# Udi language

Udi (also called Uti or Udin) is a language spoken by the Udi people and a member of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family. It is believed an earlier form of it was the main language of Caucasian Albania, which stretched from south Dagestan to current day Azerbaijan. The Old Udi language is also called the Caucasian Albanian language and possibly corresponds to the "Gargarian" language identified by medieval Armenian historians. Modern Udi is known simply as Udi.

## History

The Udi language can most appropriately be broken up into five historical stages:
| Early Udi | around 2000 BC – 300 AD |
| Old Udi | 300–900 |
| Middle Udi | 900–1800 |
| Early Modern Udi | 1800–1920 |
| Modern Udi | 1920–present |
Soon after the year 700, the Old Udi language had probably ceased to be used for any purpose other than as the liturgical language of the Church of Caucasian Albania.

## Speakers

The language is spoken by about 4,000 people in the village of Nij, Azerbaijan, in Qabala District, in Oghuz District, as well as in parts of the North Caucasus in Russia. It is also spoken by ethnic Udis living in the villages of Debetavan, Bagratashen, Ptghavan, and Haghtanak in Tavush Province of northeastern Armenia, and in the village of Zinobiani (former Oktomberi) in the Qvareli Municipality of the Kakheti province of Georgia.
Udi is endangered, classified as "severely endangered" by UNESCO's Red Book of Endangered Languages.

## Phonology
### Vowels

Vowels of Udi :
| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i iˤ (y) | | u uˤ |
| Mid | ɛ ɛˤ (œ) | ə | ɔ ɔˤ |
| Open | (æ) | | ɑ ɑˤ |

### Consonants

Consonant phonemes of Udi :
| | | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
| | | Labial | Dental | lenis | fortis | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | | | | | | |
| Plosive | voiced | b | d | | | | ɡ | | |
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | | | | k | q | |
| Plosive | ejective | pʼ | tʼ | | | | kʼ | qʼ | |
| Affricate | voiced | | d͡z | d͡ʒ | d͡ʒː | | | | |
| Affricate | voiceless | | t͡s | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃː | | | | |
| Affricate | ejective | | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | t͡ʃʼː | | | | |
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | ʃː | | x | x | h |
| Fricative | voiced | v | z | ʒ | ʒː | | ɣ | ɣ | |
| Trill | Trill | | | r | | | | | |
| Approximant | Approximant | | l | | | j | | | |
Old Udi, unlike modern Udi, did not have the close-mid front rounded vowel /ø/. Old Udi contained an additional series of palatalized consonants.

## Alphabets

The Old Udi language used the Caucasian Albanian alphabet. As evidenced by Old Udi documents discovered at Saint Catherine's Monastery in Egypt dating from the 7th century, the Old Udi language used 50 of the 52 letters identified by Armenian scholars in later centuries as having been used in Udi language texts.
In the 1930s, there was an attempt by Soviet authorities to create an Udi alphabet based on the Latin alphabet, as shown in the image, but its usage ceased after a short time.
In 1974, a Udi alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was compiled by V. L. Gukasyan. The alphabet in his Udi-Azerbaijani-Russian Dictionary is as follows:
| А а | Аъ аъ | Аь аь | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | Д д | Дж дж | ДжӀ джӀ |
| Дз дз | Е е | Ж ж | ЖӀ жӀ | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Ҝ ҝ | КӀ кӀ | Къ къ |
| Л л | М м | Н н | О о | Оь оь | П п | ПӀ пӀ | Р р | С с | Т т | ТӀ тӀ |
| У у | Уь Уь | Ф ф | Х х | Хъ хъ | Ц ц | Ц' ц' | ЦӀ цӀ | Ч ч | Ч' ч' | ЧӀ чӀ |
| Чъ чъ | Ш ш | ШӀ шӀ | Ы ы |
This alphabet was also used in the 1996 collection Nana oččal (Нана очъал).
In the mid-1990s, a new Latin-based Udi alphabet was created in Azerbaijan. A primer and two collections of works by Georgy Kechaari were published using it and it was also used for educational purposes in the village of Nic. The alphabet is as follows:
| A a | B b | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | Ə ə | F f | G g | Ğ ğ | H h |
| X x | I ı | İ i | Ҝ ҝ | J j | K k | Q q | L l | M m | N n | O o |
| Ö ö | P p | R r | S s | Ş ş | T t | U u | Ü ü | V v | Y y | Z z |
| Ц ц | Цı цı | Eъ eъ | Tı tı | Əъ əъ | Kъ kъ | Pı pı | Xъ xъ | Şı şı | Öъ öъ | Çı çı |
| Çъ çъ | Ć ć | Jı jı | Zı zı | Uъ uъ | Oъ oъ | İъ iъ | Dz dz |
In 2007 in Astrakhan, Vladislav Dabakov published a collection of Udi folklore with a Latin-based alphabet as follows:
| A a | Ă ă | Ә ә | B b | C c | Ĉ ĉ | Ç ç | Ç' ç' | Č č | Ć ć | D d |
| E e | Ĕ ĕ | F f | G g | Ğ ğ | H h | I ı | İ i | Ĭ ĭ | J j | Ĵ ĵ |
| K k | K' k' | L l | M m | N n | O o | Ö ö | Ŏ ŏ | P p | P' p' | Q q |
| Q' q' | R r | S s | Ś ś | S' s' | Ŝ ŝ | Ş ş | T t | T' t' | U u | Ü ü |
| Ŭ ŭ | V v | X x | Y y | Z z | Ź ź |
In 2013 in Russia, an Udi primer, Nanay muz (Нанай муз), was published with a Cyrillic-based alphabet, a modified version of the one used by V. L. Gukasyan in the Udi-Azerbaijani-Russian Dictionary. The alphabet is as follows:
| А а | Аь аь | Аъ аъ | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | Д д | Дз дз | Дж дж |
| Джъ джъ | Е е | Ж ж | Жъ жъ | З з | И и | Иъ иъ | Й й | К к | К' к' | Къ къ |
| Л л | М м | Н н | О о | Оь оь | Оъ оъ | П п | П' п' | Р р | С с | Т т |
| Т' т' | У у | Уь уь | Уъ уъ | Ф ф | Х х | Хъ хъ | Ц ц | Ц' ц' | Ч ч | Чъ чъ |
| Ч' ч' | Ч’ъ ч’ъ | Ш ш | Шъ шъ | Ы ы | Э э | Эъ эъ | Ю ю | Я я |

## Morphology

Udi is agglutinating with a tendency towards being fusional. Udi affixes are mostly suffixes or infixes, but there are a few prefixes. Old Udi used mostly suffixes. Most affixes are restricted to specific parts of speech. Some affixes behave as clitics. The word order is SOV.
Udi does not have gender, but has declension classes. Old Udi, however, did reflect grammatical gender within anaphoric pronouns.

## Sample text

| Cyrillic alphabet (2007) | Latin alphabet (2007) | English translation |
| Са пасч'агъэн са пасч'агъаx ч'аxпи. Есиррэакъса энэсча ич оьлкина ич к'уа энэфса шэт'а пасч'агълугъаxал зафт'эбса. Къа усэнаxо yэсир пасч'агъэн xоишънэбса mэ пасч'агъаx тэ ватанбэз иxбафт'э, барта бэз оьлкинаx тагъа фурук'аз. | Sa pasç'ağen sa pasç'ağax ç'axpi. Yesirreaq'sa enesça iç ölkina iç k'ua enefsa şet'a pasç'ağluğaxal zaft'ebsa. Q'a usenaxo yesir pasç'ağen xoiŝnebsa me pasç'ağax te vatanbez ixbaft'e, barta bez ölkinax tağa furuk'az. | A king caught a king, imprisoned him and carried him to his own land, keeping in his own house. He ruled over that kingdom, too. After 20 years, the imprisoned king asked this king: "I'm thinking of my homeland, allow me to go to my land and I will examine it." |