# Traditional Spelling Revised

Traditional Spelling Revised (TSR) is a conservative English-language spelling reform which seeks to apply the underlying rules of English orthography more consistently. It was created by Stephen Linstead and chosen by the International English Spelling Congres (IESC) as the preferred alternative to the defective English orthography in March 2021.
The English Spelling Society, sponsor of the congress, affords TSR a degree of support and publicity which will be reviewed in March 2025. TSR has consequently been mentioned several times in the media.

## Changes

TSR is broadly spelt the same as traditional English orthography, but some rules and spellings are applied more consistently.

### 'Magic e' rule

Where a single consonant separates a vowel and a silent word final e, the first vowel is 'lengthened'. Unlike the doubling rule, the consonant is not doubled when 'lengthening' is undesired. Instead, the 'magic e' is dropped (unless it indicates soft or hard ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩, then the consonant is doubled).
* e.g. ⟨win⟩ / ⟨wine⟩, ⟨sad⟩ / ⟨sadist⟩, ⟨bit⟩ / ⟨biter⟩, ⟨fun⟩ / ⟨fuming⟩
The graphemes ⟨ar⟩ and ⟨or⟩ do not straightforwardly take on the "lengthened" forms. Instead ⟨-are⟩ represents /ɛər/ and ⟨-ore⟩ is unchanged.

### Doubling rule

The doubling rule dictates that when a stressed vowel is followed by a single consonant and another vowel (which isn't 'magic e'), the stressed vowel is 'lengthened'. This can be negated by doubling the consonant between the two vowels, thus keeping the vowel short. Therefore letters are dropped or doubled from traditional spelling.
* e.g. ⟨swim⟩ → ⟨swimming⟩ but ⟨fail⟩ → ⟨failed⟩
* e.g. ⟨accommodate⟩ → ⟨acommodate⟩, ⟨committee⟩ → ⟨comittee⟩
* e.g. ⟨deddicate⟩, ⟨edducate⟩, ⟨perrish⟩
Doubled ⟨g⟩ before ⟨e⟩ may be spelt ⟨dg⟩ or ⟨gg⟩ to indicate whether it is soft or not.
* e.g. ⟨flange⟩ → ⟨flandge⟩, ⟨hanger⟩ → ⟨hangger⟩
There is an exception for the letter ⟨i⟩, which does not lengthen itself unless it is part of the ⟨-ing⟩ suffix.
* e.g. ⟨lipid⟩, ⟨limit⟩ but ⟨wining⟩, ⟨winning⟩

### Disambiguation of graphemes

Where graphemes ambiguously represent more than one sound, they are rewritten to be less ambiguous.
* e.g. ⟨ow⟩ represents completely different sounds in the words ⟨low⟩ and ⟨town⟩, so TSR uses ⟨ow⟩ for /aʊ/ and rewrites the other spellings thus: ⟨low⟩ → ⟨lo⟩, ⟨own⟩ → ⟨oan⟩.

### Silent letters

Where letters are rendundant to pronunciation, they are removed. This includes uses of word-final e that suggest "lengthening" when there is none (unless it suggests soft c as in ⟨office⟩). The homographs that this creates are distinguished using apostrophes, hyphens or dierisis.
* e.g. ⟨wrong⟩ → ⟨rong⟩, ⟨gnash⟩ → ⟨nash⟩
* e.g. ⟨love⟩ → ⟨luv⟩, ⟨dove⟩ → ⟨duv⟩, ⟨live⟩ → ⟨liv⟩
* e.g. ⟨hour⟩ → ⟨'our⟩, ⟨write⟩ → ⟨'rite⟩, ⟨know⟩ → ⟨'no⟩, ⟨create⟩ → ⟨cre-ate⟩ / ⟨creäte⟩
* e.g. ⟨though⟩ → ⟨tho⟩, ⟨through⟩ → ⟨throo⟩
Importantly, the following spellings are not redundant to pronunciation.
* ⟨easy⟩ not ⟨esy⟩, ⟨high⟩ not ⟨hi⟩, ⟨letter⟩ not ⟨letr⟩, ⟨lie⟩ not ⟨li⟩, ⟨pack⟩ not ⟨pak⟩, ⟨switch⟩ not ⟨swich⟩
* Silent ⟨g⟩ is retained to preserve the long vowel: ⟨benign⟩, ⟨design⟩, ⟨sign⟩
* Silent ⟨gh⟩: ⟨high⟩, ⟨bough⟩, ⟨bought⟩, ⟨eight⟩
* Change ⟨gh⟩ /f/ to ⟨ff⟩: ⟨coff⟩, ⟨enuff⟩, ⟨laff⟩
* Retain ⟨ph⟩ /f/: ⟨phone⟩

### Homophones

There are cases in which spellings of homophones will not merge (and therefore not be disambiguated using an apostrophe). Some phonemes have several different permitted spellings, which helps to distinguish homophones visually.
* e.g. ⟨main⟩ / ⟨mane⟩, ⟨buy⟩ / ⟨by⟩ / ⟨bye⟩, ⟨stare⟩ / ⟨stair⟩, ⟨sight⟩ / ⟨site⟩ / ⟨cite⟩, ⟨none⟩ / ⟨nun⟩, ⟨scene⟩ / ⟨seen⟩, ⟨tail⟩ / ⟨tale⟩
Some words are respelt where an alternate spelling can be used instead of an apostrophe. However, neither ⟨or⟩ / ⟨ore⟩ / ⟨oar⟩ nor ⟨pore⟩ / ⟨pour⟩ are differentiated.
* e.g. ⟨bear⟩ → ⟨bair⟩ (to distinguish from ⟨bare⟩), ⟨great⟩ → ⟨grait⟩ (to distinguish from ⟨grate⟩).

### New graphemes

Two new letter combinations have been introduced to unambiguously represent /ɑː/ ⟨aa⟩ and /ʊ/ ⟨uu⟩. Though not made explicit, ⟨faather⟩ is likely spelt with a double ⟨a⟩ as both RP and GenAm pronounce it with /ɑ(ː)/, in comparison to ⟨rather⟩, which is pronounced differently by those dialets.

## Exceptions

The spellings of some common words that do not otherwise comply with the rules of TSR are preserved so as not to drastically change the look of text. These excpetions, called "sign words" in the documentation, are given in groups, though not all the words in these groups are changed.
* personal pronouns and adjectives: I, you, he, she, we, me, us, they, your, their(s), them
* variations of verbs to be and to have: are, was, were, have, having
* names of numbers: none, once, one, two, four, seven, eleven, twelve, fourteen, seventeen
* days of the week: Monday, Wednesday, Saturday
* months and seasons of the year: January, February, April, July, Autumn
* demonstrative adjectives, pronouns and adverbs including ⟨th⟩: than, that, then, thence, there, these, this, those, thus
* interrogative pronouns beginning ⟨w⟩: what, where, who, whose
* other common words with unusual spellings: the, of, to(day), any(one), (e)very, eye, nothing, some, super, very, with, woman, women, yes, either
Some common suffixes are retained.
* involving /ʃ/: -cean (ocean), -cial (special), -cian (musician), -cient (prescient), -cience (conscience), -cion (suspicion), -cious (spacious), -ssion (passion), -tial (partial), -tient (patient), -tion (nation), -sure, -ed
* involving /ʒ/: -sion (invasion), -sure (pleasure), -sual (casual)
Some common letter sequences, called "sub-groups" are retained even when irregular.
* ⟨-ald⟩ (bald), ⟨-alk⟩ (talk, walk), ⟨-alt⟩ (falter, halt), ⟨ange⟩ (danger, angel), ⟨-aste⟩ (taste, waste), ⟨-ign⟩ (benign, sign), ⟨-ind⟩ (find, mind), ⟨old⟩ (old, gold), ⟨-olk⟩ (folk, yolk), ⟨-ore⟩ (therefore, shore), ⟨-other⟩ (brother, mother), ⟨-ould⟩ (could, would), ⟨war-⟩ (warm, warn), ⟨wor-⟩ (worm, worst).
Proper nouns are kept the same, unless alternative spellings become accepted. Loan words are indicated in italics.

## Sound-to-spelling correspondences

Each phoneme has its own spelling patterns.

### Vowels

| Phoneme | Lexical set | Grapheme | Examples | Notes |
| /æ/ | TRAP | a | pan, laff | |
| /æ/ | TRAP | (au) | aunt | c.f. ⟨ant⟩ |
| /ɛ/ | DRESS | e | pen, frend | |
| /ɛ/ | DRESS | (a) | many | By association with ⟨any⟩ |
| /ɛ/ | DRESS | (ai) | again, against | No note in word list |
| /ɪ/ | KIT | i | pin, bisness, pritty, sistem | |
| /ɪ/ | KIT | (o, e) | women | |
| /ɒ/ | LOT | o | pot, wosh | |
| /ʌ/ | STRUT | u | pun, cum | |
| /ʌ/ | STRUT | -other | another, brother | |
| /ʌ/ | STRUT | (o-e) | none, nothing, some | |
| /eɪ/ | FACE | a-e | face | |
| /eɪ/ | FACE | ai | laid, braik, gaige, baiss | |
| /eɪ/ | FACE | ei | vein | |
| /eɪ/ | FACE | eigh | neigh | |
| /eɪ/ | FACE | -ay | stay | |
| /eɪ/ | FACE | -ey | they, survey | |
| /iː/ | FLEECE | e-e | scene | |
| /iː/ | FLEECE | ee | feed | |
| /iː/ | FLEECE | ea | lead | "ea" /iː/ doesn't indicate /eɪ/ or /ɛ/: steak → staik, weapon → weppon. |
| /iː/ | FLEECE | (e) | me, he, she, we | Usually /∅/, though /iː/ in monosyllables |
| /iː/ | FLEECE | (ei) | either | Can also be pronounced with /aɪ/ |
| /aɪ/ | PRICE | i-e | side | |
| /aɪ/ | PRICE | ie | die, iedeäl | |
| /aɪ/ | PRICE | -y | why | |
| /aɪ/ | PRICE | -ye | dye | |
| /aɪ/ | PRICE | -uy | buy | |
| /aɪ/ | PRICE | -igh | sigh | |
| /aɪ/ | PRICE | (aye) | aye | Would be /eɪ/ otherwise. Official respelling unknown. |
| /aɪ/ | PRICE | (eye) | eye | Would be /iː/ otherwise. ⟨y⟩ and ⟨ie⟩ were suggested then rejected |
| /aɪ/ | PRICE | (ei) | either | Can also be pronounced with /iː/ |
| /oʊ/ | GOAT | o-e | bone | |
| /oʊ/ | GOAT | oa | moan | |
| /oʊ/ | GOAT | -o | banjo | Many ⟨-ow⟩ forms are changed to ⟨-o⟩: low → lo, show → sho. |
| /oʊ/ | GOAT | -oe | floe | |
| /juː/ | DUE | u-e | tune | |
| /juː/ | DUE | ue | due, buetiful | |
| /juː/ | DUE | u- | unit | |
| /juː/ | DUE | ew | few | |
| /juː/ | DUE | eu | Europe | For words of Greek origin only |
| /ʊ/ | FOOT | uu | stuud, puuding | |
| /ʊ/ | FOOT | (oul) | could, should, would | Usually /aʊl/ |
| /ʊ/ | FOOT | (o) | woman | Usually /ɒ/ |
| /ɔɪ/ | CHOICE | oi | boil | |
| /ɔɪ/ | CHOICE | oy | boy, deploying | |
| /uː/ | GOOSE | oo | food, throo | |
| /uː/ | GOOSE | (u-e) | super | Usually /juː/ |
| /aʊ/ | MOUTH | ou | proud | |
| /aʊ/ | MOUTH | ow | now, gown | |
| /aʊ/ | MOUTH | ough | bough | |
| /ɛər/ | SQUARE | air | stair, bair | |
| /ɛər/ | SQUARE | -are | bare | |
| /ɛər/ | SQUARE | eir | their | |
| /ɛər/ | SQUARE | (ere) | there, where | Usually /ɪər/ |
| /ɑːr/ | START | ar | star | Double the ⟨r⟩ to change the vowel: ⟨harry⟩. "Harry" and "starry" don't rime. |
| /ɑː/ | PALM | a | bath | Undisambiguated from /æ/ |
| /ɑː/ | PALM | al | palm | |
| /ɑː/ | PALM | aa | faather, tomaato, vaaz, draama | Used for British-American differences in pronunciation and ⟨faather⟩ |
| /ɔːr/ | NORTH | or | or, for, bord | Double the ⟨r⟩ to change the vowel: ⟨horrid⟩ |
| /ɔːr/ | NORTH | (ore) | ore | Kept for contrast in a few words, but mostly respelled ⟨or⟩ |
| /ɔːr/ | NORTH | (oar) | oar | Kept for contrast in a few words, but mostly respelled ⟨or⟩ |
| /ɔːr/ | NORTH | (our) | four | Usually /aʊ.ə/ |
| /ɔː/ | THOUGHT | au | fraud | |
| /ɔː/ | THOUGHT | aw | law, lawyer | |
| /ɔː/ | THOUGHT | all | call | |
| /ɔː/ | THOUGHT | al- and implying totality | always | cf. algebra |
| /ɔː/ | THOUGHT | augh | daughter | |
| /ɔː/ | THOUGHT | ough(t) | bought | |
| /ɜːr/ | NURSE | er | her | Double the ⟨r⟩ to change the vowel: ⟨herring⟩, ⟨stirrup⟩, ⟨hurry⟩. |
| /ɜːr/ | NURSE | ir | fir | |
| /ɜːr/ | NURSE | ur | fur | |
| /ɜːr/ | NURSE | (or) | word, work, worship | Usually /ɔː/ |
| /ɪər/ | NEAR | -eer | beer | |
| /ɪər/ | NEAR | -ear | hear | |
| /ɪər/ | NEAR | -ere | here | |
| /i/ | happY | -y | fairy | |
| /i/ | happY | -ie(s) | faries | ⟨-y⟩ becomes ⟨-ies⟩ for plurals. |
| /ə/, /ɪ/ | commA | a, e, i, o, u | afraid, defence, invisible, wonnton, opus | Schwa. The indeterminate sound in many unaccented syllables. TSR usually retains the graphemes used in TS for these phonemes. |
* ↑ "laugh" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "friend" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "business" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "pretty" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "system" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "wash" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "come" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "break" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "gauge" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "bass" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "ideal" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "beautiful" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "stood" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "pudding" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "through" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "bear" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "father" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "tomato" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "vase" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "drama" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "board" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "wanton" in conventional spelling

### Consonants

The following table lists the consonants that don't always represent the same phoneme, so /b/, /d/, /h/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /p/, /r/, /t/ and /v/ are ommitted.
| Phoneme | Grapheme | Examples | Notes |
| /dʒ/ | j | jam | |
| /dʒ/ | g | gin | Before /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /iː/, /aɪ/ |
| /dʒ/ | dg | edge | Doubled before /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /iː/, /aɪ/ |
| /f/ | f | frog | |
| /f/ | ph | phone | In words of Greek origin only |
| /g/ | g | gun | Except before /e/, /ɪ/, /iː/, /aɪ/ with no u (c.f. guide) |
| /j/ | y | yet | |
| /j/ | i | bastion | |
| /k/ | k | kid | |
| /k/ | c | cream | Except before /e/, /ɪ/, /iː/, /aɪ/ |
| /k/ | ck | flick, socker | Word-finally or doubled |
| /k/ | ch | chemistry | In words of Greek origin only |
| /ks/ | x | exterminate | Treated as doubled (e.g. boxing) |
| /kw/ | qu | queen | |
| /s/ | s | sun | Word-initially, before or after /k/, /f/, /p/, /t/, as part of or after the prefixes ⟨dis-⟩, ⟨mis-⟩, ⟨con-⟩ and ⟨per-⟩ or beginning one part of a compound word (homesick) |
| /s/ | ss | hiss | |
| /s/ | c | city | Before /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /iː/, /aɪ/ |
| /ʃ/ | sh | shed | |
| /ʃ/ | c | socially | Before ⟨ia⟩ in some dialects |
| /tʃ/ | ch | church | |
| /tʃ/ | -tch | switch | |
| /θ/ | th | thing | |
| /ð/ | th | bathe | In single syllable words before /ɛ/ |
| /ð/ | (o)th(er) | other | In ⟨-other⟩ subgroup |
| /ʒ/ | s(ure) | plesure | As part of a common suffix |
| /ʒ/ | si | lesion | |
* ↑ "soccer" in conventional spelling
* ↑ "pleasure" in conventional spelling

## Inconsistencies
### "Ch" with /k/ sound

Words of Greek origin are supposed to retain "ch" for /k/, though these words are respelled in the word list:
* technique → tecnique
* technological → tecnolodgical

## Example text

Gettysburg Address
   Fourscor and seven years ago our faathers brought forth, on this continent, a new nation, conceeved in libberty and deddicated to the proposition that all men are creäted equal. Now we are engaged in a grait civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceeved, and so deddicated, can long endure. We are met on a grait battle-feeld in that war. We have cum to deddicate a portion of that feeld, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives, that that nation might liv. It is altogether fitting and propper that we should do this, but in a larger senss we cannot deddicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallo this ground. The brave men, livving and ded, who struggled here, have consecrated it far abuv our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the livving, rather, to be deddicated to the grait task remaining befor us that from these onored ded we take increassed devotion to that cause for which they gave the last fuul mesure of devotion - that we here highly resolv that these ded shall not have died in vain, that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that guvvernment of the peeple, by the peeple, for the peeple, shall not perrish from the erth.