OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# C/1907 L2 (Daniel)

Daniel's Comet, formally known as C/1907 L2, is a non-periodic comet that became visible in the naked eye in 1907. It was the first of three comets discovered by American astronomer, Zaccheus Daniel.

## Discovery and observations

The comet was discovered by Zaccheus Daniel using a 15 cm (5.9 in) comet-seeker on the dawn of 10 June 1907, however its nature as a comet wasn't confirmed until two days later by William Robert Brooks. At the time, the object was located within the constellation Pisces.
The comet rapidly brightened as it slowly approached the Earth, and was closest at 0.757 AU (113.2 million km) on 2 August 1907. Edward E. Barnard made a series of photographic observations of the comet between 11 July and 8 September 1907, where he described the comet being visible to the naked eye for two months. At the same time, Edward C. Pickering also made several photographic observations between 12 July and 4 August 1907. J. Charles Duncan noted that the comet had reached magnitude 3.0 on 24 July 1907. Across the Atlantic, Max Wolf made extensive observations of the comet until 27 August.
It was last observed from the Chamberlin Observatory in Denver, Colorado, on the early morning of 30 June 1908.
# William Lindsay Osteen Sr.

William Lindsay Osteen (July 15, 1930 – August 9, 2009) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina.

## Education and career

Osteen was born in Greensboro, North Carolina and graduated from Guilford High School. After high school, he joined the United States Army Reserve in 1948 and served for two years leaving in 1951. He received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Guilford College in 1953. He received a Bachelor of Laws from the University of North Carolina School of Law in 1956.
He was in private practice of law in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina from 1956 to 1958 and in Greensboro, North Carolina from 1958 to 1969. He was the United States Attorney for the Middle District of North Carolina from 1969 to 1974. He was in private practice of law in Greensboro from 1974 to 1991.

## Federal judicial service

Osteen was nominated by President George H. W. Bush on April 25, 1991, to the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, to a new seat created by 104 Stat. 5089. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 14, 1991, and received his commission on June 18, 1991. Osteen assumed senior status on April 3, 2006, and retired on September 14, 2007. He was succeeded by his son, William Lindsay Osteen Jr.
He is buried at Forest Lawn Cemetery, Greensboro North Carolina.
# The Combination of the Safe

The Combination of the Safe is a 1912 American silent short film. The director is unknown.

## Cast

* Stuart Holmes: The Detective
* Earle Foxe: Atland Harrison(Thief)
* George W. Middleton: Smith Weston (Diamond Importer)
# Plavy

Plavy is a municipality and village in Jablonec nad Nisou District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,000 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Plavy consists of two municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Plavy (524)
* Haratice (488)

## Geography

Plavy is located about 10 kilometres (6 mi) east of Jablonec nad Nisou and 18 km (11 mi) east of Liberec. It lies mostly in the Giant Mountains Foothills, only a small part of the municipal territory in the northwest extends into the Jizera Mountains. The highest point is at 580 m (1,900 ft) above sea level. The Kamenice River flows through the municipality.

## History

The first written mention of Plavy is from 1624.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 1,048 | — |
| 1880 | 1,130 | +7.8% |
| 1890 | 1,296 | +14.7% |
| 1900 | 1,504 | +16.0% |
| 1910 | 1,816 | +20.7% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 1,700 | −6.4% |
| 1930 | 1,927 | +13.4% |
| 1950 | 1,245 | −35.4% |
| 1961 | 1,297 | +4.2% |
| 1970 | 1,272 | −1.9% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 1,295 | +1.8% |
| 1991 | 1,173 | −9.4% |
| 2001 | 1,084 | −7.6% |
| 2011 | 1,034 | −4.6% |
| 2021 | 1,012 | −2.1% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

The I/10 road (part of the European route E65) from Turnov to the Czech-Polish border in Harrachov passes through the municipality.
Plavy is located on the railway line Prague–Tanvald.

## Sport

Plavy is known for a small ski resort. There are three downhill routes.

## Sights

Plavy is poor in monuments. The only protected cultural monuments are the Art Nouveau house of the factory owner František Brůna, and the administrative building of Brůna's glass factory from the 1920s.

## Notable people

* Josef Jindřišek (born 1981), footballer

## Twin towns – sister cities

Plavy is twinned with:
* Paszowice, Poland
# Beaver Technology Center

Beaver Technology Center is a public elementary school in Garland, Texas.

## History

Beaver Technology Center, formerly Beaver Elementary, is named after Mrs. Edith Beaver. Mrs. Beaver and her husband, James Beaver, farmed the land where the school stands. Luke Abbett, the first principal of this school opened the doors to Edith Beaver Elementary in 1960 for 279 students and 12 teachers. The teachers did everything: library, music, art, core subjects, and lunch and recess duty for the 30 plus students in their classes. Within five years, Beaver's population swelled to 650 students, eventually maxing out with over 800 students.

## Magnet Program

Beaver Technology Center is an elementary magnet school in the Garland Independent School District located in Garland, Texas. Beaver Elementary opened in 1960. In 1997 it reopened as a magnet school for students who have a special interest in math, science and technology, also known as MSTs. Beaver Technology Center is one of two MSTs in Garland, serving students in west Garland, north Garland and Sachse. Watson Technology Center, Beaver's sister school, serves east and south Garland, as well as the community of Rowlett.
In 2009, the school was rated "exemplary" by the Texas Education Agency.

## Statistics (per 2010)

The attendance rate for students at the school is 95%, compared with a state average of 96%. 44% of the students at Beaver are economically disadvantaged, 9% enroll in special education, 4% enroll in gifted and talent programs.
The ethnic makeup of the school is 31.8% Hispanic, 25.7% African American, 29.3% White, non-Hispanic, 20.0% Asian/Pacific Islander, and less than 1% Native American.
The average class sizes at Beaver are 21 students per class (with the exception of kindergarten).
Teachers at the school carry, on average, 10 years of teaching experience and 7% of the teachers on staff are first-year teachers.

## Feeder Patterns

Garland ISD is a Free Choice school district, which allows the parent to choose which school his or her children want to attend within the district.
# Eleanor Farjeon Award

The Eleanor Farjeon Award is made for distinguished service to the world of British children's books and is given to someone whose commitment and contribution is deemed to be outstanding. Founded in 1966, it is presented annually in memory of the celebrated author Eleanor Farjeon (1881–1965). The spirit of the award is to recognise the unsung heroes who contribute so much to every aspect of children's books. The award is administered by the Children's Book Circle and sponsored by the Eleanor Farjeon Trust.

## Winners

* 1966, Margery Fisher
* 1967, Jessica Jenkins
* 1968, Brian Alderson, author, compiler and editor
* 1969, Anne Wood
* 1970, Kaye Webb
* 1971, Margaret Meek
* 1972, Janet Hill
* 1973, Eleanor Graham
* 1974, Leila Berg
* 1975, Naomi Lewis
* 1976, Joyce Oldmeadow and Court Oldmeadow, booksellers and founders of Dromkeen Collection, Australia
* 1977, Elaine Moss
* 1978, Peter Kennerley
* 1979, Joy Whitby
* 1980, Dorothy Butler
* 1981, Margaret Marshall and Virginia Jensen
* 1982, Aidan Chambers and Nancy Chambers
* 1983, Jean Russell
* 1984, Shirley Hughes, author and illustrator
* 1985, Bob Leeson, writer
* 1986, Judith Elkin
* 1987, Valerie Bierman
* 1988, National Library for the Handicapped Child
* 1989, Anna Home
* 1990, Jill Bennett, illustrator
* 1991, Patricia Crampton
* 1992, Stephanie Nettell, Children's Book Editor of The Guardian 1978-92
* 1993, Susan Belgrave, MBE, Founder and President of Volunteer Reading Help
* 1994, Eileen Colwell, MBE, librarian and author
* 1995, Helen Paiba, author and bookseller
* 1996, Books for Keeps
* 1997, Michael Rosen, author
* 1998, Gina Pollinger
* 1999, Klaus Flugge, publisher, Andersen Press
* 2000, Julia Eccleshare, journalist
* 2001, Amelia Edwards, art director
* 2002, Philip Pullman, author
* 2003, Miriam Hodgson, editor
* 2004, Jacqueline Wilson, author
* 2005, Malorie Blackman, author
* 2006, Wendy Cooling founder of Bookstart
* 2007, Jane Nissen, publisher
* 2008, Chris Brown, educator and editor, School Library Association
* 2009, Moira Arthur, former Managing Director of Peters Bookselling Services
* 2010, Seven Stories, the Centre for Children's Books
* 2011, The Federation of Children's Book Groups
* 2012, Quentin Blake, illustrator and author
* 2013, David Almond, author
* 2014, Polka Theatre, children's theatre
* 2015, Terry Pratchett, author, awarded posthumously
* 2016, John Agard, poet and playwright
* 2017, Keats Community Library
* 2018, Michael Morpurgo, author
* 2019, CLPE, the Centre for Literacy in Primary Education
# Fusconaia mitchelli

Fusconaia mitchelli, the false spike, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusc in the family Unionidae, the river mussels.
This species is native to Mexico, where its historical range is in the states of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas, and the United States, where it was found in the states of New Mexico and Texas.

## Conservation

This species has experienced an extreme population decline due to habitat deterioration. Until recently, no live individuals had been observed since the late 1970s, leading many researchers to believe it was close to (if not already) extinct. However, interest in this species was revived in 2011 when a fresh-dead shell was discovered. A 2011 a survey of the Guadalupe River near Gonzales, Texas revealed a small surviving population, with seven live mature individuals counted.

## Taxonomy

In 2016, this species underwent its first genetic study due to its recent rediscovery. The results showed that this species was better placed in Fusconaia rather than Quadrula, which it was previous included in. Historically, it also was formerly included in the now-obsolete genus Quincuncina.
* Live Fusconaia mitchelli from the Guadalupe River, Gonzales County, Texas, in 2011.
# Karl Kirk

Karl Kirk (5 April 1890 in Sønder Nærå, Denmark – 6 March 1955 in Aarhus, Denmark) was a Danish gymnast who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was part of the Danish team, which won the silver medal in the gymnastics men's team, Swedish system event.
He worked as a teacher and later principal at Eriksminde Efterskole from 1916 until his death in 1955.
# Enough is Enough (campaign)

Enough is Enough is a British political campaign launched in 2022 that sought to pressure businesses and the United Kingdom Government into subsidising energy costs and increasing wages. The campaign was used as a left-wing policy platform backed by politicians, commentators and trade unions. The organisation's manifesto called for:
* A real pay rise
* A cut in energy bills
* An end to food poverty
* 'Decent' homes for all
* Higher tax for the wealthy
* Nationalisation of Certain Industries.
Mick Lynch, the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers general is one of the organisation's leaders.
At their Autumn Conference in 2022, The Green Party of England and Wales voted to affiliate themselves with the Enough is Enough campaign.
# Christian Bunse

Christian Bunse (born 6 January 1995) is a German former professional darts player who played in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events.

## Career

He made his PDC European Tour debut in the 2017 European Darts Open, but was defeated 6–4 by Jerry Hendriks. He then qualified for the 2018 European Darts Grand Prix, again losing in the first round, this time 6–2 to Jamie Lewis.
Bunse won a two-year PDC tour card on day 3 of the 2019 PDC European Q-School, beating Pavel Jirkal 5–2 in the final, he failed to make the top 64 at the end of 2020 partly due to restricted play during the COVID-19 pandemic, he returned to EU Q-School winning his Last 128 game against Patrick Bulen 6-4, but lost in the last 64 against Kevin Blumme 5-6.
Bunse contested the first 3 event on the EU PDC Challenge Tour 2021 but has not attended any PDC events since.
# Lynn Gehl

Lynn Gehl is an Algonquin Anishinaabe-kwe from the Ottawa River Valley, Ontario, Canada. She is a writer, blogger and Indigenous human rights advocate. Gehl was involved in legal challenges aimed at eliminating the continued sex discrimination in the Indian Act, which withheld or removed legal Indian status from some Indigenous women and matrilineally descended Indigenous people. She is also an outspoken critic of the contemporary land claims and self-government process, as well as Indigenous issues in Canada. In April 2017, Gehl was successful in defeating Indian and Northern Affairs Canada’s unstated paternity policy when the Court of Appeal for Ontario ruled the sex discrimination in the policy was unreasonable.

## Early life and education

Lynn was born and raised in Toronto, Ontario. Her grandmother was from Golden Lake First Nation. She studied chemical technology at Humber College of Applied Arts and Technology and worked for more than a decade monitoring Ontario's waterways for toxic organic pollutants. She left and returned to school, studying anthropology at York University and later completed a masters and PhD in Indigenous Studies. She transformed her doctoral dissertation into a book titled "The Truth that Wampum Tells: My Debwewin on the Algonquin Land Claims Process" (2014).

## Sex discrimination under the Indian Act

Because Gehl did not know her grandfather's paternity (her father's father), she was denied Indian status registration and consequently denied band membership. This led to her developing a legal case to fight sex discrimination under the Indian Act. In the course of this effort, Gehl discovered that INAC had an unknown paternity policy, wherein Indian women who had children where a father could not be named on the birth certificate, the children would not be eligible for full Indian status or they would be denied Indian status. On April 20, 2017, the Ontario Court of Appeal granted Gehl the right to register as an "Indian" under the Indian Act. But in the end, she was only awarded Indian status under 6(2), rather than 6(1)a, which would allow her to pass down her status to her descendants. Thus she was faced with additional sex discrimination.
In 2019, Gehl, along with other Indigenous women, launched a "6(1)a All the Way!" campaign to lobby the federal government to eliminate residual sex-based discrimination within the Indian Act. They were successful, and Lynn was "upgraded" to 6(1)a Indian status.

## Selected publications

* Gehl v Canada: Challenging Sex Discrimination in the Indian Act (2021)
* Claiming Anishinaabe: Decolonizing the Human Spirit (2017)
* The Truth that Wampum Tells: My Debwewin on the Algonquin Land Claims Process (2014)
* Mkadengwe: Sharing Canada's Colonial Process through Black Face Methodology (2014)
* Anishinaabeg Stories: Featuring Petroglyphs, Petrographs, and Wampum Belts (2012)

## Awards

* Nicol, Vince, & Wensley Book Prize in Anthropology, York University (1999)
* Bachelor of Arts with Honours (summa cum laude), York University, Socio-Cultural Anthropology (2022)
* Governor General's Award in Commemoration of the Persons Case (2022)
# John Byrne Cooke

John Byrne Cooke (October 5, 1940 – September 3, 2017) was an American author, musician, and photographer. He was the son of the English-born writer and broadcaster Alistair Cooke, and the great-grandnephew of Ralph Waldo Emerson.
In the 1960s he played with the bluegrass band, the Charles River Valley Boys, and was Janis Joplin's road manager from 1967 until her death in 1970. He wrote On the Road with Janis Joplin, detailing the period of Joplin's life from her first appearance at the Monterey Pop Festival until her death.
Cooke wrote several Western fiction novels, and book reviews for The New York Times, The Washington Post, and the Los Angeles Times. Cooke lived in Jackson Hole, Wyoming from 1982 until his death from cancer in 2017, aged 76.
# Mashgiach ruchani

A mashgiach ruchani (Hebrew: משגיח רוחני; pl., mashgichim ruchani'im), sometimes mashgiach for short, is a spiritual supervisor or guide. They are usually a rabbi who has an official position within a yeshiva and is responsible for the non-academic areas of yeshiva students' lives.

## Description

The position of mashgiach ruchani arose with the establishment of the modern "Lithuanian-style" musar yeshivas. The prototype of this new type of rabbinical leader and educator was Rabbi Nosson Tzvi Finkel (1849-1927) known as the Alter (elder) of the Slabodka yeshiva, Yeshivas Knesses Yisrael (Slabodka), in Lithuania.
The role of the mashgiach ruchani was strongest in the era before World War II, when often the mashgichim were responsible for maintaining the yeshiva financially, recruiting and interviewing new students, and hiring staff, something akin to academic deans. After the Holocaust, the influence and position of the mashgiach decreased, and the roles of the rosh yeshivas have grown at the expense of those of the mashgichim. A modern mashgiach/mashgicha is somewhat equivalent to the secular counselor position. The need for having mashgichim within the modern yeshivas was tied in with the rise of the modern musar movement (teaching of Jewish ethics), inspired by the 19th-century rabbi Israel Salanter..
Some yeshivas may refer to a mashgiach/mashgicha ruchani as a menahel ruchani (the word menahel means 'principal', as in the principal of a school, or 'supervisor'.)
Chabad yeshivas have a similar position referred to as mashpia, meaning a person who provides (spiritual) influence.

## Famous mashgichim

* Nosson Tzvi Finkel (1849-1927) mashgiach ruchani of Yeshivas Knesses Yisrael (Slabodka), Lithuania
* Yehuda Leib Chasman, mashgiach ruchani of the Hebron Yeshiva, Israel
* Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler (1892-1953), mashgiach ruchani of the Ponevezh yeshiva in Bnei Brak, Israel
* Binyamin Finkel, mashgiach ruchani of Yeshivas Mishkan Yisrael, Jerusalem
* Yechezkel Levenstein (1895-1974), mashgiach ruchani of Mir yeshiva, Poland
* Yeruchom Levovitz (1873-1936), mashgiach ruchani of the Mir yeshiva, Poland
* Moshe Rosenstein (1880-1941), mashgiach ruchani of Lomza Yeshiva, Poland
* Don Segal
* Beryl Weisbord, mashgiach ruchani of Yeshivas Ner Yisroel, Baltimore
* Elyah Lopian (1876-1970) mashgiach ruchani of Knesses Chizkiyahu, Israel
* Matisyahu Salomon (1937 - 2024) mashgiach ruchani of Gateshead Yeshiva and later, Beth Medrash Govoha (the Lakewood Yeshiva)
* Nosson Meir Wachtfogel (1910-1998), mashgiach ruchani of Beth Medrash Govoha (the Lakewood Yeshiva), USA, from 1941 to 1998
* Shlomo Wolbe (1914-2005)
* Dov Yaffe (1928-2017), mashgiach ruchani of Knesses Chizkiyahu, Israel
* Avigdor Miller (1908-2001) mashgiach ruchani of Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin, USA, from 1944 to 1964
* Shlomo Carlebach (scholar), (1925-2022) mashgiach ruchani of Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin, USA, from 1966 to 1978
* Daniel Rhein mashgiach ruchani of Yeshivat Har Etzion, Israel, from 2001
# Jefferson (surname)

Jefferson is a surname of English origin. Deriving from Middle English 'Geffreyson' in the Medieval ages. Notable people with the name include:

## Music

* Blind Lemon Jefferson (1893–1929), American Blues musician
* Marshall Jefferson, American musician
* Melissa Jefferson, American singer and rapper known professionally as Lizzo
* Eddie Jefferson, American Jazz vocalist

## Sports

* Al Jefferson, American basketball player
* Amile Jefferson, American basketball player
* Brandon Jefferson, American basketball player
* Davon Jefferson (born 1986), American basketball player
* Janae Jefferson (born 1999), American softball player
* Jermar Jefferson (born 2000), American football player
* Jesse Jefferson (1949–2011), American baseball player
* John Jefferson (American football) (born 1956), American football player
* Jordan Jefferson (born 1990), American football player and coach
* Jordan Jefferson (defensive lineman), American football player
* Julian Jefferson, English cricketer
* Justin Jefferson (born 1999), American football player
* Kiki Jefferson (born 2001), American basketball player
* Malik Jefferson, American football player
* Reggie Jefferson, American baseball player
* Richard Jefferson, American basketball player
* Richard Jefferson (cricketer), English cricketer
* Van Jefferson (born 1996), American football player
* Will Jefferson, English cricketer

## Government

* Anna V. Jefferson (1926–2011), New York politician
* Luther P. Jefferson (died 1941), American politician from Maryland
* Mose Jefferson, New Orleans politician, older brother of William J. Jefferson
* Roberto Jefferson, Brazilian politician
* Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States of America
* Wallace B. Jefferson, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas
* William J. Jefferson, Louisiana politician, younger brother of Mose Jefferson

## Other

* Ann Jefferson (born 1949), British scholar of French literature
* Arthur Stanley Jefferson, birth name of Stan Laurel (1890–1965), English comic actor
* Atatiana Jefferson (1990–2019), shooting victim of the Fort Worth Police Department
* Charles Edward Jefferson (1860–1937), American Congregational clergyman
* Francis Arthur Jefferson (1921–1982), British recipient of the Victoria Cross
* Geoffrey Jefferson (1886–1961), British neurologist and pioneering neurosurgeon
* George Jefferson, a fictional character from The Jeffersons
* Henry and Robert Jefferson, British wine merchants with Caribbean estates, subjects of The Rum Story, a visitor attraction in Cumbria, England
* Jane Randolph Jefferson, mother of the United States President
* Joseph Jefferson (1829–1905), American actor
* Louise Jefferson, a fictional character from The Jeffersons (wife of George above)
* Margo Jefferson (born 1947), American writer, critic, professor
* Rowley Jefferson, a fictional character from Jeff Kinney's Diary of a Wimpy Kid franchise

## Lists of people named Jefferson

* Thomas Jefferson (disambiguation), various people named "Thomas Jefferson"