# Saskatchewan River fur trade

Saskatchewan River fur trade The Saskatchewan River was one of the two main axes of Canadian expansion west of Lake Winnipeg. The other and more important one was northwest to the Athabasca Country. For background see Canadian canoe routes (early). The main trade route followed the North Saskatchewan River and Saskatchewan River, which were just south of the forested beaver country. The South Saskatchewan River was a prairie river with few furs.

## Overview

The Saskatchewan River was a natural highway for furs going east and trade goods going west. The forests to the north provided beaver pelts. The grassland to the south provided buffalo for food and pemmican to feed to voyageurs in the food-poor country to the north. Pemmican was often more important than beaver. Most was sent downriver to Cumberland House, Saskatchewan, before being sent northward, but from 1790 some was sent via a relatively short overland route to the Green Lake, Saskatchewan and on to the Athabasca Country.
The Saskatchewan has no significant portages between the rapids at Rocky Mountain House and its mouth at Lake Winnipeg. Eastbound canoes with that winter's catch had the advantage of the spring meltwater. Westbound trade goods in the summer and fall had to deal with low water and there was significant use of poling and tracking on the upper river. The Hudson's Bay Company built the first proto-York boat on the river at Manchester House (located about 50 kms east of Lloydminster) in 1788, but the North West Company seems to have preferred north canoes. In the La Montee country west of Prince Albert, "bosses" would borrow horses and go buffalo hunting to feed the regular voyageurs who had to stay in their canoes and continue rowing upstream. When speed was required one could ride horseback on trails that ran parallel to the river.
Fort Edmonton, established in the centre of today's City of Edmonton in 1812, became a hub of trails. Around 1825 a horse track was cut from Fort Assiniboine, Alberta on the Athabasca River to Edmonton. The easiest route from the Pacific was through Athabasca Pass to the Athabasca River. The transfer to the North Saskatchewan river at Edmonton meant a straighter route and the use of York boats, built at Fort Edmonton. The Athabasca River route, using the Methye portage, was indirect and required smaller north canoes for numerous portages to avoid rapids on the Athabasca River.)
From the 1870s the slaughter of buffalo, smallpox and the appearance of settlers disrupted Native life. In 1876 an ox-cart road was built from Fort Carlton north to Green Lake. In the mid-1800s, The Carlton Trail, running along the north bank of the Saskatchewan River, was gradually developed connecting Winnipeg (Red River) to Edmonton. The first steamboat on the river was the Northcote in 1874.
In 1891 the Calgary & Edmonton Railway was completed to the Edmonton area. In 1905 the Canadian Northern Railway, following the route of the old Carleton Trail, reached Edmonton from Winnipeg.
The boreal forest region to the north was inhabited by Cree who had migrated northwest as middlemen in the fur trade and, in the early and middle 19th century, Saulteaux. Immediately south were the Plains Cree and Assiniboines with the Nakoda (Stoney) near the mountains. To the south were the Gens du large or Plains Indians or First Nations: Gros Ventre in Saskatchewan, Blackfeet in Alberta and Piegan Blackfeet near the Rocky Mountains. Across the mountains were Kootenays.
Since the Cree and Saulteaux had beaver-skins to trade and the plains Natives had little more than buffalo and wolf skins, the northern peoples got most of the guns. They used them to expand south. This made the plains Natives hostile to the traders since they seemed to be allies of the more northern tribes.
Further, many of the voyageurs were part-Cree and knew the language. The trading posts were too well fortified to be easily attacked and were only destroyed when the traders were away. (The only exception was Fort Pitt in 1885 which by then no longer had a stockade and where its NWMP garrison had surrendered.) In the east the Gros Ventres destroyed South Branch House and Manchester House in 1793–94. In the west the Blackfeet often damaged the fur trade. They did not trade where there were many Cree and tried to keep the Kootenays from getting guns. Fort Sturgeon was burnt in 1780 and Rocky Mountain House in 1860. Fort Pitt and Fort Carlton were burnt during the North-West Rebellion in 1885. (Carlton was accidentally burned down as it was being evacuated in 1885.)

## Exploration and early fur trade

* 1691:Henry Kelsey reached the lower Saskatchewan from Hudson Bay.
* Early 1700s: Exploration and fur trade inland is conducted and controlled by French operating out of Montreal
* 1731-1743: Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye pushed west from Lake Superior.
* 1739: Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye was somewhere on the lower Saskatchewan.
* 1741: Fort Bourbon at the mouth of the Saskatchewan and Fort Paskoya on west side of Cedar Lake.
* 1753: Fort de la Corne (AKA Fort St. Louis) about 20 miles below the Forks of the Saskatchewan.
* 1755: Anthony Henday, after possibly sighting the Rocky Mountains, returned eastwards to HBC forts at Hudson Bay, possibly travelling down the North Saskatchewan River from near Edmonton.
* 1759: With the Conquest, trade collapses. It takes the English about 15 years to restore it.
* 1768: James Findlay at Nipawin.
* 1774: HBC builds Cumberland House, Saskatchewan downstream from Fort de la Corne. (this is the "first" HBC inland post and is at the join of the Sturgeon-Weir River and the Saskatchewan River so is the gateway to Lake Athabasca, in the Mackenzie River system)
* 1774: English "Pedlars" from Montreal have trading post below the Forks of the Saskatchewan.
* 1775 Peter Pond builds trading post in the northwest corner of Lake Dauphin.
* 1776: North Saskatchewan reached at Fort Sturgeon.
* 1781: Cold Lake House (NWC).
* 1786: HBC's Manchester House and NWC's Pine Island Fort, about 50 kms east of Lloydminster.
* 1789: Angus Shaw of the North West Company built a post on the northwest shore of Moose Lake (Alberta) in the Beaver River watershed. It is called Fort Lac L'Orignal or Shaw House.
* 1792: First posts in Alberta on the North Saskatchewan River - NWC's Fort George and HBC's Buckingham House, near Elk Point
* 1793: NWC's Alexander Mackenzie crosses North America, arriving on the west coast on July 22, 1793
* 1795: Fort Edmonton at present-day Fort Saskatchewan
* 1799: Rocky Mountain House.
* 1807: David Thompson crossed the Rocky Mountains at Howse Pass.
* 1812: James Bird and his HBC workers start to build Fort Edmonton in downtown Edmonton, starting record of permanent inhabitation of the City of Edmonton.

## Map and table

Most of the posts lasted less than ten years because the area became depleted of beaver and because the wooden stockades tended to rot. The major or permanent posts on the North Saskatchewan River were Cumberland House, Fort Pitt, Fort Carlton, Edmonton and Rocky Mountain House. Especially in the east there were a number of minor temporary posts that left few or no records. Until 1811, fur traders affiliated with the NWC and HBC maintained very amicable relations to the extent that the rival posts were often enclosed within the same palisades for mutual protections. After 1811, however, competition between the HBC and the NWC became increasingly intense (Blondal et al. 2008). .
Fur Trade Posts on the Saskatchewan and North Saskatchewan Rivers :
| Paint CreekBuck- inghaml'IsleEdmonton#3Edmonton#1EdmontonRocky Mountain HouseFort Chipewyanclass=notpageimage| Alberta | Cumberland HouseNipawinla CorneSturgeonCarltonPine IslandFort PittTo Athabasca Countryclass=notpageimage| Saskatchewan | Ft BourbonPaskoyaYork FactoryTo Hudson BayTo MontrealWinnipegclass=notpageimage| Manitoba |
| Red square = French foundation |||
In the table below locations are given by longitude and approximate straight-line distance from the post or landmark to the east. The straight-line distance from Lake Winnipeg to Howse pass is about 1,200 km or 750 miles. For Pedlars see Pedlar (fur trade). For the XY Company see North West Company#Organizational history.
| longitude | distance | post | years | owner | notes |
| 099.25W | 0 | Fort Bourbon#1 | 1741 | French | mouth of the river at Lake Winnipeg |
| 100.66W | +100 km NW | Fort Paskoya#1 | 1741 | French | mouth of the river on Cedar Lake |
| 101.75W | +90 km W | ==Saskatchewan border | | | |
| 102.30W | +35 km W | Cumberland House, Saskatchewan | 1774 | HBC | Depot, on Cumberland Lake, gateway to the Athabasca Country |
| 104.02W | +130 km SW | Nipawin, Saskatchewan | 1768-1795? | Pedlar | |
| 104.80W | +55 km W | Fort de la Corne | 1753 | French | |
| ???.??W | ? | Fort La Jonquière | 1751 | French | the westernmost French fort, location unknown |
| 105.08W | +20 km W | -- Saskatchewan River Forks | | | the only significant fort on the South Saskatchewan was South Branch House |
| 105.86W | +50 km W | Fort Sturgeon | 1776-1780 | Pedlar | first post on the North Saskatchewan. La montee begins 40 miles west of Prince Albert |
| 106.49W | +55 km SW | Fort Carlton | 1810-1885 | HBC | Depot |
| 107.39W | +75 km SW | --southernmost point on river | | | |
| 109.07W | +150 km NW | Pine Island Fort, Manchester House | 1786-1793 | Pedlar,NWC,HBC | |
| 109.75W | +60 km NW | Fort Pitt (Saskatchewan) | 1829-1890 | HBC | Depot |
| 110.00W | +15 km W | ==Alberta border | | | |
| 110.34W | +20 km W | Paint Creek House, Fort Vermillion | 1802-1816 | HBC,NWC | |
| 110.76W | +35 km NW | Buckingham House, Fort George | 1792-1800 | HBC,NWC | |
| 111.16W | +30 km WSW | Fort de l'Isle | 1800-1808 | XY,NWC,HBC | |
| 112.23W | +80 km NW | Fort Edmonton#3, Fort Augustus#3 | 1810-1812 | HBC,NWC | northernmost point on the river |
| 113.17W | +70 km SW | Fort Edmonton#1, Fort Agustus#1 | 1795-1801 | HBC,NWC | |
| 113.50W | +33 km SW | Fort Edmonton#2,#4, Fort Augustus#2,#4 | 1795-1915 | HBC,NWC | Depot, at Edmonton, Alberta; road north to Fort Assiniboine, Alberta |
| 114.92W | +160 km SW | Rocky Mountain House, Alberta, Acton House | 1799-1876 | NWC,HBC |
| 116.75W | +135 km WSW | --Howse Pass | 1807 | | over the Rocky Mountains, rarely used, the main route after 1825 was Athabasca Pass, Fort Assiniboine, Edmonton |