OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lynching of Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer

Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer were African-American men who were lynched in Starkville, Mississippi May 5, 1879 for the alleged burning of a barn.

## History

On April 23, 1879, Jordan Moore, a farmer who lived near Starkville, reported being shot at by an unknown stranger. On April 24 a barn containing corn on Moore's property was burned, and a black man, Johnson Spencer was arrested. The following day, while Spencer was incarcerated, another barn containing farm implements and other machinery was burned, and Moore reported finding another black man, Nevlin Porter, in his bedroom. Porter confessed to burning the barn in order to divert attention from Spencer's guilt. Reports in the press stated that Porter had been lynched on the way to the jail proved false as of April 30, but was scheduled for a hearing in circuit court on May 1. However, on May 5, 1879, a mixed-race mob of 121 men were given keys to the jail by the sheriff. The mob locked jailer Henry Isaacs up, and left with Porter and Spencer to the trestle of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad one mile east of the town, where both men were hung with cotton ropes and killed. After an inquest the bodies were turned over to their friends.
# Battle of Fort Tularosa

The Battle of Fort Tularosa occurred in May 1880 near the present-day town of Aragon in Catron County, New Mexico. In an ongoing campaign to keep from being forced to live on reservations, Chiricahua Apache warriors led by Victorio attacked Fort Tularosa north of San Francisco Plaza. Buffalo Soldiers from the United States Army's 9th Cavalry, led by Sergeant George Jordan, repulsed the attack.

## Background

On May 13, 1880, Sergeant George Jordan marched a detachment of twenty-five soldiers from K Troop of the 9th Cavalry towards New Mexico with orders to protect Fort Tularosa from potential attack, escort provisions, establish a supply depot and protect local settlers. Halfway through the march to the Fort, the detachment received word that Apaches under Victorio were probably striking the townspeople immediately. With this, Jordan asked each of the troops whether they were willing to march hard and fast to get to the action; with no question, every one of the men replied yes. On the morning of May 14, 1880, Sergeant Jordan arrived at Fort Tularosa. After the forced march the soldiers found the town intact without strike from the Apache forces. Jordan immediately had the troops sleep in shifts, in turn building a new fort to protect the townspeople and a new stockade for their animals.
After successfully killing several settlers south of Fort Tularosa, Victorio's forces, reportedly 100 strong, went north to continue their ongoing campaign against white settlements.

## Battle

Jordan recorded that "on the evening of the 14th, while I was standing outside the fort conversing with one of the citizens, the Indians came upon us unexpectedly and attacked." As soon as the attack commenced, the town's occupants dashed to the fort and stockade. Victorio's forces attacked the fort on the evening of May 14, immediately firing volleys of arrows towards the embattled townspeople's hiding areas. The Apaches then attacked the fort in rounds, continuously pressuring Jordan's men. However, the soldiers repelled the attacks, and at one point, made a daring rescue and saved all of the town's cattle. The Buffalo Soldiers suffered no casualties, while Victorio's forces suffered several dead and wounded.
Immediately after the battle the remainder of Colonel Edward Hatch's 9th Cavalry arrived at the Fort, with a large contingent giving chase to Victorio's warriors. The American troops were unable to follow the Chiricahua forces after they escaped into Mexico. Ten years after the engagement, Jordan was awarded the Medal of Honor for his leadership.
The battle was one of the few where Chief Victorio was caught by surprise and attacked a guarded encampment instead of waiting in ambush.
# Alexander Zelin

Alexander Nikolayevich Zelin (Russian: Александр Николаевич Зелин; born 6 May 1953) served as Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Air Force from 9 May 2007 until 27 April 2012. Zelin holds the Air Force rank of colonel-general. Since May 2012 Zelin has been an adviser to the Russian Defence Minister.

## Biography

Alexander Zelin was born on 6 May 1953, in Perevalsk, Voroshilovgrad region (now Luhansk Oblast in eastern Ukraine). He graduated from Kharkov Higher Aviation School of Pilots in 1976, Gagarin Air Force Academy in 1988, and General Staff Academy in 1997.
From August 2002 to May 2007 he served as Chief of aviation – Air Force Deputy Commander-in-Chief for aviation.
On May 9, 2007, he became the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Air Force, replacing Army General Vladimir Mikhaylov.
On April 27, 2012, he was dismissed from his post and military service. No reason was given. He was succeeded by Viktor Bondarev.

## Honours and awards
### Russian Federation

* Honoured Military Pilot of the Russian Federation
* Order of St. George, 2nd class
* Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 4th class
* Order of Military Merit
* Medal For Strengthening Military Cooperation (Min Def)
* Medal "200 Years of the Ministry of Defence" (Min Def)
* Medal "For Distinguished Military Service" 1st Class

### Soviet Union

* Order of the Red Star
* Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
* Jubilee Medal "70 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
* Medals "For Impeccable Service" 2nd and 3rd classes
# 1858 Christiania fire

The 1858 Christiania fire, starting on 14 April 1858, severely destroyed several city blocks near Stortorvet in Christiania, Norway. 41 buildings were destroyed, and about 1,000 people lost their homes.

## Course of events

The fire started around at one o'clock in the night, in the home of a carpenter in a wooden building within the city block west of the street Dronningens gate. The wind was blowing from the north, and within one hour five houses were set on fire. Within three hours buildings east of Dronningens gate started burning. This block had many old wooden houses, and the whole block was soon on fire and burned down completely except for one building. An important task for the firefighters was to prevent the fire from spreading southwards across the street Prinsens gate. A fire engine pump from the fortress was placed here, and the crew managed to stop it spreading further southwards. Somewhat unexpectedly the fire jumped across the wide street of Kirkegaten. Some of the buildings collapsed rather quickly, and two of the firefighters perished during those events. To the east, crew from the ship Lindesnes managed to prevent the fire from crossing the street Skippergaten. After great efforts the firefighters succeeded in stopping the fire from spreading north and westwards across the streets Kongens gate and Østre gate.

## Outcome

Eventually the whole block between the streets Prinsens gate, Kirkegaten, Østre gate and Dronningens gate was destroyed. Also nearly all buildings of the block east of Dronningens gate burned down, as well as large parts of the block west of Kirkegaten. A total of 41 buildings burned down. Based on the census from 1855, the number of persons living within the destroyed area was 808. Adding an assumed extra number due to later development, it was estimated in contemporary newspaper reports that about 1,000 persons lost their homes due to the fire. The number of livestock numbered to 38 horses and eight cows in 1855, and was presumed to be of the same order in 1858, although no specific report is available. Large quantities of household contents and goods had been saved from the burning houses, much of it assembled at the market place.

## Aftermath

The fire had a definite impact on decisions regarding the future of the city. Funding for a new water supply was decided four weeks after the fire. This included a new dam at Maridalsoset, the outlet of Maridalsvannet. The old piping system of the city was made of linked pine logs with drilled holes. The new water pipelines were based on cast iron. The old water pumps at the crossroads disappeared, and households got tap water installed. Also, the fire department of the city was eventually reorganized.
# Labour Solidarity

Labour Solidarity (Polish: Solidarność Pracy, SP) was a political party in Poland.

## History

The SP was initially a faction within the Solidarity movement, which coalesced between 1989 and 1991 led by Ryszard Bugaj and Karol Modzelewski. The party's programme was presented at the Solidarity congress in April 1990. Nine members of the Sejm and the Senate joined the new party. It went on to win four seats in the 1991 parliamentary elections.
In June 1992, the party merged with the Polish Social Democratic Union, the Democratic-Social Movement and some members of the Polish Socialist Party to form Labour United.
# 1889 Bashkale clash

The Bashkale Resistance (Armenian: 1889 թվականի Բաշկալեի բախում) was the bloody encounter between three revolutionaries of Armenakan and some Ottoman officials in May 1889. It is named after the town of Başkale in the Van Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire, today in Van Province of Turkey. The event was important as it was reflected on main Armenian newspapers as the recovered documents on the Armenakans showed an extensive plot for an uprising.

## The event

The comrades Karapet Koulaksizian, Hovhannes Agripasian, and Vardan Goloshian, left the village of Haftvan (Salmast district of Persia), for Van on May 16, 1889. They were stopped near Van by Ottoman police. The police demanded that they disarm to protect the accompanying caravan. In the conflict Goloshian and Agripasian died and Koulaksizian escaped. The police recovered two letters (accompanying documents) addressed to Koulaksizian, one from Avetis Patiguian of London and the other from Mekertitch Portugalian in Marseille.

## Reflections

Ottoman Empire believed that the men were members of a large revolutionary apparatus and the discussion was reflected on newspapers, (Eastern Express, Oriental Advertiser, Saadet, and Tarik) and the responses were on the Armenian papers. In some Armenian circles, this event was considered as a martyrdom and brought other armed conflicts.
# Dremo

Aboriomoh Femi Raymond, known by his stage name Dremo, is a Nigerian songwriter, singer, record producer, recording artist, and stage performer. He was currently signed to Davido Music Worldwide (DMW). He recently dissed sarkodie for saying he is the best rapper in Africa.

## Early life

Dremo is from Okpella Edo State, Nigeria where he was born, but he grew up in Ibadan, Oyo State. He attended George and Duke High School in Ibadan, and he later dropped out of National Open University of Nigeria after his second year to get a deal with DMW.

## Career

Dremo began music professionally when he was signed to A.P.P.E music entertainment, where he released ‘Normal Levelz’ and ‘OBT’.
On 5 April 2016, he was officially signed into Davido Music Worldwide by Davido alongside Mayorkun. On 20 July 2018, Dremo released a 9-track debut EP titled "Codename Volume 1". On 26 August 2019, he released a 5-track EP, "Icen B4 the Cake" as a follow-up to "Codename Volume 1". On 17 April 2020, he released "Codename Volume 2" with 12 tracks. On 23 April, Dremo together with Jeriq released the EP ‘Ea$t N We$t’. On 4 August 2021, he released a single featuring Patoranking titled ‘Wonder’.

## Discography
### Albums and EPs

* Codename, Vol. 1 (2018)
* Icen B4 the Cake (EP) (2019)
* Codename, Vol. 2 (2020)
* Ea$t N We$t (EP) (2021)

### Selected singles

* Fela (2016)
* Back 2 Back (2016)
* Ojere (2016)
* Shayo (2016)
* KPA (2018)
* Bigger Meat (2018)
* Nobody (2018)
* Ringer (2019)
* E Be Tins (2020)
* Konjinaba (2020)
* Wahala Dey (2020)
* East To West (2021)
* Wonder (2021)
* Talk N Do (2021)

## Awards

| Year | Award | Category | Recipient | Result |
| 2016 | Nigerian Teen Choice Awards | Choice New Hip Hop Act 2016 | Himself | Won |
| 2017 | City People Entertainment Awards | Rookie of the Year | Himself | Won |
| 2018 | City People Entertainment Awards | Rap Album of the Year | Codename Vol. 1 | Won |
# Mian Sarfraz Kalhoro

Mian Muhammad Sarfraz Khan Kalhoro (Sindhi: مياں محمد سرفراز خان ڪلهوڙو) also known as Khudayar Khan, was a member of the Kalhora dynasty who ruled Sindh as the 5th Nawab. He held office from 1772 to 1775, having gained it on the death of his father, Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro. He was given the title of Khudayar Khan by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.
He was killed by his uncle in 1775 and buried in Hyderabad, Sindh.
# 1891 Buckingham by-election

The 1891 Buckingham by-election was held on 28 May 1891 after the expulsion of the incumbent Liberal MP, Edmund Verney, who had won in a by-election two years previously. The seat was retained by the Liberal candidate Herbert Samuel Leon.The Conservative candidate, Evelyn Hubbard was the younger brother of a previous MP and had stood in the 1889 by-election.
Buckingham by-election, 1891 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Liberal | Herbert Samuel Leon | 5,018 | 51.7 |
| | Conservative | Evelyn Hubbard | 4,682 | 48.3 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 336 | 3.4 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 9,700 | |
| | Liberal hold | Liberal hold | Swing | |
# 1891 Kentucky Derby

The 1891 Kentucky Derby was the 17th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 13, 1891. The winning time of 2:52.25 was the slowest winning time in Derby history.
With each rider under orders to stay off the lead until the stretch, all four horses ran abreast the whole way waiting for someone to make a move. This resulted in the field to canter their way around the track going a mile in 2:01, a mile and a quarter in 2:26+3⁄4 and finishing the mile and half race in 2:52.

## Full results

| Finished | Post | Horse | Jockey | Trainer | Owner | Time / behind |
| 1st | 3 | Kingman | Isaac Murphy | Dudley Allen | Jacobin Stable | 2:52.25 |
| 2nd | 4 | Balgowan | Monk Overton | | Thomas J. Clay | 1⁄2 |
| 3rd | 1 | High Tariff | Robert "Tiny" Williams | | Augustus Eastin & Samuel E. Larabie | 1 |
| 4th | 2 | Hart Wallace | Thomas Kiley | | Bashford Manor Stable | 1⁄2 |
* Winning breeder: A. C. Franklin (TN)

## Payout

* The winner received a purse of $4,550.
* Second place received $300.
* Third place received $150.
# The Love of Hopeless Causes

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
The Love of Hopeless Causes is the sixth studio album by British rock band New Model Army, released in 1993. It was produced by Niko Bolas, except "Afternoon Song", which was produced by Riku Mattila. It featured guest musicians, guitarist Adrian Portas and Clive Layton, who played the Hammond organ on "Fate".
After the break from EMI, The Love of Hopeless Causes was the band's only album to be released on Epic, prior to the formation of the band's own label, Attack Attack Records.
The album saw the band abandoning the folk rock-oriented sound of their previous albums, Thunder and Consolation (1989) and Impurity (1990), going for a more classic straightforward rock sound.
The album reached No. 22 on the UK Albums Chart in April 1993.

## Singles and EPs

"Here Comes the War" (February 1993) was the only single released from the album and is their highest charting single in the UK, peaking at No. 25 on the UK Singles Chart. "Living in the Rose" was the title track of The Ballads EP (July 1993).

## Versions

The album was released as a 10-track LP, cassette and CD on 29 March 1993. There are no track differences between the formats.

## Track listing

* "Here Comes the War" (Justin Sullivan, Robert Heaton, Nelson) – 4:29
* "Fate" (Sullivan) – 3:20
* "Living in the Rose" (Sullivan, Heaton) – 3:49
* "White Light" (Sullivan, Heaton) – 4:44
* "Believe It" (Sullivan, Heaton) – 4:02
* "Understand U" (Sullivan, Heaton) – 3:33
* "My People" (Sullivan) – 4:39
* "These Words" (Sullivan) – 3:36
* "Afternoon Song" (Sullivan, Heaton) – 2:35
* "Bad Old World" (Sullivan) – 3:33

## Personnel
### Production

* Niko Bolas – producer (all tracks except "Afternoon Song"), recorded by (all tracks except "Afternoon Song")
* Riku Mattila – producer ("Afternoon Song"), recorded by ("Afternoon Song")
* Tim Young – mastered by
* Dave Buchannan – engineer (all tracks except "Afternoon Song")
* Andrea Wright – engineer (all tracks except "Afternoon Song")
* Greg Goldman – assistant engineer
* Randy Wine – assistant engineer
* Fulton Dingles – engineer ("Afternoon Song")
* Bob Clearmountain – mixing
* Dani Griffiths – additional recorded by (all tracks except "Afternoon Song")
* Peter Stewart – additional recorded by (all tracks except "Afternoon Song")
* Joolz Denby – cover art

### Weekly charts

Weekly chart performance for Love Of Hopeless Causes :
| Chart (1993) | Peak position |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 27 |

### Musicians

* Justin Sullivan – vocals, guitars, keyboards
* Robert Heaton – drums, guitars, backing vocals
* Nelson – bass, guitars, backing vocals
* Adrian Portas – guitar
* Clive Layton – Hammond organ ("Fate")
# 1897 Kentucky Derby

The 1897 Kentucky Derby was the 23rd running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 12, 1897.

## Full results

| Finished | Horse | Jockey | Trainer | Owner | Time / behind |
| 1st | Typhoon II | Fred Garner | Julius C. Cahn | Julius C. Cahn | 2:12.50 |
| 2nd | Ornament | Alonzo Clayton | Charles T. Patterson | Charles T. Patterson & Co. | Neck |
| 3rd | Dr. Catlett | Robert Williams | | Turney Bros. | 20 |
| 4th | Dr. Shepard | John Hill | | Foster Bros. | 4 |
| 5th | Goshen | Walter Wilhite | | John Rodegap | |
| 6th | Ben Brown | S. Ballard | | Charles Fleischmann | |
* Winning Breeder: John B. Ewing; (TN)

## Payout

* The winner received a purse of $4,850.
* Second place received $700.
* Third place received $300.
# 1897 Croatian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia from 19 to 22 May 1897. The People's Party emerged as the victor.

## Background

The 1897 elections were held during the autocratic rule of Croatian ban Károly Khuen-Héderváry. His primary task as the ban of Croatia was to preserve the Croatian-Hungarian union. Héderváry had maintained good relations with the Hungarian Liberal Party, while he relied on the People's Party in Croatia to maintain the status quo. Héderváry's supporters had won the parliament majority in each of the three previous elections held during his reign, in 1884, 1887 and 1892. At the time of the election, the People's Party held the parliamentary majority.
Under the electoral law, only 2% of the nation's citizens could vote, i.e. men over thirty years old, who could pay 30 forints in tax. Furthermore, Héderváry had gerrymandered the districts to favour different ethnic groups and resorted to divide and rule policies, stoking antagonism between the Serbs and the Croats, as he suspected that any cooperation between them might threaten Austro-Hungarian interests in the Balkans and allow expansion of the Kingdom of Serbia into the empire's territories inhabited by the South Slavs.
Ban Khuen-Héderváry was unpopular with large groups of Croatian citizens for several reasons: he had suppressed Croatian nationalism, aimed at magyarization of the railways and administration, imposing the Hungarian language at schools, settling Hungarian people in areas of Croatia, as well as lessening local autonomy.

## Campaign

The People's Party presented itself as allies of Héderváry and the Croatian-Hungarian Party. The opposition to the People's Party was at the time fragmented, as the Croatian Party of Rights had split into three groups: the Croatian Party of Rights, the Independent Croatian Party of Rights and the Pure Croatian Party of Rights. In August 1986, the main branch of the Croatian Party of Rights and the Independent People's Party formed a coalition. Another opposition party was the Social Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia; however, due to their small size they were not a major player in the elections.

## Results

| Party or alliance | Party or alliance | Party or alliance | Party or alliance | Seats | +/– |
| | People's Party | People's Party | People's Party | 59 | –18 |
| | Unified Opposition | | Party of Rights | 15 | +7 |
| | Unified Opposition | | Independent People's Party | 11 | New |
| | Pure Party of Rights | Pure Party of Rights | Pure Party of Rights | 2 | New |
| | Independents | Independents | Independents | 1 | 0 |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | 88 | 0 |

### Elected representatives
#### Party of Rights

* Josip Frank
* Mile Starčević

## Sources

* Ivo Perić: Hrvatski državni sabor: 1848-2000, GIPA, Zagreb 2002.
# Divinum illud munus

Divinum illud munus (English title: On the Holy Spirit) is an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on May 9, 1897. In the encyclical, Leo addresses "the indwelling and miraculous power of the Holy Ghost; and the extent and efficiency of His action, both in the whole body of the Church and in the individual souls of its members, through the glorious abundance of His divine graces." As such it serves as one of the precursors to the Catholic pneumatological renaissance of the twentieth century.

## Content

In discussing Catholic doctrine on the Blessed Trinity, Leo noted that "The Church is accustomed most fittingly to attribute to the Father those works of the Divinity in which power excels, to the Son those in which wisdom excels, and those in which love excels to the Holy Ghost." He emphasized however the unity of the three Divine Persons, who are not to be honored separately in divine worship, nor to be considered as acting separately in the work of sanctification.
“We ought to pray to and invoke the Holy Spirit, for each one of us greatly needs His protection and His help. The more a man is deficient in wisdom, weak in strength, borne down with trouble, prone to sin, so ought he the more to fly to Him who is the never-ceasing fount of light, strength, consolation, and holiness.”
The encyclical has the following parts:
* The Holy Ghost and Incarnation
* The Holy Ghost in the souls of the just
* On devotion to the Holy Ghost
* An annual novena decreed
Divinum illud munus follows and expands upon Leo's Provida Matris ("on the Devotion to the Holy Spirit"), a much shorter letter issued May 5, 1895, in which he first introduces the idea of a Pentecost novena.
   Therefore, to all those who, for nine continuous days before Pentecost, will address some particular prayers to the Holy Spirit on a daily and devoted basis, either in public or private, we grant for each day the indulgence of seven years and as many quarantines; and a plenary indulgence for one time only in any of the aforementioned days or on the day of Pentecost or in one of the following eight days, provided they confessed and communicated pray to God according to Our intention, expressed above. We also concede that if someone, by his pity, again pray with the same conditions in the eight days following Pentecost, he may again profit from the same indulgences. Moreover we decree and declare that such indulgences can also be applied as a suffrage for the holy souls of Purgatory, and that they also last for all the years to come; without prejudice to any customary and legal requirements.