# Qiemo County

Qiemo County (Chinese: 且末县) as the official romanized name, also transliterated from Uyghur as Qarqan County (Uyghur: چەرچەن ناھىيىسى; Chinese: 恰尔羌县), is a county under the administration of the Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, bordering the Tibet Autonomous Region to the south. Its area is 138,645 square kilometers (53,531 sq mi) and, according to the 2002 census, it has a population of 60,000. The county seat is at Qiemo Town.

## Name

   "Qiemo (W-G: Ch'ieh-mo) 且末 = modern Cherchen (Chinese: 车尔臣) or Charchan (Uyghur: Qarqan). There has been uncertainty about this name as Chavannes (1907), p. 156, and then Stein (1921a), Vol. I, 296 ff., gave an incorrect romanization for the first character. Chavannes, using the French EFEO romanization system, gave tsiu, and Stein used the Wade-Giles equivalent, chü. In fact, the character is correctly rendered k'ie in EFEO, ch'ieh in Wade-Giles and qie in pinyin. Nevertheless, there has never been any serious dispute about its identification with modern Cherchen."
It has been suggested that the name "Cherchen" may have been derived from Shanshan, the kingdom that once ruled the area. A number of different names have been used for the town, Lionel Giles has recorded the following names for Ruoqiang Town (with his Wade-Giles forms of the Chinese names converted to pinyin):
    Jumo Han
    Zuomo (左末) Song Yun
    Jumo Jun [Sui]
    Zhemotuona (折摩馱那) Xuanzang
    Boxian Zhen (播仙鎭) [Tang, after A.D. 674]
    Jurjān [Mīrzā Haidar, sixteenth century]
    Charchan [modern name]
It was called Calmadana in Kharosthi documents found in the region.

## History

Several mummies were found in Cherchen including the Cherchen Man.
The modern county is based on the ancient kingdom of Qiemo (且末) mentioned in the Hanshu and the Hou Hanshu. According to the Hanshu, Qiemo/Cherchen had "230 households, 1,610 individuals and 320 persons able to bear arms."
The ancient Qiemo may have been located on the east of the Cherchen (Charchan / Qarqan) river, across from the modern Cherchen. Qiemo became part of Loulan Kingdom after it was under Chinese control during the Han dynasty and renamed Shanshan. Later in 442 CE, after an attack by Juqu Anzhou, King Bilong of Shanshan fled to Qiemo together with half of his countrymen so Shanshan came to be ruled by Qiemo.
The Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang passed through this region in 644 on his return from India to China, visited a town called Nafubo (納縛波, thought to be Charklik) of Krořän (Loulan), and wrote of Ziemo (Qiemo), "A fortress exists, but not a trace of man".
Marco Polo who passed through Cherchen mentioned it as a province with a town of the same name as its chief city. Its inhabitants were described as Muslims.
In August 2014, local authorities in Cherchen County (Qiemo County) announced, "Incentive Measures Encouraging Uighur-Chinese Intermarriage," including a 10,000 CNY (1,450 USD) cash reward per annum for the first five years to such intermarried couples as well as preferential treatment in employment and housing plus free education for the couples, their parents and offspring. County CCP Secretary Zhu Xin remarked:
   Our advocacy of intermarriage is promoting positive energy ... Only by promoting the establishment of a social structure and community environment in which all ethnic groups are embedded in each other ... can we boost the great unity, ethnic fusion and development of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, and finally realize our China dream of great rejuvenation of our Chinese nation

## Geography

From the south to the north, the lands of the county run from the main range of the Kunlun Mountains (which forms the border with the Tibet Autonomous Region) to the middle of the Taklamakan Desert. The southernmost area of the county includes the northern side of part of the Ulugh Muztagh range (the main range of the Kunlun), and a section of the Altyn-Tagh range which runs roughly parallel to the main range of the Kunlun. Most of the county population lives in the northern foothills of the mountains, in the oases watered by snow-fed rivers.
The Qiemo River (Qarqan River) near the town of Ziemo (Qiemo) is frozen for two to three months in the winter. From the foot of the mountains to the oasis of Ziemo (Qiemo), it has a faIl of nearly 4000 feet.

### Climate

Typically for Xinjiang, Qiemo has a harsh cool arid climate (Köppen BWk). It is one of the very driest places in this dry autonomous region, receiving an average of less than 25 millimetres or 1 inch of rainfall equivalent every year. Summer days are hot, although nights are fairly pleasant, whilst winters are chilly although less severe than in more northerly parts of Xinjiang, with average maxima above freezing except in January.
Climate data for Qiemo, elevation 1,247 m (4,091 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2000) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.5 (63.5) | 18.4 (65.1) | 31.1 (88.0) | 36.7 (98.1) | 36.5 (97.7) | 40.0 (104.0) | 41.6 (106.9) | 41.5 (106.7) | 36.6 (97.9) | 33.2 (91.8) | 24.4 (75.9) | 21.5 (70.7) | 41.6 (106.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.5 (31.1) | 6.1 (43.0) | 15.8 (60.4) | 23.7 (74.7) | 28.4 (83.1) | 32.1 (89.8) | 34.0 (93.2) | 32.9 (91.2) | 28.1 (82.6) | 20.3 (68.5) | 10.4 (50.7) | 1.3 (34.3) | 19.4 (66.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −7.6 (18.3) | −1.5 (29.3) | 7.4 (45.3) | 15.3 (59.5) | 20.2 (68.4) | 24.3 (75.7) | 26.2 (79.2) | 24.6 (76.3) | 19.1 (66.4) | 10.4 (50.7) | 1.9 (35.4) | −5.6 (21.9) | 11.2 (52.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −13.6 (7.5) | −8.2 (17.2) | −0.5 (31.1) | 7.0 (44.6) | 12.1 (53.8) | 16.6 (61.9) | 18.6 (65.5) | 16.6 (61.9) | 10.6 (51.1) | 2.1 (35.8) | −4.6 (23.7) | −11.1 (12.0) | 3.8 (38.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.3 (−17.1) | −26.7 (−16.1) | −12.7 (9.1) | −5.2 (22.6) | −0.1 (31.8) | 6.4 (43.5) | 10.9 (51.6) | 6.3 (43.3) | −0.1 (31.8) | −8.3 (17.1) | −16.3 (2.7) | −23.0 (−9.4) | −27.3 (−17.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.9 (0.04) | 0.6 (0.02) | 0.5 (0.02) | 1.2 (0.05) | 3.5 (0.14) | 8.3 (0.33) | 5.6 (0.22) | 2.9 (0.11) | 1.3 (0.05) | 0.4 (0.02) | 0.4 (0.02) | 0.8 (0.03) | 26.4 (1.05) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 13.7 |
| Average snowy days | 4.2 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 3.6 | 9.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 58 | 44 | 30 | 28 | 32 | 38 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 44 | 48 | 59 | 42 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 182.1 | 184.0 | 220.1 | 230.1 | 248.1 | 243.5 | 253.5 | 255.9 | 254.7 | 257.2 | 211.8 | 178.2 | 2,719.2 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 59 | 60 | 59 | 58 | 56 | 55 | 57 | 62 | 70 | 76 | 71 | 61 | 62 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China ||||||||||||||
Climate data for Tazhong Town, elevation 1,099 m (3,606 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) | 17.2 (63.0) | 32.7 (90.9) | 37.0 (98.6) | 38.2 (100.8) | 41.6 (106.9) | 45.6 (114.1) | 42.7 (108.9) | 39.5 (103.1) | 31.9 (89.4) | 24.7 (76.5) | 16.7 (62.1) | 45.6 (114.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) | 7.0 (44.6) | 17.5 (63.5) | 25.6 (78.1) | 30.5 (86.9) | 34.3 (93.7) | 36.3 (97.3) | 35.5 (95.9) | 30.4 (86.7) | 22.2 (72.0) | 11.0 (51.8) | 1.3 (34.3) | 20.9 (69.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.0 (14.0) | −2.5 (27.5) | 8.0 (46.4) | 16.5 (61.7) | 21.9 (71.4) | 26.3 (79.3) | 28.3 (82.9) | 27.3 (81.1) | 21.3 (70.3) | 11.4 (52.5) | 0.2 (32.4) | −8.5 (16.7) | 11.7 (53.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −18.3 (−0.9) | −11.9 (10.6) | −2.0 (28.4) | 6.9 (44.4) | 12.7 (54.9) | 17.8 (64.0) | 20.0 (68.0) | 18.7 (65.7) | 11.7 (53.1) | 1.1 (34.0) | −8.6 (16.5) | −16.2 (2.8) | 2.7 (36.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −32.6 (−26.7) | −32.7 (−26.9) | −12.3 (9.9) | −8.3 (17.1) | 1.2 (34.2) | 7.2 (45.0) | 11.1 (52.0) | 6.8 (44.2) | 0.6 (33.1) | −8.4 (16.9) | −18.0 (−0.4) | −24.7 (−12.5) | −32.7 (−26.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.5 (0.02) | 0.4 (0.02) | 0.2 (0.01) | 0.7 (0.03) | 3.7 (0.15) | 9.8 (0.39) | 5.4 (0.21) | 3.5 (0.14) | 0.7 (0.03) | 0.7 (0.03) | 0.1 (0.00) | 0.1 (0.00) | 25.8 (1.03) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 14.2 |
| Average snowy days | 2.7 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 2.8 | 6.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 55 | 40 | 23 | 20 | 24 | 29 | 30 | 28 | 29 | 34 | 45 | 56 | 34 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 188.5 | 191.2 | 220.7 | 222.0 | 251.4 | 240.6 | 246.8 | 246.3 | 253.9 | 262.7 | 216.9 | 184.1 | 2,725.1 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 62 | 62 | 59 | 55 | 56 | 54 | 55 | 59 | 69 | 78 | 73 | 63 | 62 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||

## Administrative divisions

Qiemo (Qarqan) County includes 6 towns and 7 townships:
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Uyghur (UEY) | Uyghur Latin (ULY) | Administrative division code | Notes |
| Towns |||||||||
| Qiemo Town (Qarqan) | 且末镇 | Qiěmò Zhèn | چەرچەن بازىرى | cherchen baziri | 652825100 | |
| Oyyaylak Town | 奥依亚依拉克镇 | Àoyīyàyīlākè Zhèn | ئوييايلاق بازىرى | Oyyaylaq baziri | 652825101 | formerly Oyyaylak Township (奥依亚依拉克乡) |
| Tatirang Town | 塔提让镇 | Tǎtíràng Zhèn | تاتىراڭ بازىرى | tatirang baziri | 652825102 | formerly Tatirang Township (塔提让乡) |
| Tazhong Town (Tarim Ottura Town) | 塔中镇 | Tǎzhōng Zhèn | تارىم ئوتتۇرا بازىرى | tarim Ottura baziri | 652825103 | |
| Aqqan Town (Aqiang, A-ch'iang) | 阿羌镇 | Āqiāng Zhèn | ئاچچان بازىرى | Achchan baziri | 652825104 | formerly Aqqan Township (阿羌乡) |
| Aral Town | 阿热勒镇 | Ārèlè Zhèn | ئارال بازىرى | Aral baziri | 652825105 | formerly Aral Township (阿热勒乡) |
| Townships |||||||||
| Qongkol Township | 琼库勒乡 | Qiōngkùlè Xiāng | چوڭكۆل يېزىسى | chongköl yëzisi | 652825201 | |
| Tograklik Township | 托格拉克勒克乡 | Tuōgélākè Xiāng | توغراقلىق يېزىسى | toghraqliq yëzisi | 652825202 | |
| Bagerik Township | 巴格艾日克乡 | Bāgé'àirìkè Xiāng | باغئېرىق يېزىسى | bagh'ëriq yëzisi | 652825203 | |
| Yengiostang Township | 英吾斯塘乡 | Yīngwúsītáng Xiāng | يېڭىئۆستەڭ يېزىسى | yëngi'östeng yëzisi | 652825204 | |
| Aktikandong Township | 阿克提坎墩乡 | Ākètíkǎndūn Xiāng | ئاق تېكەندۆڭ يېزىسى | Aq tëkendöng yëzisi | 652825205 | |
| Koxsatma Township | 阔什萨特玛乡 | Kuòshísàtèmǎ Xiāng | قوشساتما يېزىسى | qoshsatma yëzisi | 652825206 | |
| Koramlik Township | 库拉木勒克乡 | Kùlāmùlèkè Xiāng | قوراملىق يېزىسى | qoramliq yëzisi | 652825209 | |

## Economy

The economy of the county is primarily based on agriculture and animal husbandry. Agricultural products of the county include wheat, corn, cotton and rapeseed. Lynx and fox hunting in the county produces valuable animal skins. Mining in the county includes coal, jade and asbestos. Industries in the county include mining, leather making, and grain and oil processing.

## Demographics

As of 2015, 50,754 (73.06%) of the 69,464 residents of the county were Uyghur, 18,365 (26.44%) were Han Chinese and 345 were from other ethnic groups.
As of 1999, 77.5% of the population of the county was Uyghur and 22.31% of the population was Han Chinese.
The proportion of nationalities in Qiemo (Qarqan) County, 2018
Nationality
Percentage
Uyghurs
72.9%
Han People
26.6%
Hui People
0.2%
Others
0.3%
Source of the population statistics : :

## Transportation

* Qiemo Yudu Airport
* China National Highway 315
* Qiemo railway station on Hotan–Ruoqiang railway

## Notable persons

* Mihrigul Tursun, Xinjiang re-education camp detainee
* Cherchen Man, one of the Tarim mummies

## Historical maps

* Map of Qiemo (labeled as Ch'ieh-mo) and surrounding area (1975)
* Map including Qiemo (labeled as QIEMO (CH'IEH-MO)) and surrounding region (DMA, 1980)
* Map including Qarqan (labeled as CH'IEH-MO (CHERCHEN) (CH'E-ERH-CH'ENG)) (USATC, 1971)