OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tadeusz Milewski

Tadeusz Milewski (17 May 1906 – 5 March 1966) was a Polish linguist and Professor at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, specializing in the study of the Slavic languages, general linguistics and linguistic typology.

## Education and career

Tadeusz Milewski was born in Kolomyia and studied linguistics at the University of Lviv, under the supervision of Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński, from 1925 to 1929. His dissertation research was on the Polabian language. Together with his professor, he moved to the Jagiellonian University in Kraków in 1929 and took up a teaching position there.
Like other professors of the Jagiellonian University, he was arrested by the Gestapo on 6 November 1939 (as part of the Sonderaktion Krakau), and he spent a year in concentration camps in Sachsenhausen and Dachau. After his release, he participated in clandestine teaching in German-occupied Poland, and also started working on his book “Outline of general linguistics”.
Milewski became a professor at the Jagiellonian University in 1946, and taught there in various roles until his death on 5 March 1966 in Kraków, after a long illness. The funeral was held by Archbishop Karol Wojtyła, a former student and longtime friend.

## Scientific contributions

Milewski is internationally best known for his contributions to linguistic typology, in particular his distinction between concentric and excentric language types, which is widely recognized as a precursor to the well-known distinction between head-marking and dependent-marking languages. He is also the originator of Milewski's typology. In addition to his interests in Slavic and Indo-European linguistics, he had a strong interest in the languages of North America.

## Selected works

* Milewski, Tadeusz. 1936. L’Indo-hittite et l’indo-européen. Cracovie: Imprimerie de l’Université.
* Milewski, Tadeusz. 1950. La structure de la phrase dans les langues indigènes de l'Amérique du Nord. Lingua Posnaniensis 2. 162–207.
* Milewski, Tadeusz. 1951. The conception of the word in languages of North American natives. Lingua Posnaniensis 3. 248–268.
* Milewski, Tadeusz. 1962. Wstęp do jezykoznawstwa. Łódź: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
* Milewski, Tadeusz. 1964. Typological similarities between Caucasian and American Indian languages. Actas y Memorias (XXXV Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, Mexico 1962), vol. 2, 533–539. México, D.F.: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
* Milewski, Tadeusz. 1965. Językoznawsto. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
* Milewski, Tadeusz. 1967. Études typologiques sur les langues indigènes de l’Amérique/Typological studies on the American Indian languages (Prace Komisji Orientalistycznej, 7.). Kraków: Polska Akademia Nauk.
* Milewski, Tadeusz. 1970. Voraussetzungen einer typologischen Sprachwissenschaft. Linguistics 8(59). 62–107.
* Milewski, Tadeusz. 1973. Introduction to the study of language. The Hague: Mouton. (= English translation of Milewski 1965)
# Mette Blomsterberg

Mette Jæger Blomsterberg (born 20 July 1970) is a Danish pastry chef, restaurateur and cookbook writer. She has been a judge in the television programme Den store bagedyst, the Danish equivalent of The Great British Bake Off.

## Biography

Born in Helsingør in 1970, Blomsterberg was trained as a pastry cook at Kransekagehuset, a Copenhagen bakery. She is married to Henrik Jæger whom she met in Helsingør in 1992. They have two children. Henrik, who has changed his name to Blomsterberg, works with his wife in the café they established in Lyngby in 2014. Mette Blomsterberg had previously worked as a pastry chef at the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek (1995–2011) before opening a café in Copenhagen in 2011.

## Publications

Mette Blomsterberg has published the following cookbooks, all in Danish:
* Blomsterberg, Mette (2001). Forelsket i det søde liv. Møntergården. ISBN 978-87-7901-154-0.
* Blomsterberg, Mette J. (2011). Kongerigets kager. Lindhardt og Ringhof. ISBN 978-87-11-40463-8.
* Blomsterberg, Mette J. (2011). Blomsterbergs lækkerier. Politikens Forlag. ISBN 9788740002690.
* Blomsterberg, Mette J. (2012). Blomsterbergs Jul. Politikens Forlag. ISBN 9788740006438.
* Blomsterberg, Mette J. (2013). Blomsterbergs skønne klassikere. Politiken. ISBN 978-87-400-1366-5.
# Language Arts (album)

Language Arts is an album by Canadian alternative hip hop musician Buck 65, released in 1996 on the Four Ways To Rock/Metaphorensics labels (see 1996 in music) and reissued by Warner in 2002.
The album is considered the first in the (presently) seven-part Language Arts series, also taking in the Vertex, Man Overboard, Synesthesia, Square, and Talkin' Honky Blues albums, as well as 2006's Strong Arm mixtape made available online.
The record saw several pressings with different artwork. The original was released only on cassette with artwork by Thesis; later CD versions were designed by Hugh Morse with artwork by Nick Recka. Additionally, this record and the other two Language Arts records prior to Buck's signing to Warner Music were remastered, repackaged with new artwork, and re-released by Warner in 2002. There is also a two disc versions of this album that is close to 90 minutes long.

## Voices

Like most Buck 65 albums, this album contains various sounds of people talking.
   * "Totem Pole" begins with a short rap excerpt.
   * "Loose Teeth" has a phone conversation on a man's first time being stoned.
   * The ending of "Obstacle Course" and the beginning of "Beauty is a Skill" has a man repeating "Buck 65" over and over.
   * A man talks about Buck 65 at the beginning of "Diesel Treatment".

## Track listing

* "Totem Pole" – 5:13
* "Pubic's Tube" – 3:12
* "Loose Teeth" – 3:30
* "Frame and Fork" – 3:01
* "Grindstone Cowboy" – 3:20
* "Wax Lips" – 1:12
* "Eye Make-up Excuses" – 3:05
* "Seventeen" – 2:42
* "Gauze" – 1:49
* "Bush Pilot" – 3:02
* "Obstacle Course" – 2:05
* "Beauty is a Skill" – 3:25
* "'86 Jetta" – 3:17
* "G.C. Luther" – 2:54
* "Sick Stew" – 2:38
* "Diesel Treatment" – 23:58
# Gita Basnet

Gita Basnet is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Rastriya Prajatantra Party. She is currently serving as a member of the 2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal. In the 2022 Nepalese general election she was elected as a proportional representative from the Khas people category.
# Gerald Cranston's Lady (novel)

Gerald Cranston's Lady is a melodramatic novel by the British writer Gilbert Frankau which was first published in 1924. It portrays the marriage of an ambitious financier to a well-connected woman in an attempt to boost his social standing. The result is a loveless marriage in which both develop an interest in other people, until eventually being reconciled.

## Adaptation

The same year of the novel's release, it was adapted into an American silent film Gerald Cranston's Lady by Fox Film. It retained the English setting of the original story.
# Konan-N'Drikro

Konan-N'Drikro (also spelled Konandrikro) is a village in central Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Bocanda, Bocanda Department, N'Zi Region, Lacs District.
Konan-N'Drikro was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.
# South Africa at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics

South Africa competed at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria. The South African team was made up of one athlete and two officials. Chantelle Jardim was the Chef De Mission of the team.
The athlete selected became the first black athlete to represent the country at any Winter Olympics.

## Alpine skiing

South Africa has qualified one boy in alpine skiing.

### Boy

| Athlete | Event | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Run 1 | Run 2 | Total | Rank |
| Sive Speelman | Slalom | 53.13 | 52.04 | 1:45.17 | 32 |
| Sive Speelman | Giant slalom | 1:08.96 | 1:03.25 | 2:12.21 | 35 |
| Sive Speelman | Super-G | | | 1:18.31 | 41 |
| Sive Speelman | Combined | 1:18.22 | 58.10 | 2:16.32 | 33 |
# Soup (band)

Soup are a post-rock band from Trondheim, Norway, founded in 2004 by the Norwegian-based multi-instrumentalist Erlend Viken as an outlet for his songwriting and compositional talents. Soup's music has been likened by some critics to that of Steven Wilson, Sigur Rós, Mogwai, and Explosions in the Sky, among others.

## Discography

* Give It an Empire (2004)
* Come On Pioneers (2006)
* Children of E.L.B. (2010)
* Entropia (2012)
* The Beauty of Our Youth (2013)
* DUUN (2013)
* Remedies (2017)
* Live Cuts (2018)
* Visions (2021)
# Sosa, India

Sosa or Soso (Village ID 49105) is one of the 14 villages in the Chaudans Valley of the sub-district Dharchula, district Pithoragarh in the Kumaoni region of Uttarakhand. According to the 2011 census it has a population of 309 living in 77 households. Its main agriculture product is paddy growing.
The residents are from the Rung community and are mainly Hyanki, Garkhal,Kunwar and Budathoki. The language spoken is Bangbani, which falls under the RungLo regional dialect of the Rung people.
The village is predominantly occupied by Hyanki clan and are of the highest strata. It is believed that they are the descendants of Lalmani (Lata) Paliwal who migrated from Chittaurgarh sometime in mid 1700 AD. The available manuscripts tell that his only son Hriday (Hridwa) Pailwal along with his two wives was the actual founder of Hyanki clan in this region. There are many stories around the actual reason for their migration from Chittaurgarh, but none has been established as yet.
# Magnetically assisted slip casting

Magnetically assisted slip casting is a manufacturing technique that uses anisotropic stiff nanoparticle platelets in a ceramic, metal or polymer functional matrix to produce layered objects that can mimic natural objects such as nacre. Each layer of platelets is oriented in a different direction, giving the resulting object greater strength. The inventors claimed that the process is 10x faster than commercial 3D printing. The magnetisation and orientation of the ceramic platelets has been patented.

## Technique

The technique involves pouring a suspension of magnetized ceramic micro-plates. Pores in the plaster mold absorb the liquid from the suspension, solidifying the material from the outside in. The particles are subjected to a strong magnetic field as they solidify that causes them to align in one direction. The field's orientation is changed at regular intervals, moving the plates still in suspension, without disturbing already-solidified plates. By varying the composition of the suspension and the direction of the platelets, a continuous process can produce multiple layers with differing material properties in a single object. The resulting objects can closely imitate their natural models.

## Artificial tooth

Researchers produced an artificial tooth whose microstructure mimicked that of a real tooth. The outer layers, corresponding to enamel, were hard and structurally complex. The outer layers contained glass nanoparticles and aluminium oxide plates were aligned perpendicular to the surface. After the outer layers hardened, a second suspension was poured. It contained no glass, and the plates were aligned horizontally to the surface of the tooth. These deeper layers were tougher, resembling dentine. The tooth was then cooked at 1,600 degrees to compact and harden the material — a process known as sintering. The last step involved filling remaining pores with a synthetic monomer used in dentistry, which polymerizes after treatment. Hardness and durability approximated that of both the enamel and dentine of a tooth.
# Gezähe

In German-speaking countries, the miner's toolset is known as a Gezähe (derived from gizouuun, zu zawen, gezawen – to be usable, advantageous) formerly also abbreviated to Gezäh. It is a set of personally-owned mining tools and equipment needed by the miner in his daily work.
In coal mining in central Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries, every miner had his own set of tools. So that they could not be stolen, before the end of his shift they were either locked in a tool chest (Gezähekiste) or threaded onto a tool ring (Gezähering) which was then locked. To that end, all tools had a hole or eyelet. Tools that were not part of a miner's personal equipment and were only needed now and then, could be issued to the miner in the tool store (Gezähekammer or Magazin) in return for a token (Gezähemarke). Most tools were marked with a number, which was either stamped or welded to the tool.

## Typical implements

* Abbauhammer or Boxer: a mechanical pick for mining by hand
* Bohrgezähe: blasting or shooting tools and accessories
* Dicker Hammer or Bello (colloquial): a 20 kg sledge hammer
* Grubenbeil: miner's hatchet, a special type of hatchet with a hammer head at the blunt end
** Kaukamm: a hatchet sharpened on one-side
* Gezähekiste: lockable tool chest
* Gezähering: lockable ring made of a circular iron ring
* Keilhaue: a pick (tool) with a single point
** Flügeleisen: a pick with two points, mainly used in historical coal mining to create the undercut and to extract coal
** Breithaue: mattock adze or hoe with a wide blade for soft rock like clay or brown coal
* Kratze and Trog: paddle and basket or tub. The coal or ore material was shovelled into the basket using the paddle and then transported to the loading point
* Säge: historically a mechanical saw, in modern times a compressed air or electric chain saw used to cut wood for shoring
* Schlägel und Eisen: miner's hammer and chisel, also the symbol of mining hammer and pick
* Seifengabel: a type of fork, used open-cast tin mining, similar to a pitchfork. A washer (Seifner) diverted streams in order to wash out the granules of tin ore present in surface layers, a process called streaming or hushing. The fork was used to throw clumps of earth into the sluice or channel used. The names of the German towns of Seiffen (= "streaming") and Graupen (= "granules") were derived from this activity.
* Schlackengabel or Firke: a slag fork, part of a smelter's tool set

### Gallery

* A modern pick
* A pick with welded number and eye for the tool ring
* Sledgehammer with welded number
* An atypical Kaukamm, the eye and the nail claw are missing, the original number was ground off
# Geçerli, Elbeyli

Geçerli, historically Kumsurun, is a village in the Elbeyli District, Kilis Province, Turkey. The village is inhabited by Abdals of the Kurular tribe and had a population of 159 in 2022.
# Gertrude's Bird

Gertrude's Bird (Gjertrudsfuglen) is a Norwegian fairy tale collected by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe in their Norske Folkeeventyr. The adventure is part of Asbjørnsen and Moe's collection of Norwegian Folk Tales, which was first published in the period 1841-1844. Of a total of 22 known legends in Norway Gjertrudsfuglen is the most prevalent. The adventure should be known in 39 variants.

## Synopsis

In those days when Jesus and St. Peter wandered upon earth, they came to a house where lived a woman named Gertrude. They were both hungry and asked for a taste of lefse.
She took a tiny piece of dough, but it covered the whole griddle just the same, and she thought it too large to give to them. She tried twice more, each time with less dough, but could not make a lefse small enough. So she refused to give them anything.
Our Lord punishes her by transforming her into a bird that immediately flies up through the chimney. The bird, later known as the woodpecker, can be seen with a black body and a red hat, where it pecks for food between bark and wood and beeps thirsty against the rain.
# Gertrude (1843 brig)

Gertrude was a sailing ship built in 1843 in Newfoundland. She was wrecked upon Nine Mile Beach, New South Wales during a gale on 30 September 1864. One life was lost.
# Gerard Garabwan

Gerard Darrien Garabwan (10 March 1971) is a former weightlifter who competed for Nauru at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games.
He was a plumber when he was picked to represent his nation at the Olympics, he had already competed at the 1995 World Cup in China and finished 33rd. After he finished 24th at the Olympics he went on to finish 8th at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Malaysia.
# Boismont, Somme

Boismont (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Geography

The commune is situated on the D3 road, some 5 miles (8 km) northwest of Abbeville and close to the estuary of the river Somme.
# Mademoiselle de Longueville

Mademoiselle de Longueville was the name prior to marriage of the following:
* Françoise d'Orléans-Longueville (1549–1601), second wife of Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé
* Marie de Nemours (1625–1707), Duchess of Nemours and Princess of Neuchâtel
# Charqueada River

The Charqueada River is a river of Paraná state in southern Brazil.
# Chemical equator

The chemical equator term and concept was coined in 2008 when researchers from University of York discovered a distinct divide between the polluted air and haze over Indonesia from the largely uncontaminated atmosphere over Australia. This divide is distinguishable by a rapid increase in atmospheric levels of carbon monoxide and other pollutants from the Tropical Warm Pool region northward. The divide of the atmosphere of the northern hemisphere from the atmosphere of the southern hemisphere is different from that of the Intertropical Convergence Zone.

## Discovery

Scientists at the University of York's Department of Chemistry conducted the first research that supported the concept of a 50 km wide chemical equator by comparing concentrations of atmospheric pollutants in both sides. They observed that the atmospheric boundary, where drastic and quick changes in pollutants occurred, was well north of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which was previously thought to be the only chemical atmospheric boundary. This discovery is also the first observance of meteorological and chemical boundaries between air masses not being the same, though correlated.

## Causes

Biomass burning within this region, particularly from Southeast Asia, is responsible for the polluted air which is uplifted by convection and dispersed into the atmosphere over the Western Pacific. This convection is in contrast to the clean ocean air that is advected by cyclones over Northern Australia. Greenhouse gases are produced at high rates in Southeast Asia due to the less developed burning conditions, large population, and fast population growth. The soluble pollutants are mostly removed during the summer by monsoons and winds but during winter these pollutants are more present in the atmosphere, making the divide more definite.
Storm systems in the Tropical Warm Pool may also increase the influence of the atmospheric pollutants by acting as a pump that lifts polluted air higher up in the atmosphere where it will remain suspended for a longer period of time, as well as helping to spread it.
# Konica Minolta AF Zoom DT 18-70mm f/3.5-5.6 (D)

Originally produced as Konica Minolta AF Zoom DT 18-70mm f/3.5-5.6 (D) by Konica Minolta, and later produced by Sony, the Sony α DT 18-70mm f/3.5-5.6 (SAL-1870), is a photographic lens compatible with cameras using the Minolta A-mount and Sony A-mount lens mounts. The DT designation means this lens is designed to be used with a camera with an APS-C size sensor. When the 1.5× crop factor is considered, the lens has an effective equivalent 27–105mm focal length.
This lens was often sold as a kit lens with the Sony DSLR-A100K, DSLR-A100W, DSLR-A200K, DSLR-A200W, DSLR-A300K, DSLR-A350W and DSLR-A700K kits. It was superseded by the SAL-1855 lens with the launch of the DSLT system in 2010.
# Konica Minolta OpenAPI

Konica Minolta OpenAPI is a proprietary API communication system that allows software application developers to create applications that communicate with Konica Minolta MFPs.

## Technology

Konica Minolta OpenAPI is based around a SOAP/XML architecture, however a "wrapper" to abstract the SOAP messages is provided to allow developers to use the Microsoft .NET Framework instead. The wrapper is also available for Mono, with no significant differences to the .NET wrapper. The direct SOAP interface has also been used successfully from the Java language in commercial products and deployed on various other operating systems including Linux, OS X, Novell OES 2 and Windows.
Despite being a SOAP based technology, it differs from a traditional Open API in that it is for communication between an application and an MFPs rather than two web services. The application may be a web service, however this would be incidental only.

## Name

Despite the name "Open API", it is a proprietary technology, and neither is it an open-source system, nor is the SDK or a specification of the interface publicly available. It is only "open" in the sense that other companies may, under Konica Minolta's rules, develop applications that use it.

## Supported Models

Konica Minolta OpenAPI supports most new Konica Minolta MFPs between the speeds of 20 and 75 pages per minute. Not all models are supported, and different models have different levels of support for the API. Despite this, a part of the API is able to query the supported functions and version levels available from the MFP and a stated goal of the API is to allow communication to multiple different devices, without the concern over their exact model - as such, backwards compatibility and conformity across the range is strongly emphasised.

## Licensing model

Application developers wishing to use Konica Minolta OpenAPI should contact their local Konica Minolta office. Different regions within the world have different license models for OpenAPI, ranging from "free, but unsupported - support with payment", to "only available at Konica Minolta's discretion".
# Magdalena Caldense Subregion

The Magdalena Caldense District is a subregion of the Colombian Department of Caldas.
* La Dorada (Capital)
* Norcasia
* Samana
* Victoria
# Chen Jing

Chen Jing may refer to:
* Chen Jing (table tennis) (born 1968), Chinese/Taiwanese table tennis player
* Chen Jing (ice hockey) (born 1971), Chinese ice hockey player
* Chen Jing (volleyball) (born 1975), Chinese volleyball player
* Chen Jing (athlete) (born 1976), Chinese Olympic athlete
* Chen Jing (engineer) (1935–2024), Chinese engineer, member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
# Boksum

Boksum (Dutch pronunciation:) is a village in Waadhoeke municipality in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 400 people in 2020 Before 2018, the village was part of the Menameradiel municipality.

## Overview

The village was first mentioned in the 13th century as Boxum, meaning "settlement of Bokke or Bokse". Boksum was a terp (artificial living hill) village with a radial structure which dates from before Christ. It was built close to the Middelzee. The Dutch Reformed church has elements from the 12th century, and has been enlarged several times. The tower collapsed in 1842 and was rebuilt in 1843 using the stones of the previous tower.
On 17 January 1586, the last battle of the Dutch Revolt in Friesland was fought near Boksum. The Spanish won the battle, and an estimated 1,000 Dutch soldiers died; however, the ice had started to melt and an easy passage to the capital Leeuwarden over the ice was no longer an option.
Boksum was home to 237 people in 1840. The terp was partially excavated in 1869.
Modern Boksum has a bakery, a community center and two churches. The oldest of the two churches is still used as a church belonging to the Dutch Reformed Church. The elementary school was used to teach three languages: Dutch, West Frisian and English, but closed in 2019 due a lack of students. The remainder of the school was incorporated into the elementary school in Deinum, an adjacent village.

## Gallery

* Farm in Boksum
* View of Boksum