OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sum-frequency generation

Sum-frequency generation (SFG) is a second order nonlinear optical process based on the mixing of two input photons at frequencies $\omega _{1}$ and $\omega _{2}$ to generate a third photon at frequency $\omega _{3}$. As with any $\chi ^{(2)}$ optical phenomenon in nonlinear optics, this can only occur under conditions where: the light is interacting with matter, that lacks centrosymmetry (for example, surfaces and interfaces); the light has a very high intensity (typically from a pulsed laser). Sum-frequency generation is a "parametric process", meaning that the photons satisfy energy conservation, leaving the matter unchanged:
    $\hbar \omega _{3}=\hbar \omega _{1}+\hbar \omega _{2}$

## Second-harmonic generation

A special case of sum-frequency generation is second-harmonic generation, in which $\omega _{1}=\omega _{2}$. In fact, in experimental physics, this is the most common type of sum-frequency generation. This is because in second-harmonic generation, only one input light beam is required, but if $\omega _{1}\neq \omega _{2}$, two simultaneous beams are required, which can be more difficult to arrange. In practice, the term "sum-frequency generation" usually refers to the less common case in which $\omega _{1}\neq \omega _{2}$.

## Phase-matching

For sum-frequency generation to occur efficiently, phase-matching conditions must be satisfied:
    $\hbar k_{3}\approx \hbar k_{1}+\hbar k_{2}$
where $k_{1},k_{2},k_{3}$ are the angular wavenumbers of the three waves as they travel through the medium. (Note that the equation resembles the equation for conservation of momentum.) As this condition is satisfied more and more accurately, the sum-frequency generation becomes more and more efficient.

## Sum frequency generation spectroscopy

Sum frequency generation spectroscopy uses two laser beams mixed at an interface to generate an output beam with a frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. Sum frequency generation spectroscopy is used to analyze surfaces and interfaces, carrying complementary information to infrared and Raman spectroscopy.
# HIST1H3F

Histone H3.1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIST1H3F gene.
Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. This structure consists of approximately 146 bp of DNA wrapped around a nucleosome, an octamer composed of pairs of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The chromatin fiber is further compacted through the interaction of a linker histone, H1, with the DNA between the nucleosomes to form higher order chromatin structures. This gene is intronless and encodes a member of the histone H3 family. Transcripts from this gene lack polyA tails; instead, they contain a palindromic termination element. This gene is found in the large histone gene cluster on chromosome 6p22-p21.3.
# Sultartangalón

The lake Sultartangarlón (Icelandic pronunciation: ) is situated in the Highlands of Iceland to the north of the volcano Hekla. It is a reservoir of the river Þjórsá. Its surface area is 20 km$^2$.
Many reservoirs have been constructed and are being constructed in the highlands, which raises questions in Icelandic society about the roles and interests of industry and environment.
# HMCS Gaspé

Several Canadian naval units have been named HMCS Gaspé;
* HMCS Gaspé (J94), a Fundy-class minesweeper that entered service in 1938 and was discarded in 1945.
* HMCS Gaspé (MCB 143), a Bay-class minesweeper that entered service in 1953 and was transferred to the Turkish Navy in 1958 and renamed Trabzon.

## Battle honours

* Atlantic, 1939–45
# Launaea gorgadensis

Launaea gorgadensis is a species of flowering plants of the family Asteraceae. The species is endemic to Cape Verde. It is listed as a critically endangered plant by the IUCN.

## Distribution

The species is found in the northwest of Cape Verde, in the islands of Santo Antão, São Vicente and São Nicolau. The plant occurs between 100–450 m (330–1,480 ft) elevation. It is a mesophyte plant which grows in sub-humid and semi-arid areas.
# Laun (disambiguation)

Laun is the German spelling of Louny in the Czech Republic. It may also refer to:
* Alfred A. Laun Jr. (1905–1964), American politician
* Friedrich Laun (1770–1849), pseudonym of Friedrich August Schulze, German novelist
* Henri van Laun (1820–1896), Dutch writer, translator and teacher
* Nikolaus von Laun (c. 1300 – 1371), German friar and scholar
# Sunshine Becomes You

Sunshine Becomes You is a 2015 Indonesian romance film directed by Rocky Soraya and based on Sunshine Becomes You (book) by Ilana Tan [id]. The film was about love story of a pianist named Alex Hirano and a ballerina named Mia Clark. Shooting location was on New York City, United States.

## Cast

* Herjunot Ali [id] as Alex Hirano, a pianist
* Boy William as Ray Hirano, Alex Hirano's brother
* Nabilah JKT48 as Mia Clark, a ballet dancer
* Annabella Jusuf as Lucy
* Sam Brodie as Carl (Alex Hirano's assistant)
# Lasionycta hampsoni

Lasionycta hampsoni is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the South Siberian Mountains.
# Lasionycta dolosa

Lasionycta dolosa is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1923. It is found in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.
It is diurnal and occurs above the timberline.
Adults are on wing from early July to mid-August.
# Lasionycta draudti

Lasionycta draudti is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in northern Iran.
# List of lakes of Georgia

List of lakes of Georgia may refer to:
* List of lakes of Georgia (country)
* List of lakes of Georgia (U.S. state)
# Laura Taylor (singer)

Laura Taylor is a Brazilian singer and one of two new singers in the baile funk band Bonde do Rolê. Born in Belo Horizonte, Taylor lived many years in New Zealand. She was added to the band after a talent search on MTV Brasil discovered her along with fellow new member Ana Bernardino.
# Super heavyweight

Super heavyweight is a weight class in combat sports and competitive bodybuilding.

## Boxing

In amateur boxing, the super heavyweight division is a weight class division for fighters weighing in excess of 91 kilograms (200 pounds). Introduced for the 1984 Summer Olympics, the division is the amateur equivalent of the heavyweight division in professional boxing. The super heavyweight division was introduced because the general increase in the weight of top heavyweights throughout the 20th century meant that the heavyweight division became excessively broad, with the smaller men having little chance of competing effectively. Therefore, the bigger men were split off into the new super heavyweight division. Professional boxing also made this split, but instead of renaming the unlimited division, it introduced the cruiserweight division for the smaller heavyweights, and continued to call the unlimited division heavyweight. In the International Kickboxing Federation (IKF), the Super Heavyweight class (pro and amateur) is for kickboxers weighing 106.8 kilograms (235 lb) and above.

### Olympic champions

* 1984 – Tyrell Biggs (USA)
* 1988 – Lennox Lewis (CAN)
* 1992 – Roberto Balado (CUB)
* 1996 – Wladimir Klitschko (UKR)
* 2000 – Audley Harrison (GBR)
* 2004 – Alexander Povetkin (RUS)
* 2008 – Roberto Cammarelle (ITA)
* 2012 – Anthony Joshua (GBR)
* 2016 – Tony Yoka (FRA)
* 2020 – Bakhodir Jalolov (UZB)
* 2024 – Bakhodir Jalolov (UZB)

## Mixed martial arts

The super heavyweight division in MMA generally refers to competitors weighing more than 265 lb (120 kg), as up to 265 a competitor is considered to be part of the heavyweight division. In modern MMA, no current major organisation has introduced an actual super heavyweight division. The WEC was the only major promotion to possess a Super Heavyweight championship (2005–2006). The WEC Super Heavyweight division was abolished in December 2006 when Zuffa purchased the organization.

## Professional wrestling

Although not generally used as a formal weight division in professional wrestling, the term "super heavyweight" is frequently used informally to refer to outsized wrestlers, typically with large obese physiques.

## Robot combat

Superheavyweight is a class in robot combat as well, with "superheavyweight" robots able to weigh up to 340 pounds.
# HD 130322

HD 130322 is a star with a close orbiting exoplanet in the constellation of Virgo. The distance to this system is 104 light years, as determined using parallax measurements. It is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −12.4 km/s. With an apparent visual magnitude of 8.04, it is too dim to be visible to the naked eye; requiring binoculars or a small telescope to view. Being almost exactly on the celestial equator the star is visible everywhere in the world except for the North Pole. The star shows a high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at an angular rate of 0.197 arcsec yr$^{−1}$.
The spectrum of this star presents as a K-type main-sequence star, an orange dwarf, with a stellar classification of K0V. The star has 92% of the mass of the Sun and 85% of the Sun's radius. It is spinning with a rotation period of 26.5 days. HD 130322 is radiating 62% of the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,387 K. It is estimated to be around six billion years old.
The star HD 130322 is named Mönch and its companion is Eiger. The names were selected in the NameExoWorlds campaign by Switzerland, during the 100th anniversary of the IAU. Mönch and Eiger are prominent peaks of the Bernese Alps.

## Planetary system

In 2000, an extrasolar planet was discovered orbiting the star using Doppler spectroscopy. As the inclination of the orbital plane is unknown, only a lower bound on the mass can be estimated. Most likely this is a hot Jupiter as it is orbiting close to the host star and has at least the mass of Jupiter.
The star rotates at an inclination of 76$^{+14}$ $_{−42}$ degrees relative to Earth. It has been assumed that the planet shares that inclination. But several "hot Jupiters" are known to be oblique relative to the stellar axis.
The HD 130322 planetary system :
| Companion (in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis (AU) | Orbital period (days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| b (Eiger) | >1.089 ± 0.98 M$_J$ | 0.0910 ± 0.053 | 10.70871±0.00018 | 0.029±0.016 | — | — |
# Last Days of the Coliseum

Last Days of the Coliseum is a 2010 documentary film directed by Rich Hanley and narrated by Brian Smith that explores the history of the New Haven Coliseum and its role in southern New England culture. The Coliseum was officially closed on September 1, 2002 by Mayor John DeStefano, Jr., and demolished on January 20, 2007.

## Background

Hanley made the decision to film the documentary of the New Haven Coliseum back in 2005 when it was announced the massive exposed steel building would be demolished, because of the structure being a Connecticut cultural icon. The film took five years to complete. Featuring interviews with Coliseum architect Kevin Roche, World Wrestling Entertainment hall-of-fame ring announcer Howard Finkel and concert promoter Jim Koplik, the documentary reveals how the Coliseum rose amid the cultural upheavals of the 1960s but settled in as the home office for baby boomers in the 1970s and 1980s. The film premiered on November 8, 2010, on Connecticut Public Television (CPTV) and has subsequently been re-broadcast several times, as well as being screened locally. The film was shot entirely in high-definition. A 120 minute extended cut of the film is available on DVD.

## Reception

New Haven Register wrote that while the documentary covers many of the events that took place in New Haven Coliseum, it also covers "the history and culture that forged New Haven’s hulking, rust-colored sports-and-entertainment palace," and that film "plays out in fascinating detail. Like any great documentary, the story explodes out to a history of New Haven in the latter half of the 20th century, particularly within the context of baby boomers’ cultural upheavals."
New Haven Independent writes that at "first glance The Last Days Of The Coliseum feels like a look backward," as the film takes the viewer "back to the rock-and-hockey palace’s roots at the former New Haven Arena, through the building’s noisy and ultimately catastrophic three decades of operation (hockey teams kept folding; the airborne garage starting crumbling in its second decade), ending with that unforgettable blast on a January morning in 2007." Noting that the film covered former New Haven mayor Richard C. Lee's wishes to "rebuild New Haven with dramatic, towering edifices", and how filmmaker Rich Hanley reminds the viewer of all the "famous rock acts and short-lived hockey teams and circuses" that brought thousands to the "concrete fortress that greeted drivers entering downtown." But they note that the film is more nostalgia, and wrote that "the most enduring presence isn’t the building, but a now elderly man named Kevin Roche, the famous architect who moved here to build the New Brutalist behemoth. He sat for Hanley’s camera and demonstrated the human spirit that animated that concrete monster."
# McGarrity

McGarrity is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* John McGarrity (1925–2006), Scottish footballer
* Joseph McGarrity (1874–1940), Irish Republican
* Kevin McGarrity (born 1973), Northern Irish racing driver
* Mark C. McGarrity (1943–2002), better known by his pen name Bartholomew Gill, American writer
* Michael McGarrity (born 1939), American writer
* Tom McGarrity (1922–1999), Scottish footballer
# HMCS Miramichi

Three Canadian naval units have carried the name HMCS Miramichi.
* HMCS Miramichi (J169) (I) was a Second World War Bangor-class minesweeper that served in the Royal Canadian Navy.
* HMCS Miramichi (MCB 150) (II) was a Bay-class minesweeper, commissioned in July 1954, paid off in October 1954 and sold to France.
* HMCS Miramichi (MCB 163) (III) was also a Bay-class minesweeper, commissioned in October 1957.
# Sumner Henry Needham

Sumner Henry Needham (born March 2, 1828 - died April 27, 1861) was identified in an 1888 book on the history of Essex County, Massachusetts as the first Union combat casualty of the American Civil War, although he was killed by civilians of the United States in the Baltimore riot of 1861 as the troops passed through that city. Needham was shot on April 19, 1861 but lingered for eight days before dying of his wounds.
Modern historian David Detzer states that Luther C. Ladd was the first Union soldier to die in the Baltimore riot. On June 1, 1861 in a report dated May 16, 1861, Harper's Weekly identified Ladd as the "first victim of the war" on April 19, 1861.
# HF2

HF2 may refer to:
* Factor H, a glycoprotein.
* Housefull 2, a 2012 Bollywood film featuring an ensemble cast.
* Henry Ford II - (initials include HF2) former CEO of Ford Motor Company, grandson of company founder with the same name.
# HD 135530

HD 135530 is a suspected variable star in the northern constellation of Boötes.
# HD 133981

HD 133981, also known as HR 5628, is a solitary, bluish-white hued star located in the southern circumpolar constellation of Apus. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.02, allowing it to be faintly visible to the naked eye in ideal conditions. The object is located relatively far at a distance of 856 light years based on parallax measurements from Gaia DR3 but is approaching the Solar System with a heliocentric radial velocity of −13.7 km/s.
HD 133981 has a stellar classification of B8 IV, indicating that it is a B-type star that is evolving towards the red giant branch. Houk and Cowley (1975) gave a slightly more evolved class of B8/9 III, instead indicating that it is a giant star. Some evolutionary models show that it is a star just reaching the end of the main sequence. Nevertheless, it has 3.72 times the mass of the Sun and 6.35 times its girth. It radiates 364 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,250 K. HD 133981 is said to be 202 million years old.
HD 133981 lies in front of the distant faint galaxy LEDA 54288. A debris disk has been detected around the star. It has 22.5 times the mass of the Earth and an equilibrium temperature of 27 K.
The HD 133981 planetary system :
| Companion (in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis (AU) | Orbital period (days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| circumstellar disc | 1,851 AU | 1,851 AU | 1,851 AU | 1,851 AU | — | — |
# Grazay

Grazay (French pronunciation:) is a village and commune in the Mayenne département of north-western France.
# Kling v Keston Properties

Kling v Keston Properties Ltd (1985) is an English land law case, concerning actual occupation in registered land, specifically domestic garages.

## Facts

Kling was first just a licensee of the garage (in Chelsea). He had and then exercised a right of pre-emption to take a long lease of it from the licensor (land owner). He parked his car in the garage routinely. It was almost always kept there overnight and for most of the day.
The new owner of Keston's interest did not know of Kling's parking and noted that he had not registered his lease promptly at the Land Registry, nor registered a priority "search" against their title warning that a new lease was to be pending.
The legal question was whether parking amounted to occupation.

## Judgment

The Judge held that the parking of the car in the lock-up garage could amount to actual occupation for the purpose of an overriding interest. His overriding interest derived from his proprietary right in the leasing the garage and remaining a lawful licensee.
The plaintiff had and exercised a right of pre-emption entitling him to take a long lease of a garage. He was at the time also licensee of the garage.
The use of the garage amounted to actual occupation, thereby protecting the right as an overriding interest as regards the garage. His right was protected under section 70(1). The court rejected a submission based on section 59 of the Act.

## Cases applied, followed

Bridges v Mees [1957] Ch 475 EWHC: an overriding interest, namely an estate contract, was protected under s. 70(1) of the Act even though it could have been protected by a caution.
Webb v Pollmount Ltd [1966] Ch 584 EWHC: an option to purchase the reversion contained in a seven-year lease was protected under s. 70(1) by virtue of the tenant’s occupation under the lease.

## Significance

The case has been superseded, strengthening its proposition, by statute. Such lawful, actual occupation is officially an overriding proprietary interest under the Land Registration Act 2002, Schedule 3. The Act took effect from 13 October 2003. The case confirms the law has evolved to take into account such uses as cars/motorbikes kept in domestic garages as "occupation".

## Approved by

Ashburn Anstalt v Arnold [1988] EWCA Civ 14
# Ken Perkins

Major General Kenneth Perkins CB MBE DFC (15 August 1926 – 23 October 2009) was a British Army officer who became commander of the Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces taking over from General Sir Timothy Creasey.
His career highlights included:
* On 1 November 1947 Ken Perkins was promoted 2nd Lieutenant to Lieutenant.
* On 15 August 1953 Ken Perkins was promoted to Captain.
* On 25 October 1955 Captain Ken Perkins DFC (Army number 369841) was awarded the MBE.
* In 1958 Ken Perkins attended the Pakistani Army staff College in Quetta.
* On 30 June 1967 Ken Perkins was promoted to lieutenant colonel.
* Between December 1973 and January 1975 Director of Defence Operational Plans(Defence Operations) as a brigadier.
* On 21 April 1975 Brigadier (Acting Major General) Perkins was confirmed as Major General, with seniority 8 April 1974.
* Major General Perkins was Commander Sultan of Oman's Armed Force 1975–1977.
* On 16 June 1977 Major General Perkins appointed Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Operations), Ministry of Defence; and nearing the end of his time in post in 1980 he deployed to the infant state of Zimbabwe to try and assist in the integration of the new Zimbabwean Armed Forces, bringing in former anti-Rhodesian rebels with the residual military.
* The 1977 Silver Jubilee and Birthday Honours made Ken Perkins a Companion of the Bath (CB)
* At the end of his military career he held the post of Director of Military Assistance Overseas from April 1980 to April 1982.

## Gallery

* The Sultanate of Oman's location
# Macuma River

The Macuma River is a river of Ecuador.
# Marcel Simon (historian)

Marcel Simon (10 April 1907 in Husseren-Wesserling – 26 October 1986 in Strasbourg) was a French specialist in the history of religions, particularly relations between Christianity and Judaism in antiquity. Simon received an honorary doctorate by the Faculty of Theology at Uppsala University in 1980.
His major work, Verus Israel, was published in 1948; it has been described as 'seminal'.
He was closely associated with Henri Marrou, appreciating his layman's approach to Vatican II.
# Laurie Hergenhan

Laurence Thomas Hergenhan AO FAHA (15 March 1931 – 21 July 2019) was an Australian literary scholar.
After completing his schooling at St Bernard's College, Katoomba, Hergenhan attended the University of Sydney, where he received his MA in 1953 and Diploma of Education in 1957. He completed his PhD at Birkbeck College in London before returning to Australia in 1960 to take up a lectureship at the University of Tasmania.
He was the founder and for many years the editor of Australian Literary Studies (1963) and the editor of the 1988 Penguin New Literary History of Australia and published on Xavier Herbert. He was a professor emeritus of The University of Queensland.
Hergenhan was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in 1994 for "service to Australian literary scholarship and to education". He was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 1993.
# Konanur, Mysore

Konanur or Paduvalamarahalli is a village in Nanjangud taluk of Mysore district, Karnataka state, India.

## Location

Konanur is located about 15 km from the nearest town of Chamarajanagar. Nanjangud town is also nearby.

## Demographics

There are 1,924 people in the village living in 482 houses. The total area of the village is 705 hectares.

## Landmarks

The village has a panchayath office, one government school and two private schools. There are many temples around the lake in the village.

## Transportation

The village has a railways station called Konanur railway station. It comes in the Mysore-Chamarajnagar branchline. There are three trains every day to Mysore and Chamarajanagar on either sides. 12°07′12″N 76°40′48″E﻿ / ﻿12.119977°N 76.680093°E﻿ / 12.119977; 76.680093
# Leaves from a Child's Sketchbook

Leaves from a Child's Sketchbook is a set of three pieces for piano solo composed in 1918 by John Ireland.
A performance of all three pieces takes about 6½ minutes. Their titles are:
* By the Mere
* In the Meadow
* The Hunt's Up