OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Gardner Choate

William Gardner Choate (August 30, 1830 – November 14, 1920) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. He also cofounded the Choate Rosemary Hall college, a private boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut.

## Education and career

Choate was born in Salem, Massachusetts, the son of George and Margaret Manning (Hodges) Choate. His brothers were physician George Cheyne Shattuck Choate and diplomat and lawyer Joseph Hodges Choate. Choate received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Harvard University in 1852 and a Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1854. He was in private practice in Danvers, Massachusetts from 1855 to 1857, then in Salem until 1865, and then in New York City from 1865 to 1878.

## Federal judicial service

On March 14, 1878, Choate was nominated by President Rutherford B. Hayes to a seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated by Judge Samuel Blatchford. Choate was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 25, 1878, and received his commission the same day. Choate served on the court for only three years, resigning on June 1, 1881.

## Later career and death

Following his resignation from the federal bench, Choate resumed private practice in New York City from 1881 to 1920. With his wife, Mary Atwater Choate, he founded the girls school, Rosemary Hall, in 1890, and the Choate School, a boys school, in 1896, both in Wallingford, Connecticut (now combined as Choate Rosemary Hall).
His wife Mary was the niece of Senator Edgar Atwater and Sarah S. Yale, member of the family of Senator Charles Atwater and the Yale family of Yale University. Sarah's cousin was Senator Charles Dwight Yale and her uncle was merchant William Yale.
William Gardner Choate died on November 14, 1920, in Wallingford.
# Charles Pinckney James

Charles Pinckney James (May 11, 1818 – August 9, 1899) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia.

## Education and career

Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, James graduated from Harvard University in 1838. He was in private practice in Cincinnati from 1840 to 1850, and was a Professor of law at Cincinnati College (now the University of Cincinnati) from 1850 to 1856. He was Judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati from 1856 to 1864. He was in private practice in Washington, D.C. from 1864 to 1879, also working as a Professor of law at Georgetown University from 1870 to 1874.

## Contribution to the Revised Statutes

James substantially contributed to the Revised Statutes of the United States during the 1870s. He was appointed by President Andrew Johnson in 1866 and re-appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1870 as one of three commissioners tasked to revise and consolidate existing federal statutes. The first edition of the Revised Statutes was adopted by Congress in 1874. In 1877, commissioner George S. Boutwell prepared the second edition of the Revised Statutes with the assistance of James. James appears to have been the only person to have worked on both the first and second editions of the Revised Statutes.

## Federal judicial service

James received a recess appointment from President Rutherford B. Hayes on July 24, 1879, to an Associate Justice seat on the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia (now the United States District Court for the District of Columbia) vacated by Associate Justice David Campbell Humphreys. He was nominated to the same position by President Hayes on December 1, 1879. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 10, 1879, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on December 1, 1892, due to his retirement.

## Death

James died on August 9, 1899, in Leesburg, Virginia.

## Publications

* James, Charles Pinckney. Address delivered at Camp McRae: before the Citizens' Guards of Cincinnati, on their fourth anniversary, July 4th, 1842. Cincinnati: R. P. Brooks, 1842.
* James, Charles Pinckney, and C. A. L. Richards. Oration and Poem, delivered before the Cincinnati Literary Club, July 4th, 1853. Cincinnati: Truman & Spofford, 1853. (oration by James; poem by Richards)
* James, Charles Pinckney. Address to the class of 1872 Law Department of the University of Georgetown, June 4, 1872. Washington [D.C.]: Cunningham & McIntosh, 1872.
* James, Charles Pinckney. Oration delivered before the Philodemic Society of Georgetown College, June 24, 1874. Washington [D.C.]: Joseph L. Pearson, 1874.
* James, Charles Pinckney. The power of Congress to punish contempts and breaches of privilege. Washington [D.C.]: W. H. & O. H. Morrison, 1879.
# Thomas Leverett Nelson

Thomas Leverett Nelson (March 4, 1827 – November 21, 1897) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts.
Nelson was nominated by President Rutherford B. Hayes on January 7, 1879, to a seat vacated by John Lowell. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 10, 1879, and received commission the same day. Nelson's service was terminated on November 21, 1897, due to death.

## Education and career

Born on March 4, 1827, in Haverhill, New Hampshire, Nelson, one of twelve children of John and Lois Leverett Nelson, attended Kimball Union Academy in Meriden, New Hampshire. He attended Dartmouth College for two years, then graduated from the University of Vermont in 1846. Following graduation, he became an engineer and engaged in railroad construction. A serious accident which permanently injured his knee ended his engineering career and while in physical recovery, he began to study law with Judge Francis H. Dewey. He read law and was admitted to the bar in 1855. He entered private practice in Worcester, Massachusetts from 1855 to 1879. He was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1869. He was city solicitor for Worcester from 1870 to 1873. He served as Railroad Commissioner for the Providence and Worcester Railroad.

## Federal judicial service

Nelson was nominated by President Rutherford B. Hayes on January 7, 1879, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts vacated by Judge John Lowell. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 10, 1879, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on November 21, 1897, due to his death in Worcester.

## Religious memberships

Nelson was active in Congregational churches early in his life and then became a member of First Unitarian Church in Worcester and then Central Church.

## Civic membership

Nelson was a member of the American Antiquarian Society.

## Notable decisions

* Ghen v. Rich, 8 F. 159 (1881)
# Stigma (1972 film)

Stigma is a 1972 American drama film. It was produced by Charles Moss, while David E. Durston was both the writer and the director. Prominent themes in the film include racism and sexually transmitted disease. It stars Philip Michael Thomas in an early screen appearance, twelve years before he starred in the popular 1980s TV show Miami Vice.

## Plot

Set in a remote California community, the film follows a doctor (Philip Michael Thomas) who learns a super form of syphilis is appearing among the residents. He and a few others must race against time to find the carrier before others fall victim.

## Reception

The New York Times called it "a crackling good suspense melodrama". The Los Angeles Times called it a "lively little drama... sturdy and involving." By contrast, Leonard Maltin rated the film a "bomb", dismissing it as an "absurd melodrama".
# The Rock, Shropshire

The Rock is a suburb of Telford in the Telford and Wrekin borough of Shropshire, England. It is part of the Lawley and Overdale civil parish.

## History

The area was originally named after the nearby colliery in 1882. It was called Rock Colliery and was slightly to the south of the hamlet. There was also a chapel and engine house. The area was later incorporated into the-then new town of Telford.

## Transport

The area is served by buses that connect The Rock to the nearby settlements around Telford.
# Smolensk North Airport

Smolensk North Airport (IATA: LNX, ICAO: UUBS) (Russian: военный аэродром "Смоленск-Северный", "Smolensk North Military Aerodrome") is a decommissioned military airbase in Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located 4 km north of the city of Smolensk. It is now used as Smolensk's sole airport for civil and military flights. It has a remote revetment area with 8 pads and a Yakovlev factory at the southeast side of the airfield, the Smolensk Aviation Plant.

## History

The military air base was originally built in the 1920s by the Soviet Union, and it eventually became a class 1 airfield with a runway 2500 m long and 49 m wide, capable of handling planes over 75 tons in weight.
Prior to 1991, it was home to the 401 IAP (401st Interceptor Aviation Regiment, disbanded around 1990), flying MiG-23P aircraft, and the 871 IAP, flying MiG-23 and Su-27.
From 1946 until 2009, the base hosted an airlift unit, the 103 Gv VTAP (103rd Guards Military Air Transport Regiment, full name in Russian: 103-й гвардейский Красносельский Краснознамённый военно-транспортный авиационный полк имени Героя Советского Союза В. С. Гризодубовой), flying Ilyushin Il-76 jets. At one point, about 28 Il-76 aircraft were based there.
The Russian Air Force regiment was disbanded in late 2009, and until 2010, there were no active units at the base except for a small airbase command post.
The airfield has been functioning in part as a civilian airport since October 2009.
On August 15, 2014, by order of the Government of the Russian Federation, the airfield was transferred from the state to the experimental one and under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation. (In fact, the transfer of the airfield began in 2019).

## Accidents and incidents

A Polish government Tu-154M Lux carrying President Lech Kaczyński, his wife, and an official delegation crashed during the final approach to the airport on 10 April 2010. All 96 aboard perished.
# Academy of the Assumption

Academy of the Assumption was a Catholic all-girls school that was located on Biscayne Bay in Miami, Florida, United States.
Built in 1943 and closed in 1976, it was run by the Religious of the Assumption. The school's last principal was Sr. Therese Margaret Duross R.A. After being closed, the facilities were sold. Most buildings have since been demolished, replaced by luxury high-rise condominiums that dot the area's skyline. However, some buildings are still standing and in use. The Assumption Chapel remains active, now a part of St. Jude Melkite Catholic Church.

## Notable alumni

* Cristina Saralegui '66
# John Gulager

John Thompson Gulager (born December 19, 1957) is an American actor, cinematographer and film director. He is the son of actors Clu Gulager and Miriam Byrd-Nethery, and the brother of actor Tom Gulager.

## Career

For Gulager's directorial debut, the production and filming of the movie Feast was the main focus of season three of Project Greenlight. The film, made for Miramax, had a limited theatrical release. Gulager was named Best Director at Fantastic Fest 2005 for Feast.
Gulager played Maurice Gregory, the company psychologist, and supplied the voice for Goldie, the fish, in the 2007 film He Was a Quiet Man opposite Christian Slater.

## Filmography
### As actor

* A Day with the Boys (1969) – Boy
* Gunfighter – Rustler
** a.k.a. Ballad of a Gunfighter (USA: TV title) (1998)
* Palmer's Pick Up (1999) – Santa Claus
* The Poet Writes His Wife (2002) – Dylan Thomas
* Feast (2005) - Man on television with two other crew members
* He Was a Quiet Man (2007) – Maurice Goldie (voice)
* Pulse 2: Afterlife (2008) – Man on Bridge
* Hellraiser: Judgment (2018) - The Assessor

### As cinematographer

* The Poet Writes His Wife (2002)
* Vic (2005)
* Pornstar Pets (2005) (Video)
* La Lucha: The Struggle (2005) (Video)

### As director

* Feast (2005)
* Feast II: Sloppy Seconds (2008)
* Feast III: The Happy Finish (2009)
* Piranha 3DD (2012)
* Zombie Night (2013)
* Children of the Corn: Runaway (2018)
* Seven Cemeteries (2024)

### Other TV appearances

* Project Greenlight 3 (2005) (TV Series) Himself
# Treaty of Titalia

The Treaty of Titalia was signed between the chogyal (monarch) of the Kingdom of Sikkim and the British East India Company (EIC). The treaty, which was negotiated by Captain Barre Latter in February 1817, guaranteed security of Sikkim by the British and returned Sikkimese land annexed by the Nepalese over the centuries. It followed the Anglo-Nepalese War, 1814–1816. In return, the British were given trading rights and rights of passage up to the Tibet frontier. The treaty was signed at Titalia, now known as Tetulia Upazila, in the Rangpur District of present-day Bangladesh. In the Gazette of Sikkim, 1894 by H.H. Risley, it was written that "by the Treaty of Titalia, British India has assumed the position of Lord's paramount of Sikkim and a title to exercise a predominant influence in that State has remained undisputed."

## Provisions

Signed by Captain Barre Latter as agent for the EIC and three Sikkimese officials, Nazir Chaina Tenjin, Macha Teinbah and Lama Duchim Longadoo, the primary purpose of the treaty under Article 1 was to return land previously seized by the Gorkha Kingdom of Nepal to Sikkim. This land, lying to the east of the Mechi River and the west of the Teesta River had been ceded to the EIC by the Gorkhas under the 1816 Treaty of Sugauli following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16.
In exchange, the Sikkimese Chogyal agreed to abstain from aggression towards the Gorkhas and to allow the British to mediate any dispute with its neighbours. Further articles pledged military support to the British, that absconders from British justice, whether criminal or civil, would be arrested in Sikkim and finally that all EIC company goods shipped through Sikkim would thereafter be free from duty.

## Impact

The treaty effectively transformed Sikkim into a channel for Anglo-Chinese diplomacy.
# Battle of Cepeda (1820)

The Battle of Cepeda of 1820 took place on February 1 in Cañada de Cepeda, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The conflict was the first major battle that saw Unitarians and Federals as two constituted sides. It ended with the defeat of the national government.
Federal League Provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and José Miguel Carrera joined forces to topple the 1819 centralist Constitution and the Directorial government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. Both provincial leaders, Estanislao López and Francisco Ramírez, were allies of José Gervasio Artigas.
Supreme Director José Rondeau called back the Armies that were fighting the Argentine War of Independence to fight the Federals. The Army of the Andes, commanded by José de San Martín refused to abandon the offensive against the royalists in Chile and Peru. The Army of the North, commanded by Manuel Belgrano, mutinied at Arequito, as the troops and the officiality refused to fight a civil war, and asked instead to go back to the northern frontier to fight the royalists. Rondeau's forces were defeated in the battle.

## Consequences

The complete victory of the Federal forces over a diminished Directorial army led to the end of the central authority established by the 1819 Constitution through the Supreme Director, and laid the foundations for a rather new Federal organization for Argentina, as the Provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires signed the Treaty of Pilar on February 23.
Some provisions included in the Treaty on behalf of Buenos Aires, proved unacceptable to Artigas (styled "Protector of the League of the Free Peoples", who was exiled in Entre Ríos following his defeat to the Brazilian Empire invasion of the Banda Oriental), so he ordered both López and Ramírez to renounce it. But, in one of the most important turns of Argentine history, however, both caudillos turned themselves against their former inspirational leader and Ramírez battled against him, destroying the remnants of his army and pushing him forward to exile in Paraguay.
Then, Ramírez took on seriously his own chances as hegemonic leader, so he declared the Republic of Entre Ríos on September 29, 1820, but the experiment would barely live as long as Ramírez himself. On July 10, 1821, he was assassinated by the forces of his former ally Estanislao López, who fought this time alongside Buenos Aires and Corrientes Provinces, fearful of Ramírez' aspirations.
The battle in 1820 initiated the so-called caudillo era. The battle would later be followed by a second Battle of Cepeda (1859), which involved clashes between the Unitarian and the Federalist forces, ending with the annexation of Buenos Aires into the union.
# Philip Scott Yorke

Philip Scott Yorke (1905–1978) was the last Squire of Erddig.

## Early life and education

Philip was born on 23 March 1905, at Erddig, Denbighshire. He was the second son of Philip Yorke II and Louisa Matilda (née Scott), and the final direct descendant of Philip Yorke; Simon Yorke was his elder brother. In 1927 he graduated from Corpus Christi College, Cambridge with a B.A., and attended Ridley Hall to take Holy Orders but left without graduating.

## Life at Erddig

Yorke was a lay reader for local churches. Erddig's income had been low since the time of their father. In 1973, Yorke gave Erddig Estate, including the house, to the National Trust; a gift then worth around 3 million pounds.

## Death and legacy

Philip Scott Yorke died on 2 July 1978, at Pen-y-lan Church near Erbistock, just south of Erddig, after cycling there on a hot morning. More than 15,000 documents from his house were presented to Clwyd Record Office.
# Maria Tselaridou

Maria Tselaridou (Greek: Μαρία Τσελαρίδου; born 26 March 1981 in Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR) is a Greek judoka, who competed in the women's half-lightweight category. Holding a dual citizenship to compete internationally, Tselaridou picked up the 2009 Greek senior title in her own division, and represented her home nation Greece at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Tselaridou is also a full-fledged member of the judo squad for AC Victoria Thessaloniki.
Tselaridou qualified for her naturalized Greek squad in the women's half-lightweight class (52 kg) at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, by filling up an entry by the International Judo Federation and the Hellenic Olympic Committee, as Greece received an automatic berth for being the host nation. Tselaridou received a bye in the opening round, but crashed out early in a defeat to Germany's Raffaella Imbriani by an ippon with only forty-five seconds remaining in her first match.
# 1835 Central American federal election

Early presidential elections were held in the Federal Republic of Central America on 2 February 1835 following the unexpected death of president-elect José Cecilio del Valle during a journey from his native Honduras and the Federation's capital in Guatemala to take the oath. Valle had been elected in June 1834 and was due to take office in 1835.
The elections saw former president and Liberal leader Francisco Morazán win virtually unopposed. However, they were to be the last elections in the Federation, as it was dissolved in 1839, before the end of Morazán's term in office.
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Weifang

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Weifang is a Latin suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan of Jinan in China. Anthony Sun Venjun has been the Bishop of Weifang since 29 January 2024. The diocese replaced the Apostolic Prefecture of Yiduxian.
# 1843 Guadeloupe earthquake

The 1843 Guadeloupe earthquake occurred at 10:37 local time on 8 February in the island of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles. It had an estimated magnitude (scale unspecified) of 8.5, making it the strongest recorded earthquake in the Caribbean and a maximum perceived intensity of shaking of IX on the Mercalli intensity scale. The earthquake was felt widely throughout the Caribbean and as far away as New York. Around 1,500 to 5,000 people were killed.

## Tectonic setting

The Lesser Antilles are an island arc formed above the destructive plate boundary where the North American plate is being subducted beneath the Caribbean plate at a rate of about 2 cm per year. Historical earthquakes in this region include large megathrust earthquakes on the plate interface, such as those in 1839 and 1843, and smaller intraplate earthquakes within the arc itself, associated with oblique convergence on the plate boundary.

## Earthquake

The magnitude of this megathrust earthquake was calculated in the range 7.5–8.0 by Bernard & Lambert in 1988. This was reassessed in 2011 by Feuillet and others, giving an 8.5 magnitude. Later work by Hough in 2013, taking account of reports of the earthquake from the US, supported a magnitude of at least 8.5 for this event.

## Damage

In Guadeloupe, Pointe-à-Pitre suffered severe damage with a maximum of 8–900 houses being destroyed of the 1,222 that existed before the earthquake. The earthquake was quickly followed by fires that caused further destruction.
The island of Antigua was also badly affected, with all churches and mills throughout the island reported destroyed. Forty deaths were reported. Damage was also reported from Montserrat, with six casualties.

## Tsunami

On Antigua, a rise in sea level by 1.2 meters was interpreted as run-up from the tsunami triggered by the quake. A wharf on the southeast part of the island sank and took on an "undulating appearance".
# 1851 South Australian colonial election

Colonial elections were held in South Australia on 21 February 1851. Only 16 of the 24 seats in the unicameral Legislative Council were popularly elected but was the first occurrence of voting franchise in the colony. The 1855 election was the second and last of this type. The 1857 election was the first contest which popularly elected all members to the new bicameral Parliament of South Australia.
The first six Governors of South Australia oversaw governance from proclamation in 1836 until self-government in 1857.
# Still Green

Still Green is an American drama film directed by Jon Artigo, written by Georgia Menides, produced by Menides, Doug Lloyd, and Andrea Ajemian, and starring Sarah Jones, Ryan Kelley, Douglas Spain, Noah Segan, Paul Costa, Brandon Meyer, Ashleigh Snyder, Michael Strynkowski, Nicole Komendat and Gricel Castineira. The film also features American Idol finalist Vonzell Solomon in her acting debut. It was shot throughout Southwest Florida, including Bonita Beach, Naples, and Port Charlotte. The film was shown at film festivals and was released on DVD on October 13, 2009. Still Green was made by Uncovered Productions and Artigo/Ajemian Films.

## Plot

A group of high school graduates rent a beach house the summer before going their separate ways. An accident in the ocean tests their friendship. The teens respond to the tragedy in a way some people find disturbing and others see as a passive act of loyalty. Free-spirited Kerri (Sarah Jones) is still coping with the loss of her father, and her mother's refusal to honor his last wish. A recent break-up has unearthed these feelings, triggering spontaneous and unhealthy relationships with her friends. Alan (Ryan Kelley) struggles with his conflicting feelings about Kerri and about his girlfriend.

## Cast

* Sarah Jones as Kerri
* Ryan Kelley as Alan
* Douglas Spain as Bill
* Noah Segan as Sean
* Paul Costa as Brandon
* Brandon Meyer as Daneck
* Ashleigh Snyder as Monica
* Michael Strynkowski as George
* Nicole Komendat as Amanda
* Gricel Castineira as Lisa
* Vonzell Solomon as Chelsea

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack of Still Green was released in 2007. It featured alternative rock music from various artists, such as Bishop Allen, Jump, Orange Island, and the Curtain Society.

### Track listing
## Reception

The film a received positive review in the Telegram & Gazette.