OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cauca culture

Cauca culture (800–1200 CE) is a pre-Columbian culture from the Valle del Cauca in Colombia, named for the Cauca River. Middle Cauca culture dates from the 9 to 10th centuries CE.
Their territory was near the present day city of Popayán, in the Calima River Valley.

## Society

Archaeologists surmise that Cauca culture was organized into several related chiefdoms that traded and fought with each other. They farmed and made ceramics and goldwork.

## Artwork

Their art often featured avian imagery. Cauca culture art shared some similarities to Yotoco culture art. They are known for ceramic slab figurines, representing humans–both female and male–with dramatically angular features.

## Goldwork

Cauca goldsmiths hammered and cast gold to create a range of figures and ornaments, including diadems and bracelets. They created caricuri noserings from gold.
# Edward Dean Price

Edward Dean Price (February 12, 1919 – November 3, 1997) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California.

## Education and career

Born in Sanger, California, Price received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1947 and a Bachelor of Laws from the UC Berkeley School of Law in 1949. He was in the United States Army during World War II, from 1942 to 1946. He was in private practice in Modesto, California from 1949 to 1979.

## Federal judicial service

Price was nominated by President Jimmy Carter on November 1, 1979, to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California, to a new seat created by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 19, 1979, and received his commission on December 20, 1979. He assumed senior status on December 31, 1989. Price served in that capacity until his death on November 3, 1997.
# Sinodolichos

Sinodolichos is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes two species native to southern China, Assam, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and Borneo. It belongs to subfamily Faboideae.
# Sonchus brachyotus

Sonchus brachyotus is an Asian species of plant in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae. It is widespread across much of northern Asia, found in Japan, Korea, China, Russia, Mongolia, Thailand, Kazakhstan, Caucasus, Kyrgyzstan, etc.
Sonchus brachyotus is a perennial herb up to 100 cm tall. It produces flat-topped arrays of several flower heads, each head with 170-300 yellow ray flowers but no disc flowers. It grows on grassy slopes on mountains and alongside rivers.
# Frank Howell Seay

Frank Howell Seay (born September 5, 1938) is an inactive senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma.

## Education and career

Seay was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from University of Oklahoma in 1961. He received a Bachelor of Laws from University of Oklahoma College of Law in 1963. He was in private practice of law in Seminole, Oklahoma from 1963 to 1966. He was the county attorney of Seminole County, Oklahoma from 1963 to 1966. He was the first assistant district attorney of 22nd Judicial District of Oklahoma from 1967 to 1968. He was an Associate judge of the District Court of Oklahoma in Seminole County from 1968 to 1974. He was a judge of the 22nd Judicial District Court of Oklahoma from 1974 to 1979.

### Federal judicial service

Seay was nominated by President Jimmy Carter on September 28, 1979, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma vacated by Judge Joseph Wilson Morris. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 31, 1979, and received his commission on November 2, 1979. He served as Chief Judge from 1980 to 1996. He assumed senior status on September 25, 2003. As of 2020, Seay is the last judge appointed by a Democratic president to the Eastern District of Oklahoma.

### Ada affair

Seay was instrumental in reversing the miscarriages of justice that led to the convictions of Ron Williamson and Dennis Fritz for the murder of Debbie Carter in Ada, Oklahoma, events that were documented in John Grisham's non-fiction book The Innocent Man. He is quoted as attaching to an epilogue of his legal opinion: "God help us, if ever in this great country we turn our heads while people who have not had fair trials are executed. That almost happened in this case".

## Personal

Seay's paternal grandfather was a full-blooded Native American. Seay did not discover his Native American heritage, likely Cherokee, until after he was appointed to the federal bench. Nevertheless, Seay was the first Native American appointed to a federal bench in the United States.
# Patty Kuderer

Patricia Eileen Kuderer (born 1958) is an American politician and attorney who is serving as the 9th Insurance Commissioner of Washington since 2025. She previously served as a member of the Washington State Senate for the 48th district from 2017 to 2025. She was appointed to the State Senate after Cyrus Habib was elected lieutenant governor. In 2024, Kuderer was elected as Insurance Commissioner of Washington, succeeding Mike Kreidler.

## Early life and education

Kuderer was born in Minneapolis. She earned a Bachelor of Arts in history from the University of Minnesota and a Juris Doctor from the William Mitchell College of Law (now the Mitchell Hamline School of Law).

## Political career

The King County Council appointed Kuderer to the Washington House of Representatives in 2015, following the resignation of Ross Hunter. Following the election of Cyrus Habib to be lieutenant governor of Washington in 2016, county and state Democrats chose Kuderer to succeed Habib in the Washington State Senate in January 2017.
In 2019, Kuderer sponsored a bill to require presidential candidates to release five years of tax returns to qualify for the Washington state primary and general election ballots. Kuderer's bill is similar to legislation proposed in at least 25 other states, which have begun a debate on the Constitutional authority for states to make the tax return release a requirement. The bill was signed into law on April 26, 2019.
On January 20, 2020, a complaint was filed by the Washington Asians for Equality and the American Coalition for Equality for Kuderer's use of the phrase "Chinese fire drill" during a committee hearing on January 17. Kuderer had apologized at the January 20 session of the committee, before the complaint was filed.
Kuderer sponsored a bill to prohibit open carry of weapons around the state Capitol and around permitted public demonstrations, that was signed into law on May 12, 2021. In April 2023 Kuderer supported a bill that would ban the import, manufacture and sale of guns defined as assault weapons.
In the 2024 elections, Kuderer ran for Insurance Commissioner of Washington. She defeated Republican state Senator Phil Fortunato in the general election with 57% of the vote.
# Lee Roy West

Lee Roy West (November 26, 1929 – April 24, 2020) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma.

## Education and career

Born in Clayton, Oklahoma, West received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Oklahoma in 1952, and was a lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps during the Korean War, from 1952 to 1956 (in active service from 1952 to 1954). West received a Juris Doctor from the University of Oklahoma College of Law in 1956, and a Master of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1963. He was in private practice in Ada, Oklahoma, from 1956 to 1961 and from 1963 to 1965, serving on the faculty of the University of Oklahoma College of Law from 1961 to 1962, and as a Ford Foundation Fellow in law teaching at Harvard Law School from 1962 to 1963. West was an Oklahoma District Judge for the 22nd Judicial District from 1965 to 1973, and was a Special Justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court and Court of Criminal Appeals from 1965 to 1973. He was a member of the Civil Aeronautics Board from 1973 to 1978, serving as acting chairman in 1977. He was in private practice in Tulsa, Oklahoma from 1978 to 1979. On January 23, 1994, Judge Wests daughter, Jennifer Lee West, shot her neighbor in the face with a 9mm pistol and later pled guilty before Oklahoma County District Judge Nancy Coats to a lesser charge of assault with a deadly weapon. She had been charged with assault with intent to kill.

## Federal judicial service

On September 28, 1979, West was nominated by President Jimmy Carter to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma created by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 31, 1979, and received his commission on November 2, 1979. He served as Chief Judge from 1993 to 1994, assuming senior status on November 26, 1994. He died on April 24, 2020, aged 90 in Muskogee, Oklahoma.
# Arthur F. Lederle

Arthur F. Lederle (November 25, 1887 – April 29, 1972) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan.

## Education and career

Born in Leland, Michigan, Lederle graduated from Eastern Michigan College in 1909, and received a Bachelor of Laws from Detroit College of Law (now the Michigan State University College of Law) in 1915, a Master of Laws from the University of Detroit School of Law (now the University of Detroit Mercy School of Law) in 1923, and an honorary Legum Doctor (Doctor of Laws) from Wayne State University in 1952. He was an attendance officer for the Board of Education of Detroit, Michigan from 1914 to 1920, and then a supervisor for that city's Compulsory Education Department until 1923. He was an assistant city attorney of City of Detroit, Michigan from 1923 to 1933 and from 1934 to 1936. He was a special assistant state attorney general of Michigan from 1933 to 1934. He was a professor at Wayne State University Law School from 1927 to 1946.

## Federal judicial service

On February 20, 1936, Lederle was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan vacated by Judge Charles Casper Simons. Lederle was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 3, 1936, and received his commission on March 6, 1936. He served as Chief Judge from 1948 to 1959, assuming senior status on July 1, 1960. He served in that capacity until his death on April 29, 1972.

## Endowed scholarship

The Detroit College of Law would name a student each year as the "Arthur F. Lederle scholar." Wayne State University has an endowed scholarship that is named in his honor and awarded to first year students.

## Papers

The collected papers of Judge Lederle, consisting of 3+1⁄2 feet of documents, are held at the Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State.
# Icelandic vocabulary

The vocabulary of the Icelandic language is heavily derived from and built upon Old Norse and contains relatively few loanwords; where these do exist their spelling is often heavily adapted to that of other Icelandic words.

## History

Iceland was first settled in the 9th century by Norwegians who took captive Irish slaves. At this time, the same language was spoken in both Iceland and Norway. Vocabulary was largely Norse, and significant changes did not start to occur until the 13th and 14th centuries. Around this time, Norwegian declension and inflection became considerably simplified, whereas Icelandic's did not. This difference can be seen today by comparing the two modern languages.
The introduction of Christianity to Iceland in the 11th century brought with it a need to describe new religious concepts. The majority of new words were taken from other Scandinavian languages; kirkja (‘church’) and biskup (‘bishop’), for example. The relationship between the English and Icelandic languages is made evident by such importations. Other Germanic languages, Greek, and Latin also had a lesser influence.
Numerous other languages have had their influence on Icelandic, French for example brought many words related to the court and knightship; words in the semantic field of trade and commerce have been borrowed from Low German because of trade connections. Many words were also brought in from Danish and German during the language reformation as the Bible was translated into Icelandic.
Nowadays, it is common practice to coin new compound words from Icelandic derivatives.

## Modern neologisms

It is often the case in Icelandic that words for new concepts or ideas are composites of other words, veðurfræði (‘meteorology’), is derived from veður (‘weather’) and -fræði (‘studies’); or simply that old disused words are revived for new concepts. Like other Germanic languages, Icelandic words have a tendency to be compounded. This means that many small component words can be connected together to create a word with a new meaning. Take the example to right, hlutabréfamarkaður (‘stock market’), which is made from the words hluti (‘share’), bréf (‘paper’) and markaður (‘market’).
However, many neologisms are coined using only the stems of existing words complying with ancient practice. Two examples are þyrla (Helicopter) from a verb meaning twirl and þota (Jet) from the verb þjóta (rush). All in all the neologisms are coined by compounding or using the still active ablauts or umlauts. Both provide nearly inexhaustible sources.
However, there are some notable exceptions to this rule. Kaffi, for example, is an Icelandicised version of the French café or Italian caffè, both meaning ‘coffee’; that is to say that it has been adapted to the rules of Icelandic orthography. There are numerous other examples, including banani (in that case there was a proposed alternative, bjúgaldin, literally curved fruit, but that did not gain popularity). In situations like this, it may be awkward or impossible to create words for things that simply do not exist in Iceland by nature; therefore some form of a loanword may have to be used.
# Robert Manley Parker

Robert Manley Parker (October 19, 1937 – August 27, 2020) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.

## Early life and education

Born in Longview, Texas, Parker grew up in Hallsville, Texas and was named class president of his class at Hallsville High School. After high school, Parker entered Kilgore College before entering the United States Naval Academy. He returned to Texas in 1958, got married and began taking classes part-time at East Texas Baptist University and Abilene Christian University. Parker earned a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in 1961 from the University of Texas at Austin and a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Texas School of Law in 1964.

## Professional career

Parker worked in private legal practice in Gilmer, Texas from 1964 until 1965, and then in his native Longview in 1965. From 1965 until 1966, he worked as an administrative assistant to United States Representative Ray Roberts. He then worked in private law practice in Longview from 1966 until 1971, in private legal practice in Fort Worth from 1971 until 1972, and back in Longview as a partner in the firm Nichols & Parker from 1972 until joining the federal bench in 1979.

## Federal judicial service

Parker was nominated by President Jimmy Carter on February 6, 1979, to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, to a new seat authorized by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 24, 1979, and received commission on April 26, 1979. He served as Chief Judge, from 1990 to 1994. His service terminated on June 17, 1994, due to elevation to the Fifth Circuit.
Parker was nominated by President Bill Clinton on January 27, 1994, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit vacated by Judge Samuel D. Johnson, Jr. He was confirmed by the Senate on June 15, 1994, and received commission on June 16, 1994. His service terminated on November 1, 2002, due to retirement.

## Return to private practice

After his retirement from the federal bench, Parker returned to private practice. In 2002 he formed the law firm of Parker, Bunt & Ainsworth in Tyler, Texas, specializing in patent litigation, business litigation and arbitration. He also served as a Trustee for the Haliburton Asbestos Trust.
# Story of The Stones

Story of The Stones is a compilation album of the Rolling Stones, released in the UK in 1982. Released by the Irish arm of the mail order company K-tel, the double vinyl record or cassette tape album reached number 24 on the UK Albums Chart and being certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry for 100,000 units sold.

## Track listing
### Side One

* "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"
* "It's All Over Now"
* "Time is on My Side"
* "Play With Fire"
* "Off the Hook"
* "Little Red Rooster"
* "Let It Bleed"
* "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow?"

### Side Two

* "Paint It Black"
* "The Last Time"
* "We Love You"
* "You Better Move On"
* "Under My Thumb"
* "Come On"
* "I Just Want to Make Love to You"
* "Honky Tonk Women"

### Side Three

* "Jumpin' Jack Flash"
* "(Get Your Kicks On) Route 66"
* "I Wanna Be Your Man"
* "Mother's Little Helper"
* "You Can't Always Get What You Want"
* "Carol"
* "Let's Spend the Night Together"

### Side Four

* "Get Off Of My Cloud"
* "19th Nervous Breakdown"
* "Not Fade Away"
* "Walking the Dog"
* "Heart of Stone"
* "Ruby Tuesday"
* "Street Fighting Man"

## Certification

| Country | Certification | Sales |
| United Kingdom | Gold | 100,000 |
# 1877 Westminster by-election

The 1877 Westminster by-election was fought on 11 August 1877. The by-election was fought due to the incumbent Conservative MP, William Henry Smith, becoming first Lord of the Admiralty. It was retained by the incumbent.
# Paul Brydon

Paul David Brydon (born 8 December 1951) is a former road and track cyclist from New Zealand, who won the bronze medal in the men's 4000 m team pursuit at the 1974 Commonwealth Games in his native Christchurch. Brydon also represented his native country at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, where he finished in 50th place in the men's individual road race.
# Fraser High School (Michigan)

Fraser High School is a high school located in Fraser, Michigan within the metro Detroit region. It is the only high school in the Fraser Public Schools district. The school serves grades 9 through 12.

## Athletics

Fraser is a member of the Michigan High School Athletic Association and competes in the Macomb Area Conference.
The school has appeared in five MHSAA Finals for girls volleyball, most recently in 2006. The Ramblers had three consecutive appearances in the 2002, 2003, and 2004 seasons, winning back-to-back Class A Championships in the latter years.
Currently, Fraser sponsors eleven girls' and eleven boys' varsity sports and is Title IX compliant.

## Recognition

In April 2022, teacher Stacie Yokhana received a Milken Educator Award. She is the first recipient from Fraser Public Schools since 1990.
Also in 2022, a Fraser student/teacher team was nominated to participate in a National History Day competition Sacrifice for Freedom®: World War II in the Pacific Student & Teacher Institute; a six-month long research project culminating in a presentation given at the Pearl Harbor National Memorial in June of that same year.
# Wattisham Flying Station

Wattisham Flying Station, formerly Wattisham Airfield, is a British Army airfield and barracks located near the village of Wattisham in Suffolk, England. It is home to the Army Air Corps' Apache attack helicopter force. A helicopter repair facility provided by 7 Aviation Support Battalion, REME and 132 Aviation Supply Squadron, RLC is also based at the airfield.
The RAF maintains a presence at the airfield with a section of Survival Equipment Specialists who maintain survival equipment carried by Apache aircrew, including their helmets.
The airfield covers a site of 1,072 acres (434 ha), with approximately 2,000 troops stationed on site.

## History

Wattisham Airfield has had a long and distinguished history. First opening in April 1939, the airfield was used by the RAF before being lent to the United States Army Air Forces in 1942. After the Second World War, Wattisham became one of the UK's front-line air force fighter airfields during the Cold War, with aircraft on Quick Reaction Alert on a rotational basis with other UK fighter stations.
Wattisham used to house 'B' Flight, 22 Squadron Royal Air Force with its Search & Rescue Sea King helicopters, until the privatisation of SAR provision in 2015, which led to 22 Squadron standing down. The closest SAR base under the new Bristow Helicopters contract is Lydd Airport in Kent.
As of 1 November 2018, there were 852 personnel assigned to 3 and 4 Regiments and 429 to 7 Aviation Support Battalion.
Apart from the military, the Anglia Gliding Club also operates from the airfield. (making it the oldest serving member of Wattisham, having been there as a RAFGSA club when the RAF occupied). Also resident is No 1287 Sqn, Air Training Corps.
There is a museum on site which tells the history of the airfield and this is open on Sundays during April to October.

## Operational units

Flying and notable non-flying units based at Wattisham Airfield.

### Joint Aviation Command

1st Aviation Brigade Combat Team / Army Air Corps
* 3 Regiment
** 653 Squadron – Boeing AH64E Apache
** 662 Squadron – AH64E Apache
** 663 Squadron – AH64E Apache
* 4 Regiment
** 656 Squadron – AH64E Apache
** 664 Squadron – AH64E Apache
* 6 Regiment
** Headquarters Squadron
** 677 Squadron
Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
* 7 Aviation Support Battalion
** HQ Company
** 71 Aviation Company (Aviation Support Company)
** 72 Aviation Company (Contingency Company)
** 132 Aviation Support Squadron (Royal Logistic Corps)The Suffolk Police helicopter and the East Anglian Air Ambulance at Wattisham.
# Natalia Czerwonka

Natalia Barbara Czerwonka (born 20 October 1988) is a Polish long track speed skater who participates in international competitions. In 2010, she was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.

## Olympic Games

At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, she was a reserve when the Poland team won a bronze medal in the women's team pursuit. Czerwonka did not receive a medal because she did not participate in any heat, unlike Katarzyna Woźniak, Luiza Złotkowska and Katarzyna Bachleda-Curuś. At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, she won a silver medal with the same team as four years earlier with the same squad.

## Personal records

Personal records :
| Women's speed skating |||||
| Event | Result | Date | Location | Notes |
| 500 m | 38.84 | 9 December 2017 | Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City | |
| 1000 m | 1:14.10 | 9 March 2019 | Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City | |
| 1500 m | 1:53.56 | 16 February 2020 | Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City | NR |
| 3000 m | 4:05.40 | 15 November 2013 | Utah Olympic Oval, Salt Lake City | |
| 5000 m | 7:18.55 | 29 November 2013 | Astana | |

### Career highlights
#### European Allround Championships

    2008 – Kolomna, 17th

#### World Junior Allround Championships

    2006 – Erfurt, 31st

#### National Championships

    2007 – Warsaw, 3rd at 1000 m