OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ortsgruppenleiter

Ortsgruppenleiter (Local Group Leader) was a Nazi Party political rank and title which existed between 1930 and 1945. The term first came into being during the German elections of 1930, and was held by the head Nazi of a town or city, or in larger cities, of a neighbourhood, for the purposes of election district organization. After 1933, through the process of Gleichschaltung, the position of Ortsgruppenleiter evolved into the Nazi leader of a large town or city or of a city district.

## Role in Municipal Government

After the founding of Nazi Germany, the political rank of Ortsgruppenleiter was held by the chief Nazi in a municipal area. In many situations, town and city administration overlapped with the Nazi political system, meaning that the traditional local government was overshadowed, if not entirely replaced, by Nazi leadership. Traditional government titles did continue to exist, such as Bürgermeister; however, if these positions were not already held by a corresponding Nazi official, city government was little more than a rubber stamp to Nazi designs.
During World War II, the position of Ortsgruppenleiter encompassed a large amount of responsibility and power as it was these Nazi officials who typically ran the city civil defense systems as well as the allocation of war rations and civil relief efforts. As Germany was invaded and defeat became imminent, Nazi leaders in major towns and cities also became ad hoc military commanders in charge of mixed-unit German forces and Volksturm units.

## Insignia

Between 1930 and 1932, the political rank of Ortsgruppenleiter was denoted by a braided shoulder cord and a white collar bar worn on a Nazi Party brown shirt. After 1933, the rank was denoted by two light yellow collar bars. The actual rank of Ortsgruppenleiter was phased out of the Nazi Party in 1939, replaced by a large number of expanded paramilitary political titles. The position of Ortsgruppenleiter was after this time typically held by a Nazi with the rank of Abschnittsleiter, paired as well with a political armband denoting the specific position of Ortsgruppenleiter.
# Watten, Highland

Watten (Scottish Gaelic: Bhatan) is a small village in Caithness, in the Highland area of Scotland, on the main road (A882-A9) between the burgh of Wick and the town of Thurso, about twelve kilometres (eight miles) west of Wick and close to Wick River and to Loch Watten. The village is on The Far North railway line but trains stopped calling at the village in 1960. The railway station is now a private house.
The village is within the parish of Watten, which has the parish of Bower to the north, that of Wick to the east, that of Latheron to the south and that of Halkirk to the west.
Loch Watten is the largest body of water in Caithness. The name of the village and loch appear to come from the Old Norse Vatn, meaning water or lake, and the loch is famous for its brown trout fishing. The local public house is also named "The Brown Trout" after the local produce.

## Prisoner of war camp

A military camp was built in Watten during World War II, in early 1943, and at the end of the war this became POW Camp 165. This had been described as "Britain's most secretive prisoner of war camp" because many prominent Nazis were moved there from POW Camp 21 at Comrie in Perthshire. These prisoners included Gunter d'Alquen, Himmler's chief propagandist, leading U-boat captain Otto Kretschmer, dubbed the "Wolf of the Atlantic", and SS-Sturmbannführer Max Wünsche. The camp closed in 1948.

## Notable people

Watten was the birthplace of Alexander Bain, inventor of a type of pendulum-regulated electric clock and the fax machine. Bain is commemorated by a carved stone monument outside the village hall. The fax machine is referred to on this monument as "The Electric Printing Telegraph".
# Motian

Motian (or Mota Jahangir) is a village in Jhelum District, Punjab province, Pakistan.

## Demographics

The population of the village, according to 2017 census was 627.
# La Brévière

La Brévière (French pronunciation: ) is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Val-de-Vie.
# Masahiro Mori

Masahiro Mori may refer to:
* Masahiro Mori (roboticist) (森 政弘, 1927–2025), Japanese roboticist
* Masahiro Mori (designer) (森 正洋, 1927–2005), Japanese ceramic designer
# Cedar Run District

The Cedar Run District is a high school conference in the state of Virginia that includes schools stretching from Prince William County.

## Facts about the district

The Cedar Run District was established in 2001 to serve two purposes. The first was to alleviate crowding in the Cardinal District, and the second purpose was to be a fourth district in the Northwestern Region, after two Southwest Virginia AAA Districts were consolidated into the Western Valley District.

## District history

The charter members of the Cedar Run were Osbourn, Osbourn Park, Potomac, and Stonewall Jackson which all split from the Cardinal District. As Prince William County grew, Battlefield High School of Haymarket opened and joined the district in 2004. In 2005, Potomac was moved back to the Cardinal District, but the Cedar Run accepted Culpeper County High School from the Commonwealth District and Fauquier High School of the AA Northwestern District which expanded the district's geography considerably. In 2007, the Cedar Run District welcomed two more members, Liberty High School of Fauquier County from the AA Northwestern District, and Loudoun Valley High School of the AAA National District.
In 2009–2010, Liberty High School, Fauquier High School, and Culpeper County High School will all move down to AA because of new schools opening up in their respective areas. A preliminary plan had two additional Loudoun County schools joining the district with Heritage High School of Leesburg coming from Group AA, and Stone Bridge High School of Ashburn coming from the Liberty District and AAA Northern Region. In addition, Osbourn Park is also expected to move back to the Cardinal District. However the preliminary plan was not passed and Stone Bridge was granted the right to stay in the Northern Region, Liberty District. Starting in the 2009/2010 school year the Cedar Run only had five members; Heritage, Loudoun Valley, Battlefield, Stonewall Jackson, and Osbourn. The smallest member is Heritage with an enrollment of about 1,900 students and the largest is Battlefield with an enrollment of about 3,700.
In 2011–2012, Heritage-Leeseburg and Loudoun Valley returned to AA while be replaced in the Cedar Run District by Freedom-South Riding and Broad Run which moved up to AAA.

## Membership history
### Current members

* Battlefield Bobcats of Haymarket
* Freedom Eagles of South Riding
* John Champe Knights of Aldie
* Osbourn Eagles of Manassas
* Osbourn Park Yellow Jackets of Manassas
* Patriot Pioneers of Nokesville
* Unity Reed Lions of Manassas
* Gainesville Cardinals of Gainesville

### Former members

* Broad Run Spartans of Ashburn (2011-2013)
* Culpeper Blue Devils of Culpeper (2005-2009)
* Fauquier Falcons of Fauquier (2005-2009)
* Freedom Eagles of South Riding (2011-2013)
* Heritage Pride of Leesburg (2009-2011)
* Liberty Eagles of Bealeton (2007-2009)
* Loudoun Valley Vikings Purcellville (2007-2011)
* Potomac Panthers of Dumfries (2001-2004)
# Kronos (malware)

Kronos was a type of banking Windows malware first reported in 2014. It was sold for $7,000.
It was developed as a followup to the UPAS Kit which has been released in 2012.
Similar to Zeus, it was focused on stealing banking login credentials from browser sessions via a combination of keylogging and web injection. In 2015, its attacks were focused on British banks.
In August 2017, British security researcher Marcus Hutchins (aka 'MalwareTech'), previously notable for his involvement stopping the May 2017 WannaCry ransomware attack, was arrested by the FBI whilst visiting the United States. He was alleged to have created the software in 2014, and to have sold it in 2015 via the AlphaBay forums. Hutchins later admitted to being paid to work on Kronos and its predecessor UPAS Kit (named after the toxic Upas tree) as the main developer between 2011 and spring 2015.
# Albert Leisenring Watson

Albert Leisenring Watson (December 6, 1876 – December 20, 1960) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania.

## Early life

Watson was born in Montrose, Pennsylvania, on December 6, 1876. His father was Willoughby W. Watson, who practiced law for 50 years in Susquehanna County and Lackawanna County. His mother was Marie Kemmerer Watson.

## Education and early career

Watson received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Amherst College in 1901 and read law in 1903 to enter the bar. He was in private practice in Scranton, Pennsylvania from 1903 to 1925. He was a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania from 1926 to 1928. He was also a trustee of the Scranton State Hospital and became president of the board in 1923.

## Federal judicial service
### Nomination

On September 9, 1929, Watson was nominated by President Herbert Hoover to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania created by 45 Stat. 1344. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 17, 1929, and received his commission the same day. He served as Chief Judge from 1948 to 1955, assuming senior status on May 31, 1955. He served in that capacity until his death on December 20, 1960.

### Trial of the Scoblick brothers

In January 1953, James P. Scoblick and two of his brothers were indicted in a check kiting scheme involving their fruit-processing business, Scoblick Bros. Inc. All three were convicted on December 3, 1954. Watson sentenced James Scoblick to 5 years in prison.

## Personal life

Watson married Effie Woodville in 1930. Together, they had two sons, Albert Jr., and Warren Woodville Watson. Watson died at 12:30 PM on December 20, 1960. Prior to his death, he had been a patient at the Mercy Hospital in Scranton since October 12.
# St Helen's Church, Lincoln

St Helen's Church, Lincoln is a grade II* listed church in Boultham Park in the Boultham suburb of Lincoln in Lincolnshire, England. It is one of the oldest churches in Lincoln as it was built in the 13th century. After a period of being abandoned, it was restored to use by C. Hodgson Fowler for use as a place of worship and it has since been active. It was grade II* listed in October 1953. The church is combined with the nearby Holy Cross Church (a brick-built church seating 200, whose foundation stone was laid in 1939) to form the "Congregation of Holy Cross and St Helen's", whose regular services are held in Holy Cross. St Helen's, which seats 60, is used for small weddings and other special events.
Part of the church's listing entry describes it as having:
   "FITTINGS include a good square baluster shaped font, C18, inscribed "Boultham Church", and a desk with reused C18 fleur-de-lys ends. C19 fittings include octagonal oak skeleton pulpit, traceried stalls, wrought-iron altar rail and plain octagonal font.
   MEMORIALS include 2 tablets, mid C19, and 3 brasses c1900, all to the Ellison family of Boultham Hall. Brass war memorial tablet, 1919." - "Buildings of England : Lincolnshire: Pevsner N: Lincolnshire: London: 1989-: 526".
The Friends of the Church of St Helen's, Boultham is a registered charity established in 2003, formed to "maintain the structure of St Helens Church Boultham Lincoln, and the church yard".
In the churchyard stands a memorial to soldiers killed in the Crimean War. The granite memorial is dated circa 1851 and is thought to be a coping stone. Part of the inscription reads "Brought from Sevastopol . . . ".
# Robert Nosofsky

Robert Mark Nosofsky (born c. 1956) is an American psychologist. He is a professor in the department of psychological and brain sciences at Indiana University Bloomington, who is known for his exemplar theory. His research interest are categorization, recognition memory, math modeling, combining formal modeling and FMRI Studies. His research is in the development and testing of formal mathematical models of perceptual category learning and representation.

## Life and education

Nosofsky was born in U.S.A. He graduated with a B.A. in psychology and mathematics at Binghamton University in 1978 and a Ph.D. in psychology at Harvard University in 1984.

## Exemplar theory

The exemplar theory, which was proposed by Robert Nosofsky is different from the prototype theory, proposed by Eleanor Rosch. According to the exemplar theory, the human cognition of concept categories is based on the use of exemplars of concepts. The exemplar theory explains how the human beings learn and use these concept categories.

## Awards and honors

Nosofsky received the first New Investigator Research Award of the Society of Mathematical Psychology (1987), APA's Distinguished Scientific Award for Early Career Contribution to Psychology (1993), and the Troland Award from the National Academy of Sciences (1995). He was elected to the Society of Experimental Psychologists, the leading honorary society in the field, in 1998. In January, he accepted the editorship of the Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.

## Works

* Nosofsky, R.M., Sanders, C., Meagher, B.J., & Douglas, B.J (2017). Toward the development of a feature-space representation for a complex natural category domain. Behavior Research Methods
* Nosofsky, R.M., Sanders, C., Gerdom, A., Douglas, B., & McDaniel, M. (2017). On learning natural science categories that violate the family-resemblance principle. Psychological Science, 28, 104-114
* Nosofsky, R.M., & Donkin, C. (2016). Qualitative contrast between knowledge-limited mixed-state and variable-resources models of visual change detection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 42, 1507-1525
* Nosofsky, R. M. (2016). An exemplar-retrieval model of short-term memory search: Linking categorization and probe recognition. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 65, 47-84
# Astra (1922 automobile)

The Astra was a small French cyclecar made by E Pasquet in Paris. The automobile was manufactured only in 1922.

## Features

It had a twin-cylinder two-stroke engine of 496 cc.
It featured independent suspension on all four wheels, as well as friction drive.
# Battle of Proctor's Creek

The Battle of Proctor's Creek – also referred to as Drewry's Bluff or Fort Darling – was fought from May 12 to May 16, 1864, in Chesterfield County, Virginia, during the Bermuda Hundred Campaign of the American Civil War. Proctor's Creek was named for Charles Proctor, who lived and farmed on the land surrounding most of the creek.

## Battle

After his repulse at Swift Creek and Fort Clifton on May 9, Union Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler withdrew into his entrenchments at Bermuda Hundred. A Confederate army of 18,000 was patched together under command of Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard to confront Butler's 30,000. On May 12, Butler moved north against the Confederate line at Drewry's Bluff, but again adopted a defensive posture when his attack was not supported by gunboats. On May 13, a Union column struck the right flank of the Confederate line at the Wooldridge House, carrying a line of works. Butler remained cautious, however, giving Beauregard time to concentrate his forces. On May 16 at dawn, Maj. Gen. Robert Ransom's Confederate division opened an attack on Butler's right flank, routing many units. Subsequent attacks lost direction in the fog, but the Federals were disorganized and demoralized. After severe fighting, Butler extricated himself from battle, withdrawing again to his Bermuda Hundred Line.

## Aftermath

There were approximately 6,600 total casualties. This battle stopped Butler's offensive against Richmond. The battlefield is now part of the Richmond National Battlefield Park.
# Sea Dogs (film)

Sea Dogs is a 1916 American silent comedy film featuring Oliver Hardy.

## Cast

* Oliver Hardy - Plump (as Babe Hardy)
* Billy Ruge - Runt
* Bert Tracy
* Ray Godfrey
# Federico Papini

Federico Papini (born 24 November 1999) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a right back for Serie C Group C club Picerno.

## Club career

In August 2019, he joined Serie D club Lucchese. Lucchese won the Group A this season, and was promoted to Serie C. Papini made his professional debut on 19 October 2020 against Como.
On 24 August 2022 he joined Crotone on a two-year contract.
On 31 July 2024, Papini signed a two-year deal with Picerno.
# Raymond James Pettine

Raymond James Pettine (July 6, 1912 – November 17, 2003) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island.

## Education and career

Born in Providence, Rhode Island, Pettine received a Bachelor of Laws from Boston University School of Law in 1937 and a Master of Laws from the same institution in 1940. He was in the United States Army during World War II, from 1941 to 1946, thereafter remaining in the United States Army Reserve until 1966, achieving the rank of colonel in the Judge Advocate General's Corps. He was in private practice in Providence from 1946 to 1961. He was special counsel to the State Attorney General of Rhode Island from 1948 to 1952. He was an assistant state attorney general of Rhode Island from 1952 to 1961. He was the United States Attorney for the District of Rhode Island from 1961 to 1966.

## Federal judicial service

On June 13, 1966, Pettine was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson to a new seat on the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island created by 80 Stat. 75. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 29, 1966, and received his commission the same day. He served as Chief Judge from 1971 to 1982, assuming senior status on July 6, 1982. Pettine served in that capacity until his death on November 17, 2003, in Dallas, Texas.
# Irvington Bus Terminal

Irvington Bus Terminal is a regional bus terminus located at 1085 Clinton Avenue in Irvington, New Jersey. It is owned and operated by New Jersey Transit (NJT) and is served by buses traveling to Newark and other points in Essex County, to Union and Passaic counties, and to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan. The terminal was originally built in 1947 and underwent significant renovation and expansion in the early 2000s. It is one of the NJT's busiest facilities, daily serving over 12,500 passengers with more than 450 bus trips. and is origination/termination point for one of Greater Newark's bus rapid transit (BRT) lines. In July 2015, the central business district around the terminal was designated a transit village, qualifying it for incentives for revitalization.

## Service

| Route | Terminals | Terminals | Via |
| 13 | Irvington Bus Terminal | Clifton Clifton Commons, or Clifton Industrial Park | Downtown Newark Bloomfield Avenue (Clifton trips only) Washington Avenue (Clifton Commons trips) Broadway, Clinton Avenue |
| 25/go25 Archived March 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine | Irvington Bus Terminal | Newark Penn Station | Springfield Avenue Essex County Courthouse Four Corners |
| 26 Archived June 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine | Irvington Bus Terminal | Elizabeth | Union Avenue, Liberty Avenue, Morris Avenue |
| 27 Archived June 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine | Irvington Bus Terminal | Forest Hill or Bloomfield Center (full-time) Delawanna (NJT station) (rush hours only) | Downtown Newark Hawthorne Avenue, Broad Street, Mount Prospect Avenue Franklin Street (Bloomfield trips only) Verona Avenue (Forest Hill trips only) Union Avenue, Kingsland Avenue (Clifton trips only) |
| 37 Archived February 14, 2020, at the Wayback Machine | Newark-Ivy Hill | Newark Liberty International Airport | Maplewood Irvington Bus Terminal Springfield Avenue Lyons Avenue |
| 70 Archived June 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine | Newark Penn Station | Livingston Mall | Irvington Bus Terminal Maplewood Summit Millburn |
| 90 Archived June 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine | Irvington Bus Terminal | Branch Brook Park (NCS station) | East Orange Bloomfield |
| 107 Archived June 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine | Port Authority Bus Terminal | South Orange (NJT station) or Newark-Ivy Hill | some trips via Newark Airport and/or Union City Lyons Avenue Irvington Bus Terminal Irvington Avenue |
| 375 Archived March 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine | Maplewood | Newark Penn Station or Ironbound | Irvington Bus Terminal Springfield Avenue Essex County Courthouse Four Corners Newark Penn Station Ironbound |
# Upchurch

Upchurch is a village and civil parish in the Swale district of Kent, England. It is situated about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of the A2 road, between Rainham and Sittingbourne.

## History

It is probable that, although today the land is low-lying and marshy, it was once higher than it is today.
Upchurch lay on a pre-Roman trackway; the many linking roads are the result of Roman occupation, which had built a community of ex-soldiers who wanted to settle in England. A Roman cemetery has been discovered here. It is also the site of several Roman pottery works. A more recent pottery was established here in 1909 called the Upchurch Pottery. It became well known and could be found retailing through such outlets as Liberty & Co. It closed in 1963.
The Upchurch Hoard is a hoard of well worn coins which date from the first and second century A.D. which were found close to Upchurch in 1950.
Under the grade I listed 14th century church is a small crypt (a charnel house) where bones were kept when the churchyard was full. It was discovered in 1877 and the bones re-interred. The church is also notable for its very unusual 'candle-snuffer' steeple where an octagonal pyramid appears to have been stacked on top of a square one resembling a couple of inverted ice-cream cones. It is believed that the distinctive shape was chosen to serve as a navigational aid for shipping on The River Thames. The wall surrounding the church was found in 2014 also to be listed within the church grade one status.
In 2008 residents with the aid of a National Lottery grant collected and published a book Upchurch in old picture postcards. The project, to collect and maintain photographs that reflected changing village life, continues under the heading, the Upchurch Collection.
The settlement of Otterham Quay lies a mile west of the village at the head of Otterham Creek. This small port gave young Francis Drake his first experience of the sea. When the last brick field was given planning permission for development, a publication Otterham, Kent: Your Heritage was produced. The book wanted to record the heritage of the area ahead of new housing.

## Twinning

Upchurch is twinned with the Commune of Ferques, Pas de Calais, France.
# SongCast Music Distribution

SongCast is a digital music distribution company based in Akron, Ohio. It has a web platform where musicians upload and track sales of their musical compositions on Apple Music, Spotify, Pandora and SoundCloud.

## History

According to Mashable, SongCast delivers music to the top 5 music outlets, including Amazon. In 2017, Forbes reported the company had paid out approximately $24 million to artists signed with the service and also launched a competing app alongside its longer-standing distribution partnerships with iTunes, Pandora, Spotify, Apple Music.

## Musicians and characters on SongCast

* Peter Beckett of soft rock band Player uses SongCast to distribute albums from Player, including Spies of Life.
* Bubba the Love Sponge, host of The Bubba the Love Sponge Show uses SongCast to distribute his original content.
* Jimi Jamison of the rock band Survivor has albums distributed by SongCast, including Never Too Late.
* Australian rock band Wolfmother used SongCast to distribute their latest album, New Crown.
* Country rock musician and son of country star Waylon Jennings, Shooter Jennings, distributed his 2011 album, Outlaw You, through SongCast as a digital exclusive.