OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rearguard Affair of Étreux

The Rearguard Affair of Étreux was fought at Étreux by the British Expeditionary Force during the Great Retreat on the Western Front in 1914.

## Background

The German 2nd Army commander General Karl von Bülow had ordered a rapid pursuit after the battles of 21–24 August against the French Fifth Army and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The 1st and 2nd Armies were sent to the south-west to gain the left flank of the Allied line. After encountering "especially obstinate" resistance at Marbaix and Le Grand-Fayt, the German Imperial Army's X (Reserve) Corps had been ordered to continue its advance to the south-west. The 2nd Royal Munster Fusiliers had been ordered to hold its ground at all costs, in their first action in France.

## Battle

Less than a battalion strength, just 3 companies of the 2nd Battalion of "The Munsters" supported by a couple of field guns halted the advance of the German Army for fourteen hours in the area of Oisny and Étreux during the retreat from Mons on 27 August.
Under continual pressure from German attacks the Munsters fell back to an orchard near the village of Étreux. As night fell on the evening of the 27 August, they found themselves surrounded by the Germans. Having exhausted their ammunition they surrendered. In their action at Ètreux only four officers and 240 other ranks of the 2nd Munsters survived but the battalion delayed German pursuit of the British I Corps, gaining time for the British Expeditionary Force to escape. The 2nd Munsters were outnumbered at odds of over 6:1 and when finally defeated, the survivors were congratulated on their bravery by the German soldiers they had fought. The German X (Reserve) Corps continued its advance towards Wassigny and Étreux on 27 August, where its constituent 19th (Reserve) Division reported that it had "scattered a British battalion".

## Footnotes

* 1 2 3 RMFA 2012.
* ↑ Humphries & Maker 2013, p. 253.
* ↑ Bowman 2003, p. 49.
* ↑ Humphries & Maker 2013, p. 269.
# Bronson Avenue

Bronson Avenue (Ottawa Road #79) is a major north-south arterial road in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It starts at the south end as a continuation of the Airport Parkway, which is an expressway to the Macdonald-Cartier International Airport. It continues past Carleton University, the Glebe, north through Centretown, and ends downtown at Sparks Street.
Starting as an expressway leading from the Airport Parkway, Bronson quickly becomes a six lane divided principal arterial with little or no direct frontage and a speed limit of 70 km/h (43 mph). From Colonel By Drive, Bronson Avenue continues as a four-lane undivided principal arterial road through residential and commercial areas with a speed limit of 50 km/h (31 mph). Upon reaching Albert Street, Bronson ends as a local road for downtown residents.
Bronson Avenue is a gateway to the southern neighbourhoods of Ottawa and since it is generally faster to take Bronson Avenue than Bank Street, the street is usually quite busy, particularly at rush hour.
Glebe Collegiate Institute and Carleton University border on Bronson Avenue.
There has been considerable debate about the nature of the road in the past few years; some have called for an expressway to be built in the corridor to link to a twinned Airport Parkway; but that has been extremely unpopular with local residents calling for improved public transit and is unlikely to be built.
Bronson Avenue took its name from Ottawa businessman and politician (Ontario MLA) Erskine Henry Bronson.

## Neighbourhoods

Bronson Avenue is considered a boundary line for several Ottawa neighbourhoods:
* Centretown
* Centretown West
* The Glebe
* Old Ottawa South

## Major intersections

Major intersections (from south to north):
* Start as a continuation of Airport Parkway - 0.0 km
* Sunnyside Avenue - 0.9 km
* Colonel By Drive - 1.3 km
* Carling Avenue - 2.2 km
* Highway 417 - 2.6 km
* Catherine Street - 2.7 km
* Gladstone Avenue - 3.0 km
* Somerset Street - 3.4 km
* Slater Street - 3.9 km
* Albert Street - 4.0 km
* Ends at Sparks Street - 4.1 km

## Points of interest

* Bronson Centre
* Carleton University
# Battle of Hurricane Bridge

The Battle of Hurricane Bridge was a Civil War battle fought in Hurricane, West Virginia on March 28, 1863, preceding the Jones-Imboden Raid. After being defeated, the Confederates continued on to Point Pleasant, attacking the town in search of munitions and supplies. The Battle of Hurricane Bridge directly contributed to the Union Army maintaining control of the James River and Kanawha Turnpike, a key supply line, and enabled Federal control of the Kanawha Valley for the remainder of the war.
# 2024 Ostra Group Open

The 2024 Ostra Group Open was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 21st edition of the tournament which was part of the 2024 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Ostrava, Czech Republic between 22 and 28 April 2024.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| BIH | Damir Džumhur | 126 | 1 |
| CAN | Gabriel Diallo | 157 | 2 |
| UKR | Vitaliy Sachko | 181 | 3 |
| FRA | Benjamin Bonzi | 182 | 4 |
| FRA | Enzo Couacaud | 196 | 5 |
| SWE | Elias Ymer | 200 | 6 |
| POR | Henrique Rocha | 206 | 7 |
| AUT | Lukas Neumayer | 207 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of 15 April 2024.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Jan Jermář
* Jan Kumstát
* Peter Benjamín Privara
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Buvaysar Gadamauri
* Norbert Gombos
* Dominik Kellovský
* Jakub Nicod
* David Pichler
* Jelle Sels

## Champions
### Singles

* Damir Džumhur def. Henri Squire 6–2, 4–6, 7–5.

### Doubles

* Jaime Faria / Henrique Rocha def. Jakob Schnaitter / Mark Wallner 7–5, 6–3.
# Donald Edward Lane

Donald Edward Lane (June 10, 1909 – May 30, 1979) was an associate judge of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals.

## Education and career

Born in Chevy Chase, Maryland, Lane earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Yale University in 1927, and then attended George Washington University Law School. He was in private practice in Washington, D.C. from 1935 to 1941, and from 1945 to 1954, the gap arising from his service as a United States Naval Reserve Commander in World War II. He became a commissioner of the United States Court of Claims in 1954, until his elevation in 1969.

## Federal judicial service

Lane was nominated by President Richard Nixon on May 14, 1969, to a seat on the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals vacated by Judge Arthur Mumford Smith. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 19, 1969, and received his commission on June 20, 1969. His service terminated on May 30, 1979, due to his death of an undisclosed illness.
# W. Wallace Kent

W. Wallace Kent (May 1, 1916 – May 28, 1973) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan.

## Education and career

Born on May 1, 1916, in Galesburg, Michigan, Kent received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Western Michigan College in 1937. He received a Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School in 1940. He was an assistant prosecuting attorney and friend of the court in Kalamazoo County, Michigan, from 1941 to 1944. He was the prosecuting attorney of Kalamazoo County, from 1945 to 1946. He was in private practice of law in Kalamazoo County, from 1944 to 1954.

## Federal judicial service

Kent was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on May 10, 1954, to the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan, to a new seat created by 68 Stat. 8. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 8, 1954, and received his commission on June 10, 1954. He served as Chief Judge, from 1961 to 1971. His service was terminated on January 6, 1971, due to elevation to the Sixth Circuit.
Kent was nominated by President Richard Nixon on December 8, 1970, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit vacated by Judge Bert Combs. He was confirmed by the Senate on December 16, 1970, and received his commission on December 18, 1970. His service was terminated on May 28, 1973, due to death by an apparent heart attack.

## Significant cases

* Bradley v. Milliken, 484 F.2d 215 (6th Cir. 1973), rev'd sub nom Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974), was a school busing case. Judge Kent wrote a partial dissent, the reasoning of which was adopted by the Supreme Court in overruling the Sixth Circuit holding.
# Arnold Raum

Abraham Arnold Raum (October 27, 1908, in Lynn, Massachusetts – February 13, 1999, in Miami, Florida) served as a judge on the United States Tax Court from 1950 to 1998. He began working for the United States government in 1932, as an attorney for the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. From 1934 to 1950, he worked in the United States Department of Justice, as a special assistant in the Tax Division (1934–1939), as special assistant to the U.S. District Attorney for Louisiana (1939), and as Deputy Solicitor General (1939–1950).
Raum was born to Isaac and Ida Raum on October 27, 1908, in Lynn, Massachusetts. He graduated from Harvard University in 1929, and from Harvard University Law School in 1932. Shortly after completing law school, he began working for the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. As special assistant to the U.S. District Attorney for Louisiana, he headed investigations into fraud and tax evasion by Louisiana officials.
As Deputy Solicitor General, Raum argued numerous cases before the Supreme Court. They included United States v. State of California (1947), which established that the federal government rather than the California state government owned land under the ocean off the state's coast. Raum also played a major role in preparing the government's case in Hirabayashi v. United States and argued cases before the Supreme Court establishing the constitutionality of Social Security. Raum argued more tax cases before the Supreme Court than any person before him.
In 1950, Raum was appointed to the United States Tax Court by President Harry Truman. As Tax Court judge, Raum presided over the 1957 trial of former New York City mayor William O'Dwyer. Raum took senior judge status in 1978 and continued to serve on the court until 1998.
# Robert Hugh McWilliams Jr.

Robert Hugh McWilliams Jr. (April 27, 1916 – April 10, 2013) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit and a justice of the Colorado Supreme Court.

## Education and career

Born in Salina, Kansas, McWilliams graduated from South High School in Denver, then received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from the University of Denver in 1938 and a Bachelor of Laws from the Sturm College of Law at the University of Denver in 1941. From 1941 to 1942, he was deputy district attorney of Denver. In addition, McWilliams was a special agent of the Office of Naval Intelligence from 1942 to 1945. He was in the United States Army as a Sergeant in the Office of Strategic Services from 1945 to 1946. He was district attorney of Denver from 1946 to 1949. From 1949 to 1952, McWilliams was in private practice in Denver. He served as a judge of the Municipal Court in Denver from 1949 to 1952. From 1952 to 1961, he was a judge of the Second Judicial District in the City of Denver and Denver County. He served as a justice of the Supreme Court of Colorado from 1961 to 1970.

### Federal judicial service

McWilliams was nominated by President Richard Nixon on September 22, 1970, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit vacated by Judge Jean Sala Breitenstein. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 8, 1970, and received his commission on October 14, 1970. He assumed senior status on August 31, 1984, and took inactive senior status in 2011. His service terminated on April 10, 2013, due to his death in Denver, seventeen days shy of his 97th birthday.
# Walter R. Mansfield

Walter Roe Mansfield (July 1, 1911 – January 8, 1987) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and previously was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.

## Education and career

Mansfield was born on July 1, 1911, in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Boston Mayor Frederick W. Mansfield and Helen Elizabeth (Roe) Mansfield. He received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Harvard University in 1932. He received a Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1935. He was in private practice of law in New York City, New York from 1935 to 1939, from 1941 to 1942, and from 1946 to 1966. Mansfield was the first American officer who was in headquarter of Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović.
He was an Assistant United States Attorney of the Southern District of New York from 1939 to 1941. He was in the United States Marine Corps from 1942 to 1946.

## Federal judicial service

Mansfield was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson on June 13, 1966, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated by Judge John M. Cashin. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 29, 1966, and received his commission the same day. His service was terminated on June 8, 1971, due to his elevation to the Second Circuit.
Mansfield was nominated by President Richard Nixon on April 26, 1971, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vacated by Judge Leonard P. Moore. He was confirmed by the Senate on May 20, 1971, and received his commission the same day. He assumed senior status on July 2, 1981. His service was terminated on January 8, 1987, due to his death from a stroke while on vacation in Christchurch, New Zealand.
* Biography portal
# William Hughes Mulligan

William Hughes Mulligan (March 5, 1918 – May 13, 1996) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.

## Education and career

Born on March 5, 1918, in New York City, New York, Mulligan received an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1939 from Fordham University and a Juris Doctor in 1942 from Fordham University School of Law. He served in the United States Army as a special agent for the Counterintelligence Corps from 1942 to 1946. He served on the faculty of Fordham University School of Law in a number of capacities from 1946 to 1971, specifically as a lecturer from 1946 to 1952, as an associate professor from 1953 to 1954, as assistant dean and professor of law from 1954 to 1956, as dean from 1956 to 1971 and as the Wilkinson Professor of Law from 1961 to 1971.

## Federal judicial service

Mulligan was nominated by President Richard Nixon on April 26, 1971, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vacated by Judge J. Edward Lumbard. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 20, 1971, and received his commission on May 27, 1971. He served as a board member of the Federal Judicial Center from 1979 to 1981. His service terminated on March 31, 1981, due to his resignation. In resigning, he stated that the salary for federal appellate judges was too low to provide for his family. He once stated that while he could possibly live on a judge's salary, he could not afford to die on it.

## Post judicial service and death

After his resignation from the federal bench, he engaged in the private practice of law with the law firm of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom in New York City from 1981 to 1991. He retired in 1991 after suffering a stroke. He died in Bronxville, New York on May 13, 1996.

## Other service and publication

In addition to his legal career, Mulligan was a successful public speaker delivering acclaimed humorous and serious remarks to a variety of organizations from bar associations to Irish-American civic groups. A collection of Mulligan's after-dinner speeches was edited and posthumously published with an introduction by Mulligan's son, William Hughes Mulligan, Jr., under the title Mulligan's Law: The Wit and Wisdom of William Hughes Mulligan (Fordham University Press 1997).

## Honor

A summer intramural moot court competition at Fordham Law, for rising second-year students, is named for Mulligan. Students who do well receive invitations to join the Fordham Moot Court Board.
# Ryuji Koizumi

Ryuji Koizumi (born 17 September 1952) is a Japanese politician. He has been a member of the House of Representatives of Japan from 2000 to 2005 and again from 2009. He served as the Minister of Justice from September 2023 to October 2024.
# Matudaea

Matudaea is a genus of plant in family Hamamelidaceae.
Species of Matudaea range from southern Mexico through Central America to Colombia.
The genus name of Matudaea is in honour of Eizi Matuda (1894–1978), who was a Mexican botanist of Japanese origin.
The genus was circumscribed by Cyrus Longworth Lundell in Lloydia vol.3 on page 209 in 1940.

## Accepted species

* Matudaea colombiana Lozano Colombia
* Matudaea menzelii Walther
* Matudaea trinervia Lundell southern Mexico to Costa Rica
# James Marshall Carter

James Marshall Carter (March 11, 1904 – November 18, 1979) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and previously was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California.

## Education and career

Born on March 11, 1904, in Santa Barbara, California, Carter received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Pomona College in 1924. He attended Harvard Law School before he received a Juris Doctor from University of Southern California Law School in 1927. He was in private practice of law in Los Angeles, California from 1928 to 1940. He was a teacher at the Police School of the Los Angeles Board of Education in California from 1934 to 1935. He was Director of the State Department of Motor Vehicles in Sacramento, California from 1940 to 1942. He was in private practice of law in Los Angeles in 1943. He was Chief Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of California from 1943 to 1946. He was United States Attorney for the Southern District of California from 1946 to 1949. During this time, he prosecuted Tomoya Kawakita for treason.

## Federal judicial service

Carter was nominated by President Harry S Truman on September 23, 1949, to the United States District Court for the Southern District of California, to a new seat created by 63 Stat. 493. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 15, 1949, and received his commission on October 18, 1949. He served as Chief Judge from 1966 to 1967. His service was terminated on December 1, 1967, due to elevation to the Ninth Circuit.
Carter was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 6, 1967, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit vacated by Judge Gilbert H. Jertberg. He was confirmed by the Senate on November 16, 1967, and received his commission the same day. He assumed senior status on September 30, 1971. His service was terminated on November 18, 1979, due to his death in La Jolla, California.

## Honor

In a March 30, 2015, ceremony, the new federal courthouse in San Diego was named the James M. Carter and Judith N. Keep United States Courthouse to honor Carter and another federal judge.
# Andre Sommersell

Andre Sommersell (born June 26, 1980) is a former National Football League (NFL) linebacker. He was Mr. Irrelevant in the 2004 NFL draft, and was selected by the Oakland Raiders. Sommersell was born in Guyana but played high school football in Fountain Valley, California.
In early summer 2005, Sommersell signed with the NFL Europe team Berlin Thunder played one season in Europe.
# David W. Dyer

David William Dyer (June 28, 1910 – June 7, 1998) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.

## Education and career

Born in Columbus, Ohio, Dyer received a Bachelor of Laws from Stetson University College of Law in 1933. He was in private practice of law in Dade County, Florida from 1933 to 1942. He was a United States Army Major in the JAG Corps from 1942 to 1945. He returned to the private practice of law in Dade County from 1945 to 1961.

## Federal judicial service

Dyer was nominated by President John F. Kennedy on September 1, 1961, to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, to a new seat created by 75 Stat. 80. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 8, 1961, and received his commission on September 18, 1961. He served as Chief Judge from 1962 to 1966. His service was terminated on September 22, 1966, due to elevation to the Fifth Circuit.
Dyer was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson on August 16, 1966, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit vacated by Judge Warren Leroy Jones. He was confirmed by the Senate on August 25, 1966, and received his commission the same day. He assumed senior status on September 30, 1976. He was reassigned by operation of law to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit on October 1, 1981. His service was terminated on June 7, 1998, due to his death in Miami, Florida.

### Notable clerk

Kenneth Starr was one of Dyer's law clerks, before clerking for Warren E. Burger. The David W. Dyer Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse is named for him.
# Abraham Lincoln Freedman

Abraham Lincoln Freedman (November 19, 1904 – March 13, 1971) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and previously was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

## Education and career

Born in Trenton, New Jersey, Freedman received a Bachelor of Laws from Temple University Beasley School of Law in 1926, immediately entering private practice in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. While in private practice, Freedman was of general counsel to the Philadelphia Housing Authority from 1938 to 1949 and was of counsel to the Philadelphia Housing Association from 1940 to 1961. He was special counsel for housing to the Pennsylvania Post-War Planning Commission from 1944 to 1946, and was a special counsel to the Redevelopment Authority of Philadelphia from 1946 to 1947. He left private practice to become the city solicitor for Philadelphia from 1952 to 1956, then returned to private practice until 1961.

## Federal judicial service

Freedman was nominated by President John F. Kennedy on September 1, 1961, to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, to a new seat authorized by 75 Stat. 80. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 14, 1961, and received his commission on September 22, 1961. His service terminated on July 6, 1964, due to elevation to the Third Circuit.
Freedman was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson on April 15, 1964, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit vacated by Judge Herbert Funk Goodrich. He was confirmed by the Senate on July 2, 1964, and received his commission on July 2, 1964. His service terminated on March 13, 1971, due to his death.