OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Limit price

A limit price (or limit pricing) is a price, or pricing strategy, where products are sold by a supplier at a price low enough to make it unprofitable for other players to enter the market.
It is used by monopolists to discourage entry into a market, and is illegal in many countries. The quantity produced by the incumbent firm to act as a deterrent to entry is usually larger than would be optimal for a monopolist, but might still produce higher economic profits than would be earned under perfect competition.
The problem with limit pricing as strategic behavior is that once the entrant has entered the market, the quantity used as a threat to deter entry is no longer the incumbent firm's best response. This means that for limit pricing to be an effective deterrent to entry, the threat must in some way be made credible. A way to achieve this is for the incumbent firm to constrain itself to produce a certain quantity whether entry occurs or not. An example of this would be if the firm signed a union contract to employ a certain (high) level of labor for a long period of time. Another example is to build excess production capacity as a commitment device.
Due to the often ambiguous nature of cost in production, it may be relatively easy for a firm to avoid legal difficulties when undertaking such action. Due to this ambiguous nature, limit pricing may well be a commonly used strategy even in modern economies. However, it is often very hard to regulate, since limit pricing is often synonymous with a market monopoly. When a monopoly exists, it becomes very difficult to compare alternative prices with other, similar firms to confirm claims that limit pricing may be occurring.

## Simple example

In a simple case, suppose industry demand for good X at market price P is given by:
Suppose there are two potential producers of good X, Firm A, and Firm B. Firm A has no fixed costs and constant marginal cost equal to $c>0$. Firm B also has no fixed costs, and has constant marginal cost equal to $gc$, where $g>1$ (so that Firm B's marginal cost is greater than Firm A's).
Suppose Firm A acts as a monopolist. The profit-maximizing monopoly price charged by Firm A is then:
Since Firm B will never sell below its marginal cost, as long as $p^{M}\leq gc$, Firm B will not enter the market when Firm A charges $p^{M}$. That is, the market for good X is an effective monopoly if:
Suppose, on the contrary, that:
In this case, if Firm A charges $p^{M}$, Firm B has an incentive to enter the market, since it can sell a positive quantity of good X at a price above its marginal cost, and therefore make positive profits. In order to prevent Firm B from having an incentive to enter the market, Firm A must set its price no greater than $gc$. To maximize its profits subject to this constraint, Firm A sets price $p^{L}=gc$ (the limit price).
# Smart Work

Smart Work is a 1931 American comedy film directed by Fatty Arbuckle and starring Billy Dooley and Addie McPhail.

## Cast

* Billy Dooley
* Addie McPhail
# Cheektowaga Central High School

Cheektowaga Central High School is a high school in Cheektowaga, New York located at 3600 Union Road and serves grades 9 through 12. The current principal is Karin Cyganovich and the current assistant principals are Mr. Micah Hanford and Mr. Joshua Strzelec. It is part of the Cheektowaga Central School District.

## History

Cheektowaga Central High School opened on September 7, 1960 and was dedicated on April 23, 1961.
# Heather Heart

Heather Lotruglio (born 1971), better known as Heather Heart, is an American (New York) based Techno DJ.
In 1991, her zine called Under One Sky laid the foundation for a network of techno music fans across the US. In 1992, she began DJing, especially at the Storm raves. In 1995, she co-founded Groove records, the first techno record store in the United States.

## Life and musical career

Heather Heart was born in Brooklyn and grew up in the New York City area and started clubbing at the beginning of the underground dance music explosion influenced by the UK's "summer of love."
In 1990 Heart, along with Frankie Bones and his brother, fellow DJ Adam X, co-founded the first all-techno record store, Groove Record Shop, in Brooklyn. Shortly afterwards, Heart began an underground techno music zine Under One Sky (Archived PDF from 1992 available here ), founded in 1991, which created a forum wherein the US and global dance music undergrounds could share ideas and, increasingly cultural and spiritual messages. This work drew together fans, DJs, and producers within and across the US and helped create a flourishing music scene. In 1992 Heart began Djing, first under the name "Heather Heather," later changing it to Heather Heart. She became famous especially for djing the Storm Raves founded by fellow DJ Frankie Bones. The three have been called "The forefathers (and foremother) of New York techno." In 1995 they moved the store to Manhattan, and renamed it Sonic Groove. This became the center of the underground techno scene and a fixture in dance music, where Heart was a crucial, friendly and knowledgeable presence. About that time X and Heart began to throw their own parties under the name Mental.
These venues and parties were the backbone of the New York underground music scene, as well as becoming "the model for every city with an underground dance scene." In 1999, Heart was featured in the movie "Better Living Through Circuitry" about the US rave scene. In 2015, she was listed in Mixmag's "20 Women who shaped the History of Dance Music."

## Discography

* 1994 (as X-Heart, with Adam X) "Analogistic Warrior" Magnetic North
* 1997 "Blizzard" (on V/A Define The Sonic Groove) Sonic Groove
* 1995 (as X-Heart) "Solo siren" Communique Records
* 1998 (DJ Mix) "Eastbound Underground 01 (The Future Sound Of Sonic Groove 98)" Sonic Groove
# MTs 8

The MTs 8 (МЦ 8) is a Soviet double-barreled high-quality custom skeet shotgun.

## History

MTs 8 was designed in 1953 and produced by TsKIB SOO.
These shotguns were used by Soviet teams in shooting competitions (incl. ISSF World Shooting Championships and Olympic Games).
In October 1962, at the 38th World Shooting Championships in Cairo, Soviet shooter N. D. Durnev, armed with MTs 8 shotgun, set an absolute world record, hitting 200 of 200 targets.
In September 1981, the price of one standard MTs 8 shotgun (without second pair of barrels) was about 700 roubles.

## Design

MTs 8 is an over and under hammerless smoothbore 12 gauge shotgun, with one barrel above the other.
It is equipped with safety mechanism and ejector.
All guns have a walnut shoulder stock (with or without cheekpiece) and fore-end, some of them were decorated with engravings.

## Variants

* MTs 8-0 (МЦ 8-0) - test prototype
* MTs 8-1 (МЦ 8-1) - first model, a skeet shotgun with 750mm barrels
* MTs 8-2 (МЦ 8-2) - second model, with different trigger mechanism
* MTs 8-3 (МЦ 8-3) - third model, MTs 8-1 with second pair of 675mm barrels
* MTs 8-4 (МЦ 8-4) - MTs 8-2 with second pair of 675mm barrels
At least several MTs 8 shotguns were equipped with third pair of barrels (20/70mm R).

## Museum exhibits

* MTs 8 shotgun is in collection of Tula State Arms Museum in Tula Kremlin
# International Studies Learning Center

International Studies Learning Center (ISLC) is a "span school", meaning a combined junior and senior high school covering grades 6–12, in the Los Angeles Unified School District. A WASC accredited school, ISLC is part of the Asia Society International Studies Schools Network. It is also partnered with Foundation for California Community Colleges, Los Angeles Southwest College, and Los Angeles Trade–Technical College.
Its high school community is currently located in the Legacy High School Complex alongside VAPA and STEAM high schools in Legacy High School Complex. (Opened in 2011) The middle school relocated to the newly built middle school across from the high school. (Opened in 2019).

## History

ISLC High school was housed inside of South East High School portion of the South East Complex. ISLC Middle school was also housed in the South East Middle School portion of the South East Complex completed in October 2005 on a 57.45-acre (232,500 m$^2$) plot of land on the site of the old General Motors plant in South Gate, California. The high school has since been relocated to Legacy High School Complex in 2011 and the middle school joined the high school in 2019, with the completion of the International Studies Middle School building across the street from the high school complex.
# Ralph McCubbin Howell

Ralph McCubbin Howell is a Wellington-based New Zealand playwright and actor. Howell was the recipient of the 2014 Bruce Mason Playwriting Award. His work The Devil's Half Acre was commissioned and produced by the 2016 New Zealand International Festival of the Arts.
Howells has a BA (Honours) in Theatre & English at Victoria University of Wellington. He also trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School (UK).
Howell often performs as an actor in his own work, with roles in many initial productions of his plays including The Bookbinder, The Devil's Half Acre, The Road That Wasn't There, Broken River, and The Engine room.
Howell is the co-director along with Hannah Smith of the theatre company Trick of the Light. Their play The Road That Wasn't There won Howell an Outstanding New NZ Play in 2013 and Smith the Most Promising Director at the Wellington Theatre Awards (2023).

## Awards

* 2014 – Bruce Mason Playwriting Award.
* 2014 – The BookBinder: Best Theatre; Best in the Fringe; Tiki Tour Ready Award – New Zealand Fringe Festival
* 2013 – The Road That Wasn't There: Outstanding New NZ Play
* 2013 – Production of the Year – Chapman Tripp Theatre Awards Auckland Arts Festival Award – Auckland Fringe Festival 2013
* 2011 – Outstanding new New Zealand Playwright of the Year – Chapman Tripp Theatre Awards 2011
# Abernethy (charity)

Abernethy, formerly known as the Abernethy Trust (founded in 1971) is a non-profit organization. It runs four outdoor activities centres and a bunkhouse in Scotland, providing outdoor instruction and residential facilities.

## History

Abernethy was established in 1971 when the Walker family donated their 30-acre (120,000 m$^2$) estate and buildings at Nethybridge. 10 years later Mary Currie, owner of the Hamilton Arms Hotel on the Isle of Arran, gave her property to be used as a Christian Centre resulting in the birth of the Arran Outdoor Centre. In 1984 Brae Lodge at Loch Tay from Mr and Mrs Barratt was accepted as part of the facilities, which ran under the Abernethy banner as the Ardeonaig Outdoor Centre. The fourth centre to come under Abernethy was the Ardgour Outdoor Centre on the Kilmalieu Estate, across the loch from Fort William. In 1997 this centre became the home of the Abernethy Trust School of Adventure Leadership. The last centre to be added to the Abernethy Trust was Barcaple Outdoor Centre, in 1996. This centre was already operating as a Christian outdoor centre, but Barcaple approached Abernethy asking if they could merge their ministry in Dumfries and Galloway with that of Abernethy. This officially happened on 1 January 2001. Around the same time Arran Centre was sold off. Abernethy was also gifted Glen Kin outdoor centre in Argyll which was later sold in 2020.

## About Abernethy

The four Abernethy adventure centres are located at:
* Nethybridge, a forest village in Inverness-shire, close to Loch Morlich and the River Spey
* Ardeonaig, set on the South bank of Loch Tay in Highland Perthshire.
* Ardgour, situated on the shores of Loch Linnhe
* Barcaple, situated on the edge of the Southern Uplands between the Solway coast and the Galloway hills
The former site, Glen Kin, was located near Dunoon.
# Shea Backus

Shea Backus (born 1975) is an American politician and attorney serving as a member of the Nevada Assembly from the 37th district.

## Early life

Backus was born in 1975 in Las Vegas, Nevada, a third generation Nevadan. After graduating from Ed W. Clark High School in 1993, Backus earned a B.S. in management science from the University of California, San Diego in 1998 and both a Juris Doctor and Indian Law Certificate from the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University in 2003.

## Career

Backus has been a member of the State Bar of Nevada since 2003. In 2018, Backus was elected to the Nevada Assembly, representing the 37th district.

## Personal life

Backus is married to Marc McDermont.
# Claverton Down

Claverton Down is a suburb on the south-east hilltop edge of Bath, Somerset, England. It is linked to the Bathwick area of the city by Bathwick Hill.
Primarily a rural area with relatively few houses, it is home to the University of Bath, the headquarters of Wessex Water and a private golf course, the Bath Golf Course.
The American Museum is based at Claverton Manor, below Claverton Down on the road to the village of Claverton. Claverton Manor was designed by Jeffry Wyattville and built in the 1820s, and is a Grade I listed building.
Claverton Down was the location of an isolation hospital, constructed in 1876. It consisted of a number of temporary wooden ward blocks and two "fever tents." Permanent buildings were erected in 1931-34. In 1950, at the age of 13, food writer and cook Mary Berry contracted polio and spent three months at the hospital.
# Heather Knight (journalist)

Heather Knight is an American journalist. She worked for the San Francisco Chronicle for over two decades, before starting as The New York Times San Francisco bureau chief in September 2023.

## Career

Knight began working at the San Francisco Chronicle in 1999 as an intern. She was then hired as a general assignment reporter, and later covered San Francisco Unified School District before being assigned to City Hall. She was named city columnist in 2017, replacing C.W. Nevius. While at the SF Chronicle, Knight's reporting covered local politics and issues such as homelessness, the housing crisis, and fentanyl. She also hosts the TotalSF podcast with Peter Hartlaub.
At the 2022 California Journalism Awards, Knight won first place for her columns, and her feature story with photographer Gabrielle Lurie about a woman's struggle to get help for her fentanyl-addicted daughter won the best print feature. Later that year, she won a Scripps Howard Award for Excellence in Opinion Writing.
In October 2022, Knight broke the story of the $1.7 million budget approved by assemblymember Matt Haney for a single Noe Valley public toilet. Knight's reporting led to California governor Gavin Newsom withholding the funds, and the project was eventually replaced with a cheaper option.
In July 2023, it was announced that she would be starting as the San Francisco bureau chief for The New York Times in September 2023, replacing Thomas Fuller.
# Dan Ignat

Dan Gelu Ignat (born 14 July 1986), commonly known as Dan Ignat, is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a defender for teams such as FC Drobeta, Farul Constanța, Dacia Unirea Brăila, Al-Ramtha or Vllaznia Shkodër, among others.

## Club career
### Romania

He began his professional career in 2007 in his hometown, Drobeta-Turnu Severin. In the season207-2008 he played 20 games. Next season 2008-2009 he scored 2 goals in 26 games, one on 20 September 2008 in a 1–1 draw against CSM Râmnicu Vâlcea and another on 26 April 2009 in a 2–1 win over ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș.
In January 2010, he moved to Constanța where he signed a contract with SSC Farul Constanța.
In August 2010, he signed a contract with FC Viitorul Constanța. He made his debut for the club on 18 September 2010 in a 2–2 draw against CSM Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț He also made an appearance in the 2010–11 Cupa României on 22 September 2010 in a 3–2 loss against CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu in the Round of 32.
He later moved to Brăila where he signed a six-month contract with ACS Dacia Unirea Brăila on 15 January 2011. He made his debut for the club on 5 March 2011 in a 3–1 loss against AFC Săgeata Năvodari and scored his first and only goal on 1 June 2011 in a 3–2 win over his former club, Farul Constanța.
Afterwards he transferred to Slatina where he signed a short term contract with ACS Inter Olt Slatina on 1 August 2011. He made his debut for the club on 20 August 2011 in a 2–1 loss against FC Olt Scornicești.
In January 2012 he returned to Drobeta-Turnu Severin and signed a short term contract of 6 months with CS Turnu Severin
In July 2012 he returns to Brăila and signed a two-year contract with his former club, ACS Dacia Unirea Brăila. He made his first appearance in the on 1 September 2012 in a 4–2 win over Chindia Târgoviște. In the season 2013–14, he made his first appearance on 7 September 2013 2–2 draw against CS Municipal Unirea Slobozia.

### Jordan

On 24 July 2014 he signed his first contract abroad with Al Ramtha club from Jordan playing 18 games in the championship scored 1 goal and playing another 6 games in the Jordan Cup.

### Oman

In July 2015 he signs in Oman with Sohar Club for a period of 6 months.

### Jordan

In January 2016 he returns to Jordan and signs with That Ras Club.

### India

On 3 January 2017, he signed a six-month contract with I-League side Shillong Lajong FC. He made his I-League debut on 7 January 2017 in a 3–0 loss against defending champions and 2016 AFC Cup finalists, Bengaluru FC.

### Jordan

In August 2017 he returns again to Jordan signing with Mansheyat Bani Hasan a contract for 1 year and plays 21 games.

### Albania

In August 2018 he returns to Europe and signs with KF Vllaznia Shkodër in Albania.

## Honours

Shillong Lajong
* Shillong Premier League: 2016
# John Edward Jones (Welsh politician)

John Edward Jones (10 December 1905 – 30 May 1970), known as J. E. Jones, was a Welsh political organiser.
Born in Melin-y-Wîg near Corwen in Denbighshire, Jones studied at Bala Grammar School and the University College of Wales, Bangor. There, he was elected leader of the Students' union, and conducted a successful campaign to have Welsh made an official language there, alongside English.
Jones was active in Y Tair G, which in 1925 became a component of the new Plaid Cymru. In 1928, he became a teacher in London, and he founded a successful branch of Plaid there; as a result, in 1930, he was appointed General Secretary of the party and returned to Wales. In this role, he was responsible for organising party conferences and rallies, and supporting local branches.
Jones only stood for election once – at the 1950 general election in Caernarfon, but was publicly best known for putting together party press releases, and also for his broadcasting on the topic of gardening. He stood down in 1962, becoming an official adviser to the party.
While campaigning in the 1970 general election, Jones was killed in a car accident.
# Here (Cal Tjader album)

Here is a live album by vibraphonist Cal Tjader which was recorded in 1977 and released on the Galaxy label in 1979.
Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |

## Track listing

* "Tu Crees Que?" (Mongo Santamaria) – 6:00
* "Liz Anne" (Cal Tjader) – 6:41
* "Morning" (Clare Fischer) – 7:41
* "Here" (David Mckay) – 8:14
* "If" (David Gates) – 4:45
* "Gary's Theme" (Gary McFarland) – 7:20

## Personnel

* Cal Tjader – vibraphone, timbales
* Clare Fischer – electric piano
* Bob Redfield – electric guitar
* Rob Fisher – bass, electric bass
* Pete Riso – drums
* Poncho Sanchez – congas, bongos
# Tony Rey

Tony "Bruno" Rey is an American guitarist, writer, producer and arranger who has worked with bands including Saraya, the Mike Pont Band, Danger Danger, Billy Joel, Janet Jackson, Enrique Iglesias, Joan Jett & the Black Hearts, Kathie Lee, Taylor Dayne, Anastacia and Rihanna.
In Danger Danger, he replaced guitarist Al Pitrelli and was replaced by guitarist Andy Timmons. He played almost all of the guitar work on Danger Danger's self-titled album, with his replacement Andy Timmons playing the rest.
Rey started with Iglesias in 1999 and is the guitarist and musical director. He is responsible for all facets of Iglesias' live shows, TV shows, and award shows. Rey also writes and produces for Iglesias. One song he co-wrote was "Roamer" from Iglesias' album, 7. Rey also provided guitar and background vocals on Janet Jackson's single "Just a Little While".

## Discography
### 1980s

Writing songs with Aldo Nova
* Saraya (1989)
* Danger Danger (1989)

### 1990s

* When the Blackbird Sings, Saraya (1991)
* Scepter Records Story (1992)
* Flashback, Joan Jett (1993)
* Pure and Simple, Joan Jett (1994)
* Tank Girl Soundtrack (1995)-Vocals
* Living the Nightlife (1995)-Producer
* Biggest Man, Tommy Hunt (1997)-Producer
* We Will Fall: The Iggy Pop Tribute (1997)-Producer, Guitar
* New York Soul Serenade (1997)-Producer
* Under Cover, Joe Lynn Turner (1997)-Vocals(Background)
* Naked Without You, Taylor Dayne (1997)-Guitar(electric)
* Four the Hard Way, Danger Danger (1997) -Producer, Guitar
* Hurry Up & Wait, Joe Lynn Turner (1998)-Soloist, Guitar
* Where the Girls are, Vol 2 (1999)-Producer
* Under Cover, Vol 2 Joe Lynn Turner (1999)-Guitar

### 2000s

* The Return of the Great Gildersleeves, Danger Danger (2000) - Guitar
* Heart of a Woman, Kathie Lee (2000)-Guitar
* Chansons des Perverts (2001)-Performer
* Naked Without You[Bonus Tracks], Taylor Dayne (2001)-Guitar(electric)
* Leap of Faith, David Charvet (2002)-Guitar
* Walk to Remember Soundtrack (2002)-Producer
* Walk to Remember[Bonus Tracks] (2003)-Producer
* Jett Rock: Greatest Hits, Joan Jett (2003)-Arranger
* 7, Enrique Iglesias (2003)-Producer, Vocal Arranger, Guitar (Acoustic/Electric)
* 7 [bonus tracks], Enrique Iglesias (2003)-Producer
* Damita Jo, Janet Jackson (2004)-Guitar
* Girl Group Sounds: One Kiss Can Lead to (2005)-Producer
* Sinner, Joan Jett (2006)-Engineer

## TV appearances

| Date | Program | Notes 2000 Howard Stern Show with Enrique Iglesias |
| February 10, 2008 | 50th Grammy Awards | Introduced by Rihanna on Red Carpet and shown sitting with Enrique Iglesias |
| February 6, 2008 | The Tonight Show with Jay Leno | As Enrique Iglesias' guitarist |
# Senim Silla

Ross Rowe, known professionally as Senim Silla ("all is mines" spelled backwards), is a hip hop artist from Pontiac, Michigan, best known as one of the two MCs in rap duo Binary Star, along with One Be Lo.
Senim Silla co-hosted the Foreally Show with lifelong friend and Shade 45 DJ Rude Jude.
As of March 2014, Senim Silla is retired from music.

## Discography
### Binary Star

* Waterworld (1999)
* Masters of the Universe (2000)
* Binary Star EP (2013)

### Solo

* The Name, The Motto, The Outcome (2007)
# Donda (disambiguation)

Donda is a 2021 album by Kanye West.
Donda may also refer to:

## People

* Donda West (1949–2007), teacher and the mother of Kanye West
* Mariano Donda (born 1982), Argentine footballer
* Victoria Donda (born 1977), Argentine human rights activist and legislator
* Professor A. Dońda, a fictional scientist made by Polish science fiction writer Stanisław Lem

## Other

* Donda (company), founded by Kanye West in 2012
* Donda 2, an album released exclusively on the Stem Player by Kanye West, 2022
* Donda (moth), a genus of moths of the family Erebidae
* "Donda Chant", a song by Kanye West, 2021
* Donda Academy, founded by Kanye West in 2022
# Bún thịt nướng

Bún thịt nướng (Vietnamese:, 'rice noodles [with] grilled meat'), which originated from Southern Vietnam, is a popular Vietnamese dish of cold rice vermicelli topped with grilled pork, fresh herbs like basil and mint, fresh salad, giá (bean sprouts), and chả giò (spring rolls). The dish is dressed in nước mam fish sauce (nước chấm). The dish is topped with roasted peanuts, Vietnamese pickled carrots, nem nướng̣ (grilled garlic pork sausage) or grilled prawns. Bún thịt nướng is popular in all regions of Vietnam, alongside Hanoi's bún chả.

## Varieties

* Bún nước lèo (vegetarian, using tofu in place of meat)
* Bún thịt nướng bò (rice noodles with grilled beef)
* Bún thịt nướng tôm (with grilled prawns)
* Bún thịt nướng chả giò (with egg rolls)
* Bún thịt nướng Đà Nẵng (Da Nang style)