# 1867 New Zealand census

The 1867 New Zealand census was held on 19 December 1867. Māori were not enumerated. The total population of people of non-Māori descent, including those from non-European countries such as China, was 218,668, plus 1,455 military men and their families. Across the country there was an average of 20.6% more men than women, down from almost 24% in 1864. This difference was most marked in Nelson Province, which had almost 38% more men than women. In Auckland Province there was only a 12% "excess" of men. Part of the discrepancy was acknowledged to be an influx of (male) miners to the gold fields. 97% of Chinese in New Zealand in 1867 lived in Otago Province, and around 18% of miners on the Otago goldfields were Chinese.
Although Māori were not counted in the 1867 census, estimates were made. Native Commissioner Alexander Mackay surveyed Māori in the provinces of Canterbury, Otago and Southland in early 1868, just a few months after the official census. His results showed a total of 1,438 Māori in those three provinces. Most Māori lived in the North Island, and the population there (including Nelson and the Chatham Islands) was estimated to be around 37,000, giving a total nationwide of about 38,500. The Registrar-General believed this estimate to be lower than the true number of Māori.

## Non-Māori population by province

| Province | European population | Percent (%) change since 1864 | Main town in each province | Population of town |
| Auckland | 48,321 | +14.68% | Auckland | 11,153 |
| Taranaki | 4,359 | −0.34% | New Plymouth | 2,180 |
| Wellington | 21,950 | +46.46% | Wellington | 7,460 |
| Hawke's Bay | 5,283 | +40.13% | Napier | 1,827 |
| Nelson | 23,814 | +99.94% | Nelson | 5,652 |
| Marlborough | 4,371 | −20.8% | Picton | 465 |
| Canterbury (including Westland) | 53,866 | +66.89% | Christchurch | 6,647 |
| Otago | 48,577 | −0.9% | Dunedin | 12,777 |
| Southland | 7,943 | −1.76% | Invercargill | 2,006 |
| Chatham Islands | 184 | +113.95% | | |
| Total (exclusive of Military and their families) | 218,668 | | | |
| Military and families | 1,455 | | | |
| Total including Military | 220,123 | | |

## Birthplaces of the non-Māori population as of December 1867

About 30% of the non-Māori population was born in England, with another 30% coming from the rest of the United Kingdom, and 30% was born in New Zealand.
| Place of birth | Totals | Percent (%) of population |
| New Zealand | 64,052 | 29.29 |
| England | 65,614 | 30.01 |
| Ireland | 27,955 | 12.78 |
| Scotland | 34,826 | 15.93 |
| Wales | 1,319 | 0.6 |
| Australian Colonies | 11,313 | 5.17 |
| Other British Dominions | 3,798 | 1.74 |
| United States of America | 1,213 | 0.56 |
| France | 553 | 0.25 |
| Germany | 2,838 | 1.3 |
| China | 1,219 | 0.56 |
| Other foreign countries | 2,448 | 1.12 |
| At sea | 751 | 0.34 |
| Not specified | 769 | 0.35 |
| Total | 218,668 | 100 |

## Religious affiliation

The proportion of each religious affiliation hadn't changed much from the 1864 census.
| Denomination | Numbers | Numbers | Percent (%) of Population | Percent (%) of Population |
| Denomination | 1864 | 1867 | 1864 | 1867 |
| Church of England | 73,118 | 92,990 | 42.47 | 42.53 |
| Presbyterian Churches | 42,058 | 54,929 | 24.43 | 25.12 |
| Roman Catholic Church | 21,507 | 30,413 | 12.49 | 13.91 |
| Wesleyan Methodist Church | 12,506 | 16,669 | 7.26 | 7.62 |
| Congregational Independents | 3,689 | 4,246 | 2.14 | 1.94 |
| Baptists | 3,391 | 4,353 | 1.97 | 1.99 |
| Primitive Methodists | 1,340 | 1,332 | 0.78 | 0.61 |
| Lutheran Church | 1,803 | 2,383 | 1.05 | 1.09 |
| Hebrews | 955 | 1,247 | 0.56 | 0.57 |
| Society of Friends | 128 | 146 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
| Protestants (no particular denomination specified) | 6,825 | 3,902 | 3.96 | 1.78 |
| Otherwise Described | 2,220 | 4,306 | 1.29 | 1.97 |
| Not Described | 2,618 | 1,752 | 1.52 | 0.8 |
| Totals | 172,158 | 218,668 | 100 | 100 |

## Occupations

Regarding difficulties in classifying and recording occupations, the Registrar-General pointed out:
   Amongst the causes of this difficulty continue to be: --the great number of cases in which settlers follow more than one occupation;-- the instances (probably frequent) in which they entered in the Schedules the professions or callings to which they were brought up, or with which they would prefer to be identified, (perhaps from a notion of their superior "respectability", as if there were not true respectability in the diligent pursuit of any branch of honest industry), rather than those in which they are most habitually engaged, or from which they principally derive their maintenance; --the vagueness of many of the descriptions; --and the different names given to what may be regarded as really the same business.
Most of those who had no stated occupation were women and children, but small numbers of women did declare that they worked in various occupations. Most domestic servants were women. The Registrar-General noted that 17,049 women said they were engaged in "domestic duties", which was not an official category of work and would have represented unpaid work in the home. He admitted that the number of women saying their occupation was "domestic duties" was very incomplete as some provinces had no figures for this category.
| Occupation | Numerical | Numerical | Numerical | Percent (%) of Population | Percent (%) of Population |
| Occupation | 1864 | 1867 | Females included in total | 1864 | 1867 |
| Trade, Commerce, and Manufactures | 7,625 | 10,194 | 246 | 4.43 | 4.66 |
| Agricultural and Pastoral | 12,089 | 18,863 | 242 | 7.02 | 8.63 |
| Mechanics, Artificers, and Skilled Workers | 12,118 | 13,695 | 1,397 | 7.04 | 6.26 |
| Mining | 12,527 | 20,372 | | 7.28 | 9.32 |
| Professions: Clerical, Medical, and Legal | ... | 733 | | 0.36 | 0.33 |
| Teachers, Surveyors, and Other Educated Professions | 1,106 | 1,477 | (teachers) 494 | 0.64 | 0.67 |
| Labourers | 12,639 | 13,025 | | 7.34 | 5.96 |
| Domestic and General Servants | 6,202 | 7,259 | 5,055 | 3.6 | 3.32 |
| Miscellaneous | 13,951 | 27,829 | 1,040 | 8.11 | 12.73 |
| No Occupation Stated (principally Women and Children) | 93,282 | 105,221 | ("domestic duties") 17,409 | 54.18 | 48.12 |
| Totals | 172,158 | 218,668 | | 100 | 100 |