# 17th century in philosophy

This is a timeline of philosophy in the 17th century.

## Events

* 1600 – Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, poet, alchemist, astronomer, cosmological theorist, and esotericist was burned alive at Campo de' Fiori in Rome after being convicted of heresy.
* 1611 – The first Accademia dei Lincei is founded by Federico Cesi, which holds discussions that reject the traditional Aristotelian framework.
* 1620 – The establishment of Francis Bacon’s scientific method prompts reevaluation of empirical evidence in philosophy.
* 1633 – The Roman Inquisition finds Galileo “vehemently suspect of heresy" after he defended heliocentricism, challenging traditional Aristotelian cosmology.
* 1641 – René Descartes formulates the mind-body problem in his publication, Meditations on First Philosophy.
* 1643 – Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and René Descartes correspond about their differing views on mind, soul, and immortality.
* 1649 – Christina, Queen of Sweden invites René Descartes to educate her in his philosophical views, particularly his insight into Catholicism.
* 1653 – Blaise Pascal has a spiritual vision of fire that convinces him of God's presence, which leads to him dedicating the rest of his life to theological and philosophical interests.
* 1656 – Portuguese-Jewish philosopher Baruch Spinoza is excommunicated from the Portuguese-Jewish community in Amsterdam after questioning rabbinic authority.
* 1660 – The Royal Society in the United Kingdom establishes after 12 natural philosophers at Gresham College decide to commence a "Colledge for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning.”
* 1668 – Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz took up a diplomatic position in Mainz, which exposed him to an extensive range of philosophical thought and would lead to rigorous philosophical production.
* 1670 – Pascal's wager is introduced, causing philosophers to analyze the rationality behind belief in God based on cost-benefit analysis.
* 1687 – Isaac Newton's Principia demonstrates that the universe operates around rational, discoverable laws, supporting the rise of empiricism and rationalism.

## Publications

* Monita Politico-Moralia et Icon Ingeniorum by Andrzej Maksymilian Fredro
* Dissertatio, de Ingenii Muliebris ad Doctrinam, & meliores Litteras Aptitudine by Anna Maria von Shurman
* Quaestiones Quodlibeticae by Arnold Geulincx
* Logica fundamentis suis restituta by Arnold Geulincx
* Methodus inveniendi argumenta by Arnold Geulincx
* De virtute by Arnold Geulincx
* Opera philosophica by Arnold Geulincx
* La logique, ou l'art de penser by Antonie Arnauld and Pierre Nicole
* Grammaire générale et raisonnée by Antonie Arnauld and Claude Lancelot
* Ethics by Baruch Spinoza
* Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione by Baruch Spinoza
* Principia philosophiae cartesianae by Baruch Spinoza
* Tractatus Theologico-Politicus by Baruch Spinoza
* Court Traité Sur Dieu by Baruch Spinoza
* Pensées by Blaise Pascal
* Trois discours sur la condition des grands by Blaise Pascal
* Discours sur les passions de l'amour by Blaise Pascal
* A Cabbalistical Dialogue by Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont
* Discours de Métaphysique by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
* Brevis Demonstratio Erroris Memorabilis Cartesii et Aliorum Circa Legem Naturae by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
* Divine Dialogues by Henry More
* Philosophical Poems by Henry More
* Psychodoia Platonica: or, a Platonicall Song of the Soul by Henry More
* Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica by Issac Newton
* Certamen Philosophicum Propugnatæ Veritatis Divinæ ac Naturalis Adversus J. Bredenburgi Principia by Isaac Orobio de Castro
* Disputatio theologica practica de conscientia by Johannes Clausberg
* Two Treatises of Government by John Locke
* Epistola de tolerantia by John Locke
* An Essay Concerning Human Understanding by John Locke
* Tenure of Kings and Magistrates by John Milton
* An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language by John Wilkins
* The Nature of Bodies by Kenelm Digby
* On the Immortality of Reasonable Souls by Kenelm Digby
* Observations upon Experimental Philosophy by Margaret Cavendish
* Grounds of Natural Philosophy by Margaret Cavendish
* Philosophical Letters by Margaret Cavendish
* Some Reflections Upon Marriage by Mary Astell
* Animadversiones by Pierre Gassendi
* Exercitationes by Pierre Gassendi
* Syntagma philosophicum by Pierre Gassendi
* Dasbodh by Samarth Ramdas
* Les Passions de l'âme by René Descartes
* Discours de la Méthode by René Descartes
* Meditationes de Prima Philosophia by René Descartes
* L’Homme by René Descartes
* Meditationes de Prima Philosophia by René Descartes
* Considérations sur l'état présent de la controverse touchant le T. S. Sacrement de l'autel by Robert Desgabets
* Discours de la communication ou transfusion du sang by Robert Desgabets
* Critique de la critique de la Recherche de la vérité by Robert Desgabets
* Traité de l’indéfectibilité des créatures by Robert Desgabets
* Supplément à la philosophie de M. Descartes by Robert Desgabets
* Guide de la raison naturelle by Robert Desgabets
* Traité de l’union de l’âme et du corps by Robert Desgabets
* De legibus naturae by Richard Cumberland
* Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes
* De Cive by Thomas Hobbes
* De Corpore by Thomas Hobbes
* De Motu, Loco et Tempore by Thomas Hobbes
* The Horae Subsecivae by Thomas Hobbes
* Elementorum Philosophiae Sectio Secunda De Homine by Thomas Hobbes
* Problematica Physica by Thomas Hobbes
* Of Liberty and Necessity by Thomas Hobbes and John Bramhall

## Births

* 1600 – Elizabeth Foxcroft, English theosophist.
* 1601 – Baltasar Gracián, Spanish Jesuit and Baroque prose writer and philosopher.
* 1602 – William Chillingworth, English churchman.
* 1602 – Bartholomew Mastrius, Italian Conventual Franciscan philosopher and theologian.
* 1602 – Athanasius Kircher, German Jesuit scholar and polymath.
* 1603 – Kenelm Digby, English courtier, diplomat, and natural philosopher.
* 1603/04 – Issac Cardoso, Sephardic Jewish physician, philosopher, and polemic writer.
* 1603/04 – Anandghan, Śvetāmbara Jain monk, mystical poet and hymnist.
* 1605 – Thomas Browne, English polymath.
* 1606 – Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri, Indian natural philosopher and astronomer.
* 1607 – Francesco Sforza Pallavicino, Italian cardinal, philosopher, theologian, literary theorist, and church historian.
* 1607 – Anna Maria van Schurman, Dutch painter, engraver, poet, classical scholar, philosopher, and feminist writer.
* 1608 – Samarth Ramdas, Indian Hindu saint, philosopher, poet, writer, and spiritual master.
* 1609 – Kâtip Çelebi, Turkish polymath.
* 1610 – Robert Desgabets, French Cartesian philosopher and Benedictine prior.
* 1610 – Huang Zongxi, Chinese naturalist, political theorist, philosopher, and soldier.
* 1612 – Antoine Arnauld, French Catholic theologian, philosopher, and mathematician.
* 1614 – Henry More, English philosopher.
* 1614 – John Wilkins, English Anglican clergyman, natural philosopher, and author.
* 1614 – Franciscus Mercurius van Helmon, Flemish alchemist and writer.
* 1617 – Ralph Cudworth, English Anglican clergyman, Christian Hebraist, classicist, theologian, and philosopher.
* 1617 – Isaac Orobio de Castro, Portuguese Jewish philosopher, physician, and religious apologist.
* 1617 – Tito Livio Burattini, Italian inventor, architect, Egyptologist, scientist, instrument-maker, traveller, engineer, and nobleman.
* 1618 – Jacques Rohault, French philosopher, physicist, and mathematician.
* 1618 – John Smith, English philosopher, theologian, and educator.
* 1619 – Walter Charleton, English natural philosopher and writer.
* 1619 – Nathaniel Culverwell, English author and theologian.
* 1620 – Claude Frassen, French Franciscan Scotist theologian and philosopher.
* 1620 - François Bernier, French physician and traveller.
* 1622 – Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher.
* 1623 – Margaret Cavendish, English philosopher, poet, scientist, fiction writer, and playwright.
* 1623 – Blaise Pascal, French physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic writer.
* 1623 – William Petty, English economist, physician, scientist, and philosopher.
* 1623 – Arnold Geulincx, Flemish philosopher, metaphysician, and logician.
* 1626 – Géraud de Cordemoy, French philosopher, historian, and lawyer.
* 1626 – Christiaan Huygens, Dutch mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor.
* 1625 – Francesco D'Andrea, Italian jurist and natural philosopher.
* 1627 – Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, alchemist, and inventor.
* 1627 – Hugh Binning, Scottish philosopher and theologian.
* 1627 – Itō Jinsai, Japanese Confucian philosopher.
* 1630 – Pierre Daniel Huet, French churchman, scholar, editor, and Bishop of Soissons.
* 1630 – Kaibara Ekken, Japanese Neo-Confucianist philosopher and botanist.
* 1631 – Richard Cumberland, English philosopher and Bishop of Peterborough.
* 1631 – Ann Conway, English philosopher.
* 1632 – John Locke, English philosopher and physician.
* 1632 – Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher, theologian, author, and political scientist.
* 1632 – Louis de La Forge, French philosopher.
* 1632 – Pierre-Sylvain Régis, French philosopher.
* 1633 – Walda Heywat, Ethiopian philosopher.
* 1634 – Balthasar Bekker, Dutch minister, philosopher, and theologian.
* 1635 – Yan Yuan, Chinese classicist, essayist, and philosopher.
* 1636 – Joseph Glanvill, English philosopher and clergyman.
* 1637/38 – Richard Burthogge, physician, magistrate, and philosopher.
* 1638 – Nicolas Malebranche, French Oratorian Catholic priest and rationalist philosopher.
* 1642 – Isaac Newton, English polymath.
* 1644 – Simon Foucher, French polemic philosopher.
* 1646 – Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Italian philosopher.
* 1647 – Pierre Bayle, French philosopher, author, and lexicographer.
* 1649 – Samuel Bold, English clergyman and controversialist.
* 1649 – Samuel Johnson, English clergyman and political writer.
* 1650 – Michelangelo Fardella, Italian scientist and mathematician.
* 1655 – Christian Thomasius, German jurist and philosopher.
* 1657 – John Norris, English philosopher, theologian, and poet.
* 1657 – Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle, French author and philosopher.
* 1659 – Damaris Cudworth Masham, English writer, philosopher, theologian, and proto-feminist.
* 1659 – William Wollaston, English teacher, priest, scholar, theologian, and philosopher.
* 1661 – René-Joseph de Tournemine, French Jesuit philosopher and theologian.
* 1661 – Claude Buffier, French philosopher, historian, and teacher.
* 1662 – Francesco Bianchini, Italian philosopher and scientist.
* 1663 – Jean-Pierre de Crousaz, Swiss theologian and philosopher.
* 1665 – Ingeborg i Mjärhult, Swedish natural healer, natural philosopher, soothsayer and spiritual visionary.
* 1665 – Richard Bentley, English classical scholar, critic, and theologian.
* 1665 – Peter Browne, Irish Anglican priest.
* 1666 – Ogyū Sorai, Japanese historian, philologist, philosopher, and translator.
* 1666 – Guru Gobind Singh, Sikh Guru, warrior, poet, and philosopher.
* 1668 – Giambattista Vico, Italian philosopher, rhetorician, historian, and jurist.
* 1668 – Tommaso Campailla, Italian philosopher, physician, politician and poet.
* 1670 – Bernard Mandeville, Anglo-Dutch philosopher, political economist, satirist, writer and physician.
* 1671 – Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, English peer, Whig politician, philosopher, and writer.
* 1671 – Luigi Guido Grandi, Italian monk, priest, philosopher, theologian, mathematician, and engineer.
* 1672 – Gershom Carmichael, Scottish philosopher.
* 1675 – Samuel Clarke, English philosopher and Anglican cleric.
* 1675 – Yves Marie André, French Jesuit mathematician, philosopher, and essayist.
* 1676 – Anthony Collins, English philosopher and essayist.
* 1676 – Pietro Giannone, Italian philosopher, historian, and jurist.
* 1677 – Antonio Schinella Conti, Italian writer, translator, mathematician, philosopher, and physicist.
* 1678 – Robert Greene, English philosopher.
* 1679 – Christian Wolff, German philosopher.
* 1679 – Firmin Abauzit, French philosopher.
* 1679 – Catharine Trotter Cockburn, English novelist, dramatist, and philosopher.
* 1679 – Anthony Collins, English philosopher and essayist.
* 1680 – Arthur Collier, English Anglican priest and philosopher.
* 1683 – John Theophilus Desaguliers, French-born English natural philosopher, clergyman, engineer and freemason.
* 1685 – George Berkeley, Anglo-Irish philosopher.
* 1686 – John Balguy, English divine and philosopher.
* 1689 – Montesquieu, French judge, man of letters, historian, and political philosopher.
* 1692 – Joseph Butler, English Anglican bishop, theologian, apologist, and philosopher.
* 1692 – Francesco Maria Zanotti, Italian philosopher and writer.
* 1694 – Francis Hutcheson, Irish philosopher.
* 1694 – Samuel von Pufendorf, German jurist, political philosopher, economist, and historian.
* 1696 – Voltaire, French Enlightenment writer, philosopher, satirist, and historian.
* 1696 – Henry Home, Lord Kames, Scottish writer, philosopher, and judge.
* 1698 – Alberto Radicati, Italian historian, philosopher and free-thinker.
* 1699 – Jacopo Stellini, Italian abbot, polymath writer, and philosopher.

## Deaths

* 1600 – Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, poet, alchemist, astronomer, cosmological theorist, and esotericist.
* 1624/25 – Ahmad Sirhindi, Indian Islamic scholar, Hanafi jurist, and member of the Naqshbandī Sufi order.
* 1635/40 – Mulla Sadra, Persian Twelver Shi'i Islamic mystic, philosopher, theologian, and ‘Ālim.
* 1642 – Galileo Galilei, Italian polymath.
* 1644 – William Chillingworth, English churchman.
* 1649 – Caspar Schoppe, German catholic controversialist and scholar.
* 1651 – Nathaniel Culverwell, English author and theologian.
* 1652 – John Smith, English philosopher, theologian, and educator.
* 1653 – Hugh Binning, Scottish philosopher and theologian.
* 1657 – Kâtip Çelebi, Turkish polymath.
* 1658 – Baltasar Gracián, Spanish Jesuit and Baroque prose writer and philosopher.
* 1662 – Blaise Pascal, French mathematician and philosopher.
* 1665 – Kenelm Digby, English courtier, diplomat and natural philosopher.
* 1665 – Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher.
* 1667 – Francesco Sforza Pallavicino, Italian cardinal, philosopher, theologian, literary theorist, and church historian.
* 1672 – Jacques Rohault, French philosopher, physicist, and mathematician.
* 1672 – John Wilkins, English Anglican clergyman, natural philosopher, and author.
* 1673 – Margaret Cavendish, English philosopher, poet, scientist, fiction writer, and playwright.
* 1675 – Emanuele Tesauro, Italian philosopher, rhetorician, literary theorist, dramatist, Marinist poet, and historian.
* 1677 – Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher.
* 1678 – Anna Maria van Schurman, Dutch painter, engraver, poet, classical scholar, philosopher, and feminist writer.
* 1678 – Robert Desgabets, French Cartesian philosopher and Benedictine prior.
* 1679 – Elizabeth Foxcroft, English theosophist.
* 1679 – Ann Conway, English philosopher.
* 1679 – Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher.
* 1680 – Athanasius Kircher, German Jesuit scholar and polymath.
* 1681 – Tito Livio Burattini, Italian inventor, architect, Egyptologist, scientist, instrument-maker, traveller, engineer, and nobleman.
* 1687 – Thomas Browne, English polymath.
* 1687 – Isaac Orobio de Castro, Portuguese Jewish philosopher, physician, and religious apologist.
* 1687 – Henry More, English philosopher.
* 1687 – William Petty, English economist, physician, scientist, and philosopher.
* 1688 – Ralph Cudworth, English Anglican clergyman, Christian Hebraist, classicist, theologian, and philosopher.
* 1688 – François Bernier, French physician and traveller.
* 1694 – Antoine Arnauld, French Catholic theologian, philosopher, and mathematician.
* 1695 – Huang Zongxi, Chinese naturalist, political theorist, philosopher, and soldier.
* 1696 – Simon Foucher, French polemic philosopher.
* 1698 – Franciscus Mercurius van Helmon, Flemish alchemist and writer.
* 1699 – Edward Stillingfleet, English Christian theologian and scholar.