OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1851 in paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1851.

## Arthropods
### Insects

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
| Toxorhina brevipalpa | Sp. nov | jr synonym | Loew | Middle Eocene | Baltic amber | Europe | A Limoniid cranefly, jr syn of Elephantomyia brevipalpa | Elephantomyia brevipalpa |
| Toxorhina longirostris | Sp. nov | jr synonym | Loew | Middle Eocene | Baltic amber | Europe | A Limoniid cranefly, jr syn of Elephantomyia longirostris | Elephantomyia longirostris |
| Toxorhina pulchella | Sp. nov | jr synonym | Loew | Middle Eocene | Baltic amber | Europe | A Limoniid cranefly, jr syn of Elephantomyia pulchella | Elephantomyia pulchella |

## Archosauromorphs
### Pterosaurs

* Two pterosaurs sculpted by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins were put on display in England's Crystal Palace. These were the first three-dimensional life-size restorations of pterosaurs.

### Other archosauromorphs
#### New taxa

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
| Clepsysaurus | Gen et sp nov | Nomen dubium | Lea | Late Triassic (Norian) | Passaic Formation | United States | Dubious genus phytosaur. | |

## Plesiosaurs
### Newly named plesiosaurs

| Name | Status | Authors | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes |
| Cimoliasaurus | Valid | Leidy | | Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) | Navesink Formation | United States | An elasmosaurid. |
| Discosaurus | Valid | Leidy | | Late Cretaceous | | United States | A dubious elasmosaurid. |
# Saint-Pierre-Tarentaine

Saint-Pierre-Tarentaine (French pronunciation: ) is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.
# Runelvys Hernández

Runelvys Antonio Hernandez (Spanish pronunciation:; born April 27, 1978) is a former right-handed Major League Baseball starting pitcher.

## Career

Hernandez made his major league debut July 15, 2002, with Kansas City Royals. His encouraging rookie campaign manifested itself in a 4–4 record with a 4.36 ERA in 74+1⁄3 innings of work over 12 starts.
Initially thought of as the right-handed ace of the 2003 Royals team that posted the franchise's first winning record in nine seasons, Hernandez became the opening-day pitcher by winning Royals' manager Tony Peña's coin toss against left-hander Jeremy Affeldt. After spending the first five weeks on the leaderboard in almost every pitching category, Hernandez faltered as he tried to pitch through pain, and his season ended after 16 starts. He finished the season with a 7–5 record, but missed the entire 2004 season with Tommy John surgery.
On July 17, 2005, Hernandez ignited a bench-clearing brawl by hitting Detroit Tigers shortstop Carlos Guillén in the head to lead off the sixth inning. The two continued to exchange words down the first base line, and Hernandez threw down his glove and went after Guillén. In all, seven players were ejected, most notably Kyle Farnsworth, who tackled Jeremy Affeldt to reignite the situation that had been settling down. Later in his Royals career, Hernandez got into a scuffle with batterymate John Buck.
On August 26, 2006, Hernandez pitched his first complete game shutout against the Toronto Blue Jays. The win was made even more special because he defeated Roy Halladay, one of the best pitchers in the game at the time.
Hernandez was released by the Royals on December 7, 2006, and signed to a minor-league contract by the Boston Red Sox on December 22, 2006. The contract he signed with the Red Sox included an opt-out clause that would become effective if he was not on the Major League roster by June 1. On that date, he exercised that option and was released. On June 5, he signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees. He was released a month later on July 6. On July 17, he signed a minor league contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates, but would be released less than a month later.
On January 17, 2008, Hernandez signed a minor league contract with the Houston Astros. In September of that year, Hernandez, 25–36 for career in majors, received a 50-day suspension for testing positive for an amphetamine-based substance. However, the Office of the Commissioner of Major League Baseball announced on Friday, October 17, 2008 that it had withdrawn the suspension of the former Astros' starting pitcher because it was a first offense. The Commissioner’s Office also issued a brief statement to clarify that Hernandez's June 12, 2008 positive test for an amphetamine based substance under the Minor League Drug Prevention Program "shall not constitute a violation," and that Hernandez would not be subject to disciplinary action.
On December 22, 2008, Hernandez signed with the Samsung Lions in South Korea's Korea Baseball Organization, but he sought and was issued his release on July 9, 2009.
# Rusty Troy

Rusty Troy is a retired American soccer player. He played for the University of North Texas. He was drafted and played professionally in the Major Indoor Soccer League, National Professional Soccer League, American Professional Soccer League and USISL. He was the 1989 MISL Rookie of the Year and the 1998 PSA Defender of the Year.

## Youth

Troy played his youth soccer in Dallas Texas for club team called the Texas Longhorns. In 1984, Troy graduated from MacArthur High School (Irving, Texas). He attended the University of North Texas, playing on the men's soccer team from 1984 to 1987.He started every game for the University of North Texas.

## Professional

Troy was selected by the Chicago Sting with the 3rd pick of the 1st round in the 1988 MISL draft. Baltimore selected him with the 1st pick in the Dispersal draft after the sting folded that summer. In June 1988, the Chicago Sting selected Troy in the first round (third overall) of the 1988 Major Indoor Soccer League college draft. The Milwaukee Wave also selected him with the first pick of the 1988 American Indoor Soccer Association Amateur Draft. Troy signed with the Sting, but when the team folded soon after, the Baltimore Blast took him with the first pick in the Dispersal Draft. He became a regular on the Blast as the team went to the MISL finals and Troy was named the 1989 MISL Rookie of the Year. Troy played for the Blast until they folded in 1992. In 2012, he was inducted into the Baltimore Blast Hall of Fame. In 1990, Troy spent the summer with the Washington Diplomats of the American Professional Soccer League. In 1992, he signed with the expansion Baltimore Spirit of the National Professional Soccer League. In 1994, after completing the indoor season with the Spirit, Troy moved to the outdoor Baltimore Bays of the USISL. He played four games, then returned to the University of North Texas to finish his degree in finance. That summer, he also played for the Las Vegas Dustdevils as they won the Continental Indoor Soccer League title. In 1995, Troy signed as a free agent with the Dallas Sidekicks. He would play for the Sidekicks every summer until his retirement in 2001. In 1998, he was the Premier Soccer Alliance Defender of the Year.Dallas Sidekicks In addition to his summers with the Dallas Sidekicks.Troy also spent two winter indoor seasons (1997–1999) with the Milwaukee Wave. On April 9, 2001, Troy announced his retirement from soccer with the Dallas Sidekicks at the end of the 2001 WISL season. In 1998, he was the Premier Soccer Alliance Defender of the Year for the Dallas Sidekicks. Troy was selected as the 1989 MISL Rookie of the Year. He is one of a select group of 8 players too have won two championships with the Dallas Sidekicks. One in 1994 in the Continental Indoor Soccer League and the other in 1998 the Premier Soccer Alliance with the Dallas Sidekicks

## International

Troy played for United States national futsal team at the 1998 Rio de Janeiro Futsal Tournament. Troy retired from professional soccer on April 9, 2001.
# Abraham Lincoln High School (Port Arthur, Texas)

Abraham Lincoln High School was a public high school in western Port Arthur, Texas and a part of the Port Arthur Independent School District. Prior to 1965 schools were segregated by race and black students attended Lincoln. White students did not choose to attend the school in significant numbers after desegregation even though the district had initial plans for a more racially balanced student body.
It was established in 1904.
In 2002 it merged into Memorial High School. The building was converted into a middle school.
# Fisher–Richardson House

The Fisher–Richardson House is a historic house at 354 Willow Street in Mansfield, Massachusetts. Built between 1743 and 1751, it is considered to be the town's second oldest house. The house was restored in 1930, and is now a local history museum.

## Description and history

The Fisher–Richardson House is set close to the north side of Willow Street in a residential area of central Mansfield. It is a 1+1⁄2-story, wood-framed structure, six bays wide, with a gambrel wood shingle roof, two internal chimneys, and clapboard siding. The front facade bays are irregularly spaced, with the door set right of center. The interior features wide pine floors, ceilings with exposed beams, and beaded paneling on the walls. Mantels and some other features are recreations made as part of the 1930 restoration.
The house was built by Ebenezer Wellman sometime between 1743 and 1751, using a plank-frame method popular in the area at the time. In about 1800 the size of the house was nearly doubled by the construction of its western half by Lemuel Fisher. The property was later inherited by Ira Richardson, who had married into the locally prominent Fisher family. In 1929, after the last local Richardson died, the house was offered to William Sumner Appleton for the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, but local interest in its preservation sparked its donation instead to the town, which undertook its restoration. It is now administered by the Mansfield Historical Society as a house museum.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 11, 1998.
# 11th Legislature of the Third Portuguese Republic

The 11th Legislature of the Third Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: XI Legislatura da Terceira República Portuguesa) ran from 15 October 2009 to 31 March 2011. The composition of the Assembly of the Republic, the legislative body of Portugal, was determined by the results of the 2009 legislative election, held on 27 September 2009.
After the Fourth Stability and Growth Program, presented by the Socialist Party Government, failed to achieve a majority in Parliament, Prime Minister José Sócrates resigned and President Aníbal Cavaco Silva dissolved the Assembly of the Republic, calling a snap election in June 2011.

## Election

The 12th Portuguese legislative election was held on 27 September 2009. In the election, the Socialist Party (PS) remained the largest party but lost its majority.
| Party | Party | Assembly of the Republic | Assembly of the Republic | Assembly of the Republic | Assembly of the Republic |
| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/− |
| | PS | 2,077,238 | 36.56 | 97 | –24 |
| | PPD/PSD | 1,653,665 | 29.11 | 81 | +6 |
| | CDS–PP | 592,778 | 10.43 | 21 | +9 |
| | BE | 557,306 | 9.81 | 16 | +8 |
| | CDU | 446,279 | 7.86 | 15 | +1 |
| | Other/blank/invalid | 353,992 | 6.23 | 0 | ±0 |
| Total | Total | 5,681,258 | 100.00 | 230 | ±0 |

## Composition (2009–2011)

| Party | Party | Parliamentary group leader | Elected | Elected |
| Party | Party | Parliamentary group leader | Seats | % |
| | PS | Francisco Assis (Guarda) | 97 | 42.2 |
| | PPD/PSD | José Pedro Aguiar-Branco (Porto) (2009–2010) Miguel Macedo (Braga) (2010–2011) | 81 | 35.2 |
| | CDS–PP | Pedro Mota Soares (Lisbon) | 21 | 9.1 |
| | BE | José Manuel Pureza (Coimbra) | 16 | 7.0 |
| | PCP | Bernardino Soares [pt] (Lisbon) | 13 | 5.7 |
| | PEV | Heloísa Apolónia (Setúbal) | 2 | 0.9 |
| Total | Total | Total | 230 | 100.0 |

## Election for President of the Assembly of the Republic

To be elected, a candidate needs to reach a minimum of 116 votes. Then incumbent President of the Assembly Jaime Gama, since 2005, ran for a second term and was easily re-elected:
Election of the President of the Assembly of the Republic :
| Ballot → | Ballot → | 15 October 2009 | 15 October 2009 |
| Required majority → | Required majority → | 116 out of 230 | 116 out of 230 |
| | Jaime Gama (PS) | 204 / 230 | Y |
| | Blank ballots | 24 / 230 | 24 / 230 |
| | Invalid ballots | 0 / 230 | 0 / 230 |
| | Absentees | 2 / 230 | 2 / 230 |
| Sources: ||||
# Shemar Bartholomew

Shemar Bartholomew (born June 6, 2000) is an American professional football cornerback for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Northwestern State Demons and Georgia Southern Eagles and was previously a member of the New York Jets.

## Early life

Bartholomew was born on June 6, 2000, in New Orleans, Louisiana, and has six siblings. He attended Cypress Ranch High School in Texas, being a cornerback for three years on the varsity football team. He helped the school win playoff games in his final two years and totaled 40 tackles, five interceptions and 12 pass breakups as a senior. He graduated from Cypress Ranch with a grade-point average (GPA) of 4.34 and committed to play college football for the NCAA Division I FCS Northwestern State Demons.

## College career

As a freshman at Northwestern State in 2018, Bartholomew appeared in eight games, three as a starter, and recorded 14 tackles, three pass breakups and two interceptions. He played in nine games, six as a starter, during the 2019 season, recording 26 tackles and four interceptions, including one returned 96 yards for a touchdown. He was named a third-team All-Southland Conference (SLC) performer and an honorable mention sophomore All-American by HERO Sports. He appeared in three games, posting three tackles and an interception, in the spring 2021 season. He started nine games in the fall 2021 season and led the team with six pass breakups, being named second-team All-SLC at the end of the season.
Bartholomew redshirted after having appeared in one game during the 2022 season, then transferred to the Georgia Southern Eagles for the 2023 season. He appeared in 13 games, five as a starter, and made 38 tackles, 2.5 tackles-for-loss (TFLs), 14 pass breakups and one interception, being named second-team All-Sun Belt Conference.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables :
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press |
| 6 ft 0+1⁄4 in (1.84 m) | 200 lb (91 kg) | 31 in (0.79 m) | 9 in (0.23 m) | 4.45 s | 1.53 s | 2.50 s | 4.45 s | 7.16 s | 36.5 in (0.93 m) | 10 ft 3 in (3.12 m) | 15 reps |
| All values from Pro Day ||||||||||||

### New York Jets

After going unselected in the 2024 NFL draft, Bartholomew was signed by the New York Jets as an undrafted free agent. He was a standout in preseason, allowing no receiving yards on nine targets. He was waived on August 29, 2024.

### Carolina Panthers

On August 28, 2024, Bartholomew was claimed off waivers by the Carolina Panthers. He had been the most in demand player on waivers, with four teams putting in a claim for him.
# 1912 Edmonton municipal by-election

On May 7, 1912 Herman McInnes resigned from Edmonton City Council. One week later, on May 14, Charles Gowan did the same. On June 7, two by-election were held to replace the aldermen. Both used first-past-the-post voting.
One contest was held to replace Gowan, who had been elected to a two-year term in February.
The other contest was held to replace McInnis, who had been elected to a one-year term.
In addition, eight bylaws were put to property-owners on the same day.

## Results

Bold indicates elected.

### Aldermanic Race for two-year position

* Alexander Livingstone - 700 elected
* J E Theriault - 577

### Aldermanic Race for one-year position

* James Macfie MacDonald - 585 elected
* D B Campbell - 259
* E H Cotterell - 208
* J J Denman - 181

### Bylaws
#### Bylaw 371

To provide by issue of debentures $210,240.00 for improving and further extending Municipal Power House and Plant.
* For: 877
* Against: 105

#### Bylaw 376

To provide by issue of debentures $200,020.00 to pay City share of paving certain streets.
* For: 376
* Against: 45

#### Bylaw 427

To provide for the raising by the issue of debentures the sum of $50,126.67 for the purchasing of a site whereon to erect car barns in connection with the municipal street railway of the City of Edmonton.
* For: 920
* Against: 107

#### Bylaw 428

To raise by the issue of debentures the sum on $25,100.00 for the purchase of bridging two certain ravines of Forty-second Street or Carleton Street
* For: 701
* Against: 330

#### Bylaw 429

To authorize the establishment of a gas plant for the manufacture, distribution and supply of gas and to provide by the issue of debentures of the sum of $770,880.00 for such purposes.
* For: 197
* Against: 836

#### Bylaw 430

To provide by the issue of debentures the sum of $21,900.00 for the purchase of a telephone sub-station.
* For: 850
* Against: 119

#### Bylaw 431

To provide for the raising by the issue of debentures the sum of $150,380.00 for acquiring certain lands to extend the Park and Driveway System of the City of Edmonton.
* For: 774
* Against: 241

#### Bylaw 435

To provide by the issue of debentures the sum of $66,000.00 to purchase certain lands for warehouse and storage yards south of the Saskatchewan River.
* For: 772
* Against: 212
# Pachystruthio

Pachystruthio is a genus of extinct bird which lived in Eurasia from the Late Pliocene to the Middle Pleistocene. Its fossils have been found in Hungary, Greece Crimea, Georgia, and China. The genus contains three species: P. pannonicus (the type species), P. dmanisensis, and P. transcaucasicus, which were all formerly placed with the ostrich genus, Struthio. An incomplete femur from the Nihewan Formation (China) has been assigned to Pachystruthio indet. P. dmanisensis has been estimated standing 3.5 meters (11.5 feet) tall and weighing up to 450 kg (990 lb), making it much larger than the modern ostrich and one of the largest known birds.
Although P. dmanisensis is known as the giant ostrich, its relationship to the extant ostriches of the genus Struthio is not clear.
Some authors have suggested placing the large (albeit smaller than P. dmanisensis) extinct ostrich species Struthio anderssoni from the Late Pleistocene of China in the genus.
# 44th Merwara Infantry

The 44th Merwara Infantry was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. They could trace their origins to 1824, when the Sylhet Light Infantry was raised. This first 44th eventually became the 44th Gurkhas and later 8th Gurkha Rifles.
The Mhairwara Local Battalion became a civil unit in 1861, but returned to a military role as the Mhairwara Battalion in 1871. It became the 44th Merwara Infantry in 1903, after the Kitchener reforms of the Indian Army. During World War I the regiment was part of the 12th Indian Division and took part in the Battle of Shaiba, the Battle of Khafajiya and the Battle of Nasiriya in the Mesopotamia Campaign.
Further reforms of the army were undertaken after World War I and nine single battalion regiments were disbanded. Being one of the nine, the 44th Merwara Infantry were disbanded on 20 June 1921.

## Previous names

* The Mhairwara Local Battalion - 1822
* 14th (Mhairwara) Local Battalion - 1823
* 9th (Mhairwara) Local Battalion - 1826
* The Mhairwara Battalion - 1843
* The Ajmer and Mhairwara Police Corps - 1861
* The Mhairwara Battalion - 1871
* 44th Merwara Infantry - 1903
# Charles A. Duelfer

Charles A. Duelfer is Chairman of Omnis, Inc., a consulting firm in aerospace, defense, intelligence, training, and finance. He is a regular commentator in the media on intelligence and foreign policy and is the author of Hide and Seek: The Search for Truth in Iraq.
Previously, Duelfer was the Deputy Executive Chairman and then Acting Chairman of the UN Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) from 1993 until its termination in 2000.

## Publications

* Duelfer, Charles A. (2009). Hide and Seek: The Search for Truth in Iraq. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-557-3.
# AKAP4

A-kinase anchor protein 4 is a scaffold protein that in humans is encoded by the AKAP4 gene. It involves in the intracellular signalling of protein kinase -A. AKAP4 is called as cancer /testis antigen (CTA), it belongs to a class of tumour linked antigens categories by high expression in germ cells and cancer than normal tissues. AKAP4 is not normally expressed in mRNA and protein level in MM cell line.

## Function

The A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs) are a group of structurally diverse proteins, which have the common function of binding to the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) and confining the holoenzyme to discrete locations within the cell. This gene encodes a member of the AKAP family. The encoded protein is localized to the sperm flagellum and may be involved in the regulation of sperm motility. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
AKAP 4 protein belongs to the family of scaffold proteins and is involved in controlled mechanism of flagellar function. In mice, AKAP4 is required for sperm development and male mice that lack AKAP4 are infertile. The fibrous sheath was not formed, flagellum become short and often some proteins associated with the fibrous sheath in this case they were very few or absent. Surprisingly, another component of flagellum was developed as normal. In the conclusion, they state that AKAP4 plays a pivotal role in the fibrous sheath and effect on the motility of sperm, in the absence of AKAP4 these activities affected due to a failure of signal transduction and glycolytic enzymes because they were not able to attach with the fibrous sheath.

## Clinical significance

AKAP4 is a potential biomarker for early diagnosis and immunotherapy of colon cancer. AKAP4 may be implicated as a biomarker and immunotherapeutic target for cervical cancer. AKAP4 is also a circulating biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer. To detect the early stage breast cancer and diagnosis, AKAP4 is used as serum. Investigation was undertaken about AKAP4 with various clinical parameters which could be use as early detector biomarker to treat cancer by developing a tissue or serum.
AKAP4 is associated with diseases such as multiple myeloma, lung cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer.
AKAP4 is over expressed in multiple myeloma (MM)

## Interactions

AKAP4 has been shown to interact with:
* AKAP3, and
* PRKAR1A.