# Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

An Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB; Welsh: Ardal o Harddwch Naturiol Eithriadol, AHNE) is one of 46 areas of countryside in England, Wales, or Northern Ireland that has been designated for conservation due to its significant landscape value. Since 2023, the areas in England and Wales have also adopted the name National Landscapes (Welsh: Tirweddau Cenedlaethol).
Areas are designated in recognition of their national importance by the relevant public body: Natural England, Natural Resources Wales, and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency respectively. On 22 November 2023, following a 2022 Landscapes Review policy paper, the AONBs in England and Wales adopted the National Landscapes name, and are in the process of rebranding. The name "area of outstanding natural beauty" is still the designated legal term.
In place of the term AONB, Scotland uses the similar national scenic area (NSA) designation. Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty enjoy levels of protection from development similar to those of UK national parks, but unlike national parks the responsible bodies do not have their own planning powers. They also differ from national parks in their more limited opportunities for extensive outdoor recreation.

## History

The idea for what would eventually become the AONB designation was first put forward by John Dower in his 1945 Report to the Government on National Parks in England and Wales. Dower suggested there was need for protection of certain naturally beautiful landscapes that were unsuitable as national parks owing to their small size and lack of wildness. Dower's recommendation for the designation of these "other amenity areas" was eventually embodied in the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 as the AONB designation.

## Purpose

The purpose of an AONB designation is to conserve and enhance the natural beauty of the designated landscape.
There are two secondary aims: meeting the need for quiet enjoyment of the countryside and having regard for the interests of those who live and work there. To achieve these aims, AONBs rely on planning controls and practical countryside management. As they have the same landscape quality, AONBs may be compared to the national parks of England and Wales. National parks are well known in the UK; by contrast, there is evidence to indicate many residents in AONBs may be unaware of the status. However, the National Association of AONBs is working to increase awareness of AONBs in local communities, and, in 2014, successfully negotiated to have the boundaries of AONBs in England shown on Google Maps.

## Statistical overview

There are 46 Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in the United Kingdom: 33 in England, four in Wales, one on the England–Wales border, and eight in Northern Ireland. The first AONB was established in 1956 on the Gower Peninsula in South Wales, and the most recent to be designated is the Tamar Valley AONB, established in 1995. More recent changes include the Clwydian Range AONB being extended in 2012 to form the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB, and the Strangford Lough and Lecale Coast AONBs being merged to form a single AONB in 2010.
AONBs vary greatly in terms of size, type and use of land, and whether they are partly or wholly open to the public. The smallest AONB is the Isles of Scilly, 16 km$^2$ (6.2 sq mi), and the largest is the Cotswolds, 2,038 km$^2$ (787 sq mi). AONBs cover around 15% of England and 4% of Wales.

## Legal status and organisation

AONBs in England and Wales were originally created under the same legislation as the national parks, the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. Unlike AONBs, national parks have special legal powers to prevent unsympathetic development. AONBs in general remain the responsibility of their local authorities by means of special committees that include members appointed by a minister and by parishes, and only very limited statutory duties were imposed on local authorities within an AONB by the original 1949 Act. However, further regulation and protection of AONBs in England and Wales was added by the Countryside and Rights of Way (CRoW) Act 2000, under which new designations are now made,
In the National Planning Policy Framework (March 2012), the government stated that AONBs and national parks have equal status when it comes to planning decisions on landscape issues. Two of the AONBs (the Cotswolds and the Chilterns), which extend into a large number of local authority areas, have their own statutory bodies, known as conservation boards. In 2019 the Glover Report made various recommendations regarding the future of AONBs – the report's 'central proposal' being to bring National Parks and AONBs together as part of one 'family of national landscapes' – but as at 1 November 2020 the government has yet to respond to those recommendations. However, the Cotswolds Conservation Board announced in September 2020 that they were re-styling the area name and it is now known as the Cotswolds National Landscape.
All English and Welsh AONBs have a dedicated AONB officer and other staff. As required by the CRoW Act, each AONB has a management plan that sets out the characteristics and special qualities of the landscape and how they will be conserved and enhanced. The AONBs are collectively represented by the National Association for Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (NAAONB), an independent registered charity acting on behalf of AONBs and their partners, which uses the slogan "Landscapes for Life".
AONBs in Northern Ireland was designated originally under the Amenity Lands (NI) Act 1965; subsequently under the Nature Conservation and Amenity Lands (NI) Order 1985.

## Threats

There are growing concerns among environmental and countryside groups that AONB status is increasingly under threat from development. The Campaign to Protect Rural England said in July 2006 that many AONBs were under greater threat than ever before. Three particular AONBs were cited: the Dorset AONB threatened by a road plan, the threat of a football stadium in the Sussex Downs AONB, and, larger than any other, a £1 billion plan by Imperial College London to build thousands of houses and offices on hundreds of acres of AONB land on the Kent Downs at Wye. In September 2007 government approval was finally given for the development of a new football ground for Brighton and Hove Albion within the boundaries of the Sussex Downs AONB, after a fierce fight by conservationists. The subsequent development, known as Falmer Stadium, was officially opened in July 2011. The Weymouth Relief Road in Dorset was constructed between 2008 and 2011, after environmental groups lost a High Court challenge to prevent its construction.
Writing in 2006, Professor Adrian Phillips listed threats facing AONBs, which he says include uncertainty over future support for land management, increasing development pressures, the impacts of globalization, and climate change. More subtle threats include creeping suburbanization and horsiculture.

## Celebration

Poet Laureate Simon Armitage wrote a poem "Fugitives", commissioned by the National Association of AONBs, which he read on Arnside Knott on 21 September 2019 to launch the celebration of the 70th anniversary of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act.

## List of Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty
### England

| AONB | Photo | Established | Area | Local authorities |
| Arnside and Silverdale | | 1972 | 75 km$^2$ (29 sq mi) | Lancashire (Lancaster)Westmorland and Furness |
| Blackdown Hills | | 1991 | 370 km$^2$ (140 sq mi) | Devon (East Devon, Mid Devon)Somerset |
| Cannock Chase | | 1958 | 68 km$^2$ (26 sq mi) | Staffordshire (Cannock Chase, Lichfield) |
| Chichester Harbour | | 1964 | 37 km$^2$ (14 sq mi) | Hampshire (Havant)West Sussex (Chichester) |
| Chilterns | | 1965 | 833 km$^2$ (322 sq mi) | BuckinghamshireCentral BedfordshireHertfordshire (Dacorum, North Hertfordshire, Three Rivers)LutonOxfordshire (South Oxfordshire) |
| Cornwall | | 1959 | 958 km$^2$ (370 sq mi) | Cornwall |
| Cotswolds | | 1966 | 2,038 km$^2$ (787 sq mi) | Bath and North East SomersetGloucestershire (Cheltenham, Cotswold, Stroud, Tewkesbury)Oxfordshire (Cherwell, West Oxfordshire)South GloucestershireWarwickshire (Stratford-on-Avon)WiltshireWorcestershire (Wychavon) |
| Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs | | 1981 | 983 km$^2$ (380 sq mi) | DorsetHampshire (New Forest)SomersetWiltshire |
| Dedham Vale | | 1970 | 90 km$^2$ (35 sq mi) | Essex (Colchester, Tendring)Suffolk (Babergh) |
| Dorset | | 1959 | 1,129 km$^2$ (436 sq mi) | Dorset |
| East Devon | | 1963 | 268 km$^2$ (103 sq mi) | Devon (East Devon) |
| Forest of Bowland | | 1964 | 803 km$^2$ (310 sq mi) | Lancashire (Lancaster, Pendle, Ribble Valley, Wyre)North Yorkshire |
| High Weald | | 1983 | 1,460 km$^2$ (560 sq mi) | East Sussex (Hastings, Rother, Wealden)Kent (Ashford, Sevenoaks, Tonbridge and Malling, Tunbridge Wells)Surrey (Tandridge)West Sussex (Crawley, Horsham, Mid Sussex) |
| Howardian Hills | | 1987 | 204 km$^2$ (79 sq mi) | North Yorkshire |
| Isle of Wight | | 1963 | 189 km$^2$ (73 sq mi) | Isle of Wight |
| Isles of Scilly | | 1975 | 16 km$^2$ (6.2 sq mi) | Isles of Scilly |
| Kent Downs | | 1968 | 878 km$^2$ (339 sq mi) | Greater London (Bromley)Kent (Ashford, Canterbury, Dover, Folkestone & Hythe, Gravesham, Maidstone, Sevenoaks, Swale, Tonbridge and Malling)Medway |
| Lincolnshire Wolds | | 1973 | 560 km$^2$ (220 sq mi) | Lincolnshire (East Lindsey, West Lindsey)North East Lincolnshire |
| Malvern Hills | | 1959 | 105 km$^2$ (41 sq mi) | Gloucestershire (Forest of Dean)HerefordshireWorcestershire (Malvern Hills) |
| Mendip Hills | | 1972 | 200 km$^2$ (77 sq mi) | Bath and North East SomersetNorth SomersetSomerset |
| Nidderdale | | 1994 | 603 km$^2$ (233 sq mi) | North Yorkshire |
| Norfolk Coast | | 1968 | 453 km$^2$ (175 sq mi) | Norfolk (Great Yarmouth, King's Lynn and West Norfolk, North Norfolk) |
| North Devon Coast | | 1959 | 171 km$^2$ (66 sq mi) | Devon (North Devon, Torridge) |
| North Pennines | | 1988 | 1,983 km$^2$ (766 sq mi) | County DurhamCumberlandNorthumberlandNorth YorkshireWestmorland and Furness |
| Northumberland Coast | | 1958 | 138 km$^2$ (53 sq mi) | Northumberland |
| North Wessex Downs | | 1972 | 1,730 km$^2$ (670 sq mi) | Hampshire (Basingstoke and Deane, Test Valley)Oxfordshire (South Oxfordshire, Vale of White Horse)SwindonWest BerkshireWiltshire |
| Quantock Hills | | 1956 | 98 km$^2$ (38 sq mi) | Somerset |
| Shropshire Hills | | 1958 | 802 km$^2$ (310 sq mi) | ShropshireTelford and Wrekin |
| Solway Coast | | 1964 | 115 km$^2$ (44 sq mi) | Cumberland |
| South Devon | | 1960 | 337 km$^2$ (130 sq mi) | Devon (South Hams)PlymouthTorbay |
| Suffolk & Essex Coast & Heaths | | 1970 | 403 km$^2$ (156 sq mi) | Suffolk (Babergh, East Suffolk) |
| Surrey Hills | | 1958 | 422 km$^2$ (163 sq mi) | Surrey (Guildford, Mole Valley, Reigate and Banstead, Tandridge, Waverley) |
| Tamar Valley | | 1995 | 190 km$^2$ (73 sq mi) | CornwallDevon (South Hams, West Devon) |
| Wye Valley (partly in Wales) | | 1971 | 326 km$^2$ (126 sq mi) | Gloucestershire (Forest of Dean)HerefordshireWales: Monmouthshire |
| Total | Total | Total | 19,035 km$^2$ (7,349 sq mi) |

#### Former Areas

South Hampshire Coast AONB
The establishment of the New Forest National Park in 2005 meant the subsumption of South Hampshire Coast AONB into it.
East Hampshire AONB and Sussex Downs AONB
East Hampshire and Sussex Downs AONBs were replaced in 2010 by the South Downs National Park.

### Wales

| AONB / AHNE | Established | Area | Local authorities |
| Anglesey (Ynys Môn) | 1967 | 221 km$^2$ (85 sq mi) | Anglesey |
| Clwydian Range and Dee Valley (Bryniau Clwyd a Dyffryn Dyfrdwy) | 1985 | 389 km$^2$ (150 sq mi) | DenbighshireFlintshireWrexham |
| Gower (Gŵyr) | 1956 | 188 km$^2$ (73 sq mi) | Swansea |
| Llŷn | 1956 | 155 km$^2$ (60 sq mi) | Gwynedd |
| Wye Valley (Dyffryn Gwy) (partly in England) | 1971 | 326 km$^2$ (126 sq mi) | MonmouthshireEngland: Gloucestershire, Herefordshire |

### Northern Ireland

| AONB | Established | Area | Local authorities |
| Antrim Coast and Glens | 1989 | 724 km$^2$ (280 sq mi) | Causeway Coast and GlensMid and East Antrim |
| Binevenagh | 1966 | 138 km$^2$ (53 sq mi) | Causeway Coast and Glens |
| Causeway Coast | 1989 | 42 km$^2$ (16 sq mi) | Causeway Coast and Glens |
| Lagan Valley | 1965 | 39 km$^2$ (15 sq mi) | BelfastLisburn and Castlereagh |
| Mourne Mountains | 1986 | 570 km$^2$ (220 sq mi) | Armagh City, Banbridge and CraigavonNewry, Mourne and Down |
| Ring of Gullion | 1966 | 154 km$^2$ (59 sq mi) | Newry, Mourne and Down |
| Sperrins | 1968 | 1,181 km$^2$ (456 sq mi) | Causeway Coast and GlensDerry and StrabaneFermanagh and OmaghMid Ulster |
| Strangford and Lecale | 1967 | 525 km$^2$ (203 sq mi) | Ards and North DownNewry, Mourne and Down |
Notes
* ↑ as North Derry AONB, extended and redesignated as Binevenagh AONB in 2006
* ↑ redesignated as Ring of Gullion in 1991
* ↑ Lecale Coast AONB. Strangford Lough AONB designated 1972. Redesignated as a single AONB in 2010.

### Proposed areas in England

The following are formal proposals for new AONBs submitted to Natural England:
* Cambs Ouse Valley
* Churnet Valley
* Forest of Dean
* Herefordshire Marches
* Northants Ironstone Uplands
* Yorkshire Wolds
The 2019 Landscape Review Report additionally favourably mentions proposals not listed in Natural England's list: from Sandstone Ridge and the Vale of Belvoir. The Cheshire Sandstone Ridge was subsequently shortlisted for AONB designation in 2021.
On 8 October 2024, Natural England launched a statutory and public consultation for proposed plans to designate part of the Yorkshire Wolds as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).