OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

The 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was held during 17–25 April 1923 in Moscow. The congress elected the 12th Central Committee. It was attended by 408 delegates with deciding votes and 417 with consultative votes, representing 386,000 party members. This was the last congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (RCP(b) during Vladimir Lenin's leadership, though Lenin was unable to attend due to illness.

## Agenda

* The Central Committee political report (Grigory Zinoviev)
* The Central Committee organizational report (Joseph Stalin)
* Report of the Auditing Commission (Viktor Nogin)
* Report of the Central Control Commission (Matvei Shkiriatov)
* Report of the Russian representation in the Comintern Executive Committee (Nikolay Bukharin)
* About industry (Leon Trotsky)
* National (ethnic-based) issues in party and state development (Joseph Stalin)
* Tax policy in rural areas (Lev Kamenev, Mikhail Kalinin, Grigory Sokolnikov)
* About establishment of districts (raions) (Alexey Rykov)
* Elections of the Party's central offices

## Brief overview

Much of this Congress was taken up with Joseph Stalin's struggle against the Georgian Bolshevists. Stalin dominated the Congress with Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze and Mamia Orakhelashvili, moving against the Old Bolsheviks Budu Mdivani and Filipp Makharadze. Stalin accused the latter of the following:
* "violation of party discipline", namely contact Lenin directly not through party channels;
* "disobeying decisions of the Central Committee of the RCP(b)";
* "demanding special economic concessions for Georgia";
* "local chauvinism" and "imperialism" as they were accused of oppressing smaller nations such as the Ossetians and Abkhazians, and,
* "the desire to obtain privileged positions for Georgians".
Ordzhonikidze went further:
* "collaboration with Mensheviks during 1918–1920";
* "retaining class enemies (landlords) in the Georgian Communist Party";
* "granting political amnesty to Mensheviks", and,
* "leftism" and "adventurism".

## Aftermath

Mirsäyet Soltanğäliev attended this Congress, but he was subject to attack immediately afterwards in the Tartar newspaper Eshche and arrested during May 1923. He was roundly condemned by Stalin at the Fourth Conference of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (b) with the Workers of the National Republics of the Regions, held 9–12 June 1923.
At this Congress, the RCP(b) redefined the problems of nationalism identifying local chauvinism as the main problem rather than Great Russian chauvinism. The Congress was the beginning of the so-called policy of Korenizatsiya. The main idea was to grow national cadres for every nationality so that the party line could be pursued everywhere by representatives of the local nationality and the national proletariat could be raised against its own exploiters.
# Cathryn Credo

Catherine credo ( born 2nd august 1997) is a Tanzania actress best known for playing the role of Neema and Hidaya in ( FATUMA & THE ENVELOPE ) both showing on Netflix, Bibie in a Tv series KOMBOLELA (2021) , Frida in the movie FRIDA (2022) ,Dorice in Tv series SINIA (2022) , Mwahamu in a short Film NIA (2023) a film by Seko Shamte , Kidawa in the film KIDAWA (2023) showing on Showmax and in a Tv series DHOHAR (2024) as Sabina Showing on DSTV .

## Career

For the 2018 Swahili language Jordan Riber film she was featured in as "Neema" titled, Hadithi za Kumekucha: Fatuma, also starring Beatrice Taisamo and Ayoub Bombwe, she was nominated and awarded a "Best Actress" award in the Swahili Movies special category at the 2018 Zanzibar International Film Festival (ZIFF).
Still in 2018, she again featured in Jordan Riber's Swahili language drama titled, Bahasha, in which she played the role of Hidaya. Other featured stars include Ayoub Bombwe and Godliver Gordian.
In the 15th Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA), she was nominated in the "AMAA 2019 Award For Best Young/Promising Actor", for the film, Fatuma, won by Ghana's Cynthia Dankwa.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| 2023 | Dhohar | Sabina | TV Series |
| 2022 | Ndoano | Somoe | Drama |
| 2021-2022 | Kombolela | Bibie | TV Series |
| 2018 | Bahasha - The Envelope | Actress (Hidaya) | Drama |
| 2018 | Haditha za Kumekucha: Fatuma | Actress (Neema) | Drama |

## Accolades

| Year | Event | Prize | Recipient | Result |
| 2019 | AMAA | Best Young/Promising Actor | Herself | Nominated |
| 2018 | ZIFF | Best Actress | Herself | Won |
# Robert Arthur Sprecher

Robert Arthur Sprecher (May 30, 1917 – May 15, 1982) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.

## Education and career

Born in Chicago, Illinois, Sprecher received an Associate of Arts degree from Central YMCA College in 1936, a Bachelor of Science degree from Northwestern University in 1938, and a Juris Doctor from Northwestern University School of Law in 1941. He was in private practice in Chicago from 1941 to 1971. He was a bar examiner for the State of Illinois from 1949 to 1971. He was a special assistant to the attorney general of Illinois from 1957 to 1963.

## Federal judicial service

On March 29, 1971, Sprecher was nominated by President Richard Nixon to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit vacated by Judge Latham Castle. Sprecher was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 21, 1971, and received his commission on April 23, 1971. Sprecher served in that capacity until his death on May 15, 1982.
# Texture (cosmology)

In cosmology, a texture is a type of topological defect in the order parameter (typically a scalar field) of a field theory featuring spontaneous symmetry breaking. They are not as localized as the other defects, and are unstable. No textures have been definitively confirmed as having been detected, but their existence is compatible with current theories and observations of the universe.
In late 2007 a cold spot in the cosmic microwave background detected by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe was interpreted as possibly being a sign of a texture lying in that direction. A 2012 study found no evidence of textures.
# Operation Homecoming: Writing the Wartime Experience

Operation Homecoming: Writing the Wartime Experience is a 2007 American documentary film directed by Richard E. Robbins, which portrays the lives and experiences of American combat soldiers who have been to the Iraq and Afghanistan wars.

## Production

The film is based on a collection of writings by veterans who have served in Iraq and Afghanistan wars, combined with news footage and photographs. These writings include journals, letters, poetry and essays, which were gathered by National Endowment for the Arts and previously published in the anthology Operation Homecoming: Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Home Front, in the Words of U.S. Troops and Their Families, edited by the bestselling author Andrew Carroll and initially released in hardcover by Random House and then in softcover, with additional material, by University of Chicago Press. The text is read by actors Beau Bridges, Robert Duvall, Aaron Eckhart, Chris Gorham, Justin Kirk, John Krasinski, Josh Lucas, and Blair Underwood, and poet Brian Turner. The film also consists of commentaries and interviews with literary authors such as Tobias Wolff, Tim O'Brien, Anthony Swofford, Paul Fussell and James Salter.

## Release

In 2007, the film was given theatrical release in the United States on September 9 and aired on Public Broadcasting Service's "America at the Crossroads" series.

## Reception
### Box office

The film grossed $4,500 in its opening weekend and ranked 76th for the weekend, and went on to gross a total of $6,700 domestically.

### Critical reaction

The documentary was given mostly positive reviews by critics. Operation Homecoming: Writing the Wartime Experience has an approval rating of 90% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 21 reviews, and an average rating of 7.60/10. Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 71 out of 100, based on 9 reviews, presenting "generally favorable reviews"
The film was considered "eloquent and moving", and was rated A− by Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly, who added that the documentary brought the viewers "closer to the emotions (principally boredom and terror) of the soldiers fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan than perhaps any previous examination." Janice Page of The Boston Globe also agreed that "no [other] work has brought viewers deeper inside the psychology of war". The Los Angeles Times's Mark Olsen, however, gave a more critical review, commenting that the film does "more of a disservice to the writings than aid in any greater understanding of their emotional meaning."

### Nominations and awards

The documentary received a nomination for Best Documentary Feature at the 80th Academy Awards, as well as a nomination for Best Feature Documentary films of the year by the International Documentary Association. Operation homecoming also received the Special Jury Award for "Innovative Documentary Storytelling" at Florida Film Festival in 2007.
For this documentary, director Richard E. Robbins was nominated for the 2007 Directors Guild of America Awards.
# Wang Yufa

Wang Yufa (Chinese: 王玉发; born August 1948) is a lieutenant general in the People's Liberation Army Air Force of China. He served as deputy political commissar of the Guangzhou Military Region and political commissar of its Air Force. On September 30, 2015, it was announced that he was being investigated for corruption and his case was handed over to military prosecutors.
He was a member of the 10th National People's Congress and a member of the 12th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

## Biography

Born in August 1948 in Nanzhao County, Henan, Wang Yufa joined the People's Liberation Army in March 1968. He participated in the Sino-Vietnamese War. He was political commissar of 127 Division of 54th Group Army in 1985, and held that office until 1994. In November 1994 he became the deputy political commissar of the People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison, rising to political commissar in May 1999. In December 2003, he was appointed the political commissar of Chengdu Military Region Air Force, he remained in that position until August 2006, when he was transferred to Guangzhou Military Region and appointed deputy political commissar of Guangzhou Military Region and political commissar of its Air Force. Wang attained the rank of major general in 1998 and lieutenant general in July 2005.
On August 28, 2015, Wang Yufa was removed from membership of China's top political advisory body, the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. On September 30, he was transferred to the military procuratorates.
# Anglican Diocese of Jos

The Anglican Diocese of Jos is a diocese of the Anglican Church of Nigeria which is roughly contiguous with Plateau State.
In the late 1970s, it was recognised that the large Northern Diocese required subdivision as the church was experiencing dramatic growth. It was therefore decided to divide the diocese into three, centred on the existing cathedral in Kaduna and new cathedrals in Jos and Kano. Jos Diocese was founded on 10 January 1980 with the enthronement of Samuel Ebo. The new cathedral was the existing church of St Luke's in the city centre. The diocese was structured with three archdeaconries, which divided the diocese into the three parts:
* Jos, which had responsibility for churches in Plateau State
* Makurdi, which had responsibility for churches in Benue State and
* Yola, which had responsibility for church in Gongola State
The church continued to grow under Ebo and his successor, Timothy Adesola, and, in September 1990, the diocese was further subdivided into three, with new missionary dioceses at Makurdi and Yola, and became part of Province 3 when the Church of Nigeria was divided on 20 September 1990. Subsequently, the diocese has become part of the Province of Jos.
The diocese has a long tradition of involvement with education. As well as founding and supporting a large number of schools, it has strong connections with TCNN and St. Francis of Assisi Theological College, Wusasa.

## Bishops of Jos

* 1980–?: Samuel Chukuma Nwokorie Ebo Samuel Ebo (first bishop; consecrated 6 January 1980)
* 1992–2023: Benjamin Kwashi (archbishop of Jos, 2008–2017)
* 2024–present: Ephraim Gongden
# June Ogle

June Whitney Ogle-Thomas (born 26 September 1986) is a Guyanese former cricketer who played as a right-handed batter and wicket-keeper. She appeared in 6 One Day Internationals and 2 Twenty20 Internationals for West Indies between 2011 and 2013. She played domestic cricket for Guyana.
# Elsa Saisio

Elsa Helena Saisio (born 19 July 1981) is a Finnish actress. She graduated from the Helsinki Theatre Academy in 2003.
Saisio began her professional career in Shakespeare productions already before her graduation. Her early stage roles include Julia, Ophelia, Anya in The Cherry Orchard and Cordelia in King Lear. She has made several main and supporting roles in Finnish movies and frequent television appearances along with her stage career.
Saisio grew in a theatre family: her parents are Pirkko Saisio and Pirjo Honkasalo, and her biological father Harri Hyttinen was also an actor.
She has appeared in the 2022 television series Stop Nyqvist and Whiskey on the Rocks.
# Walter Raleigh Ely Jr.

Walter Raleigh Ely Jr. (June 24, 1913 – October 9, 1984) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.

## Education and career

Born in Baird, Callahan County, Texas, Ely received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from the University of Texas at Austin in 1935 and a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Texas School of Law in 1935. He was in private practice in Abilene, Texas from 1935 to 1938, and was an assistant state attorney general of Texas from 1939 to 1941. He served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II, from 1941 to 1944. He returned to private practice, this time in Los Angeles, California from 1945 to 1964, receiving a Master of Laws from the USC Gould School of Law in 1949 and serving as president of the Los Angeles County Bar Association in 1962.

## Federal judicial service

On June 5, 1964, Ely was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit vacated by Judge Oliver Deveta Hamlin Jr. Ely was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 1, 1964, and received his commission the following day. He assumed senior status on October 31, 1979, serving in that capacity until his death on October 9, 1984. He was in the majority for Warren Jones Co. v. Commissioner and gave a dissenting opinion on United States v. Jewell.
# Refat Mustafaev

Refat Mustafaev (Crimean Tatar: Refat Şemsedin oğlu Mustafayev, Russian: Рефат Шемсединович Мустафаев; 1911 – 1984) was a Crimean Tatar communist who served as a regional party secretary and battalion commissar in the Crimean resistance during World War II. After the Nazi troops were forced out of Crimea he was still subject to deportation to Kokand in the Surgun, forcing him to live away from him homeland of Crimea for the rest of his life because of his Crimean Tatar nationality. He was an activist for the right of return from the early days of the Crimean Tatar civil rights movement.
# G.I. Jane (1951 film)

G.I. Jane is a 1951 American musical comedy film directed by Reginald Le Borg and released by Lippert Pictures.

## Plot

Television producer Tim Rawlings is staging a musical show with the Women's Army Corps (WACs) when he is drafted into the army. Sgt. Rawlings tangles with an angry lieutenant who transfers him to Alaska, where the commanding officer has requisitioned a platoon of WACs. Rawlings furtively tampers with the travel orders so the lieutenant goes to Alaska, and the WACs go to his own post in the American desert. The no-nonsense WAC lieutenant forbids her WACs to fraternize with the male soldiers, so the blossoming romances among the troops must be carried on in secret.

## Reception

Variety greeted G.I. Jane for what it was: "This is a pleasant, unpretentious musical programmer that will fit nicely into lower-case bookings in the secondary situations... Eight tunes are spotted and are better than would be expected in such a budget offering." The Los Angeles Times said it "offers some pleasing numbers". Boxoffice reported that the film was topical and "well qualified to deliver a diverting hour of entertainment... the picture's musical moments are exceptionally praiseworthy as they are filled by nothing but catchy new songs written expressly for the film."

## Cast

* Jean Porter as Jan Smith
* Tom Neal as Tim Rawlings
* Iris Adrian as Lt. Adrian
* Jimmie Dodd as Pvt. Tennessee Jones
* Jeanne Mahoney as Hilda Beck
* Jimmy Lloyd as Lt. Bradford
* Mara Lynn as Pilsnick
* Bobby Watson as Colonel
* Michael Whalen as Major
* James Parnell as Sergeant
* Phil Arnold as Mousey

## Background

Producer Robert L. Lippert was a former exhibitor who felt there was a national market for low-priced feature films that other exhibitors could afford to show. Beginning in 1945 he began making his own movies, and by the late 1940s he was firmly established as an independent producer. Other studios had cut back on their low-budget productions, leaving dozens of actors underemployed. Lippert took advantage of their availability by signing up "name" talent for flat fees, giving his films more marquee value. Most of the G. I. Jane cast members were veterans of other companies. The production looks “cheap and hurried in every respect.”
G. I. Jane serves largely as a venue for a number of songs provided by seven writers; among these were Jimmie Dodd, who later appeared on TV’s The Mickey Mouse Club.
Screenwriter Henry Blankfort was then blacklisted from working in pictures during the McCarthy-era anti-Communist hearings. Blankfort wrote G. I. Jane under a pseudonym, Jan Jeffries.
# Daniel Cawdery

Daniel Cawdery is a South African chess player who was awarded the International Master title by FIDE in 2014 (Candidate Master title in 2008 and FIDE Master title in 2013).
He won the 2015 and 2022 South African Chess Championship, and has played for the South African Chess Olympiad team in 1998, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2018 and 2022.
Cawdery qualified for the 2017 Chess World Cup where he was defeated by eventual winner Levon Aronian in the first round. He also played in the Chess World Cup 2023, where he was defeated by Cristobal Henriquez Villagra in the first round.
# Walter J. Cummings Jr.

Walter Joseph Cummings Jr. (September 29, 1916 – April 24, 1999) was a United States Solicitor General and a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.

## Education and career

Born September 29, 1916, in Chicago, Illinois, Cummings received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1937 from Yale University and a Bachelor of Laws in 1940 from Harvard Law School. At Yale, he served on the business staff of campus humor magazine The Yale Record with Roy D. Chapin Jr. and James S. Copley. He served as Assistant Solicitor General and Special Assistant Attorney General at the United States Department of Justice from 1940 to 1946. He was in private practice in Chicago from 1946 to 1966. He served as United States Solicitor General from 1952 to 1953.

### Solicitor General service

In 1946, Cummings joined the Chicago law firm now known as Sidley Austin as a partner. He remained at the firm until 1966, taking his only leave of absence to become Solicitor General of the United States after President Truman’s December 1, 1952 appointment. At age 36, Cummings was the youngest Solicitor general to serve in the position. His short Solicitor General service (from December 1952–March 1953) was during the transitional period between the presidencies of Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower. Cummings only appeared before the Supreme Court in matters concerning alleged violations of the civil rights of convicts in a Florida prison camp and a question concerning the constitutionality of the emergency strike section of the Taft-Hartley Act.

## Federal judicial service

Cummings was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 11, 1966, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, to a new seat authorized by 80 Stat. 75. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 10, 1966, and received his commission on August 11, 1966. He served as Chief Judge and as a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 1981 to 1986. His service terminated on April 24, 1999, due to his death in Chicago. He was the last federal appeals court judge in active service to have been appointed by President Johnson.

## Notable cases

In Sprogis v. United Airlines (1971), Cummings ruled that United Airlines's requirement that female employees be unmarried but allowing male employees to be married constitutes sex discrimination and violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.
In 1979, Cummings ruled in Carroll v. Talman Federal Savings And Loan Association of Chicago that requiring female employees to wear uniforms while allowing male employees to wear suits of their choice constitutes sex discrimination. Cummings cited his earlier ruling in Sprogis for his ruling in Carroll.
# Mercantile Stores Company, Inc.

Mercantile Stores Company Inc. until 1998, was a traditional department store retailer operating 102 fashion apparel stores and 16 home fashion stores in 17 states. The stores were operated under 13 different nameplates and varied in size, with the average store approximating 170,000 sq ft (16,000 m$^2$). Store names included Bacon's, Castner Knott, Gayfers, Glass Block, Hennessy's, J. B. White (also known as White's), The Jones Store Company, Joslins, Lion Store,McAlpin's, and Root's.
Each store offered a wide selection of merchandise with special emphasis placed on fashion apparel, accessories and fashion home furnishings. This was aimed at middle and upper-middle income consumers. In addition to its department store operations the company maintained a partnership position in five operating shopping center ventures. Each of these centers had a retail outlet of the company.
The store chain was formed in 1914 out of the bankruptcy of H.B. Claflin & Company. Its stores were separated into two store chains, Associated Dry Goods - with brands such as Lord & Taylor and Hengerer's - and Mercantile Stores Company. In May 1998 Mercantile Stores was acquired by Dillard's of Little Rock, Arkansas, for $2.9 billion (~$5.06 billion in 2023). Later that year, Dillard's announced plans to sell off 26 of the newly acquired locations where there already were Dillard's stores to The May Department Stores Company and Proffitt's Inc.
# Jacques Snyman

Gerrit Jacques Snyman (born 10 May 1994) is a South African cricketer. A batting all-rounder, he bats right-handed and bowls off spin. He made his South Africa debut in a Twenty20 International (T20I) against Pakistan in February 2021.

## Career

Snyman was included in the Northern Cape squad for the 2016 Africa T20 Cup. He made his Twenty20 (T20) debut for Northern Cape against South Western Districts on 16 September 2016. He made his first-class debut for Northern Cape on 1 December 2016 in the 2016–17 Sunfoil 3-Day Cup. He made his List A debut for Northern Cape on 17 December 2016 in the 2016–17 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge.
Snyman was the leading run-scorer in the 2017–18 Sunfoil 3-Day Cup for Northern Cape, with 695 runs in seven matches. In September 2018, he was named in Northern Cape's squad for the 2018 Africa T20 Cup. He was the leading run-scorer for Northern Cape in the 2018–19 CSA 3-Day Provincial Cup, with 381 runs in four matches.
In September 2019, Snyman was named in Northern Cape's squad for the 2019–20 CSA Provincial T20 Cup.
In January 2021, Snyman was named in South Africa's T20I squad for their series against Pakistan. He made his T20I debut for South Africa, against Pakistan, on 11 February 2021.
In April 2021, Snyman was named in Free State's squad, ahead of the 2021–22 cricket season in South Africa.