OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nebulium

Nebulium was a proposed element found in astronomical observation of a nebula by William Huggins in 1864. The strong green emission lines of the Cat's Eye Nebula, discovered using spectroscopy, led to the postulation that an as yet unknown element was responsible for this emission. In 1927, Ira Sprague Bowen showed that the lines are emitted by doubly ionized oxygen (new style O$^{2+}$; old style O$^{III}$), and no new element was necessary to explain them.

## History

William Hyde Wollaston in 1802 and Joseph von Fraunhofer in 1814 described the dark lines within the solar spectrum. Later, Gustav Kirchhoff explained the lines by atomic absorption or emission, which allowed the lines to be used for the identification of chemical elements.
In the early days of telescopic astronomy, the word nebula was used to describe any fuzzy patch of light that did not look like a star. Many of these, such as the Andromeda Nebula, had spectra that looked like stellar spectra, and these turned out to be galaxies. Others, such as the Cat's Eye Nebula, had very different spectra. When William Huggins looked at the Cat's Eye, he found no continuous spectrum like that seen in the Sun, but just a few strong emission lines. The two green lines at 495.9 nm and 500.7 nm were the strongest. These lines did not correspond to any known elements on Earth. The fact that helium had been identified by the emission lines in the Sun in 1868, and had then also been found on Earth in 1895, encouraged astronomers to suggest that the lines were due to a new element. The name nebulium (occasionally nebulum or nephelium) was first mentioned by Margaret Lindsay Huggins in a short communication in 1898, although it is stated that her husband occasionally used the term before.
In 1911, John William Nicholson theorized that all known elements consisted of four protoelements, one of which was Nebulium. The development of the periodic table by Dimitri Mendeleev and the determination of the atomic numbers by Henry Moseley in 1913 left nearly no room for a new element. In 1914 French astronomers were able to determine the atomic weight of nebulium. A measured value of 2.74 for the lines near 372 nm and a slightly lower value for the 500.7 nm line seemed to indicate that two elements were responsible for the spectrum.
Ira Sprague Bowen was working on UV spectroscopy and on the calculation of spectra of the light elements of the periodic table when he became aware of the green lines discovered by Huggins. With this knowledge he was able to suggest that the green lines might be forbidden transitions. They were shown as due to doubly ionized oxygen at extremely low density, rather than the hypothetical nebulium. As Henry Norris Russell put it, "Nebulium has vanished into thin air." Nebulae are typically extremely rarefied, much less dense than the hardest vacuums produced on Earth. In these conditions, lines can form which are suppressed at normal densities. These lines are known as forbidden lines, and are the strongest lines in most nebular spectra.
# Serrana, São Paulo

Serrana is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 45,644 (2020 est.) in an area of 126 km$^2$. The elevation is 427 m.

## History

The municipality was created by state law in 1948.

### COVID-19 vaccine study

While other communities were struggling to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, Serrana participated in a study wherein 100% of its adult population was supposed to be vaccinated with CoronaVac. Prior to the mass vaccination, 5% of Serrana's population had been infected, one of the highest rates in Brazil.
Most adults received two shots by the end of April. By May, symptomatic COVID-19 cases fell 80%, hospitalizations by 86%, and mortality by 95% according to researchers doing the study. The virus was contained once 75% of people were vaccinated. According to Ricardo Palacios, a director at São Paulo's Instituto Butantan, "The most important result was understanding that we can control the pandemic even without vaccinating the entire population."

## Media

In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.
The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

## Notable people

* Renan Lodi (born 1998), professional footballer
# EOS (medical imaging)

EOS is a medical imaging system designed to provide frontal and lateral radiography images, while limiting the X-ray dose absorbed by the patient in a sitting or standing position. The system relies on the high sensitivity of a detector (multi-wire chamber) invented by Georges Charpak, which earned him the 1992 Nobel Prize. This technology not only enhances patient safety but also improves diagnostic accuracy, making EOS particularly valuable in monitoring musculoskeletal conditions and guiding orthopedic treatments.
EOS is commercialized by the French company EOS imaging as an orthopedic application whose main feature is the 3D visualization of the vertebral column and/or lower limbs of the patients. The device develops statistical models by collecting anteroposterior and lateral 2D images of an individuals entire body.
EOS focuses on using an approach that centers around precision medicine, or a medical approach that considers a patient's genetics, environmental factors, and health habits in order to create a more personalized treatment or diagnosis for disease.

## Process
### Medical Imaging Within Cardiovascular Medicine

These images can be used to image the electrical activity within the cells of hearts. Richard Barr, a Duke University biomedical engineer, created a computer program that creates a simulation environment to model the electrical activity within cardiac cells. This allows for medical professionals to gain a deeper understanding of the heart's functionality without an incision needing to be made, because activity among these cells is non-linear and unpredictable. By visualizing the behavior of cardiac cells, this program helps improve our understanding of the human heart, which will improve our ability to develop personalized treatment for heart disease.
Another technique, coined by Elizabeth Bucholz, focuses on a four-dimensional imaging technique using pre-existing MRI technology for mice. This technique involves injecting the liposomal agent into the bloodstream, and then the tool captures images of the heart over time. Once the images are collected, a 4D model of the heart is created, allowing the researchers to analyze the heart's performance and other important health factors.

## Benefits

EOS offers many more advantages over any other medical imaging techniques. For example, the ability to create 3D reconstructions from its data, a lower dose of radiation, and whole body imaging.
# Benipur

Benipur is a census town in Varanasi tehsil of Varanasi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The census town falls under the Benipur gram panchayat. Benipur Census town is about 7 kilometers North-East of Varanasi railway station, 303 kilometers South-East of Lucknow and 14 kilometers North of Banaras Hindu University.

## Demography

Benipur has 1,708 families with a total population of 12,470. Sex ratio of the census town is 908 and child sex ratio is 848. Uttar Pradesh state average for both ratios is 912 and 902 respectively.
| Details | Male | Female | Total | Comments |
| Number of houses | - | - | 1,708 | (census 2011) |
| Adult | 6,534 | 5,936 | 10,592 | (census 2011) |
| Children | - | - | 1,878 | (census 2011) |
| Total population | 6,534 | 5,936 | 12,470 | (census 2011) |
| Literacy | 73.3% | 55.9% | 65% | (census 2011) |

## Transportation

Benipur is connected by air (Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport), by train (Varanasi City railway station) and by road. Nearest operational airports is Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport and nearest operational railway station is Varanasi City railway station (24 and 5 kilometers respectively from Benipur).
# Chūkyō-keibajō-mae Station

Chūkyō-keibajō-mae Station (中京競馬場前駅, Chūkyō-keibajō-mae-eki) is a railway station in Midori-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, operated by Meitetsu.

## Lines

Chūkyō-keibajō-mae Station is served by the Meitetsu Nagoya Main Line and is 51.4 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Toyohashi Station.

## Station layout

The station has two elevated side platforms with the station building underneath. The station has automated ticket machines, Manaca automated turnstiles and is staffed.

### Platforms

| 1 | ■ Meitetsu Nagoya Main Line | For Kanayama and Meitetsu-Nagoya |
| 2 | ■ Meitetsu Nagoya Main Line | For Higashi Okazaki and Toyohashi |

## Adjacent stations

| ← | Service | → |
| Meitetsu Nagoya Main Line |||||
| Limited Express (特急): Does not stop at this station |||||
| Express (急行): Does not stop at this station |||||
| Zengo | Semi Express (準急) | Arimatsu |
| Zengo | Local (普通) | Arimatsu |

## Station history

Chūkyō-keibajō-mae Station was opened on 15 July 1953.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 9470 passengers daily. .

## Surrounding area

* Chukyo Racecourse
* Nagoya College
# Conecuh County Training School

Conecuh County Training School was a school for African American students in Evergreen, Alabama. It became Thurgood Marshall High School when it was renamed for Thurgood Marshall who was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. It was turned into a middle school in 1970. Its principal O. F. Frazier wrote that he was removed for a white principal and then let go.
A photo of four teachers from the school is extant.
Rufus A. Lewis taught for a year at the school.
It was one of the county training schools established. County training schools received funding support from the Slater Fund.
Studies were done at the school and of its graduates.

## Alumni

* Joe L. Reed
* Reba Mixon Barley
# Purewa railway station

Purewa railway station was a station on the North Island Main Trunk line (NIMT) in Auckland, New Zealand. It was located between Glen Innes station and Ōrākei station.

## History

The station was constructed, along with several others, in 1929 on the route of the Westfield Deviation, which was being built to divert the Auckland–Westfield section of the NIMT via a flatter, faster eastern route to link up with the original tracks at Westfield Junction. It was closed on 16 April 1947.
# 1934 Uruguayan parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Uruguay on 19 April 1934, alongside a constitutional referendum. For the first time, the Senate was directly elected by voters. The result was a victory for the Colorado Party, which won a majority of seats in the Chamber of Representatives.

## Results
### Chamber of Representatives

| | Colorado Party | | Batllista Colorado Party | 110,330 | 44.29 | 43 | –2 |
| | Colorado Party | | Gral. Rivera Colorado Party | 23,344 | 9.37 | 10 | +3 |
| | Colorado Party | | Party for the Colorado Tradition | 6,158 | 2.47 | 2 | –3 |
| | Colorado Party | Total | Total | 139,832 | 56.13 | 55 | –5 |
| | National Party | | National Party | 91,608 | 36.77 | 39 | –16 |
| | National Party | | Saravist Party | 1,295 | 0.52 | 0 | New |
| | National Party | Total | Total | 92,903 | 37.29 | 39 | –16 |
| | Civic Union | Civic Union | Civic Union | 6,878 | 2.76 | 2 | –1 |
| | Socialist Party | Socialist Party | Socialist Party | 5,849 | 2.35 | 2 | 0 |
| | Communist Party | Communist Party | Communist Party | 3,634 | 1.46 | 1 | –1 |
| | Reformist Party | Reformist Party | Reformist Party | 29 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | 249,125 | 100.00 | 99 | –24 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 422,865 | – | | |
| Source: Nohlen, Bottinelli et al. ||||||||

### Senate

| | Colorado Party | | For Victory | 104,087 | 47.05 | 13 | – |
| | Colorado Party | | Gral. Rivera Colorado Party | 21,853 | 9.88 | 2 | – |
| | Colorado Party | | Colorado Party | 41 | 0.02 | 0 | – |
| | Colorado Party | Total | Total | 125,981 | 56.95 | 15 | +7 |
| | National Party | | Herrerismo | 91,426 | 41.33 | 15 | – |
| | National Party | | National Party | 159 | 0.07 | 0 | – |
| | National Party | Total | Total | 91,585 | 41.40 | 15 | +4 |
| | Communist Party | Communist Party | Communist Party | 3,637 | 1.64 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | 221,203 | 100.00 | 30 | +11 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 422,865 | – | | |
| Source: Nohlen, Bottinelli et al. ||||||||
# Malek Hassoun

Malek Ibrahim Hassoun (Arabic: مَالِك إِبْرَاهِيم حَسُّون; born 10 June 1975) is a Lebanese football manager and former player who is the head coach of Lebanese Second Division club Ahly Nabatieh.
As a player, he played as a midfielder for Chabab Ghazieh, Ansar, and the Lebanon national team.

## Club career

Hassoun began his career at hometown club Chabab Ghazieh aged 13, joining Ansar on 5 May 1997. He became captain in 2002 following Jamal Taha's retirement, and played the rest of his career there, retiring in 2009. Hassoun played over 400 games in all competitions, scoring around 45 goals.

## International career

Hassoun represented the Lebanon national team between 1997 and 2004, scoring twice in 12 games.

## Managerial career

Hassoun began his managerial career as assistant coach of Lebanese Premier League side Ansar in 2009, under coach Jamal Taha. Following Taha's dismissal, he was appointed head coach on 7 April 2013, remaining until 30 April 2014.
Hassoun became head coach of Chabab Ghazieh in the Lebanese Premier League in November 2014; after avoiding relegation to the Lebanese Second Division, his contract was renewed for a further year on 28 May 2015. He resigned on 26 November 2015, after only gaining one point in the opening five matches of the 2015–16 season.
In December 2015, Hassoun returned to Ansar as assistant coach to Jamal Taha. Both Hassoun and Taha submitted their resignation on 11 September 2016, following Ansar's 5–2 defeat to Salam Zgharta in the first round of the 2016–17 season.
On 10 October 2016, Hassoun was appointed head coach of Shabab Sahel. He became coach of Second Division side Shabab Arabi on 3 February 2018, resigning only one month later on 5 March citing administrative reasons. Hassoun was appointed head coach of Shabab Bourj in the Second Division ahead of the 2018–19 season. He helped them gain promotion to the Lebanese Premier League for the first time.
Ahead of the 2019–20 Lebanese Second Division, Hassoun was appointed head coach of Ahli Saida. He remained in charge until 2021. On 24 June 2022, Hassoun became head coach of Lebanese Premier League side Tadamon Sour. He resigned in 2024, and was appointed head coach of Bourj. In summer 2024, he was appointed head coach of Ahly Nabatieh.

## Style of play

Hassoun was known for his free kicks, with over 80% of his goals coming from free kicks. He was also known for his accurate passing.

## Honours
### Player

Ansar
* Lebanese Premier League: 1997–98, 1998–99, 2005–06, 2006–07
* Lebanese FA Cup: 1998–99, 2001–02, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2009–10
* Lebanese Elite Cup: 1997, 2000
* Lebanese Federation Cup: 1999, 2000
* Lebanese Super Cup: 1997, 1998, 1999
Individual
* Lebanese Premier League Best Goal: 1997–98
* Lebanese Premier League Team of the Season: 1997–98
# Ebrechtella tricuspidata

Ebrechtella tricuspidata is a species of crab spiders belonging to the family Thomisidae.

## Subspecies

Subspecies include:
* Ebrechtella tricuspidata tricuspidata (Fabricius, 1775) - Palearctic realm
* Ebrechtella tricuspidata concolor (Caporiacco, 1935) - Karakorum

## Distribution

This species is widespread in the Palearctic realm (Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia to Central Asia, China, Korea, and Japan). It is not found in Great Britain.

## Habitat

These medium-sized crab spiders inhabit dry meadows and sunny forest edges, waiting for prey well camouflaged in flower and foliage.

## Description

Ebrechtella tricuspidata can reach approximately a body length of 5–6 millimetres (0.20–0.24 in) in females, while males are smaller, reaching a body length of 2.5–3.5 millimetres (0.098–0.138 in). The cephalothorax (Prosoma) is light green in females, with sometimes indeterminate reddish markings on the back of the whitish-yellowish abdomen. These reddish markings usually consist of two broad rear-connected bands. Also legs are light green.
Males are clearly different-looking (sexual dimorphism). They have light brown cephalothorax with bright median stripe and the first two pairs of legs, while the bottle-shaped abdomen (Opisthosoma) is usually pale green, laterally with dark brown markings.

## Biology

Adults from both sexes can be found in May and June.

## Gallery

* Male, side view
* Female, dorsal view
* Female, preparing a leaf for egglaying
* Female, catching a fly
# Pharyngeal aspiration

Pharyngeal aspiration is the introduction of a substance into the pharynx and its subsequent aspiration into the lungs. It is used to test the respiratory toxicity of a substance in animal testing. It began to be used in the late 1990s. Pharyngeal aspiration is widely used to study the toxicity of a wide variety of substances, including nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes.
Pharyngeal aspiration has benefits over the alternative methods of inhalation and intratracheal instillation, the introduction of the substance directly into the trachea. Inhalation studies have the disadvantages that they are expensive and technically difficult, the dose and location of the substance has poor reproducibility, they require large amounts of material, and they potentially allow exposure to laboratory workers and to the skin of laboratory animals. Intratracheal instillation overcomes some of these difficulties, but because a needle or tube is needed to access the trachea, it remains technically challenging and causes trauma to the animal, which can be a confounding factor. It also results in a less uniform distribution of the substance than inhalation, and bypasses effects from the upper respiratory tract.
In pharyngeal aspiration, the substance is placed in the pharynx, which is higher in the respiratory tract, avoiding the major source of technical difficulty and trauma to the animal. The deposition pattern of pharyngeal aspiration is also more dispersed than that of intratracheal instillation, making it more similar to inhalation, and the lung responses are qualitatively similar. Nevertheless, pharyngeal aspiration still leads to more particle agglomeration than inhalation, making its effects less potent.

## Methodology

Pharyngeal aspiration is often performed on mice and rats. Prior to introduction of the stubstance, the animal is anesthetized and its tongue extended, preventing the animal from swallowing the material and allowing it to be aspirated into the lungs over the course of at least two deep breaths. A liquid suspension of particles in saline solution is usually used, in a typical volume of 50 μL. Sometimes the substance is introduced into the larynx instead of the pharynx to avoid contamination from food particles and other contaminants present in the mouth.
# Timothy A. Barrow

Timothy Arthur Barrow (January 30, 1934 – March 16, 2019) was an American politician who served one term as the Mayor of Phoenix from 1974 to 1976.

## Biography

Barrow was born in Franklin, Pennsylvania, and moved to Arizona in his childhood. He attended the New Mexico Military Institute and served in the United States Army overseas in West Germany. When he returned to the United States, he was a trust officer at a bank, and director of a hospital. He was elected as a Republican to the Arizona House of Representatives in 1966, and served until his election as Mayor of Phoenix in 1973. During his term in the House, he sat on the Ways and Means Committee, and had stints as majority whip (1969) and Speaker of the House (1971). He was elected as Mayor of Phoenix in 1973, and served one term. He later attended the John F. Kennedy School of Government and worked as a consultant.
Barrow died on March 16, 2019.
# M. L. Tahaliyani

M. L. Tahaliyani is the Lokayukta of Maharashtra and is a retired Judge of the Bombay High Court. Justice Tahaliyani presided over high-profile cases including the 2008 Mumbai attacks and the Adarsh Housing Society scam.

## Career

Born on 23 December 1953, in Sardarshahar, Rajasthan, Tahaliyani began his career as a lawyer in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra in 1975. After a few years he was appointed as an assistant public prosecutor in the Naxal effected area of Gadchiroli, Sironcha, Desaiganj and Warora. After spending several years as a public prosecutor he was then appointed as a Metropolitan Magistrate in 1987. Tahaliyani was appointed the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate in 1994 and later appointed the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate in 1997. In 2010 he was appointed as a Principal Judge to the Bombay City Civil Court and in that same year while presiding over the 2008 Mumbai attacks case he pronounced the death penalty to Ajmal Kasab on terrorism related charges, The judgement was later confirmed by the Bombay High Court and upheld by the Supreme Court of India after which Kasab was hanged at the Yerawada Central Jail, Pune on 21 November 2012. The following year Tahaliyani was appointed as a judge of the Bombay High Court and while presiding over the Adarsh Housing Society scam refused to give any relief to the former Chief minister of Maharashtra Ashok Chavan in that case. After his retirement from the bench, he was appointed Lokayukta of Maharashtra. Justice Tahaliyani succeeds Justice P.B. Gaikwad whose term as Lokayukta ended on 1 July 2014. Tahaliyani was sworn-in as the Lokayukta by Maharashtra Governor C. Vidyasagar Rao on 25 August 2015.
# Tsamai language

Tsamai (also known as Ts'amay, S'amai, Tamaha, Tsamako, Tsamakko, Bago S'amakk-Ulo) is an Afroasiatic language spoken in Ethiopia. Tsamai is a member of the Dullay dialect continuum. Cule (Kuile, Kule) and evidently Dume (pseudo-pygmies) were apparently varieties.