OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pre-echo

In audio signal processing, pre-echo, sometimes called a forward echo (not to be confused with reverse echo), is a digital audio compression artifact where a sound is heard before it occurs (hence the name). It is most noticeable in impulsive sounds from percussion instruments such as castanets or cymbals.
It occurs in transform-based audio compression algorithms – typically based on the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) – such as MP3, MPEG-4 AAC, and Vorbis, and is due to quantization noise being spread over the entire transform window of the codec.

## Cause

The psychoacoustic component of the effect is that one hears only the echo preceding the transient, not the one following – because this latter is drowned out by the transient. Formally, forward temporal masking is much stronger than backwards temporal masking, hence one hears a pre-echo, but no post-echo.

## Mitigation

In an effort to avoid pre-echo artifacts, many sound processing systems use filters where all of the response occurs after the main impulse, rather than linear-phase filters. Such filters necessarily introduce phase distortion and temporal smearing, but this additional distortion is less audible because of strong forward masking.
Avoiding pre-echo is a substantial design difficulty in transform domain lossy audio codecs such as MP3, MPEG-4 AAC, and Vorbis. It is also one of the problems encountered in digital room correction algorithms and frequency-domain filters in general (denoising by spectral subtraction, equalization, and others). One way of reducing "breathing" for filters and compression techniques using piecewise Fourier-based transforms is picking a smaller transform window (short blocks in MP3), thus increasing the temporal resolution of the algorithm at the cost of reducing its frequency resolution.
To better reproduce transient and eliminate pre-echo, lossy audio compression software such as open-source Vorbis encoder (oggenc from vorbis-tools), impulse noise tune or/and bit reservoir can be used as an advanced option.
# Disability discrimination act

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, a number of countries have passed laws aimed at reducing discrimination against people with disabilities. These laws have begun to appear as the notion of civil rights has become more influential globally, and follow other forms of anti-discrimination and equal opportunity legislation aimed at preventing racial discrimination and sexism which began to emerge in the second half of the 20th century. Many of these Acts aim to reduce barriers for persons with disabilities in the areas of customer service, employment, built environment, transportation, and information and communications.

## List of disability discrimination acts

* Australia: Disability Discrimination Act 1992
** Australian Capital Territory – Discrimination Act 1991
** New South Wales – Anti-Discrimination Act 1977
** Northern Territory – Anti-Discrimination Act 1992
** Queensland – Anti-Discrimination Act 1991
** South Australia – Equal Opportunity Act 1984
** Tasmania – Anti-Discrimination Act 1998
** Victoria – Equal Opportunity Act 2010
** Western Australia – Equal Opportunity Act 1984
* Barbados: Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2025
* Cambodia: Law on the Protection and the Promotion of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
* Canada: Accessible Canada Act
** British Columbia: Accessible British Columbia Act
** Manitoba: The Accessibility for Manitobans Act
** Ontario: Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005
** New Brunswick: Accessibility Act
** Newfoundland and Labrador: Newfoundland and Labrador Accessibility Act
** Nova Scotia: Nova Scotia Accessibility Act
** Prince Edward Island: Supports for Persons with Disabilities Act (Prince Edward Island)
** Quebec: Act to secure the handicapped in the exercise of their rights
** Saskatchewan: Accessible Saskatchewan Act
* Hong Kong : Disability Discrimination Ordinance 1995 (see Disability Discrimination Act 1995 below)
* Jamaica: Disabilities Act, 2014
* Nigeria: Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities (Prohibition) Act 2018
* Pakistan: National Policy for Persons with Disabilities 2002
* South Africa: Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000
* South Korea: Prohibition of Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities, 2008
* Switzerland: Disability Discrimination Act (2002)
* United Kingdom: Equality Act 2010 (prior to October 2010 the relevant legislation was the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 as amended)
* United States of America: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
# Batu (town)

Batu, formally known by its exonym Zway or Ziway, is a town and woreda on the road connecting Addis Ababa to Nairobi in the East Shewa Zone of Ethiopia. Zeway has a latitude and longitude of 7°56′N 38°43′E﻿ / ﻿7.933°N 38.717°E﻿ / 7.933; 38.717 with an elevation of 1,643 meters above sea level.

## Economy

Located on the shore of Hora Dambal, the economy of the town is based on fishing and horticulture. Batu is also home to a prison and a caustic soda factory. The Dutch company Sher operates what in 2019 was called "the world's largest rose farm, employing 1,500 workers."

## Demographics

The 2007 national census recorded Batu's total population at 43,660, of whom 22,956 were men and 20,704 women. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 51.04% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while 24.69% of the population were Muslim, 0.42% practiced traditional beliefs, and 22.07% of the population were Protestant. The 1994 national census reported this town had a total population of 20,056 of whom 10,323 were males and 9,733 were females.

## Climate

Climate data for Batu, elevation 1,640 m (5,380 ft), (1961–1990) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.3 (77.5) | 27.1 (80.8) | 27.7 (81.9) | 28.2 (82.8) | 27.7 (81.9) | 27.2 (81.0) | 25.1 (77.2) | 24.6 (76.3) | 25.1 (77.2) | 25.7 (78.3) | 25.2 (77.4) | 25.3 (77.5) | 26.2 (79.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.7 (65.7) | 19.7 (67.5) | 20.2 (68.4) | 20.2 (68.4) | 19.7 (67.5) | 20.1 (68.2) | 19.5 (67.1) | 19.1 (66.4) | 19.0 (66.2) | 19.1 (66.4) | 18.7 (65.7) | 17.6 (63.7) | 19.3 (66.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.8 (53.2) | 12.5 (54.5) | 12.6 (54.7) | 12.1 (53.8) | 11.6 (52.9) | 12.8 (55.0) | 13.8 (56.8) | 13.6 (56.5) | 12.8 (55.0) | 12.3 (54.1) | 12.3 (54.1) | 9.8 (49.6) | 12.3 (54.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 11.0 (0.43) | 65.0 (2.56) | 59.0 (2.32) | 88.0 (3.46) | 67.0 (2.64) | 79.0 (3.11) | 145.0 (5.71) | 124.0 (4.88) | 89.0 (3.50) | 37.0 (1.46) | 4.0 (0.16) | 7.0 (0.28) | 775 (30.51) |
| Source: FAO ||||||||||||||
# Rooney (album)

Rooney is the debut studio album by American alternative rock band Rooney. It was released on May 27, 2003, by Geffen Records. The cover features a recreation of the flag of California. The track "Blueside" was featured in the movie of The Princess Diaries. The track "I'm a Terrible Person" was used in a commercial of Carolina Herrera's perfume. The track "I'm Shakin" was featured in the series premiere of Royal Pains and also featured in an episode of the first season of The O.C., in which the band appeared as themselves.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 67/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Rolling Stone | |
| PopMatters | |
| Q | |
The album has received generally favorable reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, the album has received an average score of 67/100, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

## Track listing

All songs written and composed by Robert Coppola Schwartzman.
* "Blueside" – 3:18
* "Stay Away" – 3:32
* "If It Were Up to Me" – 3:00
* "I'm a Terrible Person" – 2:46
* "Popstars" – 4:07
* "I'm Shakin'" – 3:34
* "Daisy Duke" – 3:47
* "Sorry Sorry" – 3:07
* "That Girl Has Love" – 3:31
* "Simply Because" – 4:03
* "Losing All Control" – 4:19

### UK edition bonus tracks

* "The Floor" – 2:57
* "Make Some Noise" – 4:17

## Personnel

* Ned Brower – backing vocals, drums
* Taylor Locke – lead guitar
* Robert Schwartzman – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
* Louie Stephens – keyboards, piano
* Matthew Winter – bass guitar
# 121st Infantry Regiment (France)

The 121st Infantry Regiment (121e régiment d'infanterie de ligne) was a military unit in the French Army. It was formed in 1794 as the 121e Demi-Brigade de Bataille, merging the 1st battalion of the 62nd Infantry Regiment, the 1st battalion of volontaires de l'Union and the 7th battalion of the volontaires du Var. The 39e Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne was merged into it in 1796.
It was re-formed in 1809 as the 121st Line Infantry Regiment, using the survivors from the 1st and 2nd reserve legions raised in 1807. It was disbanded in 1814, but was reformed again in 1914 and went on to fight in World War I. It was disbanded after the end of the First World War in 1918, only to be re-raised again in 1940. In 1940 it became attached to the 25th Motorized Infantry Division, which was itself attached to the 1st Army Corps which was integrated into General Henri Giraud's 7th Army. The regiment was disbanded after the Fall of France. In January 1945, it was re-established with men from the FFI de l'Allier in the Montluçon region. After the World War II on 4 July 1945, it was disbanded for the final time at Moulins.
# Mahuua

Mahuua is a Nagpuri film starring Stefy Patel and Prince Sondhi. It was directed by Sanjay Verma and produced by Satyen Srivastav.

## Plot

The film shows how women fight against social superstition and unsocial elements in order to enact societal change.

## Cast

* Stefy Patel
* Prince Sondhi
* Ali Khan
* Manoj Verma
* Shakti Singh
* Punam Singh
* Dinesh Deva
* Kajal Singh
* Raj Sinha
* Ajay Ghosh
* Shahensa Gaur

## Awards

| Ceremony | Category | Year | Result | Reference |
| Jharkhand International Film Festival Awards | Best Nagpuri Film | 2018 | Won | |
# Williams gun

The Williams gun was a Confederate gun that was classified as a 1-lb cannon. It was designed by Captain D.R. Williams, of Covington, Kentucky, who later served as an artillery captain with a battery of his design. It was a breech-loading, rapid-fire cannon that was operated by a hand-crank. The barrel was four feet long and a 1.57-inch caliber. The hand crank opened the sliding breech which allowed the crew to load a round and cap the primer. As the crank was continued, it closed the breech and automatically released the hammer. The effective range was 800 yards but the maximum range was 2000 yards.
Approximately 40 were made, to supply seven different Confederate batteries. These were made at F. B. Deane Jr. & Son, Lynchburg, Virginia, Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Virginia, and Skates & Co, Mobile, Alabama. At the end of the war, four examples of this gun were captured to send to West Point. The West Point Museum retained one gun. Other examples are now located at the Kentucky Military History Museum the Virginia Museum of the Civil War at the New Market Battlefield State Historical Park, and the Watervliet Arsenal Museum.
During the early trials of the gun, the Richmond Daily Exchange dated May 20, 1862, reported that: "General Floyd attended a trial of the Williams' mounted breech-loading rifle, which is claimed will throw twenty balls a minute a distance of fifteen hundred yards". Some sources say it could fire 65 rounds per minute but accuracy was greatly reduced due to the manual loading. The Union troops did not know what the gun was. Some describe it as a rifled cannon. Others reported that it fired nails, probably on account of the noise the projectile made as it tumbled.
# Rosh HaNikra (kibbutz)

Rosh HaNikra (Hebrew: ראש הנקרה, lit. 'Head of the Grottoes') is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located on the Mediterranean coast near the Rosh HaNikra grottoes and the border with Lebanon, it falls under the jurisdiction of Mateh Asher Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 1,422.

## History

The kibbutz was established on 6 January 1949 by a gar'in of demobilised Palmach soldiers who moved there from kibbutz Hanita, along with Zionist youth movement members and young Holocaust survivors.
It was built on the village lands of al-Bassa, which was depopulated in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

### 2023 Israel–Hamas war

During the 2023 war between Hamas and Israel, northern Israeli border communities, including Rosh HaNikra, faced targeted attacks by Hezbollah and Palestinian factions based in Lebanon, and were evacuated.
In January 2024, Hezbollah released a video of a strike on the Israeli naval base at Rosh Hanikra, on the border with Lebanon, saying it had used an Almas missile. Several subsequent videos over the spring 2024 also show to deploy the guided missile against Israeli targets.

## Economy

The kibbutz grows bananas and avocados, and raises turkeys. In 1974, kibbutz members founded a biotechnology company called Rahan Meristem, which included the first commercial tissue culture laboratory in the country. Rahan developed new procedures for large scale, in-vitro, clonal propagation of over 200 plant genera including ornamental, industrial, fruit, and vegetable crops. In the mid-1980s, in-vitro propagated banana plants became the leading product. Rahan is now a center of research and consultation for the banana industry throughout the world.
A formal R&D department was established in 1991 to provide technical support. Areas of expertise include molecular and classical genetics, plant cell and tissue culture, plant biochemistry and physiology, bacteriology and industrial biotechnology. Methods have also been developed for the control of contaminating microbes, early detection and elimination of somaclonal variation, reduction of labor and fixed costs in production, etc.
In the early 21st century, the kibbutz was privatized.

## Notable people

* Sacha Baron Cohen, English actor, comedian, screenwriter, and producer
* Nufar Edelman (born 1982), Olympic sailor
* Eitan Friedlander (born 1958), Olympic sailor
* Dekel Keinan, Israeli footballer
# First United Methodist Church (Little Rock, Arkansas)

The First United Methodist Church is a historic church at 723 Center Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a large brick building, designed by Frank W. Gibb and built in 1899–1900. It is one of the city's finest examples of Romanesque Revival architecture, with square towers at its corners, and its predominantly smooth brick exterior contrasted by rusticated granite trim. The congregation, founded in 1831, is the oldest Methodist congregation in the city, and the mother congregation of many of its other Methodist establishments. Its senior pastor is the Rev. David Freeman.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
# YouTube Select

YouTube Select, formerly Google Preferred, is a program offered by YouTube, a subsidiary of Google, that allows advertisers to pay to place their ads on high-performing videos on its site. The program divides YouTube's most popular channels among 18- to 34-year-olds, comprising the most popular 5% of content on the site, into twelve categories. Its purpose is to signal advertisers that they can trust a given channel in the program to produce high-quality content.

## History

Google Preferred was announced at Google's 2014 Brandcast on April 30 in response to complaints from marketers that it was difficult to reach top-tier channels. It was also introduced in an attempt by YouTube to increase artificial scarcity and ad revenue.
In March 2015, after Google Preferred proved highly successful in its first year, YouTube decided to keep using Google Preferred. They implemented some minor changes to the program, however, such as reducing the number of categories from fourteen to twelve. The program was also expanded to include other countries besides the United States, including Canada.
In January 2018, stricter requirements were set, under which videos eligible for the program would be "manually curated", and only videos that meet YouTube's guidelines for advertiser-friendly content would be eligible. The changes came in the wake of controversies affecting YouTube's advertising platform in 2017, including the appearance of ads on content deemed objectionable to advertisers, as well as a recent controversy surrounding Logan Paul's "suicide forest" video (which caused him to be removed from the program).
In August 2018, a report was published on fake video views which contributed to the concerns around YouTube's reputation and the need for a more advertiser-friendly product. In May 2020, Google Preferred was rebranded as "YouTube Select", with the former iteration to be phased out by the end of the year.
# Kelmayisaurus

Kelmayisaurus (meaning "Karamay lizard") is an extinct genus of allosauroid theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous. It was roughly 10–12 meters (33–39 feet) long and its name refers to the petroleum-producing city of Karamay in the Xinjiang province of western China near where it was found.

## Discovery and species

Kelmayisaurus is known from the holotype and only specimen IVPP V 4022. It consists of a complete left dentary with teeth and partial left maxilla. The specimen was found during the early 1970s in the Lianmuqin Formation of the Tugulu Group, dating to the Valanginian-Albian stages between 140 and 100 million years ago. The discovery locality is near Wuerho in the Junggar Basin. It was first named and described by Chinese paleontologist Dong Zhiming in 1973 and the type species is Kelmayisaurus petrolicus.
A supposed second species, K. "gigantus", was mentioned in a popular book as being a 21-meter (69 foot) long vertebral column from the Middle Jurassic Shishugou Formation. It is a nomen nudum and does not pertain to Kelmayisaurus, but instead appears to be a lapsus calami for the sauropod Klamelisaurus.

## Classification

Kelmayisaurus had been thought to be a nomen dubium due to its scanty remains, and its phylogenetic position was uncertain. It was usually regarded as a basal tetanuran of uncertain affinities. However, Kelmayisaurus is diagnosable by the form and presence of a deeply inset accessory groove on the lateral side of the dentary, the main toothbearing bone of the lower jaw. Some of its features are like those of carcharodontosaurians, but they are also seen in large megalosauroids like Megalosaurus and Torvosaurus.
In 2011, a redescription of the holotype by Stephen L. Brusatte, Roger B.J. Benson and Xing Xu found Kelmayisaurus to be valid genus of Carcharodontosauridae with a single autapomorphy. A phylogenetic analysis of Tetanurae recovered K. petrolicus as a basal carcharodontosaurid in a trichotomy with Eocarcharia and a clade comprising more derived carcharodontosaurids. Other analyses have recovered its position as an allosauroid, but with an unstable position within the group due to its highly fragmentary nature.
# Roberto Lacalendola

Roberto Lacalendola (born 30 June 1988) is a Grand Prix motorcycle racer from Italy.

## Career statistics

* 2010 - 31st, FIM Superstock 1000 Cup, Ducati

### Grand Prix motorcycle racing
#### By season

| Season | Class | Motorcycle | Team | Number | Race | Win | Podium | Pole | FLap | Pts | Plcd |
| 2006 | 125cc | Aprilia | Ticinohosting-MTR | 87 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC |
| 2006 | 125cc | Aprilia | 3C Racing | 87 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC |
| 2007 | 125cc | Aprilia | M.C. Terzo Bandini | 87 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC |
| 2007 | 125cc | Aprilia | Ellegi Racing | 87 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC |
| 2008 | 125cc | Aprilia | Matteoni Racing | 19 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC |
| Total | | | | | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |

#### Races by year

| Year | Class | Bike | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | Pos | Pts |
| 2006 | 125cc | Aprilia | SPA | QAT | TUR | CHN | FRA | ITA 23 | CAT | NED | GBR | GER | CZE | MAL 25 | AUS 26 | JPN 21 | POR DNS | VAL 34 | | NC | 0 |
| 2007 | 125cc | Aprilia | QAT | SPA | TUR | CHN | FRA | ITA Ret | CAT | GBR | NED | GER | CZE | RSM 25 | POR | JPN | AUS | MAL | VAL | NC | 0 |
| 2008 | 125cc | Aprilia | QAT Ret | SPA 20 | POR DNS | CHN Ret | FRA 18 | ITA Ret | CAT 23 | GBR Ret | NED Ret | GER | CZE | RSM | INP | JPN | AUS | MAL | VAL | NC | 0 |
# List of ambassadors of the United States to Zambia

The history of ambassadors of the United States to Zambia began in 1964.
Until 1964 Zambia had been a colony of the British Empire, first as Northern Rhodesia and then as a part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. On December 31, 1963, the federation was dissolved into Rhodesia and Northern Rhodesia. On October 24, 1964, Northern Rhodesia gained full independence as the Republic of Zambia.
The United States immediately recognized the new nation and moved to establish diplomatic relations. An embassy in Lusaka was established on October 24, 1964—independence day for Zambia. Robert C. Foulon was appointed as Chargé d’Affaires ad interim pending the appointment of an ambassador. The first ambassador, Robert C. Good was appointed on March 11, 1965. All U.S. Ambassadors to Zambia have held the official title Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.
The United States embassy in Zambia is located in Lusaka.
The U.S. ambassador to Zambia serves concurrently as the U.S. representative to the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).

## Ambassadors

| Name | Appointed | Presented credentials | Terminated mission |
| Robert C. Good – Political appointee | March 11, 1965 | March 24, 1965 | December 14, 1968 |
| Oliver L. Troxel, Jr. – Career FSO | May 27, 1969 | July 17, 1969 | May 12, 1972 |
| Jean M. Wilkowski – Career FSO | June 27, 1972 | September 26, 1972 | July 24, 1976 |
| Stephen Low – Career FSO | August 5, 1976 | August 31, 1976 | July 5, 1979 |
| Frank George Wisner II – Career FSO | August 2, 1979 | August 28, 1979 | April 19, 1982 |
| Nicholas Platt – Career FSO | July 22, 1982 | August 31, 1982 | December 17, 1984 |
| Paul Julian Hare – Career FSO | July 12, 1985 | July 31, 1985 | August 8, 1988 |
| Jeffrey Davidow – Career FSO | July 11, 1988 | September 1, 1988 | March 31, 1990 |
| Gordon L. Streeb – Career FSO | October 22, 1990 | November 21, 1990 | December 27, 1993 |
| Roland Karl Kuchel – Career FSO | August 9, 1993 | January 14, 1994 | November 10, 1996 |
| Arlene Render – Career FSO | July 2, 1996 | December 20, 1996 | June 30, 1999 |
| David B. Dunn – Career FSO | July 7, 1999 | September 2, 1999 | July 1, 2002 |
| Martin George Brennan – Career FSO | October 3, 2002 | December 5, 2002 | July 15, 2005 |
| Carmen M. Martinez – Career FSO | November 2, 2005 | December 12, 2005 | July 29, 2008 |
| Donald E. Booth – Career FSO | June 4, 2008 | September 19, 2008 | March 17, 2010 |
| Mark C. Storella – Career FSO | August 20, 2010 | September 21, 2010 | August 8, 2013 |
| Eric T. Schultz – Career FSO | September 18, 2014 | December 12, 2014 | November 20, 2017 |
| Daniel Lewis Foote – Career FSO | November 20, 2017 | December 14, 2017 | January 2, 2020 |
| Michael C. Gonzales - Career FSO | August 4, 2022 | September 16, 2022 | Incumbent |
# Old Joe

Old Joe may refer to:

## People, real or fictional

* Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. , patriarch of the Kennedy political family
* Joseph Stalin, (1879–1953) Communist dictator of the USSR from 1929 until his death in 1953
* Joe Biden (born 1942), 46th president of the United States, sometimes referred to as "Old Joe" in the media
* Old Joe (Breaking Bad), a character in the TV series Breaking Bad
* Old Joe, a character portrayed by Bruce Willis in the 2012 Looper (film)
* Old Joe, a minor character in A Christmas Carol who buys the belongings of the deceased Scrooge

## Other uses

* Old Joe (Norfork, Arkansas), rock art panel listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
* Old Joe Clark, a folk song
* 10515 Old Joe, an asteroid
* Joe Camel, a former advertising mascot for Camel cigarettes
* Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower at the University of Birmingham, England
* Old Joe, a Confederate Civil War memorial in Gainesville, Georgia, in the United States of America