OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Railway Claims Tribunal

Railway Claims Tribunal is a quasi judicial body formed to determine losses against Indian Railways in case of any natural or unnatural events causings losses to the passenger or freight handled by railways.

## History and objective

Railway Claims Tribunal had been formed to calculate damages or losses against Railway Administration in the event of railway accidents and other natural and unnatural events.

## Composition

Railway Claims Tribunal is headed by chairman. Railway Claims Tribunal comprises two members, one each from Technical and Judicial. Technical member is a retired official of Indian Railways and Judicial member will be from legal background but outside railway services.
Justice (Retd) Kannan, is the chairman of Railways Claims Tribunal. He will serve for a period of five years or on attaining 65 years whichever is earlier.

## Location

Railway Claims Tribunal is located across India.
* Chandigarh
* Delhi (india get)
* Jaipur
* Lucknow
* Gorakhpur
* Allahabad
* Patna
* Guwahati
* Ahmedabad
* Bhopal
* Ranchi
* Kolkata
* Mumbai
* Nagpur
* Bhubaneswar
* Secunderabad
* Amravati
* Bengaluru
* Chennai
* Ernakulum

## Challenges

* Delay in appointment of staff.
# Pierce Lively

Frederick Pierce Lively (August 17, 1921 – March 12, 2016) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.

## Education and career

Born in Louisville, Kentucky, Lively received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Centre College in 1943 and served as a Lieutenant (J.G.) in the United States Naval Reserve during World War II, from 1943 to 1946. He received a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1948, and was a law clerk to Judge Shackelford Miller Jr. of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit from 1948 to 1949. Lively was in private practice in Danville, Kentucky from 1949 to 1972.

## Federal judicial service

On September 12, 1972, Lively was nominated by President Richard Nixon to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit vacated by Judge Henry Luesing Brooks. Lively was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 3, 1972, and received his commission on October 5, 1972. He served as Chief Judge from 1983 to 1988, assuming senior status on January 1, 1989. He stopped hearing cases on December 31, 2007, but remained in senior status until his death on March 12, 2016.
# Florence Paton

Florence Beatrice Paton (née Widdowson; 1 June 1891 – 12 October 1976) was a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom, and a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1945 to 1950.

## Early life

She was born in Taunton, Somerset, where her father was a railway guard. The family moved to Wolverhampton, where she later became a schoolteacher. A Methodist lay preacher, she was initially a Liberal, but joined the Independent Labour Party (ILP) in 1917.

## Electoral history

Under her maiden name of Florence Widdowson, she first stood for Parliament at the Cheltenham by-election in 1928, and at the 1929 general election, she contested the Rushcliffe constituency in Nottinghamshire. After her marriage in 1930 to the future Labour MP John Paton, she stood again in Rushcliffe in 1931. When the ILP split from Labour in 1932, John and Florence Paton stayed with the ILP. They left the following year, and rejoined the Labour Party, but by then the Rushcliffe Constituency Labour Party had selected H. J. Cadogan as its prospective parliamentary candidate. She was reselected as candidate only after Cadogan had been defeated in the 1934 by-election and at the 1935 general election.
She won the Rushcliffe seat at the 1945 general election, but after boundary changes in 1950, she stood at the 1950 general election in the new Carlton constituency. She lost by only 395 votes to the Conservative Party candidate Kenneth Pickthorn, and although she stood again in 1951 and 1955, Pickthorn increased his majority on each occasion.

## In Parliament

At the start of the 1946-47 session of Parliament, she was nominated by the Speaker to the Chairmen's Panel of Members to act as temporary chairmen of committees of the whole House and chairmen of standing committees. During a supply day debate on Scottish civil aviation estimates on 31 May 1948, she became the first woman to preside over the whole House of Commons. She did not, however, sit in the Speaker's Chair.
When the House is in committee, the chairman sits at the table, rather than in the Speaker's Chair; the first woman to occupy the Speaker's Chair was the Conservative Party MP Betty Harvie Anderson (Conservative), on 2 July 1970, who took the Chair during the debate on the Queen's Speech.
In 1947, she was a British delegate to the United Nations.

## After Parliament

From 1955 to 1958, Paton was a member of the Royal Commission on common land.
She died in Wolverhampton on 12 October 1976. Her husband John, who had held his parliamentary seat until 1964, died two months later.
# Tzahi

Tzahi' or Tzachi (Hebrew: צחי) is a Hebrew name. Notable people with the name include:
* Tzahi Elihen
* Tzahi Grad, Israeli actor, screenwriter, and film director
* Tzachi Halevy
* Tzachi Hanegbi
* Tzahi Ilos
* Tzahi "Zack" Weisfeld
* Tzachi Zamir
# Uran Sawada

Uran Sawada (沢田 優蘭, Sawada Uran, born October 24, 1990) is a Japanese para-athlete competing mainly in category F12 long jump and 100 metres events. She holds the Japanese record in both.

## Early life and education

Her parents had noticed that Sawada had poor eyesight since she was six years old, but her eyesight deteriorated rapidly after she entered junior high school, and it was discovered that she had retinitis pigmentosa. After graduating from junior high school, she went on to Tokyo Metropolitan Bunkyo School for the Blind, where she began training in athletics after participating in the Tokyo qualifying round for the National Sports Championships for the Disabled as part of her physical education classes.

## Sporting career

In 2008, Sawada participated in the 2008 Summer Paralympics at the age of 17, the youngest member of the team. Although she was eliminated in the qualifying round for the 100 metres, she placed ninth in the long jump with a record of 4.93 meters, improving her personal best by about 30 centimeters. After graduating from Rikkyo University, she left athletics for a while and got a job at a beverage manufacturer. However, she resumed training after that, and again set the Japanese record at the 2017 Japan Para Athletics Championships (5.03 meters). At the 2018 Beijing Grand Prix, she won the 100m and also broke the Japanese record in the long jump with a jump of 5.70 metres.
In 2021, at the age of 30, Sawada competed in the delayed 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo. She lost in the semifinals of the 100m (T12), but placed 5th in the long jump (T12) with a record of 5.15 meters. In addition, she participated in the new Paralympic event, the Universal Relay, with Kengo Oshima, Yuki Takamatsu, and Tomoki Suzuki, and served as the first runner with guide runner Ryuhei Shiokawa. In the final on September 3, Japan finished 4th in a time of 47.98 seconds, but China, which finished 2nd, was disqualified, so she was promoted to 3rd place and won the bronze medal.
Sawada is ranked 1st in the world in the long jump (T12) and 6th in the world in the 100m (T12) (as of the end of 2018).
On January 31, 2022, Sawada left Mash Holdings Co., Ltd., where she had been affiliated since June 1, 2017, and joined Entry Co., Ltd. on February 1, 2022.
She won bronze medals in the women's long jump (T12) at the 2023 and 2024 World Para Athletics Championships.
# Nightcap (drink)

A nightcap is a drink taken shortly before bedtime. For example, a small alcoholic beverage or glass of warm milk can supposedly promote a good night's sleep.

## Alcoholic nightcaps and sleep

In folk medicine consuming a nightcap is for the purpose of inducing sleep. Alcohol is not recommended by many doctors as a sleep aid because it interferes with sleep quality. But, in low doses, alcohol has sleep-promoting benefits, and some popular sleep medicines include 10% alcohol, although the effects of alcohol upon sleep can wear off somewhat after several nights of consecutive use.
Nightcaps can be neat or mixed. They should not be served chilled or on the rocks, because a nightcap is supposed to induce a feeling of warmth. The hot toddy is usually considered the original nightcap. Other traditional nightcaps include brown liquor like brandy or bourbon, and cream-based liqueurs such as Irish cream. Wine, especially fortified, can also function as a nightcap. Since some nightcaps are made of amaro, a digestif, they are believed to also make settling into bed easier by promoting digestion.

## Non-alcoholic

A nightcap was originally alcoholic, since it warms drinkers and helps them sleep, just like the garment of the same name. However, warm milk is often recommended as a nightcap for inducing sleep, as it contains both tryptophan and calcium. The effectiveness of warm milk for inducing sleep is disputed.
In 1930, Ovaltine was advertised as "the world's best 'night-cap' to ensure sound, natural sleep".
# James L. Oakes

James Lowell Oakes (February 21, 1924 – October 13, 2007) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and previously was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Vermont.

## Education and career

Born on February 21, 1924, in Springfield, Illinois, Oakes received an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1945 from Harvard University and a Bachelor of Laws in 1947 from Harvard Law School. He served as a law clerk for Judge Harrie B. Chase of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit from 1947 to 1948 and from 1949 to 1950. He was in private practice in San Francisco, California from 1948 to 1949. He was in private practice in Brattleboro, Vermont from 1950 to 1966 and from 1969 to 1970. He was a member of the Vermont Senate from 1961 to 1965. He was Attorney General of the State of Vermont from 1967 to 1969.

## Federal judicial service

Oakes was nominated by President Richard Nixon on March 31, 1970, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Vermont vacated by Judge Ernest W. Gibson Jr. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 23, 1970, and received his commission on April 24, 1970. His service terminated on June 5, 1971, due to his elevation to the Second Circuit.
Oakes was nominated by President Nixon on May 3, 1971, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vacated by Judge Sterry R. Waterman. He was confirmed by the Senate on May 20, 1971, and received his commission on May 27, 1971. He served as Chief Judge from 1989 to 1992 and served as a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States for the same period. He assumed senior status on June 30, 1992. His service terminated on October 13, 2007, due to his death in Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts.

## Other service and legacy

Oakes served as a member of the Vermont Law School Board of Trustees from 1976 until 1994. His many incisive opinions helped to shape Vermont's singular role in the development of environmental law, including his ruling in Conservation Society of Southern Vermont v. Volpe (the Route 7 Case) and Southview Associates v. Bongartz (the Deeryard Case).
# Rica Takashima

Rica Takashima (Japanese: 高嶋 リカ, Hepburn: Takashima Rika) is a prolific pop artist and manga artist who has had exhibitions and shows in museums and galleries in New York City and as well as across Japan.

## Art and career

Rica Takashima was born in Shinjuku Tokyo, Japan and lived in Suginami-ward Tokyo. After graduating with a Design Degree from Tokyo University of the Arts, Takashima worked as a stage set artist and a freelance illustrator. In 1994, she founded and launched the avant-garde street art show troupe and studio Aozora Art with using Peekaboo-kun (顔出クンKaodashi-kun), a life-sized sculpture device consisting of a painted piece of board with a cut-out hole for the participants to stick their faces through, on Tokyo's Harajuku Pedestrian Street. Takashima was invited as a guest artist for several pilot art projects in Japan such as: ARCUS PROJECT in 1997, Museum City Project in 1998, Kids Art World Aomori in 2000.
In 1995, Takashima started drawing the semi-autobiographical manga Rica 'tte Kanji!?, which initially ran in Anise, a Japanese magazine for lesbians. Rica 'tte Kanji!? was compiled and released as an English-language graphic novel by ALC Publishing in 2003 and 2012 (as titled TOKYO LOVE Rica ‘tte Kanji!? ), and as an Italian version by RenBooks, Bologna, Italy in 2011. Since 2003, Takashima's four panel Manga strip "GO! NY Journey (進め！NY道 Susume! New York Dou) has appeared in Weekly NY Japion paper (Trend Pot NY LLC). She focused on her family from 2001 to 2011. After Takashima immigrated to the United States, she became a member of International Women's Artists Salon and Women in Comics. Takashima's participatory public art project Aliens in New York has been fiscally sponsored by New York Foundation for the Arts since 2013. Her manga style interactive sculpture El Barrio Comes in All Colors, Shapes and Sizes was set on Randall's Island Park 2015.

## Exhibits

* 2012 "Celebrating Women" Fort Lee Public Library, New Jersey
* 2010 "To Tugaru from New York" Aomori Museum of Art, Japan
* 2009 "Instant Gender" New York, New York
* 2008 "Feeling Much Better Through Manga Art" Secaucus, New Jersey
* 2006 "Who Are You?" Tachikawa City, Japan
* 2005 "Peek-A-Boo Meeting" Suginami City, Japan
* 2004-1996 "Happy New Year in Ema" Various venues, Japan
* 2000 "Who is Miura?" Aomori Museum of Art, Japan
* 2000 "Photos of Aozora Art" Moscow, Russia
* 1999 "Order Made Family" Inokashira Park, Japan
# Rolf Ziegler

Rolf Ziegler (born 17 January 1951 in Stuttgart) is a former athlete who specialized in the 400 metres hurdles. He represented West Germany at the 1972 Munich Olympics and the World University Games, winning in 1975 and coming third in 1977. He competed for the club SKV Egolsheim.

## Biography

He won the silver medal in 4 x 400 metres relay at the 1974 European Championships together with teammates Hermann Köhler, Horst-Rüdiger Schlöske and Karl Honz. Ziegler also competed in the individual 400 metres hurdles contest and finished eighth.
# Chitralada railway station

Chitralada railway station or Suan Chitralada royal railway station (Thai: สถานีรถไฟจิตรลดา, สถานีรถไฟหลวงสวนจิตรลดา) is a railway station in Thailand, located on Sawankhalok Rd, Suan Chitlada Subdistrict, Dusit District, Bangkok.
It is a special railway station that only serves the royal family when traveling by train. It is located on the side of Sawankhalok Rd, opposite the Chitralada Royal Villa, 3.29 km (2 mi) from Hua Lamphong (Bangkok railway station), considered in the middle between Yommarat and Ramathibodi Hospital halts.
Chitralada railway station was originally a wooden building built in the reign of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). Later, in the year 1921, during the reign of King Vajiravudh (Rama VI), the construction of a new station was a single-storey brick building. There is a dome that was built according to the Italian Renaissance architecture to replace the original wooden building.
# Miyabi Tago

Miyabi Tago (田子 雅, Tago Miyabi, born 15 July 1988 in Saitama Prefecture) is a Japanese retired track and field hurdler who specialized in the 400 metres hurdles. She won a gold medal at the 2009 East Asian Games, finished seventh at the 2010 Asian Games and finished fourth at the 2011 Asian Championships.

## Personal bests

| Event | Time (s) | Competition | Venue | Date |
| 400 m hurdles | 49.45 | Osaka Grand Prix | Osaka, Japan | 8 May 2010 |
| 400 m | 54.54 | National University Championships | Tokyo, Japan | 10 September 2010 |

## International competition

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Time (s) |
| Representing Japan ||||||
| 2009 | East Asian Games | Hong Kong, China | 1st | 400 m hurdles | 59.23 |
| 2010 | Asian Games | Guangzhou, China | 7th | 400 m hurdles | 57.35 |
| 2011 | Asian Championships | Kobe, Japan | 4th | 400 m hurdles | 57.35 |
# Toshitaka Tsurumi

Toshitaka Tsurumi (鶴見 聡貴, Tsurumi Toshitaka, born December 22, 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Maruyasu Okazaki.
Tsurumi previously played for Shonan Bellmare in the J2 League.

## Club statistics

| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | Total | Total |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Japan | Japan | Japan | League | League | Emperor's Cup | Emperor's Cup | Total | Total |
| 2005 | Shonan Bellmare | J2 League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2006 | Shonan Bellmare | J2 League | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| 2007 | Shonan Bellmare | J2 League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2007 | Gainare Tottori | Football League | 26 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 28 | 7 |
| 2008 | Gainare Tottori | Football League | 13 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 3 |
| 2009 | Gainare Tottori | Football League | 32 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 11 |
| 2010 | Gainare Tottori | Football League | 10 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 2 |
| 2011 | Gainare Tottori | J2 League | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 |
| 2012 | Gainare Tottori | J2 League | 29 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 30 | 3 |
| 2013 | Gainare Tottori | J2 League | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 |
| 2014 | Nara Club | Regional Leagues | 14 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 17 | 6 |
| 2015 | Nara Club | Football League | | | | | | |
| Total | Total | Total | 156 | 31 | 9 | 1 | 165 | 32 |
# Battle of Charleston (1861)

The Battle of Charleston, also known as the Battle of Bird's Point, was a minor clash in Charleston, Missouri, United States during the American Civil War. On August 19, 1861, Union forces led by Col. Henry Dougherty were able to destroy a Confederate camp. There had been a number of clashes in the Charleston and Bird's Point area for the previous week between pro-Union forces and secession groups.

## Battle

Colonel Dougherty, commanding the 22nd Illinois Infantry and Lieutenant Colonel Ransom of the 11th Illinois, which was stationed at Bird's Point, took 250 men and went by train to Charleston, where a force of Confederate infantry and cavalry belonging to the Missouri state troops was stationed. When near the city the troops were divided into two parties, one commanded by Dougherty and the other by Lieutenant Colonel Hart. About 100 yards from the public square the cavalry, numbering about 200, was drawn up to halt the progress of the Federals. One volley drove them into a cornfield. Dougherty then ordered the men forward at the double-quick to the public square, where the main body of the infantry was encountered. The enemy took shelter behind the houses and poured a heavy fire on the Union troops. In the meantime the cavalry had been rallied and attacked Hart, who faced his men both ways and succeeded in dispersing them. Col. J. H. Hunter, commanding the Confederates, then retreated and was afterward placed under arrest.

### Capture of Fish Lake Camp

Captain R. D. Noleman along with 50 men of the Centralia Cavalry advanced upon Charleston; passed through the streets without any resistance and captured two rebels, who informed the Captain that the forces under Colonel Dougherty had preceded them and had engaged the enemy. They also informed the Captain that there was an encampment of mounted rebels at a point near or upon what is called Fish Lake, 5 miles east of Charleston, and about 2+1⁄2 miles north of the railroad. Taking one of the captured men for a guide, Noleman took up the line of march in the direction indicated. Noleman came upon the enemy's camp, which was situated in a dense wood which surrounded an open space of some eight acres. Day was just breaking and Noleman's men fired some forty shots and the enemy replied. The rebels then laid down their arms and surrendered. Noleman's men took 33 men prisoners, captured 38 horses, and took possession of about the same number of rifles and shotguns, together with accouterments and ammunition.

## Arrest of Colonel Hunter

Colonel Hunter was placed under arrest by Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson, Commanding Missouri State Guard. Thompson, in his report stated "If Colonel Hunter had advanced only far enough to march back to his camp after driving in their pickets, the object and order would have been accomplished; but he reached Charleston at 10 a.m., remained there all day and night, within a few hours' march of an overwhelming force."
# Marshall Senior High School (Minnesota)

Marshall Senior High School is a public high school located in Marshall, Minnesota, United States. The school educates students in grades 9 to 12. This high school received a GreatSchools rating of 7 out of 10 based on the students' test scores. In 2011, the 10th grade reading scores and the 11th grade science scores were both above the state average. However, the 11th grade math scores were 3% below the Minnesota state average.

## Administration

This is the administration as of March 9, 2015.
* Principal: Brian Jones
* Superintendent: Jeremy Williams

## Graduation requirements

In order to earn a diploma, students must pass Writing, Reading, and Math GRAD tests. They must also take the Reading and Math Minnesota Comprehensive Assessments.

## Activities

Marshall Senior High School has a variety of activities that teach the athletes skills such as: teamwork, self-discipline, time-management, and dedication. The school offers fine art activities as well as athletic activities.
The fine art programs are:
* Brennan DeVos Fan Club
* Business Professionals of America (BPA)
* Future Farmers of America (FFA)
* Student Council
* Year Book
* Math Team
* Band (Pep band, Jazz band, and Marching Band)
* Choir (Show choir, Swing choir, and Roaring Twenties)
* One-Act Play
* Musical (Fall)
* Peer Helpers
* Speech
* Youth as Resources
The athletic activities are:
* Basketball (Boys and Girls)-2001, 2002 Girls State Champions 1963 Boys State Champions
* Baseball (Boys)
* Cross Country (Boys and Girls)-2003, 2004 Boys State Champions
* Dance Team (Girls)
* Football (Boys)
* Golf (Boys and Girls)
* Gymnastics (Girls)
* Hockey (Boys and Girls)
* Soccer (Boys and Girls)
* Softball-Fastpitch (Girls)
* Swimming & Diving (Girls, Boys swim with Montevideo Senior High School)
* Tennis (Girls)
* Track (Boys and Girls)
* Volleyball (Girls)-2004, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013 State Champions (https://www.mshsl.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/championship-matches-history-thru-2020.pdf)
* Wrestling (Boys)
The activities have 75% of the student body participating in at least one activity a year. 63% of students who participate are involved in two or more activities. The school has nine Minnesota High School League (MSHSL) Team State Champions and 67 teams compete in MSHSL state tournaments as well as many individuals competing in state tournaments.

## Notable alumni

* Blaise Andries, Minnesota football guard and offensive tackle
* Yahya Black, college football defensive tackle for the Iowa Hawkeyes
* Gordon Forbes, Minnesota lawyer and politician
* Walt Jocketty, Major League Baseball General Manager
* Trey Lance, NFL quarterback for the Dallas Cowboys
* Brandon Swanson, teenager who disappeared on May 14, 2008, and still missing
* Sean Tillman, aka Har Mar Superstar, musician