OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# McMinnville AVA

The McMinnville AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Yamhill County, Oregon. It is entirely contained within the Willamette Valley AVA, roughly running from McMinnville to Sheridan. The AVA was created as a result of a successful petition from Kevin Byrd of Youngberg Hill Vineyards. McMinnville is one of few AVAs that is designated in part based on elevation, with vineyards required to be between 200 feet (61 m) and 1,000 feet (305 m) above sea level, where the soil and rock formations differ from surrounding areas. Primarily uplifted marine sedimentary loams and silt, the top soil is shallow and relatively infertile.
# Surma

Surma may refer to:
* Surma (Finnish mythology), a beast which guards the gates of the Underworld
* Surma people, a pastoralist ethnic group in western Ethiopia
* Surma (woreda), a district in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region, Ethiopia
* Surma River, a river in Sylhet, Bangladesh
* Surma, Nepal
* Surma, Tripura, an assembly constituency within the Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency, India
* Kohl (cosmetics), an eyelash dye and eye cosmetic
* Surma-horn, a Ukrainian musical instrument
* Soorma (film), 2018 Indian film by Shaad Ali, based on the life of hockey player Sandeep Singh
* Surma (Finnish band), a Finnish metal band
* Surma (Czech band), a Czech symphonic metal band

## Persons

* Surma D'Bait Mar Shimun (1883–1975), Assyrian leader
* Damian Surma (born 1981), Canadian ice hockey player
* John P. Surma (born 1954), American businessman
* Franciszek Surma (1916–1941), Polish pilot in World War II
* Łukasz Surma (born 1977), Polish footballer
# Surma Kaala

"Surma Kaala" is a Punjabi single by Jassie Gill featuring Rhea Chakraborty. Composed and lyrics are by Jass Manak, released on 11 April 2019 by T-Series.

## Music Video

Video of the song was published by T-Series on 12 April 2019 on YouTube. The music video alongside Jassi Gill features Rhea Chakraborty - The Maagi and it has well received over 80 million views Jassi Gill.

## Reception

The song is well praised and received by audience.
# Habib Saad

Habib Saad (born 10 October 1968) is a Ghanaian politician and member of the Seventh Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana representing the Bortianor-Ngleshie-Amanfro Constituency in the Greater Accra Region on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party.

## Early life

Saad was born on 10 October 1968, in Antoakrom, in the Ashanti Region. He is a member of the Seventh Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana.

## Education

He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from India's Techno Global University. Since 2000, Saad has served as managing director of Go Enterprise.

## Politics

Habib Saad is a member of New Patriotic Party and was the member of parliament for Bortianor-Ngleshie-Amanfro constituency in the Greater Accra Region from January 2017 to January 2021.

### 2016 election

Habib Saad contested the Bortianor-Ngleshie-Amanfro constituency parliamentary seat during the 2016 Ghanaian general election on New Patriotic Party ticket and won the election with 26,034 votes representing 53.09% of the total votes. He won the election over Bright Edward Kodzo Demordzi of National Democratic Congress, Adjetey Larbie of the Progressive People's Party, Evans Nii Djambum of the DPP and Peter Adzido of the Convention People's Party. They obtained 19, 405 votes, 2,529 votes, 867 votes and 200 votes respectively, equivalent to 39.57%, 5.16%, 1.77% and 0.41% of the total votes respectively.
Habib Saad lost the NPP 2020 primaries to Sylvester Tetteh.
# Means House

Means House may refer to:
* Orna Villa, known also as Alexander Means House, Oxford, Georgia, NRHP-listed
* Emily Means House, South Bristol, Maine, NRHP-listed
* Means House (Jonesville, South Carolina), NRHP-listed
* V. R. Means House, Belton, Texas, NRHP-listed
* Means-Justiss House, Paris, Texas, NRHP-listed
# Susan Bullock

Susan Margaret Bullock CBE (born 9 December 1958 in Cheshire) is a British soprano. She has performed dramatic soprano parts at major opera houses, and also sung in concert and recital.
Bullock was educated at Cheadle Hulme School, and further at Royal Holloway College, University of London, the Royal Academy of Music and the National Opera Studio. Her talent was first recognised after she received first prize in the 1984 Kathleen Ferrier Award, which led to her being offered roles by the English National Opera.
Bullock has a Welsh background and has recorded music in Welsh.
She developed an international career in the mid-1990s as she moved increasingly into late-Romantic and 20th Century German opera repertoire, with engagements at the Frankfurt Opera and Garsington Opera, where she sang Helen in the first British performance of Richard Strauss' Die ägyptische Helena in 1998. Her assumption of Isolde in Wagner's Tristan und Isolde in productions at Opera North, Leeds and the English National Opera confirmed her command of the dramatic soprano repertoire. She sang Brunnhilde in Der Ring des Nibelungen first in Tokyo, and in 2007 performed the role in the first complete Ring cycle by the Canadian Opera Company in their new Toronto opera house.
She made her debut at both La Scala, Milan and the Metropolitan Opera, New York in the title role of Richard Strauss' Elektra. In 2009, she received the Royal Philharmonic Society's award for best singer for her assumption of Elektra in a production at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. She had made her Covent Garden debut previously as Marie in Berg's Wozzeck.
She sang Brunnhilde in all performances of Der Ring des Nibelungen at Covent Garden in the London Olympic Year, Autumn 2012. Recordings notably include Richard Strauss' Salome in the Chandos "Opera in English" series conducted Sir Charles Mackerras, and live performances of the Frankfurt Ring cycle, conducted by Sebastian Weigle. Other houses she has sung in include Dresden, Berlin Staatsoper, Teatro Colón (Buenos Aires), Sydney Opera House, La Monnaie (Brussels), Prinzregententheater (Munich), Lisbon and Toulouse. She sings in several languages—her performances include Janáček in Czech, and she has sung contemporary as well as the classical repertoire.
She was the solo soprano at the 2011 Last Night of the Proms on 10 September 2011, performing Brunnhilde's Immolation Scene from Act 3 of Götterdämmerung in Richard Wagner's Ring Cycle, as well as the traditional "Rule, Britannia" and "Land of Hope and Glory".
She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to opera.
# 2016 UniCredit Czech Open

The 2016 UniCredit Czech Open is a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It is the 23rd edition of the tournament which is part of the 2016 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Prostějov, Czech Republic between 31 May and 4 June 2016.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| LIT | Ričardas Berankis | 50 | 1 |
| CZE | Lukáš Rosol | 59 | 2 |
| CZE | Jiří Veselý | 60 | 3 |
| ESP | Íñigo Cervantes | 69 | 4 |
| BIH | Damir Džumhur | 73 | 5 |
| KAZ | Mikhail Kukushkin | 83 | 6 |
| BRA | Rogério Dutra Silva | 85 | 7 |
| NED | Robin Haase | 86 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of May 23, 2016.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Dominik Kellovský
* Zdeněk Kolář
* Alex Molčan
* Janko Tipsarević
The following players received entry as alternates into the singles main draw:
* Marco Cecchinato
The following players received special entry into the singles main draw:
* Guido Andreozzi
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Marcelo Demoliner
* Márton Fucsovics
* Juan Ignacio Londero
* João Souza
The following players received entry as lucky losers into the singles main draw:
* Miki Janković
* Dmitry Popko

## Doubles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| USA | Nicholas Monroe | NZL | Artem Sitak | 119 | 1 |
| BRA | Marcelo Demoliner | AUT | Julian Knowle | 131 | 2 |
| CHI | Julio Peralta | CHI | Hans Podlipnik | 131 | 3 |
| BLR | Aliaksandr Bury | SVK | Igor Zelenay | 138 | 4 |
* $^1$ Rankings as of May 23, 2015.

### Other entrants

The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
* Dominik Kellovský / Jaroslav Pospíšil
* Zdeněk Kolář / Matěj Vocel
* Michal Konečný / Václav Šafránek

## Champions
### Singles

* Mikhail Kukushkin def. Márton Fucsovics, 6–1, 6–2

### Doubles

* Aliaksandr Bury / Igor Zelenay def. Julio Peralta / Hans Podlipnik, 6–4, 6–4
# 2016 Union Pacific oil train fire

On June 3, 2016, a Union Pacific train with 96 tank cars carrying Bakken oil from New Town, North Dakota to U.S. Oil and Refining in Tacoma, Washington derailed in the Columbia River Gorge near Mosier, Oregon. Sixteen of the 96 cars derailed after the train's emergency brake system about 18 cars back from the engines engaged - several cars then caught fire. By 5pm large explosions were coming from the tankers. All of the tank cars were modern CPC-1232 design. Interstate 84 in Oregon was closed, with Washington State Route 14 being recommended as a detour.
Washington Department of Ecology, US Coast Guard, Federal Railroad Administration, and Portland Airport's specialty airport fire tender carrying 1,300 U.S. gallons (4,900 L) of firefighting foam were among the 20 agencies that responded. As of 4:30pm firefighters were allowing the fire to burn the oil, simply monitoring it.
Mosier residents were evacuated and the sewage treatment plant was shut down. An oil sheen was seen on the Columbia River by the following morning. Two days after the crash residents were allowed to return to their homes, and freight trains were running on the tracks, to the strong objection of the community. The community then passed an emergency motion asking Union Pacific to remove all oil from the damaged cars before resuming the use of the tracks. Union Pacific pushed the damaged cars out of the way and limited the train speed to 10 miles per hour (16 km/h) in the section.
42,000 US gallons (160,000 L) of oil were spilled. Much of it was consumed by fire, some went into the Columbia River, and 10,000 US gallons (38,000 L) were recovered from the city's sewage treatment plant.

## Non-investigation controversy

The National Transportation Safety Board declined to investigate due to the lack of injuries or fatalities and early information gathered after the incident occurred indicated there was not a significant safety issue.
In response to the derailment and lack of investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board, Oregon Senators Jeff Merkley and Ron Wyden introduced the Mandate Oil Spill Inspections and Emergency Rules (Mosier) Act which calls for a moratorium on oil train traffic after major wrecks and require the Department of Transportation to reduce the amount of volatile gases in the crude oil those trains have been hauling. The bill would die in committee.
# HMS Amethyst (1844)

HMS Amethyst was a gaff rigged three mast sailing boat. She was a Spartan-class 26-gun sixth rate launched in 1844 and sold in 1869 for use as a cable vessel.
She served in the China War 1856-60 (in the Canton River) and intervened in the Mexican Civil War in 1859 by blockading Mazatlán. This was during a voyage which took her around the world.
Together with HMS Iris she was loaned by the Admiralty to the Atlantic Telegraph Company in 1864, both ships being extensively modified in 1865 for ferrying the Atlantic cable from the manufacturer's works at Enderby's wharf, in East Greenwich, London, to the Great Eastern at her Sheerness mooring.
The cable was coiled down into great cylindrical tanks at the Wharf before being fed into the 'Great Eastern'. The 'Amethyst' and 'Iris' transferred the 2500 miles (4022 km) of cable to the 'Great Eastern', beginning in February 1865, an operation that took over three months.
Both ships were used for the same purpose again in 1866 and again in 1869 by the Telegraph Construction & Maintenance Company (Telcon). As obsolete sailing vessels which had to be towed while ferrying cable, neither ship was capable of independent operation, and both were described as "hulks" in contemporary reports.
The Sail and Steam Navy List notes that according to Admiralty records, HMS Amethyst and HMS Iris were subsequently sold to Telcon when decommissioned on 16 October 1869.

## Citations

* ↑ Clowes, W. L. : History of the Royal Navy, vol. 7; 1903
* ↑ Russell, Sir William Howard (1865), The Atlantic Telegraph
* ↑ The Mechanics's Magazine, 30 October 1868 page 355.
* ↑ Winfield, R.; Lyon, D. (2004). The Sail and Steam Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy 1815–1889. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-032-6. OCLC 52620555. p. 115
# Lecanora mugambii

Lecanora mugambii is a species of crustose lichen in the family Lecanoraceae. Found in western Kenya, it was described as new to science in 2011.

## Taxonomy

Lecanora mugambii was first discovered and described by Paul Kirika, Imke Schmitt, Johnathon Fankhauser, and H. Thorsten Lumbsch in 2011. The holotype specimen was found in Kenya's Western Province, on the slopes of Mount Elgon Forest; there it was growing on large boulders in remnant cloud forest. This lichen differentiates from Lecanora glaucodea in terms of its thicker thallus, broader ascospores and the presence of alectoronic acid.

## Description

The physical attributes of Lecanora mugambii include a thin to thick thallus, ranging in appearance from verrucose to verruculose-bullate and possessing a whitish-grey colour. Its surface is smooth and lacks both isidia and soredia. This lichen bears sessile, abundant, and dispersed apothecia that range from 0.6–1.5 mm in diameter. These apothecia have grey to grey-brown discs under a thick, granulose, whitish grey to bluish-grey pruina. Its ascospores are non-septate, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid to somewhat spherical, measuring 11–15 by 7–10.5 μm. The lichen's biochemistry reveals the presence of several compounds, including alectoronic acid, atranorin, chloroatranorin, physodic acid, usnic acid, and other unidentified alectoronic acid derivatives.

## Similar species

Lecanora mugambii shares some similarities with Lecanora glaucodea, a species native to the neotropics, but can be distinguished by its thicker, bullate thallus, larger apothecia, broader ascospores, and a distinct chemical composition. The species also bears resemblance to Lecanora formosula, which can be however readily identified by its thin thallus, slightly pruinose apothecial discs, smaller ascospores, and a different chemical profile.

## Habitat and distribution

Lecanora mugambii has been found on siliceous rocks in exposed locations on the edge of a remnant cloud forest. Its known habitat is limited to its type locality at an elevation of 2,500 m (8,200 ft), where it is quite common. This lichen coexists with other species such as Diploschistes scruposus, Ingvariella bispora, Pertusaria subventosa, and species from the genera Heterodermia, Punctelia, Tephromela, and Xanthoparmelia.
# HMS Lewes

Two ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Lewes after the English town.
* HMS Lewes (1918) was one of 24 Racecourse-class paddle wheel minesweeper, built in March 1918 by Fleming & Ferguson Shipbuilders at Paisley near Glasgow.
* HMS Lewes (G68) was initially USS Craven (DD-70), a Caldwell-class destroyer, in the United States Navy and was launched 29 June 1918 by Norfolk Navy Yard. She was commissioned as HMS Lewes on 23 October 1940. The vessel was scuttled off Australia in 1946.
# Laxita thuisto

Laxita thuisto is an Indomalayan species in the butterfly family Riodinidae. It was described by William Chapman Hewitson in 1861.

## Subspecies

* Laxita thuisto thuisto (Peninsular Burma, Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Malaya, Langkawi, Singapore)
* Laxita thuisto eutyches (Fruhstorfer, 1912) (southern Borneo, Pulau Laut, Palawan)
* Laxita thuisto ephorus (Fruhstorfer, 1904) (northern Borneo)
* Laxita thuisto melanotica (Riley, 1945) (Mentawai)
* Laxita thuisto sawaja (Fruhstorfer, [1914]) (Burma, Mergui, Thailand)
* Laxita thuisto therikles (Fruhstorfer, 1912) (Sumatra, Bangka)
* Laxita thuisto esther Doubleday (Java)
# Laxio Beats

Bernard Antwi-Darko, better known as Laxio Beats, is a Ghanaian record producer and composer. He is best known for the production of Ghanaian rapper Guru’s hit single akayida in 2013.

## Early life, music career

Laxio Beats, the youngest of seven siblings, was born February 28, 1987, at Kumasi. He started his music career as the entertainment prefect for his high school. In 2013 he produce “akayida”, which won the 2014 Ghana music awards for hiplife song of the year.

## Production credits

* Geesus – "Kisses for Breakfast" ft Stonebwoy
* Phootprintz – "Forgetti" ft Laxio Beats
* TicTac – "Don't Let Go"
* Revy – "Prepaid"
* Guru – "Akayida"
* Criss Waddle – "Girls Abr3"
* Just-Ice – "Hold It"
* Echo – "Akuaba"
* Rebbel Ashes and Ajoejoe – "Mene Woa"
* Akoo Nana – "Nahna Nahna"
* Preachers – "Meyi W'aye"
* Keche – "Body Lotion"
* Bisa Kdeix Sarkodiex phootprintz – "Jackie Appiah"
* Iyanya – "Don't Fear"
* Jeff Spain – "Higher"
# Maculopathy

A maculopathy is any pathological condition of the macula, an area at the centre of the retina that is associated with highly sensitive, accurate vision.

## Forms of maculopathies

* Age-Related Macular Degeneration is a degenerative maculopathy associated with progressive sight loss. It is characterised by changes in pigmentation in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium, the appearance of drusen on the retina of the eye and choroidal neovascularization. AMD has two forms; 'dry' or atrophic/non-exudative AMD, and 'wet' or exudative/neovascular AMD.
* Malattia Leventinese (or Doyne’s honeycomb retinal dystrophy) is another maculopathy with a similar pathology to wet AMD.
* Hypotony maculopathy: Maculopathy due to very low intraocular pressure (ocular hypotony).
* Cellophane Maculopathy A fine glistening membrane forms over the macula, obscuring the vision.
# Laurence Merrick

Laurence Merrick (April 22, 1926 – January 26, 1977) was an American film director and author. He is best known for co-directing the Oscar nominated documentary film Manson in 1973 with Robert Hendrickson. Sharon Tate, one of the victims in the Manson murders, was a former student at Merrick's Academy of Dramatic Arts. His later business was Merrick Studios, 870 N. Vine St. in Hollywood. It was a low-cost acting school, with several students attending via the GI Bill. Merrick was killed by a gunman on January 26, 1977. He was shot in the back in the carpark of his acting school. Merrick's murder went unsolved for over four years, until October 1981 when 35-year-old Dennis Mignano of San Jose, California, confessed to police. At his subsequent trial, Mignano was found not guilty by reason of insanity and committed to a mental hospital. An unemployed would-be actor and singer with a long history of psychiatric problems, Mignano contended that he had auditioned at Merrick's school, and that during the audition, black magic spells were cast upon him that later contributed to his psychiatric problems.
# Charlotte Green (disambiguation)

Charlotte Green may refer to:
* Charlotte and Dick Green, enslaved frontier couple of Bent's Fort
* Charlotte Green, British radio broadcaster
* Charlotte Green (BMX rider), British BMX rider
* Charlotte Green (fencer), American fencer
* Charlotte Byron Green (1842–1929), British promoter of women's education
* Charlotte Hilton Green (1889-1992), American writer and naturalist
# Mark Taylor (footballer, born 1974)

Mark Simon Taylor (born 8 November 1974) is an English former footballer who played as a left back in the Football League for Darlington, Fulham and Northampton Town. He began his career with Middlesbrough, but never played for them in the League, and also played non-league football for Netherfield.
# Gustav Gärtner

Gustav Gärtner (September 28, 1855 – November 4, 1937) was an Austrian pathologist born in Pardubice, Bohemia.
In 1879 he earned his doctorate from the University of Vienna, afterwards working in Vienna as an assistant to Salomon Stricker (1834–1898), and later as an associate professor (1890). In 1918 he became a "full professor" at the University of Vienna.
In Vienna he conducted scientific studies of kidney functions, experiments dealing with electrical skin resistance and research involving innervation of vessels of the brain. Also, he worked with Carl Koller (1857–1944) involving experiments on the use of cocaine as an anaesthetic in eye surgery.
Gärtner is credited with the creation of a number of medical devices and apparati; one of his better known inventions being a tonometer that contained an inflatable finger cuff for measurement of blood pressure. He developed the eryostat, an electric machine to support adipositas therapy.
He also made contributions in the study of nutrition, mainly in the field of dietetics. The principles of the "Gaertner diet" were propagated in his book Diätetische Entfettungskuren.

## Written works

* Ueber die therapeutische Verwendung der Muskelarbeit und einen neuen Apparat zu ihrer Dosirung, Wien, Im Selbstverlag des Verfassers, 1887. Offprint from Allgemeine Wiener medizinische Zeitung, 1887.
* Über den Hirnkreislauf. Vorläufige Mitteilung. 1887. By Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857-1940) and Gustav Gärtner
* Ueber den elektrischen Widerstand des menschlichen Körpers gegenüber Inductions-strömen, Wien, A. Hölder, 1889. 529 pages.
* Ueber einen neuen Blutdruckmesser (Tonometer). Vortrag, gehalten am 16. Juni 1899 in der k.k. Gesellschaft der Aerzte in Wien, von Gustav Gartner. Wien, M. Perles, 1899. Offprint from Wiener Medicinische Wochenschrift, 1899, 49, No. 30.
* Ueber einen neuen Apparat zur Bestimmung des Hämoglobingehaltes im Blute, München, J. F. Lehmann, 1901. 14 pages. Offprint from Münchener medicinische Wochenschrift, 1901, No. 50.
* Diätetische Entfettungskuren. Leipzig 1913. Translated into English.
# M Oriental Bank

M Oriental Bank, previously known as Oriental Commercial Bank Limited, is a commercial bank in Kenya, the largest economy in the East African Community. It is licensed by the Central Bank of Kenya, the central bank and national banking regulator.

## Overview

As of December 2017, the bank's total assets were valued at KSh10.577 billion (approx. US$106 million), with KSh3.028 billion (approx. US$30.3 million), in shareholders' funds. In June 2016, the bank announced a change in business strategy. MOB will cease to operate as a retail bank and instead become a private bank, with focus on serving family-owned businesses and high net-worth individuals. The use of ATMs would also be phased out.

## Ownership

In 2016, Oriental Commercial Bank was officially re-branded to M Oriental Bank Limited, after the Central Bank of Kenya gave approval to M Holdings Limited to acquire majority shares. M Holdings Limited, a Kenyan owned and registered company subsequently opted to acquire only 33.8 percent. As of 31 December 2017, the shareholding in the stock of the bank was as illustrated in the table below.
M Oriental Bank Stock Ownership :
| Rank | Name of Owner | Percentage Ownership |
| 1 | M Holdings Limited | 33.83 |
| 2 | Pasha Investments Limited | 7.68 |
| 3 | Nalinkumar Meghji Shah | 6.51 |
| 4 | Sag Investment Limited | 4.32 |
| 5 | Rupen Mulchand Haria | 4.11 |
| 6 | Bank One Limited | 3.68 |
| 7 | Others with 4.0 percent or less each | 39.87 |
| | Total | 100.00 |

## Branch network

The bank maintains a network of branches at the following locations:
* Westlands Branch – Apollo Centre, 2nd Floor, Ring Road, Westlands, Nairobi
* Koinange Street Branch – Finance House, Ground Floor, Koinange Street, Nairobi
* Sameer Business Park – Sameer Business Park, Mombasa Road, Nairobi
* Mombasa Branch – HassanAli Building, Nkurumah Road, Mombasa
* Nakuru Branch – AFC Building, Kijabe Row, Nakuru
* Eldoret Branch – Muya House, Kenyatta Street, Eldoret
* Kitale Branch – Robert Ouko Road, Kitale.

## Governance

The bank is governed by a six-person board of directors. Shanti Shah, one of the non-executive directors, serves as the chairman. The chief executive officer is Alakh Kohli.