# James Lucas (hermit)

James Lucas (1813 – 21 April 1874) was a celebrated English Victorian eccentric and hermit who gained international renown by his strange way of life. He was known as the Hermit of Hertfordshire and Mad Lucas. Lucas lived with his mothers dead body for 3 months before it was taken away by the clergyman. James Lucas continued to live in that house for 25 years until his death. He was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, which people link to his ‘hermit’ label, he was often taken advantage of for his generosity and was even visited by Charles Darwin in 1842 as a part of a United-States tour, they were introduced by a mutual friend and dickens even interviewed Lucas about his lifestyle.
Lucas was very intelligent according to Dickens, he just had some mental health issues regarding his paranoid schizophrenia. He often offered candy to children who visited his house and was described as a very kind and academic man, people believed his mothers death sent him spiralling and caused damage to his mental health. He was a successful scientist, landowner and political figure; he even played a very important role in the history of Galapagos island in relation to Charles Darwin.

## Life

He loved to administer his mother's will, in which he inherited the family estate at Elmwood House near Redcoats Green, Hertfordshire, and deferred burial of her for three months. He developed a paranoid fear of his relatives. He locked himself in his mansion and allowed nothing in the building to be touched. It sank into a dilapidated and decaying condition. He lived solely in the kitchen, sleeping on a bed of ashes and soot. He went naked except for a blanket, enveloped in which he used to appear at his windows. He never washed and his hair grew to waist length. He lived on bread, cheese, eggs, red herrings and gin. His house became infested with rats and he kept his food in baskets hung from the ceiling to protect it from them. He always kept a gun at his side.
Lucas communicated with the world only through an iron grille and employed two armed watchmen who lived in a nearby hut. He was, however, quite willing to receive visitors, mostly tramps and children but increasingly the well-to-do who came to engage him in conversation.

## Slave ownership

According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London, Lucas was awarded a payment as a slave trader in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837. The British Government took out a £15 million loan (worth £1.8 billion in 2025) from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers (ending in 2015). Lucas was associated with three different claims, two of which were successful, he owned 1121 slaves in British Guiana and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, he received a £57,970 payment at the time (worth £6.95 million in 2025).

## Death and legacy

Lucas died of apoplexy in 1874, having hoarded a considerable sum of money in his living room. He is buried in the family grave in Hackney churchyard, London.
After his death 17 cartloads of dirt and ashes were removed from the house.
Lucas is the subject of the song Mad Lucas by The Breeders on their 1993 album, Last Splash.