OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Quarter (unit)

The quarter (lit. "one-fourth") was used as the name of several distinct English units based on ¼ sizes of some base unit.
The "quarter of London" mentioned by Magna Carta as the national standard measure for wine, ale, and grain was ¼ ton or tun. It continued to be used, e.g. to regulate the prices of bread. This quarter was a unit of 8 bushels of 8 gallons each, understood at the time as a measure of both weight and volume: the grain gallon or half-peck was composed of 76,800 (Tower) grains weight; the ale gallon was composed of the ale filling an equivalent container; and the wine gallon was composed of the wine weighing an equivalent amount to a full gallon of grain.

## Length

In measures of length, the quarter (qr.) was ¼ of a yard, formerly an important measure in the cloth trade. 3 qr. was a Flemish ell, 4 quarters were a yard, 5 qr. was an (English) ell, and 6 qr. was an aune or French ell. Each quarter was made up of 4 nails. Its metric equivalent was formerly reckoned as about 0.228596 m, but the International Yard and Pound Agreement set it as 0.2286 exactly in 1959.

## Weight

The modern statutory definition of Imperial units, the Weights and Measures Act 1985 as amended by The Units of Measurement Regulations 1994, defines the quarter as a unit of mass equal to 28 pounds.
In measures of weight and mass at the time of Magna Carta, the quarter was 1⁄4 ton or (originally 500 pounds). By the time of the Norman French copies of the c. 1300 Assize of Weights and Measures, the quarter had changed to 512 lbs. These copies describe the "London quarter" as notionally derived from eight "London bushels" of eight wine gallons of eight pounds of 15 ounces of 20 pennyweights of 32 grains of wheat, taken whole from the middle of an ear; the published Latin edition omits the quarter and describes corn gallons instead.
The quarter (qr. av. or quartier) came to mean 1⁄4 of a hundredweight: 2 stone or 28 avoirdupois pounds (about 12.7 kg): this is its (only) statutory definition since 1993.

## Volume

The Weights and Measures Act 1824 (5 Geo. 4. c. 74) declared that, for measures of liquids and unheaped dry volume, a 'quarter' equals eight bushels (64 imperial gallons (290.95 L), where a gallon is defined as a volume of water weight ten troy pounds). The term pail is also used for this unit of dry volume. The 1824 Act delegitimised all previous definitions.
The Weights and Measures Act 1985 (as amended) no longer shows the quarter as a unit of volume: an 1825 quarter of wheat would weigh about 494 lb (224 kg), substantially more than the 1985 definition.
In measures of liquid volume at the time of Magna Carta, the quarter of wine was (originally) ¼ tun: 8 London bushels or 64 wine gallons (242.27 L) . The tun was subsequently redefined as 252 gallons, and the quarter was effectively ¼ pipe or butt. The quarter of wine was a gallon larger than a hogshead: since the wine gallon was considered to be 231 cubic inches, the measure was 242.27 litres.
The ale gallon was 282 cubic inches, meaning the quarter of ale was 295.75 litres.
Cardarelli also says it can vary from 17 to 30 imperial gallons for liquor.
# Hiroshi Machii

Hiroshi Machii (待井 寛, Machii Hiroshi, born 13 February 1966) is a Japanese freestyle skier. He competed in the men's aerials event at the 1994 Winter Olympics.
# De Windhond

De Windhond is a windmill in the city of Woerden, Netherlands. The mill was built in 1755 on an artificial hill of 9.3 metres (31 ft) in height that was part of the defensive enclosure (stadswal) of the ancient city. The mill itself is 5.7 metres (19 ft) high. The windmill sail spans 25.2 metres (83 ft).
The building is a prominent feature defining the skyline of the town. It is registered as a national monument.

## History

When the mill was built, it replaced an older mill that was on the same location. In 1877 the mill got a steam engine and in 1901 a gas turbine. In 1984 the mill was restructured, to be used as gristmill, and although the gas turbine still works today, the mill is usually operated by wind. The interior of the mill is pretty much in an original state, and until 2011 the miller lived in the house at the foot. The municipality of Woerden has owned the windmill since 1977.

## Gallery

* Windmill seen from bridge at South East
* Windmill and substructure
* Entrance
* Gas turbine
# Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary

Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary (formerly Blessed John XXIII National Seminary) is a Roman Catholic seminary in Weston, Massachusetts. It offers a graduate-level program designed for priesthood candidates aged 30 and above, often called "second-career vocations" or "delayed vocations".
Founded by Boston Archbishop Richard Cardinal Cushing in 1964, the seminary was chartered by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1972 and became accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in 1983. It awards graduates the M. Div. degree.

## Gallery

* An aspiring seminarian on a vocational discernment retreat in solitary afternoon prayer before the altar in the chapel
* Collection of items in the sacristy including white papal zucchetti, a chalice from the 15th century, rare Roman Missals, and 1st degree relics from various Roman Catholic saints
* A reading area in the library of Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary
* Reliquary with relics from St. James, St. Matthew, St. Philip, St. Simon, St. Thomas, St. Stephen and other saints
# Makati Sky Plaza

Makati Sky Plaza is a 23-storey high-rise office building in Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines. It is located along Ayala Avenue in the Makati CBD and was completed in 1999. The building's primary tenants include the Philippine headquarters of Standard Chartered Bank, Japan Airlines, and The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ.
# Diadelia squamulosa

Diadelia squamulosa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1940.
# Mohammad Ruhul Amin

Mohammad Ruhul Amin BS (Bengali: মোহাম্মদ রুহুল আমিন; June 5, 1935 – 10 December 1971) was an engine room artificer in the Bangladesh Navy who was posthumously awarded the Bangladesh's highest bravery award Bir Sreshtho, for his service and bravery during the Liberation War.
He was killed on 10 December 1971 while on board BNS Palash, which was sunk in accidental bombing by Indian Air Force.

## Early life

Bir Shrestho Ruhul Amin was born in 1935 at Bagpanchra village under what is now Sonaimuri Upazila of Noakhali district. His father was Mohammad Azhar Patwari and mother was Zulekha Khatun.

## Involvement in the Liberation War

At the start of Bangladesh Liberation War with Operation Searchlight, Amin immediately resigned from the Pakistan Navy, left PNS Comilla at Chittagong, and returned to his village. He organized local youths and soldiers for the war. In May, he along with 500 others joined at Sector-3 under Major K M Shafiullah. Later he enrolled at Palash, a warship of Bangladesh Navy and at the same time worked as the squadron leader for both warships Padma and Palash.
On 10 December 1971, during the concluding days of the Bangladesh Liberation War, an incident occurred at the Rupsha river in Khulna. In a successful campaign of the allied Bangladesh and Indian naval forces, after freeing Jessore, the ships were advancing towards capturing the Titumir naval base from the Pakistan Navy. Two of the warships of the Bangladesh Navy/Mukti Bahini named Padma and Palash mistakenly came under fire from the Indian Air Force as it crossed the river Rupsha near the Khulna shipyard. According to some other witnesses, Indian Air Force fired at different places of Khunla city earlier that day and incidentally one of those bombs had fallen at the warship Palash. Ruhul Amin was working as an artificer of that ship. Both ships caught fire. As a result of heavy bombing, the engine room in the warship caught fire and in a bid to save the ship, Ruhul Amin tried to extinguish it, ignoring orders to abandon the ship. But the engine room was under fire again and another shell exploded which injured Ruhul Amin which convinced him to abandon the ship. He jumped into the water and swam ashore but was attacked and killed with bayonets by the awaiting Razakars.

## Legacy

Ro Ro Ferry Bir Shreshtha Ruhul Amin was named after him. The Bangladesh Navy warship BNS Shaheed Ruhul Amin is named after him. Bir Shrestha Ruhul Amin Sarani is a road in Saidpur Cantonment, Saidpur, Nilphamari which is named after him. Bir Shrestha Shahid Ruhul Amin Stadium in Chittagong is named after him.
He had three daughters and two sons.
# 2020 in Qatar

This is a list of notable events that occurred in 2020 in Qatar.

## Incumbents

* Emir: Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani

## Events
### February

* 27 February - The first case in COVID-19 the country was confirmed.

### July

* 14 July - The International Court of Justice rules in favor of Qatar, rejecting an appeal by Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), allowing the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to determine the legality of a 2017 package of sanctions which included air blockades.

### October

* A number of women are taken off different planes at Doha airport and are strip searched without consent. This attracts criticism from across the world. Authorities in Australia throw out the case.
# Second O'Shea Building

The Second O'Shea Building is a historic commercial building at 9-13 Peabody Square in Peabody, Massachusetts. It is one of two similar buildings (see O'Shea Building for the other) built by Thomas O'Shea, a local leathermaker, in the 1900s. The three-story brick-and-sandstone Colonial Revival building occupies a prominent position in Peabody Square, the city's central intersection. Similarities to the earlier building include the arched entrances and window bays, and the brick pilasters (with limestone bases and capitals) between some of the window bays.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. In 2017, the building was sold at auction for $1.47 million. The building is currently under renovation by local developer Pat Todisco and will include 29 residential units, as well as restaurants on the ground floor.
# Takahara

Takahara (written: 高原 or 髙原) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ikuo Takahara (高原 郁夫, born 1957), Japanese footballer
* Keiichiro Takahara (高原 慶一朗, 1931–2018), Japanese billionaire
* Naohiro Takahara (高原 直泰, born 1979), Japanese footballer
* Noritake Takahara (高原 敬武, born 1951), Japanese racing driver
* Peichin Takahara (高原 親雲上, 1683–1760), Japanese martial artist
* Sumiko Takahara (高原 須美子, 1933–2001), Japanese economist and ambassador
* Takahisa Takahara (高原 豪久, born 1961), Japanese businessman
* Toshio Takahara (高原 駿雄, 1927–2000), Japanese actor
* Toshiyasu Takahara (髙原 寿康, born 1980), Japanese footballer
* Yoshiki Takahara (高原 宜希, born 1998), Japanese snowboarder
# Fu Yi (general)

Fu Yi (Chinese: 傅怡; pinyin: Fù Yí; born November 1953) is a major general in the People's Liberation Army of China. He was detained by Chinese military authorities in January 2015, suspected of corruption.
Chinese media reported that he had close relations with Guo Zhenggang, the son of Guo Boxiong, a retired former vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission, China's top military body.

## Biography

Fu was born and raised in Nanjing, Jiangsu, with his ancestral home in Jiang County, Shanxi.
He joined the Chinese Communist Party in August 1971 and joined the People's Liberation Army in March 1969. Fu started his military career in 1980 in Nanjing Military Region.
He served as Chief of staff of the 1st Group Army, Deputy Commander of Lüshun Base of the North Sea Fleet, and Deputy Army Commander of the 12th Army before serving as Commander of Zhejiang Military District.
Fu retired in November 2013. In March 2015, Chinese media reported that Fu was detained for investigation by military prosecution authorities.
# Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Chełmno

The Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Polish: Kościół Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny w Chełmnie) is a Catholic church in Chełmno, Poland. It was founded in the 13th century, and its gothic style is considered notably well preserved. The church was an influence for the Cathedral at Königsberg.
The church contains relics of St. Valentine and is on the register of monuments in Poland. The church is also located in the Chełmno Old Town, which is itself a Historic Monument of Poland, as designated by the President of Poland.

## History

Prior to the construction of the Church of the Assumption, the site contained a church that had been destroyed by Prussian forces.
Construction of the church started in 1280 and ended in 1320 or 1340. This initial work provided the church with its chancel, body, and nave. In the 16th century, a chapel designed by Mathias Niemojewski was added, in addition to two towers. Much of the interior work was finished by the 17th century.

## Relics of St. Valentine

According to Rzeczpospolita, Fr. Jakub Fankidejski wrote in 1880 that the church possessed a small piece of the head of St. Valentine. By that time, the piece was stored in an octagonal silver reliquary about one foot in height. This reliquary was commissioned in 1630 by Jadwiga of Czarnków Działyńska in appreciation for a miracle allegedly performed by the relic.
The relic was restaged for viewing in 2002.

## Architecture

The brick church is designed in the hall style.
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 530

United Nations Security Council resolution 530 was adopted unanimously on 19 May 1983. Having heard statements from Nicaragua and other Member States on the issue, the Security Council expressed its deep concern at the situation on the Honduras-Nicaragua border, and a possible military confrontation.
The Council also expressed appreciation for the Contadora Group and its efforts to resolve the situation in Central America. The Foreign Ministers of Mexico, Venezuela, Panama and Colombia had previously expressed concern at foreign interference in conflicts and disputes in Central America, urging the countries themselves, along with the Contadora Group, to solve disputes to establish peace in the region. The resolution urged the Contadora group to "spare no effort" to find solutions and, along with the Secretary-General, to keep the council informed of developments in the situation.
# Nemyšl

Nemyšl (German: Nemischl) is a municipality and village in Tábor District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Nemyšl lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) north of Tábor, 63 km (39 mi) north of České Budějovice, and 67 km (42 mi) south of Prague.

## Administrative division

Nemyšl consists of eight municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Nemyšl (108)
* Dědice (61)
* Dědičky (4)
* Hoštice (40)
* Prudice (28)
* Úlehle (12)
* Úraz (13)
* Záhoříčko (16)

## Notable people

* Jindřich Waldes (1876–1941), entrepreneur
# Gaston Bauer

Gaston Bauer (31 January 1936 – 9 April 1994) was a Luxembourgish footballer. He played in nine matches for the Luxembourg national football team from 1959 to 1961.
# Carmine Liberta Bridge

The Carmine Liberta Bridge is a two-lane steel through truss bridge over the Wallkill River. It carries New York State Route 299 over the river between the Town of New Paltz on the west side and the Village of New Paltz on the east. The current bridge, the fourth at that location, was built in 2016.
It is the only way into the village from that direction. As such, it often carries heavy traffic on weekends between New Paltz and the Shawangunk Ridge. Due to the flood plains on the western side it has been closed in periods of high water on the river.

## History

Two other bridges had been built at the location of the Carmine Liberta Bridge: a wooden covered bridge, erected in 1845, and a 153-foot (47 m) iron bridge that had been built in 1891 at a cost of $677. The current bridge was built in 1940 and reconstructed half a century later, in 1990. In 2008 the Ulster County Legislature formally named it for Carmine Liberta, a lifelong resident and Korean War veteran who had been active in local veterans' affairs and served as vice chair of the town Republican committee for 25 years. Prior to its naming, the bridge was formally known as County Bridge No.135.
In 2016, with the bridge nearing the end of its useful life, the county demolished the 1940 bridge and replaced it with a new one, a truss of weathering steel with lower arches, no overhead members and a wider deck. On the north side a 6-foot-wide (1.8 m) lighted walkway for pedestrian and bicycle traffic was added, to better connect with bike routes and facilitate the River-to-Ridge Trail, a planned hiking route between the Hudson River and the Shawangunk Ridge. To take advantage of an improved view of the ridge created by the lower bridge and cleared trees necessary for building a temporary replacement bridge during construction, an observation deck was built on the north side of Route 299 just east of the bridge.
Following five months of construction at a cost of $2.4 million, the new bridge was formally opened and rededicated at the end of 2016. Ulster County Executive Mike Hein cut the ribbon, along with Carmine Liberta's widow Angie. He praised the project as "creating a waterfront in New Paltz for the first time since the 1600s."
# Charlie Crow

Charlie Crow (born: Richmond Gulf, Quebec) is a former disc jockey and Member of the Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly from 1987 to 1991.

## Early life

Crow became the first disc jockey for community radio station CKSN-FM when it opened in 1971. He worked on the radio for four years.

## Politics

Crow first ran for a seat in the Northwest Territories Legislature in the 1975 Northwest Territories general election. He was defeated by Peter Irniq who won the Keewatin Region electoral district in a three-way race. After his defeat he became involved in local politics for a number of years.
Crow ran for a seat in the Northwest Territories Legislature for the second time in the 1987 Northwest Territories general election. He won the Hudson Bay electoral district defeating incumbent MLA Moses Appaqaq. He became the first blind lawmaker in Northwest Territories history. He served until 1991.
Crow became the first blind legislator in Northwest Territories history. The legislature computers were upgraded to accommodate Crow with special computer software and printers capable of producing Braille documents.
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 46

United Nations Security Council Resolution 46, adopted on April 17, 1948, having referenced the goals of United Nations Security Council Resolution 43 and noting that the United Kingdom was still the Mandatory Power in charge of the Palestinian territory, it was responsible for ending the conflict there and every member of the Council was due to aid it achieve such a peace.
With that in mind it called on both the Arab Higher Committee and the Jewish Agency to immediately cease all acts of violence, to stop outside combatants from entering the territory, stop importing weapons, refrain from any immediate political activity which might later prejudice the rights or claims of any community, cooperate with the British authorities and refrain from any actions which might endanger the safety of any of the Holy Places in the territory. The resolution further called upon all the countries of the region to cooperate in any way they could, particularly enforcing the movement of fighters or arms into the territory.
The resolution was adopted by nine votes to none, with abstentions from the Ukrainian SSR and Soviet Union.
# Redemptoris nostri cruciatus

Redemptoris nostri cruciatus (The passion of our Redeemer) is an encyclical of Pope Pius XII dated 15 April 1949 focusing on the situation in Palestine immediately following the cessation of fighting in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. It was published shortly after the signing of armistice agreements between Arabs and Jews that brought the war to an end.
The Pope mentioned the numerous refugees who lived in exile and even in concentration camps, and asks for more systematic efforts to allow those people a life in peace. The encyclical, however, makes no mention of Israel.
The Pope’s main concern was for the holy places in the region. He stated that the holy places now faced difficulties and uncertainty, and repeated his call for the internationalization of Jerusalem:
    We have already insisted in Our Encyclical letter In multiplicibus, that the time has come when Jerusalem and its vicinity, where the previous memorials of the Life and Death of the Divine Redeemer are preserved, should be accorded and legally guaranteed an "international" status, which in the present circumstances seems to offer the best and most satisfactory protection for these sacred monuments.
The encyclical argued that internationalization would provide "due immunity and protection be guaranteed to all the Holy Places of Palestine not only in Jerusalem but also in the other cities and villages as well." It also stated that "not a few of these [holy] places have suffered serious loss and damage owing to the upheaval and devastation of the war," [and] "these places should also be suitably protected by definite statute guaranteed by an "international" agreement."
The Pope instructed the many Catholic institutions in Palestine to help the poor, to educate youth and give hospitality to visitors. They should carry out unimpeded the work they did in the past. The Holy Places, which Catholics during many centuries have acquired and time and again defended, should be preserved inviolate.
# Andregoto Galíndez

Andregoto Galíndez, of the County of Aragon, was the Queen of Pamplona by marriage to García Sánchez I, prior to being divorced by him before the year 940. She was the mother of Sancho II of Pamplona.
Andregoto was one of two daughters born to Galindo II Aznárez, Count of Aragon, by his second wife, Sancha Garcés of Pamplona, a half-sister of King Sancho I of Pamplona. Her father's County of Aragon had been brought into the Kingdom of Pamplona under Sancho I, and following Galindo's death in 922 was held by a Count Guntislo, apparently her illegitimate half-brother, Guntislo Galíndez. Her father's other County of Sobrarbe went to Andregoto's half-sister, Toda Galíndez, in her marriage to Count Bernard I of Ribagorza. Andregoto's marriage to Sancho's only son, then ruling Pamplona as García Sánchez I, likely occurred sometime in the mid-930s.
Prior to 940, García divorced Andregoto, presumably on the grounds of consanguinity since both were grandchildren of García Jiménez of Pamplona. Together they had a sole son, Sancho II of Pamplona, though she may also have been mother of García's two daughters, whose maternity is unknown or disputed: Toda, who is mentioned in 991 as sister of King Sancho, and Urraca, who married firstly Fernán González of Castile, and secondly William II Sánchez of Gascony.
In 971, she was ruling her own subkingdom, in the area of Lumbier.
It has been suggested that Andregoto remarried and had further children, although details of this have not been discovered. Endregota, wife of 11th-century nobleman Sancho Macerátiz and mother of his son Sancho Sánchez, calls Queen Andregoto avuncula ('maternal aunt'), probably indicating that Endregota descended from a sister of the queen. Ubierto Arteta suggested a descent from Andregoto's full-sister, Velasquita Galíndez.
# Prakashrao Abitkar

Prakash Abitkar is a Shiv Sena politician from Kolhapur district, Maharashtra. He has been serving as the Member of the Legislative Assembly for the Radhanagari Vidhan Sabha constituency of Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India since 2014.

## Positions held

* 2014: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
* 2019: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for second term
* 2024: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for the third time