OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Marc T. Treadwell

Marc Thomas Treadwell (born August 6, 1955) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia.

## Early life and education

Treadwell was born in Fort Campbell, Kentucky in 1955 and graduated from Blackshear High School in 1973. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1978 from Valdosta State University and a Juris Doctor in 1981 from the Walter F. George School of Law at Mercer University.

## Career

From 1981 to 1985, Treadwell served as an associate for the Atlanta law firm of Kilpatrick & Cody (now Kilpatrick Stockton). He then served as an associate for the Macon, Georgia law firm Chambless, Higdon & Carson LLP from 1985 until 1987 and then as a partner with that firm from 1987 until 2000. From 2000 until 2010, Treadwell was a partner in the Macon, Georgia firm Adams, Jordan & Treadwell, where he specialized in personal injury and wrongful death. He also has been an adjunct professor at his alma mater, the Walter F. George School of Law at Mercer University, since 1998.

### Federal judicial service

On February 4, 2010, President Barack Obama nominated Treadwell to serve on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia, to fill the vacancy created by Judge Hugh Lawson, who assumed senior status at the end of 2008. On March 18, 2010, the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary reported Treadwell's nomination out of committee by a voice vote. The United States Senate confirmed Treadwell on June 21, 2010 by an 89–0 vote. He received his commission on June 22, 2010. He served as Chief Judge from July 1, 2020 to May 31, 2024.
# Backbone cabal

The backbone cabal was an informal organization of large-site news server administrators of the worldwide distributed newsgroup-based discussion system Usenet. It existed from about 1983 until around 1988.
The cabal was created in an effort to facilitate reliable propagation of new Usenet posts. While in the 1970s and 1980s many news servers only operated during night time to save on the cost of long-distance communication, servers of the backbone cabal were available 24 hours a day. The administrators of these servers gained sufficient influence in the otherwise anarchic Usenet community to be able to push through controversial changes, for instance the Great Renaming of Usenet newsgroups during 1987.

## History

Mary Ann Horton recruited membership in and designed the original physical topology of the Usenet Backbone in 1983. Gene "Spaf" Spafford then created an email list of the backbone administrators, plus a few influential posters. This list became known as the Backbone Cabal and served as a "political (i.e. decision making) backbone". Other prominent members of the cabal were Brian Reid, Richard Sexton, Chuq von Rospach and Rick Adams.

## In internet culture

During most of its existence, the cabal (sometimes capitalized) steadfastly denied its own existence; those involved would often respond "There is no Cabal" (sometimes abbreviated as "TINC"').
The result of this policy was an aura of mystery, even a decade after the cabal mailing list disbanded in late 1988 following an internal fight.
# Goran Šprem

Goran Šprem (born 6 July 1979) is a Croatian former handball player.
Šprem started his professional career with RK Zagreb in the late 1990s. He also spent a season with RK Medveščak Zagreb in 2001 and 2002, before returning to RK Zagreb for a second spell with the club between 2002 and 2004. He eventually left RK Zagreb for German side SG Flensburg-Handewitt in October 2004. He left Flensburg for a short spell with TuS Nettelstedt in February 2005, returning to the club in the summer of the same year and eventually spending a season with them. In the summer of 2006, he left Flensburg for a short spell with MT Melsungen, before joining his current club, HSG Nordhorn, in November 2006. He left Nordhorn in 2009.
Šprem is also a member of the Croatian national handball team, with whom he won gold medals at the 2003 World Men's Handball Championship and the 2004 Summer Olympics. He also won two silver medals with the Croatian national team at the World Men's Handball Championships in 2005 and 2009, and participated at the 2006 European Men's Handball Championship, where Croatia finished fourth.
Since his retirement he's been a pundit on RTL Televizija.

## Honours
### Zagreb

* Dukat Premier League
** Winner (9): 1996-97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999-00, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2009–10, 2010–11
* Croatian Cup
** Winner (8): 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2010, 2011
* EHF Champions League
** Finalist (2): 1997-98, 1998-99

### SG Flensburg-Handewitt

* DHB-Pokal
** Winner (1): 2005

### HSG Nordhorn

* EHF Cup
** Winner (1): 2008

### Individual

* Franjo Bučar State Award for Sport - 2004

## Orders

* Order of Danica Hrvatska with face of Franjo Bučar - 2004
# Glen Wilton, Virginia

Glen Wilton is a census-designated place (CDP) in northern Botetourt County, Virginia, United States. The population was 129 at the 2020 census. The CDP is located along the James River, between Eagle Rock and Iron Gate. It is part of the Roanoke metropolitan area.

## History

Callie Furnace was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

## Geography

Glen Wilton is located at 37°45′10″N 79°49′08″W﻿ / ﻿37.75278°N 79.81889°W﻿ / 37.75278; -79.81889 (37.7554874, −079.8213753).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.434 square miles.

## Demographics

Glen Wilton first appeared as a census designated place in the 2020 U.S. Census.
As of the census of 2020, there were 129 people residing in the CDP. The population density was 300 people per square mile (120 people/km$^2$). There were 57 housing units. The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.9% White, 2.3% Black or African American, 0% Native American, 0% Asian, 0% Pacific Islander, 0% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. 0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

## Parks and recreation

The Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources maintains a public access point to the James River in the CDP. The Glen Wilton public access point is one of twelve that make up the Upper James River Water Trail, a blueway along the James River.

## Government

The United States Postal Service operates the Glen Wilton Post Office within the CDP, however addresses use an Eagle Rock ZIP Code.

## Education

Glen Wilton is served by Botetourt County Public Schools. Public school students residing in Glen Wilton are zoned to attend Eagle Rock Elementary School, Central Academy Middle School, and James River High School.
Mountain Gateway Community College in nearby Clifton Forge is the closest higher education institution to the CDP.

## Infrastructure

The Western Virginia Water Authority operates the community's water and sanitary sewer systems.

### Public safety

Law enforcement is provided by the Botetourt County Sheriff's Office.
Fire protection is provided by the Botetourt County Department of Fire and EMS, which operates a fire station within the CDP. Emergency medical services are provided by the Botetourt County Department of Fire and EMS from the nearby Eagle Rock fire station. Previously, the Glen Wilton Volunteer Fire Department and Rescue Squad provided fire protection and non-transport emergency medical services to the community. The agency dissolved in 2023 due to lack of membership.

## Transportation
### Air

Ingalls Field, located near Hot Springs is the closest general aviation airport to the CDP. The Greenbrier Valley Airport and Roanoke-Blacksburg Regional Airport are the closest airports with commercial service to the CDP.

### Roads

* U.S. Route 220 is the closest highway to the CDP.

### Rail

The CSX operated James River Subdivision runs through the CDP. The closest passenger rail service is located in Clifton Forge.
# Guo Yiqi

Guo Yiqi (born 13 February 1997) is a Chinese fencer. She competed in the women's team sabre event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
# Nancy D. Freudenthal

Nancy Dell Freudenthal (née Roan, February 5, 1954) is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Wyoming. She is the first female judge to serve in the District of Wyoming. Freudenthal was also the First Lady of Wyoming from January 6, 2003, to January 3, 2011, as the wife of Governor Dave Freudenthal.

## Early life and education

Born on February 5, 1954, in Cody, Wyoming, Freudenthal earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1976 from the University of Wyoming and a Juris Doctor in 1980 from the University of Wyoming College of Law.

## Career

From 1980 until 1989, Freudenthal worked in the office of the Wyoming governor as an attorney for intergovernmental affairs. From 1985 to 1986, she was an adjunct professor at the University of Wyoming College of Law. From 1989 to 1991, she served on the Wyoming Tax Commission, and from 1989 until 1995, she was on the board of the Wyoming Board of Equalization. Freudenthal has spent much of her legal career working on energy and environmental issues. In 1995, she took a job as an associate at the Cheyenne, Wyoming law firm of Davis & Cannon. In 1998, she became a partner and held that post until her nomination as a federal judge.

### Federal judicial service

According to the questionnaire that Freudenthal submitted to the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, after the election of Barack Obama, Freudenthal's husband, Wyoming Gov. Dave Freudenthal, asked her if she would be interested in serving as a federal district judge for Wyoming. Her husband subsequently—without telling her—submitted three possible nominees to the Obama administration for it to consider nominating: his wife, another attorney, Ford Bussart, and a state district court judge, Norman E. Young. "I thought about that long and hard, and the question really came down to (was) should she be penalized for having married me," Dave Freudenthal told a local newspaper. "And the conclusion I came down to is that all three of them are qualified, and fortunately, it's up to the president and not me."
In August 2009, the United States Department of Justice contacted Nancy Freudenthal about the nomination and she was interviewed by Justice Department lawyers on October 5, 2009. Obama formally submitted her nomination to the United States District Court for the District of Wyoming on December 3, 2009. Freudenthal would fill the vacancy created in 2006 when Judge Clarence Addison Brimmer, Jr. assumed senior status. President George W. Bush previously nominated Richard Honaker for the seat, but he never received a hearing on his nomination. The United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary held a hearing on Freudenthal's nomination on January 20, 2010. On May 5, 2010, the United States Senate confirmed Freudenthal by a 96–1 vote. She received her judicial commission on May 6, 2010. Freudenthal served as Chief Judge from July 24, 2011, to May 31, 2018. She assumed senior status on June 1, 2022.
# Sukumo Station

Sukumo Station (宿毛駅, Sukumo-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Sukumo, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the third-sector Tosa Kuroshio Railway. and has the station number "TK47".

## Lines

Sukumo Station is a terminus of the Tosa Kuroshio Railway Sukumo Line, and is located 23.6 km from the opposing terminus of the line at Nakamura Station.

## Station layout

The elevated station consists of two bay platforms serving two terminating tracks. Stairs and an elevator connect the platforms to the station office on the ground floor. This station has a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office.

## Adjacent stations

| « | « | Service | » | » |
| Tosa Kuroshio Railway |||||
| Sukumo Line |||||
| Higashi-Sukumo | Higashi-Sukumo | - | Terminus | Terminus |

## History

The station opened on 1 October 1997.
Services between Sukumo and Nakamura were suspended from 2 March 2005 following a collision. Local services only were resumed from 7 April 2005 between Higashi-Sukumo and Nakamura, and limited express services were restored from 13 June 2005. The line from Sukumo reopened on 1 November 2005.

## Surrounding area

* National Route 56
* National Route 321
* Sukumo Shell Mound
# Aedes scapularis

Aedes scapularis is a species of mosquito primarily found in neo-tropical regions of the Americas.

## Classification

Aedes scapularis is one of many species of the genus Aedes. Several Aedes species have been reclassified as Ochlerotatus, with Ae. scapulari sometimes included in this revision.

## Distribution

Aedes scapularis has been recorded throughout neo-tropical regions of the western hemisphere. Larval specimens were reported in the Florida Keys in 1945, and in 2020 the species was reported as being endemic in Miami-Dade and Broward counties in Florida.

## Biology

Its habitat was originally associated with forest habitats, but it has become urbanized and is now reported breeding in artificial water containers.
Forattini & Gomes 1988 reported that this mosquito showed diurnal and nocturnal activity, but was most active during the evening crepuscular period.

## Medical importance

It is known to bite humans and can carry a number of diseases, including yellow fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and other human pathogens.
In 2021, authorities in southeastern Florida stated that, although it has become established there, this species of mosquito is not considered a vector of concern for disease in humans nor other animals, as the diseases it can transmit are not endemic to that area.
# Mohammadabad, Tonekabon

Mohammadabad (Persian: محمداباد) is a neighborhood in the city of Shirud in the Central District of Tonekabon County, Mazandaran province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 census, Mohammadabad's population was 845 in 245 households, when it was a village in Goli Jan Rural District. After the census, the villages of Bala Shirud, Beramsar, Hemmatabad, Kaseh Gar Mahalleh, Khezr Konar, Kochanak, Lapa Sar, Lashtu, Mian Daj Mahalleh, Mohammadabad, Mojtame-ye Meskuni Farhangian, Pain Shirud, Ramj Mahalleh, Rashidiyeh, Shaghuz Kaleh, Sharifabad, Tamijanak, Vachak, and Zaruj Mahalleh were merged to form the city of Shirud.
# Midorigaoka Station (Hyōgo)

Midorigaoka Station (緑が丘駅, Midorigaoka-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Miki, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private Kobe Electric Railway (Shintetsu).

## Lines

Midorigaoka Station is served by the Ao Line and is 12.8 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Suzurandai and is 20.3 kilometers from Minatogawa and 20.7 kilometers from Shinkaichi.

## Station layout

The station consists of a ground-level side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station is unattended.

## Adjacent stations

| « | Service | » |
| Shintetsu Ao Line |||||
| Oshibedani | Express | Hirono Golf-jo-mae |
| Oshibedani | Semi-Express | Hirono Golf-jo-mae |
| Oshibedani | Local | Hirono Golf-jo-mae |

## History

Midorigaoka Station opened on March 8, 1950 as Hirono Yakyūjō-mae Station (広野野球場前駅). It was renamed June 15, 1958.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 1545 passengers daily.

## Surrounding area

* Kansai University of International Studies
* Hyogo Prefectural Miki Kita High School
* Miki City Midorigaoka Sports Park
# Reason Why

"Reason Why" is a song by English producer Sophie featuring German singer Kim Petras and American duo BC Kingdom. The track was released on 24 June 2024 as the lead single of Sophie's posthumous self-titled album, released on 27 September.

## Background

Sophie's first studio album, Oil of Every Pearl's Un-Insides was released in 2018 to critical acclaim. Later on, Sophie was nearing completion of her second studio project before her sudden death in 2021. After her death, Sophie's brother Ben Long announced his intention to release the project that she would "be happy with". Up until 2024, posthumous projects by Sophie were sparse, including a collaboration with Jlin titled "Jsloipnhie".
Sophie played "Reason Why" in her live performances before it was leaked in 2019.

## Release

On 21 June 2024, an hour-long video, which listed a date for 24 June 2024 at 6:30 PM London Time along with different time zones, was posted to Sophie's YouTube channel. On the date, the song was released, accompanied by an announcement that her posthumous album, Sophie, would be released in September of the year.

## Personnel

* Sophie – production, writing
* BC Kingdom – vocals
* Kim Petras – vocals, writing
* Eric Scoggins – writing
* Christopher Cummings – writing
* Benny Long – production
* Alex Evans – mixing
* Matt Colton – mastering
# Darrin P. Gayles

Darrin Phillip Gayles (born December 16, 1966) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida and former Florida Circuit Court judge.

## Education and legal career

Gayles received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1990 from Howard University. He received a Juris Doctor in 1993 from the George Washington University Law School. He began his career as an assistant state attorney in the Miami-Dade State Attorney's Office from 1993 to 1997. From 1997 to 1999, he served as an assistant district counsel at the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service. From 1999 to 2004, he served as an assistant United States attorney for the Southern District of Florida.

## Judicial career
### State judicial service

In 2004, Gayles became a judge, serving as a county judge in Miami-Dade County within the Eleventh Judicial Circuit. From 2011 to 2014, he served as a circuit court judge on the Eleventh Judicial Circuit Court of Florida.

### Federal judicial service

On February 6, 2014, President Barack Obama nominated Gayles to serve as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, to the seat vacated by Judge Patricia A. Seitz, who assumed senior status on November 16, 2012. He received a hearing before the United States Senate Judiciary Committee on April 1, 2014. On May 8, 2014, his nomination was reported out of committee by a voice vote. On June 16, 2014, the United States Senate invoked cloture by a 55–37 vote. On June 17, 2014, his nomination was confirmed by a 98–0 vote, making him the first openly gay African-American federal judge. He received his judicial commission on June 19, 2014.

### Cases

Sitting with the Eleventh Circuit in July 2020, Gayles dissented when the court upheld an Alabama voter ID law without a trial even though evidence showed that voters of color were twice as likely to lack ID as white voters. Gayles wrote "The majority opinion essentially argues that we should not penalize Alabama’s legislators for Alabama’s past; rather, we should start with a clean slate when reviewing the Photo ID Law. But this is not what the law commands us to do. Alabama’s history of voter suppression is relevant here and provides a wealth of direct and circumstantial evidence that should be considered at trial."
# Chiyorichō Station

Chiyorichō Station (知寄町駅, Chiyorichō-eki) is a tram station in Kōchi, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan.

## Lines

* Tosa Electric Railway
** Gomen Line

## Adjacent stations

| « | « | Service | » | » |
| Tosa Electric Railway |||||
| Gomen Line |||||
| Chiyorichō-sanchōme | Chiyorichō-sanchōme | - | Chiyorichō-nichōme | Chiyorichō-nichōme |
33°33′28″N 133°33′41″E﻿ / ﻿33.557892°N 133.5615°E﻿ / 33.557892; 133.5615
* This Kōchi Prefecture railroad station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Alexander Litvinov

Alexander Ivanovich Litvinov (Russian: Александр Иванович Литвинов; 22 August 1853 – 1932) was a general in the Imperial Russian Army.

## Biography

Litvinov was educated in the 1st Moscow military school and entered military service on 5 August 1870. He graduated from the 3rd Military Alexandrovskoye and Mikhaylovskoye Artillery School in 1873. He was appointed a lieutenant (10 August 1873) in the 1st Horse-Artillery Brigade. He then served in the 2nd Cavalry Artillery team.
He fought in the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878, attaining the rank of captain on 18 December 1880. In 1882 he graduated from the Academy of General Staff of the Mykolayiv. He then went to the Vilensky Military District. On 24 November 1882, he was appointed senior staff adjutant to the 4th Cavalry Division, attaining the rank of colonel on 24 March 1885. On 29 September 1886, he was appointed the chief of staff of the Vilno Military District. On 19 April 1890, he became chief of staff of the 2nd Cavalry Division. Then on 12 June 1896, he became commander of the 4th Pskov Dragoon Regiment. He attained the rank of major-general on 23 June 1899, and was given a special assignment with the Don Cossacks. On 20 September 1900, he was put in command of the Warsaw Military District. On 9 November 1906, he was once again made chief of staff of the Vilno Military District. He reached the rank of lieutenant-general on 6 December 1905, and was appointed head of the 1st Cavalry Division on 9 October 1906. On 9 March 1911, he became commander of the 5th Army Corps and General of Cavalry on 6 December 1911.
At the head of the 7th and 10th Infantry Division, he entered the First World War in the 5th Army. However, at a meeting of commanders held at Siedlce on 17 November 1914, he was appointed commander of the 1st Army, replacing General Paul von Rennenkampf.
Litvinov's First Army participated in the Lake Naroch offensive.
After the February Revolution, he was dismissed from the service with uniform and pension. From 1918 he served in the Red Army.

## Awards

* Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd Class, with Swords and Bow, 1879; 2nd Class, 1888; 1st Class, 1904
* Order of St. Anna, 3rd Class, 1883; 2nd Class, 1894; 1st Class, 1908
* Order of St. Vladimir, 4th Class, 1896; 3rd Class, 1902, 2nd Class with Swords, 29 March 1915
* Order of St. George, 4th Class, 25 September 1914
* Order of the White Eagle, with Swords, 6 December 1915
# Handball Federation of Slovenia

The Handball Federation of Slovenia (RZS) (Slovene: Rokometna zveza Slovenije) is the national authority responsible for the administration of handball in Slovenia and the Slovenia men's national handball team and the Slovenia women's national handball team. It are a member of the European Handball Federation (EHF) and the International Handball Federation (IHF).
It organizes the following competitions:
* Slovenian First League (men's handball)
* Slovenian Handball Cup
* Slovenian Handball Supercup
* Slovenian First League (women's handball)