OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Carl L. Rasch

Carl L. Rasch (May 8, 1866 – February 2, 1961) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Montana.

## Education and career

Born in Schleswig-Holstein, German Confederation, Rasch received a Bachelor of Philosophy degree from Cornell College in Mount Vernon, Iowa, in 1889 and a Bachelor of Laws from Chicago College of Law (now Chicago-Kent College of Law) in 1890. He was in private practice in Helena, Montana starting in 1891. He was the United States Attorney for the District of Montana from 1902 to 1908.

## Federal judicial service

On April 26, 1910, Rasch was nominated by President William Howard Taft to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Montana vacated by Judge William Henry Hunt. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 2, 1910, and received his commission the same day. Rasch served in that capacity for less than 18 months, resigning on October 15, 1911.

## Later career and death

Rasch returned to private practice in Helena from 1911 until his death, and from 1933 to 1938 was general counsel to the Western Life Insurance Company. He died on February 2, 1961, in Helena.
# Combretum constrictum

Combretum constrictum is a flowering tree species endemic to tropical Africa, within Afrotropic ecoregions.
Countries it is native to include: Kenya; Tanzania, Somalia, Mozambique, and Nigeria.
# Rose Graham (historian)

Rose Graham CBE FSA FRHistS (16 August 1875 – 29 July 1963) was a British religious historian.

## Life

Graham was born in London in 1875 to W. Edgar Graham and Jane (née Newton). She was educated at Notting Hill High School and Somerville College, Oxford.
After graduating, Graham embarked on a research career that saw her producing a series of books on church history, the first of which was a study of St Gilbert of Sempringham, founder of a double monastery. Graham was encouraged by her mother and with her she travelled in France to research her second book. She wasn't able to gain a degree until 1920 from Oxford. She was awarded a Doctor of Letters (DLitt) degree by Oxford in 1929. She was made an Honorary Fellow of Somerville College in 1933, and worked as a member of the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments from 1934 to 1963.
In 1945 she became the first female president of the British Archaeological Association which she held until 1951 when she served on as vice president until 1963. She had also been elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA) and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (FRHistS).
She died on 29 July 1963. Her early work on ecclesiastical history is seen as a great foundation for later scholarship on women's history.
# Robert Smeets

Robert Smeets (born 10 November 1985) is an Australian retired professional tennis player. Though born in the Netherlands, Smeets moved to Australia aged 12 and took residency.

## Personal life

Smeets has two sisters, called Karin and Cheyenne. His mother is Jeannette and father, Joe. He lives in Brisbane.

## Tennis career

Smeets plays predominantly on the ATP Challenger Series and ITF Men's Circuit. However, he has enjoyed some success on the ATP Tour: at the 2008 Next Generation Adelaide International, he and Chris Guccione, as wildcards, reached the final of the doubles competition. On their way to the final they defeated number 2 seeds Andy Ram and Jonathan Erlich.
Smeets has also reached the second round of his home Grand Slam, the Australian Open, in 2007, by defeating Lukáš Lacko. Smeets reached the third round of the doubles competition, partnering Paul Baccanello in 2006.
In 2008 Smeets was granted a wildcard into the 2008 French Open main draw. He drew Tomáš Berdych, winning one game.

## ATP Tour finals
### Doubles runners-up (1)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponents in the final | Score |
| 1. | 6 January 2008 | Adelaide, Australia | Hard | Chris Guccione | Martín García Marcelo Melo | 6–3, 3–6, [10–7] |

## Singles titles (10)

* Legend (singles)
* Grand Slam (0)
* ATP World Tour Masters 1000 (0)
* ATP World Tour 500 (0)
* ATP World Tour 250 (0)
* ATP Challenger Tour (2)
* ITF Futures (9)
| No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Opponent in the final | Score |
| 1. | 2 May 2005 | Seogwipo | Hard | James Auckland | 7–5, 6–3 |
| 2. | 30 May 2005 | Wuhan | Hard | Ishay Hadash | 7–6, 6–3 |
| 3. | 19 September 2005 | Rockhampton | Hard | Luke Bourgeois | 7–6, 2–6, 6–4 |
| 4. | 10 October 2005 | Queensland | Hard | Mark Nielsen | 7–5, 6–3 |
| 5. | 12 February 2007 | Wollongong | Hard | Grega Žemlja | 7–5, 6–1 |
| 6. | 7 May 2007 | Kuwait | Hard | Mohammed Ghareeb | 6–3, 6–2 |
| 7. | 4 June 2007 | Puerto Cruz | Carpet | Guillermo Alcaide | 6–4, 6–4 |
| 8. | 6 August 2007 | Wrexham | Hard | Adam Feeney | 6–4, 4–6, 6–4 |
| 9. | 17 September 2007 | Lubbock | Hard | Dušan Vemić | 6–3, 7–6$^{(9–7)}$ |
| 10. | 30 June 2008 | Dublin | Hard | Frederik Nielsen | 7–6$^{(7–5)}$, 6–2 |
| 11. | 22 March 2009 | Poitiers | Hard | Dominik Meffert | 6–4, 3–6, 6–3 |
# Tiong Ohang

Tiong Ohang is a village (kampung) in the Long Apari district, Mahakam Ulu Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The village is located near the Müller Mountains on the banks of the Mahakam River. The village is connected via a suspension bridge (which supports motorbikes but not larger vehicles) to the village of Tiong Bu'u, which is located on the opposite bank of the river. The village has a high school and government administrative services counter.
# Astolfo Dutra

Astolfo Dutra is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Its population as of 2020 is estimated to be 14,270 people living in an elevation of 260 meters. The area of the municipality is 159.139 km². The city belongs to the mesoregion of Zona da Mata and to the microregion of Ubá.
# Matthieu River

The Matthieu River is a river on the Caribbean island of Dominica. The river flows into the Layou River.
# Cullmann

Cullmann or Cullman is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bernd Cullmann (1939–2025), West German athlete
* Bernhard Cullmann (born 1949), German footballer
* Carl Culmann (1821–1881), German structural engineer
* Edgar M. Cullman (1918–2011), American businessman
* Howard S. Cullman (1891–1972), American civil servant and philanthropist
* John G. Cullmann (1823–1895), Bavarian-born political activist and founder of Cullman, Alabama
* Joseph Cullman (1912–2004), American businessman
* Oscar Cullmann (1902–1999), Christian theologian in the Lutheran tradition
# Oswego High School (New York)

Oswego High School is a public coeducational four-year high school in Oswego, New York. It is the only public school serving grades 9-12 in the Oswego City School District. The principal is Dr. Raina Hinman. Assistant principals are Tara Clark and Kirk Mulverhill. The dean of students is Penny Morley.

## Extracurricular activities
### Athletics

Oswego High School teams compete in Section III of the New York State Public High School Athletic Association. Athletic facilities at the school include two gymnasiums, a swimming pool, a weight room, two softball fields, a baseball field, a track, and two multipurpose fields used for football, lacrosse, and soccer. Many events are held at Field, which hosts the track as well as a large athletic field.

### The Paradox

The Paradox is Oswego High School's award-winning yearbook. It has won numerous awards from the Empire State School Press Association and the Columbia School Press Association.

### The Buccaneer Bulletin

The Buccaneer Bulletin is Oswego High School's monthly newspaper, which has been awarded numerous gold medals from the Empire State School Press Association. Members of the staff have been recognized individually by the Newspapers in Education program.

### WBUC

Students involved with WBUC at Oswego High School produce the morning announcements in an on-campus studio, which are broadcast to televisions in all classrooms as well as throughout the public locally on Time Warner Cable channel 16.

## Statistics
### Diversity

* 1% Asian
* 5% Hispanic
* 1% African-American
* 93% Caucasian

### Gender

* 50% female
* 50% male"

### Graduation rate

Oswego High School has a graduation rate of 75%, below the New York State average of 86%.

### Post graduation plans

* 48% plan to attend a four-year college in New York State
* 8% plan to attend a four-year college out of state
* 26% plan to attend a two-year college in New York State
* 3% plan to attend post secondary institutions in New York State

### Expenditures per pupil

An estimated $22,029 is spent annually per student.
* 68% instructional
* 6% student & staff support
* 10% administration
* 17% other

### Teacher credentials

* 2% of teachers have no valid teaching certificate
* 5% of teachers have less than 3 years of experience
* 21% of teachers have a master's degree or above

## Notable alumni

* Erik Cole, former NHL Player (2000-2015), and Stanley Cup Winner (2006), although he did not finish school at Oswego High School.
* Noel Francisco, class President, graduated 1987, 47th Solicitor General of the United States
* Willard A. Kitts, Vice admiral, USN and recipient of the Navy Cross
* Howard McCann, father of Brian McCann, and former coach of the Marshall Thundering Herd baseball team
* Robert Natoli, strongman
* Sarah Corbin Robert, 17th President General of the Daughters of the American Revolution
* Curtis F. Shoup (January 11, 1921 – January 7, 1945) received the Medal of Honor for acts of bravery near Tillet in Belgium (now a deelgemeente of Sainte-Ode) on January 7, 1945. He was a graduate of Oswego High School in Oswego, New York.
# Milton D. Purdy

Milton Dwight Purdy (November 3, 1866 – February 11, 1937) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota and later was a Judge of the United States Court for China.

## Education and career

Born on November 3, 1866, in Mogadore, Ohio, Purdy moved with his parents to Illinois in 1870. He graduated from high school there in 1884 and taught school there. During vacations he worked in his father's factory and learned the potters trade. Purdy received an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1891 from the University of Minnesota and a Bachelor of Laws in 1892 from the University of Minnesota Law School. He was an assistant city attorney for Minneapolis, Minnesota from 1893 to 1897. He was an assistant county attorney for Hennepin County, Minnesota from 1897 to 1898. He was an Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Minnesota from 1898 to 1901. He was the United States Attorney for the District of Minnesota from 1901 to 1902. He served with the United States Department of Justice from 1903 to 1908, as a United States Assistant Attorney General from 1903 to 1905, and as an assistant to the Attorney General of the United States from 1905 to 1908. In his latter years in Washington, D.C., he became known as the "chief trust buster" for his work on anti-trust cases. He won the Northern Securities Co. v. United States case for the U.S.

## Federal judicial service

Purdy received a recess appointment from President Theodore Roosevelt on July 6, 1908, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota vacated by Judge William Lochren. He was nominated to the same position by President Roosevelt on December 8, 1908. His service terminated on March 3, 1909, after his nomination was not confirmed by the United States Senate. He received a second recess appointment from President William Howard Taft on March 6, 1909, to the same position, however, President Taft did not renominate him. His service terminated on May 1, 1909, due to his resignation.

## Later career

Following his resignation from the federal bench, Purdy returned to private practice from 1909 to 1922. He again served with the United States Department of Justice from 1922 to 1924, as a special assistant to the Attorney General of the United States. He was Judge of the United States Court for China from 1924 to 1934.

## Political activity

Between 1912 and 1916, Purdy was active in the Progressive political movement and was a national committee member of the Progressive Party.

## Final years and death

Purdy remained in Shanghai, China, working for a finance company until 1936, when he retired. Purdy died on February 11, 1937, in Honolulu, Hawaii.
# Francis Missia

Francis A. Missia (January 26, 1884 – May 21, 1955) was a Roman Catholic priest of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul. Born in Mota, Ljutomer, Austria (present-day Slovenia), he emigrated to the United States in 1903 and played an important role in liturgical music as one of the most prominent Catholic choirmasters in the Midwest and Northwest United States during the 20th century.

## Early life

Missia was born in Slovenia on January 26, 1884, in Mota, in what was at the time the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and baptized Franz Missia. At the prompting of his uncle, Monsignor Jakob Missia, he studied at the Jesuits' Kalksburg College on the outskirts of Vienna. His education focused on classical and musical studies.
Elevated to the see of Gorizia in 1897, Archbishop Jakob Missia encountered Archbishop John Ireland of the Diocese of Saint Paul. With this connection, Francis Missia went to the United States in August 1903 to attend the Saint Paul Seminary, knowing no English at the time. He showed great musical talent, and in his diaconate year of 1907 he was placed in charge of the choir at the seminary.

## Priesthood

Fr. Missia was ordained to the priesthood on June 11, 1908. For the next 48 years until his death, he was a professor and the director of sacred music at the Saint Paul Seminary. Within two years, he directed the choir for the consecration of six bishops on May 19, 1910, at the seminary.
When Archbishop John Gregory Murray established a Sacred Music Commission in 1932, he placed Father Missia in charge. Missia later established the Saint Paul Catholic Choral Society and the Guild of Catholic Choirmasters and Organists.
He edited a hymnal for the Ninth National Eucharistic Congress in Saint Paul in 1941. He directed several choirs for the Masses of the congress held at the Minnesota State Fairgrounds. The children's choir consisted of 20,000 Catholic schoolchildren and the adult choir was over 1,000 voices from both of the Twin Cities.
Missia directed number recordings of the Saint Paul Seminary choir released through Kay Bank Studios.

## Death and legacy

Missia died on May 21, 1955, near Hudson, Wisconsin, after the car he was in collided with the rear of a truck. He was returning from his cabin. Bishop John Gregory Murray celebrated the Requiem Mass, and Bishop Francis Schenk of Crookston preached the sermon. He is buried at Resurrection Cemetery in Mendota Heights.
To this day, a piece he arranged, Tu Es Sacerdos in Aeternum (composed by Vojtěch Říhovský), is still used at ordinations for the diocese.
# Kathryn Beck

Kathryn Beck (born 1 March 1986) is an Australian television and theatre actress. In 2007, she played Lily Nelson in the soap opera Home and Away and the following year, she appeared in East of Everything. In 2013, Beck began appearing in Neighbours as Gemma Reeves. She joined the cast of Wentworth in 2014.

## Biography

She was born in Brisbane, Queensland, and raised in Wellington Point, a suburb of Redland City. She attended Alexandra Hills State High School, and studied drama at Queensland University of Technology. She appeared in an advertising campaign for KFC's "Twister", before moving to Sydney and landing the role in Home and Away. In 2008, she played Lizzy Dellora in the ABC1 drama series East of Everything. In 2010 she was cast in the lead role of the successful feature-length film The Little Things directed by Nell McGregor.
She has performed in theatre work for the Griffin Theatre Company, including King Tide by Katherine Thomson in 2007. Beck joined the cast of Neighbours as Gemma Reeves in 2013. She began appearing in the second season of prison drama Wentworth in 2014. Beck plays a doctor in the comedy film Cooped Up.

## Personal life

Beck is married and has one child, a daughter. In November 2018, Beck was forced to leave her house in Malibu due to the Woolsey Fire.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2005 | Mosaic | Young Candice | |
| 2009 | Subdivision | Dale Kelly | |
| 2010 | The Little Things | Dee O'Keefe | |
| 2011 | Burning Man | Marti | |
| 2012 | Not Suitable for Children | Becky Kincaid | |
| 2012 | The Adventures of Scooter the Penguin | Darling Starling Shawntelle | Direct-to-video film; voice role |
| 2013 | These Final Hours | Vicki | |
| 2013 | Aim High on Creation | Kathryn Beck | |
| 2014 | Locks of Love | Sally | Segment: "CapItal L" |
| 2015 | Super Awesome! | Guy Edmonds & Matt Zeremes | |
| 2016 | Madly | Woman | Segment: "Afterbirth" |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2007 | Home and Away | Lily Nelson | 4 episodes (season 20) |
| 2007 | Chandon Pictures | Sherbert | Episode: "Cousins" |
| 2008–09 | East of Everything | Lizzy Dellora | Main role, 13 episodes |
| 2008 | Scorched | Emily Francia | Nine Network television film |
| 2009 | All Saints | Marina Reade | Episode: "On Second Thoughts..." |
| 2012 | Puberty Blues | Ginny | Episode 1.4 |
| 2013 | Camp | Veronique | Episode: "CIT Overnight" |
| 2013 | Power Games: The Packer-Murdoch War | Anoushka | Miniseries, 2 episodes |
| 2013–14 | Neighbours | Gemma Reeves | Recurring role (seasons 29–30), 16 episodes |
| 2014 | Wentworth | Sky Pierson | Recurring role (season 2), 12 episodes |
| 2016 | Cooped Up | Emily | Television film |

### Short works

* 2005: Passive Smoker as Beth
* 2009: Benefit as Karina
* 2010: The Improbable Existence of Lily Bell as Lily
* 2010: Falling Fowl as Stephine Fowl
* 2011: Collision as Mia
* 2012: Love Untitled
* 2013: Kite as Sara
* 2013: First Date
* 2014: Twisted The Girl
* 2014: Flat Daddy Erica
* 2015: These Final Hours as Vicky
* 2015: Batman and Jimbo as Kath
* 2015: The Gap as Theresa
# Consular immunity

Consular immunity privileges are described in the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963 (VCCR). Consular immunity offers protections similar to diplomatic immunity, but these protections are not as extensive, given the functional differences between consular and diplomatic officers. For example, consular officers are not accorded absolute immunity from a host country’s criminal jurisdiction, they may be tried for certain local crimes upon action by a local court, and are immune from local jurisdiction only in cases directly relating to consular functions.

## Consular and diplomatic immunity in the US

| Category | Category | May be arrested or detained | Residence may be entered subject to ordinary procedures | May be issued traffic ticket | May be subpoenaed as witness | May be prosecuted for unofficial acts | Official family member |
| Diplomatic | Diplomatic agent | No | No | Yes | No | No | Same as sponsor |
| Diplomatic | Member of administrative and technical staff | No | No | Yes | No | No | Same as sponsor |
| Diplomatic | Service staff | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Consular | Career consular officers | Yes, if for a felony and pursuant to a warrant. | Yes | Yes | No, for official acts. Testimony may not be compelled in any case. | Yes | No |
| Consular | Honorary consular officers | Yes | Yes | Yes | No, for official acts. Yes, in all other cases | Yes | No |
| Consular | Consular employees | Yes | Yes | Yes | No, for official acts. Yes, in all other cases | Yes | No |
| International organization | Diplomatic-level staff of missions to international organizations | No | No | Yes | No | No | Same as sponsor |
| International organization | International organization staff | Yes | Yes | Yes | No, for official acts. Yes, in all other cases | Yes | No |
| International organization | Support staff of missions to international organizations | Yes | Yes | Yes | No, for official acts. Yes, in all other cases | Yes | No |
| 1 2 3 Reasonable constraints, however, may be applied in emergency circumstances involving self-defense, public safety, or the prevention of serious criminal acts. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 This table presents general rules. Particularly in the cases indicated, the employees of certain foreign countries may enjoy higher levels of privileges and immunities on the basis of special bilateral agreements. ↑ Note that consular residences are sometimes located within the official consular premises. In such cases, only the official office space is protected from police entry. 1 2 3 4 5 A small number of senior officers are entitled to be treated identically to "diplomatic agents". ||||||||

### Procedure

Procedurally, official acts immunity is raised as an affirmative defense.
# SPQR (board game)

SPQR is a board wargame designed by Richard Berg and Mark Herman, and released in 1992 by GMT Games, as part of the Great Battles of History (GBoH) series of games on ancient warfare. SPQR deals with battles fought by the Roman Republic, and is designed to showcase the strengths and weaknesses of the Roman manipular legion.
There are two editions of the game, the second having changes in some rules.

## Scenarios

The game includes five historical scenarios, Cannae, Zama, Cynoscephalae, Beneventum and Bagradas Plains, plus a fantasy scenario pitting Rome against Alexander the Great.

## Scale

The game maps are covered with a hexagonal grid, each hex representing 70 yards of distance. Each turn represents about 15–20 minutes, although the rules are designed assuming a loose time scale. Each counter represents 300 to 1000 fighting troops, depending on size and type. Since little is known about the terrain, numbers of men or types of units engaged, methods of combat, leaders and so on, these games, despite their high level of detail, remain essentially speculative in nature.

## Expansions

A number of expansions were released for SPQR:
* Consul For Rome (1992), adding the Battles of the Trebia and the Metaurus
* War Elephant (1992), adding the Battles of Magensia and Raphia
* Pyrrhic Victory (1993) adding the Battles of Heraclea and Asculum
* Africanus (1994) adding the Battles of Baecula and Ilipa
* Jugurtha (1998) adding the Battles of the Muthul and Cirta
* Deluxe SPQR (2008), combining the Basic SPQR game with all the above expansions, with the exception of Raphia from "War Elephant" and Cirta from "Jurgurtha". It also includes counters for the battle of Marathon and for the Jewish revolt against the Seleucid Empire
* Barbarian (2008), adding the battles of Lautulae, Tifernum, Sentinum, Telamon and Cremona

## Reception

SPQR won the 1992 Charles S. Roberts Award for Best Pre-World War II Boardgame, and Best Wargame Graphics for the map by Mark Simonitch; and an Origins Award for Best Pre-20th Century Boardgame of 1992.

## Reviews

* Casus Belli #72 (Nov 1992)
* Casus Belli #85
* Casus Belli #86
# Academy of Sciences Range

Academy of Sciences Range (Russian: Хребет Академии Наук, Khrebet Akademiy Nauk; Tajik: Qatorkuhi Akademiyai Fanho) is a mountain range in the Western Pamirs of Tajikistan. It is stretched in a north-south direction and considered to be the core of the Pamir mountain system.

## Geography

The highest peak of the range is the Ismoil Somoni Peak. It was also the highest peak in the former Soviet Union. The length of the Academy of Sciences Range is about 110 km. The crest of the range has an Alpine-like relief with 24 summits more than 6,000 m in height. The lowest saddle point, Kamaloyak (Камалояк), is at the altitude of 4,340 m (14,240 ft).
The range is formed with sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the Paleozoic Era and partially granites. It is covered with permanent snow, which feeds a large number of big glaciers. The total area of the glacial ice is around 1,500 km$^2$.

## History

The Academy of Sciences Range was first mapped by Russian geographer and Pamir explorer Nikolai Korzhenevskiy and named after the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1927.