OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Battle of Chojnice (1939)

The Battle of Chojnice occurred during the 1939 German invasion of Poland on the first day of the hostilities, 1 September. A detached unit from the Polish army Chojnice Detached Group under Colonel Kazimierz Tadeusz Majewski [pl], part of the Czersk Operational Group under Stanisław Grzmot-Skotnicki, was assigned the task of defending the city of Chojnice, a major regional communications center, against the advancing German 20th Motorized Infantry Division in order to protect the southern flank of Army Pomorze.
The German attacks started at 04:30 with Stuka dive bombers, from 3/1 Stuka Geschwader, attacking the Tczew bridge. The Wehrmacht then tried to sneak armoured cars into the station, but the Poles destroyed the bridge beforehand. Finally, an armored train attack on Chojnice was repulsed.$^{:42}$
The Polish troops managed to hold back the German advance until the early afternoon, but at 14:00 the German troops threatened to surround the city and the Polish units were forced to retreat east towards Rytel. The 18th Pomeranian Uhlan Regiment was ordered to cover the retreat of the infantry, and launched a mounted attack against the Germans at Krojanty.
# 1873 Wakatipu by-election

The 1873 Wakatipu by-election was a by-election held on 19 August 1873 in the Wakatipu electorate during the 5th New Zealand Parliament.
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Bendix Hallenstein on 17 July 1873.
The by-election was won by Vincent Pyke, described as a Government supporter.
It appears that four people were nominated on 16 August, and a poll was held on 19 August. H. Manders won the "show of hands", but may have lost through accidentally being prevented from visiting Cardrona, Macetown, etc.
The other candidates were Vincent Pyke, George Elliott Barton and Alexander Innes.

## Results

1873 Wakatipu by-election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Independent | Vincent Pyke | 226 | 38.18 |
| | Independent | Henry Manders | 192 | 32.43 |
| | Independent | Alexander Innes | 174 | 29.39 |
| | Independent | George Elliott Barton | 101 | 17.06 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 34 | 5.74 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 196 | |
# Lucullus Circle

The Lucullus Circle was a US society based in New York City.

## History

It was inaugurated on 11 December 1951 at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel by Claude Philippe. He created the group as "he felt the city needed a simon-pure, amateur gourmet society". At the black-tie dinners, he functioned as "a cross between a benevolent dictator and a kindly father". The society was known for its wine stock and for its elaborate dinners, initially only for men, but later including the Ladies Dinner. For $250 per year, a member could attend five lavish dinners, and these dinners were attended by some of the wealthiest and most notable men in the world.
The Lucullus Circle dinners brought about a "new golden age of gastronomy", attracting some of the wealthiest businessmen in the world at the time to feast on some "six to eight food courses and two wines with each course". The third dinner occurred on 10 March 1952 in honor of the Iranian ambassador. At one dinner guests dined on gold dishes with gold knives and forks, while at another, the room was adorned with objets d'art from important collections. Members came from the arts, business, politics as well as other professions. Many of the members resided at the Waldorf Towers. "Lucullans" were characterized as the "most sensitive and cultivated palates in New York, a sometimes questionable center of civilization and sophistication". Numbering approximately 50 gentlemen at a time, the dinner attendees were prohibited from conversing about business, politics, and religion. After the first year, the Lucullus Circle lost only two members, one who died and the other who resigned due to his health.
By 1972, however the dinners had begun to lose their appeal. New York Magazine noted that the dinners were still appreciated for their "enormous stocks of wine". but that it no longer seemed to "have the appeal of the other groups". They nonetheless continued. After Philippe's death, his wife, Helga, took over planning the gentlemen's dinners, as well as coordinating the wines and greeting the attendees; she was the only woman present at these events.
# John Tjaarda

Joop "Jan" Tjaarda van Starkenburg (4 February 1897–20 March 1962), later known as John Tjaarda van Sterkenburg, was a Dutch product and automotive designer and stylist in the United States.
Tjaarda was born in 1897 in Arnhem, as the son of Henriette Elisabeth Thieme and the physician Johannes Jan Tjaarda. Tjaarda trained in aeronautical design in the United Kingdom and later served as a pilot in the Dutch Air Force. After emigrating to the United States in 1923, he changed his name to John and worked in custom coachbuilding in Hollywood. Around 1926, Tjaarda was hired to design bodies by coachbuilders Locke and Company. The best-known of their factory customs was a two-door phaeton called the Touralette, designed earlier by Tjaarda for himself, which Chrysler offered on their L-80 Imperial chassis in 1927–1928. Tjaarda also worked for a while with the original GM Art and Colour Section under famous designer Harley Earl.
During the 1920s, he worked on a series of streamlined monocoque designs, known as the "Sterkenburg series", before joining the Briggs Manufacturing Company as chief of body design. There he developed a concept car for the Ford Motor Company to be shown at the Century of Progress Exhibition (1933-1934) in Chicago. Known as the "Briggs Dream Car", this was a streamlined rear-engined design, based on his previous work. Re-engineered as a front-engined car, this design was developed into the 1936 Lincoln-Zephyr.
Tjaarda also designed an exhibition "Kitchen of Tomorrow" for Briggs in 1934.
Tjaarda's son, Tom Tjaarda, also became an automotive designer, working mainly in Italy.
# The Hours (engraving)

The Hours is a stipple engraving by a master of the technique, Francesco Bartolozzi (1725–1815), published on April 4, 1788, from the print shop of Thomas Macklin, at No. 39 Fleet Street, London. The print is based upon a painting by Maria Cosway (1760–1838). The dancing hours, or nymphs of Greek mythology, were a pictorial representation of the 1742 poem "Ode on the Spring" by British poet Thomas Gray (1716–1771). The poem begins:
   "Lo! where the rosy-bosomed Hours, Fair Venus' train, appear, Disclose the long-expecting flowers, And wake the purple year! The Attic warbler pours her throat, Responsive to the cuckoo's note, The untaught harmony of spring: While, whisp'ring pleasure as they fly, Cool Zephyrs thro' the clear blue sky Their gathered fragrance fling."
Maria Cosway sent a copy of the engraving to Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825), a highly influential French painter, who stated, "on ne peut pas faire une poesie plus ingenieuse et plus naturelle." ("One couldn't make poetry more ingenious and more natural.")

## The stippling technique

The stippling technique involved the etching, usually on a copper plate, of stipple dots to form an image. The process was tedious; many thousands of these dots were required to form an image of this quality. After the copper plate was etched, it was then used to make a number of prints by the usual intaglio method. The number depended upon how well the plate held up during the printing process, which abraded the plate slightly with each use. The earlier prints, therefore, were of better quality than the later ones. At some point, the plate became so worn that it was no longer usable.
The printing and coloring (hand washing) of each engraving was difficult, and required the hand of an artist. For that reason, many of these old original prints were inked by the master himself.
Stippling is used to excellent effect in representing transparent materials in the filmy gowns and gossamer wings of the nymphs.

## Details from The Hours

| Detail showing the gossamer wings on the nymph. | Detail showing the delicacy of the nymphs' hands. | Detail showing the transparency of the hours' gowns. | Detail showing one of the cupids above the hours. |
# Battle of Kępa Oksywska

The Battle of Kępa Oksywska took place in the Oksywie Heights outside the Polish city of Gdynia between 10 and 19 September 1939. The battle, fought by the Polish Army and the German Wehrmacht, was part of the Polish September Campaign during World War II. It was one of the bloodiest battles of the campaign, with Polish KIA losses reaching roughly 14% of all the forces engaged.

## The battle
### German advance on Gdynia

On 10 September, after a series of skirmishes in the vicinity of Reda at the western outskirts of Gdynia, the Polish commander of the Land Coastal Defence forces, pułkownik Stanisław Dąbek, was in a difficult position. His forces, centred on the port of Gdynia, were forced to wage a two-front war against the German forces advancing both from the west and from the territory of the Free City of Danzig. The main part of his forces was facing the German forces under General der Flieger Leonhard Kaupisch, advancing from the east along the shores of the Gdańsk Bay. At the same time a smaller detachment of the Polish forces prepared a stand in the area of Oksywie, where the German forces managed to cut the Poles out of the nearby Hel Peninsula. Thus Gdynia was besieged.

### Positional fighting

Although the Polish forces managed to halt the German blitzkrieg and the fighting resembled World War I on the western front, the besieged garrison was suffering heavy losses and desperately needed to shorten its front lines. As there was no chance of relief of the besieged Polish forces by a strong force from the Polish mainland, the Heights offered a decent defensive position. Although completely unprepared for defence, the area was densely forested and made enemy penetration and aerial and naval bombardment much more difficult.

### Polish withdrawal to Oksywie Heights

In order to spare the city from destruction in the event likely urban combat, on 12 September Col. Dąbek ordered all of his forces to withdraw to Oksywie Heights to the north-east of the town, thus abandoning Gdynia. Until 14 September all Polish forces, by then reduced to roughly 9,000 servicemen, gradually withdrew to the area, along with up to 140 HMGs, 14 mortars, 23 pieces of artillery and a large number of civilian refugees. Massed in an area no greater than 4 km$^2$, the Poles were able to inflict heavy losses on the numerically and technically superior enemy. Until 19 September there were no less than 110 skirmishes fought in an area of less than 4 square kilometres.

### Cease-fire

However, constant aerial bombardment and lack of supplies and reinforcements finally forced Col. Dąbek to order a cease-fire on 19 September. By then the Polish casualties amounted to roughly 2,000 dead and 7,000 wounded, and there were hardly any unwounded soldiers. Col. Dąbek then committed suicide.
54°32′55″N 18°32′46″E﻿ / ﻿54.54861°N 18.54611°E﻿ / 54.54861; 18.54611
# Emiliano Veliaj

Emiliano Veliaj (born 9 February 1985) is a retired Albanian footballer who played as a midfielder. He was a member of the Albania national Team between 2010 and 2012, earning 2 full caps.

## Club career
### Korabi Peshkopi

On 1 July 2016, Veliaj agreed personal terms and signed a one-year contract with newly promoted Albanian Superliga side Korabi Peshkopi for an undisclosed fee. In a press conference later that month, Veliaj stated that Korabi made the best offer for him, despite interest from several other Albanian clubs. He made his debut for the club on 7 September in the opening league match of 2016–17 season against his former team Laçi, playing full-90 minutes in a goalless draw. He also played in the two-legged match against Kamza in the first round of Albanian Cup, as Korabi was eliminated with the aggregate 3–1. During the first part of the season, Veliaj made 13 league appearances, in addition 2 in cup, failing to score in the process, as Korabi struggled for results, finishing it in the penultimate spot.

### Tomori Berat

On 26 January 2017, Veliaj returned to his boyhood club Tomori Berat for the first time in 12 years. He was immediately placed in the starting lineup, making his return debut on 3 February in the matchday 14 against Pogradeci. During the second part of 2016–17 season, Veliaj played 10 matches without scoring and left the team following the end of the season.

### Korabi Peshkopi return

On 30 August 2017, after training for a while with Egnatia, Veliaj returned to Korabi Peshkopi this time in Albanian First Division as a free transfer.

## International career

Veliaj made his senior debut on 2 June 2010 by appearing in the last minutes of the friendly against Andorra, which ended in a 1–0 home win for Albania. After two years, he was called up again by the new coach Gianni De Biasi for the friendlies against Qatar and Iran in May 2012. He made another senior appearance, this time against Iran at the İnönü Stadium, Istanbul, Turkey, entering in the last moments in a 1–0 win.

## Honours
### Besa Kavajë

* Albanian Cup: 2006–07

### Laçi

* Albanian Cup: 2014–15
* Albanian Supercup: 2015
# 1874 Akaroa by-elections

Following the resignation of Robert Heaton Rhodes from his Akaroa seat in the New Zealand parliament, William Montgomery contested the 20 April 1874 by-election against Walter Pilliet. The results were 168 and 76 votes, respectively, i.e., a margin of 92 for Montgomery. He thus entered parliament during the 5th term.
April 1874 Akaroa by-election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Independent | William Montgomery | 168 | 68.85 |
| | Independent | Walter Pilliet | 76 | 31.15 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 244 | |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 92 | 37.70 |
In July 1874, a select committee declared Montgomery's election to be "null and void", as he had a contract for the supply of railway sleepers with the general government in breach of election rules. The select committee accepted that the breach was inadvertent. Montgomery stood for re-election in the second by-election, on 10 August 1874 and was returned unopposed.
# Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

The Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination is a human rights proclamation issued by the United Nations General Assembly, outlining that body's views on racism. It was adopted by the General Assembly on 20 November 1963. The Declaration was an important precursor to the legally binding Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.

## Summary

The Declaration follows the structure of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with a preamble followed by eleven articles.
Article 1 declares that discrimination on the basis of race, colour or ethnicity is "an offence to human dignity" and condemns it as a violation of the principles underlying the United Nations Charter, a violation of human rights and a threat to peace and security.
Article 2 calls on states, institutions, groups and individuals not to discriminate on the basis of race in human rights. It calls on states to end support for discrimination, and to take affirmative action where necessary to correct it.
Article 3 calls for particular efforts to end racial discrimination in civil rights, housing, employment, education, and calls for everyone to have free access to public places and services regardless of race.
Article 4 calls on states to review policies and repeal laws which discriminate on the basis of race.
Article 5 calls for an end to racial segregation and apartheid.
Article 6 calls for an end to racial discrimination in political rights, in particular the right to vote and stand for public office.
Article 7 declares that everyone has the right to equality before the law and to equal justice before the law regardless of race. It calls for everyone to have an effective remedy, enforceable through the courts, for harm suffered through racial discrimination.
Article 8 calls for education to promote tolerance and racial understanding.
Article 9 condemns propaganda and organisations based on the idea of racial supremacism. It calls for incitements to racial violence, or hate speech to be criminalised, and for racist organisations to be outlawed.
Article 10 calls on the United Nations to study the causes of racial discrimination so as to better combat it.
Article 11 calls on every state to promote respect of fundamental human rights and the principles of this declaration and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
As a declaration rather than a treaty, the document is non-binding.
# Paul Wine

Paul Wine is an American chemist currently at Georgia Tech and an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and American Chemical Society.
# Mansur Shah II of Perak

Sultan Mansur Shah II ibni Almarhum Raja Kecil Lasa Raja Inu (died 1627) was the seventh Sultan of Perak. He was the brother of the fifth Sultan of Perak, Sultan Alauddin Shah, and grandson of Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Shah.

## Reign

After Sultan Mukaddam Shah died in 1619 in the Aceh Sultanate, a noble of Perak who had the title of Maharaja Lela went to Johor. At that time Perak was still under the control of Aceh. So all decisions related to Perak had to get approval from the Sultan of Aceh. Even so, Maharaja Lela ignored the Sultan of Aceh and proceeded to Johor to obtain a descendent of the Sultan of Perak in order to appoint the new Sultan of Perak. Maharaja Lela brought Raja Mansur back to Perak where he was installed as the 7th Sultan of Perak with the title of Sultan Mansur Shah II. Mansur Shah II resided in Semat. According to the Sejarah Raja Perak, when Sultan Mansur Shah II ruled Perak, it is said that he went back and forth to Johor because he had another wife there. In 1627 after ruling Perak for 8 years, he died while in the Johor Sultanate and was buried there. However, there is a discrepancy in the information available regarding this when compared to the known history of Perak.
According to the known history of Perak, in 1627, Sultan Iskandar Muda of Aceh sent an army to Perak to remove Sultan Mansur Shah II from the throne. This was because Perak was still under the power of Aceh at that time and Sultan Mansur Shah II had ascended to the throne of Perak without the consent of the government of Aceh. Raja Bongsu or Raja Yusuf (Sultan Mahmud Shah I) who was the younger brother of Sultan Mukaddam Shah was appointed by the nobles of Aceh to replace Sultan Mansur Shah II.

## Burial

Sultan Mansur Shah II was then taken to Aceh and is said to have died there. There is still no specific explanation regarding which history is more accurate. The official pamphlet during the coronation of Sultan Yusuf Izzuddin Shah in 1949, stated that Sultan Mansur Shah II was taken to Aceh and died there.
However, the official pamphlet during the coronation of Sultan Idris Al-Mutawakil Alallahi Shah, mentioned that Sultan Mansur Shah II had died in Johor and was called Marhum Mangkat in Johor. The tomb of Sultan Mansur Shah II has not been found in Johor or in Aceh. However, many believe version of the story that Sultan Mansur Shah II died in Aceh.
# Fast Web Media

Fast Web Media is a Manchester-based marketing agency. The company provides digital marketing services, specialising in SEO, technical development, design and UX, content and social media.

## History

Founded in 1994 by Michael Flynn, Fast Web Media (then known as Fleetness 202 and later as Hercules Communications) initially focused on website development, with one of its first projects being the production of the first Premier League website. In 1998, the company was bought by Fast Search & Transfer ASA (now known as Microsoft Development Center Norway), a major infrastructure corporation focusing on internet search as well as image and video software.
Over the years, Fast Web Media has worked with a number of clients from a wide range of different industries, most notably:
* BBC
* Coca-Cola
* Bravissimo
* Carling
* Cobra
* Coors Light
* Gfinity
* Pravha
* Premier League
* PZ Cussons
Michael Flynn CEO, sold the business to Mporium PLC 15 May 2015, staying with the new business for a handover period until December 2015. In November 2017, Fast Web Media returned to Manchester city centre from Salford, with its office in the same building where the company was first registered more than 20 years before.
In 2008 Fast Web Media sold 4thegame.com to Sportech for £600,000.
In July 2019, Fast Web Media was acquired by Inc & Co Group.

## Locations

Fast Web Media has had a range of different offices in the Manchester and Salford areas, with the most recent being:
* Ducie House, Ducie Street, Manchester (1996 – 1999)
* Sunlight House, Quay Street, Manchester (1999 – 2008)
* Armstrong House, Brancaster Road, Manchester (2008 – 2011)
* Digital World Centre, Lowry Plaza, Salford (2011 – 2017)
* Waterhouse, Spring Gardens, Manchester (2017 – 2019)
* 2 Mount Street, Manchester (2019–present)
# Peugeot Type 175

The Peugeot Type 175 was a fairly large sports car from Peugeot produced in 1923 and 1924. This model was produced at the factory in Audincourt. The OHV engine, of the LA5 range, displaced 3.0 L (2951 cc, 180 cid) and has a 4 speed gearbox. It was only available with the "torpedo sport" or "torpedo grand sport" body at the price of 38,000 old Francs. Colours offered were blue, grey, green or red, with black wings and chassis. The body was made of a wooden frame with steel; the bonnet was made of aluminium with a sloping, nickel-plated window. Blériot headlights and a 12V SEV magneto and starter were fitted. In 1924, H. Petit won the 3-litre category of the 1100 km Paris-Nice race in this model: The "Paris Nice" Peugeot 175 Torpedo Grand Sport
A total of only 303 were made and only 4 original and complete surviving cars are known today (3 in France and 1 type 175 in Belgium). One of these cars is exhibited in the Musée de l'Aventure Peugeot. Besides these, a complete chassis with all the mechanics survived in New Zealand and also a fast looking modified "special" in France with a non original engine.

## Gallery

* Peugeot 175 (Ex Australia and now in France)
* Engine 3L OHV Peugeot 175 1923 (Belgium)
* Engine 3L OHV Peugeot 175 1923 (Belgium)
* Peugeot 175 de Musée de l'Aventure Peugeot (Ex Tasmania)
* Peugeot 175 de Musée de l'Aventure Peugeot (Ex Tasmania)
* Peugeot 175 de Musée de l'Aventure Peugeot (Ex Tasmania)