OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Growth elasticity of poverty

Growth elasticity of poverty (GEP) is the percentage reduction in poverty rates associated with a percentage change in mean (per capita) income.
Mathematically;
    $\mathrm {GEP} =-{\frac {\%d\mathrm {PR} }{\%dy}}\,$
where PR is a poverty measure and y is per capita income. Generally, increases in per capita income tend to decrease the poverty rate, hence the elasticity is positive.
Standard estimates of GEP for developing countries range from 1.5 to 5, with an average estimate of around 3. This implies that a 1% increase in per capita income is associated with a 3% decrease in the poverty rate (proportion of people living on less than $1 per day). This implies that economic growth is fundamental to reducing poverty rates, particularly in low income countries.
However, the GEP also depends on other variables, among them the initial level of income inequality. Countries with a more equal distribution of income (as measured for example by the Gini index) experience a greater reduction in the poverty rate for a given increase in per capita income. The GEP ranges from slightly less than 1 for very unequal countries, to as high as 6 for very equal countries. This suggests that in poor countries that also have a very unequal distribution of income, economic reforms aimed at reducing inequality may be a prerequisite for pro-growth policies to make a substantial impact on poverty levels. On the other hand, for poor countries which already have an equitable distribution of income, pro growth policies should be the main poverty fighting tools (even if they increase inequality).
# Masalit (disambiguation)

Masalit may refer to:
* Masalit people
* Masalit language
# Stone City, Texas

Stone City is a ghost town in Brazos County, in the U.S. state of Texas. It is located within the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area.

## History

Moseley's Ferry operated here in the 1860s. The Stone City community was founded as a terminus on the Hearne and Brazos Valley Railway in 1892. A post office was established at Stone City that year and remained in operation until 1919. In 1914, businesses in Stone City included telephone service, a grocery store, a general store, and a dry goods store serving 32 residents. Residents then received their mail from Mudville. Its population was 50 in 1940 with two businesses, which then went down to only several scattered houses and Mount Zion Church in 1988.

## Geography

Stone City was located on the Southern Pacific Railroad on Farm to Market Road 21 and the Brazos River, 11 mi (18 km) southwest of Bryan in far western Brazos County.

## Education

Today, Stone City is located within the Bryan Independent School District.
# Masasa, Mzuzu

Masasa is a densely populated township in Northern Region, Malawi. It is located in the Northern Region of the Mzuzu.Masasa is known for its beautiful landscapes and serene environment. The area is also home to several regional parks and recreational facilities.

## Geography

Masasa is situated West of Mzuzu city. It is close to places such as Katoto. It is near Nkhata Bay District.

## Institutions
### Masasa Community Day Secondary School

Masasa CDSS (Community Day Secondary School) is located in about 45 minutes walk, South-West, from the centre of Mzuzu in Masasa. The Day Secondary Schools cost around £7 per term, and boarding schools from £20 to £70 per term. The School has over 9 teachers and over 200 students taught in four Forms.

### Masasa Primary School

Masasa Primary School is located in South of Masasa and serves as the community primary school.

### Chideso Childcare and Community Assistant

* The ‘Child Development Support Organization’, also called Chideso for short, is a community-based organisation in Masasa in Mzuzu city in the north of Malawi. The organization was established in 2007 and is registered with the Ministry of Gender, Women, Children and Community Development Services.
* North Nyasa Institute of Management
# Masaomi

Masaomi (written: 正臣 or 将臣) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Masaomi Kanzaki (神崎 将臣), Japanese manga artist
* Masaomi Yasuoka (安岡 正臣, 1886–1948), Japanese general
# Streptomyces lusitanus

Streptomyces lusitanus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from soil. Streptomyces lusitanus produces 7-chlortetracycline, naphthyridinomycin, cyanocycline B, N-desmethylnaphthyridinomycin and tetracycline.
# 2014 Diamond Tour

The 2014 Diamand Tour was a women's bicycle race in Nijlen, Belgium. It was held on 15une over a distance of 125 kilometres (77.7 miles). It was rated by the UCI as a 1.2 category race.

## Results

| | Cyclist | Team | Time |
| 1 | Jolien D'Hoore (BEL) | Lotto–Dstny Ladies | 3h 02' 58" |
| 2 | Beatrice Bartelloni (ITA) | Wiggle High5 | s.t. |
| 3 | Kelly Druyts (BEL) | Topsport Vlaanderen–Pro-Duo | s.t. |
| 4 | Emily Collins (NZL) | Wiggle High5 | s.t. |
| 5 | Fiona Dutriaux (FRA) | Poitou–Charentes.Futuroscope.86 | s.t. |
| 6 | Amy Roberts (GBR) | Wiggle High5 | s.t. |
| 7 | Sofie De Vuyst (BEL) | Futurumshop.nl–Zannata | s.t. |
| 8 | Kaat Van der Meulen (BEL) | Keukens Redant | s.t. |
| 9 | Nina Kessler (NED) | Team SD Worx–Protime | s.t. |
| 10 | Lotte Kopecky (BEL) | Topsport Vlaanderen–Pro-Duo | s.t. |
# Matthew 28:3

Matthew 28:3 is the third verse of the twenty-eighth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. This verse is part of the resurrection narrative and describes the angel who arrived at the tomb of Jesus in the previous verse.

## Content

The original Koine Greek, according to Westcott and Hort, reads:
    ην δε η ειδεα αυτου ως αστραπη
    και το ενδυμα αυτου λευκον ως χιων
In the King James Version of the Bible it is translated as:
    His countenance was like lightning,
    and his raiment white as snow:
The modern World English Bible translates the passage as:
    His appearance was bright as lightning,
    and his clothing is white as snow.

## Analysis

As with the great events of the previous verse, this verse emphasizes the importance of the figure and the events that happened. The text depicts the angel as an exalted figure and thus prompting great importance. The other gospels have a more muted description of the angel: Mark 16:5 and John 20:12 refer to a figure clad in white, while Luke 24:4 in the Revised Standard Version and some other translations describes the clothes as "dazzling", perhaps combining the lightning face and white clothes of this verse.
The image of the angel has multiple descriptions in the Old Testament, reflecting Matthew's fondness for scriptural references. Daniel 10:6 mentioned an angel with a face like lightning, and Ezekiel 1 since lightning associates with the creatures surrounding God. Daniel 7:9 described God himself as appearing white as snow. This suggest that angels are linked to God and that they are more than mere messengers, but they also play an important theophonic role.
The description is also similar to that of the transfigured Christ at Matthew 17:2, but Boring suggests that the angel in that verse was a bit less in glory from Jesus, showing his more divine nature. Jesus is also described as being white as snow in Revelation 1:14. The color white symbolizes purity in both the Old and New Testaments, a reflection of the culture in that period. Jewish rabbis, Egyptian priests, and pious worshippers were all normally clad in white in this period.

## Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this verse are:
* Codex Vaticanus (~325-350)
* Codex Sinaiticus (~330-360)
* Codex Bezae (~400)
* Codex Washingtonianus (~400)
* Codex Alexandrinus (~400-440)
* Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (~450)
* Papyrus 105 (5th/6th century)
* Codex Purpureus Rossanensis (6th century)
# Masato Uchiyama

Masato Uchiyama (内山 眞人, Uchiyama Masato, born May 2, 1986 in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese actor.

## Filmography
### TV Drama

* Nobunaga KING OF ZIPANGU (1992) – Oda Nobuyuki (young)
* (Drama Ai no Uta) Oguri no ko (1998)
* (Drama Ai no Uta) Maboroshi no Pen Friend (2001)
* 武蔵 MUSASHI (2003)
* Kamen Rider 555 (2003) – Kobayashi Yoshio/Rabbit Orphnoch (ep. 24-25)
* Ultra Q: Dark Fantasy (2004) (episode 11)
* Ultraman Nexus (2005) – Ren Senjyu
* Hagure keijijunjouha (2005)
* Shin Kaze no Rondo (2006)
* Kamen Rider Kabuto (2006-2007) – Shun Kageyama/Kamen Rider TheBee 2/Kamen Rider PunchHopper
* Kamen Rider Decade (2009) – Shun Kageyama/Kamen Rider PunchHopper (Voice in Ep.2 and Ep.3)
* Kamen Rider Zi-O (2019) – Shun Kageyama (Worm)/Kamen Rider PunchHopper (episodes 37 and 38)

### Movies

* Kamen Rider Den-O: I'm Born! (2007) – Salamander Imagin (voice)
* Bokura no Ai no Kanade (2007)
# Lake Murphy (Washington)

Lake Murphy is a lake in King County, Washington. Klinkhammer Lakes lie at an elevation of 4,751 feet (1,448 m).
# Matsudaira Yoritoshi

Matsudaira Yoritoshi (松平 頼聰) (September 6, 1834 – October 17, 1903) was a Japanese daimyō of the late Edo period, who ruled the Takamatsu Domain. Yoritoshi was the son-in-law of Ii Naosuke. His court title was Sanuki no kami. Yoritoshi was adopted as heir to Matsudaira Yoritane, the incumbent lord of Takamatsu, in 1853, and succeeded Yoritane as lord in 1861. Under his leadership, Takamatsu forces supported the security operations of the Tokugawa shogunate in the Kyoto area. During the Kinmon Incident, Takamatsu troops helped defend the imperial palace. His forces took part in the Battle of Toba–Fushimi, and in response, the imperial court stripped him of rank and title. Yoritoshi then put himself under domiciliary confinement, and had a senior retainer executed; this led to an imperial pardon.
Yoritoshi became a count (hakushaku) in the kazoku nobility in 1884, and died in 1903. His son Yorinaga Matsudaira succeeded him as count.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Matsudaira Yoritoshi :
# Strete

Strete is a coastal village and civil parish in the South Hams district of Devon, England, on the coast of Start Bay, within the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
The village is about 5 miles south-west of the town of Dartmouth on the A379 road between Dartmouth and Kingsbridge, atop the cliffs behind Pilchard Cove at the north end of Slapton Sands, which part of the beach is known locally as Strete Sands. The northern end of the beach has been a naturist beach for many years.
The parish of Strete was created out of the south-eastern part of Blackawton parish in 1935. There was a small medieval chapel of ease in the village until 1836 when the present church, dedicated to St Michael, was built on the same site, incorporating the chapel's tower.
The population of the parish was 520 in 2001, decreasing to 474 in 2011. Its western boundary is formed, in part, by the Gara Brook which separates it from the parish of Slapton, and it also has boundaries with the parishes of Blackawton and Stoke Fleming. The Gara Brook flows into the Higher Ley of Slapton Ley, part of which is in the parish and at the northern end of which is Strete Gate where there is a small, free and a larger, pay-and-display car park with access to Strete Sands and a woodland walk.
The first documentary mention of the place was as Streta in 1194. In 1244 it was called Strete. The name derives from Old English Strǣt, meaning a road or Roman road; the village lies on an ancient trackway. Donn's One-Inch map of 1765 records the village as Street, which it remained until the late 19th century, when it was altered to be spelled Strete.
Strete was one of the parishes evacuated in December 1943 as part of Exercise Tiger.
# Grimus (band)

Grimus is an alternative rock band from Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

## History

While studying in Cluj-Napoca, the members started out as the 5-piece rock band Revers. In 2006, after having suffered multiple changes in the lineup, Grimus released a demo album. Their song Solitude is declared Song of the Year 2006 by City FM Radio. By 2007 the band received invitations to play at most music festivals in Romania. They take their name from Salman Rushdie's 1975 novel Grimus.
In October 2007, Grimus won the National Finals of the Global Battle of the Bands and represented Romania in the World Finals, releasing their debut album Panikon in 2008. The band then went on to work with British producer Adam Whittaker on the critically acclaimed follow-up "Egretta" for A&A Records and the subsequent "Emergence". The band's most recent release came in 2018.

## Discography
### Albums

* Panikon (2008)
* Egretta (2011)
* Emergence (2014)
* Unmanageable Species (2018)

### Demos and singles

* Demo (2006)
* Umbre (2010)
* Started (2010)
* Face the Light (2011)
* In Your Eyes (2012)
* High (2013)
* The Hell I'm In (2014)
* Selfie (2014)
* Ultima Oara (2015)
* Vom Lupta (2016)
* Culoare (2016)
# Chenopodium opulifolium

Chenopodium opulifolium, the seaport goosefoot, is a species of annual herb in the family Amaranthaceae (pigweeds). They have a self-supporting growth form. They are associated with freshwater habitat and have simple, broad leaves. Individuals can grow to 67 cm tall.

## Sources

This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Chenopodium opulifolium​. Encyclopedia of Life.

## Gallery

* Growing wild in Austria.
* Close up.
* Inflorescence.
# Giovanni Giacomo Imperiale Tartaro

Giovanni Giacomo Imperiale Tartaro (Genoa, 1554 - Genoa, 1622) was the 92nd Doge of the Republic of Genoa.

## Biography

On 25 April 1617 Imperiale Tartaro was elected doge of Genoa, the forty-seventh in the biennial succession and the ninety-second in republican history. During his Dogate he pacified relations with the Genoese archiepiscopal curia, in particular with Monsignor Domenico de 'Marini, and prepared new defensive works in the territory of Genoa and the republic. After his mandate ended on 29 April 1619 Imperiale Tartaro returned to his home in Piazza del Campetto, where he died in 1622.
# Malbon

Malbon is a surname of the descendants of William Malbank, First Baron of Nantwich.

## People

* Anthony Malbon (born 1991), English footballer
* Fabian Malbon (born 1946), Vice Admiral and Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey
* John Malbon Thompson (1830–1908), Australian lawyer and politician
* Joy Malbon, Canadian journalist

## Places

* Malbon, Queensland, town in Kuridala, Shire of Cloncurry, Australia
# Giulio Borgarucci

Giulio Borgarucci (fl. 1564–1579; died c. 1581) was an Italian court physician who immigrated to England and became physician to the royal household.

## Life

Giulio Borgarucci was one of four sons of Carlo Borgarucci. Of his brothers, the eldest, Borgaruccio, edited several works of history and science; Prospero became professor of anatomy at Padua in January 1564, and obtained great reputation by his writings; and Giulio his elder brother, who was a physician, came to England as a Protestant refugee, and was a member of the Italian branch of the Strangers' Church in London, under the ministry of Girolamo Jerlito.
In 1563, when London was visited by the plague, Borgrucci treated the epidemic by bleeding. His brother Bernardino, a juris-consult, was also then in London. Prospero also came to London during the plague, and learned from Giulio the use of a ball (pomo) compounded of balsamic substances, to be held in the hand, that its odour might counteract the effects of foul air. Borgarucci was admitted a member of the College of Physicians, and on 2 July 1572 was incorporated MD in the University of Cambridge. He was physician to the Earl of Leicester, who is said to have made evil use of his knowledge of poisons.
By patent of 21 September 1573 he was made physician to the royal household for life, with an honorarium of 50l. per annum. The last trace of him is his letter of 21 February 1578–9 to Lord Burghley (in whose house the Italian church originally assembled), asking the grant of a lease from the Crown of the reversion of the parsonage of Middlewich, Cheshire. He is supposed to have died about 1581, and was succeeded as court physician by Roderigo Lopez.
Borgarucci was married, and in October 1573 he wrote to Lord Burghley complaining that Sir William Cordell, Master of the Rolls, had for five months detained his wife from him in his house, nourishing her in his popish superstitions. The lady was not anxious to return, and a commission of delegates was appointed to inquire whether she was really Borgarucci's wife or the wife of another person. The case lasted several years; ultimately Borgarucci seems to have established his conjugal rights. From the fact that Archbishop Grindal took sides against Borgarucci, it is perhaps not unreasonable to suppose that the court physician was one of those who regarded as "popish superstitions" some of the positions of Anglican orthodoxy. He wrote a short commendatory epistle in Latin, following the Proeme to John Banister's The Historie of Man, sucked from the sappe of the most approved Anathomistes, 1578, fol.
# Mal Waldron with the Steve Lacy Quintet

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
Mal Waldron with the Steve Lacy Quintet is an album by American jazz pianist Mal Waldron and soprano saxophonist Steve Lacy released on the French America label in 1972. The original LP release featured three tracks and the 2005 CD reissue added two alternate takes.

## Track listing

    All compositions by Steve Lacy except as indicated
* “Vio” (Waldron) - 18:24
* “Jump for Victor” - 8:54
* “Blue Wee” - 12:32
* “Vio” [alternate take] (Waldron) - 12:37
* “Jump for Victor” [alternate take] - 9:07
   * Recorded in Paris, May 1972

## Personnel

* Steve Lacy - soprano saxophone
* Mal Waldron - piano
* Steve Potts - soprano & alto saxophones
* Irene Aebi - cello, voice
* Kent Carter - double bass
* Noel McGhee - drums & percussion
# Spirit of Music

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Daily Egyptian | |
Spirit of Music is the ninth and final studio album by Ziggy Marley and the Melody Makers, released in 1999. The album peaked at No. 1 for Top Reggae Albums chart. Unlike their previous albums, it was not nominated for a Grammy award.

## Critical reception

Rosalind Cummings-Yeates of AllMusic concludes his review with, "Filled with soulful singing and easygoing melodies, this album is a must-have for even casual reggae fans."
Gus Bode of the Daily Egyptian begins his review of the album with, "Spirit of Music is like a comfortable, close friend. It sympathetically assures you it always will be by your side, no matter what circumstances arrive, while also encouraging you to live life to its fullest potential."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by David Marley, unless otherwise noted
# Sperm-associated antigen 1

Sperm-associated antigen 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPAG1 gene.

## Function

The correlation of anti-sperm antibodies with cases of unexplained infertility implicates a role for these antibodies in blocking fertilization. Improved diagnosis and treatment of immunologic infertility, as well as identification of proteins for targeted contraception, are dependent on the identification and characterization of relevant sperm antigens.
The protein expressed by this gene is recognized by anti-sperm agglutinating antibodies from an infertile woman. Furthermore, immunization of female rats with the recombinant human protein reduced fertility. This protein localizes to the plasma membrane of germ cells in the testis and to the post-acrosomal plasma membrane of mature spermatozoa.
Recombinant polypeptide binds GTP and exhibits GTPase activity. Thus, this protein may regulate GTP signal transduction pathways involved in spermatogenesis and fertilization. Two transcript variants of this gene encode the same protein.
# Sperm-associated antigen 11B

Sperm-associated antigen 11B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPAG11B gene.

## Function

This gene encodes several androgen-dependent, epididymis-specific secretory proteins. The specific functions of these proteins have not been determined, but they are thought to be involved in sperm maturation. Some of the isoforms contain regions of similarity to beta-defensins, a family of antimicrobial peptides. The gene is located on chromosome 8p23 near the defensin gene cluster. Alternative splicing of this gene results in seven transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Two different N-terminal and five different C-terminal protein sequences are encoded by the splice variants. Two additional variants have been described, but their full length sequences have not been determined.
# Kotra Chopra

Kotra Chopra is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Berasia tehsil.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Kotra Chopra has 179 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 65.03%.
Demographics (2011 Census) :
| | Total | Male | Female |
| Population | 999 | 529 | 470 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 164 | 91 | 73 |
| Scheduled caste | 104 | 58 | 46 |
| Scheduled tribe | 106 | 52 | 54 |
| Literates | 543 | 333 | 210 |
| Workers (all) | 548 | 303 | 245 |
| Main workers (total) | 473 | 286 | 187 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 141 | 126 | 15 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 244 | 109 | 135 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 35 | 15 | 20 |
| Main workers: Other | 53 | 36 | 17 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 75 | 17 | 58 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 42 | 7 | 35 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 21 | 7 | 14 |
| Non-workers | 451 | 226 | 225 |
# Sphegina siculifera

Sphegina siculifera is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Myanmar.
# Sphegina raduloides

Sphegina raduloides is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Myanmar.
# Kovalanpottal

Kovalanpottal is a place located in Palanganatham near Madakulam in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India. As per Tamil epic Silappatikaram, Kovalan is believed to be beheaded here by the orders of Pandyan king Neduncheziyan. It is one of the protected monuments in Tamil Nadu by the Archaeological Survey of India.
# Spin (2015 film)

Spin, sometimes stylized as SPiN, is a 2015 short film drama directed by Noah Workman and written by Wilson Cleveland, who also stars. The film takes place over the course of a contentious live television interview between a Wall Street executive played by Hartley Sawyer and a financial journalist played by Cleveland.

## Reception

The film received a 2016 Webby Award honor for Individual Short (Drama) and generally favorable reviews from critics. In his March 6, 2015 IndieWire review, Joseph Ehrman-Dupre called SPiN a "sharp, smart satire" with writing "full of "spitfire one-liners" and NewMediaRockstars' Evan DeSimone credited the writing as being "Sorkin-esque in the best sense of the word." Tubefilter writer Sam Gutelle complained while "Wall Street corruption is a well-tread topic," SPiN is "A smart, twisty take on the world of high finance and media distortion."

## Cast

* Wilson Cleveland as James Locke
* Hartley Sawyer as Scott Angelus
* Andrew Jernigan as Entrepreneur
* Lewis Raymond Taylor as Lewis
* Ronnie Flynn as Entrepreneur
* Prophecy Onasis as Proph
* Bastiano Farran as Guest actor
* Jordan Alexander King as King Komm.