OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Access to Traffic Offense Records

Access to Traffic Offense Records (ADOC) (French: Accès aux dossiers des contraventions) is a French police file created by a decree of October 13, 2004. It centralizes data from the National Automated Offense Processing Agency.

## Principle

The ADOC file allows judicial police officers, judicial police agents, and assistant judicial police officers to consult data recorded during the observation of offenses under the fixed penalty procedure, including traffic tickets and crimes. Historically, this file was used to record traffic offenses detected by automatic systems (speed cameras, red light cameras) or by ticketing officers.

## Breach of Lockdown

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the ADOC file was illegally accessed by law enforcement regarding efforts to fight the coronavirus. To track repeated breaches of the lockdown, which became a crime after four violations within thirty days, the police were led to consult the ADOC file, “intended for traffic offenses and not for 4th category fines”.
Arguing misuse of the file, lawyers secured the acquittal of defendants in various cases in France, notably in Rennes, and in Chalon-sur-Saône.
In response, the Ministry of Justice amended the decree of October 13, 2014. From that point onwards, the ADOC file allows the recording of all offenses observed under the fixed penalty procedure, including traffic tickets and crimes. The amendment took effect on April 17, 2020.

## Notes and References

* ↑ "Decree of October 13, 2004 creating the automated control system". www.legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
* ↑ National Assembly - Constitutional Laws, Legislation, and General Administration Committee. "Police Files" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* 1 2 Jean-Baptiste Jacquin; Nicolas Chapuis (2020-04-15). "A police file diverted to identify repeat offenders violating the lockdown". Le Monde.fr. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
* ↑ Marion Dubreuil. "Lockdown: A flaw in the arrest of repeat offenders allows their acquittal". Europe 1.
* ↑ "Big party during the state of health emergency". Épris de justice (in French). 2020-05-18. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
* ↑ "Decree of April 14, 2020 amending the decree of October 13, 2004 creating the automated control system". www.legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
# Diadelia sublinea

Diadelia sublinea is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1970.
# We Are the Pipettes

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Billboard | (favorable) |
| Drowned in Sound | (7/10) |
| The Guardian | |
| Pitchfork | (8.4/10) |
| Rolling Stone | |
| Stylus | B− |
| This Is Fake DIY | |
We Are the Pipettes is the debut album from the Pipettes and is named after the group's theme song. It was released on 17 July 2006 by Memphis Industries on CD, vinyl and digital download. The song "We Are the Pipettes" was featured in "Everything Changes", the first episode of the TV series Torchwood.
In 2007 the entire album was remixed by Greg Wells as part of their United States record deal with Cherrytree Records, and features two new tracks that are not included on the original release: "Dance and Boogie" and "Baby, Just Be Yourself". It was released, with a new album cover (inspired by Attack of the 50 Foot Woman), on 2 October in North America and 17 October in Asia.
The album did not include any liner notes, except in the Japanese version which included the lyrics in English and Japanese.

## Formats and track listings
### UK

* "We Are the Pipettes" – 2:48
* "Pull Shapes" – 2:58
* "Why Did You Stay?" – 1:43
* "Dirty Mind" – 2:43
* "It Hurts to See You Dance So Well" – 1:53
* "Judy" – 2:47
* "A Winter's Sky" – 3:03
* "Your Kisses Are Wasted on Me" – 2:11
* "Tell Me What You Want" – 2:32
* "Because It's Not Love (But It's Still a Feeling)" – 2:37
* "Sex" – 2:38
* "One Night Stand" – 1:40
* "ABC" – 2:07
* "I Love You" – 1:37
    International bonus track
* "Really That Bad" – 02:04

### USA

All songs remixed by Greg Wells
* "We Are the Pipettes" – 2:48
* "Pull Shapes" – 2:58
* "Why Did You Stay?" – 1:43
* "Dirty Mind" – 2:43
* "It Hurts to See You Dance So Well" – 2:09
* "Judy" – 2:47
* "A Winter's Sky" – 3:03
* "Your Kisses Are Wasted on Me" – 2:11
* "Tell Me What You Want" – 2:32
* "Because It's Not Love (But It's Still a Feeling)" – 2:37
* "Sex" – 2:38
* "One Night Stand" – 1:40
* "ABC" – 2:07
* "I Love You" – 1:37
* "Dance and Boogie" – 2:11
* "Baby, Just Be Yourself" – 3:00
Bonus CD available with some US copies:
* "Magician Man" – 4:20
* "Pull Shapes" video

## Charts

| Chart (2007) | Peak position |
| US Top Heat Seekers Charts | 18 |
# Fouladpur

Fouladpur, the village of villages it also spelt Phouladpur, is a village in the Alwar district of Rajasthan, India. It is 118 kilometres (73 mi) from Delhi and 154 km (96 mi) from Jaipur on the Delhi-Jaipur highway in the Neemrana tehsil, between Neemrana and Shahjahanpur. It is very good place to visit. Here some ancient fort also. This village has a very important role in Rajasthan politics. On an average this village is rich as compared to others.
# Prestoea

Prestoea is a genus of palms native to the Caribbean, Central and South America. Its range extends from Nicaragua and the Greater Antilles in the north to Brazil and Bolivia in the south.

## Species

* Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H.E.Moore - Central America (Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama), West Indies, northwestern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia)
* Prestoea carderi (W.Bull) Hook.f. - Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru
* Prestoea decurrens H.E.Moore - Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
* Prestoea ensiformis (Ruiz & Pav.) H.E.Moore - Costa Rica, Peru, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
* Prestoea longipetiolata (Oerst.) H.E.Moore - Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela
* Prestoea montana (Graham) G.Nicholson; (Willd.) H.E. Moore - Greater and Lesser Antilles
* Prestoea pubens H.E.Moore - Panama, Colombia
* Prestoea pubigera (Griseb. & H.Wendl.) Hook.f. - Venezuela, Trinidad
* Prestoea schultzeana (Burret) H.E.Moore - Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador. Peru, Brazil
* Prestoea simplicifolia Galeano - Antioquia region of Colombia
* Prestoea tenuiramosa (Dammer) H.E.Moore - Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil
# 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)

The 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (bolsheviks) was held during 26 July – 3 August (N.S. 8–16 August) 1917 in Petrograd, Russia. It elected the 6th Central Committee. This was the first Congress of the Bolsheviks following their 1912 split from the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). The previous, 5th Congress (1907) was the last congress of the united RSDLP (with both Bolsheviks and Mensheviks attending). The Mensheviks held their own Congress few weeks later, also in Petrograd.
Because during the congress, Vladimir Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev were in hiding, the congress was led by Joseph Stalin and Yakov Sverdlov as was its speaker. Lenin, Zinoviev, Trotsky, Kamenev, Kollontai and Lunacharsky, who were in hiding or in prison, were elected in absentia to the honorary presidium of the congress.
Held semi-legally in between the February Revolution and October Revolution, this was the first congress to take place in Russia since the initial congress and the last not to be held in Moscow. The party merged with the Mezhraiontsy.
* Presidium of the 6th Congress of the RSDLP(b)
* Delegates at the 6th Congress of the RSDLP(b)
* Delegates at the 6th Congress of the RSDLP(b)
# Jorge Inés

Jorge Inés (born 15 March 1945) is a former Guatemalan cyclist. He competed in the individual road race and the team time trial events at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
# Foolish Little Girl (song)

"Foolish Little Girl" is a song written by Helen Miller and Howard Greenfield and performed by The Shirelles. It reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 9 on the R&B chart, and No. 38 on the UK Singles Chart in 1963. The song appeared on their 1963 album, Foolish Little Girl and was ranked No. 57 on Billboard magazine's Top Hot 100 songs of 1963.
Rival or cover versions of the original song were released by several groups that same year including Clara Wilson (aka Alpha Zoe Hall) and The Cleftones (April 1963), Don Mercedes (July 15, 1963), The Chiffons (September 1963), the father and four son Filipino group The Rocky Fellers (1963), and The Cookies (1963). Two additional covers were recorded decades later by Shirley "Lady Rose" Alston (1977) and Dionne Bromfield (October 12, 2009).

## Background

Cash Box described it as "a most attractive, easy beat cha cha romancer." The song released as a single was a demo recorded at Associated Studios in NYC on 7th Avenue. The plan was to re-record it at the studios Scepter Records had access to at the time, but when their attempts at re-recording proved to be unsatisfactory, Luther Dixon sent out the Shirelles to lay down their vocals on the demo version at Associated, and that was the version that was released as a single and became a hit.
The song, which is a mini-opera, begins with the spoken recitation: "You broke his heart and made him cry, and he's been blue since then. Now he's found somebody new, and you want him back again." Shirley Alston, being the mother, tells her daughter, being the foolish and fickle little girl, played by Beverly Lee, that she did not want him when he wanted her, and that tomorrow is his wedding day with a new girl, and that there was nothing that she can do about it. The Foolish Girl, hopelessly, still declares her love for him, while the mother angrily tells her to forget about him because he found somebody new.

## Personnel
### The Shirelles' version

* Lead vocals by Shirley Owens & Beverly Lee
* Spoken intro by Doris Coley
* Backing vocals by Addie "Micki" Harris, Doris Coley, & Beverly Lee
* Charles Macey: Guitar & upright bass
* Buddy Saltzman: Drums
* Leroy Glover: Organ

### Chart performance

| Chart (1963) | Peak position |
| Canada (CHUM Chart) | 8 |
| UK Singles (The Official Charts Company) | 38 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 4 |
| US Billboard Hot R&B Singles | 9 |

## Other versions

* French-Vietnamese singer Tiny Yong released a French language cover of the song, Tais-toi petite folle, in 1963.
* Jin sampled the song on his song "Foolish Little Girls" from his 2005 album, The Emcee's Properganda.
* Dionne Bromfield included it on her 2009 album, Introducing Dionne Bromfield.

## In media

* The song was used in Act II in the 2009 jukebox musical, Baby It's You!.
# Juan de Dios Cañedo

Juan de Dios Cañedo (born in Guadalajara, 18 January 1786; died in Mexico City, 28 March 1850) was a Mexican statesman.

## Biography

He received a good education and was admitted to the bar in 1809. He was elected a deputy to the Spanish Cortes in 1813, and soon became prominent as a parliamentary orator. While in Madrid, he published a manifesto to the Spanish nation in defence of the colonial interests, which was eagerly read both in Spain and her American possessions.
On his return to Mexico in 1824, Cañedo took part in the debate relative to the new republican constitution. He was several times deputy and senator, minister of foreign affairs under Victoria's administration, represented his country as plenipotentiary in Brazil, Peru, and Chile, and was in charge of the foreign office and the department of the interior under Bustamante. Afterward he went to Europe, where he resided for some years, and had just returned to Mexico when he was killed by an unknown assassin.
# Jacob Gardiner-Smith

Jacob Gabriel Gardiner-Smith (born 3 July 1997) is an English semi-professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Southern Football League side Sholing.

## Early and personal life

Born in Cambridge, he is the grandson of Scottish footballer John Gardiner and the son of politician Barry Gardiner. He is fluent in Russian.

## Career

He began his career with Russian sides CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg. After two years, he returned to England to sign for St Albans City, moving on to Hendon on dual-registration in January 2019. He turned professional with Wycombe Wanderers in July 2019. He made his senior debut on 8 October 2019, in the EFL Trophy. On 24 December 2019, he moved on a three-month long loan to Braintree Town.
Gardiner-Smith was released by Wycombe Wanderers at the end of the 2019–20 season. He signed for Hemel Hempstead Town in January 2022. In August 2022, Gardiner-Smith was playing for National League South side Cheshunt.
After a spell with Kings Langley Gardiner-Smith signed for Southern Football League side Hanwell Town in January 2023. He joined Beaconsfield Town ahead of the 2023–24 campaign, before signing for league rivals Hungerford Town in January 2024.
In August 2024, Gardiner-Smith joined Southern League Premier Division South side Sholing. He made nine league appearances before suffering a potentially career-ending injury which brought his season to an end in October 2024.

## Career statistics

    As of match played 16 March 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | FA Cup | FA Cup | EFL Cup | EFL Cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| St Albans City | 2018–19 | National League South | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Hendon (dual-reg.) | 2018–19 | Southern League Premier Division South | 16 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16 | 0 |
| Wycombe Wanderers | 2019–20 | League One | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Braintree Town (loan) | 2019–20 | National League South | 13 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 13 | 0 |
| Hemel Hempstead Town | 2021–22 | National League South | 16 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16 | 0 |
| Cheshunt | 2022–23 | National League South | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 4 | 0 |
| Kings Langley | 2022–23 | Southern League Premier Division Central | 15 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 3 | 0 | 18 | 0 |
| Hanwell Town | 2022–23 | Southern League Premier Division South | 8 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8 | 0 |
| Beaconsfield Town | 2023–24 | Southern League Premier Division South | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 3 | 0 | 24 | 0 |
| Hungerford Town | 2023–24 | Southern League Premier Division South | 9 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 103 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 113 | 0 |
* 1 2 3 Appearances in the FA Trophy
* ↑ Appearances in the EFL Trophy
# 2019–20 Sydney FC (women) season

The 2019–20 Sydney FC W-League season was the club's twelfth season in the W-League, the premier competition for women's association football in Australia.

## Players
### Squad information

    As of 18 October 2019
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 1 | GK | USA | Aubrey Bledsoe (on loan from Washington Spirit) |
| 2 | MF | AUS | Teresa Polias (Captain) |
| 3 | FW | AUS | Shadeene Evans |
| 4 | DF | AUS | Elizabeth Ralston |
| 5 | DF | AUS | Ally Green |
| 6 | MF | AUS | Chloe Logarzo |
| 7 | DF | AUS | Ellie Brush |
| 9 | FW | AUS | Caitlin Foord |
| 10 | FW | AUS | Remy Siemsen |
| 11 | FW | USA | Sofia Huerta (on loan from Houston Dash) |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 12 | MF | AUS | Natalie Tobin |
| 13 | FW | USA | Veronica Latsko (on loan from Houston Dash) |
| 14 | DF | AUS | Alanna Kennedy |
| 15 | MF | AUS | Mackenzie Hawkesby |
| 17 | MF | AUS | Angelique Hristodoulou |
| 18 | DF | AUS | Taylor Ray |
| 19 | MF | AUS | Amy Sayer |
| 20 | FW | AUS | Princess Ibini |
| 30 | GK | AUS | Trudy Burke |

### Transfers in

| Position | Player | Transferred from | Type/fee | Contract length | Date |
| DF | Ellie Brush | Unattached | Free transfer | | 24 September 2019 |
| MF | Mackenzie Hawkesbury | | | | 24 September 2019 |
| FW | Remy Siemsen | | | | 24 September 2019 |
| FW | Veronica Latsko | Houston Dash | Loan | 1 year | 18 October 2019 |

### Transfers out

| No. | Position | Player | Transferred to | Type/fee | Date |
| 7 | DF | Rachel Soutar | | | 24 September 2019 |
| 8 | MF | Amy Harrison | | End of contract | 24 September 2019 |
| 10 | FW | Savannah McCaskill | Sky Blue FC | Loan return | 24 September 2019 |
| 11 | FW | Lisa De Vanna | Fiorentina | | 24 September 2019 |
| 21 | DF | Julie Vignes | | | 24 September 2019 |
| 23 | MF | Danielle Colaprico | Chicago Red Stars | Loan return | 24 September 2019 |

## W-League
### League table

| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Melbourne City (C) | 12 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 27 | 4 | +23 | 34 | Qualification to Finals series |
| 2 | Melbourne Victory | 12 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 24 | 14 | +10 | 23 | Qualification to Finals series |
| 3 | Sydney FC | 12 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 21 | 13 | +8 | 22 | Qualification to Finals series |
| 4 | Western Sydney Wanderers | 12 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 24 | 20 | +4 | 22 | Qualification to Finals series |
| 5 | Brisbane Roar | 12 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 22 | 19 | +3 | 17 | |
| 6 | Canberra United | 12 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 13 | 29 | −16 | 13 | |
| 7 | Perth Glory | 12 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 19 | 24 | −5 | 11 | |
| 8 | Adelaide United | 12 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 12 | 24 | −12 | 7 | |
| 9 | Newcastle Jets | 12 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 12 | 27 | −15 | 7 | |
# Weightlifting at the 1991 Pan American Games

This page shows the results of the Weightlifting Competition at the 1991 Pan American Games, held from August 2 to August 18, 1991 in Havana, Cuba. There were a total number of ten medal events, just for men and all won by hosts Cuba.

## Men's competition
### Flyweight (– 52 kg)

* FINAL
* Héctor Arzola (CUB)
* Humberto Fuentes Rodríguez (VEN)
* Orlando Vásquez (NIC)

### Bantamweight (– 56 kg)

* FINAL
* William Vargas Trujillo (CUB)
* José Farfán (VEN)
* Carlos David (COL)

### Featherweight (– 60 kg)

* FINAL
* Pedro Negrín (CUB)
* Bryan Jacob (USA)
* John Salazar (COL)

### Lightweight (– 67.5 kg)

* FINAL
* Víctor Echevarría (CUB)
* Eyne Acevedo (COL)
* José Alexander Medina (VEN)

### Middleweight (– 75 kg)

* FINAL
* Pablo Lara Rodríguez (CUB)
* Álvaro Velasco (COL)
* Jorge Kassar (VEN)

### Light-heavyweight (– 82.5 kg)

* FINAL
* Emilio Lara Rodríguez (CUB)
* Julio César Luña (VEN)
* Dean Goad (USA)

### Middle-heavyweight (– 90 kg)

* FINAL
* Pedro Rodríguez (CUB)
* Brett Brian (USA)
* Paul Flescher (USA)

### First-heavyweight (– 100 kg)

* FINAL
* Omar Semanat (CUB)
* Wes Barnett (USA)
* Edmilson Silva (BRA)

### Heavyweight (– 110 kg)

* FINAL
* Ernesto Montoya (CUB)
* Richard Schutz (USA)
* Humberto Gómez (COL)

### Super heavyweight (+ 110 kg)

* FINAL
* Ernesto Aguero (CUB)
* Mario Martinez (USA)
* Jeff Michels (USA)

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Cuba | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 2 | United States | 0 | 5 | 3 | 8 |
| 3 | Venezuela | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 4 | Colombia | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 5 | Brazil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 5 | Nicaragua | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (6 entries) | Totals (6 entries) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 30 |
# Severo Meza

Severo Efraín Meza Mayorga (born 9 July 1986) is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a defender.
He gave an assist for the winning goal to Guillermo Franco and thus winning the semi-final and Clásico Regiomontano against Tigres UANL during the Apertura 2005 tournament.
Meza was assaulted during a robbery at his home in February 2012.

## Honours

Monterrey
* Mexican Primera División: Apertura 2009, Apertura 2010
* CONCACAF Champions League: 2010-11, 2011–12, 2012–13
* InterLiga: 2010
# Irving Loeb Goldberg

Irving Loeb Goldberg (June 29, 1906 – February 11, 1995) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.

## Education and career

Born in Port Arthur, Texas, Goldberg received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Texas at Austin in 1926 and a Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1929. He was in private practice in Beaumont, Texas in 1929, in Houston, Texas in 1930, and in Taylor, Texas in 1931. He was an in-house counsel at The Murray Company in Dallas, Texas from 1932 to 1934, returning to private practice in Dallas from 1934 to 1942. He was a United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant during World War II from 1942 to 1946. He was thereafter again in private practice in Dallas until 1966, becoming lead name partner at Goldberg, Fonville, Gump & Strauss (now Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld).

## Federal judicial service

On June 28, 1966, Goldberg was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson to a new seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit created by 80 Stat. 75. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 22, 1966, and received his commission the same day. He assumed senior status on January 31, 1980, and served in that capacity until his death on February 11, 1995, in Dallas. Judge Goldberg authored the case Zatarains, Inc. v. Oak Grove Smokehouse, Inc. 698 F.2d 786 (5th Cir. 1983), a leading case in trademark law.
# Phytotoxicity

Phytotoxicity describes any adverse effects on plant growth, physiology, or metabolism caused by a chemical substance, such as high levels of fertilizers, herbicides, heavy metals, or nanoparticles. General phytotoxic effects include altered plant metabolism, growth inhibition, or plant death. Changes to plant metabolism and growth are the result of disrupted physiological functioning, including inhibition of photosynthesis, water and nutrient uptake, cell division, or seed germination.

## Fertilizers

High concentrations of mineral salts in solution within the plant growing medium can result in phytotoxicity, commonly caused by excessive application of fertilizers. For example, urea is used in agriculture as a nitrogenous fertilizer. However, if too much is applied, phytotoxic effects can result from urea toxicity directly or ammonia production from hydrolysis of urea. Organic fertilizers, such as compost, also have the potential to be phytotoxic if not sufficiently humified, as intermediate products of this process are harmful to plant growth.

## Herbicides

Herbicides are designed and used to control unwanted plants such as agricultural weeds. However, the use of herbicides can cause phytotoxic effects on non-targeted plants through wind-blown spray drift or from the use of herbicide-contaminated material (such as straw or manure) being applied to the soil. Herbicides can also cause phytotoxicity in crops if applied incorrectly, in the wrong stage of crop growth, or in excess. The phytotoxic effects of herbicides are an important subject of study in the field of ecotoxicology.

## Heavy Metals

Heavy metals are high-density metallic compounds which are poisonous to plants at low concentrations, although toxicity depends on plant species, specific metal and its chemical form, and soil properties. The most relevant heavy metals contributing to phytotoxicity in crops are silver (Ag), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). Of these, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn are trace elements required in small amounts for enzyme and redox reactions essential in plant development. However, past a certain threshold they become toxic. The other heavy metals listed are considered toxic at any concentration and can bioaccumulate, posing a health hazard to humans if consumed.
Heavy metal contamination occurs from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The most notable natural source of heavy metals is rock outcroppings, although volcanic eruptions can release large amounts of toxic material. Significant anthropogenic sources include mining and smelting operations and organic and inorganic fertilizer application.

## Nanoparticles

Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing industry with many applications, including drug delivery, biomedicines, and electronics. As a result, manufactured nanoparticles, with sizes less than 100 nm, are released into the environment. Plant uptake and bioaccumulation of these nanoparticles can cause plant growth enhancement or phytotoxic effects, depending on plant species and nanoparticle concentration.