OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Timothy L. Brooks

Timothy Lloyd Brooks (born may 16, 1955) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas.

## Biography

Brooks was born on July 17, 1964, in Detroit, Michigan, but was raised on a farm in Washington County, Arkansas. He graduated from Fayetteville High School in 1982. He received his Bachelor of Science in Business Administration in 1986 from the University of Arkansas. He received his Juris Doctor in 1989 from the University of Arkansas School of Law. He spent his entire private practice career at the Fayetteville, Arkansas law firm Taylor Law Partners, LLP., starting as an associate in 1989, becoming a partner in 1993. His former practice focused on representing individual plaintiffs and corporate clients in complex civil litigation in both federal and state courts, with an emphasis on commercial and medical malpractice cases.

## Federal judicial service

On June 7, 2013, President Barack Obama nominated Brooks to serve as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas, to the seat vacated by Judge Jimm Larry Hendren, who assumed senior status on December 31, 2012. His nomination was reported out of committee on January 16, 2014 by a voice vote. The United States Senate invoke clotured on his nomination on March 5, 2014 by a 59–41 vote. His nomination was confirmed later that day by a 100–0 vote. He received his judicial commission on March 7, 2014.

### Notable rulings

On August 31, 2023, Brooks blocked an Arkansas law that requires children under 18 to get parental consent before accessing most social media websites — finding the law is likely unconstitutional. Brooks said in his 50-page ruling that NetChoice is likely to succeed in showing the law is unconstitutionally vague and fails to define which platforms are subject to it.
# Nannette Jolivette Brown

Nannette V. Brown (née Jolivette; born November 19, 1963) is the chief United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana. She previously served in the role of city attorney for the city of New Orleans from the time that Mayor Mitch Landrieu hired her in May 2010 until becoming a federal judge in 2011. As city attorney, Brown was responsible for all city contracts and oversaw all legal matters for the city.

## Early life and education

Brown received a Bachelor of Arts degree from University of Southwestern Louisiana in 1985, and then attended Tulane Law School, where she received a Juris Doctor in 1988 and a Master of Laws in Energy and Environment in 1998.

## Career

From 1988 to 1992, Brown practiced corporate and environmental litigation at the New Orleans office of the firm of Adams & Reese LLP, From 1996 to 1998 she was working for the Onebane Law Firm. From 2000 to 2003, Brown was employed by Milling, Benson, Woodward LLP. Between 2004 and 2007, she practiced at the firm Chaffe McCall LLP and again with this firm from 2009 until 2010. From 2007 to 2009, she was a visiting assistant clinical professor at Loyola University New Orleans College of Law.

### Federal judicial service

Brown was nominated to fill the seat of Judge Stanwood Duval by President Barack Obama on March 2, 2011. The United States Senate confirmed her by unanimous consent on October 3, 2011. She received her judicial commission the following day. She became Chief Judge on May 15, 2018, after Kurt D. Engelhardt was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
# Nelva Gonzales Ramos

Nelva Gonzales Ramos (born August 22, 1965) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.

## Early life and education

Ramos was born in 1965 in Port Lavaca, Texas. She attended Texas State University, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts summa cum laude in 1987. Ramos then earned her Juris Doctor from the University of Texas School of Law in 1991.

## Career

Ramos was in private practice in Corpus Christi, Texas, from 1991 to 1997 and again during 1999 and 2000.

### State judicial service

She served as a judge of the Corpus Christi Municipal Court from 1997 to 1999. From 2001 to 2011, Ramos served as a judge of the 347th District Court.

### Federal judicial service

During the 111th Congress, Ramos was one of three candidates recommended by Democrats from the Texas House delegation for a Corpus Christi vacancy on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas. Ramos was the only candidate also supported by Republican Senators Kay Bailey Hutchison and John Cornyn. On January 26, 2011, President Barack Obama nominated Ramos to a seat vacated by Judge Hayden Wilson Head Jr. The United States Senate confirmed Ramos by unanimous consent on August 2, 2011. She received her commission on August 4, 2011.

### Notable rulings

In August 2016, Ramos ruled in a case accusing the state of misleading voters without IDs. Ramos ruled that the U.S. Department of Justice alleged officials used news releases, a website and resources for training election officials to narrow "dramatically the scope of voters protected".
On April 10, 2017, Ramos ruled that Texas' voter ID law was passed in 2011 with the intent to discriminate against minority voters. On April 27, 2018, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reversed Ramos' ruling, upholding the Texas voter ID law in a 2–1 vote.
# Dana L. Christensen

Dana Lewis Christensen (born May 23, 1951) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Montana.

## Education

Christensen earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1973 from Stanford University and a Juris Doctor in 1976 from the University of Montana School of Law.

## Career

Christensen worked in private practice at various firms in Montana from 1977 to 2011. He was a civil litigator and a named partner at a firm in Kalispell, Montana from 1996 to 2011. Among other things, he worked in the area of insurance defense.

### Federal judicial service

On May 4, 2011, President Barack Obama nominated Christensen to a vacant seat on the United States District Court for the District of Montana. The seat was vacated by Judge Donald W. Molloy, who assumed senior status in August 2011. Christensen's nomination was reported from the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary on October 6, 2011. The Senate confirmed his nomination on December 5, 2011, by voice vote. He received his commission on December 6, 2011. He served as chief judge from March 19, 2013 to March 19, 2020.

### Notable rulings

In late August 2018, Christensen placed a 14-day hold on grizzly bear hunting in Wyoming and Idaho after the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lifted federal protections for grizzlies in Yellowstone National Park areas in 2017. On September 24, 2018, Christensen released a 48-page ruling restoring the protections and cancelling the hunts altogether, citing that Fish & Wildlife's analysis of the threats to grizzly bears was lacking and that they "failed to make a reasoned decision" in considering the impact of delisting the Yellowstone grizzlies from protected species status.
In September 2020, Christensen rejected Republican requests, including those of Montana House Speaker Greg Hertz and Montana Senate President Scott Sales, to block Montana Governor Bullock from permitting counties in Montana to conduct voting by mail in the November 2020 General Election. Bullock claimed that preventing voting by mail during the COVID-19 pandemic would cause potential harm to people voting in person, and disenfranchise others by dissuading them from taking the risk of voting in person, rendering them unable to vote at all. Christensen upheld Bullock's ability to issue his directive, saying "the Court has no trouble concluding the COVID19 pandemic constitutes a disaster and emergency". Christensen cited precedent against changing the process of an election too close to the date of the election, or in ways that would render the election difficult to conduct. He further cited that the plaintiffs had not provided any evidence that voting by mail would lead to electoral fraud, and noted that plaintiffs were forced to admit that there had not been a single documented case of voter fraud in Montana in the previous twenty years.
# Mark Howard Cohen

Mark Howard Cohen (born June 11, 1955) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.

## Biography

Cohen received a Bachelor of Arts degree, magna cum laude, in 1976 from Emory University. He received a Juris Doctor in 1979 from Emory University School of Law. He began his career as a law clerk to United States magistrate judge Joel M. Feldman of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, from 1979 to 1981. From 1981 to 1994, he worked in the Georgia Attorney General's Office, where he represented state agencies in federal and state litigation. In 1995, he served as Chief State Administrative Law Judge and managed the newly created Office of State Administrative Hearings in Georgia. He then worked for Georgia Governor Zell Miller, serving as executive counsel from 1995 to 1998 and executive secretary from 1998 to 1999. From 1999 to 2014, he worked at the Atlanta law firm of Troutman Sanders LLP, making partner in 2001.

### Federal judicial service

On December 19, 2013, President Barack Obama nominated Cohen to serve as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, to the seat vacated by Judge Clarence Cooper, who assumed senior status on February 9, 2009. He received a hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee on May 13, 2014. On June 19, 2014, his nomination was reported out of committee by a voice vote. On November 12, 2014, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid filed for cloture on Cohen's nomination. On November 17, 2014, the United States Senate invoked cloture on his nomination by a 67–29 vote. On November 18, 2014, he was confirmed by a voice vote. He received his judicial commission on November 20, 2014.
# Daniel D. Crabtree

Daniel Dale Crabtree (born August 10, 1956) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Kansas.

## Biography

Crabtree received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1978 from Ottawa University. He received a Juris Doctor in 1981 from the University of Kansas School of Law. He has spent his entire law career at the law firm of Stinson Morrison Hecker LLP (now Stinson Leonard Street LLP) in Wichita, starting as an associate in 1981 and becoming a partner in 1988. He has represented businesses and governmental entities in complex civil litigation in federal and state courts. He also served as General Counsel to the Kansas City Royals Baseball Club. He has also served as a Member, Board of Directors and Executive Committee, of the Providence Medical Center and St. John Hospital.

### Federal judicial service

On August 1, 2013, President Barack Obama nominated Crabtree to serve as a judge of the United States District Court for the District of Kansas, to the seat vacated by Judge John Watson Lungstrum, who assumed senior status on November 2, 2010. On January 16, 2014, his nomination was reported out of committee by a voice vote. On April 11, 2014, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid filed a motion to invoke cloture on the nomination. On April 29, 2014, the United States Senate invoked cloture on his nomination by a 57–39 vote. On April 30, 2014, his nomination was confirmed by a 94–0 vote. He received his judicial commission on May 1, 2014.
# Sara Darrow

Sara Lynn Darrow (née Frizzell; born July 29, 1970) is the chief United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois. She was formerly an Assistant United States Attorney in the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois, where she was chief of the violent crimes section.

## Early life and education

Darrow earned her Bachelor of Arts in 1992 from Marquette University and her Juris Doctor from Saint Louis University School of Law in 1997.

## Career

After graduating from law school, Darrow worked in the law offices of Clarence Darrow in Rock Island, Illinois. Between 1999 and 2003, she worked in the Henry County, Illinois State's Attorney's Office in Cambridge, Illinois. In 2003 Darrow became an Assistant United States Attorney for the Central District of Illinois where she prosecuted significant criminal cases involving firearms, drugs, gangs, fraud, money laundering, and corruption.

### Federal judicial service

On the recommendation of Senator Dick Durbin, Darrow was nominated to the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois by President Barack Obama on November 17, 2010 to fill a vacancy created by Judge Joe Billy McDade, who assumed senior status. The United States Senate confirmed Darrow by unanimous consent on August 2, 2011, and she received her commission the next day. She started her term as chief judge on March 12, 2019.

## Personal life

Darrow's husband Clarence Michael Darrow serves as an Illinois Circuit Court judge. Her father-in-law Clarence A. Darrow also served as an Illinois state court judge and served in the Illinois General Assembly.
# Richard Seeborg

Richard Gus Seeborg (born November 4, 1956) is the chief United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. He formerly served as a United States magistrate judge in the same district.

## Early life and education

Seeborg was born in 1956 in Landstuhl town, Kaiserslautern district, Rhineland-Palatinate state, Germany.
Seeborg received a Bachelor of Arts summa cum laude with a major in history from Yale University in May 1978 and a Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School in 1981.
From 1981 to 1982, Seeborg served as a law clerk to Judge John H. Pratt of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.

## Career

In 1982, Seeborg joined the San Francisco law firm of Morrison & Foerster as an associate. He became a partner with the firm in 1987. In 1991, Seeborg left Morrison & Foerster to become an assistant United States attorney for the Northern District of California in San Jose, California. He served in that post until 1998, when he returned to Morrison & Foerster, working as a partner and focusing on a litigation practice in the fields of securities, intellectual property, and general commercial matters.

### Federal judicial service

On February 9, 2001, Seeborg became a United States magistrate judge for the United States District Court for the Northern District of California.
On August 7, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Seeborg to be a United States district judge on the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. On October 15, 2009, the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary voted to send Seeborg's nomination to the full Senate. The Senate confirmed Seeborg by unanimous consent on December 24, 2009. He received his commission on January 4, 2010. He became chief judge on February 1, 2021, after Phyllis J. Hamilton assumed senior status.

### Notable rulings

* On March 6, 2019, Seeborg ruled that United States Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross could not add a question about citizenship to the 2020 United States Census.
* On April 8, 2019, Seeborg ruled that non-Mexican asylum seekers did not have to stay in Mexico while awaiting their court proceedings.

## Personal

Seeborg resides in San Francisco, California.
# Mark White (footballer, born 1958)

Mark Ivan White (born 26 October 1958) is an English former professional footballer who played as a left back.

## Career

Born in Sheffield, White played for Sheffield United and Reading.
Between March and August 1979, White was one of the Reading back five that kept a clean sheet for 1,103 minutes – a record that stood until broken by Manchester United.
# James Graham Jenkins

James Graham Jenkins (July 18, 1834 – August 6, 1921) was an American lawyer and Judge. He served twelve years as a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, appointed by President Grover Cleveland. Prior to that, he had been a United States district judge for the Eastern District of Wisconsin.

## Education and career

Born on July 18, 1834, in Saratoga Springs, New York, Jenkins read law in 1855. He entered private practice in New York City from 1855 to 1857. He continued private practice in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from 1857 to 1888. He was city attorney of Milwaukee from 1863 to 1867. In 1879, he was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Wisconsin, but was defeated by incumbent William E. Smith.

## Federal judicial service

Jenkins was nominated by President Grover Cleveland on June 19, 1888, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin vacated by Judge Charles E. Dyer. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 2, 1888, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on March 23, 1893, due to his elevation to the Seventh Circuit.
Jenkins was nominated by President Cleveland on March 20, 1893, to a joint seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit and the United States Circuit Courts for the Seventh Circuit vacated by Judge Walter Q. Gresham. He was confirmed by the Senate on March 23, 1893, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on February 23, 1905, due to his retirement.

## Later career and death

Following his retirement from the federal bench, Jenkins resumed private practice in Milwaukee from 1905 to 1908. He was Dean of Marquette University Law School from 1908 to 1913. He died on August 6, 1921, in Milwaukee.

## Electoral history

Wisconsin gubernatorial election, 1879 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| General Election, November 4, 1879 ||||||
| | Republican | William E. Smith (incumbent) | 100,535 | 53.19% | +8.98% |
| | Democratic | James Graham Jenkins | 75,030 | 39.70% | +0.13% |
| | Greenback | Reuben May | 12,996 | 6.88% | −7.84% |
| | | Scattering | 444 | 0.23% | |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | '189,005' | '100.0%' | +6.11% |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |
# George Shiras Jr.

George Shiras Jr. (January 26, 1832 – August 2, 1924) was an American lawyer who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1892 to 1903. At that time of his appointment, he had 37 years of private legal practice but had never judged a case. He is noted for his conservative voting with the majority in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. and in Plessy v. Ferguson.

## Life and career

Shiras was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, January 26, 1832. He attended Ohio University and then graduated from Yale College, Phi Beta Kappa, in 1853. He began law school at Yale Law School, but left before earning a law degree. He finished his training by reading law at a law office, then practiced law in Dubuque, Iowa, from 1855 to 1858, and in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from 1858 to 1892. In Pittsburgh, he became a prominent corporate attorney, and he was noted for his honesty and pragmatism while representing some of the nation's industrial giants.
On July 19, 1892, Shiras was nominated by President Benjamin Harrison as an associate justice, to succeed Joseph P. Bradley. He was recommended for the post by his third cousin, Secretary of State James G. Blaine. Shiras was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 26, 1892, and took the judicial oath of office on October 10, 1892.
Although Shiras sat on the Court for more than 10 years authoring 253 majority decisions and 14 dissents, he is noted for his votes on just two landmark cases, Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895), and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). He sided with the majority in the 5–4 decision in Pollock to strike down the Income Tax Act of 1894 as unconstitutional. Some historians believe Shiras was the pivotal Justice who switched his vote, while other historians suspect that it was either Justice Horace Gray or Justice David Brewer. Regardless, the ruling in Pollock led to the need for a constitutional amendment to impose a federal income tax, and in 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified. Shiras also voted with the 7–1 majority in Plessy v. Ferguson, which upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of separate but equal, and which was effectively overruled in 1954.
Shiras retired from the Supreme Court on February 23, 1903. He died on August 2, 1924, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania a result of a fall followed by pneumonia. He is buried in Allegheny Cemetery in Pittsburgh.
His son, George Shiras III, served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for Pennsylvania.
# Audrey G. Fleissig

Audrey Goldstein Fleissig (née Audrey Ellen Goldstein; born April 14, 1955) is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri. She also is a former United States Attorney.

## Early life and education

Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Fleissig earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1976 from Carleton College and a Juris Doctor in 1980 from Washington University School of Law. During her third year of law school, she worked as a law clerk for Judge Edward Louis Filippine, a judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri.

## Career

From 1980 until 1991, Fleissig worked for a St. Louis law firm, first as an associate (from 1980 until 1989), and then as a partner (from 1989 until 1991). In 1991, Fleissig became an assistant United States attorney in St. Louis, a post she held until being named United States Attorney in 2000. She served as United States Attorney from 2000 until 2001, when she again became an Assistant United States Attorney. Later in 2001, Fleissig became a United States magistrate judge, a position she held until becoming a United States District Judge in 2010.

### Federal judicial service

In February 2009, Fleissig submitted her resume for a federal district court vacancy in St. Louis to United States Senator Claire McCaskill. In August 2009, McCaskill personally interviewed Fleissig. After interviews with representatives of the United States Department of Justice and the White House, Fleissig was nominated on January 20, 2010 to the position by President Obama, to replace Judge E. Richard Webber, who assumed senior status on June 30, 2009. On March 4, 2010, the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary sent Fleissig's nomination to the full Senate. The Senate confirmed Fleissig on June 7, 2010 by a 90–0 vote. She received her commission on June 9, 2010. As of Oct. 1, 2018, she is Chair of the Committee on Court Administration and Case Management (CACM) of the Judicial Conference of the United States, and has continued in that role through at least June 2019. Fleissig assumed senior status on April 14, 2023, her 68th birthday.
# Philip A. Goodwin

Philip Arnold Goodwin (January 20, 1882 – June 6, 1937) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New York.
Goodwin was born in Athens, New York. He was in the steel bridge construction business in Albany, New York from 1902 until 1916. From 1916 until his death he owned and operated a lumber business in Coxsackie, New York. He was elected to Congress in 1932 and represented New York's 27th congressional district from March 4, 1933, until his death in Coxsackie, New York. Goodwin, 65 at the time of his death, had had a heart attack in the course of his campaign for re-election in 1936, and died of a second heart attack at this home in Coxsackie on June 6, 1937.