OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Central and South New Guinea languages

The Central and South New Guinea languages (CSNG) are a proposed family of Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG). They were part of Voorhoeve & McElhanon's original TNG proposal, but have been reduced in scope by half (nine families to four) in the classification of Malcolm Ross. According to Ross, it is not clear if the pronoun similarities between the four remaining branches of Central and South New Guinea are retentions for proto-TNG forms or shared innovations defining a single branch of TNG. Voorhoeve argues independently for an Awyu–Ok relationship, and Foley echoes that Asmat may be closest to Awyu and Ok of the TNG languages. Regardless, the four individual branches of reduced Central and South New Guinea are themselves clearly valid families.
Ethnologue (2009) retains only Awyu–Dumut and Ok, calling the branch Ok–Awyu, and places Asmat and Mombum as independent branches of TNG. Loughnane & Fedden (2011) link Ok to the Oksapmin language. However, van den Heuvel & Fedden (2014) argue that Greater Awyu and Greater Ok are not genetically related, but that their similarities are due to intensive contact.
The Somahai languages and Bayono-Awbono may also belong here, but there is little data to go on.

## History

In the mid 1960s, Alan Healey, a colleague of Laycock, noted connections between the Ok, Asmat, and Awyu–Dumut families. Voorhoeve (1968) expanded on this and coined the name CSNG; his proposal added Trans-Fly and Marind to the mix. Collaboration with McElhanon and his Finisterre–Huon family in 1970 found a connection between them, which was named Trans–New Guinea. Wurm's 1975 expansion of TNG also expanded CSNG, with the addition of Awin–Pa, Bosavi, Duna–Pogaya, East Strickland, Mombum, and Momuna. Ross's recension in 2005 retained nothing from Voorhoeve and only Mombum from Wurm, though the Momuna languages were too sparsely attested for him to classify.
# South Carolina Highway 764

South Carolina Highway 764 (SC 764) is a 8.950-mile-long (14.404 km) primary state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina. The highway connects rural areas of Richland County with Eastover.

## Route description

SC 764 begins at an intersection with U.S. Route 76 (US 76) and US 378 (Garners Ferry Road), northeast of McEntire Joint National Guard Base, and east-southeast of Horrell Hill, within Richland County. It travels to the southeast and crosses over Toms Creek. It curves to the south-southeast and crosses Ray Branch. The highway curves back to the southeast and begins paralleling railroad tracks; then, it enters Eastover. In town, it passes a U.S. Post Office before intersecting the southern terminus of SC 263 (Vanboklen Street). The highway crosses over Griffins Creek and leaves town. SC 764 continues traveling through rural areas of the county and curves to the east-northeast, where it no longer parallels the railroad tracks mentioned above. A very short distance later, it meets its eastern terminus, an intersection with US 601 (McCords Ferry Road). Here, the roadway continues as an access road to Kensington Mansion.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Richland County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| ​ | 0.000 | 0.000 | US 76 / US 378 (Garners Ferry Road) – Columbia, Sumter | Western terminus |
| Eastover | 7.020 | 11.298 | SC 263 north (Vanboklen Street) – Sumter, Camden | Southern terminus of SC 263 |
| ​ | 8.950 | 14.404 | US 601 (McCords Ferry Road) – Orangeburg, Camden | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Interior Telephone Company Building

The Interior Telephone Company Building is a historic structure located in Grinnell, Iowa, United States. Iowa was one of the leading Midwest states to adopt the telephone as a means of communication. By 1920 86% of the state's farms had a telephone. The Interior Telephone Company was established to serve the Grinnell area. It was one of two companies to provide the service locally, and one of 500 independent telephone companies that provided local service and connected to the Bell System for long distance. Interior Telephone built this building to house its operations in 1912. It is a one-story brick structure built over a raised basement. The telephone equipment was housed in the basement, and office space was located on the main floor. The building was built to stand apart from the surrounding buildings, perhaps as a means for fire protection. The company's initials, I.T.C., are part of the brickwork on both side of the building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
# Letts and Lonsdale

Letts and Lonsdale is a British educational publisher of revision guides under the Letts and Lonsdale brand names. The company is a subsidiary of HarperCollins, an international publisher owned by News Corporation, and is within the company's Collins Education division. The company previously published revision guides under the Letts Educational and Lonsdale SRG brands, while owned by Huveaux PLC.
Letts and Lonsdale also provides schools and users with online revision products, including downloadable podcasts.
Revision support is also provided through publications that teach pupils effective study skills and other advice to help with test and exam preparation. In March 2010, Letts and Lonsdale, along with Leckie and Leckie, were sold by Huveaux PLC to HarperCollins. Both companies became part of Collins Education.
# Patricia Guerrero

Patricia Guerrero (born December 7, 1971) is an American judge who is the 29th chief justice of California and served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of California from March 2022 through December 2022. Guerrero was previously an associate justice of the California Court of Appeal for the Fourth District, Division One from 2017 to 2022, a judge on the San Diego County Superior Court from 2013 to 2017 and an assistant U.S. attorney in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California from 2002 to 2003. On August 10, 2022, Guerrero was nominated to the position of chief justice of California by Governor Gavin Newsom. She is a Democrat.

## Education

Guerrero was born in California to parents from Mexico. She was raised in the Imperial Valley. At the age of 16, Guerrero worked at a grocery store. Guerrero graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1994. She earned a Juris Doctor from Stanford Law School in 1997.

## Career

Guerrero performed pro bono work as a member of the Immigration Justice Project advisory board. From 2002 to 2003, Guerrero served as an assistant U.S. attorney in the Southern District of California. She joined the law firm of Latham & Watkins as an associate and was promoted to partner in 2006.

## Judicial service

In 2013, Guerrero became a judge on the San Diego County Superior Court and served as the supervising judge for its family law division in 2017. Later in 2017, she became an appellate justice on the Court of Appeal for the Fourth District, Division One, the state intermediate appellate court with jurisdiction over appeals from San Diego and Imperial counties.
In February 2022, Guerrero was nominated by Governor Gavin Newsom to replace Associate Justice Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar on the Supreme Court of California. Guerrero was approved by a 3-0 vote of the Commission on Judicial Appointments on March 22, 2022 and is the first Latina to serve on the Supreme Court of California. On August 10, 2022, Governor Newsom nominated Guerrero to serve as the chief justice of California. On August 26, she was confirmed by the Commission on Judicial Appointments. As of November 11, 2022, following the 2022 election, she was retained by California voters to be elevated as the chief justice with 70% of an affirmative vote. She was sworn in as chief justice on January 2, 2023.
Guerrero also serves as the chair of the California Supreme Court Historical Society, a non-profit organization that primarily conducts historical research on the California Supreme Court.
# Nathan Sprague

Nathan Sprague may refer to:
* Nathan B. Sprague (1787–1864), Rhode Island farmer and politician
* Nathan Turner Sprague (1828–1903), businessman, banker and Vermont state legislator
# Parallel turn

The parallel turn in alpine skiing is a method for turning which rolls the ski onto one edge, allowing it to bend into an arc. Thus bent, the ski follows the turn without sliding. It contrasts with earlier techniques such as the stem Christie, which slides the ski outward from the body ("stemming") to generate sideways force. Parallel turns generate much less friction and are more efficient both in maintaining speed and minimizing skier effort.
The parallel turn was invented in the 1930s by Austrian ski racer Anton Seelos from Seefeld in Tirol.
Parallel turns require solid contact from the skier's lower leg to the ski to rotate it on-edge. This was difficult to achieve with early ski equipment, limiting the technique to the high performance realm of racing. The introduction of composite skis, metal edges, releasable clamping bindings, and stiff plastic boots combined to allow parallel turns even on beginner equipment. By the late 1960s it rapidly replaced stemming for all but very short-radius turns. The evolution of shaped skis in the 1990s advanced the carving turn to preeminence.
Today parallel turns are taught to teach novice skiers the effect of weighting and unweighting their skis. They are still the basic technique for steep hills, off piste and mogul skiing.

## Basic action

The parallel turn relies on two dynamics: releasing the edge hold by reducing the angle between ski and snow surface which makes the front of the ski skid downhill (skidding inwards) and then applying a force to change the edge and make the ski turn across the line of greatest slope (skidding outwards).
The skier initiates the turn by moving their knees or the whole body laterally in the direction of the desired turn. The motion of knees is translated through the calf to the high cuffs on the ski boots, to the bindings, and then to the skis. This reduces the edge hold and causes the skis to rotate on their edges, with the skier's weight and the force they put upon them to change the edge of the skis which turns them across the line of greatest slope. To stop the turn the knee or the body is rotated back to the neutral position until the edge holds and the skidding stops. While both skis take part, in practice the ski on the outside of the turn is dominant.
Moving the legs to the side shifts the center of gravity, compensated for by moving the hips in the opposite direction. The effect is to keep the skier's upper body upright while the lower torso and legs shift side-to-side. The skier pressures the front of their skis to keep the fore-and-aft center of gravity of the skier's mass over their toes.
The parallel turn can be improved through dynamic "weighting". Turns are often linked in a series of continual arcs, one direction then the other. Lifting the body through the middle of the switch partially releases the skis arcs, easing the transition to the opposite direction.

## Changing the technique

In the 1990s skis were progressively widened at the tips and tails relative to the waist. Applying an edge of these "shaped" or "parabolic" skis brings a curved surface to the snow, resulting in a carve turn.
# Michael Elwyn

Michael Elwyn (born 23 August 1942) is a Welsh actor, notable for his work in film (Shadow Man), stage (The Audience, as Anthony Eden) and television (Stella).
Elwyn was born in Pontypridd. He is the partner of actress Alison Steadman, and is best known for his role as Sir Edward in the BBC series of Robin Hood. In 2020 Elwyn joined the cast of Coronation Street playing 'Charles Moore' Resident Chair of 'Stillwaters'.

## Filmography
### TV

| Year | Title | Role | Production | Notes |
| 1966–1967 | Doctor Who | Lt. Algernon Ffinch | BBC television | Serial: The Highlanders |
| 1971 | Jude the Obscure | Undergraduate | BBC television | |
| 1980 | Love in a Cold Climate | Roly | Thames Television | |
| 1988 | Piece of Cake | Air Commodore Bletchley | LWT | |
| 2002–2003 | Bad Girls | Rev. Henry Mills | Shed Productions | |
| 2006–2007 | Robin Hood | Edward, Marian's father | | Season 1–2 |
| 2012, 2017 | Stella | Ken, Stella's father | Sky One | Series regular; 13 episodes |
| 2013 | Da Vinci's Demons | Gentile Becchi | | |
| 2020 | Coronation Street | Charles Moore | ITV | Recurring role; 13 episodes |
| 2020 | Casualty | Eric Mann | BBC television | 1 episode |
| 2020 | Quiz | Judge Rivlin | ITV | Episode #1.3 |
| 2021 | Foundation | Pilgrim Eskel | Apple TV+ | 1 episode |
| 2022–2024 | House of the Dragon | Lord Simon Staunton | HBO | 5 episodes |
| 2025 | Out There | Owen Thomas | |

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Production | Notes |
| 2006 | Shadow Man | | | |

### Stage

| Year | Title | Role | Production | Notes |
| 2013 | The Audience | | | |
# Convergences and Alternative

Convergences and Alternative (abbreviated as C&A) was a French political organization and member of the Left Front.
C&A was initially created on May 17, 2009, as an internal faction of the NPA, aiming to forge an alliance between the far left and the anti-liberal left. It left the NPA following the party's February 2011 congress and officially joined the Left Front in June 2011.
After five years of existence, the Convergences and Alternative faction decided at its national meeting on February 7, 2014, to dissolve itself and integrate into the Ensemble! movement.

## Initial objectives within the NPA

This faction was distinguished by its desire for alliances in both social struggles and electoral contexts with anti-liberal left groups. The main leaders of this faction came from a split in the Unir association and sought to organize within the NPA as an internal faction.
Its members supported an electoral alliance with the PCF and the PG during the 2009 European Parliament election in France, aiming to unite "anti-capitalist and anti-liberal forces" without preconditions regarding relations with the PS or permanence of such alliances. After the failure of discussions with these parties, Convergences and Alternative campaigned for the NPA during those elections.
At the time of its creation on May 17, 2009, Convergences and Alternative claimed a thousand supporters within the NPA. However, no internal vote ever confirmed this figure.

## 2011 NPA Congress and split

At the February 2011 NPA congress, the Convergences and Alternative faction supported Position 3, the most favorable to an electoral alliance with the Left Front. This platform received 27.20% of the votes from party members and 26.4% from delegates. Following the congress, C&A decided to leave the NPA and establish itself as an autonomous organization, a choice confirmed during its national council meeting on April 8-9, 2011. The organization joined the Left Front for the 2012 French presidential election and participated in its first campaign rally on June 29, 2011.

## Within the Left Front

In early 2013, Convergences and Alternative began a rapprochement process with the Anticapitalist Left, Unitary Left, and other factions like the FASE and The Alternatives. A joint newsletter and discussion bulletin titled Trait d'union was launched in January 2013. This process culminated in the creation of the Ensemble movement in November 2013. At its national meeting on February 7, 2014, Convergences and Alternative decided to dissolve itself to integrate into "Ensemble!"
# Val Formazza

The Val Formazza (Walser: Pomattertal) is a valley in the Lepontine Alps, in the Piedmontese Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, Italy. Bordering Switzerland, it represents the northernmost part of Val d'Ossola and Piedmont.
The river Toce flows through the valley, forming the Toce waterfall. Seven hydroelectric reservoirs were built in the valley in the 20th century: lakes Morasco, Sabbione, Toggia, Vannino, Castel, Busin, and Sruer.
The valley is surrounded by several three-thousanders, the highest of which is the Blinnenhorn, followed by the Siedel Rothorn, Basòdino, Ofenhorn, Punta del Sabbione, Kastelhorn, Punta dei Camosci, Corno di Ban and Monte Giove. Ten mountain huts are located on its mountains.
Two municipalities are located in the valley, Premia and Formazza, the latter of which is home to a Walser community.
Much of the valley (22,233 hectares) is covered by a Special Protection Area as part of the Natura 2000 network.
# International Harvester Showroom and Warehouse

The International Harvester Showroom and Warehouse is a historic building at 6-12 North River Street in Aurora, Illinois. The building served as a dealership for farming equipment company International Harvester, which was headquartered nearby in Chicago, in the early twentieth century. While the building's construction date is unclear, it was built before 1901, and International Harvester first occupied it in 1905. The building was one of 99 independently run International Harvester dealerships in the United States and Canada in the 1900s, and in 1905 it was among the company's top ten dealers in sales. The building is technically made up of two conjoined buildings with mirrored floor plans; each building has a cast iron store front, and their open floor plans and tall floors were ideal for holding large equipment. In 1912, International Harvester relocated their dealership to a larger building at 251 South River Street.
The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 31, 2022.
# Camba

Camba is a word historically used in Bolivia to refer to the indigenous population in the eastern tropical region of the country, or to those born in the area of Santa Cruz, Beni, and Pando. Nowadays, the term "Camba" is used predominantly to refer to eastern Bolivian populations of mixed Spanish, Chane, and other indigenous Amazonian descent born in the eastern lowlands in and around Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
Collas, who are the population that lives in Western Bolivia, have always been in conflict with Camba people due to their different customs, behavior and appearance. Therefore, it may be common to hear Camba people use the term "Colla" as a swear word or to insult the Western population as such as it is possible to hear Collas curse on cambas.
Camba may also be used as a colloquial term for "person", as in "Who is that person?" translated to "¿Quien es ese camba?" (ignores the ethnicity of the subject and does not change depending on gender as most Spanish nouns do). Such use is predominant in eastern Bolivia.

## Etymology and context

According to a theory presented by Ramón Rocha Monroy, some of the Bantu languages spoken by Angolans who were sold in America as slaves, were recorded in a book published by a Jesuit missionary named Pedro Dias in 1697, called Arte da Lengua de Angola (The art of the Angola language). This publication had recorded the word camba (Friend of the color black), among other words, and its plural form macamba.
During that time, Angola, which was a Portuguese Colony, was responsible for more than a third of the slave trade on the Atlantic directed toward Brazil From there the slaves went to the Spanish colonies, from the Río de la Plata (Plata River) to Eastern Bolivia. Kamba has become part of several Indigenous languages of the region, like Guaraní, as a demonym (nickname) for black persons (different than hũ, which means 'the color black'), as well as to refer to the King Mago Baltasar. In several local Liturgies he was called el Santo Cambá, or the Camba Saint.
Today, the term camba is used as a demonym for mestizos cruzeños, or people with Indigenous descent from Santa Cruz, Pando or Beni. African slaves got all the way to modern day Potosí, Bolivia, however, they were able to settle mostly in the yungas. The term could have begun as a demonym there, and then spread to the rest of eastern Bolivia.
Another hypothesis states that the word camba comes from a town in Galicia, called Cambados. Some dispute this theory considering it to be improbable, insulting or politically incorrect to have a nickname for "cruceños" (persons from Santa Cruz) with an African origin. They support this based on the chronicles written by the Jesuits, which describe many traditions of Spaniards and Creoles in America, but don't make any mention that they would use African vocabulary to describe themselves.

## Language

Camba Spanish was originally spoken in Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia, but is now also spoken in Beni Department and Pando Department. Nikulin (2019) proposes that Camba Spanish has a Piñoco Chiquitano substratum.
# Iowan's Hotel

The Iowan's Hotel, now known as the Railroad Inn, is a historic building located in Essex, Iowa, United States. The town of Essex was established by the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad. It was platted in 1870 as a station along the line. The depot opened in 1871 and the Lindel Hotel was completed in 1878. This building was completed in 1906 to replace the outdated Lindel. It operated under a variety of names over the years, including the Essex Hotel, Rose Hotel, Commercial Hotel, Bradley Hotel, Butler Hotel, Essex House, and the Railroad Inn. It is operated as a bed and breakfast under the last name. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.
The hotel is a two-story, brick structure that rests on a brick foundation. The basement rises a half story above grade. The rectangular main block is capped with a hipped roof. Five guest rooms are located on the second floor.
# La Pe

La Pe is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in southern Mexico.

## Geography

It is part of the Ejutla District in the south of the Valles Centrales Region. This municipality is located in the central part of the state of Oaxaca, in the central valley region. It belongs to the Ejutla district. It is located in 96° 48' west longitude, 16° 38' north latitude and its height is 1490 meters over the sea level. To the north it there is the municipality of Ayoquezco de Aldama and Ejutla de Crespo, to the south is Ejutla de Crespo, to the east is Ejutla de Crespo and to the west with Ejutla de Crespo. It has an area of 26.79 square kilometers. It is not a mountainous area. Its weather is lukewarm with very little variations during the year. It has semiarid vegetation.

## Population

The majority of the inhabitants are of the Catholic religion. In 2020, the municipality had a total population of 3,052, up from 2,446 in 2010 and from 2,135 in 2005.

## History

In the pre-Hispanic era some isolated Zapotec groups were the first population of this municipality. In Mexico's independence the first big ranch of the municipality got established. There was a construction of rail roads that belong to the Mexican South train company. Sugar, corn and beans began being cultivated, agriculture was the main economic activity.