# Ministry of Mines (India)

The Ministry of Mines is the ministry in the Government of India. The ministry functions as the primary body for the formulation and administration of laws relating to mines in India. The head of the ministry is G. Kishan Reddy, who has been serving since June 2024.

## Functions

The Ministry of Mines is responsible for surveying and exploring for minerals (other than natural gas and petroleum) that are used in mining and metallurgy. It searches for non-ferrous metals including: aluminium, copper, zinc, lead, gold, nickel, etc. for administration of Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act) in respect of all mines and minerals other than coal and lignite. There is one attached office, one subordinate office, three public sector undertakings (PSUs), three autonomous bodies, and additional agencies working under the support of the Ministry of Mines.

### Attached office

* Geological Survey of India; headquarters at Kolkata

### Subordinate office

* Indian Bureau of Mines, headquarters at Nagpur

### Public sector undertakings

* National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO), Bhubaneswar
* Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL),Kolkata
* Mineral Exploration and consultancy Limited (MECL), Nagpur

### Autonomous bodies

* Jawaharlal Nehru Aluminium Research Development and Design Centre (JNARDDC), Nagpur
* National Institute of Rock Mechanics (NIRM), Kolar
* National Institute of Miners’ Health (NIMH), Nagpur

### Registered society (autonomous & self funding)

* Non-Ferrous Technology Development Centre
* Centre for Techno Economic Mineral Policy Options (C-TEMPO)
The subject of ‘mineral regulation and development’ occurs at Serial Number 23 of the State list in the VIIth schedule to the Constitution. However the Constitution circumscribes this power, by giving Parliament the power under S.No. 54 of the Union list in the VIIth schedule, to enact legislation, and to this extent the States will be bound by the Central legislation. The MMDR Act is the main Central legislation in force for the sector. The Act was enacted when the Industrial Policy Resolution, 1957 was the guiding policy for the sector, and thus was aimed primarily at providing a mineral concession regime in the context of the metal making public sector undertakings. After the liberalization in 1991, a separate National Mineral Policy (NMP) was promulgated in 1993 which set out the role of the private sector in exploration and mining and the MMDR Act was amended several times to provide for a reasonable concession regime to attract the private sector investment including FDI, into exploration and mining in accordance with NMP 1993.

## National Mineral Policy

The first National Mineral Policy was enunciated by the Government in 1993 for liberalization of the mining sector. The National Mineral Policy, 1993 aimed at encouraging the flow of private investment and introduction of state-of-the-art technology in exploration and mining.
In the Mid-Term Appraisal of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, it was observed that the main factors responsible for this were procedural delays in the processing of applications for mineral concessions and the absence of adequate infrastructure in the mining areas. To go into the whole gamut of issues relating to the development of the mineral sector and suggest measures for improving the investment climate the Mid-Term Appraisal had proposed the establishment of a High Level Committee. Accordingly, the Government of India, Planning Commission, constituted a Committee on 14 September 2005. under the Chairmanship of Shri Anwarul Hoda, member, Planning Commission. The Committee made detailed recommendations on all of its terms of Reference in December 2006. Based on the recommendations of the High Level Committee, in consultation with State Governments, the Government replaced the National Mineral Policy, 1993 with a new National Mineral Policy on 13 March 2008.
The National Mineral Policy 2008 provides for a change in the role of the Central Government and the State Governments to incentivize private sector investment in exploration and mining and for ensuring level playing field and transparency in the grant of concessions and promotion of scientific mining within a sustainable development framework so as to protect the interest of local population in mining areas. This has necessitated harmonization of legislation with the new National Mineral Policy.

## Policy reforms

The Hoda Committee studied the various reports prepared and submitted by study groups and in- house committees set up by various Ministries from time to time on the issues before the Committee. The Committee gave consideration to the mineral policies of the States as presented by the State Governments, especially to the differing perceptions of mineral-rich and non mineral-rich states. The Committee also gave consideration to the papers prepared by FIMI, which provided comparative analyses of the mineral policies and statutes of other major mineral producing countries in the world such as Australia, Canada, Chile, and South Africa.

## Legislation

The Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957 was enacted so as to provide for the regulation of mines and development of minerals under the control of the Union. The Act has been amended in 1972, 1986, 1994, 1999 and 2004 in keeping with changes in the policy on mineral development. It has been recently amended in 2016 to make fundamental changes.

## Legislative reform

Since that the existing law had already been amended several times and as further amendments may not clearly reflect the objects and reasons emanating from the new Mineral Policy, Government decided to reformulate the legislative framework in the light of the National Mineral Policy, 2008 and consequently, the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Bill was drafted in 2009-10 by the then Secretary Mines, S. Vijay Kumar, in consultation with the stakeholders. Government then constituted a Group of Ministers, chaired by the Minister of Finance (comprising Ministers of Home, Environment & Forest, Mines, Steel, Coal, Tribal Affairs, Law etc.) which harmonized the views of the Ministries and the final draft as approved by the Cabinet in September 2011, was introduced in Parliament in November 2011.
The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Bill, 2011, inter alia, provides for the following, namely
* A simple and transparent mechanism with clear and enforceable timelines for grant of mining lease or prospecting licence through competitive bidding in areas of known mineralization, and on the basis of first-in-time in areas where mineralization is not known.
* "Extension" rather than "renewal" of concession to ensure complete exploitation of mineral deposit.
* Facilitating easy transfer of reconnaissance and prospecting licences; mining leases are also transferable but subject to prior approval of State Government.
A notable feature of the Bill is to provide a simple mechanism which ensures that revenues from mining are shared with local communities at individual as well as community level so as to empower them, provide them with choices, enable them to create and maintain local infrastructure and better utilize infrastructure and other services provided for their benefit. The Bill after introduction in Parliament in November 2011, was referred to the Department–related Parliamentary Standing Committee ("Standing Committee" ) which after eliciting the views of all stakeholders, submitted its Report.
Elections in 2014, however led to the Bill lapsing, and the new NDA Government used its majority to effect amendments in the MMDR Act. The most important amendment has been to make auctions the only way to get mineral concessions at prospecting and mining stages. Some auctions have been held, but the industry view seems to be that auctions are likely to lead to delays and supply interruptions, and that the auction is adding to the burden of taxes on mining. Auctions at mining lease stage are also disincentivising exploration by private sector.

## Mining within a sustainable development framework

The Hoda Committee made important recommendations on the need for a Sustainable Development Framework (SDF), as follows:
"The Ministry of Mines and MOEF should jointly set up a working group to prepare a SDF specially tailored to the context of India’s mining environment, taking fully into account the work done and being done in ICMM and the IUCN. The Indian SDF comprising of principles, reporting initiatives, and good practice guidelines unique to the three sectors in Indian mining, i.e. SME, captive, and large stand alone, can then be made applicable to mining operations in India and a separate structure set up to ensure adherence to such framework, drawing from both IBM and the field formations of MOEF. • The aspect of social infrastructure in the form of schools, hospitals, drinking water arrangements, etc. needs to be addressed within a formalised framework on the lines of the ICMM model. The Samatha ruling requiring mining companies to spend a set percentage of their profits on model programmes for meeting local needs through a pre-determined commitment, is one option for the country as a whole. Another option could be to require the mining companies to spend a percentage, say three per cent, of their turnover on the social infrastructure in the villages around the mining area. The working group mentioned in paragraph 3.11 may take this into consideration when preparing the Indian SDF and determine the percentage that mining companies could be advised to set aside."
Based on these recommendations, the National Mineral Policy 2008 explicitly underlined the need for mining within a sustainable development framework. The National Mineral Policy 2008 states, (para numbers in brackets are the para numbers in the Policy): "(2.3) A framework of sustainable development will be designed which takes care of biodiversity issues and to ensure that mining activity takes place along with suitable measures for restoration of the ecological balance..."
In para 7.10 it states "Extraction of minerals closely impacts other natural resources like land, water, air and forest. The areas in which minerals occur often have other resources presenting a choice of utilisation of the resources. Some such areas are ecologically fragile and some are biologically rich. It is necessary to take a comprehensive view to facilitate the choice or order of land use keeping in view the needs of development as well as the needs of protecting the forests, environment and ecology... All mining shall be undertaken within the parameters of a comprehensive Sustainable Development Framework... Mining operations shall not ordinarily be taken up in identified ecologically fragile areas and biologically rich areas.
Para 7.11 states that "Appropriate compensation will form an important aspect of the Sustainable Development Framework mentioned in para 2.3 and 7.10…"
Para 7.12 states that: "Once the process of economical extraction of a mine is complete there is need for scientific mine closure which will not only restore ecology and regenerate biomass but also take into account the socio-economic aspects of such closure..."
And not least, para 3.2 of the Policy states that "The Central Govt in consultation with the State Govts shall formulate the legal measures for giving effect to the NMP 2008..The MMDR Act, MCR and MCDR will be amended in line with the policy…"
In line with the Hoda Committee recommendations, the Ministry of Mines commissioned ERM which prepared a Sustainable Development Framework Report in November 2011.

## List of ministers

| No | Portrait | Name | Term of office | Term of office | Party | Prime Minister |
| 1 | | N. V. Gadgil | 15 August 1947 | 26 December 1950 | Indian National Congress | Jawaharlal Nehru |
| 2 | | Swaran Singh | 17 April 1957 | 10 April 1962 | Indian National Congress | Jawaharlal Nehru |
| 3 | | Keshav Dev Malviya | 25 April 1957 | 26 June 1963 | Indian National Congress | Jawaharlal Nehru |
| (2) | | Swaran Singh | 26 June 1963 | 19 July 1963 | Indian National Congress | Jawaharlal Nehru |
| 4 | | C Subramaniam | 21 November 1963 | 9 June 1964 | Indian National Congress | Jawaharlal Nehru Gulzari Lal Nanda |
| 5 | | N. Sanjeeva Reddy | 9 June 1964 | 24 January 1966 | Indian National Congress | Lal Bahadur Shastri |
| 6 | | Tribhuvan Narain Singh | 17 January 1967 | 13 March 1969 | Indian National Congress | Indira Gandhi |
| 7 | | M. Chenna Reddy | 16 March 1967 | 27 April 1968 | Indian National Congress | Indira Gandhi |
| 8 | | Prakash Chandra Sethi (MoS) | 27 April 1968 | 14 February 1969 | Indian National Congress | Indira Gandhi |
| 9 | | Triguna Sen | 14 February 1969 | 18 March 1971 | Indian National Congress | Indira Gandhi |
| 10 | | Surendra Mohan Kumaramangalam | 2 May 1971 | 31 May 1973 | Indian National Congress | Indira Gandhi |
| 11 | | Indira Gandhi | 6 June 1973 | 23 July 1973 | Indian National Congress | Indira Gandhi |
| 12 | | T. A. Pai | 23 July 1973 | 11 January 1974 | Indian National Congress | Indira Gandhi |
| (3) | | Keshav Dev Malviya | 11 January 1974 | 10 October 1974 | Indian National Congress | Indira Gandhi |
| 13 | | Chandrajit Yadav (MoS) | 10 October 1974 | 24 March 1977 | Indian National Congress | Indira Gandhi |
| 14 | | Biju Patnaik | 26 March 1977 | 15 July 1979 | Janata Party | Morarji Desai |
| 14 | | Biju Patnaik | 30 July 1979 | 14 January 1980 | Janata Party (Secular) | Charan Singh |
| 15 | | Pranab Mukherjee | 16 January 1980 | 15 January 1982 | Indian National Congress | Indira Gandhi |
| 16 | | N. D. Tiwari | 15 January 1982 | 14 February 1983 | Indian National Congress | Indira Gandhi |
| 17 | | N. K. P. Salve (Independent Charge) | 14 February 1983 | 31 December 1984 | Indian National Congress | Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi |
| 18 | | Vasant Sathe | 31 December 1984 | 25 September 1985 | Indian National Congress | Rajiv Gandhi |
| 19 | | K. C. Pant | 25 September 1985 | 12 April 1987 | Indian National Congress | Rajiv Gandhi |
| (18) | | Vasant Sathe | 12 April 1987 | 25 July 1987 | Indian National Congress | Rajiv Gandhi |
| 20 | | M. L. Fotedar | 25 July 1987 | 2 December 1989 | Indian National Congress | Rajiv Gandhi |
| 21 | | Dinesh Goswami | 6 December 1989 | 10 November 1989 | Asom Gana Parishad | V. P. Singh |
| 22 | | Ashoke Kumar Sen | 21 November 1990 | 21 June 1991 | Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) | Chandra Shekhar |
| 23 | | Balram Singh Yadav (Independent Charge) | 21 June 1991 | 15 September 1995 | Indian National Congress | P. V. Narasimha Rao |
| 24 | | Giridhar Gamang (Independent Charge) | 15 September 1995 | 16 May 1996 | Indian National Congress | P. V. Narasimha Rao |
| 25 | | Atal Bihari Vajpayee | 16 May 1996 | 1 June 1996 | Bharatiya Janata Party | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
| 26 | | H. D. Deve Gowda | 1 June 1996 | 29 June 1996 | Janata Dal | H. D. Deve Gowda I. K. Gujral |
| 27 | Fourth from left side. | Birendra Prasad Baishya | 29 June 1996 | 19 March 1998 | Asom Gana Parishad (United Front) | H. D. Deve Gowda I. K. Gujral |
| 28 | | Naveen Patnaik | 19 March 1998 | 4 March 2000 | Biju Janata Dal | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
| (25) | | Atal Bihari Vajpayee | 4 March 2000 | 6 March 2000 | Bharatiya Janata Party | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
| 29 | | P R Kumaramangalam | 6 March 2000 | 27 May 2000 | Bharatiya Janata Party | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
| 30 | | Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa | 27 May 2000 | 7 November 2000 | Shiromani Akali Dal | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
| 31 | | Sunder Lal Patwa | 7 November 2000 | 1 September 2001 | Bharatiya Janata Party | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
| 32 | | Ram Vilas Paswan | 1 September 2001 | 29 April 2002 | Janata Dal (United) | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
| (25) | | Atal Bihari Vajpayee | 29 April 2002 | 1 July 2002 | Bharatiya Janata Party | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
| 33 | | L. K. Advani | 1 July 2002 | 26 August 2002 | Bharatiya Janata Party | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
| 34 | | Uma Bharati | 26 August 2002 | 29 January 2003 | Bharatiya Janata Party | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
| 35 | | Ramesh Bais (Independent Charge) | 29 January 2003 | 9 January 2004 | Bharatiya Janata Party | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
| 36 | | Mamata Banerjee | 9 January 2004 | 22 May 2004 | All India Trinamool Congress | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
| 37 | | Shibu Soren | 23 May 2004 | 24 July 2004 | Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | Manmohan Singh |
| 38 | | Manmohan Singh | 24 July 2004 | 27 November 2004 | Indian National Congress | Manmohan Singh |
| 39 | | Sis Ram Ola | 27 November 2004 | 22 May 2009 | Indian National Congress | Manmohan Singh |
| 40 | | Bijoy Krishna Handique | 28 May 2009 | 19 January 2011 | Indian National Congress | Manmohan Singh |
| 41 | | Dinsha Patel (Independent Charge till 28 October 2012) | 19 January 2011 | 26 May 2014 | Indian National Congress | Manmohan Singh |
| 42 | | Narendra Singh Tomar | 26 May 2014 | 5 July 2016 | Bharatiya Janata Party | Narendra Modi |
| 43 | | Piyush Goyal (Independent Charge) | 5 July 2016 | 3 September 2017 | Bharatiya Janata Party | Narendra Modi |
| (42) | | Narendra Singh Tomar | 3 September 2017 | 30 May 2019 | Bharatiya Janata Party | Narendra Modi |
| 44 | | Pralhad Joshi | 30 May 2019 | 10 June 2024 | Bharatiya Janata Party | Narendra Modi |
| 45 | | G. Kishan Reddy | 10 June 2024 | Incumbent | Bharatiya Janata Party | Narendra Modi |

## List of ministers of state

Ministers of State of Mines :
| Minister of state | Political party | Term | Term | Days |
| Dasari Narayan Rao | Indian National Congress | 23 May 2004 | 7 February 2006 | 1 year, 260 days |
| T. Subbarami Reddy | Indian National Congress | 7 February 2006 | 6 April 2008 | 2 years, 59 days |
| Bijoy Krishna Handique | Indian National Congress | 6 April 2008 | 22 May 2009 | 1 year, 46 days |
| Vishnudeo Sai | Bharatiya Janata Party | 26 May 2014 | 5 July 2016 | 2 years, 40 days |
| Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary | Bharatiya Janata Party | 3 September 2017 | 30 May 2019 | 1 year, 269 days |
| Raosaheb Danve | Bharatiya Janata Party | 7 July 2021 | 10 June 2024 | 2 years, 339 days |
| Satish Chandra Dubey | Bharatiya Janata Party | 10 June 2024 | Incumbent | 225 days |