# Demographics of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is the eighth-most populated country in the world with almost 2.2% of the world's population. As per the final results of the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, the country's population is 169,828,911. Bangladesh has one of the highest population densities in the world.
Bangladesh (previously East Pakistan between 1947 and 1971 and East Bengal before 1947) is largely ethnically homogeneous and its name derives from the Bengali ethno-linguistic group which comprises 99% of the population. The Chittagong Hill Tracts, Sylhet, Mymensingh, Barisal and North Bengal regions are home to diverse tribal peoples. There are many dialects of Bengali spoken throughout the region. The dialect spoken by those in Chittagong and Sylhet are particularly distinctive. About (91.04%) of Bangladeshis are Muslims, followed by Hindus (largest-minority) at (7.95%), Buddhists (0.61%) and Christians (0.30%) and others (0.12%) as per 2022 census.
Bangladesh has one of the highest population densities in the world. The total fertility rate (TFR) has been reduced by more than two thirds since Independence. The current TFR in Bangladesh is 1.930 per woman, globally considered to be below the benchmark for replacement level fertility.
At this TFR and without migration, Bangladesh's population is expected to soon reach a stage where it neither grows nor shrinks, once the top of its age pyramid fills in.

## Population

The April 2023 total population was 169,532,362, which makes Bangladesh the eighth-most populous country in the world.

### Population growth rate

Bangladesh had high rates of population growth in the 1960s and 1970s. Since then however it has seen significant reduction in its total fertility rate. Over a period of three decades it dropped from almost 7 to 2 in 2005–2018.

### Census

The latest decennial census was conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics in 2022.
Population of Bangladesh :
| Census date | Census population (millions) | Adjusted population (millions) |
| 1801 | 14.5 | |
| 1851 | 20.3 | |
| 1901 | 28.928 | |
| 1911 | 31.555 | |
| 1921 | 33.255 | |
| 1931 | 35.602 | |
| 1941 | 41.997 | |
| 1951 | 41.932 | |
| 1961 | 50.840 | |
| 1974 | 71.479 | 76.398 |
| 1981 | 87.120 | 89.912 |
| 1991 | 106.313 | 111.455 |
| 2001 | 124.355 | 130.523 |
| 2011 | 142.319 | 152.518 |
| 2022 | 165.159 | 169.829 |

### UN estimates

| Year | Total population (millions) | Population percentage | Population percentage | Population percentage |
| Year | Total population (millions) | aged 0–14 | aged 15–64 | aged 65+ |
| 1950 | 37.895 | 41.2% | 54.8% | 3.9% |
| 1955 | 43.444 | 42.4% | 54.1% | 3.5% |
| 1960 | 50.102 | 43.6% | 53.1% | 3.3% |
| 1965 | 57.792 | 44.7% | 52.0% | 3.3% |
| 1970 | 66.881 | 44.7% | 51.8% | 3.4% |
| 1975 | 70.582 | 45.8% | 50.7% | 3.5% |
| 1980 | 80.624 | 45.0% | 51.4% | 3.6% |
| 1985 | 92.284 | 43.9% | 52.5% | 3.6% |
| 1990 | 105.256 | 42.5% | 53.8% | 3.7% |
| 1995 | 117.487 | 40.3% | 55.9% | 3.8% |
| 2000 | 127.658 | 37.0% | 59.2% | 3.9% |
| 2005 | 139.036 | 34.4% | 61.3% | 4.3% |
| 2010 | 147.575 | 32.0% | 63.2% | 4.8% |
| 2015 | 156.256 | 29.3% | 65.6% | 5.1% |
| 2020 | 164.689 | 26.8% | 68.0% | 5.2% |

### Population by sex and age group

Population by sex and age group (Census 15.III.2011):
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 72 109 796 | 71 933 901 | 144 043 697 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 7 638 523 | 7 423 447 | 15 061 970 | 10.46 |
| 5–9 | 9 322 514 | 8 850 715 | 18 173 229 | 12.62 |
| 10–14 | 8 614 889 | 8 031 726 | 16 646 615 | 11.56 |
| 15–19 | 6 509 492 | 6 352 398 | 12 861 890 | 8.93 |
| 20–24 | 5 777 370 | 7 522 419 | 13 299 789 | 9.23 |
| 25–29 | 6 225 252 | 7 254 256 | 13 479 508 | 9.36 |
| 30–34 | 5 079 106 | 5 420 659 | 10 499 765 | 7.29 |
| 35–39 | 4 697 349 | 4 859 079 | 9 556 428 | 6.63 |
| 40–44 | 4 280 923 | 3 980 739 | 8 261 662 | 5.74 |
| 45–49 | 3 363 273 | 3 016 800 | 6 380 073 | 4.43 |
| 50–54 | 2 952 596 | 2 599 675 | 5 552 271 | 3.85 |
| 55–59 | 1 923 534 | 1 577 463 | 3 500 997 | 2.43 |
| 60–64 | 2 081 306 | 1 852 708 | 3 934 014 | 2.73 |
| 65–69 | 1 149 569 | 963 921 | 2 113 490 | 1.47 |
| 70–74 | 1 206 398 | 1 025 314 | 2 231 712 | 1.55 |
| 75–79 | 488 338 | 386 389 | 874 727 | 0.61 |
| 80–84 | 443 239 | 436 840 | 880 079 | 0.61 |
| 85–89 | 138 268 | 124 343 | 262 611 | 0.18 |
| 90–94 | 116 916 | 133 273 | 250 189 | 0.17 |
| 95+ | 100 941 | 121 737 | 222 678 | 0.15 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| 0–14 | 25 575 926 | 24 305 888 | 49 881 814 | 34.63 |
| 15–64 | 42 890 201 | 44 436 196 | 87 326 397 | 60.62 |
| 65+ | 3 643 669 | 3 191 817 | 6 835 486 | 4.75 |
Population census by sex and age group (2022 census):
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 84 077 203 | 85 653 120 | 169 828 909 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 7 940 000 | 7 630 000 | | 9.44 |
| 5–9 | 7 920 000 | 7 400 000 | | 9.28 |
| 10–14 | 8 510 000 | 7 820 000 | | 9.89 |
| 15–19 | 8 060 000 | 8 490 000 | | 10.03 |
| 20–24 | 6 710 000 | 8 270 000 | | 9.08 |
| 25–29 | 6 460 000 | 7 910 000 | | 8.71 |
| 30–34 | 5 650 000 | 6 460 000 | | 7.34 |
| 35–39 | 6 040 000 | 6 680 000 | | 7.7 |
| 40–44 | 5 120 000 | 4 920 000 | | 6.08 |
| 45–49 | 4 130 000 | 4 130 000 | | 5.01 |
| 50–54 | 4 000 000 | 3 780 000 | | 4.72 |
| 55–59 | 2 950 000 | 2 770 000 | | 3.48 |
| 60–64 | 3 010 000 | 2 590 000 | | 3.39 |
| 65–69 | 2 150 000 | 1 770 000 | | 2.38 |
| 70–74 | 1 570 000 | 1 260 000 | | 1.71 |
| 75–79 | 670 000 | 550 000 | | 0.74 |
| 80+ | 820 000 | 920 000 | | 1.06 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Per cent |
| 0–14 | 24 535 272 | 23 929 621 | 48 464 893 | 28.81 |
| 15–64 | 54 843 936 | 55 713 243 | 110 557 179 | 65.72 |
| 65+ | 4 810 792 | 4 387 136 | 9 197 928 | 5.47 |

### Gender ratio

| Age range (years) | Sex ratio (males/females) (2015 est.) |
| at birth | 1.04 |
| 0–14 | 1.03 |
| 15–24 | 0.89 |
| 25–54 | 0.90 |
| 55–64 | 1.01 |
| 65 and over | 0.97 |
| total population | 0.95 |

### Urban and rural

The sprawling mega-city of Dhaka has a huge population, but the majority of the people nonetheless still live in villages in rural areas.
    Urban population: 37.4% of total population (2019 est.)
    Rate of urbanization: 3.13% annual rate of change (2019 est.)
    Bangladesh is considered an urban country based on their population density

### Population density
## Vital statistics
### UN estimates

The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. Population estimates account for under numeration in population censuses.
| Year | Mid-year population (thousands) | Live births (thousands) | Deaths (thousands) | Natural change (thousands) | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Crude migration rate (per 1000) | Total fertility rate (TFR) | Infant mortality (per 1000 live births) | Life expectancy (in years) |
| 1950 | 39729 | 1848 | 1072 | 776 | 46.5 | 27.0 | 19.5 | | 6.30 | 219.2 | 38.18 |
| 1951 | 40549 | 1907 | 1066 | 842 | 47.0 | 26.3 | 20.8 | -0.2 | 6.34 | 213.6 | 38.86 |
| 1952 | 41427 | 1960 | 1056 | 904 | 47.3 | 25.5 | 21.8 | -0.1 | 6.35 | 208.1 | 39.69 |
| 1953 | 42329 | 2016 | 1067 | 949 | 47.6 | 25.2 | 22.4 | -0.6 | 6.38 | 203.1 | 39.94 |
| 1954 | 43282 | 2079 | 1047 | 1032 | 48.0 | 24.2 | 23.8 | -1.3 | 6.44 | 197.6 | 41.16 |
| 1955 | 44316 | 2140 | 1044 | 1096 | 48.3 | 23.5 | 24.7 | -0.8 | 6.49 | 192.8 | 41.89 |
| 1956 | 45408 | 2198 | 1048 | 1150 | 48.4 | 23.1 | 25.3 | -0.7 | 6.53 | 188.4 | 42.42 |
| 1957 | 46561 | 2262 | 1037 | 1225 | 48.6 | 22.3 | 26.3 | -0.9 | 6.57 | 183.5 | 43.41 |
| 1958 | 47743 | 2329 | 1043 | 1286 | 48.7 | 21.8 | 26.9 | -1.5 | 6.62 | 179.5 | 43.93 |
| 1959 | 49005 | 2405 | 1045 | 1360 | 49.0 | 21.3 | 27.7 | -1.3 | 6.71 | 175.4 | 44.60 |
| 1960 | 50396 | 2493 | 1070 | 1423 | 49.5 | 21.2 | 28.2 | 0.2 | 6.78 | 173.4 | 44.74 |
| 1961 | 51883 | 2574 | 1064 | 1510 | 49.6 | 20.5 | 29.1 | 0.4 | 6.83 | 168.3 | 45.66 |
| 1962 | 53462 | 2650 | 1055 | 1595 | 49.6 | 19.7 | 29.8 | 0.6 | 6.87 | 164.3 | 46.70 |
| 1963 | 55094 | 2704 | 1084 | 1620 | 49.1 | 19.7 | 29.4 | 1.1 | 6.84 | 162.6 | 46.66 |
| 1964 | 56774 | 2760 | 1068 | 1692 | 48.6 | 18.8 | 29.8 | 0.7 | 6.84 | 158.7 | 47.74 |
| 1965 | 58500 | 2816 | 1130 | 1686 | 48.2 | 19.3 | 28.8 | 1.6 | 6.83 | 159.0 | 46.86 |
| 1966 | 60265 | 2881 | 1088 | 1792 | 47.8 | 18.1 | 29.7 | 0.5 | 6.82 | 154.7 | 48.58 |
| 1967 | 62104 | 2966 | 1107 | 1859 | 47.8 | 17.8 | 29.9 | 0.6 | 6.85 | 153.3 | 48.87 |
| 1968 | 63996 | 3046 | 1130 | 1916 | 47.6 | 17.6 | 29.9 | 0.6 | 6.85 | 152.5 | 49.09 |
| 1969 | 65867 | 3134 | 1159 | 1975 | 47.5 | 17.6 | 29.9 | -0.7 | 6.86 | 152.0 | 49.17 |
| 1970 | 67542 | 3209 | 1509 | 1701 | 47.4 | 22.3 | 25.1 | 0.3 | 6.88 | 165.3 | 42.59 |
| 1971 | 68376 | 3262 | 2811 | 451 | 47.6 | 41.0 | 6.6 | 5.7 | 6.87 | 199.4 | 26.00 |
| 1972 | 69347 | 3300 | 1189 | 2112 | 47.5 | 17.1 | 30.4 | -16.2 | 6.85 | 151.3 | 49.59 |
| 1973 | 71145 | 3349 | 1211 | 2137 | 47.0 | 17.0 | 30.0 | -4.1 | 6.82 | 151.1 | 49.83 |
| 1974 | 72948 | 3414 | 1275 | 2139 | 46.7 | 17.4 | 29.2 | -3.9 | 6.79 | 153.6 | 49.16 |
| 1975 | 74700 | 3461 | 1246 | 2215 | 46.2 | 16.6 | 29.5 | -5.5 | 6.74 | 149.3 | 50.29 |
| 1976 | 76380 | 3540 | 1260 | 2280 | 46.2 | 16.4 | 29.7 | -7.2 | 6.67 | 147.9 | 50.65 |
| 1977 | 78138 | 3610 | 1266 | 2344 | 46.1 | 16.1 | 29.9 | -6.9 | 6.59 | 146.1 | 51.20 |
| 1978 | 80008 | 3661 | 1289 | 2372 | 45.6 | 16.1 | 29.5 | -5.6 | 6.52 | 143.9 | 51.25 |
| 1979 | 81908 | 3735 | 1306 | 2429 | 45.5 | 15.9 | 29.6 | -5.9 | 6.42 | 141.3 | 51.46 |
| 1980 | 83930 | 3793 | 1313 | 2479 | 45.1 | 15.6 | 29.5 | -4.8 | 6.32 | 138.6 | 51.85 |
| 1981 | 86155 | 3859 | 1324 | 2535 | 44.7 | 15.4 | 29.4 | -2.9 | 6.24 | 135.7 | 52.17 |
| 1982 | 88555 | 3922 | 1332 | 2590 | 44.3 | 15.0 | 29.2 | -1.3 | 6.12 | 132.6 | 52.54 |
| 1983 | 91045 | 3899 | 1327 | 2572 | 42.8 | 14.6 | 28.2 | -0.1 | 5.89 | 129.2 | 53.01 |
| 1984 | 93534 | 3914 | 1318 | 2596 | 41.8 | 14.1 | 27.7 | -0.4 | 5.73 | 125.8 | 53.54 |
| 1985 | 95959 | 3913 | 1317 | 2597 | 40.7 | 13.7 | 27.0 | -1.1 | 5.54 | 122.6 | 53.90 |
| 1986 | 98272 | 3880 | 1301 | 2579 | 39.4 | 13.2 | 26.2 | -2.1 | 5.30 | 118.4 | 54.42 |
| 1987 | 100490 | 3858 | 1286 | 2572 | 38.3 | 12.8 | 25.6 | -3.0 | 5.07 | 114.7 | 54.93 |
| 1988 | 102689 | 3803 | 1290 | 2513 | 37.0 | 12.5 | 24.4 | -2.5 | 4.84 | 110.9 | 55.03 |
| 1989 | 104894 | 3801 | 1299 | 2501 | 36.2 | 12.4 | 23.8 | -2.3 | 4.68 | 106.9 | 55.09 |
| 1990 | 107148 | 3750 | 1257 | 2492 | 35.0 | 11.7 | 23.2 | -1.7 | 4.48 | 103.0 | 55.99 |
| 1991 | 109243 | 3660 | 1375 | 2285 | 33.4 | 12.6 | 20.9 | -1.3 | 4.24 | 103.6 | 54.15 |
| 1992 | 111272 | 3604 | 1178 | 2426 | 32.4 | 10.6 | 21.8 | -3.2 | 4.03 | 95.2 | 57.64 |
| 1993 | 113419 | 3579 | 1174 | 2404 | 31.5 | 10.3 | 21.2 | -1.9 | 3.85 | 91.3 | 57.93 |
| 1994 | 115615 | 3627 | 1153 | 2474 | 31.3 | 10.0 | 21.4 | -2.0 | 3.77 | 87.3 | 58.62 |
| 1995 | 117793 | 3593 | 1120 | 2472 | 30.5 | 9.5 | 21.0 | -2.2 | 3.61 | 83.4 | 59.47 |
| 1996 | 119877 | 3597 | 1138 | 2458 | 30.0 | 9.5 | 20.5 | -2.8 | 3.50 | 79.5 | 59.49 |
| 1997 | 122039 | 3692 | 1047 | 2646 | 30.2 | 8.6 | 21.6 | -3.6 | 3.49 | 75.5 | 61.43 |
| 1998 | 124350 | 3711 | 936 | 2775 | 29.8 | 7.5 | 22.3 | -3.4 | 3.39 | 71.8 | 63.92 |
| 1999 | 126755 | 3723 | 846 | 2877 | 29.3 | 6.7 | 22.7 | -3.4 | 3.30 | 68.1 | 66.23 |
| 2000 | 129193 | 3747 | 887 | 2860 | 29.0 | 6.9 | 22.1 | -2.9 | 3.22 | 64.6 | 65.78 |
| 2001 | 131670 | 3756 | 890 | 2866 | 28.5 | 6.8 | 21.7 | -2.5 | 3.15 | 61.3 | 66.14 |
| 2002 | 134140 | 3758 | 886 | 2872 | 28.0 | 6.6 | 21.4 | -2.6 | 3.08 | 58.2 | 66.61 |
| 2003 | 136503 | 3736 | 896 | 2841 | 27.3 | 6.5 | 20.8 | -3.2 | 3.00 | 55.3 | 66.82 |
| 2004 | 138790 | 3697 | 896 | 2801 | 26.6 | 6.4 | 20.1 | -3.3 | 2.91 | 52.6 | 67.19 |
| 2005 | 140913 | 3603 | 908 | 2696 | 25.5 | 6.4 | 19.1 | -3.8 | 2.81 | 50.0 | 67.30 |
| 2006 | 142629 | 3529 | 930 | 2600 | 24.6 | 6.5 | 18.2 | -6.0 | 2.71 | 47.5 | 67.24 |
| 2007 | 144136 | 3467 | 982 | 2485 | 24.0 | 6.8 | 17.2 | -6.6 | 2.63 | 45.4 | 66.71 |
| 2008 | 145421 | 3379 | 979 | 2400 | 23.1 | 6.7 | 16.4 | -7.5 | 2.54 | 43.0 | 67.05 |
| 2009 | 146707 | 3275 | 972 | 2302 | 22.3 | 6.6 | 15.7 | -6.9 | 2.44 | 41.0 | 67.40 |
| 2010 | 148391 | 3177 | 907 | 2269 | 21.4 | 6.1 | 15.3 | -3.8 | 2.34 | 39.0 | 68.64 |
| 2011 | 150211 | 3093 | 919 | 2174 | 20.6 | 6.1 | 14.5 | -2.2 | 2.26 | 37.2 | 68.81 |
| 2012 | 152091 | 3062 | 893 | 2169 | 20.1 | 5.9 | 14.2 | -1.7 | 2.21 | 35.6 | 69.55 |
| 2013 | 154030 | 3067 | 921 | 2146 | 19.9 | 6.0 | 13.9 | -1.2 | 2.18 | 33.9 | 69.57 |
| 2014 | 155961 | 3049 | 919 | 2130 | 19.5 | 5.9 | 13.6 | -1.1 | 2.15 | 32.4 | 69.99 |
| 2015 | 157 830 | 3026 | 912 | 2114 | 19.2 | 5.8 | 13.4 | -1.4 | 2.11 | 30.9 | 70.49 |
| 2016 | 159785 | 3037 | 900 | 2137 | 19.0 | 5.6 | 13.4 | -1.0 | 2.10 | 29.4 | 71.09 |
| 2017 | 161794 | 2994 | 881 | 2113 | 18.5 | 5.4 | 13.1 | -0.5 | 2.04 | 28.0 | 71.79 |
| 2018 | 163684 | 3025 | 859 | 2166 | 18.5 | 5.2 | 13.2 | -1.5 | 2.04 | 26.6 | 72.57 |
| 2019 | 165516 | 3041 | 875 | 2166 | 18.4 | 5.3 | 13.1 | -1.9 | 2.03 | 25.2 | 72.81 |
| 2020 | 167421 | 3023 | 974 | 2049 | 18.1 | 5.8 | 12.2 | -0.7 | 2.00 | 24.0 | 71.97 |
| 2021 | 169356 | 3020 | 962 | 2057 | 17.8 | 5.7 | 12.1 | -0.5 | 1.98 | 22.9 | 72.38 |

### Sample vital registration system

| Year | Population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rate |
| National (urban/rural) ||||
| 1981 | 87,119,965 | 3,098,000 | 1,038,000 | 2,060,000 | 34.6 (24.8/35.7) | 11.5 (7.2/12.2) | 23.1 (17.6/23.5) | 5.04 (3.20/5.28) |
| 1982 | 92,300,000 | 3,189,000 | 1,107,000 | 2,082,000 | 34.8 (22.9/36.9) | 12.2 (6.9/12.8) | 22.6 (16.0/24.1) | 5.21 (3.01/5.50) |
| 1983 | 94,300,000 | 3,280,000 | 1,163,000 | 2,117,000 | 35.0 (27.1/36.4) | 12.3 (7.5/13.2) | 22.7 (19.6/23.2) | 5.07 (3.45/5.36) |
| 1984 | 96,300,000 | 3,335,000 | 1,182,000 | 2,153,000 | 34.8 (25.0/36.1) | 12.3 (8.5/12.9) | 22.5 (16.5/23.2) | 4.83 (3.10/5.08) |
| 1985 | 98,400,000 | 3,392,000 | 1,183,000 | 2,209,000 | 34.6 (28.0/35.3) | 12.0 (8.3/12.9) | 22.6 (19.7/22.4) | 4.71 (3.52/4.91) |
| 1986 | 100,500,000 | 3,448,000 | 1,183,000 | 2,265,000 | 34.4 (25.9/35.4) | 12.1 (8.1/12.3) | 22.3 (17.8/23.1) | 4.70 (3.26/4.89) |
| 1987 | 102,800,000 | 3,414,000 | 1,173,000 | 2,241,000 | 33.3 (24.8/34.6) | 11.5 (7.6/11.8) | 21.8 (17.2/22.8) | 4.42 (3.05/4.64) |
| 1988 | 105,000,000 | 3,477,000 | 1,179,000 | 2,298,000 | 33.2 (24.9/34.6) | 11.3 (7.5/11.9) | 21.9 (17.4/22.7) | 4.45 (3.08/4.70) |
| 1989 | 107,400,000 | 3,531,000 | 1,196,000 | 2,335,000 | 33.0 (24.4/34.5) | 11.3 (7.3/11.9) | 21.7 (17.1/22.6) | 4.35 (2.90/4.59) |
| 1990 | 109,800,000 | 3,559,000 | 1,106,000 | 2,453,000 | 32.8 (24.6/34.3) | 11.4 (7.8/11.8) | 21.4 (16.8/22.5) | 4.33 (2.90/4.57) |
| 1991 | 106,314,992 | 3,561,000 | 1,110,000 | 2,451,000 | 31.6 (23.9/32.9) | 11.2 (7.8/11.5) | 20.4 (16.1/21.4) | 4.24 (2.89/4.51) |
| 1992 | 114,400,000 | 3,455,000 | 1,139,000 | 2,316,000 | 30.8 (23.7/32.2) | 11.0 (7.5/11.3) | 19.8 (16.2/20.9) | 4.18 (2.88/4.33) |
| 1993 | 116,500,000 | 3,350,000 | 1,100,000 | 2,250,000 | 28.8 (21.0/30.0) | 10.0 (7.2/10.4) | 18.8 (13.8/19.6) | 3.84 (2.62/4.00) |
| 1994 | 118,400,000 | 3,289,000 | 1,067,000 | 2,222,000 | 27.0 (20.2/29.1) | 9.3 (7.1/9.3) | 17.7 (13.1/19.8) | 3.58 (2.58/3.79) |
| 1995 | 120,200,000 | 3,228,000 | 1,007,000 | 2,221,000 | 26.5 (19.4/28.5) | 8.7 (6.7/9.0) | 17.8 (12.7/19.5) | 3.45 (2.50/3.78) |
| 1996 | 122,100,000 | 3,143,000 | 989,000 | 2,154,000 | 25.6 (19.0/27.8) | 8.2 (6.5/8.8) | 17.4 (12.5/19.0) | 3.41 (2.48/3.76) |
| 1997 | 123,900,000 | 2,746,000 | 719,000 | 2,027,000 | 21.0 (16.2/24.5) | 5.5 (4.2/6.5) | 15.5 (12.0/18.0) | 3.10 (2.28/3.32) |
| 1998 | 125,700,000 | 2,608,000 | 652,000 | 1,956,000 | 19.9 (14.0/21.0) | 5.1 (3.7/5.4) | 14.8 (10.3/15.6) | 2.98 (2.24/3.00) |
| 1999 | 127,500,000 | 2,542,000 | 649,000 | 1,893,000 | 19.2 (13.8/20.9) | 5.1 (3.5/5.4) | 14.1 (10.3/15.5) | 2.64 (1.76/2.91) |
| 2000 | 129,300,000 | 2,454,000 | 640,000 | 1,814,000 | 19.0 (13.7/20.8) | 4.9 (3.5/5.3) | 14.1 (10.2/15.5) | 2.59 (1.68/2.89) |
| 2001 | 124,355,263 | 2,439,000 | 638,000 | 1,801,000 | 18.9 (13.6/20.7) | 4.8 (4.3/5.2) | 14.1 (9.3/15.5) | 2.56 (1.73/2.84) |
| 2002 | 132,900,000 | 2,674,000 | 679,000 | 1,995,000 | 20.1 (16.6/21.0) | 5.1 (3.8/5.4) | 15.0 (12.8/15.6) | 2.55 (1.94/2.69) |
| 2003 | 134,800,000 | 2,814,000 | 783,000 | 2,031,000 | 20.9 (17.9/21.7) | 5.9 (4.7/6.2) | 15.0 (13.2/15.5) | 2.57 (1.91/2.70) |
| 2004 | 136,700,000 | 2,830,000 | 794,000 | 2,036,000 | 20.8 (17.8/21.6) | 5.8 (4.4/6.1) | 15.0 (13.4/15.5) | 2.51 (1.91/2.67) |
| 2005 | 138,600,000 | 2,879,000 | 823,000 | 2,056,000 | 20.7 (17.8/21.7) | 5.8 (4.9/6.1) | 14.9 (12.9/15.6) | 2.46 (1.87/2.65) |
| 2006 | 140,600,000 | 2,901,000 | 789,000 | 2,112,000 | 20.6 (17.5/21.7) | 5.6 (4.4/6.0) | 15.0 (13.1/15.7) | 2.41 (1.81/2.63) |
| 2007 | 142,600,000 | 2,986,000 | 792,000 | 2,194,000 | 20.9 (17.4/22.1) | 6.2 (5.1/6.6) | 14.7 (12.3/15.5) | 2.39 (1.79/2.61) |
| 2008 | 144,700,000 | 3,022,000 | 885,000 | 2,137,000 | 20.5 (17.2/22.4) | 6.0 (5.1/6.5) | 14.5 (12.1/15.9) | 2.30 (1.79/2.60) |
| 2009 | 146,700,000 | 2,832,000 | 842,000 | 1,990,000 | 19.4 (16.8/20.4) | 5.8 (4.7/6.1) | 13.6 (12.1/14.3) | 2.15 (1.65/2.28) |
| 2010 | 148,600,000 | 2,868,494 | 842,095 | 2,026,399 | 19.2 (17.1/20.1) | 5.6 (4.9/5.9) | 13.6 (12.2/14.2) | 2.12 (1.72/2.26) |
| 2011 | 150,600,000 | 2,891,000 | 828,000 | 2,063,000 | 19.2 (17.4/20.2) | 5.5 (4.8/5.8) | 13.7 (12.6/14.4) | 2.11 (1.71/2.25) |
| 2012 | 152,700,000 | 2,933,000 | 826,000 | 2,107,000 | 18.9 (17.1/20.0) | 5.3 (4.6/5.7) | 13.6 (12.5/14.3) | 2.12 (1.84/2.30) |
| 2013 | 154,700,000 | | | | 19.0 (18.2/19.3) | 5.3 (4.6/5.6) | 13.7 (13.6/13.7) | 2.11 (1.84/2.19) |
| 2014 | 156,800,000 | | | | 18.9 (17.2/19.4) | 5.2 (4.1/5.6) | 13.7 (13.1/13.8) | 2.11 (1.77/2.22) |
| 2015 | 158,900,000 | | | | 18.8 (16.5/20.3) | 5.1 (4.6/5.5) | 13.7 (11.9/14.8) | 2.10 (1.72/2.30) |
| 2016 | 160,800,000 | | | | 18.7 (16.1/20.9) | 5.1 (4.2/5.7) | 13.6 (11.9/15.2) | 2.10 (1.68/2.38) |
| 2017 | 163,780,000 | 3,009,950 | 829,770 | 2,180,180 | 18.5 (16.1/20.4) | 5.1 (4.2/5.7) | 13.4 (11.9/14.7) | 2.05 (1.68/2.37) |
| 2018 | 164,600,000 | | | | 18.3 (16.1/20.1) | 5.0 (4.4/5.4) | 13.3 (11.7/14.7) | 2.05 (1.68/2.38) |
| 2019 | 166,500,000 | | | | 18.1 (15.9/20.0) | 4.9 (4.4/5.4) | 13.2 (11.5/14.6) | 2.04 (1.67/2.37) |
| 2020 | 168,220,000 | 3,040,667 | 852,254 | 2,188,413 | 18.1 (15.3/20.4) | 5.1 (4.9/5.2) | 13.0 (10.4/15.2) | 2.04 (1.66/2.37) |
| 2021 | 170,260,000 | | | | 18.8 (16.4/19.5) | 5.7 (4.8/6.0) | 13.1 (11.6/13.5) | 2.05 (1.66/2.18) |
| 2022 | 169,828,911 | | | | 19.8 (16.6/20.8) | 5.8 (5.1/6.0) | 14.0 (11.5/14.8) | 2.20 (1.71/2.37) |
| 2023 | | | | | | | | 2.17 |

### Total fertility rate
#### Total fertility rate by divisions in 2020

| Division | TFR (total fertility rate) | Crude birth rate | Death rate |
| Mymensingh | 2.69 | 21.8 | 5.0 |
| Barishal | 2.07 | 17.7 | 5.2 |
| Chittagong | 2.36 | 21.6 | 5.3 |
| Dhaka | 1.71 | 15.8 | 4.5 |
| Rajshahi | 1.99 | 16.8 | 5.4 |
| Rangpur | 2.11 | 18.2 | 5.2 |
| Sylhet | 1.94 | 17.7 | 5.3 |
| Khulna | 1.98 | 17.1 | 5.0 |

### Demographic and Health Surveys

| Year(s) | Total fertility rate (TFR) |
| 1993–94 | 3.4 |
| 1996–97 | 3.3 |
| 1999–2000 | 3.3 |
| 2004 | 3.0 |
| 2007 | 2.7 |
| 2011 | 2.3 |
| 2014 | 2.3 |
| 2017–18 | 2.3 |
| 2022 | 2.3 |

### Life expectancy at birth

    Total population: 72.7 years (2018)
    Male: 71.1 years
    Female: 74.4 years
| Period | Life expectancy in Years | Period | Life expectancy in Years |
| 1950–1955 | 40.7 | 1985–1990 | 57.0 |
| 1955–1960 | 44.2 | 1990–1995 | 60.0 |
| 1960–1965 | 47.2 | 1995–2000 | 63.7 |
| 1965–1970 | 49.3 | 2000–2005 | 66.7 |
| 1970–1975 | 46.3 | 2005–2010 | 69.1 |
| 1975–1980 | 52.2 | 2010–2015 | 71.2 |
| 1980–1985 | 54.3 | | |
Source: UN World Population Prospects

## Ethnic group

The vast majority (about 99%) of Bangladeshis are of the Bengali ethno-linguistic group. This group also spans the neighboring Indian province of West Bengal. Minority ethnic groups include Meitei, Tripuri, Marma, Tanchangya, Barua, Khasi, Santhals, Chakma, Rakhine, Garo, Biharis, Oraons, and Mundas.
Biharis are Urdu-speaking, non-Bengalis who emigrated from the state of Bihar and other parts of northern India during the 1947 partition. They are concentrated in the Dhaka and Rangpur areas and number some 300,000. In the 1971 independence war many of them sided with Pakistan, as they stood to lose their positions in the upper levels of society. Hundreds of thousands went to Pakistan and those that remained were interned in refugee camps. Their population declined from about 1 million in 1971 to 600,000 in the late 1980s. Refugees International has called them a "neglected and stateless" people as they are denied citizenship by the governments of Bangladesh and Pakistan. As nearly 40 years has passed, two generations of Biharis have been born in these camps. Biharis were granted Bangladeshi citizenship and voting rights in 2008.
Bangladesh's tribal population was enumerated at 897,828 in the 1981 census. These tribes are concentrated in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and around Mymensingh, Sylhet, and Rajshahi. They are of Sino-Tibetan descent and differ markedly in their social customs, religion, language and level of development. They speak Tibeto-Burman languages and most are Buddhist or Hindu. The four largest tribes are Chakmas, Marmas, Tipperas, Tanchangya, and Mros. Smaller groups include the Santals in Rajshahi and Dinajpur, and Khasis, Garos, and Khajons in Mymensingh and Sylhet regions.
There are small communities of Meitei people (alias Manipuri people) in the Sylhet district, which is close to the Meitei homeland across the border in Manipur, India.
There is a large population of Rohingya refugees from Myanmar near the border in the southeast. There are 28,000 living in two UN refugee camps in Cox's Bazar as well as some 200,000 "unregistered people of concern" living outside of the camps. The refugee crisis originated in the early 1990s when the first wave numbering some 250,000 of the predominantly Muslim ethnic group fled persecution from their home in Rakhaine—Myanmar's westernmost state. Bangladesh seeks to repatriate the refugees back to Myanmar. Since 2017, there are approximately 1.1 million Rohingya refugees living in Bangladesh.

### Genetics

Bangladesh has the world's highest frequency of the M form of mitochondrial DNA. This genetic variant spans many continents, and is the single most common mtDNA haplogroup in Asia. In Bangladesh it represents about 83% of maternal lineages.

## Languages

Languages of Bangladesh (2022) :
| Bengali | Bengali | 99% | 99% |
| Others | Others | 1% | 1% |
* Official language: Bengali (also known as Bangla)
* Other varieties that are variously considered as the dialects of Bengali: Chittagonian, Sylheti, and Rajbongshi.
* Bengali–Meitei creole language: Bishnupriya Manipuri
* Other Indic languages: Assamese, Rohingya, Chakma, Tanchangya and various Bihari languages
* Tibeto-Burman languages: A'Tong, Chak, Koch, Garo, Megam, Tripuri, Meitei language (Manipuri language), Mizo, Mru, Pangkhua, Rakhine/Marma, various Chin languages
* Austroasiatic languages: Khasi, Koda, Mundari, Pnar, Santali, War
* Dravidian languages: Kurukh
* Other languages: English (spoken and known widely in upper-class & politics), Arabic (sometimes spoken and known by many Muslims, due to Islam being the primary religion), Hindi/Urdu (understood by some, and spoken by Biharis)
Bangladesh has 44 indigenous languages according to Professor Shameem Reza.
According to the Ethnologue, there are 36 indigenous living languages, which include 17 Sino-Tibetan, 10 Indo-European, 7 Austro-Asiatic and 2 Dravidian languages.

## Religion

Population trends for major religious groups in Bangladesh (1951–2022) :
| | Islam | Hinduism | Buddhism | Christianity | Other religions/ No religion |
| 1951 | 76.9% | 22.0% | 0.7% | 0.3% | 0.1% |
| 1961 | 80.4% | 18.5% | 0.7% | 0.3% | 0.1% |
| 1974 | 85.4% | 13.5% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.2% |
| 1981 | 86.6% | 12.1% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.3% |
| 1991 | 88.3% | 10.5% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.3% |
| 2001 | 89.7% | 9.2% | 0.7% | 0.3% | 0.1% |
| 2011 | 90.4% | 8.5% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.1% |
| 2022 | 91.0% | 8.0% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.1% |
Bangladesh has a population of 165,158,616 as per 2022 census.
Religions in Bangladesh (2022 census) :
| Religion | Religion | Percent | Percent |
| Muslims | Muslims | 91.04% | 91.04% |
| Hindus | Hindus | 7.94% | 7.94% |
| Buddhism | Buddhism | 0.60% | 0.60% |
| Christians | Christians | 0.31% | 0.31% |
| Others | Others | 0.11% | 0.11% |

## Migration
### Immigration

According to the United Nations, there were 1,500,921 international migrants in Bangladesh in 2017. Estimation shows that over 1 million Rohingya Muslim refugees live in Bangladesh have arrived during the ongoing Rohingya genocide in Myanmar. On 28 September 2018, at the 73rd United Nations General Assembly, Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina said there are 1.1-1.3 million Rohingya refugees now in Bangladesh.
Their most common countries of origin were as follows:
International migrants in Bangladesh in 2017 :
| Myanmar (Rohingya refugees) | 1,300,000 |
| Malaysia | 208,406 |
| China | 166,646 |
| Afghanistan | 156,500 |
| Laos | 90,253 |
| United States | 47,103 |
| Nepal | 39,988 |
| India | 35,250 |
| United Kingdom | 34,266 |
| Bahrain | 30,877 |
| Vietnam | 28,176 |
| Norway | 20,109 |
| Source: United Nations ||
The United Nations has estimated the Bangladesh diaspora as 4,499,919 people with the greatest migration to the following countries:
International migrants from Bangladesh in 2017 :
| Saudi Arabia | 1,377,072 |
| United Arab Emirates | 1,044,505 |
| Kuwait | 381,669 |
| Malaysia | 365,600 |
| Oman | 276,518 |
| Great Britain | 228,353 |
| United States | 279,021 |
| Qatar | 183,386 |
| Italy | 100,743 |
| Singapore | 83,279 |
| Bahrain | 80,457 |
| Canada | 65,698 |
| Australia | 48,888 |
| Maldives | 38,620 |
| Source: United Nations ||