OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dörtdivan

Dörtdivan is a town in the Bolu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Dörtdivan District. Its population is 2,736 (2021). The mayor is Hamza Efe (AKP).
Dörtdivan is a small town deep in the countryside.
The area has been occupied for a long time. Turkish presence in the area dates back to the Oghuz Turks in 1074, but the village of Dörtdivan was founded by the Seljuk Turks in 1197. The Seljuks ruled through local lords and the name Dörtdivan, meaning four hamlets, dates from this period. The town was later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, when it thrived as a local centre of schooling and administration.

## Places of interest

* Ruins of a Byzantine castle in the village of Yağbaşlar.
* There are also a number of tombs of sufi mystics, mineral water springs, meadows and places for walking.

## Notable natives

* 19th century poet Hilmi of Dörtdivan.
* Dörtdivan also claims to be the birthplace of the legendary Köroğlu, of the Epic of Köroğlu.
# Wayne Maddison

Wayne Paul Maddison FRSC (born 1958) is a Canadian evolutionary biologist, arachnologist, and biological illustrator. He is Canada Research Chair in Biodiversity and a professor at the departments of zoology and botany at the University of British Columbia, and the Director of the Spencer Entomological Collection at the Beaty Biodiversity Museum.

## Education and career

Maddison was born in London, Ontario and his interests in studying spiders started while he was a teenager exploring Lake Ontario. Maddison studied zoology at the University of Toronto, where he obtained his BSc in 1980. He went on to study at Harvard University in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, where he obtained his PhD in 1988 under the supervision of Herbert W. Levi. He was a NSERC postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, Berkeley from 1988 to 1990, where he worked with Montgomery Slatkin. Maddison became an assistant professor and later associate professor at the University of Arizona in 1990 and stayed there until 2003, during which he was David and Lucile Packard Fellow for Science and Engineering between 1993 and 1998. Maddison moved back to Canada in 2003 and joined the University of British Columbia (UBC), where he was a professor in zoology and botany. In the same year, he also became the director of the Spencer Entomological Collection at the Beaty Biodiversity Museum of UBC.

## Research

Maddison's research concerns the phylogeny, biodiversity, and evolution of jumping spiders (Salticidae), of which he has discovered new species and genera. His research has led him to discover new species of jumping spiders in Sarawak and Papua New Guinea.
Maddison has also done research in phylogenetic theory, developing and perfecting various methods used in comparative biology, such as character state inference in internal nodes through maximum parsimony, squared-change parsimony, or character correlation through the concentrated changes test or pairwise comparisons. In collaboration with his brother David R. Maddison, he worked on the Mesquite open-source phylogeny software, the MacClade program, and the Tree of Life Web Project.

## Selected publications

* Maddison, Wayne P.; Donoghue, Michael J.; Maddison, David R. (March 1984). "Outgroup Analysis and Parsimony". Systematic Zoology. 33 (1): 83–103. doi:10.2307/2413134. JSTOR 2413134.
* Maddison, Wayne P. (1997). "Gene Trees in Species Trees". Systematic Biology. 46 (3): 523–536. doi:10.1093/sysbio/46.3.523.
* Knowles, LL; Maddison, WP (December 2002). "Statistical phylogeography". Molecular Ecology. 11 (12): 2623–2635. Bibcode:2002MolEc..11.2623K. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01410.x. PMID 12453245.
# Lists of Tamil-language films

The Tamil-language film industry has produced and released over 10000 films since the release of its first sound film, kalidas, in 1931. This is a master list of listings of films released from 1931 in the industry by decade of release.
* List of Tamil films of the 1930s
* List of Tamil films of 1940
* List of Tamil films of 1941
* List of Tamil films of 1942
* List of Tamil films of 1943
* List of Tamil films of 1944
* List of Tamil films of 1945
* List of Tamil films of 1946
* List of Tamil films of 1947
* List of Tamil films of 1948
* List of Tamil films of 1949
* List of Tamil films of 1950
* List of Tamil films of 1951
* List of Tamil films of 1952
* List of Tamil films of 1953
* List of Tamil films of 1954
* List of Tamil films of 1955
* List of Tamil films of 1956
* List of Tamil films of 1957
* List of Tamil films of 1958
* List of Tamil films of 1959
* List of Tamil films of 1960
* List of Tamil films of 1961
* List of Tamil films of 1962
* List of Tamil films of 1963
* List of Tamil films of 1964
* List of Tamil films of 1965
* List of Tamil films of 1966
* List of Tamil films of 1967
* List of Tamil films of 1968
* List of Tamil films of 1969
* List of Tamil films of 1970
* List of Tamil films of 1971
* List of Tamil films of 1972
* List of Tamil films of 1973
* List of Tamil films of 1974
* List of Tamil films of 1975
* List of Tamil films of 1976
* List of Tamil films of 1977
* List of Tamil films of 1978
* List of Tamil films of 1979
* List of Tamil films of 1980
* List of Tamil films of 1981
* List of Tamil films of 1982
* List of Tamil films of 1983
* List of Tamil films of 1984
* List of Tamil films of 1985
* List of Tamil films of 1986
* List of Tamil films of 1987
* List of Tamil films of 1988
* List of Tamil films of 1989
* List of Tamil films of 1990
* List of Tamil films of 1991
* List of Tamil films of 1992
* List of Tamil films of 1993
* List of Tamil films of 1994
* List of Tamil films of 1995
* List of Tamil films of 1996
* List of Tamil films of 1997
* List of Tamil films of 1998
* List of Tamil films of 1999
* List of Tamil films of 2000
* List of Tamil films of 2001
* List of Tamil films of 2002
* List of Tamil films of 2003
* List of Tamil films of 2004
* List of Tamil films of 2005
* List of Tamil films of 2006
* List of Tamil films of 2007
* List of Tamil films of 2008
* List of Tamil films of 2009
* List of Tamil films of 2010
* List of Tamil films of 2011
* List of Tamil films of 2012
* List of Tamil films of 2013
* List of Tamil films of 2014
* List of Tamil films of 2015
* List of Tamil films of 2016
* List of Tamil films of 2017
* List of Tamil films of 2018
* List of Tamil films of 2019
* List of Tamil films of 2020
* List of Tamil films of 2021
* List of Tamil films of 2022
* List of Tamil films of 2023
* List of Tamil films of 2024
* List of Tamil films of 2025
# Chuck Pagano (ESPN)

Charles E. Pagano is the former executive vice president of technology and chief technology officer of ESPN. He was promoted to this position in 2011 from his previous position as executive vice president of technology, engineering and operations and retained that position during ESPN's January 2012 executive restructuring. He retired in February 2015.
Pagano has been with ESPN since before it began broadcasting, having joined as a technical director in 1979. He held a variety of technical positions and became head of ESPN's new technology division in 2005. Pagano has been credited with important roles in the building of ESPN's production facilities in Los Angeles (the first 1080p HD facility in the world) and Bristol, Connecticut, ESPN's move to high-definition television, and the development of ESPN 3D, the first 3D television network in the U.S. He was named to the Sporting News "Power 100" list in 2003 and 2006.
A native of Waterbury, Connecticut, Pagano received a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering in 1984, and a Master of Science degree in organizational psychology in 2007, both from the University of Hartford and also studies astronomy in the Graduate Liberal Studies Program at Wesleyan University.
# Río Alejandro

Río Alejandro is a town in the Colón province of Panama.

## Sources

* World Gazetteer: Panama – World-Gazetteer.com
* This article about the geography of Colón Province is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Aleppo pepper

The Aleppo pepper (Arabic: فلفل حلبي, ALA-LC: fulful Ḥalabī; Turkish: Halep biberi) is a moderately spicy variety of Capsicum annuum used as a spice, particularly in Turkish, Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cuisine. Also known as the Halaby pepper, its pods are ripened to a burgundy color, then semi-dried, de-seeded, and crushed or coarsely ground. The pepper flakes are known in Turkey as pul biber (pul = flake, biber = pepper), and in Armenia as Halebi bibar. In Turkey, pul biber is the third most commonly used spice, after salt and black pepper. In Arabic, the pepper is named after Aleppo, a long-inhabited city along the Silk Road in northern Syria, and is grown in Syria and Turkey. Chiles originated in South America and were among the New World crops, like potatoes and tomatoes.
Although it is a common condiment, its use in Europe and the United States outside Armenian, Syrian and Turkish immigrant communities was rare until the 21st century, with Los Angeles magazine dating its rise in use among the broader U.S. population to the 1994 edition of The Cooking of the Eastern Mediterranean by Paula Wolfert.

## Characteristics

The Aleppo pepper has a moderate heat level of about 10,000 on the Scoville scale, with some fruitiness and mild, cumin-like undertones. Its flavor is similar to the ancho chile, but oilier and slightly salty; salt is often used in the drying process. It is fairly mild, with its heat building slowly, with a fruity, raisin-like flavor. It has also been described as having the flavor of "sweetness, roundness and perfume of the best kind of sundried tomatoes, but with a substantial kick behind it". Some renowned chefs prefer Aleppo pepper for its "fruity and bright qualities."

## Uses

The most common use is in the form of crushed flakes, which are typically slightly milder and oilier than conventional crushed red pepper, with a hint of saltiness and a slightly raisin-like flavor. Unlike crushed red pepper, the flakes contain no inner flesh or seeds, contributing to the mildness. Crushed Aleppo pepper can be used as a substitute for crushed red pepper or paprika.
The spice is a common ingredient in some of the dishes that comprise a meze.
# Louis Paul

Leroi Placet, known by his pen name Louis Paul (c. 1902 – February 13, 1970), was an American short story writer and novelist.
He corresponded with John Steinbeck. His work appeared in American Mercury and Esquire. He adapted his book Breakdown into the play The Cup of Trembling, which opened in Boston April 5, 1948.

## Awards

* 1934 O. Henry Award

## Works

* The pumpkin coach. Literary Guild. 1935.
* A horse in Arizona. Doubleday, Doran. 1936.
* Emma. Doubleday, Doran. 1937.
* The man who left home. The Black cat press. 1938.
* A passion for privacy. Knopf. 1940.
* The Reverend Ben Pool: a novel. Duell, Sloan and Pearce. 1941.
* This is my brother: a novel. Crown publishers. 1943.
* Breakdown. Crown publishers. 1946.
* A father in the family. Crown Publishers. 1951.
* The man who came home. Crown Publishers. 1953.
* Heroes, kings, and men. Dial Press. 1955.
* Dara, the Cypriot. Simon and Schuster. 1959.
* Papa Luigi's marionettes. I. Washburn. 1962.
* The way art happens. Washburn. 1963.

### Anthologies

* Charles Grayson (2005). "A Cup of Coffee". Stories for Men: An Anthology. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4191-1333-8.
* Arnold Gingrich, ed. (1953). The Esquire treasury: the best of twenty years of Esquire. Simon and Schuster.
# School Without Walls (Rochester, New York)

School Without Walls, located in Rochester, New York, United States, is a high school for students in grades 9-12, and is an example of an alternative school.

## Demographics

* Hispanic 16.5%
* White 24.3%
* African American 57.0%
* Asian 1.5%
* Native American 0.8%
The free/reduced lunch rate is 68% of students.

## History

In 1968, students at Monroe High School presented an idea to the principal for an alternative education program. In October 1969, teachers began helping students attain their goal. Parents, teachers and students soon joined forces. Led by Lew Marks (1932-2010), an English teacher at the school, they presented a proposal for the School Without Walls to the District Superintendent in January 1971. On February 4, 1971, the Board of Education approved the proposal that created the School Without Walls, which opened in September 1971 at 4 Elton Street, sharing space with the Visual Studies Workshop at the time.
Subsequent locations included the 5th floor of the building at 50 West Main Street, and a floor of the building at 400 Andrews Street, both in Rochester. School Without Walls moved to its present building, the former Sears Automotive building located near Monroe High School, in 1987. The middle school was closed in 2013.

## Notable alumni

* Branden Albert
* Nicholson Baker
* Jim Hilgartner
* Joy Ladin
# Katalin Szőke

Katalin Szőke (17 August 1935 – 27 October 2017) was a Hungarian swimmer. She competed at the 1952 Olympics and won two gold medals, in the 100 m and 4 × 100 m freestyle events. Two years later she repeated that success at the 1954 European Championships. She also competed in these two events at the 1956 Olympics but without success. During her career Szőke set four world records. In 1985 she was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame.

## Biography

Szőke was born in Budapest to Márton Homonnai, an Olympic champion in water polo in 1932 and 1936. During World War II, her father was a policeman and a member of the Arrow Cross Party, which supported the Nazis. After the war, fearing prosecution (he was sentenced to death in absentia), he flew via Germany and Brazil to Argentina, where he died in 1969. Meanwhile, his daughter remained in Hungary and took her mother's name to hide relationship with her father. In 1956, due to the Soviet intervention in Hungary, she immigrated to the United States. She married an Olympic water polo player Kálmán Markovits, but later divorced him and married his teammate, Árpád Domján. They settled in Los Angeles, where she worked at a bank and did some modelling, while her husband built a successful career in developing office buildings and living apartments. They both adopted a last name of Domyan, and raised a son, Bryan Domyan, who became a basketball player.
# Ri Sung-gi

Ri Sung-gi, also often spelled Lee Sung-ki, Lee Seung-gi or Yi Sung-gi (October 1, 1905 – February 8, 1996), was a North Korean chemist. He is best remembered as the inventor of Vinalon. He has also been accused of involvement in North Korea's chemical and nuclear weapons programs.
Ri was born in Damyang, South Jeolla Province, Korean Empire in 1905. He graduated from the local pot'ong hakkyo and received his degree in chemistry from Kyoto University in 1931. He developed Vinalon in 1939. In 1946, after Korean independence from Japanese occupation, he participated in the development of Gyeongseong University, but strongly opposed the university's official conversion to Seoul National University under the American military government. Following the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, he defected to the North.
Ri received the Lenin Prize in 1962, and was made head of the North Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute in June 1965. He became chief of the Hamhŭng branch of the Academy of Sciences in 1984.

## Works

* Li, Sung Gi (1977). "Story About Vinalon". Envying No One and Nothing in the World. Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House. OCLC 891429350.
# Ghod Dod Road

Ghod Dod Road is an area located in Surat, India. It stretches from Majura Gate to Parle Point. It has many shopping complexes and schools. It is one of the main posh roads of Surat. The road was remade in the 1980s, which turned the road into a major shopping hub of Surat. The road is most well known for its high quality lifestyle.
Many major malls, restaurants and shopping centres of Surat like Sarela Shopping Centre, Jolly Arcade, Rangila Park, Regent Mall, G3, Chocolate Mall are located on this road. The best ladies boutiques are situated here which are well known in Surat and nearby towns like RAMA'S Haute Couture, Tambour, Tamrind, Aquarians etc. are located here.

## Name

Ghod dod means horse racing in Gujarati, thus Ghod Dod Road can be translated into English as "Horse Racing Road". The name originated in the 1900s, when horse racing events took place on the road.
# Akihiro Togo

Akihiro Togo (十河章浩, born February 18, 1967) is a Japanese baseball player. He won a bronze medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
# Merkheuli

Merkheuli (Georgian: მერხეული; Abkhaz: Мархьаул; Armenian: Մերխեուլ) is a village in Abkhazia, Georgia. A 2011 census recorded a population of 839 people.

## History

Fragments of Greek pottery, date back to the 6th century BC, have been found in the village.
Merkheuli was established in 1879.
Following the Armenian genocide, many Armenians resettled in Merkheuli, eventually becoming the majority ethnicity in the town.

## Notable people

Lavrentiy Beria, chief of the NKVD from 1938 to 1945, was born in Merkheuli in 1899.

## Population

| Year of census | Population | Ethnic composition |
| 1886 | 466 | Russians (61.4%), Georgians (32.2%), Abkhazians (4.3%) |
| 1926 | 3,827 | Georgians (47.3%), Armenians (15.8%), Russians and Ukrainians (9.2%), Abkhazians (4.3%) |
| 1959 | 3,076 | Georgians, Armenians, Russians, Abkhazians (no specified percentages) |
| 1989 | 3,939 | Georgians, Armenians, Abkhazians (no specified percentages) |
| 2011 | 839 | Armenians (76.3%), Georgians (9.4%), Abkhazians (8.6%), Russians (4.4%) |

## Climate

Merkheuli has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa.)
Climate data for Merkheuli :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.1 (41.2) | 5.9 (42.6) | 8.8 (47.8) | 12.4 (54.3) | 16.9 (62.4) | 20.5 (68.9) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.6 (74.5) | 20.3 (68.5) | 16.2 (61.2) | 11.5 (52.7) | 7.6 (45.7) | 14.3 (57.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 119 (4.7) | 104 (4.1) | 114 (4.5) | 122 (4.8) | 97 (3.8) | 123 (4.8) | 117 (4.6) | 131 (5.2) | 132 (5.2) | 131 (5.2) | 134 (5.3) | 143 (5.6) | 1,467 (57.8) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org ||||||||||||||
# Tayan Bridge

Tayan Bridge (Indonesian: Jembatan Tayan) is a bridge that crosses Kapuas River in Sanggau, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. This bridge is a part of the Trans-Kalimantan Highway (southern route) that connects West Borneo with Central Borneo. The bridge is one of the longest bridges in Borneo. Construction of the bridge took around 900 days, and it opened to traffic on 22 March 2016.

## History

Before the bridge was completed, vehicle crossing between Tayan and Piasak was served by two small ferries. It required 20 minutes to cross the river by ferry.

### Construction

Construction of the bridge started in September 2012. The construction project was mainly funded by a loan from China (90%) and was built by China Road and Bridge Corporation. The bridge costed 740 billion rupiahs. The bridge was finished on 19 February 2016.
The bridge was inaugurated by President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo, and opened on 22 March 2016.

## Description

The total length of this bridge is 1,975 meters while the width is about 11 meters. The bridge has 1 lane in each direction. The clearance of the bridge from the surface of river at the high water condition is 13 meters.
The construction of the bridge was divided into two parts. The first part was a 300 meters bridge from Tayan town to Tayan Island, and the second part was a 1,140 meters bridge from Tayan Island to Piasak. The bridge is expected to last for 100 years with maintenance.
# Richard Kemp (politician)

Richard Charles Kemp, CBE, is the Lord Mayor of Liverpool for 2024/25. He was previously the Leader of the Liberal Democrats in Local Government and Vice Chair of the Local Government Association of England & Wales for over seven years until August 2011. A member of Liverpool City Council for 47 years, he was Leader of the Liberal Democrats and opposition on the Council for 11 years until standing down to become Deputy Lord Mayor. Cllr Kemp has been a member of the Board of the Local Authority Mutual Investment Trust since 2011 and its Chair since 1 January 2019. He was awarded the CBE in 2011 for Public Service.
Between 2006 and 2016 he was the UK representative on the Executive Bureau, Finance Board and the World Council of United Cities and Local Government, the global body for local government. After assisting with the rebuilding of the pan-African section of the global body UCLGA between 2007 and 2009 he has been an adviser on governance and scrutiny since 2010 advising on both the work of councils and of local government associations.
Cllr Kemp now acts as an adviser to and reviewer of councils in England on behalf of the Local Government Association of England & Wales.
Outside politics Richard is the Chair of QS Impact a global charity which helps young people get involved in delivering the UN's Strategic Development Goals (SDGs) in more than 150 Countries.
Richard is married to Erica Kemp CBE who served as a Liverpool Councillor for 23 years and was the Lord Mayor of Liverpool 2014/15. They have 3 children, Jonathan, Emma and Rachel and 5 grandchildren Eva, Jonah, Raphael, Caladh and Mairi. They are the only married couple to both have a CBE.
Kemp has three times stood for Parliament for the Liberal Democrats in the Liverpool Wavertree constituency, finishing second in 1997 and third in both 2017 and 2019.
# William Rigg (politician)

William Rigg (7 May 1847 – 3 November 1926) was an English-born Australian politician.
He was born in Liverpool to joiner George Rigg and Sarah Barclay. The family moved to New South Wales around 1852, and Rigg attended Christ Church School until the age of fifteen, when he began working in the office of the Illawarra Steam Navigation Company. He eventually rose to become chairman of the Board of Directors of the company, and also founded the Clyde Engineering Company. He was six times Mayor of Newtown and served as an alderman for twenty-three years. On 17 September 1873 he married Elizabeth Gregg, with whom he had six children; he later married Harriett Westbrook in England around 1884 and had a daughter. In 1894 Rigg was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the member for Newtown-St Peters; he was generally considered a Free Trader. He held the seat until his defeat in 1901. Rigg died at Darlinghurst in 1926.
# Treaty of Vienna (1864)

The Treaty of Vienna (Danish: Freden i Wien; German: Frieden von Wien) was a peace treaty signed on 30 October 1864 in Vienna between the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Kingdom of Denmark. The treaty ended the Second War of Schleswig. Denmark ceded the Duchy of Schleswig (except for the island of Ærø, which remained Danish) the Duchy of Holstein and the Duchy of Lauenburg. They would be jointly governed by Prussia and Austria in a condominium. A subsequent treaty between Austria and Prussia on August 14, 1865 known as the Gastein Convention provided that Prussia would administer Schleswig and Austria would similarly govern Holstein. Austria also sold its rights over Lauenburg to Prussia. Disputes over the administration of Schleswig and Holstein would lead to the 1866 Austro-Prussian War. When that war was over, Prussia annexed Schleswig and Holstein.