# List of quasiparticles

This is a list of quasiparticles and collective excitations used in condensed matter physics.

## List

Quasiparticles :
| Quasiparticle | Signification | Underlying particles |
| Angulon | Used to describe the rotation of molecules in solvents. First postulated theoretically in 2015, the existence of the angulon was confirmed in February 2017, after a series of experiments spanning 20 years. Heavy and light species of molecules were found to rotate inside superfluid helium droplets, in good agreement with the angulon theory. | |
| Anyon | A type of quasiparticle that occurs only in two-dimensional systems, with properties much less restricted than fermions and bosons. | exciton |
| Biexciton | A bound state of two free excitons | |
| Bion | A bound state of solitons, named for Born–Infeld model | soliton |
| Bipolaron | A bound pair of two polarons | polaron |
| Bogoliubon | Broken Cooper pair | electron, hole |
| Composite fermion | Arise in a two-dimensional system subject to a large magnetic field, most famously those systems that exhibit the fractional quantum Hall effect. | electron |
| Configuron | An elementary configurational excitation in an amorphous material which involves breaking of a chemical bond | |
| Cooper pair | A bound pair of two electrons | electron |
| Dirac electron | Electrons in graphene behave as relativistic massless Dirac fermions | electron |
| Dislon | A localized collective excitation associated with a dislocation in crystalline solids. It emerges from the quantization of the lattice displacement field of a classical dislocation | |
| Doublon | Paired electrons in the same lattice site | electrons |
| Dropleton | The first known quasiparticle that behaves like a liquid | |
| Duon | Quasiparticle made of two particles coupled by hydrodynamic forces. These classical quasiparticles were observed as the elementary excitations in a 2D colloidal crystal driven by viscous flow. | |
| Electron quasiparticle | An electron as affected by the other forces and interactions in the solid | electron |
| Electron hole (hole) | A lack of electron in a valence band | crystal lattice |
| Exciton | A bound state of an electron and a hole (See also: biexciton) | electron, hole |
| Exciton-polariton | A bound state of an exciton and a photon. | photon, exciton |
| Ferron | A quasiparticle that carries heat and polarization, akin to phonon and magnons. | |
| Fracton | A collective quantized vibration on a substrate with a fractal structure. | |
| Fracton (subdimensional particle) | An emergent quasiparticle excitation that is immobile when in isolation. | |
| Helical Dirac fermion | Dirac electron with spin locked to its translational momentum. | Dirac electron |
| Holon (chargon) | A quasi-particle resulting from electron spin-charge separation | electron |
| Hopfion | A topological soliton. 3D counterpart of 2D magnetic skyrmion. | |
| Intersubband polariton | Dipolar allowed optical excitations between the quantized electronic energy levels within the conduction band of semiconductor heterostructures. | photon |
| Leviton | A collective excitation of a single electron within a metal | |
| Magnetic monopole | Arise in condensed matter systems such as spin ice and carry an effective magnetic charge as well as being endowed with other typical quasiparticle properties such as an effective mass. | |
| Magnetic skyrmion | Statically stable solitons which appear in magnetic materials. In 3D these are sometimes called hopfions. | |
| Magnon | A coherent excitation of electron spins in a material | |
| Majorana fermion | A quasiparticle equal to its own antiparticle, emerging as a midgap state in certain superconductors | |
| Nematicon | A soliton in nematic liquid-crystal media | |
| Orbiton | A quasiparticle resulting from electron spin–orbital separation | |
| Oscillon | A soliton-like single wave in vibrating media | |
| Pines' demon | Collective excitation of electrons which corresponds to electrons in different energy bands moving out of phase with each other. Named after David Pines | electrons |
| Phason | Vibrational modes in a quasicrystal associated with atomic rearrangements | crystal lattice |
| Phoniton | A theoretical quasiparticle which is a hybridization of a localized, long-living phonon and a matter excitation | phonon |
| Phonon | Vibrational modes in a crystal lattice associated with atomic shifts | crystal lattice |
| Phonon polariton | A coupling between phonon and photons. | optical phonon, photon |
| Plasmariton | Coupled optical phonon and dressed photon consisting of a plasmon and photon. | plasmon, photon |
| Plasmaron | A quasiparticle emerging from the coupling between a plasmon and a hole | plasmon, hole |
| Plasmon | A coherent excitation of a plasma | electron |
| Plexciton | Coupling plasmons with excitons | |
| Polaron | A moving charged quasiparticle that is surrounded by ions in a material | electron, phonon |
| Polariton | A mixture of photon with other quasiparticles | photon, optical phonon |
| Relaxon | A collective phonon excitation | Phonon |
| Rydberg polaron | Polarons in ensembles of Rydberg atoms and Bose–Einstein condensates. | Rydberg atom |
| Roton | Collective excitation associated with the rotation of a fluid (often a superfluid). It is a quantum of a vortex. | |
| Semi-Dirac electron | Particle with zero mass gap in one direction of space. | electron |
| Surface magnon polariton | Coupling between spin waves and electromagnetic waves. | magnon, photon |
| Surface phonon | Vibrational modes in a crystal lattice associated with atomic shifts at the surface. | |
| Surface plasmon | A coherent excitation of a plasma at the surface of a metal. | |
| Surface plasmon polariton | Coupling between surface plasmons and electromagnetic waves. | Surface plasmon, photon |
| Soliton | A self-reinforcing solitary excitation wave | |
| Spinon | A quasiparticle produced as a result of electron spin–charge separation that can form both quantum spin liquid and strongly correlated quantum spin liquid | |
| TI-polaron | Translational invariant polaron | polaron |
| Trion | A coherent excitation of three quasiparticles (two holes and one electron or two electrons and one hole) | electron, hole |
| Triplon | A quasiparticle formed from electrons with triplet state pairing | electron |
| Wrinklon | A localized excitation corresponding to wrinkles in a constrained two dimensional system | |
| Weyl electrons | In Weyl semimetals, electrons behave as massless, following the Weyl equation. | electron |