OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Skirmish of Århus

Skirmish of Århus or Rytterfægtningen on 31 May 1849 was a skirmish during the First Schleswig War between Denmark and Prussia under the German Confederation, a few kilometers north of the city of Aarhus, Denmark. The skirmish was a Danish victory that had the effect of stopping the Prussian advance through the peninsula of Jutland at the city of Aarhus.

## Memorials

On the intersection of Trøjborgvej and Nørrebrogade a 10-foot engraved stone memorializes the skirmish.

## Background

Beginning with the Battle of Bov the First Schleswig War had seen a number of battles take place in Southern Jutland until a truce was signed in August 1848. The truce lasted 8 months but in March 1849 fighting recommenced and the Danish army eventually retreated north through Jutland. The Danish army was split in three corps; one fortified at Dybbøl and another around Fredericia while the third, Nørrejyske Armékorps led by general Olaf Rye, moved to Helgenæs north of Aarhus with the goal of drawing German forces north and delay it while the army was concentrated and reinforced by sea at Fredericia. In late May lead elements of the Prussian forces reached Aarhus.

## The battle

Initially the Danish garrison, commanded by Gotthold Møller, retreated from Aarhus without a fight as they had been ordered to not defend the city, for fear of the destruction it might inflict on the city. The Prussian forces entered the city on 29 May but abandoned it again later that day and Danish forces re-entered the city. The Danes placed a small force consisting of a company of infantry and half a squadron of cavalry as a tentative defence. On 30 May, Prussian forces advanced again and retook the city, capturing a number of prisoners in the process.
Pursued by Prussian troops, the Danish garrison withdrew north towards the Riis Forest which was defended by a battalion of infantry and a squadron of cavalry. The cavalry squadron attacked the advancing Prussian troops, driving them back to the Randersvej road, before they were compelled to retire. At this time two squadrons of Danish cavalry under Captain S. C. Barth on a reconnaissance mission from Helgenæs arrived and charged the Prussian infantry line from north to south along Randersvej.
The advancing Danish cavalry reached a hill west of Riis Skov when two German squadrons counter-attacked from the south and from Hasle in the west, resulting in a hectic cavalry skirmish. Elements of the Danish force were sent back to Vejlby to take up defensive positions which was misinterpreted as a general retreat and the Prussian infantry advanced north-west, bypassing the Danish forces at Riis Forest. At this time Danish reinforcements arrived from the north and the German forces now found themselves both outnumbered and surrounded, forcing a retreat back to occupied Aarhus.

## Aftermath

The Prussian forces retreated and did not advance to retake Aarhus again until 20 June. The goal of drawing German forces north and delaying had been accomplished and the corps was eventually shipped out from Helgenæs to Fredericia where it participated in the breakout on 6 July.
# Vivipary

In plants, vivipary occurs when seeds or embryos begin to develop before they detach from the parent. Plants such as some Iridaceae and Agavoideae grow cormlets in the axils of their inflorescences. These fall and in favourable circumstances they have effectively a whole season's start over fallen seeds. Similarly, some Crassulaceae, such as Bryophyllum, develop and drop plantlets from notches in their leaves, ready to grow. Such production of embryos from somatic tissues is asexual vegetative reproduction that amounts to cloning.

## Description

Most seed-bearing fruits produce a hormone that suppresses germination until after the fruit or parent plant dies, or the seeds pass through an animal's digestive tract. At this stage, the hormone's effect will dissipate and germination will occur once conditions are suitable. Some species lack this suppressant hormone as a central part of their reproductive strategy. For example, fruits that develop in climates without large seasonal variations. This phenomenon occurs most frequently on ears of corn, tomatoes, strawberries, peppers, pears, citrus fruits, and plants that grow in mangrove environments.
In some species of mangroves, for instance, the seed germinates and grows from its own resources while still attached to its parent. Seedlings of some species are dispersed by currents if they drop into the water, but others develop a heavy, straight taproot that commonly penetrates mud when the seedling drops, thereby effectively planting the seedling. This contrasts with the examples of vegetative reproduction mentioned above, in that the mangrove plantlets are true seedlings produced by sexual reproduction.
In some trees, like jackfruit, some citrus, and avocado, the seeds can be found already germinated while the fruit goes overripe; strictly speaking this condition cannot be described as vivipary, but the moist and humid conditions provided by the fruit mimic a wet soil that encourages germination. However, the seeds also can germinate under moist soil.
In some species of cacti, such as Escobaria vivipara, seeds germinate while still inside of the fruit. When the fruit is broken open, it bears many cacti propagules. This is thought to be an adaptation to rapid photoperiod, or daylight changes, since Escobaria vivipara is one of the few cacti that naturally occurs above the frost line in Canada.

## Reproduction

Vivipary includes reproduction via embryos, such as shoots or bulbils, as opposed to germinating externally from a dropped, dormant seed, as is usual in plants;

## Pseudovivipary

A few plants are pseudoviviparous – instead of reproducing with seeds, there are monocots that can reproduce asexually by creating new plantlets in their spikelets. Examples are seagrass species belonging to the genus Posidonia and the alpine meadow-grass, Poa alpina.
# Petőfi Bridge

Petőfi híd (Hungarian pronunciation:) or Petőfi Bridge (named after Sándor Petőfi, old name is Horthy Miklós Bridge, named after governor Miklós Horthy) is a bridge in Budapest, connecting Pest and Buda across the Danube. It is the second southernmost public bridge in Budapest.
Its two ends are:
* Boráros tér (southern end of Grand Boulevard and terminus of the Csepel HÉV)
* Goldmann György tér (next to the campuses of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics)
Budapest already made a proposal in the early 1900s to build the bridge, but the competent state bodies believed that a bridge in Óbuda was much more important. After the start of World War I., the idea was postponed, however, the bridge was still important for the townspeople.
The bridge was built between 1933 and 1937, according to the plans of Hubert Pál Álgyay. It is 514 m in length (along with the sections leading up) and 25.6 m in width. It was destroyed by the retreating German troops during the Second World War. Its rebuilt version was inaugurated in November 1952, when it also took on its new name, Petőfi Bridge.
# American Institute of Instruction

The American Institute of Instruction was formed in Boston on August 21, 1830 during a meeting of over two hundred persons representing eleven states. The Institute was the first long-lived interstate association of teachers and other persons interested in the cause of education in the United States. The society met for a convention once a year, usually in August, lasting three to five days and consisting mostly of lectures and discussions. Women were invited to attend lectures and committee reports, but were not allowed to become active members until 1868. The institute's original purpose was to secure a Massachusetts Superintendent of Common Schools. Due to the work of Samuel Read Hall, George B. Emerson and E. A. Andrews, legislation was passed leading to both the appointment of Horace Mann as Secretary of the State Board of Education, and the Acts of 1837, providing for a Superintendent of Public Education.
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 106

United Nations Security Council Resolution 106 was adopted unanimously on March 29, 1955, after hearing reports from the Chief of Staff of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine and representatives of Egypt and Israel. The Council noted that the Egyptian-Israel Mixed Armistice Commission determined that a "prearranged and planned attack ordered by Israel authorities" was committed by regular Israeli forces against elements of the Egyptian Army in the Gaza Strip on February 28, 1955. The Council condemned this attack as a violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 54, called upon Israel to take all necessary measures to prevent such action, expressed its conviction that the maintenance of the General Armistice Agreement was threatened by deliberate violations and that no progress towards the return of permanent peace in Palestine would be made unless the parties complied strictly with their obligations.
# Sumy Company (Ukraine)

The Sumy Company is a company of the Special Tasks Patrol Police subordinated to Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. The company is based in Sumy. It was established in 2014 in the wake of the War in Donbass and has, since then seen regular combat on the frontlines.

## History

Following the Revolution of Dignity, 30 additional special police units were established amidst the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine. On 16 April 2014, it was established as the Sumy Battalion. Its main tasks became the protection of public order in Sumy Oblast as well as in the ATO zone. The Sumy Oblast Council allocated 1 million hryvnias for the purchase of uniforms and shoes, radio communication equipment, body armor and special equipment of the battalion. The battalion's personnel conducted theoretical and practical training including shooting and combat coordination. The first task allocated to the battalion was the neutralization of separatists in Sumy Oblast conducted successfully from 1–9 May 2014. The Battalion also continued to operate in the ATO zone through periodic deployments of its detachments for the timespan of one to one and a half months with a week of vacation following the return of personnel after which they'd resume duties in Sumy Oblast. In the second half of May, the first detachment of the Battalion took part in the Siege of Sloviansk and took part in the restoration of peace, patrolling the streets, identifying and detaining Separatists.
   Someone who has been in battle, like no one else, begins to understand what peace is. When we entered Sloviansk, the city was destroyed. Looting and banditry flourished. Today, local residents support us, because they saw and felt for themselves what those "benefactors" who promised a good life did. And when you compare what happened in Sloviansk and what we see in peaceful Sumy, you understand that you have to do everything to prevent a similar scenario from repeating itself in your hometown.
A soldier of the company (Volkov Ivan Volodymyrovych) died on 1 March 2015.
Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, it saw combat during the Battle of Sumy.

## Sources

* В Україні створено 30 спецпідрозділів особливого призначення, — Арсен Аваков Archived 23 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine;
* Спецпідрозділ «Суми» на варті громадського спокою, — МВС
# Clarendon Congregational Church

The Clarendon Congregational Church (also known as the Old Brick Church and the Brick Church at Clarendon) is a historic church building at 298 Middle Road in Clarendon, Vermont. Built in 1824 and modified with Gothic features in the 1880s, it is a well-preserved 19th-century brick church. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The present minister is Rev. Bill Kingsley.

## Architecture and history

The Clarendon Congregational Church stands in the historic town center of Clarendon, opposite the town offices and facing the small town common on the east side of Middle Road in central Clarendon. It is a single-story brick building, covered by a gabled slate roof. A gabled entry pavilion projects from the main (western) facade, and a square tower rises above it to an octagonal steeple. It has tall sash windows, set in rounded-arch openings with half-round windows above the sashes. The projecting pavilion has a fully pedimented gable above a pair of entrances, and is two bays wide, each bay consisting of a slightly recessed panel housing an entrance (set, like the windows, in a round-arch opening with a half-round transom) and a semi-oval window above.
The church congregation was founded in 1822, and the present building was constructed in 1824, originally with a square belfry and plainer windows. Despite a declining town population, the church experienced a resurgence of membership in the 1880s, at which time its steeple was added (built by the noted bridgewright Nicholas Powers), and its more elaborate stained glass windows were installed. Membership continued to decline, and in the 1920s regular services were suspended. Services resumed in 1935, and in 1983 the congregation merged with another to form the Clarendon Congregational Church.
# Uncanny Valley (disambiguation)

Uncanny valley is a hypothesis that human replicas that appear almost, but not exactly, like real human beings elicit feelings of eeriness and revulsion among some observers.
Uncanny valley may also refer to:

## Albums

* Uncanny Valley (Birds of Avalon album), 2009
* Uncanny Valley (Midnight Juggernauts album), 2013
* Uncanney Valley, a 2013 album by The Dismemberment Plan
* The Uncanny Valley, a 2016 album by Perturbator
* "Uncanny Valley", a 2022 album by Coin

## Television and film

* "The Uncanny Valley", the 12th episode of season 5, 2010, of Criminal Minds
* Uncanny Valley (film), a 2015 Argentine short film by Federico Heller

## Books

* Uncanny Valley: Adventures in the Narrative, a 2011 collection of narrative nonfiction by Lawrence Weschler
* "Uncanny Valley", a 2017 science fiction short story by Greg Egan
* Uncanny Valley, a 2020 memoir by Anna Wiener
# Paramiagrammopes

Paramiagrammopes is an extinct genus of spiders in the family Uloboridae.

## Species

* Paramiagrammopes appendix Wunderlich, 2021
* Paramiagrammopes cretaceus Wunderlich, 2008
* Paramiagrammopes curvatus Wunderlich, 2021
* Paramiagrammopes furca Wunderlich, 2021
* Paramiagrammopes granulatus Wunderlich, 2021
* Paramiagrammopes inaequalis Wunderlich, 2021
* Paramiagrammopes inclinatus Wunderlich, 2021
* Paramiagrammopes longiclypeus Wunderlich, 2015
* Paramiagrammopes multifemurspinae Wunderlich, 2021
* Paramiagrammopes paracurvatus Wunderlich, 2021
* Paramiagrammopes patellaris (Wunderlich, 2017)
* Paramiagrammopes patellidens Wunderlich, 2015
* Paramiagrammopes pilosus Wunderlich, 2021
* Paramiagrammopes pollux Wunderlich, 2021
* Paramiagrammopes pusillus Wunderlich, 2018
* Paramiagrammopes semiapertus Wunderlich, 2021
* Paramiagrammopes simplex Wunderlich, 2021
* Paramiagrammopes sulcus Wunderlich, 2021
* Paramiagrammopes texter Wunderlich, 2021
* Paramiagrammopes unibrevispina Wunderlich, 2021
* Paramiagrammopes vesica (Wunderlich, 2008)
# Alberto Juzdado

Alberto Juzdado López (born 20 August 1966) is a Spanish long-distance runner. He specialized in the marathon race.
Juzdado won the Tokyo International Marathon race in 1998.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Spain ||||||
| 1994 | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 3rd | Marathon | 2:11:18 |
| 1995 | World Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 5th | Marathon | 2:15:29 |
| 1996 | Olympic Games | Atlanta, United States | 18th | Marathon | 2:17.24 |
| 1997 | World Championships | Athens, Greece | — | Marathon | DNF |
| 1998 | Tokyo Marathon | Tokyo, Japan | 1st | Marathon | 2:08:01 |
| 2000 | Tokyo Marathon | Tokyo, Japan | 3rd | Marathon | 2:08:08 |
| 2000 | Olympic Games | Sydney, Australia | 42nd | Marathon | 2:21:18 |
| 2002 | Tokyo Marathon | Tokyo, Japan | 2nd | Marathon | 2:08:59 |
| 2002 | European Championships | Munich, Germany | 5th | Marathon | 2:13:35 |
| 2003 | World Championships | Paris, France | 48th | Marathon | 2:18:34 |

### Personal bests

* 3000 metres – 8:08.87 min (1998)
* 5000 metres – 13:33.87 min (1993)
* 10,000 metres – 27:57.85 min (1998)
* Half marathon – 1:01:10 hrs (2000)
* Marathon – 2:08:01 hrs (1998)
# Juan Carlos Pinzón

Juan Carlos Pinzón Bueno (born 22 December 1972) is a Colombian diplomat, politician and economist. He is the former Ambassador of Colombia to the United States and former Minister of Defence. Pinzon comes from a military family, his father was a Colonel in the Colombian Army.

## Minister of Defence

Pinzón received honourable mention for his outstanding academic performance as BSC in economics. He holds a Master's of Science in economics from the Pontifical Xavierian University, where in addition, he was awarded a scholarship for his Master's in Public Policy at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. Pinzón also completed his advanced studies in international relations and strategic studies at The Johns Hopkins University, and in science and technology policy at Harvard University.
As part of his public service, Pinzón served as the Deputy Minister of Defence. In 2010, President Juan Manuel Santos Calderón appointed him as Presidential Chief of Staff. His public and private tenure also includes positions such as, Senior Advisor to the executive director at the World Bank, Vice President of the Colombian Banking Association, Assistant Vice President of Investment Banking at Citigroup, private Secretary and Chief of Staff for the Finance and Public Credit Ministry, and as an Economist for Colombia at Citigroup. The World Economic Forum selected him a Young Global Leader in 2011.
Pinzón has remained an active member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies since 2000. In the early 2000s, he participated in the UNDP Expert Council's efforts to design a democratic security agenda for Colombia. While with the Ministry of Finance, he was responsible for the coordination of the Defence Ministry budget by special request of the Minister.
Pinzón taught economics at the Pontifical Xavierian University and the Universidad de Los Andes. He has also published several articles in recognised academic magazines and newspapers on financial markets, macroeconomic policy and financial policy.

## 2018 Colombian Presidential Election

On 19 May 2017, Juan Carlos Pinzón declared his candidacy to become Colombia's next president in the 2018 elections. Pinzón has made his criticisms of the Colombian Peace Process a key element of his campaign, claiming that the FARC guerrilla group has not completely disarmed and that the amnesty program within the peace agreements are unfair to the country's victims. Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos has rejected the criticism and attacked Pinzón personally, frankly stating that the struggle for power brings out the worst in human nature.
Pinzón built a citizen movement called 'Ante Todo Colombia' to collect signatures so he could launch his presidential campaign and after getting more than half a million signatures, he became a Presidential candidate. A month later, he became the Vice President candidate for Germán Vargas Lleras, thus withdrawing his own campaign.

## Personal life

Pinzón was born on 22 December 1971 in Bogotá to Coronel Rafael Pinzón Rincón and Marlene Bueno. He is married to María del Pilar Lozano.
# Norte Vista High School

Norte Vista High School is a high school in Riverside, California, part of the Alvord Unified School District, and the home of the Norte Vista Braves.

## History

Norte Vista started as a junior high school, named Arlington Junior High, from 1958 to 1961. The first graduating class was in 1964.
Since 2008, Norte Vista has been an IB world school (International Baccalaureate).

## Sports

The football team won River Valley league championship in 2012, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2021 and 2023. Since 2009, (with the exception of covid year), they have qualified for CIF play offs every year. In 2013 and 2016 they were CIF-SS finalists.
The boys' soccer team won league championship for eight consecutive years from 2014 through 2021. In 2021, they were California state finalists for the 3rd division and in 2022 they were state semifinalists.

## Notable alumni

* Frank Corral, former NFL placekicker
* John Lowenstein, baseball player
# Willie Mae Reid

Willie Mae Reid (born April 20, 1928) is an American politician who ran as the Socialist Workers Party candidate for Mayor of Chicago in 1975, winning 16,693 votes but coming in third place against Richard J. Daley. The number had fallen from the number of signatures she had acquired to get on the ballot, 66,000. She also ran as their vice presidential candidate in 1976 (presidential candidate: Peter Camejo) and 1992 (presidential candidate: James "Mac" Warren), winning 91,314 votes.
# Hird

The hird (also named "Håndgangne Menn" in Norwegian), in Scandinavian history, was originally an informal retinue of personal armed companions, hirdmen or housecarls. Over time, it came to mean not only the nucleus ('Guards') of the royal army but also a more formal royal court household.

## Etymology

The term comes from Old Norse hirð, (meaning Herd) again from either Old English hir(e)d 'household, family, retinue, court' or perhaps the old German cognate heirat 'marriage', both of which can mean "body of men" or more directly linked to the term for hearthguard, or men of one's own home and hearth.

## History

While the term is often used in Norse sagas and law codices, it is a medieval term – the sagas were primarily written down in the 12th century using the language of their own time. There is some uncertainty as to what the term replaced, although the term hlid or lið is used in Danish sources for the warrior following of Canute the Great.
By the reign of Håkon IV (1204–1263) the Norwegian hird was no longer exclusively focused on the military function, and had acquired several subdivisions on continental patterns, with squires (kertilsveinr, literally "candle-men", which were ceremonially required to hold candles at hird ceremonies), men-at-arms (hirdmenn) and knights (skutilsveinr, literally "table-men"). In addition there were gestir, who received only half pay and served as a sort of intelligence service, and were not allowed to sit at the king's table for supper, apart from Christmas day and Easter day, when the entire hird was assembled and sections of their law code, the Hirdskraa was read or recited. The upper levels of the hird were a recruitment ground for numerous royal officials, and most external officials were also incorporated into the hird. Somewhere during the reign of Magnus VI the older laws of the Hird were incorporated into the Hirdskraa law code. During the reign of Håkon V (1299–1319) the Norse titles were dropped entirely in favor of continental titles. Emphasis was put on the Norwegian king's hird as a community of equals, a chivalresque corporation of warriors in which, technically, the king was the first among equals.

## Hirdman

Hirdman (plural Hirdmen) is a word in Scandinavian languages (notably Norwegian and Swedish), literally for a member of a Hird 'household, family'.
It is used as a title, originally, even in Norse mythology, for informal companions or retainers of the powerful, in the unruly old (often still pagan) times especially as companions in arms, later more refined like courtiers, a development not unlike that of the thegn or the Roman comes.
When the Norwegian royal hird had developed into a formal court, hirdman became the title of the highest of its four ranks, those magnates who were allowed to sit in the royal council (the closest feudal equivalent of a cabinet) and thus had a say in governmental and other important matters.