OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spanish bilingual education in California

Spanish bilingual education in California is the incorporation of the Spanish and English language to teach various subjects in primary education. Proposition 227 affected Spanish bilingual programs negatively by mandating that instruction be conducted "overwhelmingly in English." Although there was no direct statement in this proposition prohibiting the use of Spanish for instruction, many teachers and districts stopped teaching in the Spanish language because they were pressured to focus on English-only curriculum. However, there continue to be dual language bilingual programs in the state.

## History

California has a history of diversity in linguistics due to its history and roots from Mexico and Spain. In 1960 the state of California passed a state legislation that changed bilingual education in the state. This legislation kept teachers from teaching both in Spanish and English equally. In 1998 proposition 227 was enacted in the state of California which resulted in the near elimination of bilingual education programs in California. Although teachers were still allowed to incorporate the Spanish language in their teachings, they were required to have majority of their teachings be in the English language.

## English language learners (ELL)

California has about 1.5 million students enrolled in public schools and roughly one in four students is an English language learner. Many of the English language learners are not meeting the English language proficiency level therefore being considered long-term English learners. A long-term English learner is a student in grades six through twelve who has been stuck at the same level of English proficiency for more than two years. The needs of English language learners are slightly different compared to those students who do not have a language barrier.

## Bilingual teachers

Teachers play an important role in the lives of students who are learning English as their second language. Moreover, bilingual teachers are essential in the success of these students. When teachers discover that their students are part of the group that is "stuck" as long-term English learners they become "fired up" and seek methods to help these students comprehend the English language. Bilingual teachers have spoken up about the outcome that proposition 227 brought upon Spanish-speaking students. Bilingual teachers have sought to creative methods that allow their English-learning students to be able to comprehend the material as their English-speaking colleagues.
# Gisele Jackson

Gisele Jackson is a house music singer known for international club hits, "Me, Myself and I", "Make It On My Own", "Happy Feelings" and the Billboard charted #3, "Love Commandments" (1997). The song was remixed by Danny Tenaglia and by Stonebridge and also found success in Europe, reaching # 54 in the UK Singles Chart.
She graduated from Howard University, performed in tours for a few years with Ray Charles and Donna Summer building her career from Brooklyn, New York City. Gisele appeared singing in the 1996 film The First Wives Club and has performed all over the world, including at the presidential inauguration of Bill Clinton. She has performed solo at Carnegie Hall, Madison Square Garden and Lincoln Center. Gisele lent her voice to a worldwide commercial campaign by Johnnie Walker. She moved to Spain and toured with her 90-minute Classic Soul and Disco show 'JUMP!" with Gisele Jackson throughout Europe, Scandinavia and the Middle East.
# Speranza guenearia

Speranza guenearia is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Speranza guenearia is 6301.
# Borchert

Borchert is a German language surname. It stems from the male given name Burchard – and may refer to:
* Bernhard Borchert (1863–1945), Baltic-German painter
* Jochen Borchert (1940), German politician
* Jürgen Borchert (1940), German judge
* Karl Borchert (1884), German gymnast
* Katharina Borchert (1972), German journalist
* Reinhard Borchert (1948), German sprinter
* Rudolph Borchert (1928–2003), American screenwriter
* Scott Borchert, American writer
* William G. Borchert, American screenwriter and author
* Wolfgang Borchert (1921–1947), German author and playwright
# Spialia doris

Spialia doris, the Aden skipper or desert grizzled skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in Morocco, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Somalia and India. In the Atlas Mountains it is found at heights of 400 to 1,750 meters above sea-level.
The wingspan is 22–26 mm. Adults are on wing from March to May and from August to September in two generations.
The larvae feed on Convolvolus lanatus, Convolvolus caputmedusae, Convolvolus trabutianus and Ipomoea species.

## Subspecies

* Spialia doris doris (Sudan, northern Kenya, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Arabia, southern Iran, Pakistan)
* Spialia doris amenophis (Reverdin, 1914) (northern Egypt: Nile Valley)
* Spialia doris daphne Evans, 1949 (Mauritania, south-western Morocco)
* Spialia doris evanida (Butler, 1880) (southern Turkmenia, southern Uzbekistan)
# Spialia mafa

Spialia mafa, the Mafa grizzled skipper or Mafa sandman, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in south-western Africa, in KwaZulu-Natal, Botswana, Zimbabwe and from the Cape in South Africa to Sudan and southern Arabia.
These skippers are dark brown with white spots and both sides of the wings.
Wingspan is from 22–26 mm.
Flight period is year-round but peaks from September to April.
The larvae feed on Hermannia, Pavonia and Hibiscus species (including Hibiscus aethiopicus).

## Subspecies

* Spialia mafa mafa (southern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, southern and south-eastern Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, central and northern Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Lesotho)
* Spialia mafa higginsi Evans, 1937 (Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, south-western Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman)
# Chasing Eagle Rock

Chasing Eagle Rock is a 2015 film directed by Erick Avari and starring Michael Welch, Erick Avari, Rafael Morais, Edgar Morais, and Robert Cicchini.

## Cast

* Michael Welch as J.R.
* Erick Avari as Cam Avery
* Mary-Margaret Humes as Mags Avery
* Robert Cicchini as Joe Paul
* Beth Behrs as Deborah
* Lauren Tom as Roxanne
* Edgar Morais as Jaffa
* Rafael Morais as Raffa
* Ashley Gardner
# Megachile prosopidis

Megachile prosopidis is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1900.
# Bill Brennan (journalist)

Bill Brennan is a former sports journalist. A former columnist for The Detroit News, he won the Elmer Ferguson Memorial Award in 1987 and is a member of the media section of the Hockey Hall of Fame. He covered the Detroit Red Wings.
# Hadronyche flindersi

Hadronyche flindersi, also known as the Flinders Ranges funnel-web spider, is a species of funnel-web spider in the Atracidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1984 by Australian arachnologist Michael R. Gray.

## Description

The carapace is a glossy brownish-black in colour, the back and sides of the abdomen a dark maroon-brown with a paler, pinkish, underside. There are four pairs of pale markings on the upper and lateral surfaces. The venom contains excitatory neurotoxins.

## Distribution and habitat

The species occurs in the southern Flinders Ranges of South Australia. The type locality is on the lower slopes of Mount Remarkable, 3 km north of Melrose. The spiders are found in open forest and woodland habitats.

## Behaviour

The spiders construct burrows, without surface triplines, in or beneath leaf litter. The burrows contain a side chamber and have an entrance with a soil door in a collapsible silk collar.
# Ben Nelson (Australian footballer)

Ben Nelson (born 23 January 1977) is an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton and Adelaide in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Nelson is the son of famous Sturt player Philip 'Sandy' Nelson, and accordingly played his first senior football with the Sturt Football Club in 1994. He was to join the inaugural Port Adelaide Power team in 1997 as it was admitted to the Australian Football League; however, Port Adelaide traded him and Andrew Balkwill to the Carlton Football Club for Brent Heaver in the 1996/97 offseason.
Nelson made his debut for Carlton in Sturt colours—the game when Carlton wore pale blue guernseys instead of their traditional navy blue, due to a promotional deal with M&Ms. He was strongly built and played mostly as a tagger and at half back. Injuries interrupted his early career but he became a regular in the side in 1999 and played in their losing Grand Final that year against the Kangaroos. After 40 games for Carlton, Nelson was traded to Adelaide for David Gallagher at the conclusion of the 2001 season. Nelson managed 12 games for Adelaide in 2002 before being delisted.
Following his AFL career, Nelson returned to Sturt. He had been a member of Sturt's 2002 premiership team (as an AFL-listed player allocated to Sturt when on reserve), and in his first full season back at the club, 2003, he was Club Champion. He was made captain of the club in 2004, and held that position outright until 2006; from 2007, he was co-captain with Jade Sheedy. In 2007, at the age of 30, Nelson was equal second in the 2007 Magarey Medal. Nelson retired at the end of 2010, after playing more than 200 games for the Double Blues in his SANFL career. He and his father Phillip are the only father/son combination to have each played 200 games at the same SANFL club.
In 2011, Nelson played for the Bute Football Club in the Yorke Peninsula Football League. In 2012, he became the coach of the Scotch College Adelaide first XVIII, Nelson is himself a Scotch College old boy.
# 2013 World Taekwondo Championships – Women's welterweight

The women's welterweight is a competition featured at the 2013 World Taekwondo Championships, and was held at the Exhibition Center of Puebla in Puebla, Mexico on July 17.
Welterweights were limited to a maximum of 67 kilograms in body mass. 32 athletes participated in this event, including an Indian athlete under the name of World Taekwondo Federation.
Haby Niaré of France won the gold medal after beating Chuang Chia-chia of Chinese Taipei 5–4. Chuang won this title two years later in Chelyabinsk.

## Results

* DQ — Won by disqualification

### Final

| Final | Final |
| Chuang Chia-chia (TPE) | 4 |
| Haby Niaré (FRA) | 5 |

### Top half

| Round of 32 | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals |
| Nur Tatar (TUR) | 11 | | | | | | |
| Cristiana Rizzelli (ITA) | 8 | Nur Tatar (TUR) | 3 | | | | |
| Chuang Chia-chia (TPE) | 18 | Chuang Chia-chia (TPE) | 4 | | | | |
| Patricia Figueroa (CHI) | 2 | | | Chuang Chia-chia (TPE) | 3 | | |
| Zhadyra Otemis (KAZ) | 0 | | | Lúa Piñeiro (ESP) | 2 | | |
| Shokraneh Izadi (IRI) | 16 | Shokraneh Izadi (IRI) | 6 | | | | |
| Lúa Piñeiro (ESP) | 8 | Lúa Piñeiro (ESP) | 7 | | | | |
| Victoria Heredia (MEX) | 6 | | | | | Chuang Chia-chia (TPE) | 8 |
| Farida Azizova (AZE) | 4 | | | | | Farida Azizova (AZE) | 5 |
| Fanai Lalrempuii (WTF) | 0 | Farida Azizova (AZE) | 3 | | | | |
| Marina Souza (BRA) | 2 | Dajana Perišić (SRB) | 2 | | | | |
| Dajana Perišić (SRB) | 6 | | | Farida Azizova (AZE) | 3 | | |
| Katherine Alvarado (CRC) | 13 | | | Guo Yunfei (CHN) | 0 | | |
| Yosselyn Molina (HON) | 6 | Katherine Alvarado (CRC) | 1 | | | | |
| Tamara Freites (VEN) | 0 | Guo Yunfei (CHN) | 9 | | | | |
| Guo Yunfei (CHN) | 16 | | | | | | |

### Bottom half

| Round of 32 | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals |
| Paige McPherson (USA) | DQ | | | | | | |
| Urgence Mouegha (GAB) | | Paige McPherson (USA) | 3 | | | | |
| Nguyễn Thanh Hiền (VIE) | 1 | Liu Qing (MAC) | 4 | | | | |
| Liu Qing (MAC) | 15 | | | Liu Qing (MAC) | 4 | | |
| Nathalie Iliesco (CAN) | 4 | | | Franka Anić (SLO) | 6 | | |
| Aleksandrę Krzemieniecką (POL) | 3 | Nathalie Iliesco (CAN) | 0 | | | | |
| Anastasia Baryshnikova (RUS) | 3 | Franka Anić (SLO) | 1 | | | | |
| Franka Anić (SLO) | 12 | | | | | Franka Anić (SLO) | 0 |
| Petra Matijašević (CRO) | 24 | | | | | Haby Niaré (FRA) | 2 |
| Nadège N'Dri (CIV) | 4 | Petra Matijašević (CRO) | 11 | | | | |
| Jane Narra (PHI) | 1 | Anastasia Delidimitri (GRE) | 6 | | | | |
| Anastasia Delidimitri (GRE) | 8 | | | Petra Matijašević (CRO) | 0 | | |
| Katherine Dumar (COL) | 0 | | | Haby Niaré (FRA) | 2 | | |
| Kim Jan-di (KOR) | 10 | Kim Jan-di (KOR) | 3 | | | | |
| Alexis Arnoldt (ARG) | 1 | Haby Niaré (FRA) | 4 | | | | |
| Haby Niaré (FRA) | 7 | | | | | | |
# Koster Commando

Koster Commando was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the South African Territorial Reserve.

## History
### Operations
#### With the SADF

During this era, the unit was mainly used for area force protection, search and cordones as well as stock theft control assistance to the rural police.

#### With the SANDF
##### Disbandment

This unit, along with all other Commando units was disbanded after a decision by South African President Thabo Mbeki to disband all Commando Units. The Commando system was phased out between 2003 and 2008 "because of the role it played in the apartheid era", according to the Minister of Safety and Security Charles Nqakula.
# Kulina, Estonia

Kulina is a village in Vinni Parish, Lääne-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia.
Philologist Nikolai Anderson (1845–1905) was born in Kulina.
# Swahili

Swahili may refer to:
* Swahili language, a Bantu language officially used in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda and widely spoken in the African Great Lakes.
* Swahili people, an ethnic group in East Africa.
* Swahili culture, the culture of the Swahili people.
* Swahili coast, a littoral region in East Africa.
# Geniospasm

Geniospasm is movement disorder of the mentalis muscle.
It is a benign genetic disorder linked to chromosome 9q13-q21 where there are episodic involuntary up and down movements of the chin and lower lip. The movements consist of rapid fluttering or trembling at about 8 Hz superimposed onto a once per three seconds movement of higher amplitude and occur symmetrically in the V-shaped muscle. The tongue and buccal floor muscles may also be affected but to a much lesser degree.
The movements are always present but extreme episodes may be precipitated by stress, concentration or emotion and commence in early childhood.
The condition is extremely rare and in a study in 1999 only 23 families in the world were known to be affected, although it may be under-reported. Inheritance is aggressively autosomal dominant. In at least two studies the condition appeared spontaneously in the families.
The condition responds very well to regular botulinum toxin injections into the mentalis muscle which paralyse the muscle but cause no impairment of facial expression or speech.
# Sphenopholis intermedia

Sphenopholis intermedia, the slender wedgegrass or slender wedgescale, is an annual grass native to North America. The specific epithet "intermedia" means "intermediate". The diploid number is 14.

## Description

Sphenopholis intermedia is a slender grass growing 20–120 cm (8–47 in) tall. The leaf sheaths can be pubescent or glabrous. The ligules are 1.5–2.5 mm (0.06–0.10 in) and often appear erose-ciliate and lacerate. The upper leaf blades are half as long or as long as their sheaths and are scabrous on their nerves. Most leaf blades are 2–6 mm (0.08–0.24 in) broad and flat or slightly rolled.
The lax panicles are 3–20 cm (1.2–7.9 in) long and tend to nod. The spikelets are 3–4.2 mm (0.12–0.17 in) long. The glumes are scabrous on their keels, with the first linear-attenuate and the second oblanceolate. The lemmas are lanceolate and are glabrous except for the most distal lemmas, which become scabrous at their ends. The anthers are 0.5 mm (0.02 in) long. The paleas are thin, narrow, and slightly shorter than the lemmas.
S. intermedia flowers from June into August.

## Distribution and habitat

Sphenopholis intermedia occurs in meadows, prairies, shores, and damp slopes at elevations between sea level and 2,500 m (8,200 ft). It prefers wet soils, damp soils that dry after growing season, and clay soils with high water retention. It can be found from Newfoundland to southern Alaska, extending south to Florida, Louisiana, Colorado, and Arizona.
# Bolivian tapaculo

The Bolivian tapaculo (Scytalopus bolivianus) is a species of bird in the family Rhinocryptidae. It is found in Bolivia and Peru.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The Bolivian tapaculo was formerly considered a subspecies of rufous-vented tapaculo (Scytalopus femoralis) but was separated based principally on differences in their vocalizations.

## Description

The Bolivian tapaculo is 12 cm (4.7 in) long. Males weigh 17 to 22 g (0.60 to 0.78 oz) and one female weighed 19.5 g (0.69 oz). The male is mostly dark gray with reddish brown flanks, vent, and crissum (the area around the cloaca). It has a variable amount of white on the crown of the head. The female is paler gray washed with brown above with a black-barred brown belly. The juvenile is similar to the female.

## Distribution and habitat

The Bolivian tapaculo is found from Puno Province in southeastern Peru into Bolivia as far as Chuquisaca Department. It inhabits dense undergrowth in humid broadleaf forest. Its primary elevational range is 1,000 to 2,300 m (3,300 to 7,500 ft) but it can be found as high as 2,850 m (9,350 ft) in a few locations.

## Behavior

No information is available on the Bolivian tapaculo's feeding or breeding phenologies. Its song is a trill up to 15 seconds long and its alarm call is rendered "kekekeke" . The female is thought to utter a high-pitched "brzk" .

## Status

The IUCN has assessed the Bolivian tapaculo as being of Least Concern. Though its population number is not known and is thought to be decreasing, it does not meet the criteria for a more critical rating. It does occur in some national parks and preserves.
# Bill Brelsford

William Henry Brelsford (1885 – 25 March 1954), known as Bill or Beau Brelsford, was an English footballer who played for Doncaster Rovers and Sheffield United. He was a hardworking player and could play as a right half or centre half.

## Club career

Bill Brelsford came from a footballing family, two brothers playing for Sheffield Wednesday, but he made his league début with Doncaster Rovers. In 1910 he transferred back to his home town Sheffield but he did not join his brothers at Wednesday, joining cross-city rivals Sheffield United instead. He was a member of the Blades team who won the FA Cup final in 1915 where it was reported he broke up many of the Chelsea attacks by heading the ball back towards their half.
After a lengthy career at Bramall Lane he had a brief spell at Torquay United before returning to Sheffield where he became assistant trainer at his former club, eventually rising to first team trainer between 1932 and 1935. Following his retirement he became kennel master at Darnall greyhound track.

## Honours

Sheffield United
* FA Cup winners: 1915
# Haba

Haba may refer to:
* Habermaaß, a.k.a. Haba, a German toy maker
* Haba, Togo, a village in the Bassar Prefecture in the Kara Region of north-western Togo
* Haba Xueshan, a mountain in Yunnan, China
* La Haba, a municipality located in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain
* Spanish name for Vicia faba, the fava bean, or for Phaseolus lunatus, the Haba bean
* Alois Hába (1893 – 1973), Czech composer, music theorist and teacher.
# List of mayors of Kreuzlingen

This is a list of mayors of Kreuzlingen, Thurgau, Switzerland. The executive of Kreuzlingen is the city council (Stadtrat). It is presided by the mayor (Stadtammann von Kreuzlingen, earlier Gemeindeammann).
Mayor of Kreuzlingen :
| Term | Mayor | Lifespan | Party |
| 1919–1944 | Johann Lymann | (1880–1944) | |
| | Walter Huwyler | (1893–1969) | |
| 1958–1972 | Alfred Abegg | (1914–1998) | |
| 1972–1989 | Emil Heeb | (born 1924) | |
| 1989–2007 | Josef Bieri | (born 1943) | CVP/PDC |
| 2007–2017 | Andreas Netzle | (born 1959) | independent |
| 2018-present | Thomas Niederberger | (born 1970) | independent |
# Swimming at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's 1 mile freestyle

The men's 1 mile freestyle was a swimming event held as part of the Swimming at the 1904 Summer Olympics programme. It was the first time the event was held at such a distance at the Olympics and the only time the mile was used; later incarnations of the event used 1500 metres as the distance.
7 swimmers from 5 nations competed.

## Results
### Final

Final :
| | Emil Rausch (GER) | 27:18.2 |
| | Géza Kiss (HUN) | 28:28.2 |
| | Francis Gailey (AUS) | 28:54.0 |
| 4. | Otto Wahle (AUT) | |
| — | Edgar Adams (USA) | Did not finish |
| — | Louis Handley (USA) | Did not finish |
| — | John Meyers (USA) | Did not finish |
# Swimming at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's 220 yard freestyle

The men's 220 yard freestyle was a swimming event held as part of the Swimming at the 1904 Summer Olympics programme. It was the second time the event was held at the Olympics, though the only time yards were used instead of metres. The length of 220 yards (201.168 metres) was slightly longer than the 200 metres that had been held at the 1900 Summer Olympics and that would return at the 1968 Summer Olympics. It was held on 6 September in a man-made lake in Forest Park. 4 swimmers from 3 nations competed. The event was won by Charles Daniels of the United States. Francis Gailey of Australia took silver, while Emil Rausch of Germany earned bronze. It was the first medal in the 200 metre/220 yard freestyle for each of the United States and Germany; Australia had received gold in 1900 (by Frederick Lane).

## Background

This was the second appearance of the 200 metre/220 yard freestyle event. It was first contested in 1900. It would be contested a second time, though at 220 yards, in 1904. After that, the event did not return until 1968; since then, it has been on the programme at every Summer Games.
None of the competitors from the 1900 Games returned.
All three of the competing nations were making their second appearance, having previously competed in 1900.

## Competition format

The event was held as a single race. Any stroke could be used.

## Records

The standing world and Olympic records (both for 200 metres) prior to this competition were as follows. Ruberl's Olympic record was set with assistance from the current of the Seine, as the swimming events in 1900 were swum downstream in that river.
200 metres :
| World record | Frederick Lane (AUS) | 2:28.6 | Weston-super-Mare, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | 18 August 1902 |
| Olympic record | Karl Ruberl (HUN) | 2:22.6* | Paris, France | 11 August 1900 |
No new world or Olympic records were set during the competition.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| Tuesday, 6 September 1904 | | Final |

## Results

| Rank | Swimmer | Nation | Time |
| | Charles Daniels | United States | 2:44.2 |
| | Francis Gailey | Australia | 2:46.0 |
| | Emil Rausch | Germany | 2:56.0 |
| 4 | Edgar Adams | United States | Unknown |
# Hadiza Mailafia

Hadiza Mailafia is a Nigerian politician. She served as the Minister of Environment from July 2011 to September 2013.