# Bernard Jacob Bamberger

Bernard Jacob Bamberger (May 30, 1904 – June 14, 1980) was an American rabbi, scholar, author, translator, head of major Jewish organizations, and congregational spiritual leader for over 50 years during the middle decades of the 20th century.

## Biography

Bernard J. Bamberger was born May 30, 1904, in Baltimore, to which his great-grandfather Abraham had emigrated from Bavaria in 1839. He was a brilliant student, rapidly completing high school and entering Johns Hopkins University in 1920, at the age of 16. He matriculated in three years (instead of the normal four) and on June 12, 1923, just two weeks after his 19th birthday, Johns Hopkins awarded him the Bachelor of Arts degree with honors, and he was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa Society. That fall he entered the Hebrew Union College (HUC) in Cincinnati, again completing his studies at an accelerated pace. He was ordained a rabbi on May 29, 1926, the day before his 22nd birthday. On June 1, 1929, he received from the HUC his Doctor of Divinity Degree (at the time, equivalent to a Ph.D.) Concurrent to his doctoral courses, he served as rabbi for Temple Israel of Lafayette, Indiana. In 1929, he became Rabbi of Congregation Beth Emeth in Albany, NY, where his predecessors included Isaac Mayer Wise, the founder of the Reform movement in America. Bamberger remained there for 15 years.
On June 14, 1932, he married Ethel Kraus of New York City whom he nicknamed “Pat.” They had two sons: Henry, who was ordained as a rabbi in 1961 at the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, and David, who wrote four textbooks for Jewish religious schools while pursuing a career as an opera producer/director.
In 1944, Bamberger became rabbi of Congregation Shaaray Tefila, one of New York City's oldest and most prominent Reform Jewish synagogues. During his tenure, he oversaw the congregation's move from Manhattan's West side to the East side. He served as head of the congregation from 1944 to 1971, and then as Rabbi Emeritus until his death on June 14, 1980 – his 48th wedding anniversary.

## Biblical Scholarship
### The Bible: A Modern Jewish Approach (1955)

In 1955, Bamberger wrote for Hillel books a short introduction to scripture entitled The Bible: A Modern Jewish Approach. Its first sentence shows the large question addressed in the text's mere 96 pages: “What meaning, what value does the Bible have for the modern man – in particular, for the modern Jew?” The book was published in Spanish in 1967 as La Biblia: Un enfoque judio moderno.

### Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures (1955-1978)

In 1955, the Jewish Publication Society of America, aware that the Jewish community of the United States and English-speaking Jews everywhere needed a translation of the Bible more intelligible and accurate than the 1917 Bible in general use, appointed a committee of seven scholars to prepare a new translation. The members of the committee were “chosen for scholarly ability, broad outlook, and recognized status in the community at large.” Bamberger, as a member of the Central Conference of American Rabbis, was asked to represent the Reform perspective. In addition to his work as a translator (he prepared the initial draft of the Book of Jeremiah), he presided over meetings of the committee, his objectivity, fair-mindedness, and ability to defuse tensions being important assets in dealing with divergent and sometimes passionate views of the committee members. This project remained a priority through 1978.

### The Torah: A Modern Commentary - Leviticus (1979)

The Union of American Hebrew Congregations (now the Union for Reform Judaism) decided to publish a commentary on the Torah that would be written from a liberal (Reform) point of view. Bamberger was asked to participate and chose to work on the Book of Leviticus. This was published separately in 1979, though the complete commentary was not published as a single volume until 1981, the year following his death.

## Other Published Works

His other major books indicate the breadth and depth of Bamberger's scholarship:

### Proselytism in the Talmudic Period (1939)

This book was begun to detail the then commonly held belief that Rabbis of the Talmudic period were opposed to conversion. Bamberger discovered and proved that the opposite was true: the Rabbis were overwhelmingly pro-conversionist. Thus, in his first book, he revolutionized thinking on the subject. It was republished, with a new introduction by the author, in 1968.

### Fallen Angels (1952)

Bamberger traced how Judaism and Christianity have tried to explain why, in the universe of a good God, there is evil in the world. Specifically, it traces the myths such as those about angels who sinned with mortals, and about the Satanic rebellion against God, and how these beliefs differed in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

### The Story of Judaism (1957)

This is a book for the general reader providing "a history of the inner content of Jewish life" and “a comprehensive yet popular history of Judaism” (in contrast to existing histories which focused on the Jews or of Jewish literature).

### The Search for Jewish Theology (1978)

A summation of his “approach to religious thinking in general, and Jewish religious thinking in particular.” Bamberger emphasizes that Judaism has not focused on creating a systematic theology, but rather recognizes and accepts (though perhaps reluctantly) the areas in which human concepts of the divine are limited and even contradictory.
His commitment to and belief in the uniqueness of the Jewish experience was passionate. He wrote:
   To be a Jew is to be more than just an ethical monotheist; it is to belong to a community which has experienced the revelation of the One God, a community which has lived and worked and suffered and died to fulfill His purpose in the world, a community which has followed a unique path in history because it has dedicated itself to Him.

## Organization Leader

In addition to dealing with the demands of congregational leadership and scholarship, Bamberger was deeply involved in the major organizations of national and world Jewry. Of these, the most important were:
President of the Synagogue Council of America (1950–51): His work included participating on the President's Committee of Religion and Welfare in the Armed Forces, along with representatives of the Catholic and Protestant Churches.
President of the Central Conference of American Rabbis (1959-1961): He oversaw landmark decisions including the implementation of the rabbinic placement system. Additionally, he used his position to support the civil rights movement of the early 1960s.
President of the World Union for Progressive Judaism (1970-1972): Accompanied by his wife, Bamberger traveled around the world to teach and to cement relationships with far-flung communities such as those in South Africa and Australia.