Empire’s Congress Poland. Insurgent forces commanded by Edmund Taczanowski clashed with a 2,000-strong detachment of the Imperial Russian Army led by Andrei Brunner. The battle ended with Russian victory, and Poles lost some 160 men.
Taczanowski all together had 1,100 men under his command, including 500 infantry riflemen, 550 kosynierzy and 50 cavalry, together with 3 cannons. The insurgents camped in the village of Ignacewo, with their positions reinforced by abatis and a rampart. Russian detachment had some 2,000 men, commanded by General Brunner. Their initial attack was repelled, but after some time, the Russians found a passage across local swamps, and clashed with weak left wing of the Poles. After breaking into the camp, they destroyed Taczanowski's party, killing 160, also by deliberate murdering of the wounded insurgents.
Polish painter Juliusz Kossak dedicated one of his paintings, Bitwa pod Ignacewem (1893), to the battle.
# Battle of Fort Gibson
## Background

In April 1863 Union forces of the Indian Home Guard under Colonel William A. Phillips occupied Fort Gibson. Upon hearing reports of no Confederate activity in all directions Philips sent the fort's livestock to graze. A Union sentry failed to scout a mountain road and Confederate forces therefore descended on the livestock.

## Battle

Unwilling to move against the fort directly the Confederates maintained a strong position 5 miles away along the Arkansas River. Colonel Phillips dispatched his available mounted forces against the Confederates which succeeded in retaking most of the livestock. The Confederates made a strong attack against the Union sortie and were able to drive them back nearly surrounding two companies. Colonel Phillips then personally led a force of infantry with an artillery battery from the fort. Reinforced by the mounted infantry already in the field, Phillips was able to stop the Rebel attack. The Confederates held briefly in a forest until they were routed and withdrew beyond the Arkansas River. Phillips dispatched his cavalry to give chase to this Confederate force. Meanwhile, word was received of a second Confederate force attempting a river crossing. Phillips returned to the fort with the infantry and artillery to counter this feint. The Rebels fired one volley and withdrew having failed to draw away enough Union forces from the original Confederate attack on the livestock.

## Aftermath

Eight days later Colonel Phillips' supply train was attacked at Fort Gibson. Phillips successfully defeated the attack and saved the supply train. In July 1863 troops from Fort Gibson marched south to win the battle of Honey Springs. Fort Gibson would remain in Union control for the rest of the war.

## Sources

* ↑ Colonel Phillips reported no Confederate casualties but claimed they must have been "more severe" (Phillips' Official Report)
* 1 2 "Oklahoma Historical Society". Archived from the original on 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2014-11-29.
* 1 2 Phillips' Official Report
* 1 2 The Union Army: Cyclopedia of battles p.424
# Skirmish at Aenon Church

The Skirmish at Aenon Church was a battle that was fought between the Union Army and the Confederate States Army in Hanover County, Virginia on May 29, 1864. The battle resulted a Confederate victory.
# Nigel Martin

Nigel Martin is a British politician and mathematician. He was a member of Durham County Council, representing Neville's Cross from 1985 to 2017. He is a Liberal Democrat, and was leader of the party in the council from 1989-2013. He was also a member of Durham City Council from 1995 to 1999, and from 2007 to 2009, when the council was abolished, and has been a member of Framwellgate Moor Parish Council since 2017.

## life

He has run for Parliament three times, in 1987 for Newcastle Central, 1992 and 1997 for City of Durham. He also stood for election to the European Parliament in 1994 for County Durham and Blaydon.
He was a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Mathematical Sciences at Durham University, having joined the university in 1976 as Resident Tutor of Collingwood College, rising to Vice Principal before moving to Trevelyan College in 2000 as Principal. He retired from the university in 2008. His mathematical interest focused on graph theory and combinatorics.
He attended Clee Grammar School for Boys in Lincolnshire. He is an alumnus of the University of Cambridge, reading for his undergraduate degree and his PhD at Christ's College. He was also a Research Fellow at Downing College from 1971-1975.
# Toussaint Fouda

Toussaint Fouda (1 November 1958 – 12 April 2020) was a Cameroonian cyclist. He competed in the team time trial event at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
# Sultan Shah of Khwarezm

Jalal-ud-Din Sultan-Shah, known as Sultan-Shah (died 29 September 1193) was a claimant to the title of Khwarazmshah from 1172 until his death. He was the son of Il-Arslan.
In 1172 Il-Arslan died and his sons began fighting over who would succeed him. Sultan Shah was the younger son, but he was considered the formal heir and his mother, Terken Khatun, placed him on the throne. The elder son, Ala ad-Din Tekish, fled to the Qara Khitai and asked for them to enthrone him in place of his brother, promising an annual tribute in exchange. He was given a large army, and he soon set off for Khwarazm.
Sultan Shah and his mother, upon hearing of Tekish's approach, decided to flee, and Tekish installed himself in Khwarazm unopposed in December 1172. Sultan Shah and Terken Khatun managed to gain the support of Mu'ayyid al-Din Ai-Aba, a former Seljuk amir who had set himself up in Nishapur since the collapse of Seljuk power there. In 1174 he led an army into Khwarazm, but was defeated, captured and executed by Tekish. Following Ai-Aba's death, Sultan Shah eventually found refuge with the Ghurids, but Terken Khatun was hunted down and killed by Tekish's forces.
In the late 1170s the Qara Khitai recalled Sultan Shah, who was still living in Ghurid territory. Tekish had become rebellious, refusing to pay tribute and killing Qara Khitai officials. Sultan Shah came out of exile and a Qara Khitai army was sent to reinstate him as Khwarazm Shah. Tekish managed to halt this offensive, however, by opening the dykes of the Amu Darya, flooding the enemy's path.
The bulk of the Qara Khitai army decided to return home, but Sultan Shah convinced its commander to leave a contingent of troops with him. With this force , he set of into Khurasan, still under the control of various Oghuz tribes and Seljuk amirs. He succeeded in overthrowing several local rulers, resulting in the conquest of Sarakhs, Tus and Merv by 1181. He also harassed the Ghurid territories around Badghis.
Over the next several years Sultan Shah remained a threat to Tekish, who was forced to conduct expeditions into Khurasan several times as a result. Despite this, Sultan Shah was unable to make any significant gains against his brother. He also had occasional problems with the Ghurids; in an 1189/1190 campaign, they invaded his territory, defeated him and took some of his possessions.
In 1192 Sultan Shah decided to launch an expedition against Khwarazm, taking advantage of Tekish's absence there; the latter was at the time in western Iran dealing with the Seljuks of Hamadan. While the campaign was underway, however, he died (1193) and Tekish seized some of his possessions, reuniting the Khwarazmid lands.
# Glenn Hagel

Glenn Joseph Hagel (born August 17, 1949) is a Canadian provincial and municipal politician. He was a Saskatchewan New Democratic Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1986 to 2007, representing the constituencies of Moose Jaw North or Moose Jaw Palliser at different times during his career. He also served as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly from 1996 to 1999.
He was born in Drumheller, Alberta and was educated at the University of Manitoba and the University of Regina. Before entering politics, Hagel worked as a counsellor, educator and coordinator for a number of organizations. He married Karen Gifco and they have two daughters, Kristin and Meredith, and two granddaughters, Juliet and Nora.
Hagel served in the Saskatchewan cabinet as Minister of Post-Secondary Education and Skills Training, from 1999 to 2001, as Minister of Social Services from 2001 to 2003, as Minister of Gaming from 2002 to 2003 and from 2006 to 2007, as Minister of Community Resources and Employment in 2003, as Provincial Secretary from 2006 to 2007 and as Minister of Culture, Youth and Recreation from 2006 to 2007.
Provincially, Hagel's career ended after being defeated by the Saskatchewan Party's Warren Michelson. Hagel is widely seen as losing his seat in the legislature due to a cover-up in the NDP caucus.
He was elected mayor of Moose Jaw in the 2009 Saskatchewan municipal elections, and retired in 2012, deciding not to run for another term.
# Christian Juttner

Christian John Juttner (May 20, 1964 – November 29, 2024) was an American film and television actor. He began his career as a child actor and was best known for his roles in the 1978 films Return from Witch Mountain and I Wanna Hold Your Hand.

## Life and career

Juttner was born in Pomona, California, on May 20, 1964. While known for his roles in a few Disney films, Juttner also appeared in many television shows throughout the 1970s including Bewitched, Ironside, Emergency!, The Bionic Woman, Wonder Woman, ABC Afterschool Specials, Lou Grant, Trapper John, M.D. and Alice.
He appeared in several other films including Return from Witch Mountain, I Wanna Hold Your Hand and The Swarm.
Juttner and his ex-wife, Ann, had three children. After retiring from acting, Juttner lived in Saint Croix, where he and his father owned a glassworks business. He later started his own glassworks business in Santa Clarita, California. Juttner died at his home in Yucca Valley, California, on November 29, 2024, at the age of 60.

## Filmography

Film and television :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1971 | Ironside | Eddie | Episode: "Class of '57" |
| 1972 | Bewitched | Robert | Episode: "Samantha's Magic Sitter" |
| 1972 | Emergency! | Frankie Stewart | Episode: "Kids" |
| 1974 | The Healers | Vince Kier | TV movie |
| 1974 | ABC Afterschool Special | Mouse | Episode: "Pssst! Hammerman's After You!" |
| 1974 | The Rookies | Todd Page | Episode: "Legacy of Death" |
| 1974 | Return of the Big Cat | Leroy McClaren | TV movie (2-part movie produced under the NBC Disney anthology series The Wonderful World of Disney |
| 1974 | Ironside | Joey | Episode: "Speak No Evil" |
| 1975 | S.W.A.T. | Billy Farris | Episode: "The Bravo Enigma" |
| 1975 | The Boy Who Talked to Badgers | Benjy MacDonald | TV movie (2-part movie produced under the NBC Disney anthology series The Wonderful World of Disney |
| 1975 | Journey from Darkness | Danny (age 8) | TV movie |
| 1976 | Medical Center | | Episode: "A Touch of Sight" |
| 1976 | The Bionic Woman | Teddy | 4 episodes |
| 1976 | Wonder Woman | Tommy | Episode: "Wonder Woman Meets Baroness Von Gunther" |
| 1976 | Ark II | Ben | Episode: "The Balloon" |
| 1977 | The New Mickey Mouse Club | Chris Hollister | Episode #1.12 |
| 1977 | ABC Afterschool Special | Hollis | Episode: "The Horrible Honchos" |
| 1978 | The Million Dollar Dixie Deliverance | Timmy | TV movie (produced under the NBC Disney anthology series The Wonderful World of Disney |
| 1978 | Return from Witch Mountain | Dazzler | Feature film |
| 1978 | I Wanna Hold Your Hand | Peter Plimpton | Feature film |
| 1978 | The Swarm | Paul Durant | Feature film |
| 1979 | Lou Grant | Michael | Episode: "Romance" |
| 1979 | Trapper John, M.D. | Teenage Boy | Episode: "The Shattered Image" |
| 1980 | Alice | Billy | Episode: "Alice in TV Land" |
| 1980 | The Ghosts of Buxley Hall | Cadet Capt. Hubert Fletcher | TV movie (2-part movie produced under the NBC Disney anthology series Disney's Wonderful World |
| 1981 | General Hospital | Teddy | Episode #4768 |