OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Berlin Decree

The Berlin Decree was issued in Berlin by Napoleon on November 21, 1806, after the French success against Prussia at the Battle of Jena, which led to the Fall of Berlin. The decree was issued in response to the British Order-in-Council of 16 May 1806 by which the Royal Navy instituted a blockade of all ports from Brest to the Elbe.
The decree proclaimed that "the British Isles are declared to be in a state of blockade" and forbade all correspondence or commerce with Great Britain. All British subjects found in the territory of France or its allies were to be arrested as prisoners of war and all British goods or merchandise seized. Any vessel found contravening the decree and landing in a continental port from a port of Britain or its colonies was to be treated as if it were British property and therefore liable to confiscation, along with all of its cargo.
The goal of the so-called Continental System was to force Britain's government to the peace table by starving its people of trade with Europe and thereby wrecking her economy. However, the blockade's effectiveness was difficult to enforce over so vast an area and was generally unpopular among French subjects and allies. Historian Paul Schroeder considers it to have proved an ineffective method of economic warfare.
The Continental System eventually led to economic ruin for France and its allies. Less damage was done to the economy of Britain, which had control of the Atlantic Ocean trade. Other European nations removed themselves from the Continental System, which led in part to the downfall of Napoleon.
The Milan Decree, for the same purpose, was issued the following year.
# Seoposengwe Party

The Seoposengwe Party was a political party in Namibia, representing the Tswana minority in rural eastern Namibia. The party emerged from the Tswana Alliance, a group participating at the Turnhalle Constitutional Conference in Windhoek between 1975 and 1977.
In 1980 the Tswana Alliance was renamed Seoposengwe Party, and joined the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance in the same year. Its only leader was Constance Kgosiemang, paramount chief of the Tswana. Deputy party president during this time was Gregory Tibinyane.
In February 1981 the Ipelegeng Democratic Party (IDP) split off under the leadership of Gates Mootseng. A further split in 1986 resulted in the formation of the Mmabatho People's Party, led by Michael Simana.
# Presstoff

Presstoff (also Preßstoff or Pressstoff) is the German-language term for a type of ersatz or artificial leather used during the first half of the 20th century. It is one of the oldest artificial leather.
It was made from specially layered paper pulp, which was then treated with a specific resin that would bind it together in layers.

## History

It was invented in the 19th-century Germany. It was widely used during the World War II because natural leather had to be strictly rationed.
In recent times, German consumers began favouring various leather replacements such as Presstoff that are more eco-friendly, as it breaks down easily when it becomes wet.
During the war in Poland, Presstoff was commonly known as 'preszpan'.
Presstoff is still produced today.

## Military uses during WWII

Presstoff was used in binoculars cases and straps, horse tack, bayonet frogs, equipment belts, cap visors etc. Presstoff was used in almost every application normally filled by leather, except items like footwear where repeated flex wear and moisture cause Presstoff to delaminate. The task of cleaning Presstoff was almost impossible as once it gets wet, it breaks down.

## Gallery

* Presstoff late-war holster issued to Volksgrenadier, delaminating from flex wear
* Presstoff MG42 Gunner's Kit with asbestos barrel mitt, and web strapping
* Mauser-made Walther P38 coded "byf 43" with mixed material leather and Presstoff holster made by Lederwarenfabrik Moll, coded cxb 4 (for 1944)
# Jujubinus fulgor

Jujubinus fulgor is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails. It occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off Angola.
The height of the shell attains 5 mm.
# Treaty of Fulda

The Treaty of Fulda was signed on November 2, 1813, at Fulda, Hesse, in Germany. It was signed by King Frederick I of Württemberg and Austrian foreign minister Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von Metternich after the Battle of Leipzig. Based on the terms of the treaty, Württemberg was no longer a member of the Confederation of the Rhine.
# Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America

The Solemn Act of Northern America's Declaration of Independence (Spanish: Acta Solemne de la Declaración de Independencia de la América Septentrional) is the first Mexican legal historical document which established the separation of Mexico from Spanish rule. It was signed on November 6, 1813, by the deputies of the Congress of Anáhuac, organized by General José María Morelos in the city of Oaxaca in June of that same year, and later installed in the city of Chilpancingo on September 13.
The document gathers some of the main political uprisings contained in "Feelings of the Nation" (Sentimientos de la Nación), a document of the speech Morelos gave to the representatives of the free provinces of southern New Spain on September 14.
This document indicated that given the circumstances in Europe, with the occupation of Spain by the Napoleonic army, made Spanish America recover its sovereignty from the Crown of Castile in 1808, when Ferdinand had been deposed, and therefore, any union between the overseas colonies and the Peninsula had been dissolved. That was a legal concept that was also invoked by the other declarations of independence in Spanish America, such as Venezuela (1811) and Argentina (1816), which were responding to the same events.
The resulting state would be a successor to the Viceroyalty of New Spain and would preserve all of its territory in North America (América Septentrional). The Solemn Act defined penalties for those people who contravene the insurgent war or for those who refused to give their financial support. The Act also recognized the Roman Catholic religion as the sole official religion of the nation.
It was signed by:
* Andrés Quintana Roo
* Ignacio López Rayón
* Carlos María Bustamante
* José Manuel de Herrera
* José Sixto Verduzco
* José María Liceaga
* Cornelio Ortiz de Zárate
# Hammana

Hammana (Arabic: حمانا) is a town in Lebanon, about 26 km (16 miles) east of Beirut. At an altitude of 1200 m (about 4000 ft) above sea level, Hammana is in the Mount Lebanon Governorate in the district (or Caza) of Baabda. Hammana is bordered by the towns of Falougha, Shbaniye, Khraybe, Bmariam, Khalwet and Mdeirej.

## Etymology

The word "Hammana" may have come from the name of the Phoenecian sun god "Hammon", or "Hamman". Both names are derived from the word "Hama", which means heat of the sun.
Hamonah is mentioned in the Book of the Prophet Ezekiel, a city of memorial unto the triumph of the Lord GOD over his people's adversaries.

## History

The 19th-century French poet, novelist and statesman Alphonse de Lamartine visited Lebanon and spent some time in Hammana. He described the town and its surrounding lush valley in his Voyages en Orient (1835) as "one of the most beautiful prospects ever presented to the human eye to scan in the works of God".
Hammana has a rich diversity of religious communities consisting of Maronites, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholics, Muslims and Druze. It is a popular summer resort destination for many Lebanese and non-Lebanese tourists.

## Facilities

The village has multiple water sources like the Shaghour fall, Ain-al-Hosa spring, Al-Kadaneh spring, Ain Soltan spring, Ain Maytri spring and many more. Evergreen trees such as pines, firs, spruce as well as some cedar trees are found everywhere in the town. Hammana is known regionally for its cherries, apples and fasolia beans (lubieh hammanieh). The Sohat spring water bottling plant (now owned by Nestlé) is located nearby in Falougha.

## Ecotourism

On 25 November 2011, Municipality of Hammana and Barcelona/Cercs Bergueda signed the agreement of the second phase for the Ecotourism Project.
* Around 25 residents of Hammana signed on to be part of the project, and received training to be able to run different activities for the project.
* Around 5 households in Hammana signed on to have their homes serve as guest houses to receive and host visitors for the project.
The official ecotourism launching and certificates distribution ceremony was held at the municipality public garden on Saturday July 9, 2011.

## Events and festivals

Hammana is known for its cherries, and every year the municipality holds a cherry festival, between end of May and June.
This event is usually 2 to 3 days. Families visit Hammana to enjoy the activities for both adults and for children, which include cherry picking, games and small excursions around the village. Of course, local cherries and homemade goods are sold at this event. Some people even create recipes with cherries, like kebab cherry, cherry cheesecake, and some delicious cherry jam and butter crepes.
# Neviusia cliftonii

Neviusia cliftonii is a rare species of shrub in the rose family which is known by the common name Shasta snow-wreath. It is endemic to Shasta County, California, where it is known from about 25 occurrences in the mountains around Lake Shasta.
The shrub was not known to science until 1992, when it was discovered east of Redding, California and described as a new species in Neviusia, previously a monotypic genus.

## Description

Neviusia cliftonii is an erect deciduous shrub reaching 2.5 meters (8 ft) in maximum height. The alternately arranged leaves are oval or heart-shaped and lined with toothed lobes. The leaf blades reach 6.5 centimeters (2+1⁄2 in) long and are borne on short petioles. The inflorescence is an umbel-like cluster of 3 to 5 flowers. The flower is a ball of about 50 long, whiskery white stamens each about 0.5 cm (1⁄4 in) long. There is rarely a single white petal base to the stamens, although the petals are often absent. The fruit type is a soft-bodied achene a few millimeters long; anatomically the fruit is an achenetum.

### Similar species

When not in flower, the plant resembles common shrubs such as oceanspray and ninebark, possibly why it went unrecognized for so long.
# Progressive Youth Organization

Progressive Youth Organization (Afghanistan) was an anti-revisionist Marxist–Leninist organization in Afghanistan. The organization emerged from the New Democratic Current (Jerian-e Demokratik-e Navin), a leftist movement that had been established by Abdulrahim Mahmudi, Abdulhadi Mahmudi, Akram Yari and Seddiq Yari. The New Democratic Current founded the PYO in October 1965. The group brought out the publication Shalleh-ye Javid ('Eternal Flame'), and its followers were generally known as sholayes. PYO never made its existence or name known to the public. PYO was dissolved in 1972.
# PathVisio

PathVisio is a free open-source pathway analysis and drawing software. It allows drawing, editing, and analyzing biological pathways. Visualization of ones experimental data on the pathways for finding relevant pathways that are over-represented in your data set is possible.
PathVisio provides a basic set of features for pathway drawing, analysis and visualization. Additional features are available as plugins.

## History

PathVisio was created primarily at Maastricht University and Gladstone Institutes. The software is developed in Java and it's also used as part of the WikiPathways framework as an applet. Starting from version 3.0 (released in 2012) plugins are OSGi compliant and a plugin directory, describing them, was developed. In 2015 version 3.2 was released. This was the first signed version with a certificate issued by a certification authority. Many of the running issues introduced by java 1.7 and 1.8 with the new security rules were solved. Since 2013 a javascript version (PVJS) is being developed to replace the applet. From 2015 it also allows small edits and in the future it will be a full editor.

## Features

* Pathway drawing and annotation
* Pathway analysis
* Integration with WikiPathways for easy editing/publishing
* Integration with Cytoscape
* Integration with other programming languages via PathVisioRPC
# Episcopal Diocese of North Dakota

The Episcopal Diocese of North Dakota is the diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America with jurisdiction over the state of North Dakota plus Clay County, Minnesota. It has 19 congregations in North Dakota and one in Moorhead, Minnesota. It is in Province VI and its cathedral, Gethsemane Episcopal Cathedral, is in Fargo, as are the diocesan offices.
The most recent diocesan bishop, Michael G. Smith, retired on May 1, 2019, and was subsequently named an assisting bishop in the Diocese of Dallas. He is an enrolled member of the Potawatomi Nation of Oklahoma and is a graduate of Seabury-Western Theological Seminary.
In August 2019, Keith Whitmore, a retired Bishop of Eau Claire, was named assisting bishop in North Dakota. In February 2021, Thomas C. Ely, a retired Bishop of Vermont, was elected bishop provisional.

## List of bishops

The bishops of the diocese have been:
* William D. Walker, 1883–1896
* Samuel Cook Edsall, 1899–1901
* Cameron D. Mann, 1902–1913
* John Poyntz Tyler, 1914–1931
* Frederick B. Bartlett, 1931–1935
* Douglass H. Atwill, 1937–1951
* Richard R. Emery, 1951–1964
* George T. Masuda, 1965–1979
* Harold A. Hopkins Jr., 1980–1988
* Andrew H. Fairfield, 1989–2003
* Michael G. Smith, 2004–2019
* Thomas C. Ely, Provisional Bishop, 2021-2024
* Brian J. Thom, Provisional Bishop, 2024-
* Keith Whitmore, Assisting Bishop, 2019-

## Congregations

All Saint's, Minot All Saint's, Valley City Church of the Advent, Devils Lake Church of the Cross, Selfridge Church of the Good Shepherd, Lakota Gethsemane Cathedral, Fargo Grace Church, Jamestown St. Gabriel's Camp, Solen St. George's Episcopal Memorial Church, Bismarck St. James’, Cannon Ball St. John the Divine Episcopal Church (Moorhead, Minnesota) St. John's, Dickinson St. Luke's, Fort Yates Sts. Mary and Mark, Oakes St. Michaels and All Angel's, Cartwright St. Paul's, Grand Forks St. Paul's, White Shield St. Peter's, Walhalla St. Peter's, Williston St. Stephen's, Fargo St. Sylvan's, Dunseith St. Thomas, Fort Totten
# Colonial amnesia

Colonial amnesia (also known as postcolonial amnesia or imperialist amnesia) is a concept in postcolonial studies describing the phenomenon of forgetting colonial history or remembering it in certain ways that erase the history of the colonized. Colonial amnesia may also manifest by romanticizing the colonial past or feeling nostalgia for it.

## Examples
### Germany

According to anti-colonial activists, the German colonial past was long erased within Germany. However, Germany has begun to address aspects of its colonial legacy in Namibia, Cameroon, Togo, Rwanda and Burundi. The anti-colonial German historian Paul Grosse has claimed that the enormity of the German reckoning with the Holocaust had once "overshadowed" the colonial atrocities in German colonies, but that Germans were increasingly aware of German colonial history.

### Nordic countries

Critics of the history of Nordic colonialism have highlighted what they view as the colonial amnesia of Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, and Finnish people. According to the Danish sociologist Mette Evelyn Bjerre, "colonial amnesia is strong in the Nordic countries" and many Nordic people believe they were "mere bystanders to European colonialism and slavery and therefore do not have a racialized view of the world." Bjerre describes this notion as a fallacy.

### United States

Dean Itsuji Saranillio, a Filipino-American academic from Hawaii, has criticized the colonial amnesia of the "Filipino settler" community in relation to Native Hawaiians.

### Palestine and Israel

The Israeli Arab-Jewish writer Ariella Azoulay has characterized the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement as part of the Palestinian struggle against the "structural colonial amnesia" of the Israeli state and the Zionist movement.
# A Shameful Act

A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility (Turkish: İnsan Hakları ve Ermeni Sorunu, İttihat ve Terakki'den Kurtuluş Savaşı'na) is a 1999 book by Taner Akçam about Armenian genocide denial, originally published in Turkish. Paul Bessemer translated content from the original Turkish for the 2006 English translation, and Zoryan Institute members Julie Gilmour and George Shirinian revised the raw translation.
Akçam states in the book that the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) orchestrated the genocide out of fear of losing additional territory during World War I. Gary J. Bass wrote in The New York Times that the "dense, measured, and footnote-heavy book poses a stern challenge to modern Turkish polemicists". Kirkus Reviews stated that the author "is unsparing in his evidence, including proof that Turkish officials who refused to obey murderous orders were themselves murdered."
It received the 2007 Minnesota Book Award for General Nonfiction.
Kirkus Reviews concluded that the book is "of profound importance to history—and certain to stir up nests of hornets."
The book's title refers to a statement by Mustafa Kemal in which he called the deportation of Armenians a "shameful act". Historian Fatma Ulgen writes that the book "remains strangely silent about Kemal's role in the consolidation of Turkish denial within official Turkish history" and that Akçam's suggestion that Kemal's views of the genocide could serve to foster recognition "rests on a very selective and ahistorical reading of Kemal's texts."

## Editions

* Akçam, Taner. İnsan Hakları ve Ermeni Sorunu, İttihat ve Terakki'den Kurtuluş Savaşı'na ("Human Rights and the Armenian Question, from the [Committee of] Union and Progress to Liberation War"), Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 1999.
# Battle of Apa River

vteParaguayan War :
Mato Grosso campaign
Marquês de Olinda
1st Corumbá
Fort Novo de Coimbra
Feio River
Dourados
Anhambaí
Coxim
Laguna
Apa River
2nd Corumbá
Alegre
Corrientes campaign
Corrientes
San Lorenzo River
Rio Grande do Sul
São Borja
Butuí
Uruguaiana
Riachuelo
Paso de Mercedes
Paso de Cuevas
Yatay
Pehuajó
Jaguarí
Humaitá campaign
Purutué Bank
Paso de Patria
Laguna Sirena
Itapirú
Estero Bellaco
Paso Cidra
1st Tuyutí
Yataytí Corá
Boquerón
Sauce
Palmar
Curuzú
Curupayty
Arroyo Hondo
Hacienda Laguna
Tuyú Cué
1st Passage of Curupayty
Pilar
Ombú
Estero Rojas
Perecué
Tatayibá
Potrero Obella
Humaitá
Passage
2nd Tuyutí
Paso Ipohy
2nd Passage of Curupayty
Laguna Cierva
Cabral and Lima Barros
1st Iasuií
2nd Iasuií
Poí Island
Barroso and Rio Grande
Acayuazá
Fortín Island
Pikysyry campaign
Yacaré
Paso de Tebicuarí
Surubí
Pikysyry
Dezembrada
Ytororó
Avay
Lomas Valentinas
Angostura
San Fernando
Asunción
Cordilleras campaign
Manduvirá River
Concepción
Ybytimí
Tupí-hú
Sapukái
Diarte
Piribebuy
Acosta Ñu
Piribebuy River
Hondo River
Itapytangua
Tacuaty
Curuguaty
Hucuratí
Loma Rugua
Caguijuru–Caraguataí
Iguatemi
Río Verde
Cambaceguá
Lomaruguá
Cerro Corá
Miranda :
The Combat of the Apa River was a military confrontation on May 12 1867 between Brazilian and Paraguayan forces on a farm near the José Carlos stream, on the right bank of the Apa River, in the province of Mato Grosso do Sul, on the border between the belligerents.
During the Paraguayan occupation of the province, the invaders had dominated a farm in the region, later renamed Fazenda Marechal López, where the ultimate combat took place. There, Paraguayans began to develop gardens and raise cattle. The Brazilian forces of the 17th Battalion of Volunteers of the Fatherland, who would later be part of the campaign called Withdrawal from the Lagoon, approached the farm and started the confrontation, on May 12, 1867. The Paraguayans tried to disable the farm, setting the fields on fire, harassing the cattle, then fleeing.
# Milica Mandić

Milica Mandić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милица Мандић, born 6 December 1991) is a Serbian taekwondo athlete. She is a two-time Olympic champion in the +67 kg category, as well as World champion in the same category.

## Career

Mandić won a bronze medal in the middleweight category (under 73 kg) at the 2011 World Taekwondo Championships and a silver medal at the 2012 European Taekwondo Championships. At the 2012 Summer Olympics she beat Anne-Caroline Graffe of France in a 9–7 win, becoming the first gold medalist for independent Serbia.
At the 2016 Summer Olympics she was eliminated in quarterfinals by British Bianca Walkden. At 2017 World Taekwondo Championships she won gold medal, beating South Korean Oh Hye-ri. In April 2020, she announced that she would retire after the 2020 Summer Olympics. At the 2020 Summer Olympics, which were held one year later due to COVID-19 pandemic, she won her second gold medal (first for Serbia in Tokyo 2020) against South Korean Lee Da-bin.

## Hall of Fame

Mandić and her trainer Dragan Jović were inducted in the Taekwondo Hall of Fame at the 2013 Ceremony in Las Vegas. She was selected because of her great contribution to the sport in Serbia. Her results, including the gold medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London was the highest result in the region.

## Personal life

She is a big fan of KK Partizan.
# James C. Dever III

James Columcille Dever III (born May 25, 1962) is an American attorney and jurist serving as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina.

## Early life and education

Born in Lake Charles, Louisiana, Dever received a Bachelor of Business Administration with high honors from the University of Notre Dame in 1984 and a Juris Doctor with high honors from Duke University School of Law in 1987.

## Career

Dever was a law clerk to Judge J. Clifford Wallace of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit from 1987 to 1988. He served in the United States Air Force as a member of the General Counsel Honors Program from 1988 to 1992. He continued to serve in the United States Air Force Reserves 1992 to 2000. He was in private practice in North Carolina from 1992 to 2004. Dever has also served as an adjunct professor at the Norman Adrian Wiggins School of Law, Campbell University since 1997. He is currently a Senior Lecturing Fellow at Duke University School of Law, a position he has held since 2008. In 2014, Chief Justice John Roberts appointed Judge Dever to serve on the Advisory Committee on Criminal Rules, where he served until 2021. In 2022, Chief Justice Roberts appointed Dever as Chair of the Advisory Committee on Criminal Rules.

### Federal judicial service

On May 22, 2002, and January 7, 2003, President George W. Bush nominated Dever to serve on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, but he never received a Senate vote. Dever served as a United States magistrate judge for the Eastern District of North Carolina from 2004 to 2005. On February 14, 2005, Dever was nominated by President George W. Bush to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina vacated by William Earl Britt. Dever was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 28, 2005, and received his commission on May 2, 2005.
In 2006, Dever accepted the guilty plea of Michael P. Decker, a member of the state senate who had accepted a bribe to switch parties. In 2007, Dever sentenced North Carolina lottery commissioner Kevin Geddings to four years in prison for concealing his relationship with a lottery vendor.
In 2020, Dever heard arguments from a group of pastors who challenged Governor Roy Cooper on his authority to restrict religious activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. On May 16, 2020, Dever issued a 14-day temporary restraining order allowing indoor religious services. He said, "There is no pandemic exception to the Constitution of the United States or the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment."
Dever served as Chief Judge from October 8, 2011, to October 8, 2018.