OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Maskelynes language

Maskelynes (/ˈmæskəlɪns/), or Kuliviu (Uliveo), is an Oceanic language spoken on the Maskelyne Islands off south Malekula, Vanuatu.

## Phonology
### Consonants

| | | Labial | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal |
| | | plain | labiovelarized | Coronal | Dorsal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | mʷ | n | ŋ |
| Plosive | unvoiced | p | pʷ | t̪ | k |
| Plosive | voiced | ᵐb | ᵐbʷ | ⁿd̪ | ᵑg |
| Fricative | Fricative | β | βʷ | s | x~ɣ~ʀ |
| Approximant | Approximant | | w | l | j |
| Rhotic | Rhotic | | | r~ɾ | |
* /ᵐb, ⁿd, ᵑg/ are in free variation as unreleased [ᵐb̚, ⁿd̚, ᵑg̚] or unvoiced [p, t, k] word-finally or before a consonant
** /ᵑg/ is also in free variation as nasal [ŋ] word-finally, especially among young speakers
* /ᵑg/ is realized as a voiceless [k] among some speakers, especially young
* /p, pʷ, t/ are unreleased [p̚, p̚, t̚] word-finally or before a consonant (though /p/ has never been recorded before a consonant)
* /mʷ, pʷ, ᵐbʷ, βʷ/ lose their labialization word-finally when not followed by a vowel and before /o, u/
** /ᵐbʷ/ is in free variation as trilled [ᵐʙ] (tapped [ᵐⱱ̟] in Peskarus) before /u/ and sometimes before /ə/
* /βʷ/ is [β] before voiced consonants
* /β, βʷ/ are [ɸ] before voiceless consonants and word-finally
* /β/ is in free variation with [ɸ] for some speakers
* /w, j/ are vocalic [u, i] when in nucleus following /e, a, o/

### Vowels

| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i | | u (u̥) |
| Mid | ɛ | ə | o |
| Open | | | ɑ |
* /i/ is near-close [ɪ] between front consonants
* /ɛ/ is close-mid [e] word-finally
* /ə/ is [ɵ] after labiovelarized consonants or before /xu̥/
* /əj, əw/ are realised as single morphemes, [i, u]
* /u/ is realised as front [y] between front consonants, and near-close [ʊ] when proceeded or preceded by back consonants
* /o/ is front [ø] between front consonants

#### Voiceless vowel

A voiceless [u̥] occurs at the ends of words. It is uncertain if it is an allophone of /u/ or a separate phoneme

### Phonotactics

Possible syllable structures in Maskelynes: (C/S)V(S)(C)

## Orthography

Maskelynes alphabet :
| Letter | a | b | b̃ | d | e | ǝ | g | h | i | k | l | m | m̃ | n | ŋ | o | p | p̃ | r | s | t | u | w | v | ṽ | w/u | y/i |
| IPA | ɑ | ᵐb | ᵐbʷ | ⁿd̪ | ɛ | ə | ᵑɡ | x | i | k | l | m | mʷ | n | ŋ | o | p | pʷ | r | s | t̪ | u | u̥ | β | βʷ | w | j |

## Grammar
### Verbs

The verbs of Maskelynes are agglutinative, mostly being modified by prefixes, though the stem of a verb can stand on its own. These prefixes encode for, in order of appearance in verb: 1. tense-aspect-modes; 2. subject, person and number; 3. various modes, including realis and irrealis; 4. two tense-modes; 5. reduplication. The object of a sentence is encoded by a suffix.
Examples of verbal agglutination:
sa-g-e-mun-i
PROH-2SG.SUBJ-IRR-drink-3SG.OBJ
sa-g-e-mun-i
PROH-2SG.SUBJ-IRR-drink-3SG.OBJ
Don't you drink it.
go-to-madha-mun-mun-i
2SG.SUBJ-REL-IMM.PST-ITER~drink-3SG.OBJ
go-to-madha-mun-mun-i
2SG.SUBJ-REL-IMM.PST-ITER~drink-3SG.OBJ
You who just now kept drinking it

#### Reduplication

Reduplication in Maskelynes has various usages, and can encode for e.g. plurality, habituality, iterative aspect, etc.
# Bavan-e Sofla

Bavan-e Sofla (Persian: بوان سفلي, also Romanized as Bavān-e Soflá; (also known as Bavān-e Pā‘īn, Bovān Pā‘īn, Bovan Pa`in and Bovān Pā‘īn) is a village in Bakesh-e Yek Rural District, in the Central District of Mamasani County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 86, in 20 families.
# Red (Treble Charger song)

"Red" is a song by Canadian rock band Treble Charger. The song was originally released on their 1994 album, nc17, and was released as a single. The song was nominated for "Favourite New Song" at the 1995 CASBY Awards. In 1996, the song placed at number eight on the greatest Canadian songs of all time poll by music magazine Chart. In 1997, the song was re-recorded and re-released as the third and final single from their album Maybe It's Me.

## Commercial performance

The song received heavy play on university and college radio and on Much Music.
The re-recorded single debuted at No. 25 on the Canadian RPM Alternative 30 on 1 December 1997. The single was on the chart for six weeks, reaching its highest rank of No. 20 for the week of 15 December 1997.
The re-recorded version of "Red" also received significant airplay in the United States, peaking at No. 47 on the Radio & Records Rock chart in 1998.

## Charts

| Chart (1997-1998) | Peak position |
| Canada Alternative (RPM) | 20 |
| US Rock (Radio & Records) | 47 |
# Epirrhoe tristata

Epirrhoe tristata, the small argent and sable, is a moth of the genus Epirrhoe in the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.

## Distribution

The species can be found in the Palearctic realm, in western Europe from Scandinavia in the north to just south of the Alps, then east to the Caucasus, Russia, Russian Far East, and Siberia.

## Description

The wingspan is 24–26 mm. The forewing ground colour is white. There is a light brown central band with white edge lines. The outer margins of all wings are black with a small faint line.

## Biology

The moth flies from May to July. The larva feeds on Galium species. It hibernates as pupa in a cocoon on the ground.
Upland habitats include moorland, limestone grassland, woodland and hedgerows. Lowland habitats include steppe, heaths and mosses.
# Han Ji-wan

Han Ji-wan (Korean: 한지완; born August 14, 1987) is a South Korean actress. She is known for her drama roles in Rugal, Search: WWW and I Do, I Do.

## Early life

She was born on August 14, 1987, in Sangam-dong, Mapo District, Seoul, South Korea. She attended Chung-Ang University to study acting and theater. After completing her studies, she signed with Gtree Creative Agency and made her acting debut in 2010 in the movie The Most Beautiful Picnic in The World.

## Career

She has appeared in numerous television dramas, including I Do, I Do, Search: WWW and My Unfamiliar Family. She was praised for her role as villainess heiress in drama Rugal as Choi Ye-won. The very same she also appeared in drama Lonely Enough to Love as Choi Kyung-won starring with Kim So-eun, Park Geon-il and Ji Hyun-woo. Recently, she played another villainess heiress in Games of Witches as the arrogant fake Joo Se Young.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Ref. |
| 2010 | The Most Beautiful Picnic in The World | Park-soo | |

### Television series

| Year | Title | Role |
| 2011 | Cool Guys, Hot Ramen | Joo Ya-soo |
| 2012 | I Do, I Do | Yoo Da-in |
| 2013 | Drama Festival 2013: "Swine Escape" | Wol-hyang |
| 2015 | The Jingbirok: A Memoir of Imjin War | Han Seol-hee |
| 2017 | Smashing on Your Back | Lee Ja-young |
| 2018 | Quiz of God 5: Reboot | Hong Na-yeo |
| 2019 | Search: WWW | Jung Da-in |
| 2020 | Rugal | Choi Ye-won |
| 2020 | My Unfamiliar Family | Hye-soo |
| 2020 | Love is Annoying, but I Hate Being Lonely! | Choi Kyung-won |
| 2021 | Revolutionary Sisters | Min Deul-re |
| 2021 | Chimera | Ryu Sung-hee |
| 2022 | Three Bold Siblings | The person who threw an egg at Tae-joo |
| 2022 | The Witch's Game | Joo Se-yeong |
| 2023 | Brain Works | Han Yeon-hee |
| 2023 | The Elegant Empire | Seo Hee-jae |

## Awards and nominations

Name of the award ceremony, year presented, category, nominee of the award, and the result of the nomination :
| Award ceremony | Year | Category | Nominee / Work | Result | Ref. |
| KBS Drama Awards | 2023 | Excellence Award, Actress in a Daily Drama | Elegant Empire | Nominated | |
# Badaga cinema

Badaga Cinema is the term used to refer to the Badaga language film industry based in Udagamandalam in Tamil Nadu, India. Since the production of the first Badaga film in the mid-1970s, a total of four Badaga films have been made.

## Films

* Kaalaa Thaappita Payilu (1979)
* Hosa Mungaru (2006)
It is the first colour film in Baduga language. The film was directed by Vetri, and edited by King David. It was released in 2006.
* Gavava Thedi (2009)
* Cinnatha Boomi (2010)
* Olluna Atta (2019)
# More Sad Hits

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Pitchfork Media | 7.0/10 |
| Q | |
More Sad Hits is the debut studio album by Damon & Naomi, released in 1992 by Shimmy Disc.

## History

In 1991, drummer Damon Krukowski and bassist Naomi Yang had just completed a tour of the US with their band Galaxie 500 supporting Cocteau Twins, when Galaxie 500 guitarist/vocalist Dean Wareham quit the band, forcing the cancellation of an imminent Japanese tour. Krukowski and Yang had recorded three tracks before the split, and these were released as a 12" single under the name Pierre Étoile by Rough Trade in the UK in July 1991. The duo then spent time working on their book publishing company Exact Change with no plans to return to recording, until producer Mark Kramer urged them back into the studio, resulting in the album, More Sad Hits. Kramer, who also played on the album, released it on his Shimmy Disc label in 1992, attributed too the duo Damon & Naomi.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Damon Krukowski and Naomi Yang, except "Memories" by Hugh Hopper and "This Changing World" by Jean-Claude Olivier

## Personnel

Adapted from More Sad Hits liner notes.

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| United States | 1992 | Shimmy Disc | CD, CS, LP | shimmy 058 |
| United States | 1997 | Sub Pop | CD | SPCD 385 |
| United States | 1998 | Rykodisc | CD | RCD 10439 |
| United States | 2008 | 20|20|20 | CD, LP | 202020.06 |
# Meet Wally Sparks

Meet Wally Sparks is a 1997 American comedy film directed by Peter Baldwin, written by Harry Basil and Rodney Dangerfield. It stars Dangerfield in the title role, with Debi Mazar, Michael Weatherly, Cindy Williams, Alan Rachins, Burt Reynolds and David Ogden Stiers costarring.

## Plot

Wally Sparks is the host of a sleazy tabloid-style TV talk show who makes Jerry Springer seem gentle by comparison. His show has become so foul that he has alienated his not-especially-discriminating viewers, and his ratings are taking a nosedive.
Lenny Spencer, head of the network carrying his show, gives Wally an ultimatum—he has a week to clean up the content and boost his ratings, or his show gets cancelled.
Wally's producer, Sandy Gallo, comes up with an idea—Floyd Preston is the governor of Georgia and a staunch conservative known for his attacks on the lowbrow content of Wally's show, so what better way to demonstrate that Wally is trying to change his ways than to have Preston on the show as a guest?
In order to persuade Preston to appear, Wally accepts an invitation to a reception at the Governor's Mansion, later learning that the Governor's young son is the fan who sent him the invitation. Wally makes the mistake of participating in a drunken game of strip poker with Preston's wife, Emily, while somehow involving himself in a plot to blackmail the Governor. Further complications ensue when Wally's son, Dean, begins a romantic relationship with the Governor's daughter.

## Cast
### Main cast

* Rodney Dangerfield as Wally Sparks
* Debi Mazar as Sandy Gallo
* Cindy Williams as Emily Preston
* Alan Rachins as Judge Randal Williams
* Michael Weatherly as Dean Sparks
* Lisa Thornhill as Priscilla Preston
* Mark L. Taylor as Harvey Bishop
* Eamonn Roche as Alan Miller
* Lenny Clarke as Joey
* Cindy Ambuehl as Lola Larue
* Glenn Walker Harris, Jr. as Robby Preston
* Burt Reynolds as Mr. Lenny Spencer
* David Ogden Stiers as Governor Floyd Preston

### Acting cameos

* Tony Danza as Taxi Driver
* Lesley-Anne Down as Hooker nurse
* Karen Duffy as a Reporter
* Gilbert Gottfried as Mr. Harry Karp
* Sandy Helberg as Commercial director
* Carmen Filpi as Bum
* Ron Jeremy as Porn Actor
* ”Stuttering” John Melendez as a Reporter
* Sir Mix-a-Lot as Rapper announcer
* Barry Nolan as a Reporter
* Bob Saget as a Reporter
* Julia Sweeney as Mrs. Martha Karp
* George Wallace as Bartender

### Cameos as themselves

* Richard Bey
* Morton Downey, Jr.
* George Hamilton
* John Henson
* Jay Leno
* Sally Jessy Raphael
* Geraldo Rivera
* Jerry Springer
* Alana Stewart
* Rolonda Watts
* Tim Allen
* Michael Bolton
* Gabrielle Carteris
* Roseanne

## Release
### Box office

Meet Wally Sparks opened in 1,552 venues on January 31, 1997 and ranked number 13 in the domestic box office in its opening weekend, earning $2,131,001. At the end of its run, the film grossed $4,073,582.

### Critical reception

The film received largely negative reviews from critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that only 13% from 16 reviews gave the film a positive review.
# Brian R. Seage

Brian Richard Seage is the tenth, now resigned, bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Mississippi. He was consecrated on September 27, 2014.

## Biography

Brian R. Seage was elected on May 3, 2014, at St. Andrew's Cathedral in Jackson on the fifth ballot. He was consecrated as bishop coadjutor on September 27, 2014, and then succeeded Duncan M. Gray III, as the tenth bishop diocesan when Gray retired in February 2015.
Seage was elected as bishop coadjutor during his tenure as rector at St. Columb's in Ridgeland, Mississippi, where he served since 2005. He was also the dean of the Central Convocation of the Diocese of Mississippi where he helped co-ordinate and enable the ministry of Episcopal clergy in central Mississippi.
He holds an undergraduate degree from Pepperdine University and a master's of divinity from the Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest. He has been a priest since 1998.
From 1997 to 1998, Seage served as curate at St. John's, Ocean Springs, and then as rector of St. Thomas Episcopal Church in Diamondhead from 1998 to 2005, growing both attendance and programming in the parish. A successful building program was completed and average Sunday attendance doubled during his ministry at St. Thomas.
Seage was called to St. Columb's in Ridgeland in 2005. St. Columb's attendance and programming grew under his leadership and a large building project was completed.
Before entering the priesthood, Seage served as director of youth ministry for St. Patrick's Episcopal Church in his native Thousand Oaks, California. In this large, program-size church he managed a team of volunteers to support both the junior high and senior high youth groups, assisted with chapel at St. Patrick's Day School, and coordinated the congregation's Habitat for Humanity program.
In the Diocese of Mississippi, Seage served as a Fresh Start facilitator and was on the diocese's executive committee from 2006 through 2009. He was also a member of the diocesan Restructure Task Force.
Seage was a summer camp session director at Camp Bratton-Green from 2006 until 2019. He also served on the Gray Center Board of Managers. While at St. Thomas, he served on the board of trustees for Coast Episcopal School.
Brian is married to Kyle Dice Seage, former rector at St. Philip's in Jackson, MS and current rector at St. Stephen's in Belvedere, California. They are parents to two adult daughters, Katie and Betsy.
Seage publicly announced his plans to resign his position on October 27, 2022. Seage joined his wife in California after the ordination and consecration of the Rt. Rev. Dorothy Sanders Wells, as the eleventh bishop diocesan on July 20, 2024. On November 21, 2024 it was announced that Bishop Seage would join the Episcopal Diocese of Texas as the Assisting Bishop of the North Region, headquartered in Fort Worth.
# Pramila Joshai

Pramila Joshai is an Indian actress in the Kannada film industry. Some of the films of Pramila Joshai as an actor include Saheba (2017), Thayi (2008), Apthamitra (2004). She was credited as Parimalam in her second Tamil film Vaidehi Kathirunthal (1984) which became a blockbuster hit and has attained cult status over the years.

## Awards

| Year | Award | Film | Credits | Category | Result |
| 2005 | National Film Awards | Thaayi | Producer, Actress | Best Feature Film in Kannada and Best Lyrics | Won |
| 2005-06 | Karnataka State Film Awards | Thaayi | Producer, Actress | Special Film of Social Concern | Won |
| 1980-81 | Karnataka State Film Awards | Sangeetha | Actress | Best Supporting Actress | Won |

## Career

Pramila Joshai has been part of more than 120 movies in Kannada.

## Selected filmography
### Kannada

* Thayigintha Devarilla (1977)
* Thappida Thala (1978)
* Vijay Vikram (1979)
* Preethi Madu Thamashe Nodu (1979)...Maayi
* Haddina Kannu (1980)...Chenni
* Bangarada Jinke (1980)...Komali
* Mutthaide Bhagya (1983)
* Thaliya Bhagya (1984)...Sharada
* Lakshmi Kataksha (1985)...Seetalakshmi
* Shubha Milana (1987)
* Avane Nanna Ganda (1989)...Vyjayanthimala
* Prathama Ushakirana (1990)...Seeta
* Chirabandhavya (1993)
* Kotreshi Kanasu (1994)
* Bhairava (1994)
* Annavra Makkalu (1996)
* Hagalu Vesha (2000)
* Engalukkum Kaalam Varum (2001)...Baagiyam
* Apthamitra (2004)...Rukmini
* Chamkaisi Chindi Udaysi (2009)
* Bahuparak (2017)

### Tamil

* Thappu Thalangal (1978)
* Vaidehi Kathirunthal (1984) (credited as Parimalam)...Vaidehi

## Personal life

Pramila Joshai is married to Sundar Raj, and they have a daughter named Meghana Raj. Both Sundar Raj and Meghana Raj are Indian film actors in the Kannada film industry, while Meghana has worked in Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada and Tamil films.
Pramila Joshai is a Catholic.
# NGC 6193

NGC 6193 (also known as Caldwell 82) is open cluster containing 27 stars in the constellation Ara, visible to the unaided eye. NGC 6193 lies at the center of the Ara OB1 association, which extends over a square degree. The cluster is associated with (and provides the energizing radiation for) neighboring regions of the nebulosity NGC 6188.

## Cluster members

NGC 6193 is dominated by two O class multiple star systems within 10" of each other at the centre of the cluster, and a probable binary B0 giant. There are at least 20 other early B stars in the cluster, of 9th and 10th magnitude.
| # | Name | Right ascension | Declination | m$_V$ | Spectral type | Comment |
| 56 | HD 150136 | 16$^h$ 41$^m$ 20.4149$^s$ | −48° 45′ 46.644″ | 5.62 | O3−3.5 V + O5.5−6 V + O6.5−7 V | Triple system |
| 55 | HD 150135 | 16$^h$ 41$^m$ 19.4537$^s$ | −48° 45′ 47.585″ | 6.89 | O6.5V((f))z | Binary |
| 45 | HD 150041 | 16$^h$ 40$^m$ 44.5820$^s$ | −48° 45′ 22.214″ | 7.06 | B0III | Variable |
| 37 | HD 149834 | 16$^h$ 39$^m$ 30.6704$^s$ | −48° 51′ 02.511″ | 9.17 | B2V | Binary? |
| 59 | CD-48 11080 | 16$^h$ 41$^m$ 36.3084$^s$ | −48° 47′ 14.904″ | 10.32 | B4V | |
| | CD-48 11077 | 16$^h$ 41$^m$ 34.91$^s$ | −48° 46′ 24.2″ | 10.42 | B2.5V | |
| 58 | CD-48 11075 | 16$^h$ 41$^m$ 33.21$^s$ | −48° 45′ 06.6″ | 10.05 | B2.5V | |
| 54 | CD-48 11071 | 16$^h$ 41$^m$ 25.8569$^s$ | −48° 45′ 14.265″ | 8.45 | B1V | Binary |
| 53 | CD-48 11069 | 16$^h$ 41$^m$ 22.10$^s$ | −48° 44′ 57″ | 9.55 | B1V | |
| 40 | CD-48 11039 | 16$^h$ 40$^m$ 00.752$^s$ | −48° 47′ 02.41″ | 11.02 | B3V | |
| 42 | CD-48 11046 | 16$^h$ 40$^m$ 20.94$^s$ | −48° 54′ 56.2″ | 10.91 | B2.5V | |
| 43 | CD-48 11051 | 16$^h$ 40$^m$ 33.8837$^s$ | −48° 53′ 16.19″ | 10.39 | B1h | |
| | CD-48 11060 | 16$^h$ 40$^m$ 43$^s$ | −48° 48.8′ | 10.71 | B3V | |
| 47 | CD-48 11061 | 16$^h$ 40$^m$ 53.26$^s$ | −48° 45′ 35.2″ | 11.21 | B3.5V | binary |
| 50 | CD-48 11062 | 16$^h$ 41$^m$ 02.49$^s$ | −48° 53′ 49.7″ | 11.42 | B3.5V | |
| 52 | CD-48 11065 | 16$^h$ 41$^m$ 08.48$^s$ | −48° 52′ 21.6″ | 11.06 | B2.5V | Wrongly cross-referenced to HD 150136 in Herbst |
| 57 | CD-48 11076 | 16$^h$ 41$^m$ 33.0589$^s$ | −48° 33′ 59.651″ | 10.10 | B2V | |
| 63 | CD-48 11082 | 16$^h$ 41$^m$ 6.3148$^s$ | −48° 47′ 41.527″ | 10.38 | B2V | |
| 65 | CD-48 11086 | 16$^h$ 41$^m$ 54.83$^s$ | −48° 45′ 22.8″ | 10.38 | B2.5V | |
| 66 | CD-48 11088 | 16$^h$ 42$^m$ 00.47$^s$ | −48° 42′ 32.5″ | 10.05 | B2.5V | |
| 67 | CD-48 11090 | 16$^h$ 42$^m$ 05.69$^s$ | −48° 42′ 56.8″ | 10.59 | B2.5V | |

## Image gallery

* Star cluster NGC 6193 and nebula NGC 6188.
* Map showing the location of NGC 6193.
# Sheepbridge and Brimington railway station

Sheepbridge and Brimington railway station was on the outskirts of the town of Chesterfield, Derbyshire.
The station was on the Great Central Chesterfield Loop which ran between Staveley Central and Heath Junction (just north of Heath railway station) on the Great Central Main Line. The station opened on 4 June 1892, was renamed to Brimington on 18 June 1951 and closed on 2 January 1956.
# Rome Wasn't Built in a Day (TV series)

Rome Wasn't Built in a Day is a television series first shown on Channel 4 in the UK in 2011.
The series, narrated by Stephen Mangan, shows the day-to-day activities and tribulations of a team of present-day builders employed to construct a Roman villa at Wroxeter (Viroconium Cornoviorum) using authentic ancient techniques. The team consisted of foreman Jim Blackham, plasterer Timothy Dalton-Dobson, plumber Kevin Fail, carpenter Fred Farray, bricklayer Darren Prince and labourer Ben Gotsell. They were assisted by a team of local volunteers and occasionally by skilled craftsmen, and supervised by archaeologist Professor Dai Morgan Evans, who designed the villa on behalf of English Heritage.
The series began on 20 January 2011. Carpenter Fred Farray was sacked in episode three, after serious problems in the construction of the first roof truss, and was replaced by carpenter William Kendall in episode five. The timber frame was completed by local craftmen Dylan Hartley and Bob Ockenden.
The completed villa was opened to the public on 19 February 2011. It was designed to give visitors an insight into Roman building techniques and how the Romans lived. However, by the end of the year, it was reported that it needed maintenance work to repair frost damage It is now referred to by English Heritage as a "town house" rather than a "villa".

## International broadcast

* In Australia, this programme commenced airing on ABC1 each Tuesday at 8:30pm from 4 October 2011.
* In New Zealand, this programme commenced airing on Living each Sunday at 6:30pm from 13 November 2011.
# Saint-Raphaël, Haiti

Saint-Raphaël (French pronunciation: ; Haitian Creole: Sen Rafayèl) is a commune in the Saint-Raphaël Arrondissement, Nord department of Haiti. It is the seat of Saint-Raphaël Arrondissement.
Saint-Raphaël is located at the intersection of Route 307 and National Route 3 between Cap-Haïtien and Hinche.
In plantations in Saint-Raphael, workers harvest green, bitter oranges, quarter them and then separate the peel from the pulp by hand. The peels are dried in the sun and then shipped to France, where they are macerated, distilled and blended with other ingredients to produce the world-famous liqueurs Grand Marnier and Cointreau manufactured by the French companies, Société des Produits Marnier-Lapostolle and Rémy Cointreau.
It was founded as San Rafael de La Angostura in 1761 by Canary Island colonists, mostly from Gran Canaria, although some important canaries came from the nearby town of Hinche. Its population increased somewhat significantly, reaching to take into 1783, 1,079 inhabitants.
The 1929 treaty and the clarifications in the 1936 revision were based partially on the idea that the county, whose citizens constituted the majority in an area, should be given jurisdiction for that area. The result of these negotiations was that the Dominican government gave up rights to a significant amount of territory.

## References and notes

* ↑ Miller, Debra et al. (eds.) (2005) "Haiti" Caribbean Islands (4th ed.) Lonely Plant, Footscray, Victoria, Australia, p. 244, ISBN 1-74104-055-8
* This article about a location in Haiti is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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