OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Seymour Jonathan Singer

Seymour Jonathan Singer (May 23, 1924 – February 2, 2017) was an American cell biologist and professor of biology, emeritus, at the University of California, San Diego.

## Biography

Singer was born in New York City and attended Columbia University, where he earned his B.A. in 1943. He received his doctorate from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn in 1947. He worked as a postdoctoral fellow in the lab of Linus Pauling at Caltech during 1947–1948, where he, along with Harvey Itano, co-discovered the basis of abnormal hemoglobin in sickle-cell anemia, reported in the famous paper "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease". He worked for the U.S. Public Health Service between 1948 and 1950. He joined the Chemistry Department at Yale University as assistant professor in 1951, and was promoted to Associate Professor in 1957 and Professor in 1960. There he developed the ferritin-antibody, which was the first electron-dense reagent used for cell staining in electron microscopy imaging. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for Molecular & Cellular Biology in 1959.
In 1961 he joined the faculty at University of California, San Diego as a Professor in the Department (now Division) of Biology. He initiated the landmark work on the conformation of membrane proteins in 1965, resulting in the publication of two foundational papers (Lenard, John and Singer, S.J. Protein conformation in cell membrane preparations as studied by optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 56, 1828–1835, 1966; Lenard, John and Singer, S. J. Structure of membranes: Reaction of red cell membranes with phospholipase C. Science 159, 738, 1968). His seminal work on membrane proteins resulted in the development of the "Fluid Mosaic Model" of the cell membrane, published as "The Fluid Mosaic Model of the Structure of Cell Membranes", in Science in 1972. He later made important discoveries on the interaction between the cytoskeleton and the cell membrane, resulting in, among other things, the identification of the cytoskeletal proteins vinculin and talin.
Dr. Singer was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1969, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1971, and held an American Cancer Society Research Professorship from 1976 to 1991. He has won awards including the E.B. Wilson Medal from the American Society for Cell Biology, and was a University Professor of the University of California, an honor awarded to only 41 members of the UC faculty since it was initiated in 1960, from 1988 until his retirement in 1995.
In 2001, he published a book, The Splendid Feast of Reason, regarding rationalism and the philosophy of science. He died in La Jolla on February 2, 2017.
# Håkan Karlsson

Jonas Klas Håkan Karlsson (born 19 January 1970) is a former freestyle swimmer from Sweden. He competed for his native country at the 1992 Summer Olympics in the men's 100-metre freestyle. He was affiliated with the Karlskrona SS.
# Candle auction

A candle auction, or auction by the candle, is a variation on the typical English auction. It consists of bidding for as long as one or two candles are lit. Bidding ceases as soon as the candles have burned out.

## England

Candle auction became popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. In a candle auction, the end of the auction is signaled by the expiration of a candle flame, which was intended to ensure that no one could know exactly when the auction would end and make a last-second bid. Sometimes, other unpredictable processes, such as a footrace, were used in place of the expiration of a candle.
Auction by the candle was known in England by 1641, when it is mentioned in the records of the House of Lords. The practice rapidly became popular, and in 1652, John Milton wrote, "The Council thinks it meet to propose the way of selling by inch of candle, as being the most probable means to procure the true value of the goods." Samuel Pepys's diary of his London life records two occasions when the Admiralty (his employer) sold surplus ships "by an inch of candle" (November 1660 and September 1662). Pepys also relates a hint from a highly successful bidder, who had observed that, just before expiring, a candle-wick always flares up slightly: on seeing this, he would shout his final – and winning – bid.
Although the candle auction went out of favour in the 17th century, it was still not uncommon in the sale of ships at Lloyd's Coffee House in London in the early 19th century. For instance, Sarah Christiana, among other ships, was offered for sale in a candle auction in 1828.
A few candle auctions are still held today as a form of tradition. In Chedzoy, Somerset, a plot of church land is sold by candle auction once every 21 years. In Tatworth, a 6-acre (24,000 m$^2$) plot is auctioned by candle once per year. In Leigh, Dorset, two pieces of land, Alton Mead and Bere (or Beer) Mead, are auctioned annually, and in Bourne, Lincolnshire, the 1-acre (4,000 m$^2$) White Bread Meadow is auctioned by means of a race between two boys from the town.

## France

Candle auctions are still used, and not infrequently, for some real estate auctions in France. They are handled by notaries (civil law notaries). One (big) candle burns throughout the whole session. In the event of a bidding silence, the notary lights two small candles, each lasting about 30 seconds. If no one places a new bid while the 2 candles are burning, the last bid wins. In the event of a new bid between the burning of the two fires, the auction starts again until the next silence, to restart the protocol.

## Other

A modern variant of the candle auction is used in some online auction systems to prevent auction sniping. In these auctions, a computer randomly selects the time when the auction will end to discourage snipers from attempting to enter bids at the last second. Both theoretically and experimentally, bidders submit serious bids from the start in candle auctions.
# Chippewa High School

Chippewa High School is a public high school in Doylestown, Ohio. It is the only high school in the Chippewa Local Schools district. Their nickname is the Chipps.

## History

The school was known as Doylestown High School after the Doylestown and Chippewa Township districts merged in 1917, until 1971 when the new high school was built. The name change reflected the trend that most of the district's residents lived within Chippewa Township and not within Doylestown's limits. This is also when they shortened their nickname to the "Chipps", as they felt it was redundant to call themselves the "Chippewa Chippewas". Despite this, many locals still refer to the school as "Doylestown High."
Chippewa's football rivalry with the Rittman High School Indians is the longest-running uninterrupted rivalry in Wayne County, having met every year since 1923. The two rival high schools compete for the "Big Chief Trophy.". Their football rivalry with Dalton High School Bulldogs is the second-longest in the county and has been played every year since 1925 with the exception of three years in the 1940s when Dalton didn't field a team.
Chippewa is one of eight schools that participate in the Wayne County Athletic League.

### Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships

* Girls Track and Field – 1975

### Ohio High School Athletic Association State Runner-up

* Girls Basketball - 1994, 2023
* Girls Soccer – 2005, 2015

## Notable alumni

* Denny Galehouse (MLB Pitcher)
# Canfield High School

Canfield High School is a public high school located in Canfield, Ohio, United States. It is the only secondary school in the Canfield Local School District. Athletic teams compete as the Canfield Cardinals in the Ohio High School Athletic Association as a member of the All-American Conference.

## Sports
### OHSAA State Championships

* Baseball - 2007
* Football – 2022
* Softball - 2008, 2024
# Statue of Ernest Gruening

A bronze sculpture of an American journalist and politician Ernest Gruening by George Anthonisen is installed in the United States Capitol Visitor Center, in Washington, D.C., as part of the National Statuary Hall Collection. The statue was gifted by the U.S. state of Alaska in 1977.
# Arthur Robert Naghten

Arthur Robert Naghten (23 April 1829 – 7 August 1881) was a British Conservative politician.
He was the son of Thomas Naghten of Crofton House, Fareham, Hampshire and his wife Maria née Lang, they lived at Blighmont, Millbrook, Southampton.
He was commissioned as a First Lieutenant in the Hampshire Militia Artillery on 3 September 1853 when the unit was first raised. He was promoted to Captain on 3 August 1859, and received the honorary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel on 14 April 1875. He resigned on 19 December 1877.
He was elected MP for Winchester in 1874 but did not stand for re-election at the next election in 1880.
# Cannelton High School

Cannelton High School is a high school in Cannelton, Indiana. Cannelton It is the second smallest public high school in the state of Indiana. The high school building, built in 1922, serves as the Jr/Sr high school building. It is one of three high schools in Perry County, Indiana.

## Athletics

The Cannelton Bulldogs compete in Volleyball, Basketball, Track, Boys Cross Country, Baseball, and Softball.
# Platt Technical High School

Platt Technical High School, or Platt Tech, is a technical high school located in Milford, Connecticut, United States. It is part of the Connecticut Technical Education and Career System. Platt Tech receives students from many nearby towns.

## Technologies

In addition to a complete academic program leading to a high school diploma, students attending Platt Tech receive training in a trade or technology. The available trades are:
* Architecture
* Automotive Collision Repair and Furnishing
* Automotive Technology
* Carpentry
* Culinary Arts
* Electrical
* Hairdressing and Cosmetology
* Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
* Information Technology
* Robotics and Automation
* Plumbing and Heating
* Precision Machining Technology (MT)
# 2011 IIHF World Women's U18 Championship Division I

The 2011 IIHF World Women's U18 Championship Division I tournament was played in Dmitrov, Russia, from 28 March to 3 April 2011. The hosts Russia won the tournament and after a year they returned to the top division. There was no relegation per se; both France and Kazakhstan had to enter the qualification tournament for the 2012 Division I championship.

## Final standings

| Team | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| Russia | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 2 | +42 | 15 | Promoted to the Top Division of the 2012 IIHF World Women's U18 Championship |
| Slovakia | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 11 | +8 | 12 | |
| Austria | 5 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 19 | 14 | +5 | 9 | |
| Norway | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 16 | 11 | +5 | 6 | |
| France | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 25 | −20 | 3 | Relegated to the 2012 Qualification Tournament |
| Kazakhstan | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 48 | −40 | 0 | Relegated to the 2012 Qualification Tournament |

## Results

All times are local (Moscow Time – UTC+04).

## Scoring leaders

List shows the top skaters sorted by points, then goals.
| Player | GP | G | A | Pts | +/− | PIM | POS |
| Liudmila Belyakova | 5 | 11 | 5 | 16 | +13 | 4 | FW |
| Yevgenia Dyupina | 5 | 6 | 9 | 15 | +11 | 4 | FW |
| Yelena Dergacheva | 5 | 2 | 11 | 13 | +14 | 8 | FW |
| Victoria Hummel | 5 | 8 | 4 | 12 | +6 | 8 | FW |
| Valeria Pavlova | 5 | 7 | 5 | 12 | +10 | 2 | FW |
| Anna Meixner | 5 | 4 | 8 | 12 | +8 | 4 | FW |
| Martine Henriksen | 5 | 6 | 4 | 10 | +7 | 4 | FW |
| Madelen Hansen | 5 | 1 | 9 | 10 | +6 | 8 | FW |
| Viktória Ihnaťová | 5 | 7 | 2 | 9 | +4 | 2 | FW |
| Diana Bulatova | 5 | 3 | 5 | 8 | +10 | 2 | FW |
GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/− = Plus/minus; PIM = Penalties in minutes; POS = Position

## Leading goaltenders

Only the top six goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played 40% of their team's minutes are included in this list.
| Player | TOI | GA | GAA | Sv% | SO |
| Anna Prugova | 209:50 | 2 | 0.57 | 96.15 | 0 |
| Paula Marchhart | 220:00 | 12 | 3.27 | 90.32 | 1 |
| Romana Kiapešová | 300:00 | 11 | 2.20 | 89.81 | 1 |
| Toini Veronica Nilsen | 299:17 | 11 | 2.21 | 89.81 | 1 |
| Mathilde Bopp | 299:38 | 25 | 5.01 | 89.75 | 0 |
| Anastasia Ogai | 281:36 | 45 | 9.59 | 80.09 | 0 |
TOI = Time on ice (minutes:seconds); GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; Sv% = Save percentage; SO = Shutouts
# Order of Saint John of Jerusalem (Russia)

The Order of Saint John of Jerusalem (Maltese Cross) was an order of the Russian Empire. Named after John the Baptist.

## History

In 1798, when Napoleon I captured Malta during an expedition to Egypt, the knights of the order turned to the Russian Emperor Paul I with a request to assume the rank of Grand Master of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, to which the latter agreed.
On November 29, 1798, Paul I issued the highest Manifesto on the Establishment in Favor of the Russian Nobility of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem and the Rule for the Acceptance of the Nobility of the Russian Empire into this order.
During the reign of Paul I, the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem became, in essence, the highest distinction awarded for civil and military merit. The award of the commandery surpassed in its significance even the awarding of the Order of Saint Andrew the First–Called, since this expressed the personal benevolence of the sovereign. On the day of his coronation on April 5, 1797, Paul I united the order corporations existing in Russia into a single Russian Cavalier Order, or Cavalier Society. However, it did not include holders of the orders established by Empress Catherine II – Saint George and Saint Vladimir.
The successor of Paul I on the Russian throne, Alexander I, removed the Maltese cross from the State Emblem and resigned as Grand Master. The awarding of the Order was discontinued, while the Order as an organization continued to exist. On February 26, 1810, Alexander I issued a decree prescribing, "leaving the existence of this Order to the discretion in its present position", to transfer the financial activities of the Order to the State Treasury.
On January 20, 1817, the highest decree "On the Prohibition of Those Receiving the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem at the Present Time to Wear It" followed. The decree was issued due to the fact that, through the mediation of the holder of the Grand Commander's Cross of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, the envoy of Serra de Capriola, several Russian citizens received this order shortly before the decree was issued. In the decree, the ban was motivated by the fact that the Russian Priory Order no longer exists. The decree did not contain a ban on wearing the order received during the existence of his Russian Priory.
* Badges of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem

## Degrees

The order had three degrees:
* I degree – Grand Commander's Cross;
* II degree – Commander;
* III degree – Cavalier.

## Gallery

* Portrait of Paul I dressed as Grand Master of the Order of Malta by Vladimir Borovikovsky, 1800
* Postage stamp of Russia, 1999
# List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1680

This is a list of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1680.

## Fellows

* Peter Perkins (d. 1680)
* Jonas Moore (d. 1682)
* Jacobus Pighius (1647–1682)
* John Wood (d. 1682)
* Johann Christian Heusch (1680–1684)
* Andrew Clench (d. 1692)
* Thomas Firmin (1632–1697)
* John Houghton (1645–1705)
* Denis Papin (1647–1712)
* Robert Nelson (1656–1715)
* Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)
* Frederick Slare (1647–1727)
# E-QIP

e-QIP (Electronic Questionnaires for Investigations Processing) is a secure website managed by OPM that is designed to automate the common security questionnaires used to process federal background investigations. e-QIP was created in 2003 as part of the larger e-Clearance initiative designed to speed up the process of federal background investigations conducted by OPM's Federal Investigative Services (FIS). e-QIP is a front end data collection tool that has automated the SF-86, questionnaire for national security investigations as well as the SF-85P, the questionnaire for public trust positions. e-QIP allows applicants for federal jobs to enter, edit and submit their investigation data over a secure internet connection to their sponsoring agency for review and approval.

## Security clearance requirements

An individual cannot apply for a security clearance. A cleared federal contractor or government entity must sponsor the individual. Additionally, the sponsored applicant must either (a) be an employee of or consultant for that cleared contractor, or (b) have received and accepted a written offer of employment from the cleared contractor, or (c) be a member of the United States Armed Forces, or (d) authorized federal employee. In the event of the applicant’s having an employment offer, that offer must also indicate that the applicant’s employment will begin within 30 days of receiving clearance.
A cleared contractor's Facility Security Officer (FSO) starts the process in two ways. First the FSO sends an investigation request through the Joint Personnel Adjudication System (JPAS). Second, the FSO has the employee complete a clearance application in the Electronic Questionnaires for Investigations Processing (e-QIP). After review and approval of that information, the FSO submits the completed e-QIP to the Defense Industrial Security Clearance Office (DISCO) for review. Once DISCO approves the information, it is sent on to Office of Personnel Management (OPM), which conducts the actual investigation and sends the findings back to DISCO. DISCO then either gives clearance, or forwards the results to Defense Office of Hearings and Appeals (DOHA) for further action.

## e-QIP security breach

In March 2014, a breach of security for the e-QIP system was detected. Press reports in July of that year attributed the exploit to "Chinese Hackers", James Clapper later confirmed this suspicion. More than a year later, it was revealed that sensitive records for millions of federal workers and contractors was improperly accessed, and the OPM shut down the system for security work.
Press reports suggest the information was retrieved using stolen credentials of an employee of KeyPoint Government Solutions, a privately owned provider of background check services for the government. An OPM audit of KeyPoint's security practices found shortcomings in their practices.
# Christian Life Center Academy

Christian Life Center Academy (CLCA) is a private, college preparatory Christian school serving primary, secondary and postgraduate students located in the Kingwood area of Houston. It was previously in another section of the city of Houston, near Humble.
CLCA serves approximately 150 students from Daycare – 12th Grade and is a self-supporting agency of the Christian Life Center Church.

## History

In 1992, Christian Life Center Academy opened its doors to 25 students. Notable alumni include Ben McLemore of the Sacramento Kings, DeAndre Jordan of the L.A. Clippers, and Latavious Williams of Bilbao Basket. Christian Life Center is part of Christian Life Center church. In addition to the church ministry, Christian Life Center also has a coffee shop, book store, day care center and a Christian school with nearly 400 children in the Kingwood area.

## Notable alumni

* Junior Cadougan (professional basketball player)
* DeAndre Jordan (NBA player)
* Michale Kyser (born 1991), basketball player for Hapoel Holon in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
* Ben McLemore (NBA player)
* Latavious Williams (NBA player)
# Pleasant Hope High School

Pleasant Hope High School is a public high school located in Pleasant Hope, Missouri, USA, a small town about 23 miles north of Springfield, Missouri. The school has roughly 250 students, and is the only high school in the Pleasant Hope R-6 School District, which also provides on-site high school educational services to Good Samaritan Boys Ranch, a residential treatment center in nearby Brighton.
# United Nations Security Council Resolution 137

United Nations Security Council Resolution 137, adopted on May 31, 1960, noted with regret the death of Judge Sir Hersch Lauterpacht on May 8. The Council then decided that in accordance with the Statute of the Court the resulting vacancy in the International Court of Justice would be resolved by an election in the General Assembly that would take place during the fifteenth session of that body.
The resolution was adopted without vote.
# Johan Stureson

Per Johan Fredrik Stureson (born 3 August 1973 in Kristianstad) is a Swedish auto racing driver currently racing in Scandinavian Touring Car Championship for IPS Team Biogas in a Volkswagen Scirocco. He is son of the former driver and 1985 DTM champion Per Stureson.

## Racing career

Stureson began his career in Formula BMW Junior in 1992. He is Swedish GT champion for 2002 and he moved to the Swedish Touring Car Championship in 2003. He raced in 2005 with Peugeot 407 and with Peugeot 308 in 2008. For 2010 season he switched to BMW 320si, after racing with Peugeot since 2004. For the 2012 Scandinavian Touring Car Championship season he will race Volkswagen Scirocco again for his family-run team IPS.

## Racing record
### Complete German Formula 3 results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | DC | Points |
| 1995 | IPS Motorsport | HOC 18 | HOC Ret | AVU 14 | AVU 19 | NOR | NOR | DIE 10 | DIE 14 | NÜR 14 | NÜR 20 | SIN 15 | SIN 13 | MAG 12 | MAG 15 | HOC 12 | HOC Ret | | | | | 27th | 1 |
| 1996 | IPS Motorsport | HOC Ret | HOC 17 | NÜR 11 | NÜR 21 | NÜR 10 | NOR 13 | NOR DNS | DIE 15 | DIE 18 | NÜR 6 | NÜR 9 | MAG 8 | MAG Ret | HOC 9 | HOC 9 | | | | | | 16th | 16 |
| 1997 | IPS Motorsport | HOC 10 | HOC Ret | NÜR Ret | NÜR DNS | SAC 8 | SAC 16 | NOR 7 | NOR 9 | WUN 6 | WUN 11 | ZWE 15 | ZWE Ret | SAL 8 | SAL 8 | LAH 13 | LAH Ret | NÜR 7 | NÜR Ret | | | 14th | 26 |
| 1998 | IPS Motorsport | HOC 12 | HOC 8 | NÜR 11 | NÜR 11 | SAC 6 | SAC 4 | NOR 11 | NOR 8 | LAH Ret | LAH 15 | WUN 17 | WUN 8 | ZWE 7 | ZWE 8 | SAL 6 | SAL 15 | LAH 6 | LAH 5 | NÜR Ret | NÜR 15 | 13th | 52 |

### Complete Swedish GTR Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | Car | Class | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | DC | Points |
| 2001 | IPS Motorsport | Porsche 996 GT3 | GT3 | FAL 2 | MAN 9 | GEL Ret | JYL 3 | FAL Ret | MIR 3 | MAN 4 (2) | MAN 2 | 4th | 131 |
| 2002 | Podium Racing | Porsche 996 GT3 RS | GTB | MAN 1 | GEL 2 (1) | FAL 2 (1) | KNU 2 (1) | GEL 2 (1) | MAN 2 (1) | MAN 2 (1) | | 1st | 171 |

### Complete European Touring Car Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Season | Team | Car | VAL | VAL | MAG | MAG | PER | PER | BRN | BRN | DON | DON | SPA | SPA | AND | AND | OSC | OSC | EST | EST | MON | MON | Pos | Pts |
| 2003 | Podium Racing | Seat Toledo Cupra | | | | | | | | | | | | | 16 | 16† | | | | | | | 27th | 0 |
# Groß Midlum

Groß Midlum is a village in the region of East Frisia, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Administratively, it is an Ortsteil of the municipality of Hinte, of which it is located to the west. Groß Midlum is about 5 kilometers to the north of Emden.
The addition Groß ("large") distinguishes the village from the smaller Midlum in nearby Rheiderland. The village, built on a warft, was first mentioned in the 10th century. It has a medieval church from the 13th century.

## Gallery

* Manningaburg
* Poorhouse
* Remains of the castle wall of Groß Midlum Castle