OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# National Defence coup d'état

The National Defence coup d'état (Greek: Κίνημα της Εθνικής Αμύνης) was a military uprising in Thessaloniki on 17 August 1916, by Greek Army officers opposed to the neutrality followed by the royal government in Athens during World War I, and sympathetic to former Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos and the Entente Powers. With the support of Entente forces present in the area as part of the Salonica front, the coup established control of Thessaloniki and much of the wider region. Soon afterwards, Venizelos and his leading followers arrived in the city to establish a Provisional Government of National Defence, which entered World War I on the side of the Entente. These events marked the culmination and entrenchment of the "National Schism" in Greek politics.

## Events

Incensed by the successive humiliations and the Bulgarian advance in Macedonia, several Greek officers had gone to Thessaloniki and volunteered to raise troops and join the Allies. The local Allied commander-in-chief, Maurice Sarrail, welcomed their initiatives, but little headway was made due to the opposition of the Greek government. On 16/29 August, the Lt. Colonel Konstantinos Mazarakis-Ainian tried to seize control of the 11th Infantry Division's mountain artillery battalion, and lead it to the front. This was opposed by Colonel Nikolaos Trikoupis, the chief of staff and acting commander of III Army Corps, who sent two companies to the artillery barracks at Mikro Karabournou that forced Mazarakis to abandon his attempt and withdraw from the barracks.
This incident sparked the flame of a wider uprising on the next day, 30 August [O.S. 17 August], by the city's pro-Venizelist officers. Under the command of Lt. Colonel Epameinondas Zymvrakakis, about 600 men of the Cretan Gendarmerie with three volunteer companies under Major Neokosmos Grigoriadis and thirty other officers blockaded the headquarters of III Corps. When a company under Colonel Vagias tried to break through the blockade, shots were fired that killed two gendarmes and wounded three others. In response, the Cretans fired back, killing or wounding three or four soldiers. The firefight was stopped by the intervention of French officers. Sarrail arrived on the scene soon after, and commanded all Greek officers who would not join the newly formed "National Defence Committee" uprising to be shipped to southern Greece. The loyalist troops were disarmed and interned in the hopes that they would join the uprising, but in the event most of them refused and had to be sent to southern Greece as well.
Individual officers from across northern Greece began to flock to Thessaloniki, and on 15 September [O.S. 2 September], the "National Defence" received its first substantial reinforcement, as Colonel Nikolaos Christodoulou arrived in the city with the remnants of IV Corps that had refused to surrender and instead withdrawn via Kavala and Samothrace. Already on 21 September [O.S. 8 September], the volunteers under Major Grigoriadis formed the 1st Battalion of the "Army of National Defence", and departed for the front lines along the Strymon river.
# Struma operation

The Struma operation was the occupation of a part of northeastern mainland Greece by the Bulgarian army during the First World War between 17–23 August 1916. It was named after the Struma (Strymonas) river.

## Background

In August 1916, Romania chose to join the war effort on the side of the Allies. The Allies planned a large offensive in the Macedonian front for the middle of August to support Romania's entry into the war and pin down as many Bulgarian forces as possible. The Bulgarian high command suspected an impending offensive, and the fighting around Doiran that erupted on 9 August only confirmed these suspicions. On their part, the Bulgarians had urged for an offensive in Macedonia since the beginning of the year, now planning a strike with the First Army and Second Army on both Allied flanks.
On the western flank, the Chegan Offensive resulted in the conquest of Florina, but the First Army failed to take Chegan (today Agios Athanasios).
The plan on the eastern flank was to seize the Drama-Komotini railway, and this objective was given to the Bulgarian Second Army and the 10th Aegean Division. For the operation General Todorov could rely on 58 battalions, 116 machine guns, 57 artillery batteries and five cavalry squadrons in his army and an additional 25 battalions, 24 machine guns, 31 batteries, and five squadrons in the 10th Division.

## Occupation and consequences

The Struma Offensive began on 18 August with the 7th Rila, 11th Macedonian Division and 3/2 Infantry Brigade and 10th Division advancing on a 230 km long front. For six days, the Bulgarian forces achieved all their objectives in the face of weak Greek and French resistance: following the ouster of pro-Entente Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos, the Greek royal government in Athens had demobilized its forces and pursued a course of neutrality at all costs, even ordering the local Greek troops not to resist the Bulgarian invasion.
The depth of the advance reached 80-90 km, and an area of 4,000 km$^2$ was occupied. Most importantly, however, the Macedonian Front was shortened by 100 - 120 kilometres. In addition, the demobilized Greek IV Army Corps, under Col. Ioannis Hatzopoulos, numbering 464 officers and 6373 soldiers, that was positioned in the area but wasn't allowed by the Greek government to resist, was disbanded, and its troops and armament were interned by the Germans in Görlitz for the rest of the war. General Nikolaos Christodoulou did not obey the government and, together with his men, joined the Movement of National Defence that broke out in Thessaloniki.
The cities of Kavala, Drama and Serres were taken by the Bulgarians.

## Aftermath

The refusal by the Greek government to defend this territory won after hard fighting in the Second Balkan War of 1913, led to a coup by pro-Venizelist officers and the formation of the so-called "Provisional Government of National Defence." Greece joined the war in 1917 and eventually recovered all the occupied territories in 1918, at the war's end.
# Ten Year Rule

The Ten Year Rule was a British government guideline, first adopted in August 1919, that the armed forces should draft their estimates "on the assumption that the British Empire would not be engaged in any great war during the next ten years".
The suggestion for the rule came from Winston Churchill, who in 1919 was Secretary of State for War and Air. In a Commons debate in August 1919, Prime Minister David Lloyd George referenced recommendations made by the Duke of Wellington following the end of the Napoleonic Wars: "There is not likely to be great eagerness for war in this generation."
Former Prime Minister Arthur Balfour rejected the proposal but unsuccessfully argued to the Committee of Imperial Defence, which adopted the rule, that "nobody could say that from any one moment war was an impossibility for the next ten years ... we could not rest in a state of unpreparedness on such an assumption by anybody. To suggest that we could be nine and a half years away from preparedness would be a most dangerous suggestion."
In 1928 Churchill, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, successfully urged the Cabinet to make the rule self-perpetuating, and hence it was in force unless specifically countermanded. In 1931 the Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald wanted to abolish the Ten Year Rule because he thought it unjustified based on the international situation. This was bitterly opposed by the Foreign Secretary Arthur Henderson who succeeded in keeping the rule.
There were very large cuts in defence spending as a result of this rule, with defence spending going down from £766 million in 1919–20, to £189 million in 1921–22, to £102 million in 1932. In April 1931 the First Sea Lord, Sir Frederick Field, claimed in a report to the Committee of Imperial Defence that the Royal Navy had declined not only in relative strength compared to other Great Powers but "owing to the operation of the 'ten-year-decision' and the clamant need for economy, our absolute strength also has ... been so diminished as to render the fleet incapable, in the event of war, of efficiently affording protection to our trade". Field also claimed that the navy was below the standard required for keeping open Britain's sea communications during wartime and that if the navy moved to the East to protect the Empire there would not be enough ships to protect the British Isles and its trade from attack and that no port in the entire British Empire was "adequately defended".
The Ten Year Rule was abandoned by the Cabinet on 23 March 1932, but this decision was countered with: "this must not be taken to justify an expanding expenditure by the Defence Services without regard to the very serious financial and economic situation" which the country was in due to the Great Depression.

## Recent reference

In 2010, the Royal Navy decided to retire HMS Ark Royal, Britain's only aircraft carrier, in 2011. This was five years earlier than previously planned and up to ten years before the planned entry into service of the new Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers. A group of retired admirals criticized the decision, calling it a new "10-year rule".
# 1907 Edmonton municipal by-election

Two by-elections were held to fill empty aldermanic seats on the Edmonton city council in 1907.

## August 26, 1907 by-election

On August 6, 1907, Morton MacAuley, an alderman on Edmonton City Council, resigned from council. Since his term was not due to expire until December, the city held a by-election on August 26. George Manuel defeated James D. Blayney by a count of 482 votes to 370 votes, and was elected to fulfill Macauley's term.

## December 30, 1907 by-election

J.B. Walker, elected in 1906, resigned after just one year of his two-year term.
Polling for the by-election was conducted at City Hall on December 30, 1907.
Three candidates ran to replace him. D.R. Fraser was elected, and Col. E.B. Edwards and John Galbraith were unsuccessful. Fraser got more votes than the other two put together.

## External Links

City of Edmonton: Edmonton Elections
# Jean-Pierre des Ours de Mandajors

Jean-Pierre des Ours de Mandajors (24 June 1679 – 15 November 1747) was an 18th-century French historian and playwright.

## Life

Mandajors remained in his province until the age of seventeen. After having made some very hasty studies, and by that very imperfect, he went to Paris, where he established contacts with men of letters, by which he somehow compensated the deficiency of his early education. These connections were very helpful to his father who had published a book entitled, Nouvelles Découvertes sur l’ancien état de la Gaule au temps de César (New Discoveries on the former state of Gaul in Caesar's time). Sensing that this work would be exposed to criticism from scientists, the son Mandajors made efforts to save this vexation to his father and he succeeded. The New Discoveries were spared, and they remained in oblivion.
Received at the Académie des inscriptions in 1712, Mandajors accessed to the rank of "associé" 9 August 1715 and on 23rd of the same month, to that of veteran. The Mémoires he left are almost all about the history of Languedoc, such as the Histoire de la Gaule narbonnaise, estimated book and several essays in the memories of the Academy; most deal with ancient geography points, such as Hannibal's camp position along the edges of the Rhone, the limits of Flanders, Gothia, etc.
Mandajors also wrote a Servant of Two Masters (1718) at the Comédie Italienne and l’Impromptu de Nîmes (1714).
# Noshi Station

Noshi Station (野志駅, Noshi-eki) is a train station in the city of Ena, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, operated by the Third-sector railway operator Akechi Railway.

## Lines

Noshi Station is a station on the Akechi Line, and is located 23.1 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Ena.

## Station layout

Noshi Station has one side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station is unattended.

## Adjacent stations

| « | Service | » |
| Akechi Railway |||||
| Akechi Line |||||
| Rapid: Does not stop at this station |||||
| Express Taishō Roman Gō: Does not stop at this station |||||
| Yamaoka | Local | Akechi |

## History

Noshi Station opened in December 1994.

## Surrounding area

* National Route 363
# Curia of Hungary

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The Curia (Hungarian: Kúria, pronounced), also known as the Supreme Court (Legfelsőbb Bíróság) before 2011, is the supreme court and highest judicial authority of Hungary. The Curia was founded in 1949 as the People's Republic of Hungary Supreme Court. It was preceded by the Royal Curia of the Kingdom of Hungary. The current president of the court is András Zsolt Varga.

## Presidents
### Supreme court (1949–2012)

* Ödön Somogyi (1949–1950)
* Péter Jankó (1950–1953)
* Erik Molnár (1953–1954)
* József Domokos (1954–1958)
* Mihály Jahner-Bakos (1958–1963)
* József Szalay (1963–1968)
* Ödön Szakács (1968–1980)
* Jenő Szilbereky (1980–1990)
* Pál Solt (1990–2002)
* Zoltán Lomnici (2002–2008)
* András Baka (2009–2011)

### Curia (2012–)

* Péter Darák (2012–2021)
* András Varga (2021–)
# Anti-Money Laundering Act (Switzerland)

The Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA) (German: Bundesgesetz über die Bekämpfung der Geldwäscherei und der Terrorismusfinanzierung, GwG, French: Loi fédérale du 10 octobre 1997 concernant la lutte contre le blanchiment d’argent dans le secteur financier, LBA, Italian: Legge federale relativa alla lotta contro il riciclaggio di denaro e il finanziamento del terrorismo, LRD), also referred to as the Federal Act on Combating Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing, is a Swiss federal act designed to combat money laundering by requiring financial intermediaries to be vigilant about the origin of funds.

## Purpose

The Anti-Money Laundering Act is designed to prevent members of mafia or terrorist organizations from gaining access to financial institutions. Under this law, financial institutions (banks, asset managers, investment companies, etc.) must, for example, withhold the names of beneficial owners from all transfers of value, pending investigation.

## Evolution

In March 2021, despite the international recommendation to combat corruption, parliament refused to include "advisors" (lawyers and trustees) under the Money Laundering Act, when they set up, manage or administer shell companies or trusts. Currently, advisors are only subject to the law when they have decision-making powers or hold a power of attorney for the bank account of an offshore structure (as they are then financial intermediaries).
# Mortgage button

The "mortgage button" or "amity button" was a small ornamental inlay often featured on newel posts of a main staircase in the 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in American and European homes. It was used to hide joinery.
The name comes from the historical misconception that they represented a homeowner who had paid off their mortgage. According to tradition, the homeowner would arrange to have a button made of ivory set onto the newel post when the house was paid off. Another version is that a scrimshaw maker would engrave the date the loan was paid off onto a piece of ivory, which was inserted the newel.
One popular myth was that the decorative cap was concealing a deed to the house, or a mortgage document, which had been rolled up and hidden inside the newel post. According to writer Mary Miley Theobald, no such documents have ever been found, although house plans were found inside the newel post on one occasion.
Others have suggested that the ivory button on the newel post was a symbol of cooperation or brotherly love.
# Buduaar

Buduaar (from French: boudoir) is an Estonian women's magazine. It was founded in Tallinn in 2003. Its content generally includes articles discussing fashion, beauty, family, sex, health, alternative medicine, and esotericism. The magazine is published 6 times a year. The chief executive officer is Marge Tava.
# People's Democratic Party of Liberia

The People's Democratic Party of Liberia (PDPL) is a political party in Liberia. It participated in the 1997 elections and fielded candidates in the 11 October 2005 elections as part of the four-party Coalition for the Transformation of Liberia (COTOL).

## History

In 1997, PDPL presidential candidate George T. Washington won 0.56% of the vote while the party failed to win any representation in the bicameral Legislature.
In 2005, COTOL candidate Varney Sherman won 7.8% of the vote in the presidential poll. The coalition won eight seats in the Senate and seven in the House of Representatives. Both the PDPL and the LAP withdrew from COTOL in 2006, effectively ending the coalition.
The party was disqualified from contesting the 2011 presidential and legislative elections.
In 2015, the party joined a political alliance with the People's Democratic Party of Liberia to form the Coalition for Democratic Change. Their leader is George Weah.
The alliance won in the 2017 general election.
In 2024, the party withdrew from the Coalition for Democratic Change (CDC), after being a founding member in 2016.
# Rigoletto (1956 film)

Rigoletto or Rigoletto and His Tragedy (Italian: Rigoletto e la sua tragedia) is a 1956 Italian musical melodrama film written and directed by Flavio Calzavara and starring Aldo Silvani and Gerard Landry. It is based on the 1851 Giuseppe Verdi opera Rigoletto and incorporated music from that work.
The film's sets were designed by the art director Franco Lolli.

## Cast

* Aldo Silvani as Rigoletto
* Janet Vidor as Gilda
* Gérard Landry as Duke of Mantua
* Loris Gizzi as Count of Ceprano
* Cesare Polacco as Sparafucile
* Franca Tamantini as Maddalena
* Gualtiero Tumiati as Count of Monterone
* Nietta Zocchi as Giovanna
* Vittorio Vaser as Marullo
* Renato Chiantoni as The Poet
* Mario Terribile as Borsa
# Brett Blanton

Brett Blanton is an American professional engineer who served as Architect of the Capitol (AOC) from January 2020 until February 13, 2023, overseeing the office of the architect, which manages the United States Capitol Complex in Washington, D.C., and its more than 2,400 employees.

## Education and career

Blanton earned his Master of Science from Virginia Tech in ocean engineering and his Bachelor of Science in aerospace, aeronautical and astronautical engineering from the United States Naval Academy in 1993. He is a Licensed Professional Engineer in civil engineering and a Certified Energy Manager.
Blanton served in the Navy Civil Engineer Corps for 22 years. He retired from the Navy in 2015. He then served as Deputy Vice President for Engineering at the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, which operates Reagan National and Dulles International Airports.

## Architect of the Capitol

President Donald Trump nominated Blanton on December 9, 2019, for a ten-year term as Architect of the Capitol. On December 12, 2019, the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration held a hearing on his nomination. On December 16, 2019, the Committee reported his nomination favorably to the Senate floor. On December 19, 2019, the full Senate confirmed his nomination by voice vote. He was sworn in on January 16, 2020.
The Architect of the Capitol is responsible for the maintenance, operation, development, and preservation of the United States Capitol Complex, including the U.S. Capitol, House and Senate Office Buildings, Library of Congress, Supreme Court, Botanic Garden and the Capitol Arboretum.

### Time in office

Blanton significantly transformed the management of AOC by implementing Enterprise Asset Management to utilize objective data-driven prioritization of projects in the legislative budgeting process, established the first building codes and certifying official in the Legislative and Judicial Branches, established AOC University to provide training for staff, and oversaw implementation a robust human capital strategy.
In November 2022, a report from the office of the Inspector General alleged that Blanton's underage daughter took his vehicle and drove recklessly at a Walmart in Tyson's Corner. The report also alleged Blanton's wife gave tours of the U.S. Capitol.
As a result, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, an omnibus spending bill, included a clause in the AOC budget "That none of the funds appropriated or made available under this heading in this Act or any other Act, including previous Acts, may be used for a home-to-work vehicle for the Architect or a duly authorized designee". On February 13, 2023, President Joe Biden rescinded Blanton's appointment as Architect of the Capitol.

## Awards

* Bronze Star with Combat "V"
# Christiana

Christiana may refer to:

## Geography
### United States

* Christiana, Dane County, Wisconsin, town, US
* Christiana, Delaware, US
* Christiana Hundred, an unincorporated subdivision of New Castle County, Delaware, US
* Christiana, Pennsylvania, US
* Christiana, Tennessee, US
* Christiana, Vernon County, Wisconsin, town, US

### Elsewhere

* Christiana Island, Cyclades, Greece
* Christiana, Jamaica
* Christiana, Norway, a former name (1624–1924) for the present-day Norwegian capital Oslo
* Christiana, South Africa, a town in the North West Province of South Africa

## Other

* Christiana (given name)
* Christiana (plant), a genus of plants in the family Malvaceae
* Christiana Riot, an armed intervention by citizens in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, to save four fugitive slaves
# The Tocsin

The Tocsin (often referred to only as Tocsin) was an Australian socialist newspaper, published from 1897 to 1906. It was co-founded by several prominent political figures, including Edward Findley, John Percy Jones and Bernard O'Dowd. Jack Castieau served as the first editor, while artist Norman Lindsay drew its first cover design.
Writers for the paper included Frank Anstey, Lilian Locke and Frank Wilmot, and John Arthur Andrews was editor for a time. Tocsin readers formed themselves into "Tocsin Clubs", conducting well-attended public meetings in various locations across Melbourne for political discussions. Co-founder Findley was expelled from the Victorian Legislative Assembly in 1901 after Tocsin was found to have libelled King Edward VII.
In the pre-federation era in Australia, Tocsin argued against Federation.
Tocsin was succeeded by the Labor Call.
It has been digitised by the National Library of Australia as part of the Trove project.