OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Insular Government of Porto Rico

The Insular Government of Porto Rico (Spanish: Gobierno Insular de Puerto Rico), known as the Insular Government of Puerto Rico after May 17, 1932, was an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States that was established when the Foraker Act became effective on April 12, 1900. The Insular Government was preceded by the Military Government of Porto Rico and was followed by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

## Background

The term "insular" refers to the fact that the government operated under the authority of the Bureau of Insular Affairs. The Philippines also had an insular government at this time. From 1901 to 1922, the U.S. Supreme Court wrestled with the constitutional status of these governments in the Insular Cases.
The Foraker Act was superseded on March 2, 1917, by the Jones–Shafroth Act, which granted U.S. citizenship to anyone born in Puerto Rico on or after April 11, 1899. On July 25, 1952, Puerto Rico became a commonwealth after the ratification of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
# 1998 Kerry Senior Hurling Championship

The 1998 Kerry Senior Hurling Championship was the 97th staging of the Kerry Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kerry County Board in 1889. The championship draw took place on 24 February 1998. The championship ran from 10 July to 11 October 1998.
Ballyheigue entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Causeway in the semi-finals.
The final was played on 11 October 1998 at Austin Stack Park in Tralee, between Causeway and Crotta O'Neill's, in what was their second meeting in the final overall and the first final meeting in 19 years. Causeway won the match by 1–14 to 2–10 to claim their seventh championship title overall and the first title in 11 years.
Michael Carlton was the championship's top scorer with 1-23.

## Championship statistics
### Top scorers
#### Overall

| Rank | Player | County | Tally | Total | Matches | Average |
| 1 | Michael Carlton | Crotta O'Neill's | 1-23 | 26 | 4 | 6.50 |
| 2 | Cyril Dineen | Causeway | 4-03 | 15 | 3 | 5.00 |
| 3 | Philip Healy | St Brendan's | 2-08 | 14 | 1 | 14.00 |
| 4 | Bobby O'Sullivan | Ballyduff | 0-13 | 13 | 2 | 6.50 |
| 5 | Seán Twomey | Crotta O'Neill's | 2-05 | 11 | 4 | 2.75 |
| 5 | Mike Slattery | Ballyheigue | 0-11 | 11 | 2 | 5.50 |

#### Single game

| Rank | Player | Club | Tally | Total | Opposition |
| 1 | Philip Healy | St Brendan's | 2-08 | 14 | St Pat's |
| 2 | Michael Carlton | Crotta O'Neill's | 0-11 | 11 | Lixnaw |
| 3 | Ollie Diggins | Kilmoyley | 0-09 | 9 | Ballyduff |
| 4 | Michael Carlton | Crotta O'Neill's | 1-05 | 8 | Causeway |
| 5 | Cyril Dineen | Causeway | 2-01 | 7 | Abbeydorney |
| 5 | Gary Frehill | Ballyheigue | 1-04 | 7 | Kenmare |
| 5 | Mike Slattery | Ballyheigue | 0-07 | 7 | Kenmare |
| 5 | Bobby O'Sullivan | Ballyduff | 0-07 | 7 | Crotta O'Neill's |

### Miscellaneous

* Causeway claim a first title in 11 years.
# Coronal hole

Coronal holes are regions of the Sun's corona that emit low levels of ultraviolet and X-ray radiation compared to their surroundings. They are composed of relatively cool and tenuous plasma permeated by magnetic fields that are open to interplanetary space. Compared to the corona's usual closed magnetic field that arches between regions of opposite magnetic polarity, the open magnetic field of a coronal hole allows solar wind to escape into space at a much quicker rate. This results in decreased temperature and density of the plasma at the site of a coronal hole, as well as an increased speed in the average solar wind measured in interplanetary space.
Streams of fast solar wind originating from coronal holes can interact with slow solar wind streams to produce corotating interaction regions. These regions can interact with Earth's magnetosphere to produce geomagnetic storms of minor to moderate intensity. During solar minima, CIRs are the main cause of geomagnetic storms.

## History

Coronal holes were first observed during total solar eclipses. They appeared as dark regions surrounded by much brighter helmet streamers above the Sun's limb.
In the 1960s, coronal holes appeared in X-ray images taken by sounding rockets and in observations at radio wavelengths by the Sydney Chris Cross radio telescope. At the time, what they were was unclear. Their true nature was recognized in the 1970s, when X-ray telescopes in the Skylab mission were flown above the Earth's atmosphere to reveal the structure of the corona.

## Solar cycle

Coronal hole size and population correspond with the solar cycle. As the Sun heads toward solar maximum, the coronal holes move closer and closer to the Sun's poles. During solar maxima, the number of coronal holes decreases until the magnetic fields on the Sun reverse. Afterwards, new coronal holes appear near the new poles. The coronal holes then increase in size and number, extending farther from the poles as the Sun moves toward a solar minimum again.

## Solar wind

The solar wind exists primarily in two alternating states referred to as the slow solar wind and the fast solar wind. The latter originates in coronal holes and has radial flow speeds of 450–800 km/s compared to speeds of 250–450 km/s for the slow solar wind. Interactions between fast and slow solar wind streams produce stream interaction regions which, if present after a solar rotation, are referred to as co-rotating interaction regions (CIRs).
CIRs can interact with Earth's magnetosphere, producing minor- to moderate-intensity geomagnetic storms. The majority of moderate-intensity geomagnetic storms originate from CIRs. Typically, geomagnetic storms originating from CIRs have a gradual commencement (over hours) and are not as severe as storms caused by coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which usually have a sudden onset. Because coronal holes and associated CIRs can last for several solar rotations (i.e., several months), predicting the recurrence of this type of disturbance is often possible significantly farther in advance than for CME-related disturbances.
# We Live Here

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Encyclopedia of Popular Music | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
We Live Here is the seventh studio album by the Pat Metheny Group. It won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album in 1996. The DVD was recorded at Gotanda U-Port Hall, Tokyo, Japan, in October 1995.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Pat Metheny and Lyle Mays except where noted

## Personnel

* Pat Metheny – guitars, guitar synthesizer
* Lyle Mays – piano, keyboards
* Steve Rodby – acoustic and electric bass
* Paul Wertico – drums
* David Blamires – vocals
* Mark Ledford – vocals, trumpet, Flugelhorn, Whistling
* Luis Conte – percussion
Additional musicians
* Sammy Merendino – drum programming
* Dave Samuels – cymbal rolls

### Technical personnel

* Pat Metheny – producer
* Steve Rodby, Lyle Mays – producers
* David Sholemson – project coordinator
* Rob Eaton – recording, mixing
* Ted Jensen – mastering at Sterling Sound, NYC, USA
* Kevin Reagan – artwork
* Dennis Keeley – photography

## Awards

Grammy Awards
| Year | Category |
| 1996 | Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album |
# 413

Year 413 (CDXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Heraclianus and Lucius (or, less frequently, year 1166 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 413 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Roman Empire

* Heraclianus, Roman usurper, lands in Italy with a large army to fight Emperor Honorius. He is defeated in Umbria and flees to Carthage, where he is put to death by envoys of Honorius.
* May 8 – Honorius signs an edict providing tax relief for the Italian provinces Tuscia, Campania, Picenum, Samnium, Apulia, Lucania and Calabria, which were plundered by the Visigoths.
* The Visigoths, led by King Ataulf, conquer the towns of Toulouse and Bordeaux by force of arms. After a successful siege of Valence, he captures the usurper Jovinus and his brother Sebastianus. In Narbonne they are executed and their heads are sent to Honorius' court at Ravenna.

#### Asia

* Kumaragupta I succeeds his father Chandragupta II as emperor of the Gupta Empire (India).
* Jangsu becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

### By topic
#### Religion

* Augustine of Hippo, age 59, begins to write his spiritual book De Civitate Dei (City of God), as a reply to the charge that Christianity was responsible for the decline of the Roman Empire.

## Deaths

* March 7 – Heraclianus, Roman usurper
* September 13 – Marcellinus of Carthage, martyr and saint
* Chandragupta II, emperor of the Gupta Empire
* Jovinus, Roman usurper of Gaul
* Kumarajiva, Buddhist monk and translator (b. 344)
* Prudentius, Roman Christian poet (b. 348)
* Sebastianus, Roman usurper and brother of Jovinus
* Qiao Zong, warlord and prince of Chengdu
# The Way Up

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| All About Jazz | (favourable) |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
The Way Up is the eleventh and final studio album by the Pat Metheny Group. It was released in 2005 and won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album in 2006. It is the last album in the prolific three-decade collaboration of Pat Metheny and Lyle Mays.

## Background

The album consists of one 68-minute-long piece, split into four tracks. The piece is through composed, featuring complex shifts of dynamics and meter, and precise transitions between solo improvisation sections.
Swiss multi-instrumentalist Gregoire Maret is showcased on the harmonica and joined the Group for the album's world tour. The tour included a performance at the Montreal Jazz Festival, and an official concert recording of the Seoul, South Korea appearance was released on DVD and Blu-Ray.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Pat Metheny and Lyle Mays

## Personnel

* Pat Metheny – acoustic and electric guitars, guitar synthesizer, slide guitar, toy guitar, producer
* Lyle Mays – piano, keyboards, toy xylophone, producer
* Steve Rodby – acoustic and electric bass, cello, violin, producer
* Cuong Vu – trumpet, vocals, toy whistle
* Grégoire Maret – harmonica
* Antonio Sánchez – drums, toy xylophone
Additional musicians
* Richard Bona – percussion, vocals, toy guitar
* Dave Samuels – percussion

### Technical personnel

* Pat Metheny – producer
* Steve Rodby, Lyle Mays – co-producers
* Rob Eaton – recording, mixing
* Ted Jensen – mastering at Sterling Sound, NYC, USA
* Doyle Partners – design, photography

## Awards

Grammy Awards
| Year | Category |
| 2006 | Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album |
# Palovarotene

Palovarotene, sold under the brand name Sohonos, is a medication used for the treatment of heterotopic ossification and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. It is a highly selective retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARγ) agonist. It is taken by mouth.
It was approved for medical use in Canada in June 2022, and in the United States in August 2023. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.

## Medical uses

Palovarotene is indicated for the treatment of heterotopic ossification and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.

## History

Palovarotene is a retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARγ) agonist licensed to Clementia Pharmaceuticals from Roche Pharmaceuticals. At Roche, palovarotene was evaluated in more than 800 individuals including healthy volunteers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A one-year trial did not demonstrate a significant benefit on lung density in moderate-to-severe emphysema secondary to severe α(1)-antitrypsin deficiency.
In 2011, animal studies demonstrated that RARγ agonists, including palovarotene, blocked new bone formation in both an injury-induced mouse model of heterotopic ossification (HO) and a genetically modified biological mouse model of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva containing a continuously active ACVR1/ALK2 receptor in a dose-dependent manner. A 2016 study demonstrated that palovarotene also inhibited spontaneous heterotopic ossification, maintained limb mobility and functioning, and restored skeletal growth in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva mouse models.

## Society and culture
### Legal status

Palovarotene is being developed by Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals and was granted priority review and orphan drug designations by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva and orphan medicinal product designation by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2014. Phase II clinical studies failed to show a significant change in heterotopic bone volume, the main outcome measure, but prompted further investigation in a phase III clinical trial. In December 2022, the FDA declined to approve palovarotene for the fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva without additional clinical trial data. In January 2023, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended the refusal of the marketing authorization for palovarotene for the treatment of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. In May 2023, the European Medicines Agency confirmed its recommendation to refuse marketing authorization for Sohonos.

## Research
### Phase II

Clementia submitted a new drug application for palovarotene for the treatment of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva after observing positive phase II results.

### Phase III

In December 2019, Ipsen issued a partial clinical hold for people under the age of 14, due to reports of early fusion of growth plates. Ipsen acquired Clementia in 2019.
# Mark Mackay (footballer)

Mark Mackay (born September 25, 1978) is an Aruban football player. He has played for the Aruba national team.

## National team statistics

Aruba national team :
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2000 | 4 | 2 |
| 2002 | 1 | 0 |
| 2004 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 6 | 2 |
# George Richardson (VC)

George Richardson VC (1 August 1831 – 28 January 1923) was born in Derrylane, Killeshandra, County Cavan the son of John and Anne Richardson. He became an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

## Details

He was 27 years old, and a private in the 34th Regiment of Foot (later The Border Regiment), British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC:
   At Kewanie, Trans-Gogra, on the 27th of April. 1859, for determined courage in having, although severely wounded,—one arm being disabled,—closed with and secured a Rebel Sepoy armed with a loaded revolver.
He emigrated to Montreal, Canada and joined / Served with the 1st Prince of Wales Regiment (1st P.W.R.), an antecedent unit of The Canadian Grenadier Guards and achieved the rank of sergeant from approx. 1865–1878. He retired, and was given a land grant in Southern, Ontario where he lived until passing in London, Ontario, Canada on 28 January 1923.
# Waritchaphum district

Waritchaphum (Thai: วาริชภูมิ, pronounced; Northeastern Thai: วาริชภูมิ, pronounced) is a district (amphoe) in the province of Sakon Nakhon, Thailand.

## Geography

Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Sawang Daen Din, Phang Khon, Nikhom Nam Un, Wang Sam Mo of Udon Thani province, and Song Dao.

## History

The minor district (king amphoe) was established on 1 April 1926 as a subordinate of Phanna Nikhom district, consisting of the tambons Waritchaphum and Pla Lo split off from Phanna Nikhom District and Kham Bo and Nong Lat from Ban Han (now Sawang Daen Din) District. It was upgraded to a full district on 10 March 1953.

## Administration

The district is divided into five sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 71 villages (mubans). Waritchaphum is the only township (thesaban tambon) of the district, covering parts of tambon Waritchaphum. There are a further five tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai name | Villages | Pop. |
| 1. | Waritchaphum | วาริชภูมิ | 20 | 13,870 |
| 2. | Pla Lo | ปลาโหล | 16 | 11,910 |
| 3. | Nong Lat | หนองลาด | 11 | 7,505 |
| 4. | Kham Bo | คำบ่อ | 18 | 13,378 |
| 5. | Kho Khiao | ค้อเขียว | 6 | 4,404 |
# Kham Ta Kla district

Kham Ta Kla (Thai: คำตากล้า, pronounced; Northeastern Thai: คำตากล้า, pronounced) is a district (amphoe) in the northern part of Sakon Nakhon province, northeast Thailand.

## Geography

Neighboring districts are (from the southeast clockwise) Akat Amnuai, Wanon Niwat, Ban Muang of Sakon Nakhon Province, Phon Charoen and Seka of Bueng Kan province.

## History

The minor district (king amphoe) was created on 15 September 1976, when the three tambons Kham Ta Kla, Nong Bua Sim, and Na Tae were split off from Wanon Niwat district. It was upgraded to a full district on 13 July 1981.

## Administration

The district is divided into four sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 57 villages (mubans). Kham Ta Kla is a sub-district municipality (thesaban tambon) which covers parts of tambon Kham Ta Kla. There are a further four tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai name | Villages | Pop. |
| 1. | Kham Ta Kla | คำตากล้า | 15 | 11,259 |
| 2. | Nong Bua Sim | หนองบัวสิม | 15 | 8,473 |
| 3. | Na Tae | นาแต้ | 12 | 8,254 |
| 4. | Phaet | แพด | 15 | 9,916 |
# Siege of Sélestat

The siege of Sélestat was a siege, extending from 20 to 24 October 1870, of the French Alsatian fortress of Sélestat, during the Franco-Prussian War. After artillery bombardment by the Germans, the siege ended when the French army surrendered, mainly because the French garrison was demoralized. The Germans suffered only minor losses, while this victory brought them many spoils.

## History
### Background

The task of capturing Sélestat and Neu-Breisach was assigned to the newly formed 4th Reserve Division under the command of General Wilhelm von Schmeling [de]. At Sélestat, the French army garrison of troops consisted mainly of soldiers of the Garde Mobile. When the Germans were unable to quickly force the surrender of the French forces at Neu-Breisach, Von Schmeling focused on besieging Sélestat.

### Siege

During the siege, De Reinach de Foussemagne was in charge of defending Sélestat. The resistance there was modest when the German army's 4th Reserve Division, under Von Schmeling, which consisted of forces of the Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Bavaria, and the Grand Duchy of Baden.
After De Reinach de Foussemagne declined to surrender, the German Army gradually brought in the materiel needed for a siege (e.g. artillery) and strengthened its positions. German shelling began during the night of 19 October and continued the following day. During the night of 21 October 1870, the infantry advanced about 400 paces up the gentle slope in front of the fortress. The German army then began construction of its first trench, located opposite the Colmar gate, placing several dozen cannon to the rear. The resistance of the French garrison during the following night diminished.

### French surrender

On 22 October a fierce artillery battle broke out. The town was in ruins in several places, and eventually the French artillery exhausted its ammunition. That night, the German batteries continued their artillery attack. In addition, German forces built a second trench. On the morning of 24 October, the French raised a white flag. That afternoon, the French surrender was arranged, and De Reinach de Foussemagne asked the Germans to move in and take over the town, which was in turmoil because of drunken French soldiers. The German forces restored order, and the French garrison became German prisoners of war. Von Schmeling entered the town the next day, amid the ringing of church bells.

### Aftermath

The German victory in the Siege of Strasbourg enabled them to capture fortresses such as Sélestat, Neu-Breisach, Mortier, Belfort as well as Lower Alsace. The fall of Sélestat (a few days before Metz), along with Soissons, Verdun, Neu-Breisach, was part of a series of victories by German forces over a few weeks' time.
Von Schmeling carried out a vigorous siege of Breisach, which surrendered in early November 1870.
# Tajik National Park

Tajik National Park (Tajik: Боғи миллии Тоҷикистон, romanized: Boghi millii Tojikiston; Russian: Таджикский национальный парк, romanized: Tadzhikskiy natsional'nyy park) is a national park and nature reserve in eastern Tajikistan. It was established in 1992 and expanded in 2001 to include parts of the Pamir Mountains. The park covers 26,116.74 square kilometres (10,083.73 sq mi) or a little over 18 percent of Tajikistan's total area.

## History

From 1989 to 1992, Anvar J. Buzurukov (as the head of the Protected Areas Department of the Ministry of the Environment) initiated, planned and led (under the international scientific camp "Pamir-90") scientific feasibility studies towards establishing the first national and natural parks in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic. An area of 12,000 square kilometres (4,600 sq mi) was designated Tajik National Park by Decision No. 267 of the Tajikistan government on 20 July 1992. A year before the same team established the first nature reserve in Tajikistan, Shirkent Nature Park.
In 2001 the area of Tajik National Park was increased to 26,116.74 square kilometres (10,083.73 sq mi) by the Order of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan No. 253.

## Ecology and wildlife

The national park features a mix of steppe, desert, grassland and alpine regions. It has long cold winters and cool summers, with an average annual rainfall of 12.7 cm.
Species known to live in the national park include the brown bear, snow leopard, wolves, markhor, Marco Polo sheep, brown-headed gulls and bar-headed geese.

## World Heritage status

In 2008, the national park was submitted to UNESCO with a view to becoming a World Heritage Site. In 2013, the park was accepted as World Heritage.
* The Pamir Mountains
* Map of eastern Tajikistan and the Pamir Ranges, showing Tajik National Park outlined in green
# MV Herstein (1938)

MV Herstein was a 5100 gross register ton freighter launched in 1938 at Copenhagen. She was involved in the unsuccessful search for survivors from HMAS Sydney in November 1941, and was destroyed at Rabaul in 1942.
During World War II Herstein transported freight and took part in a number of convoys. After carrying troops and equipment to Port Moresby, she proceeded to Rabaul to load copra, she was attacked by three dive bombers on 20 January 1942 with three bombs hitting amidships. One exploded in the engine room, resulting in a fire that quickly spread throughout the ship, and the second exploded in the bridge area. She was abandoned and she drifted afloat ablaze until becoming beached in Rabaul Harbour.
One crewman was killed as a result of the bombing. The rest of the crew were lost on the Montevideo Maru on 1 July 1942.

## Citations

* ↑ "M/S Herstein". Warsailors.com. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Lloyd's Register of Ships (PDF) (1938 ed.). Retrieved 29 January 2016.
* 1 2 3 "MV Herstein". Wrecksite.eu. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
* ↑ "Details of the Ship". Plimsoll ShipData. Retrieved 28 November 2010.