OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# David Menhennet

David Menhennet CB (4 December 1928 – 5 February 2016) was a British librarian. As librarian at the House of Commons Library from 1976 to 1991, he oversaw a period of modernisation and other improvements to the library, transforming it into a modern research facility.

## Life
### Early life and education

Menhennet was born in Redruth, Cornwall, the son of William and Everill Menhennet. He attended Truro School on a scholarship and excelled in languages, going on to graduate with a first in French and German from Oriel College, Oxford. He then moved to Queen's College to study for a D.Phil. in 18th-century French literature.

### House of Commons career

He became a clerk in the Commons Library in 1954. When given responsibility for the research area in 1964 he introduced a system of comprehensive daily briefings for MPs, and he was promoted to Deputy Librarian in 1967. When Speaker George Thomas appointed him 10th Librarian of the Commons Library in 1976, he began a process of modernisation. He set up the Public Information Office (now the House of Commons Information Office) in 1978, and electronic publication began the same year, when the Library contributed to the Prestel viewdata system, which at one time had 90,000 subscribers. Computerisation of the Library's information systems began in 1979 with the creation of the Parliamentary On-Line Information System (POLIS). He also established a service for schools. The new systems introduced by Menhennet enabled MPs to find and check information far more easily, and were used particularly often by Gordon Brown and Tony Blair while in opposition.
Menhennet hosted international conferences at Westminster, and also acted as an adviser to other parliaments. His last reform was to ban smoking in the library.

### Other activities

In 1964 Menhennet was a founder member of the Study of Parliament Group, and also chaired the British Library's Advisory Committee on Bibliographic Services from 1986 to 1992. He also wrote a number of books about Parliament. After his retirement in 1991 he was a visiting research fellow at Goldsmiths College.
Menhennet was a life Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a freeman of the City of London and a liveryman of the Stationer's Company. He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the Queen's 1991 Birthday Honours.

### Personal life

David Menhennet married Audrey Holmes in 1954. He died on 5 February 2016, survived by Audrey and their two sons.

## Books

* 1967: Parliament in Perspective (with John Palmer)
* 1972: Erskine May’s Private Journal 1857-82
* 1991: The House of Commons Library: A History
# Camptogramma bilineata

Camptogramma bilineata, the yellow shell, is a colourful moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It can be found in Europe and east across the Palearctic to the Altai Mountains.

## Description

The wingspan is 20–25 mm. The color of the forewings and hindwings is yellow to ochre brown (occasionally light). The forewings and hindwings are covered with brown or white serrated crossbars. There are usually three or four distinct white crossbars, which may be bordered by a black line. The wing margin is black and wavy. The yellowish eggs are round, only slightly flattened at the pole. The surface shows a large mesh. There are warts on the intersections. The caterpillars are greenish to slightly brownish with obvious segment incisions. The dorsal line is darker than the body color. The lateral line, on the other hand, is often brighter. The head is usually light brown and relatively small. The pupa is reddish brown with a short cremaster, consisting of two small bristles. The thoracic area and the wings have a brownish-greenish hue.

## Biology

The species shows no preferences for special biotopes. It flies both in forest and open lands, as well as in wet and dry places. On herbaceous forest edges, however, there is a higher density of moths. In the Alps it is found up to 1,600 metres above sea level. It is common, but in very different numbers from year to year.
The moths fly from June to August..
The larvae feed on various low-growing plants such as chickweed, sorrel and other species from the family Polygonaceae.

## Gallery

* Male
* Female
* Caterpillar
# Floods in Iceland

Icelandic floods are primarily caused by glacial dynamics and volcanic activities. It comprises various phenomena, including jökulhlaups, river floods, and coastal flooding. Jökulhlaups are the most significant type of flood in Iceland. They occur when water is rapidly released from beneath glaciers, often triggered by volcanic activity or geothermal heating. The 2015 Vatnajökull event is an example of this type of flood, which produced peak discharges of 900,000 cubic meters per second. Iceland has experienced approximately 60 major floods since the 9th century.

## List of floods

* On July 27, 2024, a glacial flood occurred in southern Iceland, caused by a glacial outburst from Skálm east of Mýrdalsjökull. It flooded a section of the Ring Road and closed a 70km stretch of highway between Vik and Kirkjubaejarklaustur. According to natural disaster experts, the water level rose by almost one meter, and recent seismic activity suggests that a kettle hole is emptying, resulting in floods. Fortunately, there have been no reports of injuries. This event has increased the flow rate of the Skálm River to over 1,000 m3/s.
# Helga Stroh

Helga Stroh (born 4 March 1938) is a German fencer. She represented the United Team of Germany at the 1960 Summer Olympics in the women's team foil event.
# Sylvester Zobieski Earle

Sylvester Zobieski Earle (August 7, 1822 – March 1, 1888) was a physician and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada. He was mayor of Saint John, New Brunswick in 1877 and 1878.

## Biography

He was born in Kingston, New Brunswick, the son of Sylvester Zobieski Earle and Maria Hughson, and studied medicine at the University of the City of New York. In 1845, Earle returned to New Brunswick and joined his father in practice at Hampton. In 1847, he married Catherine McGill Otty, the sister of judge George Otty. In 1857, he was named county coroner. He also served as commissioned surgeon in the local militia with the 62nd Saint John Fusiliers, serving with the Fenian Raids in 1866. Earle helped lead the reconstruction efforts following the great fire in Saint John in June 1877. He died in Saint John at the age of 65.
# Bathyuriscellus

Bathyuriscellus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.
# Thomas McKay (Northwest Territories politician)

Thomas McKay (July 4, 1849 – September 25, 1924) was a Metis farmer and political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. He was the first mayor of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, and represented Prince Albert in the Legislative Assembly of the North-West Territories from 1891 to 1894 and from 1898 to 1905.
McKay was the brother-in-law of Lawrence Clarke, and like Clarke was connected to the Conservative Party of Canada. A Protestant Métis or Anglo-Metis individual, McKay was involved in the 1885 North-West Rebellion on the side of the federal government. He was one of the first 40 men to volunteer to help Major Crozier of the North-West Mounted Police. He served as an envoy to negotiate with Métis at Duck Lake. He also operated as a scout, relaying messages between Major Crozier and Colonel Irving. His brother James McKay served with C Company of the Winnipeg Rifles during the 1885 Rebellion.

## Personal life

He was born on 4 July 1849 in Fort Pelly, the son of William McKay and Mary Cook, and the brother of James McKay. He was educated at St. John's School in the Red River settlement (today's Winnipeg). McKay worked as a clerk for the Hudson's Bay Company from 1864 to 1873, when he settled in Prince Albert. In 1873, he married Catherine McBeath.
McKay is buried at the Royal Anglican cemetery on Royal Road south of Prince Albert.

## Political career

In 1885, McKay became the first mayor of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. From 1891 to 1894 and from 1898 to 1905, he represented Prince Albert in the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories. (He did not run for reelection in 1894 and was defeated in an 1897 by-election.)
He also ran unsuccessfully for the Conservative Party in the federal election of 1904 for the riding of Saskatchewan when he was defeated by Liberal John Lamont.
# Gortyna flavina

Gortyna flavina is a moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in Taiwan.
# Orindiúva

Orindiúva is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population is 7,194 (2020 est.) in an area of 248.1 km².
Orindiúva belongs to the Mesoregion of São José do Rio Preto.

## Media

In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.
The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).
# Michael Edwin Keefe

Michael Edwin Keefe (April 14, 1844 – June 28, 1933) was a building contractor and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Halifax County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1900 to 1906.
He was born in Halifax, the son of John Keefe, of Irish descent. Keefe served as mayor of Halifax from 1892 to 1895. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the House of Commons in 1896. He was first elected to the provincial assembly in a 1900 by-election and reelected in the general election which followed. He died in Halifax in 1933.
vte1896 Canadian federal election: Halifax :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Elected |
| | Conservative | Robert Borden | 6,170 | 26.53 | Y |
| | Liberal | Benjamin Russell | 5,997 | 25.79 | Y |
| | Conservative | Thomas Edward Kenny | 5,616 | 24.15 | |
| | Liberal | Michael Edwin Keefe | 5,472 | 23.53 | |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 23,255 | 100.00 |
| Source(s) "Halifax (1867- )". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved 24 March 2020. Two members were elected from the district. |||||||
# Ubarana

Ubarana is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 6,400 (2020 est.) in an area of 210 square kilometres (81 sq mi).

## Media

In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).
# Uchoa

Uchoa is a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population is of 10,151 inhabitants and the area is 252.5 km$^2$. Uchoa belongs to the Mesoregion of São José do Rio Preto.

## Economy

The Tertiary sector is the economic basis of Uchoa, corresponding to 62.27% of the city GDP. The Secondary sector is 21.83% of the GDP, and the Primary sector corresponds to 15.9%.

## Media

In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

## Notable people

* Benjamin Abdala Júnior — Writer
* Florisvaldo de Oliveira — Serial killer
# 1968 in Estonia

This article lists events that occurred during 1968 in Estonia.

## Events

* 1st number of Estonian Soviet Encyclopedia was published.

## Births

* 4 February – Marko Matvere, actor and singer
* 20 March – Kaja Kreisman, politician

## Deaths

* 2 December – Adamson-Eric, artist (b. 1902)
# Prouktaspis

Prouktaspis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the late Atdabanian stage, which lasted from 530 to 524 million years ago during the early part of the Cambrian Period.
# Raja Hassan Akhtar

Raja Hassan Akhtar; (Urdu: راجا حسن اختر) was a political worker in the Pakistan Muslim League prior to the independence of Pakistan in 1947. After independence, he was a Member Pakistan National Assembly (MNA), President, West Pakistan Muslim League, Vice President, All Pakistan Muslim League, and Tehrik–e–Pakistan Gold Medalist

## Early life

Akhtar was born on 25 December 1904 in Kahuta, in the Northern Pothohar Plateau nestled within the Shivalik Hills. He graduated from the Gordon College, Rawalpindi and earned a degree in Law from Lahore, Punjab(5). He worked in public service in various positions including Deputy Commissioner Montgomery(Sahiwal) before entering politics. He had 9 children, four sons and five daughters. He was originally from Pharwala, a historical town of Gakkhar clan in the Rawalpindi District of the Potohar region in northern Punjab.

## Relationship with Allama Muhammad Iqbal

Raja Hassan Akhtar was fluent in English, Urdu, Persian, Punjabi and Pothwari; he could also communicate in Arabic. He studied the Quran, classics of Islam and Persian Language from his father Raja Karam Dad Khan. He embraced love for Iqbal’s vision and writing under the sole guidance of his beloved father. He had immense love and respect for Allama Muhammad Iqbal philosophy and teachings to the extent of considering him his "Peer" and "Murshid". In 1938 during Allama Iqbal’s lifetime, on the occasion of the first "Yaum – e – Iqbal (Iqbal day) he read an article titled "Shair –e – Rabbani" becoming the first person to name him "Shair –e- Irabbani and Haqim – ul – Ummat".
For a long time Sir Muhammad Iqbal wanted a journal to propagate his ideas and the aims and objective of Muslim league. Sir Muhammad Iqbal was the first patron of the historical, political, religious, cultural journal of Muslims of British India and Pakistan, "Tuloo-e-Islam". In light of Iqbal’s vision, Raja Hassan Akhtar started writing for the magazine Tolu-e-Islam in 1935. Muslim scholars like Maulana Aslam Jairajpuri, Ghulam Ahmed Pervez, Dr. Zakir Hussain Khan, Syed Naseer Ahmed, Maulvi Ghulam Yezdani, Ragheb Ahsan, Sheikh Suraj ul Haq, Rafee ud din Peer, Prof. fazal ud din Qureshi, Agha Muhammad Safdar, Asad Multani, Dr. Tasadaq Hussain, Prof. Yusuf Saleem Chisti contributed articles in this journal.
# Jujubinus tumidulus

Jujubinus tumidulus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails. It occurs in the Mediterranean Sea, and the size of the shell varies between 2 mm and 6 mm.
# Linda Hodge McLaughlin

Linda Hodge McLaughlin (February 13, 1942 – March 7, 1999) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

## Education and career

Born in Los Angeles, California, McLaughlin received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Stanford University in 1963 and a Bachelor of Laws from the University of California, Berkeley, Boalt Hall School of Law in 1966. She was in private practice in Los Angeles from 1966 to 1970, and in Newport Beach and Costa Mesa from 1970 to 1980. She was a judge on the California Municipal Court, North Orange County Judicial District from 1980 to 1982, and then on the California Superior Court, Orange County from 1982 to 1992. She was an associate justice pro tempore on the California Supreme Court in 1984, and on the California Court of Appeals, Fourth Appellate Dist., Div. 3, in 1985.

## Federal judicial service

On March 20, 1992, McLaughlin was nominated by President George H. W. Bush to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Central District of California created by 104 Stat. 5089. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 12, 1992, and received her commission on August 17, 1992. McLaughlin served in that capacity until her death, in 1999, in Santa Ana, California. On January 8, 1999, McLaughlin was injured in a car crash, for which she was hospitalized for an extended period of time. While hospitalized, she developed pneumonia and died, two months after the accident.
# John Knott (public servant)

Sir John Lawrence Knott AC CBE (6 July 1910 – 1999) was a senior Australian public servant. He was Director-General of the Postmaster-General's Department from 1968 to 1972. Afterwards he was appointed a company director in private industry.

## Life and career

Knott was born in Romsey, Victoria on 6 July 1910.
Between August 1957 and April 1958, Knott headed the Department of Defence Production.
He was Secretary of the Department of Supply between 1959 and 1966. During his time in the role, he accompanied Minister for Supply Allen Fairhall overseas visiting the United Kingdom and the United States on departmental business.
In 1966, Knott was appointed Deputy High Commissioner London. At the end of his term in November 1968, when he had been already appointed to head the Postmaster-General's Department starting the following month, Knott attended the UN World Space Conference in Vienna.
Between December 1968 and January 1972, Knott was Director-General of the Postmaster-General's Department.
In 1972, Knott was appointed to the board of Equity Trustees and Agency Co Ltd.

## Awards

* While Deputy Secretary of the Defence Production Department in January 1957, Knott was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. He was promoted to Commander of the Order in December 1960 whilst Secretary of the Department of Supply.
* Knott was appointed a Knight Bachelor in June 1971 for his public service. He was made a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1981.
# The Beggar's Daughter

The Beggar's Daughter (Italian: La figlia del mendicante) is a 1950 Italian historical melodrama film directed by Carlo Campogalliani and starring Paola Barbara, Franca Maj and Steve Barclay. It is based on a novel of the same name by Carolina Invernizio.

## Plot

1860. In a villa in Naples, a foreign lady was killed: a poor beggar without one arm, Paolo, was accused of the crime, although innocent, he was sentenced to twenty years. The poor man's daughter, Anna, has worked in vain in favor of her father: she has only obtained the moral support of Franco, the son of the judge who sentenced Paolo. Franco, who is the leader of a group of patriots, partisans of Garibaldi, investigates the murder on his behalf and is induced to suspect his brother-in-law Giorgio, chief of police and the ex-maid of the murdered woman, who now is at Giorgio's service.
Meanwhile Anna, threatened by her stepmother, who tries to market the girl, saves herself with the help of another patriot. Franco entrusts Anna with the management of a flower shop, which serves as a meeting place for her friends. On the eve of the Garibaldi's entry into Naples, Giorgio has Franco arrested, who is then freed by the patriots. When the insurrection broke out, the doors of the prisons opened. Giorgio is killed by the maid, the only witness to his crime, whom he had arrested. Happy Anna and Franco go to free Paolo.

## Cast

* Paola Barbara as Fanny, amante di Giorgio
* Franca Maj as Anna
* Steve Barclay as Franco
* Renato Valente as Giorgio
* Jole Fierro as Lelia
* Ave Ninchi as Marisa, la governante di Anna
* Domenico Serra
* Nico Pepe
* Amina Pirani Maggi
* Nino Marchesini
* Carlo Chiesini
* Franco Pesce
* Umberto Silvestri
* Alfredo Varelli
* Jody Desmond
* Ciro Berardi
* Gustavo Serena
* Piero Pastore
* Pina Gallini
* Franco Jamonte
* Attilio Torelli
* Mauro Serra
* Leopoldo Valentini
* Clara Auteri
# Energy descent

Energy descent is a process whereby a society either voluntarily or involuntarily reduces its total energy consumption.
Energy descent can be understood in relation to peak oil, in which case there is a theoretical post-peak-oil transitional phase characterized by a descending use of energy. The peak oil energy descent model has focused mainly on resource scarcity leading to an involuntary contraction of energy use.
The phrase "energy descent" has also become increasingly associated with the voluntary and deliberate choice of a society to reduce energy consumption in response to the global climate crisis. The basic premise of energy descent in this latter context is that a simple replacement of fossil fuels with renewable and cleaner energy sources will not be feasible in the time frame required by an effective response to the global climate crisis. That is, those who call for a voluntary energy descent doubt that clean and renewable energy sources can simply replace the total quantity of energy currently in use while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

## Summary

Energy descent refers to retraction of oil use after the peak oil availability or voluntary energy use reductions in response to the global climate crisis.
Planning and preparing for the peak oil energy descent period has been recently promoted by David Holmgren, Rob Hopkins of the Transition Towns movement, and Richard Heinberg in the 2004 book Power down. Many who have planned and prepared for peak oil now see the climate crisis as an equally important—or greater—near term concern as compared with energy resource scarcity brought about by peak oil.
That oil reserves are dwindling is now becoming acknowledged more widely, especially after the International Energy Agency released the 2008 World Energy Outlook report. Between 2007 and 2008 the IEA changed its figures for projected rate of decline in world energy supply from 3.7% a year (2007) to a projected rate of decline of 6.7% a year (2008) leading to a peak in oil supplies in 2020.
In 2008 several major companies including Arup, Yahoo, and Virgin created the UK Industry Taskforce on Peak Oil and Energy Security (ITPOES) and released a report, The Oil Crunch, which calls for 'collaborative contingency planning' by government and industry in the face of dwindling oil reserves.
An Energy Descent Action Plan (EDAP) is a local plan for planning and preparing for energy descent. It goes well beyond issues of energy supply, to look at across-the-board creative adaptations in the realms of health, education, economy and much more. Energy Descent Planning is a process developed by the Transition Towns Movement.

## Criticism

Some techno-optimists, such as Julian Simon, have disputed energy projections such as this, arguing that as oil becomes more expensive, humanity will tend to diversify its energy sources away from a reliance on oil, thus avoiding undesired global reductions in energy usage.
# 1847 Belgian general election

Partial general elections were held in Belgium on 8 June 1847. The result was a victory for the new Liberal Association, which had been formed the previous year. It won 33 seats to the Catholics' 21, as the latter were split into dogmatic and liberal groups. Only 1% of the country's population was eligible to vote.
Under the alternating system, Chamber elections were only held in four out of the nine provinces: East Flanders, Hainaut, Liège and Limburg. Thus, 54 of the 108 Chamber seats were up for election. The total number of Chamber seats increased from 98 to 108 following a reapportionment due to population increases.
While the liberals gained a majority in the Chamber, the Catholics retained theirs in the Senate. Following the election, the Catholic government led by Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt resigned. After a political crisis of two months, a liberal government was formed on 12 August 1847, headed by Charles Rogier. The liberals would go on to win the 1848 elections.

## Results
### Chamber of Representatives

Seats :
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Won | Total |
| | Liberal Association | 9,142 | 52.12 | 33 | 55 |
| | Catholics | 8,298 | 47.31 | 21 | 53 |
| | Others | 101 | 0.58 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 17,541 | 100.00 | 54 | 108 |
| Total votes | Total votes | 17,541 | – | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 22,572 | 77.71 | | |
| Source: Mackie & Rose ||||||

### Senate

| | Catholics | 32 | 0 |
| | Liberal Association | 20 | +7 |
| | Independents | 2 | –1 |
| Total | Total | 54 | +7 |
| Source: Sternberger et al. ||||