OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Giovanni Francesco Pico della Mirandola

Giovanni Francesco Pico della Mirandola (1470–1533) was an Italian nobleman and philosopher, the nephew of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. His name is typically truncated as Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola.

## Biography

Gianfrancesco was the son of Galeotto I Pico, lord of Mirandola, and Bianca Maria d'Este, the daughter of Niccolò III d'Este.
Like his uncle he devoted himself chiefly to philosophy, but made it subject to the Bible, though in his treatises, De studio divinæ et humanæ sapientiæ and particularly in the six books entitled Examen doctrinæ vanitatis gentium, he depreciates the authority of the philosophers, above all of Aristotle. He wrote a detailed biography of his uncle, published in 1496, and another of Girolamo Savonarola, of whom he was a follower.
Having observed the dangers to which Italian society was exposed at the time, he sounded a warning on the occasion of the Lateran Council: Joannis Francisci Pici oratio ad Leonem X et concilium Lateranense de reformandis Ecclesiæ Moribus (Hagenau, 1512, dedicated to Willibald Pirckheimer).
He died at Mirandola in 1533, assassinated by his nephew Galeotto, along with his youngest son, Alessandro. His other son Giantommaso was ambassador to Pope Clement VII. Charles B. Schmitt wrote:
   Whereas Giovanni Pico had often argued that all philosophies and all religions have attained a portion of the truth, Gianfrancesco said, in effect, that all religions and all philosophies – save the Christian religion alone – are mere collections of confused and internally inconsistent falsehoods. In holding such a view, he sided not only with Savonarola, but with certain of the Fathers and with the Reformers as well. On this point, he was insistent. Christianity is a self-subsistent reality and it has little if anything to gain from philosophy, the sciences and the arts. This central thesis diffuses itself through nearly the whole of Gianfrancesco’s literary output. He writes not to praise or extend the realm of philosophy but to demolish it.
# Kaito Shigeno

Kaito Shigeno (茂野海人, Shigeno Kaito, born 21 November 1990) is a Japanese international rugby union player who plays in the scrum-half position. He captains Toyota Verblitz in Japan's domestic Japan Rugby League One.

## Early and provincial career

Shigeno was born in Osaka Prefecture but attended university in Tokyo after which he joined the NEC Green Rockets ahead of the 2013–14 Top League season. In 2015, he spent a year in New Zealand playing for Ponsonby in the local Auckland league after which he earned selection for Auckland's squad for the 2015 ITM Cup where he made 6 appearances.

## Super Rugby career

Shigeno was selected as a member of the first ever Sunwolves squad ahead of the 2016 Super Rugby season. He played 11 matches in their debut campaign and scored 1 try.

## International

Shigeno earned his first cap for Japan in a match against Canada in Vancouver during the 2016 mid-year rugby union internationals and followed it up with 2 more appearances in Japan's home series against Scotland which was played in Toyota and Tokyo. His first try for his country came in his third appearance, a 21–16 defeat to Scotland.

## Super Rugby statistics

    As of 18 August 2016
| Season | Team | Games | Starts | Sub | Mins | Tries | Cons | Pens | Drops | Points | Yel | Red |
| 2016 | Sunwolves | 11 | 5 | 6 | 419 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 11 | 5 | 6 | 419 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
# Reform Tower, Peterhead

Reform Tower is an historic structure in Meethill, an area to the southwest of the Scottish town of Peterhead, Aberdeenshire. Dating to 1832, it is now a Category B listed building. In five stages, each narrowing slightly, the tower is constructed of squared granite. It was originally designed to be an observatory, but was not completed.
The tower's foundation stone was laid by George Mudie in August 1832. Its architect is not known.

## Gallery

* The tower viewed from west, beyond the A90
# 1899 U.S. Open (golf)

The 1899 U.S. Open was the fifth U.S. Open, held September 14–15 at Baltimore Country Club in Baltimore, Maryland. Willie Smith won his only major title, a record eleven strokes ahead of three runners-up.
On Thursday, Smith and future four-time champion Willie Anderson co-led with 77 in the morning and Anderson took the lead in the afternoon at 158, with Smith a stroke back. In the third round on Friday morning, Anderson's 85 allowed Smith to take a four-stroke lead over Alex Campbell, and his 77 in the afternoon distanced him from the field; Campbell ballooned to 94 and fell to twelfth.
Playing out of Midlothian Country Club in Chicago, Smith was the only player to record three sub-80 rounds, and did not score higher than a seven on any hole in the championship. Val Fitzjohn, George Low, and Bert Way tied for second, eleven strokes behind. Smith's margin of victory was the largest in the U.S. Open for 101 years, until Tiger Woods won by fifteen shots in 2000. Smith's brother Alex, a future two-time champion, finished seventh.
Smith won a gold medal and was given custody of the Championship Cup for a year.

## Round summaries
### First round

Thursday, September 14, 1899 (morning)
| Place | Player | Score |
| 1 | Willie Anderson | 77 |
| 1 | Willie Smith | 77 |
| 3 | Bert Way | 80 |
| T4 | Henry Gullane | 81 |
| T4 | Horace Rawlins | 81 |
| T6 | George Low | 82 |
| T6 | Alexander Patrick | 82 |
| T6 | Writ Thompson | 82 |
| T9 | Alex Campbell | 83 |
| T9 | David Foulis | 83 |
| T9 | Arthur Smith | 83 |
Source:

### Second round

Thursday, September 14, 1899 (afternoon)
| Place | Player | Score |
| 1 | Willie Anderson | 77-81=158 |
| 2 | Willie Smith | 77-82=159 |
| 3 | George Low | 82-79=161 |
| T4 | Alex Campbell | 83-80=163 |
| T4 | Alex Smith | 82-81=163 |
| T6 | Val Fitzjohn | 85-80=165 |
| T6 | Alexander Patrick | 82-83=165 |
| T6 | Bert Way | 80-85=165 |
| 9 | Horace Rawlins | 81-85=166 |
| 10 | Henry Gullane | 81-86=167 |
Source:

### Third round

Friday, September 15, 1899 (morning)
| Place | Player | Score |
| 1 | Willie Smith | 77-82-79=238 |
| 2 | Alex Campbell | 83-80-79=242 |
| T3 | Willie Anderson | 77-81-85=243 |
| T3 | Jack Park | 88-80-75=243 |
| 5 | Val Fitzjohn | 85-80-79=244 |
| T6 | Alex Smith | 82-81-82=245 |
| T6 | Bert Way | 80-85-80=245 |
| T8 | Henry Gullane | 81-86-80=247 |
| T8 | Peter Walker | 84-86-77=247 |
| 10 | George Low | 82-79-89=250 |
Source:

### Final round

Friday, September 15, 1899 (afternoon)
| Place | Player | Score | Money ($) |
| 1 | Willie Smith | 77-82-79-77=315 | 150 |
| T2 | Val Fitzjohn | 85-80-79-82=326 | 125 |
| T2 | George Low | 82-79-89-76=326 | 125 |
| T2 | Bert Way | 80-85-80-81=326 | 125 |
| 5 | Willie Anderson | 77-81-85-84=327 | 80 |
| 6 | Jack Park | 88-80-75-85=328 | 70 |
| 7 | Alex Smith | 82-81-82-85=330 | 50 |
| 8 | Henry Gullane | 81-86-80-84=331 | 25 |
| T9 | Laurie Auchterlonie | 86-87-82-78=333 | 0 |
| T9 | Peter Walker | 84-86-77-86=333 | 0 |
Source:
# Felton Covered Bridge

The Felton Covered Bridge is a covered bridge over the San Lorenzo River in Felton, Santa Cruz County in the U.S. state of California. Built in 1892, the bridge employs a Brown truss structural system and is approximately 80 feet long. The bridge became a California Historical Landmark in 1957, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and had a major restoration in 1987 after being damaged in storms in the winter of 1982.
It is considered to be the tallest covered bridge in the United States, and was the main entry point for Felton for 45 years.
The bridge is no longer used on the roadway, but is accessible to pedestrians visiting the Felton Covered Bridge Park.
# 1885 North Devon by-election

The July 1866 North Devon by-election was a Ministerial by-election held on 2 July 1885, following the appointment of the incumbent Conservative MP Stafford Northcote as First Lord of the Treasury and elevation to the peerage, becoming Earl of Iddesleigh. The Conservative Party candidate John Moore-Stevens was elected unopposed.
# Tioga Central High School

Tioga Central High School is a public comprehensive senior high school in Tioga Center, New York. It is a part of the Tioga Central School District.
School colors: Blue and Gold Team name: Tigers Mascot: Tiger
# Rule High School (Knoxville)

Rule High School was a public high school in Knoxville, Tennessee. It opened in 1927 and closed in 1991. It was named for William Rule, founder of The Knoxville Journal and Mayor of Knoxville in 1873 and from 1898 to 1899.

## History

The school was named after Knoxville newspaper editor and mayor Captain William Rule (1839–1928). When it originally opened in the fall of 1927, it was an elementary-junior high school with 525 students enrolled in the elementary grades and 261 in the junior high and high school grades. Lower grades were dropped year after year, until eventually the school just had grades 7–9.
An effort was made to append a grade 12 to the school curriculum, however that initially fell through. On April 14, 1937, 600 students from grades seven through 11, wanting a 12th grade, staged a walkout protest. The protest was reported on the front page of the New York Times. On May 9, 1938, the school board decided to add a 12th grade. The first 12th grade class, consisting of 31 students, graduated in 1939.
Rule High School was closed in 1991. Although the building is in bad shape it is still standing. Mary C. Hodge Halsey wrote the book, "Golden Memories of Rule High School - A History." It is a 426-page book with pictures, copies of school programs, and stories of faculty members and students.
The school was inactivated on March 24, 2000. It was demolished in 2023.

## Notable alumni

* Mike Cofer '79, former NFL linebacker for the Detroit Lions and player for the Tennessee Volunteers.
* Roy Smith, former CFL football player for the Ottawa Rough Riders and player for the Tennessee Volunteers.
* Gus Manning '43, University of Tennessee Athletic Department official
* Louis Hofferbert ’44, former city law director
* Mike Padgett ’66, Knox County Clerk
* Jerry Helton, father of former Major League Baseball star and UT quarterback Todd Helton
# Lanthanum(III) iodide

Lanthanum(III) iodide is an inorganic compound containing lanthanum and iodine with the chemical formula LaI $_3$.

## Synthesis

Lanthanum(III) iodide can be synthesised by the reaction of lanthanum metal with mercury(II) iodide:
    2 La + 3 HgI$_2$ → 2 LaI$_3$ + 3 Hg
It can also be prepared from the elements, that is by the reaction of metallic lanthanum with iodine:
    2 La + 3 I$_2$ → 2 LaI$_3$
While lanthanum(III) iodide solutions can be generated by dissolving lanthanum oxide in hydroiodic acid, the product will hydrolyse and form polymeric hydroxy species:
    La$_2$O$_3$ + 6 HI → 2 LaI$_3$ + 3 H$_2$O → further reactions

## Structure

Lanthanum(III) iodide adopts the same crystal structure as plutonium(III) bromide, with 8-coordinate metal centres arranged in layers. This orthorhombic structure is typical of the triiodides of the lighter lanthanides (La–Nd), whereas heavier lanthanides tend to adopt the hexagonal bismuth(III) iodide structure.

## Reactivity and applications

Lanthanum(III) iodide is very soluble in water and is deliquescent. Anhydrous lanthanum(III) iodide reacts with tetrahydrofuran to form a photoluminescent complex, LaI$_3$(THF)$_4$, with an average La–I bond length of 3.16 Å. This complex is a starting material for amide and cyclopentadienyl complexes of lanthanum.

## Related compounds

Lanthanum also forms a diiodide, LaI$_2$. It is an electride and is best formulated {La$^{III}$,2I$^−$,e$^−$}, with the electron delocalised in a conduction band. Several other lanthanides form similar compounds, including CeI$_2$, PrI$_2$ and GdI$_2$. Lanthanum diiodide adopts the same tetragonal crystal structure as PrI$_2$.
Lanthanum(III) iodide reacts with lanthanum metal under an argon atmosphere in a tantalum capsule at 1225 K to form the mixed-valence compound La$_2$I$_5$.
Reduction of LaI$_2$ or LaI$_3$ with metallic sodium in an argon atmosphere at 550 °C gives lanthanum monoiodide, LaI, which has a hexagonal crystal structure.
# Protonium

Protonium (symbol: Pn), also known as antiprotonic hydrogen, is a type of exotic atom in which a proton (symbol: p) and an antiproton (symbol: p) are bound to each other.
Since protonium is a bound system of a particle and its corresponding antiparticle, it is an example of a type of exotic atom called an onium.
Protonium has a mean lifetime of approximately 1.0 μs and a binding energy of −0.75 keV.
Like all onia, protonium is a boson with all quantum numbers (baryon number, flavour quantum numbers, etc.) and electrical charge equal to 0.

## Production

There are two known methods to generate protonium. One method involves violent particle collisions. The other method involves putting antiprotons and protons into the same magnetic cage. The latter method was first used during the experiment ATHENA (ApparaTus for High precision Experiment on Neutral Antimatter) at the CERN laboratory in Geneva in 2002, but it was not until 2006 that scientists realized protonium was also generated during the experiment.
Reactions involving a proton and an antiproton at high energies give rise to many-particle final states. In fact, such reactions are the basis of particle colliders such as the Tevatron at Fermilab. Indirect searches for protonium at LEAR (Low Energy Antiproton Ring at CERN) have used antiprotons impinging on nuclei such as helium, with unclear results. Very low energy collisions in the range of 10 eV to 1 keV may lead to the formation of protonium.

## Studies

Planned experiments will use traps as the source of low energy antiprotons. Such a beam would be allowed to impinge on atomic hydrogen targets, in the field of a laser, which is meant to excite the bound proton–antiproton pairs into an excited state of protonium with some efficiency (whose computation is an open theoretical problem). Unbound particles are rejected by bending them in a magnetic field. Since the protonium is uncharged, it will not be deflected by such a field. This undeflected protonium, if formed, would be allowed to traverse a meter of high vacuum, within which it is expected to decay via annihilation of the proton and antiproton. The decay products would give unmistakable signatures of the formation of protonium.
Theoretical studies of protonium have mainly used non-relativistic quantum mechanics. These give predictions for the binding energy and lifetime of the states. Computed lifetimes are in the range of 0.1 to 10 microseconds. Unlike the hydrogen atom, in which the dominant interactions are due to the Coulomb attraction of the electron and the proton, the constituents of protonium interact predominantly through the strong interaction. Thus multiparticle interactions involving mesons in intermediate states may be important. Hence the production and study of protonium would be of interest also for the understanding of internucleon forces.
# 1868 Rangitikei by-election

The 1868 Rangitikei by-election was a by-election held on 22 June 1868 in the Rangitikei electorate during the 4th New Zealand Parliament.
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP William Hogg Watt on 15 June 1868.
The by-election was won by William Fox. As no other candidates were nominated, he was declared duly elected.
# Şenol Sunat

Şenol Sunat (formerly Şenol Bal; born October 2, 1956, in Bursa) is a biologist and Turkish politician. She is one of the ten Manisa parliamentarians at the 28th Parliament of Turkey and a founding member of the Turkey political party, the Good Party (Turkish: IYI Parti). She is also a member of general administrative board and Head of election affairs of the Party.

## Education

She did her primary school education in Adıyaman and completed her secondary education in İzmir. She then furthered to higher education at Ege University, Faculty of Science, Botany-Chemistry Department and İzmir Higher Teacher School. She graduated from Gazi Education Faculty, Biology Department, Gazi University and Anadolu University Business Administration Department. She obtained her master's and doctorate degrees on Cytogenetics (Cell genetics) at Gazi University, Institute of Science and Technology.

## Career

She began her work life as a teacher for two years, she also worked as an administrator in the private sector for seven years. She then returned and worked as a faculty staff (Assist. Prof. Dr.) at Gazi University, Gazi Education Faculty, Department of Biology and Science between 1989 and 2007. Sunat served as the general president of Ülkücü Ladies' Association in İzmir (an organization she pioneered its formation and establishment in 1976) between 1997 and 2001.
She was elected as one of İzmir 1st constituency Deputies in 2007 as a Nationalist Movement Party candidate and served in the 23rd Parliament of Turkey. She was not reelected into the 24th, 25th and 26th Grand National Assembly of Turkey after her first term ended in 2011. She served as a member of the MHP VQA between 2012 and 2015.
In 2017, She joined a Meral Akşener-led exodus of prominent members from the Nationalist Movement Party to form a new political party; the Good Party.
Sunak was elected to the 27th Parliament of Turkey in 2018 as a Good Party candidate for Ankara (2nd electoral district) in 2018. She was reelected as one of the ten Manisa (electoral district) deputies on the same platform of the Good Party during 2023 Turkish general election and continues to be a member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. She is a member of the Good Party's general administrative board and the Chairperson of the IYI Party Election Affairs. She is also a member of the National Education, Culture, Youth and Sports Commission and the Commission for Gender Equality and Equity of the Turkish Parliament.

## Family

She was married to the former leader of the Ülkü Ocakları until 2012. She is a mother of 2 children and a sister to the murdered Turkish actor İsmail Hakkı Sunat. She speaks English.
# Ferry Street Bridge (Buffalo)

The Ferry Street Bridge was constructed across the Black Rock Canal, in Buffalo, New York, in 1913.
The bridge is a bascule bridge, a kind of lift bridge, built by the Strauss Bascule Bridge Company, and is considered a rare and historic design.
The bridge underwent a rebuild from 2014 to 2016. The rebuild cost $8 million.
# 1885 Tauranga by-elections

Two 1885 by-elections were held in the electorate of Tauranga to replace the sitting member in 1885, during the term of the 9th Parliament.
William Kelly stood and came second in both by-elections. He had come second for the electorate in the two previous general elections in 1881 election and 1884 election, and was finally elected in the 1887 election.

## May 1885 by-election

The first by–election was held on 22 May after the resignation of George Morris when he was appointed the Legislative Council, and was won by John Sheehan. After Kelly asked for a scrutiny of the votes, Sheehan's majority was reduced from 15 to 12.
1885 Tauranga by-elections :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Independent | John Sheehan | 535 | 50.38 |
| | Independent | William Kelly | 527 | 49.62 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1062 | |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 8 | 0.75 |

## July 1885 by-election

The second by–election was held on 11 July after the death of John Sheehan on 12 June, Lawrence Grace won the seat.
1885 Tauranga by-elections :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Independent | Lawrence Grace | 565 | 51.18 |
| | Independent | William Kelly | 539 | 48.82 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1104 | |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 26 | 2.36 |
# Toledo Academy of Beauty

The Toledo Academy of Beauty is a nationally accredited cosmetology school located in Toledo, Ohio. The school is not affiliated with one product or company. There are two programs available: students may take classes specializing in Esthetics or Manicuring.
Toledo Academy of Beauty is a member of the Chamber of Commerce and the Better Business Bureau of Toledo. The school approved by the Ohio State Board of Education, accredited by the National Accrediting Commission of Cosmetology Arts & Sciences (NACCAS), and licensed by the Ohio State Board of Cosmetology.
# Russell Grove High School

Russell Grove High School was an all African American high school located in Amelia Court House, Virginia.

## History

Prior to the integration of public schools in 1969, education for black students was sparse in rural Virginia. In 1865, widowed by her fallen husband, who had been a Union army officer, Samantha Jane Neil began educating freed slaves in Amelia County. The school was very primitive in its earlier days; chalkboards were nothing but walls that were painted black, and students had to sit on hardwood flooring. Despite being a school for black students, most of the faculty were white until 1934.
In 1892, Ingleside Seminary opened in Burkeville, Virginia, for young black women of Amelia and Nottoway counties to receive a secondary education; a historical marker sits near the former site. The original Russell Grove School, also known as Russell Grove Presbyterian Church, was restored in 2017.
In 1933, Russell Grove High School was built on land purchased by the parents of Russell Grove students. By 1950, the school's curriculum expanded to include vocational school, college preparatory classes, and after-school athletics.
In 1969, Russell Grove students were integrated into the all-white Amelia High School, marking the end of segregated public schools in Amelia County. The Russell Grove building still stands today and serves as office space for the Amelia County Public School District.
# May 1866 Stamford by-election

The May 1866 Stamford by-election was held on 8 May 1866, when the incumbent Conservative MP Stafford Northcote resigned to contest a by-election in North Devon. The by-election was won by the Conservative Party candidate John Dalrymple-Hay, who stood unopposed.