OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Humphreys County High School

Humphreys County High School (HCHS) is a public senior high school in Belzoni, Mississippi, United States and a part of the Humphreys County School District.
The attendance boundary of the school district, and therefore the school's attendance boundary, is all of Humphreys County.

## History

After the school integrated racially (sometime around 1970), black students had protested against verbal abuse used against black students by the principal, a white person; white teachers giving failing grades to black students; and the calling of black students "nigger" and "nigra".
# Rufius Probianus

Rufius Probianus (fl. 400 AD) was a vicarius of the Late Roman Empire. He is known from an ivory diptych on which he appears with his right hand lifted in an oratorical gesture to indicate that he is either speaking or has the right to speak.

## The Ivory Diptych of Rufius Probianus
### Background

It is not known for certain when the ivory diptych of Rufius Probianus was created, it is believed to be dated to between the years 396 AD and 416 AD. However in the year 384 the emperor of the eastern empire, Theodosius I, decided to enact a law that forbid the issuance of gold and diptychs made of ivory by anyone other than a consul. There is evidence of diptychs being created that appear to be in opposition of this law and many scholars believe that the law was ignored, or that special permission was given to allow the creation of these ivory diptychs. Rufius Probianus was but one example of a lesser official issuing an ivory diptych as he was only vicarius of the city of Rome, a station well below that of a consul. Another famous example of a Roman official who presented diptychs in opposition of the law was Aurelius Symmachus who issued diptychs to his son to celebrate his achievements.
Despite diptychs presumably being banned at the time of Theodosius rule, he was only emperor of the eastern half of the empire. It is believed by some that the laws passed by the emperors of each half of the Roman empire, often only applied to the territories where they were enacted. This would mean that the law may not have held in the western half of the empire where Rufius Probianus held office in Rome.

### Location

The Diptych has traveled around through the years and can be linked to Werden Abbey where it was paired with the Vita Secunda manuscript into a book box. From there it was acquired by the Library in Münster and then purchased by the Berlin State Library, which is owned by the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation, where it currently resides.

### Construction and Features

The diptych itself is very ornate. Most diptychs are carved out of ivory and have two plates that are connected through some sort of hinge. Both plates of the Probianus diptych are nearly identical in size with dimensions of approximately 317 mm x 129 mm. There are two inscriptions on the diptych. The first inscription along the top reads "Rufius Probianus is vicarius of the city of Rome". The second inscription is inside the left panel on a scroll that Probianus appears to be writing in and reads "May Probianus prosper!" The right panel shows Probianus seated with his right arm up and holding up two fingers. In both panels Probianus is flanked by two notaries on either side and what could be petitioners below. There are busts of the current Roman emperors in the background behind Probianus.
# Virginia State Route 137

State Route 137 (SR 137) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. The state highway runs 12.03 miles (19.36 km) from SR 40 in Kenbridge east to SR 46 at Danieltown. SR 137 runs concurrently with SR 138 in eastern Lunenburg County and connects Kenbridge with SR 46, the main north–south highway of Brunswick County.

## Route description

SR 137 begins at an intersection with SR 40 (Broad Street) in the town of Kenbridge. This intersection is also the northern terminus of SR 138, which runs concurrently with SR 137 southeast along 5th Avenue. The two highways exit the town as Dundas Road, which curves to the south and crosses over an abandoned railroad grade. At Lafoons Corner, SR 138 continues south as South Hill Road toward South Hill while SR 137 turns east to remain on Dundas Road. The state highway crosses over the former rail line again, then turns right at SR 645 (Jonesboro Road) to remain on Dundas Road, which parallels the abandoned rail line to the hamlet of Dundas. SR 137 turns south at the northern segment of SR 603 (Potts Spring Road), intersects the former rail line, and turns east again at the southern segment of SR 603 (Mill Pond Road). East of Dundas, the state highway crosses the Lunenburg–Brunswick county line. SR 137 continues on Danieltown Road to its eastern terminus at SR 46 (Christanna Highway) at the hamlet of Danieltown.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Lunenburg | Kenbridge | 0.00 | 0.00 | SR 40 (Broad Street) | Western terminus; western end of SR 138 concurrency |
| Lunenburg | Bishops Corner | 3.80 | 6.12 | SR 138 south (South Hill Road) / SR 609 (Afton Grove Road) – South Hill | Eastern end of SR 138 concurrency |
| Brunswick | Danieltown | 12.03 | 19.36 | SR 46 (Christanna Highway) – Blackstone, Fort Barfoot, Lawrenceville | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus ||||||
# Olenus (trilobite)

Olenus is a genus of Upper Cambrian ptychopariid trilobite.

## Distribution

Olenus can be found in the British Isles, India, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Newfoundland, Texas, South Korea, and Australia.
* O. haimantensis occurs in the Middle Cambrian of India (upper part of the Parahio Formation, left bank of the Parahio/Barachu river, above the Moopa camping ground, Spiti).

## Ecology

Fossils of Olenus are commonly found in dark mudstones, which were deposited on the seafloor in environments with low oxygen levels. The very wide side lobes (or pleurae) are thought to have shielded extended gills, which would have helped the animal absorb the maximum amount of oxygen possible in such an environment. Evidence also suggests that Olenus and its relatives may have developed a symbiotic relationship with sulfate-reducing bacteria, either by feeding on them or by absorbing nutrients directly from them.

## Taxonomy
### Species previously assigned to Olenus

* O. forficula = Ceratopyge forficula
* O. pecten = Ctenopyge pecten
* O. punctatus = Asteropyge punctata
* O. thompsoni = Olenellus thompsoni
* O. zoppii = Dolerolenus zoppii

### Species that may be confused with Olenus

* The bug Anchodelphax olenus
* The extant beetle Olenecamptus olenus.
* The fossil waterbeetle Limnoxenus olenus.
* The ant Polyrhachis olenus.
* The ladyslipper orchid Paphiopedilum "Olenus".

## Description

Size: Up to 1.5 in (4 cm) long. It had up to 15 thoracic segments, with a narrow axis and wide pleurae.
# Andronikos Doukas (cousin of Michael VII)

Andronikos Doukas, Latinized as Andronicus Ducas, (Greek: Ανδρόνικος Δούκας; died 14 October 1077) was a protovestiarios and protoproedros of the Byzantine Empire.

## Life

Andronikos Doukas was son of the Caesar John Doukas and Eirene Pegonitissa. His father was a brother of Emperor Constantine X Doukas. His maternal grandfather was Niketas Pegonites. Andronikos himself was a first cousin of Michael VII Doukas.
In 1071 Andronikos was the commander of a section of the Byzantine army in the campaign of Romanos IV Diogenes against the Seljuk Turks of Alp Arslan. Commanding the rearguard of the army during the Battle of Manzikert, Andronikos announced that the emperor had been cut down and deserted from the battlefield. He was widely blamed for causing the crushing defeat of the Byzantine forces and the subsequent capture of Romanos IV by the enemy.
In 1072, after Romanos had been released by Alp Arslan, Andronikos and his brother Constantine were sent out by Michael VII and their father the Caesar John to intercept him. They defeated Romanos and hunted him down in Cilicia. It was Andronikos who finally obtained Romanos' surrender and conducted him towards Constantinople. In spite of his former hatred for the deposed emperor, Andronikos is said to have opposed his blinding on 29 June 1072.
In an act of 1073, he is recorded with his titles as protoproedros, protovestiarios and megas domestikos, which Michael Attaleiates clarifies as being the post of domestikos ton scholon of the East, which he had been given when sent against Diogenes.
In 1074, together with his father, Andronikos commanded the imperial army against the rebel mercenaries led by Roussel de Bailleul. Both were captured by the rebels, who released the badly wounded Andronikos to allow him to seek proper medical treatment in Constantinople. There he recovered for a few years, but in October 1077 died of an edema.

## Family

Andronikos Doukas married Maria of Bulgaria, daughter of Troian, a son of Emperor Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria. Maria of Bulgaria and Andronikos Doukas had seven children:
* Michael Doukas
* Constantine Doukas
* Stephen Doukas
* John Doukas
* Irene Doukaina, who married Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.
* Anna Doukaina, who married George Palaiologos
* Theodora Doukaina, a nun
# NMS Marsuinul

NMS Marsuinul (The Porpoise) was a submarine of the Romanian Navy, one of the few warships built in Romania during the Second World War. She was the largest Romanian-built submarine and the most powerful and modern Axis submarine in the Black Sea.

## Construction and specifications

Marsuinul was designed by NV Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw in the Hague, at first bearing the designation S-2. Her design was an improvement of the earlier Vetehinen-class of the Finnish Navy. She was laid down at the Galați shipyard in 1938 and launched on 4 May 1941. She had a standard (surfaced) displacement of 620 tons, a length of 58 meters, a beam of 5.6 meters and a draught of 3.6 meters. Her power plant consisted of two MAN diesel engines and two electric motors powering two shafts, giving her a top speed of 16 knots on surface and 9 knots in immersion. She was armed with one 105 mm deck gun, one 37 mm anti-aircraft gun and six 533 mm torpedo tubes (four in the bow and two in the stern), her crew amounting to 45. Her maximum diving depth was of 110 meters with a range of over 8,000 nautical miles.

## Career

Marsuinul was commissioned, like her half-sister Rechinul, in May 1943. She spent almost a year undergoing sea drills and tests, along with Rechinul, only being declared ready for action in April 1944. She carried out only one patrol mission, between 11 and 27 May 1944, along the Turkish coast, between Eregli and Trabzon, and near the Soviet port of Batumi. Shortly after she departed, she was attacked by German warships off Varna, Bulgaria, after being mistaken for a Soviet submarine. After reaching Batumi, she was spotted several times by Soviet forces, each time being attacked with depth charges by Soviet warships and aircraft. On 19 May alone, 43 Soviet depth charges were dropped on her. On 20 May, a Soviet submarine launched a torpedo at her, which missed. The submarine subsequently called for submarine chasers, which dropped 31 more depth charges. On 21 May, she was again attacked with 43 depth charges, as she began her trip back home. After a perilous journey, she reached Constanța at the end of the month with no damage and no casualties.

## Fate

She was captured by Soviet forces after the 23 August 1944 coup and commissioned as TS-2 on 20 October. She was sunk at Poti on 20 February 1945 by the accidental explosion of one of her own torpedoes. She was later raised, repaired, and recommissioned as N-40 in August 1947. She was renamed S-40 in June 1949 and scrapped after November 1950.

## German propaganda

The German Propaganda Department made the most of the launching of the two Romanian submarines in May 1941, implying that these would be the first of a steady supply which would reinforce the Axis in the Black Sea.
# St Clement's High School

St Clement's High School is a coeducational secondary school with academy status, located in the village of Terrington St Clement, in the English county of Norfolk.

## History

Having at first been judged one of the most improved comprehensives in England in 2000, St. Clement's was judged to be inadequate in March 2013 after an Ofsted inspection and was placed in special measures.
The school converted to academy status on 1 February 2014. St Clement's High School became part of the West Norfolk Academies Trust alongside three other high schools and a number of primary schools.
In January 2017, an Ofsted inspection judged the school to be good, citing the work of a "diligent headteacher" and stating that "The historic low performance, and poor pupil behaviour, of the predecessor school are in the past".

## Academics

Virtually all maintained schools and academies follow the National Curriculum, and are inspected by Ofsted on how well they succeed in delivering a 'broad and balanced curriculum'. The school has to decide whether to try to compress the three year Key Stage 3 into two. St Clements has decided that it is more important to give its students a broad basic education before starting the GCSE exam orientated Key Stage 4. St Clement features overseas residential trips to Berlin, New York and the World War I battlefields. There are biennial ski- trips to Austria. Parents are given two years warning so they can save up- and to maximise the number of students who can participate.

### Key Stage 3

Students are taught in five ability groups. Each student is placed in a separate ability set for English and Maths and in a third ability set for all other subjects as shown below. Ability sets are reviewed regularly to ensure each student is appropriately placed.
Key Stage 3 :
| Core ||||
| Maths | Maths | English | English |
| Other ||||
| Art | Citizenship | Design and Technology | Drama |
| French | Geography | History | ICT |
| PE | Science | Music | |
During year 9 students provision of CIAG will increase and students will be given more focused careers guidance and subject advice in preparation for choosing their options for KS4. From September 2020 students make their decisions in the Summer term of Year 9 and start their GCSE courses at the start of Year 10.

### Key Stage 4

All students follow courses in English, maths, science and PE. In addition, all students must study history, geography or French, and they then choose up to three additional subjects from those available as shown in the table below:
Key Stage 4 :
| Core ||||
| Maths | English | Science | PHRE |
| French | Geography | History | Core PE |
| Options (three chosen) ||||
| Art | Business Studies | Catering & Hospitality | Citizenship |
| Design and Technology | Drama | ICT | PE |
| Photography | Music | Religious Studies | |
The statutory content in Religious Studies is covered in PSHE.
# Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan

The Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan (KGUMSB) (Dzongkha: གེ་སར་རྒྱལ་པོ་གསོ་རིག་གཙུག་ལག་སློབ་སྡེ) is a medical university located in Thimphu, Bhutan. Founded in 2013, it is the first medical university to be established in Bhutan.

## History

In 2012, the government decided to establish the University of Medical Sciences Act of Bhutan (UMSB), in addition to the Royal University of Bhutan, founded in 2003, which combines all other disciplines, a university specifically dedicated to the urgently needed training of medical professionals, such as nurses and doctors.
The medical school, founded in Thimphu in 2013, was renamed Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences (KGUMSB) in 2015 in honor of the ruling Druk Gyalpo. The MoU between the Ministry of Health and the University was signed to strengthen the programmes further.

## Colleges

There are two colleges that are under the KGUMSB:
* Royal Institute of Health Sciences
* Institute of Traditional Medicine Services
Center of Excellence in Nutrition:
Along with Bhutan's Ministry of Health supported by UNICEF Regional office, The university incubated and opened the Center of excellence in nutrition.

## Faculties

The KGUMSB has three faculties:
* Faculty of Traditional Medicine (FoTM) with 27 employees and 90 students.
* Faculty of Health Sciences (FNPH) with 132 employees and 430 students.
* Faculty of Postgraduate Medicine (FoPGM) with 22 employees, 63 participating physicians and 31 students.
The main focus of education within the Faculty of Health Sciences is nursing. There is also a faculty of traditional medicine and a post-graduate school that awards the MD after four years.

## Events

Regular international conferences are held at the University on various issues.
# Energy rationing

Energy rationing primarily involves measures that are designed to force energy conservation as an alternative to price mechanisms in energy markets. Because of its economic consequences, energy rationing is used as method of last resort, often at times of emergency such as during an energy crisis.

## Forms

Examples of energy rationing include fuel rationing and the use of ration books or ration stamps to restrict personal consumption. Energy rationing may include penalties such as surcharges and disconnection from electrical supply for those who choose not to reduce their demand voluntarily.
Load shedding is a common form of energy rationing used when electricity markets cannot keep up to demand, particularly peak demand. Limited electrical supply from power stations at times of drought or after infrastructure is damaged, can lead authorities to implement rationing. Brazil was forced to implement energy rationing due to drought in 2001. Reducing demand in this way aims to avoid forced power outages which are more disruptive than rationing.
Tradable Energy Quotas is an energy rationing system designed to enable nations to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases along with their use of oil, gas and coal, and to ensure fair access to energy for all.

## Issues

One issue with energy rationing is the cost of setting up rationing schemes. Another criticism is that energy rationing schemes are unworkable and face many practical problems including consumer lawsuits. Due to the general disdain for restrictions that interfere with existing personal freedoms, such as ecotaxes and carbon rationing, energy rationing is not favoured by policy makers to mitigate global warming.

### Peak oil

As oil becomes more scarce due to oil depletion, countries that have reserve currencies will prefer to buy oil rather than ration it. The Oil Depletion Protocol is form of energy rationing that was developed by Richard Heinberg to ensure that price rationing does not price out poorer countries.
# Antipope Natalius

Natalius was a figure in early church history who is sometimes considered to be the first antipope of his birthplace of Rome.
The only information about Natalius is a quote from an unnamed earlier writer by Eusebius, telling of a 3rd-century priest who accepted the bishopric of the Adoptionists, which was seen as a heretical group in Rome. Natalius soon repented and tearfully begged Pope Zephyrinus to receive him into communion.
According to the accounts, Natalius became the head of this Christian community, due to the influence of the theologians, Asclepius and Theodotus the Younger, disciples of Theodotus of Byzantium. Theodotus had been excommunicated in 190 by Pope Victor I for his teachings, and this caused a schism, albeit of small proportions, within the Church. Theodotus, a leather merchant and a scholar of Greek culture, argued that Jesus was at first an ordinary man, in whom the Logos, God or the Wisdom of God dwelt "as in a temple", as it had been with Moses and the prophets. This had happened at his baptism, when he received the divine grace or adoption (dynamis) and thus became equally divine, his divinity being inferior to that of the Father (God or Logos). This doctrine, called dynamic monarchianism, was both Ebionistic and Adhocianistic.
# Oliver Gurney

Oliver Robert Gurney (28 January 1911 – 11 January 2001) was an English Assyriologist from the Gurney family and a leading scholar of the Hittites.

## Early life

Gurney was born in London in 1911, the son of Robert Gurney, a zoologist, and a nephew of the archaeologist John Garstang. He was educated at Eton College and New College, Oxford, where he studied classics, graduating in 1933.
His uncle John Garstang excited the young Gurney's interest in Hittite studies, then in its infancy, and after a course in Akkadian at Oxford University in 1934-35, he went to the University of Berlin to study Hittite under Hans Ehelolf.
During the Second World War he joined the Royal Artillery, and served with the Sudan Defence Force.

## Academic career

On his return to Oxford in 1945, Gurney accepted the post of Reader in Assyriology, a post he held until his retirement in 1978. In 1948, he joined the council of management of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, founded by his uncle, and maintained his links with the Institute for the rest of his life, serving as President from 1982. From 1956 to 1996 he edited the Institute's journal, Anatolian Studies.
He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1959 and a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1963. In 1965, the University conferred on him the title of Professor.
Gurney wrote the classic text on The Hittites, published by Penguin in 1952 and in print for many years.
He married Diane Grazebrook in 1957 and had one stepdaughter, Carol Gurney. Both outlived him.

## Works

* The Hittites. Penguin. 1952. ISBN 0-14-020259-5.
* The Geography of the Hittite Empire. 1959. (with John Garstang)
* Anatolia c.1750 - 1600 B.C. Cambridge University Press. 1962.
* Some Aspects of Hittite Religion Oxford University Press (1977) ISBN 978-0-19-725974-0
* The Middle Babylonian Legal and Economic Texts From Ur. 1989.
# Nikon AF-S DX Nikkor 55-300mm f/4.5-5.6G ED VR

The 55-300mm f/4.5–5.6G AF-S lens is a telephoto superzoom lens manufactured by Nikon for its line of DX DSLR cameras.
As with other DX format lenses, the smaller image circle makes it compatible only with APS-C-sized image sensors. If used on a 35mm film SLR, vignetting will occur; however, it can be used on an FX camera because it will automatically enter "DX Crop Mode", which will eliminate vignetting, but also reduce the image area of an FX sensor to a DX sensor.
The lens was designed to be a significant upgrade to the 55-200mm VR, released in 2007, by adding 100mm of focal length and using VR II (vibration reduction). The lens was also designed to be a companion to the 18-55mm VR lens and is also Nikon's most affordable lens with a maximum 300mm focal length.

## Features

The lens is equipped with Nikon's Silent Wave Motor (SWM) to operate the autofocus drive quickly and quietly (which denotes the "AF-S" on the lens body).
The lens uses Nikon's second-generation Vibration Reduction (VR II) technology for image stabilization (which denotes the "VR" on the lens body).
It also has two lens elements made of Nikon's Extra-Low Dispersion Glass (ED) (which denotes the "ED" on the lens body) to remove any chromatic aberrations that occur.
All of the optical elements are coated in Nikon's multiple layer Super Integrated Coating (SIC) for scratch, smudge, and dirt resistance.
Nikon designed it with a High Refractive Index (HRI) lens element to reduce its size and maintain optimal contrast across its entire zoom range.

## Specifications

| Maximum reproduction ratio | 0.28x |
| Rangefinder | Yes (shown in camera viewfinder and display only) |
| Lens type | G |
| Formats | DX FX in "DX Crop Mode" |
| Focus | Automatic Manual |