# John H. Flavell

John Hurley Flavell (born August 9, 1928, in Rockland, Massachusetts) is an American developmental psychologist specializing in children's cognitive development who serves as Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor, Emeritus at Stanford University. A foundational researcher of metacognition and metamemory, he is a member of both the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

## Early life

John Flavell was born to Paul I. and Anne O'Brien Flavell in Rockland, Massachusetts on August 9, 1928. His father, a civil engineer, was unemployed for a time during the Great Depression.

## Education

After graduating from high school in 1945, Flavell joined the United States Army until 1947, reaching the rank of private first class. Following that, he enrolled at Northeastern University, where in 1951 he earned his bachelor's degree in psychology. After graduation, he was admitted into the clinical psychology program at Clark and Harvard Universities; he earned his M.A. degree from Clark in 1952, and in 1955 he earned his Ph.D. At Clark, Flavell was mentored by Heinz Werner.

## Career

From 1955 to 1956, Flavell worked as a clinical psychologist at Fort Lyon V.A. hospital in Colorado. After leaving Fort Lyon, he accepted a position at the University of Rochester, first as a clinical associate and then as an assistant professor of psychology; he was promoted to associate professor in 1960. In 1965, he was invited to become a full professor at the University of Minnesota Institute of Child Development, where he worked as a professor of psychology. He left in 1976 to join Stanford University as a professor. As of 2023, he is a retiree with an emeritus title and holds the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professorship in the School of Humanities and Sciences, Emeritus.
Building off the work of Jean Piaget, Flavell published a book on children's cognitive development, The Developmental Psychology of Jean Piaget, in 1963, noted as the "first major work in English on the research and theories of Piaget," which "marked the start of the modern science of cognitive development." Other milestones in his career include serving as the president of the American Psychological Association's Division of Developmental Psychology in 1970, and as a member of the governing council of the Society for Research in Child Development from 1975 to 1983, of which he was president from 1979 to 1981. He was recognized with an Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions from the American Psychological Society in 1984.

## Research

Flavell is known for his research into metacognition and the child's theory of mind; he is credited for coining the term metacognition, and as the founder of metacognition theory. He has also published widely on children's developing understanding of the distinction between appearance and reality. These studies assessed young children's ability to acknowledge that a given object is really one kind of thing, yet appears to be another kind of thing, or that a given piece of material is really one color, yet appears to be another color under particular circumstances. Flavell and his colleagues have found that whereas most three-year-olds fail these tasks, five-year-olds and older four-year-olds succeed on them. Flavell interprets this developmental difference as suggesting that children acquire the notion of mental representation of reality as distinct from reality itself. The appearance–reality paradigm, along with the false-belief task, is widely used as diagnostic of theory of mind development during early childhood. Flavell's other work has addressed children's developing understanding of perception, perspective-taking, and their introspective insight into their own subjective experiences.