OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Under keel clearance

In seafaring, under keel clearance (UKC) is the vertical distance between seabed and the keel or hull of a ship. It is used to ensure sufficient navigable water is available for ships at sea. Master mariners should ensure there is sufficient minimum UKC for their ships; ports should ensure sufficient minimum UKC for the type and draft of ships due to arrive in the port. Ships typically calculate their UKC to meet criteria for ports to minimise the risk of maritime incidents. The minimum UKC determined includes a safety margin.

## Methods of calculation

At a basic level, it is typically calculated in metres using the formula:
    UKC = Charted Depth − Draft -/+ Height of Tide
Ship masters and deck officers can obtain the depth of water from Electronic navigational charts. More dynamic or advanced calculations include safety margins for manoeuvring effects and squat.
Computer systems and software can be used to manage and calculate UKC for ships and ports. These include systems that dynamically manage UKC using models, forecasting and calculations.
The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) sets a Standard for UKC Management for software and systems: S-129 Under Keel Clearance Management.

## Uses and requirements

For US waters, the US Code of Federal Regulations require ships and their masters to calculate UKC based on the ship's deepest navigational draft.33 CFR 157.450 The regulations require the master to discuss the UKC calculation with the maritime pilot as the ship approaches US ports/waters.33 CFR 157.450
The Australian Maritime Safety Authority state that maintaining adequate UKC is important for safe navigation in the Torres Strait.
Inadequate UKC, caused by shallow water and squat may lead to ship groundings. In 2019, the UK Marine Accident Investigation Branch found that indequate UKC contributed towards the grounding of the ro/ro freight ferry MS Stena Performer.
Changes in water level may cause issues with adequate UKC for ships. For example, recent water level reductions in the Panama Canal have reduced UKC for ships meaning some ships are not able to transit the canal.
# Ashish Kumar Saha

Ashish Kumar Saha is an Indian politician from Tripura, India. He is currently serving as President of Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee.
In the 2018 assembly elections, he represented Town Bardowali constituency in West Tripura in Tripura Legislative Assembly.

## Political career

In 2016, he was one of the six MLAs from Indian National Congress who joined Trinamool Congress, due to unhappiness with the party because of allying with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election.
On 23 December 2016, Saha demanded that Tripura Forest and Rural development Minister Naresh Jamatia (CPI-M) be removed over a sex scandal that Jamatia was allegedly involved in.
In August 2017, he was one of the six MLAs from Trinamool Congress who joined Bharatiya Janata Party. In 2022 he rejoined Indian National Congress.
# Seminyak

Seminyak is a mixed tourist residential area on the west coast of Bali in Indonesia, just north of Kuta and Legian.
Originally a separate township, this is now another suburb of Kuta. This area is very popular with resident expatriates; land and accommodation prices are amongst the highest in Bali. Plenty of luxury spas and hotels abound. Owing to its high density of high-end shopping, combined with the clustering of many fine eating establishments, it has rapidly become one of the most well-known tourist areas on the island.
In addition to a few commercial strips with popular and lively restaurants, bars, villas, and good crafts/furniture shops there is at least one hotel.
Jalan Raya Seminyak (more often referred to as Jalan Legian), runs parallel with the beach, bisecting the district and acts as its main road artery.
# William Merritt

William Merritt may refer to:
* William Merritt Chase (1849–1916), American painter
* Guy William "Tripp" Merritt III (1968–2020), American football coach
* William "Schute" Merritt (1910 or 1911–1988), American baseball player
* William Merritt (mayor) (died 1708), Dutch politician
* William H. Merritt (1821–1890), American politician and journalist
* William Hamilton Merritt (1793–1862), Canadian politician
* William Hamilton Merritt III (1855–1918), Canadian soldier
* William "Willie" Merritt (1782–1961), American football player and attorney
* William Merritt Steger (1920–2006), American judge
# Eric G. Bruggink

Eric Gerard Bruggink (born September 11, 1949) is a senior judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims, having served as an active member of that court from 1986 to 2001.

## Early life, education, and career

Born in Kalidjati, West Java, Indonesia, Bruggink became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1960. He received a Bachelor of Arts in sociology from Auburn University in 1971, cum laude, a Master of Arts in speech from that institution the following year, and a Juris Doctor from the University of Alabama School of Law in 1975, where he was a Hugo Black Scholar and Note and Comments Editor of the Alabama Law Review.
He was a law clerk to Judge Frank Hampton McFadden of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama from 1975 to 1976, and then entered private practice as an associate with the firm of Hardwick, Hause & Segrest in Dothan, Alabama from 1976 to 1977. He was an assistant director of the Alabama Law Institute from 1977 to 1979, during which time he established the Office of Energy and Environmental Law and served as its first director. He then returned to private practice as an associate with the law firm of Steiner, Crum & Baker in Montgomery, Alabama until 1982. Bruggink was appointed Director, Office of Appeals Counsel of the U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board in November 1982, and served in that position until his appointment as judge of the Court of Federal Claims.

### Claims court service

On January 21, 1986, Bruggink was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to what was then the United States Claims Court, to a seat vacated by Harry Eugene Wood. Bruggink was confirmed by the Senate on April 15, 1986, and received his commission on April 16, 1986. He entered into duty on April 21, 1986, and assumed senior status on April 16, 2001.

## Personal life

Bruggink married the former Melinda Harris, with whom he has two sons, John and David. He speaks Dutch, from his Indonesian upbringing. He is a member of the Alabama State Bar, the District of Columbia Bar, and the Federal Circuit Bar.
# C/1961 T1 (Seki)

C/1961 T1 (Seki) is a long-period comet discovered by Tsutomu Seki on 10 October 1961. The comet has been identified as the parent body of the December ρ-Virginids meteor shower.

## Observational history

The comet was discovered on 10 October 1961 by Tsutomu Seki from Kochi, Japan. He used a 9-cm refractor, which had a larger field of view than his previous reflector telescope, to sweep the southeastern sky before the start of twilight. He quickly spotted the comet 10 degrees above the horizon in the constellation of Leo and estimated its magnitude at 7–8. The comet was then at perihelion and at an elongation of 31 degrees.
The presence of the comet was confirmed by Minoru Honda on 11 October, and he described the comet as diffuse, with central concentration and a magnitude of 8. The comet reached its northernmost declination on 14 October, at 14° north. On that day the comet was reported by Ahnert to have a tail 4 degrees long, while George Alcock estimated the comet to have an apparent magnitude of 7. Elias and Phocas observed the comet from Athens Observatory and noted that the nucleus and had split in three on 17 October and there were bright condensations around the nucleus on 19 October. On the 25 October Elizabeth Roemer estimated using binoculars, that the comet had an apparent magnitude of 6.5.
The comet brightened in November, as it approached Earth, and was moving rapidly southwards. The comet was first reported to be visible with the naked eye on 11 November, with brightness estimates between 4.5 and 5.5. The comet approached Earth to a distance of 0.102 AU on 15 November 1961. S. Archer from Rhodes University, South Africa, estimated that the comet peaked at an apparent magnitude of 4.3 and its coma was up to 40 arcminutes across. John Caister Bennett estimated the comet had an apparent magnitude of 4 on 13 and 15 November. The comet reached its southernmost declination of 16 November, at -69°. After that the comet faded quickly and on 4 December its magnitude was reported to be 8.4. It was last detected on 29 December 1961.

## Meteor showers

The comet approaches Earth to a distance of 0.08 AU and thus it was suggested from 1961 that is could be a source of meteors. Mathematical models indicate that the meteor stream of the comet evolved into two filaments. The shower associated with the first filament was identified as the December ρ-Virginids, while the other shower was identified as the γ-Sagittariids.
# C/1962 C1 (Seki–Lines)

C/1962 C1 (Seki–Lines), also known as Comet Seki–Lines and 1962c, was a hyperbolic comet discovered independently by Richard D. Lines and Tsutomu Seki on 4 February 1962. The comet became very bright in April 1962, as passed its perihelion on 1 April at a distance of 0.031 AU (4.6 million km; 2.9 million mi), thus becoming the Great Comet of 1962.

## Observational history

The comet was discovered independently by Richard D. Lines and Tsutomu Seki on 4 February 1962. The comet then was located near ζ Puppis and its apparent magnitude was estimated by the Lowell Observatory to be 8 two days later. At the end of February and early March the comet became visible by naked eye, as it crossed the constellations of Eridanus and Cetus. The comet brightened rapidly and by 27 March its magnitude was estimated to be 0 to -1. The comet reached its perihelion on 1 April 1962, at a distance of about 4 million km (0.027 AU) from the Sun, and although it should have been bright enough, no daylight observations were reported.
After perihelion the comet became visible in the northwestern evening twilight on 3 April, with an estimated magnitude of -2.5. The comet had a slightly curved tail whose reported length was 10 to 15 degrees. The tail featured small striae in photographs. The tail also appeared split to in two. The comet faded rapidly during April, as its distance to both the Sun and Earth increased and could no longer be observed by the end of the month. At late May the comet remained low as it moved in conjunction with the Sun. It was last photographed on May 30, with the comet located low in twilight. Its tail was measured to be 2.5 arcminutes in length.
The comet was reobserved photographically on 27 and 28 October 1962 and on 27 November 1962 by the Flagstaff observatory. The comet was last observed on 25 January 1963, as photographic attempts in February failed to locate the comet.

## Scientific results

The spectrum of the comet before perihelion was similar to that of comet Mrkos, having similar intensity of diatomic carbon and NH$_2$. Also present were the [O I] and the sodium D-line, which had spatial asymmetry.
# List of ambassadors of the United States to Vanuatu

Diplomatic presence of the United States of America in Vanuatu began in September 1986 when the latter established diplomatic ties with U.S. The United States Embassy in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea handles the U.S. interests in Vanuatu. In addition to Papua New Guinea, United States Ambassador to Papua New Guinea is accredited to both Vanuatu and Solomon Islands.

## Ambassadors

| Name | Title | Appointed | Presented credentials | Terminated mission |
| Paul Fisher Gardner – Career FSO | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | September 7, 1984 | | October 1, 1986 |
| Everett E. Bierman | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | March 13, 1987 | April 10, 1987 | October 30, 1989 |
| Robert William Farrand – Career FSO | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | March 8, 1990 | June 25, 1990 | September 13, 1993 |
| Richard W. Teare – Career FSO | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | October 8, 1993 | July 11, 1994 | July 14, 1996 |
| Arma Jane Karaer – Career FSO | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | February 10, 1997 | April 15, 1997 | May 28, 2000 |
| Susan S. Jacobs – Career FSO | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | June 14, 2000 | November 29, 2000 | August 1, 2003 |
| Robert W. Fitts – Career FSO | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | July 1, 2003 | October 3, 2003 | October 2, 2006 |
| Leslie V. Rowe – Career FSO | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | July 5, 2006 | December 7, 2006 | July 11, 2009 |
| Teddy B. Taylor – Career FSO | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | August 12, 2009 | February 2, 2010 | October 6, 2012 |
| Walter North – Career FSO | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | September 27, 2012 | February 19, 2013 | January 22, 2016 |
| Catherine Ebert-Gray – Career FSO | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | December 15, 2015 | July 5, 2016 | November 17, 2019 |
| Erin Elizabeth McKee – Career FSO | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | September 30, 2019 | January 27, 2020 | April 14, 2022 |
| Ann M. Yastishock - Career FSO | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | November 29, 2023 | April 16, 2024 | Incumbent |
# List of ambassadors of the United States to Yemen

This is a list of ambassadors of the United States to Yemen.
Before 1990, Yemen had consisted of two states: North Yemen and South Yemen. The United States had diplomatic relations with North Yemen since 1946. Relations with South Yemen had been established in 1967 and broken in 1969.
On May 22, 1990, the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) united and formed a united Republic of Yemen. The existing U.S. embassy in San'a (North Yemen) became the embassy for the new republic. At that time, there was no U.S. ambassador to South Yemen, so the then-current ambassador to North Yemen Charles Franklin Dunbar, continued to serve as the ambassador to united Yemen until the end of his tour in 1991.
The U.S. Embassy in Sanaa suspended operations on February 11, 2015, and all U.S. personnel were withdrawn after security conditions deteriorated in the midst of the Yemeni civil war; however, the United States did not sever diplomatic relations with Yemen. Working from the U.S. Embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia under the authority of the U.S. Ambassador to Yemen, U.S. diplomats in the Yemen Affairs Unit maintained regular dialogue with the Republic of Yemen Government.
For U.S. ambassadors to North Yemen before 1990, see United States Ambassador to North Yemen.
For U.S. ambassadors to South Yemen prior to 1990, see United States Ambassador to South Yemen.

## List of ambassadors

| # | Ambassador | Appointed | Presentation | Term end | Appointer |
| 1 | Charles Franklin Dunbar | June 16, 1988 | August 14, 1988 | June 13, 1991 | Ronald Reagan |
| 2 | Arthur Hayden Hughes | August 2, 1991 | October 19, 1991 | November 7, 1994 | George H. W. Bush |
| 3 | David George Newton | October 5, 1994 | January 8, 1995 | December 16, 1997 | Bill Clinton |
| 4 | Barbara Bodine | November 7, 1997 | December 22, 1997 | August 30, 2001 | Bill Clinton |
| 5 | Edmund Hull | August 7, 2001 | October 1, 2001 | March 13, 2004 | George W. Bush |
| 6 | Thomas C. Krajeski | May 12, 2004 | August 16, 2004 | April 16, 2007 | George W. Bush |
| 7 | Stephen Seche | July 2, 2007 | September 5, 2007 | May 17, 2010 | George W. Bush |
| 8 | Gerald M. Feierstein | September 17, 2010 | September 25, 2010 | September 27, 2013 | Barack Obama |
| 9 | Matthew H. Tueller | May 8, 2014 | May 27, 2014 | May 16, 2019 | Barack Obama |
| 10 | Christopher P. Henzel | January 7, 2019 | May 20, 2019 | May 2021 | Donald Trump |
| 10 | Steven Fagin | April 7, 2022 | June 1, 2022 | Incumbent | Joe Biden |
# Montchaude

Montchaude (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Montmérac.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1793 | 1,016 | — |
| 1800 | 1,022 | +0.6% |
| 1806 | 1,047 | +2.4% |
| 1821 | 1,000 | −4.5% |
| 1831 | 933 | −6.7% |
| 1841 | 909 | −2.6% |
| 1846 | 862 | −5.2% |
| 1851 | 871 | +1.0% |
| 1856 | 850 | −2.4% |
| 1861 | 805 | −5.3% |
| 1866 | 817 | +1.5% |
| 1872 | 766 | −6.2% |
| 1876 | 745 | −2.7% |
| 1881 | 721 | −3.2% |
| 1886 | 673 | −6.7% |
| 1891 | 623 | −7.4% |
| 1896 | 624 | +0.2% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1901 | 602 | −3.5% |
| 1906 | 620 | +3.0% |
| 1911 | 590 | −4.8% |
| 1921 | 519 | −12.0% |
| 1926 | 507 | −2.3% |
| 1931 | 503 | −0.8% |
| 1936 | 478 | −5.0% |
| 1946 | 456 | −4.6% |
| 1954 | 429 | −5.9% |
| 1962 | 420 | −2.1% |
| 1968 | 395 | −6.0% |
| 1975 | 441 | +11.6% |
| 1982 | 454 | +2.9% |
| 1990 | 463 | +2.0% |
| 1999 | 515 | +11.2% |
| 2008 | 518 | +0.6% |
# Ivica Senzen

Ivan "Ivica" Senzen (born 4 May 1951 in Sisak) is a Croatian retired footballer.

## Playing career

After beginning his career at his hometown club Metalac Sisak, Senzen was picked up by Dinamo Zagreb in 1970. Senzen spent the next nine years playing for the club, and had appeared in a total of 447 matches and scored 103 goals for the club (206 appearances and 29 goals in the Yugoslav First League), in a generation that featured other notable players such as Drago Vabec, Zlatko Kranjčar, and Velimir Zajec.
In 1979, he moved to Germany where he spent three seasons playing for 1860 Munich, and scored 8 goals in 82 appearances for the German side. He then moved on to Austria Klagenfurt, where he played between 1982 and 1986, before returning to Croatia and spending two years with Jugokeramika (later known as Inter Zaprešić) and then two years with Radnik Velika Gorica, before retiring in 1990.

## Managerial career

After retiring from active football, Senzen turned to managing and coaching. He first worked at Radnik's youth academy for a year, before taking over as club's manager and winning promotion to Prva HNL in 1991. Between 1991 and 1999 he managed several Croatian clubs, before coming to Dinamo Zagreb in 1999 as assistant manager to Ilija Lončarević. Dinamo won the championship title that season, and Senzen stayed at the club working at Dinamo's academy.
He worked as a coach of the youngest age group at the Dinamo academy, the Zagići II (under-8 team) and occasionally does scouting for the club, bringing in youth players to Dinamo.
In September 2015 he was named manager of NK Lukavac and took the reins at HNK Tigar Rakitje in September 2017.

## Personal life

As of 2020, his son Ivica Senzen jr. also works at Dinamo as a youth coach.
# Luis Alberto Riart

Luis Alberto Riart Vera (21 June 1880 – 1 October 1953) was a Paraguayan politician and President of Paraguay from 17 March 1924 to 15 August 1924.

## Biography

Between 1906 and 1916 he was President of the Instituto Paraguayo (Paraguayan Institute), Paraguay's foremost intellectual institution at the time. In 1913 he participated in the foundation of the Patriotic Union, of which he was in charge along with Emilio Aceval. He was in charge also of the Instituto de Alta Cultura Paraguayo-Argentino (Institute of Paraguayan-Argentine Culture).
He was Minister of Finance of Paraguay between 1916 and 1917.
In 1913 he was member of the Comisión de Códigos (Code Commission); in 1916 he was Minister of the Interior during the government of Manuel Franco.
Because he had some disagreements with José Pedro Montero, he left public service on August 25, 1919. On April 12, 1923 he was appointed Minister of Finance of Paraguay in the provisional cabinet of Eligio Ayala. In 1924 he was substitute in the War and Navy Department.
When Eligio Ayala renounced the presidency on March 17, 1924, Riart took charge of the government until August 15, and afterwards presented himself as candidate in the next elections.
His ministers were: Belisario Rivarola, in the Department of the Interior, Rogelio Ibarra in Foreign Relations, Lisandro Díaz de León in the Justice and Culture Department, Eliseo Da Rosa in the Treasury Department and Colonel Manlio Schenoni Lugo in War and Navy.
In education, he filled the empty seats in educational institutions with the help of Clementina Irrazábal and the Lieutenant Juan Manuel Garay.
In May 1924 the government recognized many teachers from the Escuela Normal of Barrero Grande and the distinguished teacher Pedro Aguilera was promoted to professor. The careers of Public Translator and Consular were incorporated to the study program of the Escuela de Comercio (Business School). In 1928 he presented his candidature to the presidency in the convention of his party, but lost by a few votes.
In 1931 he was Minister of Finance of Paraguay. In 1931 he occupied that position briefly during the government of González Navero, until 1932. José Patricio Guggiari appointed him as Economy Director.
Between 1935 and 1936 he was State Secretary during the government of Eusebio Ayala.
Being Chancellor, in 1935 he signed the agreement of Peace called Riart-Elio, that finished the border problem with Bolivia. On 21 July 1938 he signed the Agreement of Peace, Friendship and Limits with Bolivia. In 1939 he became Vice President of Paraguay in the cabinet of Marshal José Félix Estigarribia. Riart retired after the overthrow of the government on 18 February 1940.
# Enorches

Enorchus (Ancient Greek: Ἐνόρχης) or Enorches (Enorchês) is a figure from Greek mythology for whom the only surviving sources are scholia on the Alexandra of Lycophron.
According to the scholia, Enorchus was a son of Thyestes by his sister Daeta (or Daesa) and was born out of an egg. He built a temple to Dionysus, which is given as the explanation for the fact that Enorches is also an epithet of Dionysus. According to the scholia it is his epithet at Lesbos, though Hesychius states – without giving a reason or mentioning the son of Thyestes – that the place was Samos.

## Depiction

Enorchus is possibly represented on an oil jar (lekythos) from around 430–425 BCE. The image depicts an altar on which rests an egg, within which is an infant – naked except for a necklace of amulets – who reaches towards a woman standing to the right as she stares at the altar.
The identification is, however, heavily contested, with Helen of Troy being offered as a more probable identification (the woman thus being Leda). In favour of the identification as Enorchus, Lesley Beaumont points out that the hairstyle of the infant matches the common representation of that of infant boys on red-figure iconography, and Gratia Berger-Doer argues that the amulet necklace around his neck identifies him as a so-called 'temple boy'.
Nina Zimmermann-Elseify, however, argues that the fact that this type of figure on oenochoae is usually a male infant can be explained by the painter not having access to a pattern for painting female infants. Lilly Kahil and Noëlle Icard further note that it is more likely to be Helen based on the far greater popularity of the myths surrounding Helen's birth from an egg.