# Clinical incidents in Australia

Any medical incident that causes serious harm or death will be reported as Australian Sentinel Events (SEs or ASE) which is an Australian national serious medical error or incident reporting system. It includes a set of preventable adverse events that result in serious harm or death to a patient. These events are clearly defined and recognized as being preventable if the proper safeguards are in place.
A clinical incident is defined as any event that resulted or could have resulted in minor to serious harm or death to a patient.

## History

In 1992, an estimated of 18,000 deaths were associated with adverse events (AE) in Australia.
In 2002, all states and territories have agreed to contribute to a set of 8 categories of the National Sentinel Events (NSEs). Later, a revised Australian Sentinel Events (ASE) list which includes 10 categories was endorsed by Australian Health Ministers in December 2018 .

## Regulation

The report of serious clinical incidents including SE are mandatory for all public hospitals and all private licensed health care facilities across Australia.
The ASE or SEs include 10 categories, however different states and territories may have additional categories on the Sentinel Events.
While each state and territory have their own health department to oversee and investigate all clinical incidents, the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care is responsible for managing all the incident happened in Australian hospitals, clinics and other communities healthcare facilities in order to improve patient safety.

## Type of incident

Each state and territory have their own different type of incident reporting rating system.

### New South Wales

Harm Score 1 as the most severe harm including sentinel events, to Harm Score 4 as minor harm or no harm.

### Western Australia

In Western Australia, Severity Assessment Codes are used in WA health systems to determine the level of a clinical incidents. Rating from SAC 1 including sentinel event as the severe harm, to SAC 3 as minor or no harm.

### Sentinel events

All states and territories have agreed the 10 categories of sentinel event which include:
* Type of event
* Surgery or other invasive procedure performed on the wrong site resulting in serious harm or death
* Surgery or other invasive procedure performed on the wrong patient resulting in serious harm or death
* Wrong surgical or other invasive procedure performed on a patient resulting in serious harm or death
* Unintended retention of a foreign object in a patient after surgery or other invasive procedure resulting in serious harm or death
* Haemolytic blood transfusion reaction resulting from ABO incompatibility resulting in serious harm or death
* Suspected suicide of a patient in an acute psychiatric unit or acute psychiatric ward
* Medication error resulting in serious harm or death
* Use of physical or mechanical restraint resulting in serious harm or death
* Discharge of an infant or child to an unauthorised person
* Use of an incorrectly positioned oro- or naso- gastric tube resulting in serious harm or death
While some state and territory may have additional category, such as in Victoria has added category 11 of “All other adverse patient safety events resulting in serious harm or death.”

## Prevalence

Australian enjoy high-quality healthcare services and one of the best healthcare systems in the world with most incidents recorded are of minor or no harm, a very low rate of medical incidents causing significant harm to patients.
There were 54 sentinel events recorded in 2021-2022 across all Australian states and territories

### New South Wales

In 2021, New South Wales has 83,355 incidents in which 96.5% are Harm Score 3 and 4 which are minor or no harm. 0.3% are of Harm Score 1 which include about 20 sentinel events.
Most of the incidents are falls, concerning behavior and skin integrity such as pressure injuries which result in minor or no harm. About 272 cases which include sentinel events are of significant harm.
| Sentinel event | 2019–2020 | 2020–2021 | 2021–2022 |
| Total Events | 9 | 19 | 12 |

### Victoria

In 2019–2020, Victoria has recorded 23 of the 10 categories of SE and an additional category has 163 SEs.
| Sentinel events | 2019–2020 |
| 10 categories of sentinel event | 23 |
| Additional category | 163 |
| Total SEs | 186 |

### Queensland

The table below is the sentinel events in Queensland.
| sentinel event | Incidents |
| 2015/16 | 15 |
| 2016/17 | 2 |

### Western Australia

In 2022/23, Western Australia has recorded 35,957 incidents with 91.7% being minor or no harm, and 3.2% of moderate injury. While serious harm and death accounted for about 1% and about 3% are missing outcome/no data.
The most common causes of incidents are due to fall and unpredictable behavior.
In Western Australia, the sentinel events will be reported as SAC1 which includes the 10 categories of National Sentinel Events and Other SAC1 clinical incidents.
| SAC1 | 2020/21 | 2021/22 | 2022/23 |
| Sentinel Events | 20 | 27 | 30 |
| Other SCA1 clinical incidents | 532 | 526 | 555 |

### South Australia

In 2022–2023, South Australia has 78,806 incidents in which majority are minor harm or no harm. There were about 0.25-0.55 percent (about 200 cases) are of serious harm in which falls incidents and sentinel events have accounted for 157 and 5 cases respectively.
Most incidents are falls, medication and challenging behavior, fortunately most of which 99% are near miss or no harm including medication.
There are total of 5 sentinel event in 2021-2022 which is the same as in 2022–2023.

### Northern Territory

The incidents number of sentinel events which also include the 10 categories since 2019 and 8 core categories before 2019 in Northern Territory.
| sentinel event | Incidents |
| 2020/21 | 2 |

## Contributing factors

In terms of healthcare providers, violations to procedures or guidelines, rule-based mistakes, communication errors and documentation errors are some of the most common contributing factors causing clinical incidents in Australia.
In terms of concerning patients, cognitive factors, communication and challenging behaviour are some of the common contributing factors. Most commonly caused fall incidents which usually result in minor or no harm, yet about 1% resulted in serious harm or even death.

## Efforts to improve patient safety

Department of Health of each state and territory; and Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care collects data of the incidents happened each year. This data collection can helps identify and recognize areas for improvement which aims to prevent similar incidents from happening again.
For example, New South Wales government has developed plans to prevent pressure injury such as keeping the head of the bed as flat as possible and if needed to elevate the bed, it must be at no more than 30-degrees.
As fall incidents often occur in healthcare facilities, government has therefore applied a knee break function preventing patient from sliding down the bed which aims to reduce fall incidents.
An other example is that in Western Australia once incident is identified, healthcare providers must take immediate action such as removing malfunction medical equipment, removing harmful substances from the environment.