OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paul Schramka

Paul Edward Schramka (March 22, 1928 – July 8, 2019) was an American professional baseball left fielder in Major League Baseball. Schramka signed as a free agent in 1949 with the Chicago Cubs and played with the team at the Major League level in 1953 before playing minor league ball in the Cubs' system. Later in 1953, future Hall of Famer Ernie Banks joined the Cubs and wore the number vacated by Schramka, number 14.
Schramka was born to parents Eugene and Rose, and had two younger brothers, Gene and Tom. His parents were funeral directors, as was his grandfather, an immigrant of Polish-German descent.
Schramka played collegiate baseball at the University of Notre Dame and the University of San Francisco. Schramka was inducted into the University of San Francisco Sports Hall of Fame in 1973. While playing baseball for the Dons of USF, he was coached by Pete Newell. He served in the 4th Infantry Division during the Korean War from October 1950 to October 1952.
After ending his professional baseball career, Schramka returned to the family business, working as a funeral director in Milwaukee. He died on July 8, 2019.
# Solos language

Solos is an Austronesian language of Buka Island in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea.
Approximately 15,000 people (2022) are estimated to speak Solos as a first language out of an ethnic population of about 17,000 (2022).

## Alphabet

Solos uses an adapted Latin alphabet of 22 characters, five of which are vowels, two are digraphs, and one is the saltillo symbol, which in practical writing and typing is often expressed as a simple apostrophe. The letters are (vowels in bold):
a, b, d, e, g, h, i, k, l, m, n, ng, o, p, r, s, t, ts, u, w, y, ꞌ
⟨ng⟩ is used for /ŋ/, ⟨ts⟩ is used for /tʃ/, and ⟨ꞌ⟩ is used for the glottal stop /ʔ/. The other letters are phonetic.
# Eidsvold

Eidsvold may refer to:

## Australia

* Eidsvold, Queensland, a rural town and locality in the North Burnett Region

## Norway

* Eidsvoll, a town
* Eidsvold TF, a sports club in the town
* HNoMS Eidsvold, a Norwegian coast defence ship sunk in World War II

## United States

* Eidsvold Township, Lyon County, Minnesota,
* Eidsvold, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community in the town of Thorp, Wisconsin
# Avenue U station (BMT Brighton Line)

The Avenue U station is a local station on the BMT Brighton Line of the New York City Subway, located at Avenue U between East 15th and East 16th Streets in Homecrest and Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn. The station is served by the Q train at all times.

## History

The original station was opened on the surface Brighton Beach Railroad at Avenue U near East 15th Street, c.1902, coincident with the building of the community of Homecrest, It was closed during elevation of the Brighton Line and the current station opened around 1908.
On August 1, 1920, a tunnel under Flatbush Avenue opened, connecting the Brighton Line to the Broadway subway in Manhattan. At the same time, the line's former track connections to the Fulton Street Elevated were severed. Subway trains from Manhattan and elevated trains from Franklin Avenue served Brighton Line stations, sharing the line to Coney Island.
It underwent more recent reconstruction from December 2008 to January 2010. Both platforms were rebuilt with new windscreens, canopies, and tactile strip edges.

## Station layout

| Platform level | Side platform | Side platform |
| Platform level | Northbound local | ← toward 96th Street (Kings Highway) |
| Platform level | Northbound express | ← does not stop here |
| Platform level | Southbound express | → does not stop here → |
| Platform level | Southbound local | → toward Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue (Neck Road) → |
| Side platform ||
| Ground | Street level | Entrances/exits, station building and agent, MetroCard and OMNY vending machines |
The station is located on a raised earthen embankment. There are four tracks and two side platforms. The two center tracks are used by the B express train on weekdays.
Both platforms have beige windscreens with green outlines and frames along their entire lengths and red canopies with green frames in the center. The station signs are in the standard black plates in white lettering and lamp posts are on all support columns of the windscreens in the non-canopied areas. The Coney Island-bound platform has a storage area above the mezzanine staircase.
The 2011 artwork here is called Brooklyn Wildfires by Jason Middlebrook and Miotto Mosaic Art Studio. It is installed on the walls of the Coney Island-bound platform's staircase and consists of ceramic tiling and glass mosaic depicting various species of wildflowers.

### Exit

The station has one ground-level station house directly underneath the tracks and platforms on the north side of Avenue U. It has a token booth, turnstile bank, and double-wide staircase going up to the Coney Island-bound platform and two standard width staircases to the Manhattan-bound one. The Coney Island-bound staircase landing splits below a landing, one side leading to the station house and the other bypassing it with two exit-only turnstiles leading directly to the sidewalk. The Coney Island-bound platform also has a metal door leading to a closed staircase that goes down to the north side of Avenue U.
# Esperanto Island

Esperanto Island is the largest and northwesternmost island in the Zed group off the north coast of Varna Peninsula on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The island is ice-free, rocky, rising to 290 m (951 ft) and extending 950 by 900 m (1,040 by 980 yd), with surface area 56 hectares (140 acres). It is situated 70 m (77 yd) to the northwest of the neighbouring Phanagoria Island, and 2.7 km (1.7 mi) northwest of Williams Point on Livingston Island. The area was visited by early 19th-century sealers.
The island is named after the constructed international language Esperanto.

## Location

Esperanto Island is located at 62°25′43″S 60°10′23″W﻿ / ﻿62.42861°S 60.17306°W﻿ / -62.42861; -60.17306. British mapping in 1968, Chilean in 1971, Argentine in 1980, Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009.
# Zond 7

The Zond 7 spacecraft, part of the Soviet Zond program, was launched towards the Moon on a Proton-K D rocket on August 7, 1969. Its mission was to support studies of the Moon and circumlunar space, to obtain color photography of Earth and the Moon from varying distances, and to flight test the spacecraft systems. It was an unpiloted version of the Soyuz 7K-L1, a crewed Moon-flyby spacecraft.
Earth photos were obtained on August 9, 1969. On August 11, 1969, the spacecraft flew past the Moon at a distance of 1984.6 km and conducted two picture taking sessions. On its way back from the Moon the spacecraft tested its radio systems by transmitting recorded voices.
Zond 7 carried four turtles, a follow-up to the September 1968 Zond 5 mission which carried two tortoises on a circumlunar lunar mission, and the November 1968 Zond 6 mission which also carried turtles.
A human-like tissue-equivalent phantom for radiation measurements was placed aboard. The phantom was equipped with 20 channels for radiation detectors (thermoluminescent glasses and nuclear photoemulsions) distributed along the whole body for measurement of doses in critical organs. The doses accumulated during the flight through the radiation belts and around the Moon were between 0.2 and 0.7 rad in different points at the depth of 3 g/cm$^2$ from the body surface.
Like other Zond circumlunar craft, Zond 7 used a relatively uncommon technique called skip reentry to shed velocity upon returning to Earth. Of all circumlunar Soviet Zond craft launches, Zond 7 would have been the first to make a safe flight for a cosmonaut had it been crewed.
Zond 7 reentered Earth's atmosphere on August 14, 1969, and achieved a soft landing in a preset region south of Kustanai, Kazakhstan.
The return capsule is on display at the Dmitrov Facility of Bauman University in Orevo, Russia.
* Zond 7 orbit, photographs of the Earth and the Moon on a USSR miniature sheet, 1969
* A photograph of the Earth taken by Zond 7 on a postage stamp of the USSR in 1969
# Abitur after twelve years

Abitur after twelve years, or Gymnasium in eight years (G8 or Gy8) describes the reduction of the time spent at a university-preparatory high school from nine school years to eight school years, by having the students take more classes each year. It is implemented in many States of Germany. In the states of Berlin, Brandenburg, and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, the reduction meant a change from seven years to six years spent in high school because in these states primary education continues until Class 6. In Saxony and Thuringia it is already a long established norm to take the Abitur after twelve years. The principal argument for the reduction is the comparatively long times for vocational education in Germany.
Some federal states, chiefly in the former Federal Republic of Germany, have already reversed the reform even though sound academic insights into its effects are scarce.

## Year of reform by state

| State | Introduction | Previously in effect |
| Baden-Württemberg | abolished final G8 graduating cohort in 2031 | 2012 until 2031 |
| Bavaria | abolished | 2012 until 2024 |
| Berlin | yes (2012- ) | 1949 until 2000 (East Berlin) |
| Brandenburg | yes (2012- ) | 1949 until 2000 |
| Bremen | yes (2012- ) | |
| Hamburg | yes (2010- ) | |
| Hesse | yes (2013- ) (choice between G8 and G9 is free) | |
| Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | yes (2008- ) | 1949 until 2001 |
| Lower Saxony | abolished | 2011 until 2019 |
| North Rhine-Westphalia | abolished final G8 graduating cohort in 2025 | 2012 until 2025 |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | yes (2016- ) (only as a pilot project for full-time schools) | |
| Saarland | abolished final G8 graduating cohort in 2028 | 2009 until 2028 |
| Saxony | yes (1949- ) | |
| Saxony-Anhalt | yes (2007- ) | 1949 until 2000 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | abolished final G8 graduating cohort in 2025 | 2016 until 2025 |
| Thuringia | yes (1949- ) | |

## Criticism

In part, parent, teacher and student organizations express criticism, exclusively from the Western States of Germany. In spite of the removal of one school year, all the contents of the previously thirteen school years were in the curriculum. This means that the school timetable is enlarged and that the students have to be at school between 32 and 40 periods a week. Altogether with the homework given and exam preparations a school week is calculated to encompass an estimated 45 to 55 periods.
However, there is little empirical evidence on the effect of the compression of instructional periods into fewer years of schooling on student outcomes.
# Ett kolikbarns bekännelser

Ett kolikbarns bekännelser is the third studio album by Håkan Hellström, released in 2005. The title would be translated as "Confessions of a Colic Child". Musically, the album is quite different from earlier Hellström records. The music is more folk oriented and the lyric topics are more mature, for example "Hurricane Gilbert" is about Hellström's long-time friend and guitarist Daniel Gilbert and "Jag har varit i alla städer" deals with success and its backside, in form of people trying to take advantage of Hellström.

## Track listing

* "Jag har varit i alla städer" I've been to every city
* "Brännö serenad" Brännö serenade
* "En midsommarnattsdröm" A midsummer night's dream
* "Dom kommer kliva på dig igen" They will step on you again
* "Bara dårar rusar in" Only fools rush in
* "Hurricane Gilbert"
* "Gårdakvarnar och skit" Gårda mills and dirt
* "Magasingatan" Magasingatan street
* "Vaggvisa för flyktbenägna" Lullaby for escapees
# Christelle Laura Douibi

Christelle Laura Douibi (born 24 November 1985 in Grenoble) is an Algerian alpine skier at the 2006 Winter Olympics. She dedicated her first race to her deceased father Mohammed. She was also the nation's flag bearer, and the only woman to represent Africa at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
# Alexis Sévennec-Verdier

Alexis Sévennec-Verdier (born 8 April 1987) from La Tour-du-Pin is a French ski mountaineer and skyrunner.

## Selected results

* 2011:
** 6th, World Championship, team, together with Nicolas Bonnet
* 2012:
** 2nd, European Championship relay, together with Valentin Favre, Yannick Buffet and William Bon Mardion
** 5th, European Championship, individual
** 1st, Patrouille de la Maya, together with Valentin Favre and Kílian Jornet Burgada

### Pierra Menta

* 2011: 10th, together with Xavier Gachet
* 2012: 4th, together with Valentin Favre

### Trofeo Mezzalama

* 2011, 6th, together with Grégory Gachet and Xavier Gachet
His running results include first place in the Mamores VK and second place in the Ring of Steall Skyrace in 2016.
# Robert Proctor (field hockey)

Robert Proctor (born 16 July 1949) is a retired field hockey player from Australia, who was a member of the Australia national field hockey team that won the silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada.
# William Peterson (academic)

Sir William Peterson, KCMG (29 May 1856 – 4 January 1921) was a Scottish academic and the Principal of McGill University from 1895 to 1919.

## Biography

Born in Edinburgh, the fifth son of John Peterson and Grace Mountford Anderson, his father was a partner in Peterson Brothers & Co. and lived at Allison Place.
Peterson graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1875 and Corpus Christi College, Oxford in 1879. In 1882, he became the first principal of the recently established University College, Dundee, a position he would hold until 1895. Peterson, despite being aged only 26, won this position ahead of three other candidates including John Edward Aloysious Stegall, who would go on to serve as Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at University College, Dundee. Stegall seems to have resented this for he failed to mention Peterson in the lengthy account of the college's early years which he produced fifty years later.
A Latinist and a classical scholar, Peterson, while enjoying academic argument, disliked the politics of academia, particularly the issues arising from the complex relationship between University College and the University of St Andrews.
From 1895 to 1919, he was the Principal of McGill University in Montreal, Canada. Despite being in Canada for almost 25 years he considered himself an exile and always returned to the UK for his summer vacation. He suffered a stroke in Montreal in 1919.
Peterson was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) during the visit to Canada of TRH the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (later King George V and Queen Mary) in October 1901. In 1915, he was made Knight Commander (KCMG) of the same order.
In 1919, he returned to England and died at Willwood, North End Road, in Hampstead Heath in 1921.

## Family

His eldest son, William Gordon Peterson (1886–1930) was also a classicist and moved with his father to Canada. In 1914 he joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force and served as a Major in the Royal Highlanders of Canada winning the Distinguished Service Order in action in France. He wrote a book of his experience called "Silhouettes of Mars". In 1922 he returned to Scotland as a lecturer in classics at St Andrews University. He ran the Officer Training Corps at the university and was found in the gunroom with a gunshot wonud to the head and ied in hospital on 6 October 1930.
His second son, Maurice Peterson, was also a classicist and served in the Diplomatic Service in both Bulgaria and Iraq before becoming ambassador to Spain in 1939 under the Franco regime. Around 1940 he moved to London to serve in the Ministry of Information. In 1944 he became ambassador to Turkey and in 1949 ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1946 to 1949.
# Hamidur Rahman (artist)

Hamidur Rahman (1928 – 19 November 1988) was a Bangladeshi artist and sculptor. He is best known as the architect of the Shaheed Minar, a national monument in Dhaka, Bangladesh, established to commemorate the martyrs of the Language Movement of 1952.

## Gallery

* oil painting (c. 1980) by Hamidur Rahman
* A mural painted by Novera and Rahman
* Original plan and model of Shaheed Minar, 1956

## Death

Hamidur Rahman died on 19 November 1988, in Montreal, Canada.
# Register complex

In linguistics, a register complex is a combination of phonation type, pitch, length, vowel quality and/or other variants that function dependently as distinguishing features within a single phonological system. In languages employing register systems, differences in a distinguishing feature correlate relative to the quality of another distinguishing feature.
For instance, in a system where pitch, voice quality and stress timing were distinguishing features, the meaning of a vowel-consonant cluster like "Pai" (as in the English word "Pie") may depend on whether the cluster is voiced in a high, medium or low pitch relative to the clearness, breathiness and glotteral quality of speech as well as relative to the duration of the cluster relative to other neighboring clusters. Thus, "Pai" voiced in a high tone with a breathy quality and unstressed along with other unstressed clusters would connote a different meaning if any of the three features changed relative to other features.
Many register languages are tonal. However, tone is not a universal distinguishing feature among register systems and register complexes are not a component of most tonal languages. In fact, tonal languages can employ either a register tone systems or a contour tone systems. Mandarin has a contour tone system whose distinguishing feature of the tones are their shifts in pitch (their pitch shapes or contours, such as rising, falling, dipping, or peaking), rather than simply their pitch relative to one another as in a register tone system. Register tone systems are found throughout Africa, such as in the Bantu languages. In some register tone systems, there is a default tone (usually low in a two-tone system or mid in a three-tone system), which is more common and less salient than other tones. There are also languages that combine register and contour tones, such as the Kru languages, but in such cases, the register tones may be analysed as being 'level' (unvarying pitch) contour tones. Furthermore, often the term 'register', when it is not in the phrase 'register tone', indicates vowel phonation combined with tone in a single phonological system. Burmese, Khmer and possibly Vietnamese are register languages. Burmese is usually considered a tonal language and Khmer a vowel-phonation language, but in both cases, differences in relative pitch or pitch contours are correlated with vowel phonation and so neither exists independently.
# Nikolina Horvat

Nikolina Horvat (born 18 September 1986 in Zagreb) is a Croatian athlete. She competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics in 400 m hurdles event.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Croatia ||||||
| 2004 | World Junior Championships | Grosseto, Italy | 17th (h) | 400 m hurdles | 61.14 |
| 2005 | European Junior Championships | Kaunas, Lithuania | 6th | 400 m hurdles | 59.15 |
| 2006 | European Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 26th (h) | 400 m hurdles | 57.95 |
| 2007 | European U23 Championships | Debrecen, Hungary | 7th | 400 m hurdles | 58.54 |
| 2008 | Olympic Games | Beijing, China | 18th (h) | 400 m hurdles | 56.65 |
| 2009 | Mediterranean Games | Pescara, Italy | 3rd | 400 m hurdles | 56.97 |
| 2010 | European Championships | Barcelona, Spain | 17th (h) | 400 m hurdles | 56.64 |
| 2011 | World Championships | Daegu, South Korea | 22nd (sf) | 400 m hurdles | 57.02 |
| 2012 | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 20th (h) | 400 m hurdles | 57.74 |
| 2012 | Olympic Games | London, United Kingdom | 36th (h) | 400 m hurdles | 58.49 |
# List of cities hosting Taizé meetings

Every year the Communauté de Taizé organises a European Youth Meeting for young adults. These meetings take place in a European city, usually between 28 December and 1 January in any given year.
During the meeting the location of the next European Youth Meeting is announced.

## European young adults meeting

* 1978 – Paris, France
* 1979 – Barcelona, Spain
* 1980 – Rome, Italy
* 1981 – London, United Kingdom
* 1982 – Rome, Italy
* 1983 – Paris, France
* 1984 – Cologne, Germany
* 1985 – Barcelona, Spain
* 1986 – London, United Kingdom
* 1987 – Rome, Italy
* 1988 – Paris, France
* 1989 – Wrocław, Poland
* 1990 – Prague, Czechoslovakia
* 1991 – Budapest, Hungary
* 1992 – Vienna, Austria
* 1993 – Munich, Germany
* 1994 – Paris, France
* 1995 – Wrocław, Poland
* 1996 – Stuttgart, Germany
* 1997 – Vienna, Austria
* 1998 – Milan, Italy
* 1999 – Warsaw, Poland
* 2000 – Barcelona, Spain
* 2001 – Budapest, Hungary
* 2002 – Paris, France
* 2003 – Hamburg, Germany
* 2004 – Lisbon, Portugal
* 2005 – Milan, Italy
* 2006 – Zagreb, Croatia
* 2007 – Geneva, Switzerland
* 2008 – Brussels, Belgium
* 2009 – Poznań, Poland
* 2010 – Rotterdam, Netherlands
* 2011 – Berlin, Germany
* 2012 – Rome, Italy
* 2013 – Strasbourg, France
* 2014 – Prague, Czech Republic
* 2015 – Valencia, Spain
* 2016 – Riga, Latvia
* 2017 – Basel, Switzerland
* 2018 – Madrid, Spain
* 2019 – Wrocław, Poland
* 2020 – Turin, Italy (cancelled because of COVID-19 and conducted online from Taizé)
* 2021 – Turin, Italy
* 2022 – Rostock, Germany
* 2023 – Ljubljana, Slovenia
* 2024 – Tallinn, Estonia
* 2025 – Paris, France

## International young adults meeting

* 1986 – Madras, India
* 1991 – Manila, Philippines
* 2006 – Kolkata, India
* 2007 – Cochabamba, Bolivia
* 2008 – Nairobi, Kenya
* 2009 – Vilnius, Lithuania
* 2010 – Manila, Philippines
* 2010 – Santiago, Chile
* 2012 – Kigali, Rwanda
* 2012 – Chicago, Illinois, United States
* 2013 – Red Shirt, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, United States
* 2014 – Mexico City, Mexico
* 2016 – Cotonou, Benin
* 2017 – St. Louis, Missouri, United States
* 2018 – Hong Kong, China
* 2019 – Cape Town, South Africa
* 2022 – Holy Land
# Johannes Beck

Johannes Beck SJ (Germany, 1 November 1922 – 9 May 2020) was a German Jesuit and social ethicist.

## Life

Beck joined the Jesuit order in 1948. After the theological training he received, on 31 July 1956 he was ordained at the St. Michael's Church in Munich.
He was particularly involved in the worker and company pastoral care and campaigned for social justice and Catholic social teaching, in particular for the principle of solidarity in large industrial companies. Among other things, he served for many decades as a spiritual advisor to the Catholic Workers' Movement (KAB). As the successor to Franz Prinz SJ, he headed the Werkgemeinschaft christischer Arbeiter in Munich.
From 1979 to 1991, Beck was director of the "Social Seminar" at Münchner Bildungswerk and after his retirement from 1991 to 2012 he was involved in teaching.
He lived in the Jesuit community Pedro Arrupe in the St. Katharina Labouré nursing home in Unterhaching near Munich. He died in May 2020, at the age of 97 in Unterhaching, Bavaria, as a result of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany.