OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hosiery

Hosiery, (UK: /ˈhoʊziəri/, US: /-ʒəri/) also referred to as legwear, describes garments worn directly on the feet and legs. The term originated as the collective term for products of which a maker or seller is termed a hosier; and those products are also known generically as hose. The term is also used for all types of knitted fabric, and its thickness and weight is defined by denier or opacity. Lower denier measurements of 5 to 15 describe a hose which may be sheer in appearance, whereas styles of 40 and above are dense, with little to no light able to come through on 100 denier items.

## Etymology

The word hosiery is a morphological derivation of the Anglo Saxon word ''hosa'', which meant a woven garment for the lower body and legs.

## Overview

The first references to hosiery can be found in the works of Hesiod, where Romans are said to have used leather or cloth in forms of strips to cover their lower body parts. Even the Egyptians are speculated to have used hosiery, as socks have been found in certain tombs.
Most hosiery garments are made by knitting methods. Modern hosiery is usually tight-fitting by virtue of stretchy fabrics and meshes. Older forms include binding to achieve a tight fit. Due to its close fit, most hosiery can be worn as an undergarment, but it is more commonly worn as a combined under/outer garment.
Hosiery garments are the product of hosiery fabric produced from hosiery yarn. Like the yarn used for making woven fabric, hosiery yarn comes from a separate spinning (yarn making) process, and is used with circular knitting machines to form fabric. One or more hosiery yarn is used to make knitted or hosiery fabric, and garments produced out of this are generally referred to as hosiery garments.

## Types

* Bodystockings
* Compression stockings, a.k.a. support stockings
* Hold-ups (British English), stay-ups (British English) or thigh-high stockings (American English)
* Hosen (clothing)
* Knee highs
* Leggings, or yoga pants
* Socks, tube socks (American English), knee-highs and over-the-knees
* Stockings, held by a suspender belt
* Tights (British English; also common in American usage) or pantyhose (American English)
* Toe socks
* Legwarmers
# James B. Loken

James Burton Loken (born May 21, 1940) is an American lawyer serving since 1990 as a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit.

## Education

Loken earned his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1962 and his Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1965. After law school, he clerked for Judge J. Edward Lumbard of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit from 1965 to 1966 and for Justice Byron White of the United States Supreme Court from 1966 to 1967.

## Professional career

Loken was in private practice in Minneapolis, Minnesota, from 1967 to 1970. He was General Counsel to the President's Committee on Consumer Interests in 1970 and a staff assistant to President Richard M. Nixon from 1970 to 1972. Loken returned to private practice in Minneapolis from 1973 to 1990 at the white shoe law firm of Faegre & Benson.

## Federal judicial service

On September 10, 1990, President George H. W. Bush nominated Loken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit seat vacated by Gerald William Heaney. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 12 and received his commission on October 17. Future Dean of Brooklyn Law School Michael T. Cahill served as his law clerk from 1999 to 2000.
Loken served as chief judge of the court from April 1, 2003, to March 31, 2010, when he was succeeded by William J. Riley. He has been the oldest Eighth Circuit judge who still occupies their seat (meaning not in senior status) since December 14, 2018, when Roger Leland Wollman went senior.

### Notable cases

* In July 2017, Loken wrote for the en banc Eighth Circuit when it found, by a vote of 7–2, that the National Labor Relations Act did not protect Jimmy John's employees from being fired for putting up Industrial Workers of the World posters seeking sick leave.
* In November 2022, Loken wrote for a three-judge panel upholding an immigration judge's finding that an asylum applicant who had been brutally raped by military officers in her home country, Cameroon, was not credible because she did not provide medical records from the government hospital that attended to her injuries.
# Aegis Trust

The Aegis Trust, founded in 2000, is the British NGO which campaigns to prevent genocide worldwide. Based at the United Kingdom's Holocaust Centre, which opened in 1995, the Aegis Trust coordinates the UK Genocide Prevention All-Party Parliamentary Group, funds the Genocide Prevention Group (Canada) and is responsible for the Kigali Genocide Memorial Centre in Rwanda, which commemorates the 1994 genocide and is central to education of a new generation about the dangers of ethnic division.

## History

The Aegis Trust was founded by brothers James and Stephen Smith, as a progression from their establishment of Beth Shalom, the UK Holocaust Memorial Centre, in 1995. The outbreak of the Kosovo crisis in 1999 provided the catalyst for the development of Aegis. Troubled by the repetition of genocidal violence, the Smiths responded by initiating a regional aid appeal in the East Midlands. In 2002, Aegis hosted a joint conference with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Aegis' work follows three strands: education, protection and survivor support.

## Aegis Trust Award

Created in 2002 by the Aegis Trust, the Aegis Trust Award is made "for altruism, resourcefulness and bravery in preserving the value of human life". The award is intended to honour individuals who, by actions in contrast to the majority, demonstrate a respect for human life that transcends ideology, politics, expediency, personal or career interests and even personal safety, under circumstances in which people's lives are threatened because of their identity as part of a group subject to mass violence. The Award recognises preservation of the value of human life, rather than preservation of life itself. It is about the values and courage behind a set of actions, rather than about the objective success or failure of those actions in achieving the intended outcome. The prize is awarded on the basis of personal merit, even if the recipient was in the employment of an organisation at the time of the actions being recognised. The Award consists of a diploma, the 'Aegis' medallion and a sum of money. The Award is international and may be given to anyone anywhere.
Canadian Lt. Gen. Roméo Dallaire was the recipient of the inaugural Aegis Award, for his efforts as UN Force Commander in Rwanda to prevent or curtail the Rwandan genocide of 1994, despite being ordered by his superiors on three occasions to withdraw. The Award was presented to the General by Rt. Hon. Peter Hain MP, then Minister of State for Foreign Affairs (UK), at Westminster Central Hall in London - symbolic as the venue for the very first General Assembly of the United Nations in 1946.

## STAND

STAND (formerly known as Students Taking Action Now: Darfur) is a student activist group that merged with the Aegis Trust in April 2015. Founded in 2003 at Georgetown University as the student-led division of United to End Genocide, STAND opposes violence in Burma, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, South Sudan, and Syria.
# William Lewis (judge)

William Lewis (January 22, 1752 – August 16, 1819) was a United States Attorney for the District of Pennsylvania and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Pennsylvania.

## Education and career

Born on January 22, 1752, in Edgemont, Province of Pennsylvania, British America, Lewis read law in 1773. He entered private practice in Philadelphia, Province of Pennsylvania (State of Pennsylvania, United States from July 4, 1776) from 1773 to 1787. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1787 to 1789. He was the United States Attorney for the District of Pennsylvania from 1789 to 1791.

### Anti-slavery legislation

Lewis was involved in the drafting and passage of An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in 1780. This legislation was the first legal action towards the abolition of slavery in the United States of America.

## Federal judicial service

Lewis received a recess appointment from President George Washington on July 14, 1791, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Pennsylvania vacated by Judge Francis Hopkinson. He was nominated to the same position by President Washington on October 31, 1791. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 7, 1791, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on January 4, 1792, due to his resignation.

## Later career and death

Following his resignation from the federal bench, Lewis resumed private practice in Philadelphia from 1792 to 1817. He died on August 16, 1819, in Philadelphia.

## Other accomplishments and residence

Lewis is also known for advising Alexander Hamilton on the first national bank and building the Historic Strawberry Mansion in Philadelphia's Fairmount Park in 1789. At the time the house was known as Summerville. Lewis died peacefully at Summerville, at the age of 68. The house was converted into a historic house museum in 1931.
# Earth Liberation Army

The Earth Liberation Army (ELA), similar to the Earth Liberation Front (ELF), is the collective name for anonymous and autonomous individuals or groups that use "economic sabotage and guerrilla warfare to stop the exploitation and destruction of the natural environment", commonly known as ecotage or monkeywrenching. The name was first used in Canada, in 1995, which was the first Earth liberation direct action in North America, three years after the ELF had been founded in England. The ELA is also a radical, anarchist, leaderless movement, although in contrast to the ELF, the first group did not publish any guidelines. The ELA are considered to be "eco-terrorists" by governments, and are also known to also be active in the United States (see North American Earth Liberation Front Press Office).
It is designated as a terrorist organization by the governments of the United Nations, European Union, United States, Argentina, Canada, Brazil, Paraguay, Greenland, Puerto Rico, Japan, CSTO, Arab League, Gulf Cooperation Council, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Morocco, Israel, United Kingdom, Russia, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and South Korea.

## Origins and philosophy

Prior to ELF actions occurring in North America a year later, the ELA were the first to pursue an "Earth Liberation" action, which happened in 1995, in Canada. Because of the wave of ELF actions that was occurring across Europe, they were considered by the European Elves at the time to be "transatlantic cousins", because of the similarity in tactics. The first action was on 19 June 1995, when individuals claiming to be part of the ELA burned down a wildlife museum and damaged a hunting lodge in British Columbia.

## Actions

The name was not commonly known by environmental activists until in 1998, when the ELA claimed the arson at Vail Resorts that severely damaged the resort in the Colorado Rockies costing $12 million in damages.
# Velké Hamry

Velké Hamry (German: Großhammer, Groß Hammer) is a town in Jablonec nad Nisou District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,700 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Velké Hamry consists of two municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Velké Hamry (2,464)
* Bohdalovice (153)

## Etymology

The town's name literally means "big hammer mills" and refers to hammer mills, which stood here probably in the 13th and 14th centuries.

## Geography

Velké Hamry is located about 10 kilometres (6 mi) east of Jablonec nad Nisou. It lies in the Jizera Mountains. The highest point is the mountain Pustina at 831 m (2,726 ft) above sea level. The Kamenice River flows through the town.

## History

In the area there were two hamlets called Dolení ("Lower") and Hoření ("Upper") Hamr. In 1914, the two hamlets were merged and created a new municipality named Velké Hamry. In 1926, it was promoted to a market town. In 1926, Bohdalovice and Svárov joined Velké Hamry. In 1968, Velké Hamry became a town.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 2,774 | — |
| 1880 | 3,305 | +19.1% |
| 1890 | 3,362 | +1.7% |
| 1900 | 4,132 | +22.9% |
| 1910 | 4,867 | +17.8% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 4,033 | −17.1% |
| 1930 | 4,300 | +6.6% |
| 1950 | 2,582 | −40.0% |
| 1961 | 2,531 | −2.0% |
| 1970 | 2,273 | −10.2% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 2,118 | −6.8% |
| 1991 | 2,063 | −2.6% |
| 2001 | 2,721 | +31.9% |
| 2011 | 2,811 | +3.3% |
| 2021 | 2,617 | −6.9% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

The I/10 road from Turnov to the Czech-Polish border in Harrachov passes through the town.
Velké Hamry is located on the railway line Železný Brod–Tanvald.

## Sights

The main landmark of Velké Hamry is the Church of Saint Wenceslaus. It was built in the neo-Gothic style in 1915–1925.
# Josef Niedermeier

Josef Niedermeier (born 7 November 1942) is a German biathlete. He competed at the 1972 Winter Olympics and the 1976 Winter Olympics.
# 1842 Liverpool by-election

The 1842 Liverpool by-election was held on 8 February 1842 and resulted in the election of the unopposed Conservative candidate Howard Douglas. It was caused by the resignation of the previous Conservative MP, Cresswell Cresswell, when he was made a judge of the Court of Common Pleas by the Prime Minister Robert Peel.
# Aghavnadzor, Kotayk

Aghavnadzor (Armenian: Աղավնաձոր, also romanized as Akhavnadzor and Agavnadzor) is a village in the Kotayk Province of Armenia.
# Liam O'Grady

Liam O'Grady (born 1950) is a former United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. In 2020, he was appointed as a judge of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and as a judge of the Alien Terrorist Removal Court. He retired in August 2023.

## Early life and education

Born in Newark, New Jersey, O'Grady attended Glen Ridge High School, graduating in 1968. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Franklin & Marshall College in 1973 and a Juris Doctor from George Mason University School of Law in 1977.

## Career

O'Grady was in private practice in Virginia from 1992 to 2003. He was an Assistant commonwealth's attorney for the Commonwealth of Virginia from 1982 to 1986. He was an assistant United States attorney of the Eastern District of Virginia from 1986 to 1992.

### Federal judicial service

O'Grady was a United States magistrate judge for the Eastern District of Virginia from 2003 to 2007. On January 9, 2007, O'Grady was nominated by President George W. Bush to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia vacated by Claude M. Hilton. O'Grady was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 9, 2007, and received his commission on July 11, 2007. He assumed senior status on May 1, 2020. In 2021, he was appointed to the Alien Terrorist Removal Court and as a judge of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. He retired from active service on August 18, 2023.

### Megaupload case

O'Grady was the presiding judge in extradition proceedings against Kim Dotcom relating to the Megaupload file storage service. During April 2012 he stated: "I frankly don't know that we are ever going to have a trial in this matter," when he found that the company had never been formally served with criminal papers by the US.
In April 2022 O’Grady was replaced as a judge in the RIAA and MPA civil cases against Megaupload.
On May 21, 2022 O’Grady was replaced as a judge in both the criminal case against Megaupload due to conflict of interest, O'Grady had a financial stake in Disney.

### Daniel Hale case

O'Grady was the presiding judge in the case against Daniel Hale. Hale is a whistleblower who leaked approximately 150 documents to a reporter on U.S. drone operations in the Middle East. The documents detailed how the policy of selecting targets was presumptuous rather than thorough; and the targeting was far from precise. In March 2021 Hale pleaded guilty to one count of providing classified information to a reporter.
During sentencing, defense attorneys argued the government had no evidence showing that actual harm had arisen from the leaks, and the fact should be taken into account. In July 2021 O'Grady sentenced Hale to 45 months in prison. It was the second harshest sentence for a whistleblower (the harshest was Reality Winner's sentence of 5 years in prison for whistleblowing).
# Newlands, Northumberland

Newlands is a hamlet and former civil parish, now in the parish of Shotley Low Quarter, in the county of Northumberland, England. It is north of Ebchester and south of Whittonstall on the B6309, which follows the route of the ancient Roman road of Watling Street. It is situated north of the River Derwent (forming a border between County Durham and Northumberland). The nearest large settlement is Consett to the south west. In 1951 the parish had a population of 71.
The hamlet consists mainly of a group of closely located farmhouses on a road called Fine Lane, west of and coming off the B6309. The derelict Marley Tiles factory sits on the B6309 itself, currently subject to a planning application for 109 homes.
A second batch of houses and rental shalets known as Newlands Lodges sit at the point where the B6309 crosses the River Derwent and climbs Chare Bank into Ebchester where it meets and crosses the A694.
The only public transport is the twice daily 689 bus service (three times Saturday) between Consett and Hexham via Slaley. However, bus links to Newcastle and Consett (X45 and 47) are available from nearby Ebchester.

## Attractions

Veering south west off Fine Lane and past Sisterson Farm, is a footpath running parallel to then crossing a stream known as Small Burn. Two waterfalls can be found on this stream, collectively referred to on Google Maps as Small Burn Falls (also referred to Sisterson Falls after the nearby farm). The first is hidden in the trees at the top of a gorge on the edge of Newlands (note this can be dangerous to access when the stream is in flood). The second can be found a further 150 m further on where the footpath crosses Small Burn over a stone bridge.
The path crosses a further stream called Mere Burn with another small waterfall, Mere Burn Waterfall, before turning south then running south west adjacent to the River Derwent towards Shotley Bridge. For this reason, the path is nicknamed locally as Waterfall Way. Both streams join the River Derwent.

## History

The name "Newlands" means 'New land'.
The originals of the hamlet possibly date back to the granting of 314 acres of land in 1200 by Hugh de Baliol in about 1200 "to be assarted (cleared of trees), cultivated, built upon and enclosed" on the Ebchester road. Another 200 acres were added later
Newlands was formerly a township in the parish of Bywell St. Peter, from 1866 Newlands was a civil parish in its own right, on 1 April 1955 the parish was abolished and merged with Shotley Low Quarter.
# D. Leo Daley

Daniel Leo Daley (March 26, 1895 – August 19, 1979) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Boston College in 1927, compiling a record of 4–4. He was also a longtime Boston Public Schools employee, serving as a coach, teacher, junior master, headmaster, and assistant superintendent.

## Athletic career

A graduate of the Boston Latin School, Daley attended Boston College, where he was a three-year starter at guard and elected captain as a sophomore in 1913. He also earned varsity letters in track and baseball. He graduated from BC in 1915 and then spent a year at the Boston Normal School.

## High school coaching

In 1916 he became the football coach at South Boston High School. His missed the 1918 season due to service in the United States Navy, but he returned to coaching after World War I, this time with Boston College High School. After two successful seasons as BC High, Daley moved on to Hyde Park High School, where he developed three future Boston College players. In 1925 he became the head football and baseball coach at the English High School of Boston in 1925. Daley's 1926 team won the city football championship. From 1920 to 1926 he also coached Pere Marquette, a semipro team made up of college graduates and former high school stars which won the New England championship.

## Boston College

In 1926, Boston College adopted a policy of hiring graduates to coach their athletic teams. On December 23, 1926, Daley became the first BC graduate to become full-time head football coach. He was given a one-year contract. Despite losing four-year starting quarterback Joe McKenney and having only 12 returning lettermen, Daley coached his team to a respectable 4–4 record. Daley, however, decided to return to coaching at English after his only season as BC coach as was replaced by assistant Joe McKenney. After the season, Daley, who was on a leave of absence from his position as a junior master in the Boston Public School system, chose not to renew his contract and returned to Boston English.

## Later life

Daley retired from coaching in 1932, but remained with the Boston public school system. From 1932 to 1937 he was the head history department at the Mechanic Arts High School. In 1937 took the same position at the English High School. In 1943 he was appointed headmaster of the Mechanic Arts High School. In 1948 he became an assistant superintendent for the Boston public school district. He retired in 1961.
After leaving coaching, Daley was a high school and college football official. He was the umpire at the 1948 Cotton Bowl Classic. He also served as President of the Boston College Varsity Club. He was inducted into the Boston College Varsity Club Athletic Hall of Fame in 1978.
Following his retirement, Daley resided in Harwich, Massachusetts. He died on August 19, 1979, at Cape Cod Hospital.

## Head coaching record
### College

| Year | Team | Overall |
| Boston College Eagles (Independent) (1927) ||||||
| 1927 | Boston College | 4–4 |
| Boston College: | Boston College: | 4–4 |
| Total: | Total: | 4–4 |
# Holzthum

Holzthum (Luxembourgish: Holztem) is a village in the commune of Parc Hosingen, in northern Luxembourg. As of 2023, the village has a population of 327.
The town was once the site of a Late Roman Burgus, which was discovered in 2019 thanks to metal detectorists which yielded treasure trove of Roman solidii at its ruins.
# Carion the Egyptian

Carion the Egyptian was an Egyptian Christian monk who lived during the 4th century in Scetis, Lower Egypt. He was one of the Desert Fathers.
Carion left his wife and two children to become a monk in Scetis. His son was Zacharias the Recluse (also known as Zacharias of Scetis), who was sent to Scetis to become a monk with his father during a famine.