OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John Albert Nordberg

John Albert Nordberg (June 18, 1926 – March 12, 2021) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.

## Education and career

Nordberg was born in Evanston, Illinois in June 1926. He studied at Carleton College and served in the United States Navy during World War II, from 1944 to 1946, as an Electronic Technician Mate Third Class. In 1950, Nordberg received a Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School and thereafter worked in private practice in Chicago, Illinois from 1950 to 1976. He was a Magistrate of the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois from 1957 to 1964 and also worked during this period as a district attorney of Wilmette Park, Illinois from 1958 to 1976. Nordberg worked as a village attorney of Glenview, Illinois between 1961 and 1965 and held the same occupation at Morton Grove, Illinois from 1969 to 1974. He was an arbitrator for the American Bar Association from 1970 to 1975. Nordberg began serving as a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois from 1976 to 1982.

## Federal judicial service

On March 11, 1982, President Ronald Reagan nominated Nordberg to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois that had previously been vacated by Judge Bernard Martin Decker. Nordberg's acceptance to this seat was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 20, 1982, and he received his commission on April 21, 1982. He assumed senior status on June 18, 1994, and continued hearing cases until he took inactive senior status on April 21, 2014. Nordberg died on March 12, 2021, in Northbrook, Illinois, at the age of 94.
# Robert S. Gawthrop III

Robert Smith Gawthrop III (December 2, 1942 – August 1, 1999) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

## Education and career

Born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, Gawthrop received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Amherst College in 1964 and was in the United States Army from 1965 to 1967, achieving the rank of Lieutenant and assigned to Field Artillery. He received a Juris Doctor from Dickinson School of Law in 1970, and was a law clerk to Judge Lee F. Swope of the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, from 1969 to 1970. Gawthrop was in private practice at the law firm Gawthrop Greenwood, PC in West Chester from 1970 to 1978. He was an assistant district attorney of West Chester from 1971 to 1978, and then of Wayne County, Pennsylvania from 1976 to 1977. He was a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, Chester County, Pennsylvania from 1978 to 1988, also serving as an adjunct professor at the Dickinson School of Law from 1981 to 1982.

## Federal judicial service

On September 30, 1987, Gawthrop was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania vacated by Judge John William Ditter Jr. Gawthrop was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 8, 1987, and received his commission on December 9, 1987. Gawthrop served in that capacity until his death of cancer, in Philadelphia, at the age of 56.
# Neal Brooks Biggers Jr.

Neal Brooks Biggers Jr. (July 1, 1935 – October 15, 2023) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi.

## Education and career

Born in Corinth, Mississippi, Biggers received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Millsaps College in 1956 and was in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1960, achieving the rank of Lieutenant. He received a Juris Doctor from the University of Mississippi School of Law in 1963. He was in private practice in Corinth from 1963 to 1968. He was a prosecuting attorney of Alcorn County, Mississippi in 1964, and was a district attorney of First Judicial District, Mississippi from 1968 to 1975. He was also an assistant instructor at the University of Mississippi in 1974. He was a circuit judge for the First Judicial District of Mississippi from 1975 to 1984, serving as a special commissioner for the Mississippi Supreme Court from 1980 to 1981.

### Federal judicial service

On March 1, 1984, Biggers was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi vacated by Judge William Colbert Keady. Biggers was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 27, 1984, and received his commission on March 28, 1984. He served as Chief Judge from 1998 to 2000. He assumed senior status on October 1, 2000. His service was terminated on October 15, 2023, due to death.

## Death

Neal Brooks Biggers Jr. died in Oxford, Mississippi on October 15, 2023, at the age of 88.
# I. Leo Glasser

Israel Leo Glasser (born April 6, 1924), also known as I. Leo Glasser or Leo Glasser, is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.

## Education and career

Glasser was born to a Jewish family in New York City on April 6, 1924. His father, who spoke Yiddish, ran a butcher shop. He graduated from the City College of New York in 1943 and then served in the United States Army in Europe during World War II. He was awarded the Bronze Star for bravery during his service in the European theater. Upon returning from the war, Glasser obtained a law degree from Brooklyn Law School in 1948, and then immediately began teaching at the school. He served on the faculty until 1969, when he was appointed a judge of the New York Family Court. For years, Glasser lectured to thousands of law students preparing for the New York Bar Exam on virtually all subjects covered on the bar exam.
Glasser returned to Brooklyn Law School in 1977 to serve as its dean, a position he held until 1981 when he was nominated for the federal bench.

### Federal judicial service

Glasser was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on November 23, 1981, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York vacated by Judge Jacob Mishler. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 9, 1981, and received commission on December 10, 1981. He assumed senior status on July 1, 1993.

### Notable cases

Glasser has presided over several high-profile trials during his tenure, the most notable of which was the trial of mobster John Gotti. The prosecutor in that case, John Gleeson, would also go on to serve on the Eastern District federal bench. Judge Glasser also presided over an early terrorism trial involving an organization dubbed "The Ohio Five" and presided over a number of other significant organized crime trials and proceedings including the conviction of Vincent Gigante, the head of the Genovese crime family. In 1987 Glasser sentenced Victor Vancier, ex-chairman of the Jewish Defense League, for charges involving a series of bombings in New York beginning in 1984.

## Personal life

Glasser turned 100 in April 2024.
# Robert Holmes Bell

Robert Holmes Bell (April 19, 1944 – June 8, 2023) was an American lawyer and United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan from 1987 to 2017. Before assuming the role, he worked as an attorney and judge in Michigan. Bell became a senior judge in 2017, a role which he served until his death in 2023. His son is Rob Bell, the founder of the Mars Hill Bible Church.

## Education and career

Bell received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Wheaton College in 1966. At Wheaton, Bell lettered in track each year. Bell received his Juris Doctor from Wayne State University Law School in 1969. He was an assistant county prosecuting attorney for Ingham County, Michigan from 1969 to 1973 and then became a judge, first on the Ingham District Court in Mason, Michigan from 1973 to 1979, then on the Ingham County Circuit Court in Lansing from 1979 to 1987.

### Federal judicial service

On March 11, 1987, Bell was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan vacated by Judge Wendell Alverson Miles. Bell was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 1, 1987 and received his commission the following day. He served as Chief Judge from 2001 to 2008. He assumed senior status on January 31, 2017.
Chief Justice John Roberts appointed Bell to serve as chairman of the criminal law committee of the Judicial Conference of the United States. In that post, Bell wrote a letter to the Senate Judiciary Committee in 2013 opposing mandatory minimum sentences, saying they produce "unjust results" and waste public funds.
One notable case during Bell's federal judicial service was the 2002 trial of Marvin Gabrion, where Bell ordered a death sentence for Gabrion after the U.S. Justice Department told prosecutors to ask jurors for the death sentence, to which the jurors agreed. Gabrion remains on death row as of 2023.
Bell also took actions on protecting Lake Michigan sand dunes, supervising the cleanup of the Kalamazoo River, and dismantling Holland, Michigan's street gang Latin Kings.

## Personal life

Born in Lansing, Michigan, on April 19, 1944, to Preston and Eileen (née Holmes), Bell was raised in nearby Williamston and graduated from Okemos High School in 1962. His father died of war-related illness, lymphoma, when he was eight years old.
Bell met his wife, Helen, while both were students at Wheaton. They had three children. Their son, Rob Bell, is the founding pastor of the Mars Hill Bible Church megachurch. Bell taught at a Sunday school in upper Michigan.
Bell died in East Grand Rapids, Michigan, on June 8, 2023, at age 79.
# James L. Ryan

James Leo Ryan (born November 19, 1932) is an inactive senior United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.

## Early life and education

Born in Detroit, Michigan, Ryan graduated from Detroit Catholic Central High School. He received a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Detroit School of Law in 1956. He received a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Detroit in 1992.

## Career

Ryan served as a law specialist in the United States Navy and was assigned to the Judge Advocate General and duty with the United States Marine Corps. Upon his release from active duty in 1960, he continued to serve in the Judge Advocate General's Corps of the United States Naval Reserve and, in 1992, retired from the Naval Reserve as a military judge with the rank of captain.
He was in private practice of law in Detroit from 1960 to 1963. He was in private practice of law in Redford, Michigan from 1963 to 1966. He was a justice of the peace in Redford from 1963 to 1966. He was a judge of the circuit court for the Third Judicial Circuit, Michigan from 1966 to 1975. He has been an adjunct professor of law at the University of Detroit since 1974.
He was a justice of the Supreme Court of Michigan from 1975 to 1985, having been appointed by Michigan Governor William G. Milliken. He was an adjunct professor at the Thomas M. Cooley Law School in Lansing, Michigan, from 1979 to 1985.

### Federal judicial service

Ryan was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on September 9, 1985, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit vacated by Judge George Clifton Edwards Jr. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 16, 1985, and received commission on October 17, 1985. He assumed senior status on January 1, 2000. He took inactive senior status on September 3, 2010.
# Parsley frog

The parsley frogs or Pelodytidae are a family of order Anura. The family consists of a single genus, Pelodytes, which contains five species. These frogs can be found in south-western Europe and the Caucasus. The common name of "parsley frogs" comes from the common parsley frog which, because of its colouring, appears to be garnished with parsley.
Parsley frogs are typical-looking frogs closely related to European spadefoot toads and megophryids, but differ largely in appearance. Their cryptic colouring is not as strong as in many megophryids, but they are still quite well-camouflaged, usually being green or brown. Unlike the European spadefoot toads, they lack hardened protrusions on their feet, although they are still fossorial, and are generally slender.
The parsley frogs are small, smooth-skinned frogs, reaching a length of 5 cm (2.0 in). They are one of the few families of frogs which contain more known extinct species and genera (two or three) than extant species. Although now found only in the Palearctic realm, fossils of a mid-Miocene species were also found in North America.

## Taxonomy

* Family Pelodytidae
** Genus Pelodytes
*** Pelodytes atlanticus – Lusitanian parsley frog
*** Pelodytes caucasicus – Caucasian parsley frog
*** Pelodytes hespericus – Hesperides' parsley frog
*** Pelodytes ibericus – Iberian parsley frog
*** Pelodytes punctatus – Common parsley frog
# Gonsalvus of Spain

Gonsalvus Hispanus (Spanish: Gonzalo de España; c. 1255 – 1313) was a Spanish Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, who became Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor.
He was born at Lugo. He taught at the University of Paris, where he carried out a disputation with Meister Eckhart in 1303.$^{:4}$ He was expelled from Paris as a papal supporter, in the dispute with Philip IV of France.$^{:5}$ He came across the younger Duns Scotus and supported him, appointing him regent master of the Franciscans there in 1304.$^{:2,5}$

## Dispute with Meister Eckhart

The origin of Gonsalvus's dispute with Eckhart has to do with the relative superiority of the will to that of the intellect in knowing God. Gonsalvus held that the will was superior since, through it, God is known as he actually is whereas the intellect only knows the image of God in the mind. Eckhart believed that the intellect was superior to the will in this regard since through it, God can be known without any of the human qualities with which the will invests its image of him.
# Paul Redmond Michel

Paul Redmond Michel (born February 3, 1941) is a retired United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and a former Chief Judge of that court.

## Education and experience

Born on February 3, 1941, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Lincoln M. and Dorothy, Michel was educated in public schools in Wayne, Pennsylvania and Radnor, Pennsylvania. Michel received an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1963 from Williams College and a Juris Doctor in 1966 from the University of Virginia School of Law.
He was assistant district attorney in the Office of the Deputy District Attorney for Investigations in Philadelphia from 1966 to 1974, as well as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Army Reserve from 1966 to 1972. From 1974 to 1975 he was the Assistant Watergate Special Prosecutor, and from 1975 to 1976 was assistant counsel to the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. He then became the deputy chief and Koreagate prosecutor for the Public Integrity Section of the United States Department of Justice from 1976 to 1978.
Michel became an Associate Deputy United States Attorney General in 1978, and in 1981 became counsel and administrative assistant to United States Senator Arlen Specter until his judicial appointment. He has also been adjunct faculty at the George Washington University Law School and John Marshall Law School since 1991.

## Federal judicial service

Michel was nominated to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit by President Ronald Reagan on December 19, 1987 to fill a seat vacated by Judge Phillip Baldwin. The Senate confirmed Michel's nomination on February 29, 1988, and he received his commission on March 4, 1988, taking the oath and commencing service on March 8, 1988. He served as Chief Judge from 2004 to 2010. Michel retired on May 31, 2010. Judge Randall Ray Rader succeeded him as Chief Judge.

## Publications

He authored Patent Litigation and Strategy LCCN 2003-267792 with fellow Federal Circuit Judge Kimberly Ann Moore and patent attorney Ralph Lupo. He has also written several articles on effective advocacy and the work of the Federal Circuit.

## Personal

Michel was once married to Elizabeth Morgan. Morgan achieved international notoriety when she served over two years in jail rather than disclose the whereabouts of her child, during a custody dispute in which Morgan accused her previous husband of sexually molesting the child. In the made for TV-movie about Elizabeth Morgan's case, Kenneth Welsh played the role of Michel. Michel has been married to Brooke England since 2004. He has two adult children.
# Raymond Dearie

Raymond Joseph Dearie (born 1944) is an American lawyer who is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. He also served as a judge of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court from 2012 to 2019.

## Early life and education

Dearie was born in Rockville Centre, New York, the son of John A. Dearie and Catherine Dearie. John C. Dearie, a former member of the New York State Assembly, is his first cousin. Dearie graduated from Fairfield University, receiving his Bachelor of Arts in 1966. He received his Juris Doctor from St. John's University School of Law in 1969, where he was Editor-in-Chief of the St. John's Law Review. Dearie received an Alumni Professional Achievement Award from Fairfield University in 1986. He received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws, from the St. John's University School of Law, and later delivered the school's commencement speech to the graduating class in 2008.

## Career

Dearie began his legal career at Shearman & Sterling in 1969. Dearie subsequently worked as an Assistant United States Attorney in the Eastern District of New York, where he served in the Appeals Division from 1971 to 1974, as the Chief of the General Crimes Section from 1974 to 1976, Head Chief of the Office's Criminal Division from 1976-1977, and briefly as the Executive Assistant United States Attorney for the District in 1977. He worked in private practice until 1980 before serving as the Chief Assistant United States Attorney until 1982, when he was appointed the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York by President Ronald Reagan, serving from 1982 to 1986, before being appointed to the federal bench, by the recommendation of New York Senator Al D'Amato.

### Federal judicial service

Dearie was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on February 3, 1986, to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, to a new seat created by 98 Stat. 333. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 14, 1986, and received his commission on March 19, 1986. He served as Chief Judge from 2007 until 2011. He took senior status on April 3, 2011, and was succeeded by Judge Pamela K. Chen in March 2013. He remained an active judge on the Eastern District Court; according to a court official, he is planning to go on inactive status at the end of 2022.
On July 2, 2012, Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts appointed Dearie to a seven-year term on the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.
In September 2022, Dearie was one of two candidates proposed by former President Donald Trump as a special master to review documents seized in the FBI search of Mar-a-Lago. The United States Department of Justice announced that it would accept him. He was appointed special master by Judge Aileen Cannon on September 15, 2022. On September 23, Dearie ordered Trump's legal defense to submit a sworn declaration supporting their claims that the FBI had planted evidence at Mar-a-Lago.
# Dean Whipple

Harold Dean Whipple (born April 3, 1938) is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri.

## Education and career

Born in Lebanon, Missouri on April 3, 1938, Whipple received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Drury University in 1961 and a Juris Doctor from the University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law in 1965. He was in private practice in Lebanon from 1967 to 1974. He was a prosecuting attorney of Laclede County, Missouri from 1967 to 1971. He was a judge of the 26th Judicial Circuit Court of the State of Missouri from 1975 to 1987.

## Federal judicial service

On September 14, 1987, Whipple was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri vacated by Judge Ross Thompson Roberts. Whipple was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 8, 1987, and received his commission the following day. He served as Chief Judge from 2000 to 2007, assuming senior status on April 30, 2007. He was succeeded by Judge David Gregory Kays.
# Solomon Hirsch

Solomon Hirsch (March 25, 1839 – December 15, 1902) was a businessman and United States politician from the state of Oregon. He was one of the leaders of Portland's early Jewish community.

## Early life and immigration

Solomon Hirsch was born on March 25, 1839, in Württemberg, Germany. Immigrating to New York in 1854 at the age of 15, Hirsch's journey to the United States began with forty-two days at sea. His early career saw him working as a clerk and salesman in various cities before he moved to the Pacific Coast, influenced by his brothers' success in Oregon.

## Business career

Settling in Portland in April 1858, Hirsch opened a retail store in Dallas, Oregon, and later engaged in business in Silverton. He later joined L. Fleischner & Company, eventually co-founding Fleischner, Mayer & Company in 1875 with Jacob Mayer and Louis Fleischner [de], the largest wholesale dry goods and men's furnishings enterprise in the region. Hirsch remained a pivotal figure in the firm until his death, contributing to its expansion across Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana.

## Political and civic engagement

Hirsch's political career began with his election to the Oregon State Legislature in 1872, where he played a key role in electing United States Senator John H. Mitchell. Hirsch served in the Oregon State Senate from 1874 to 1885, including a term as Senate President in 1880, and was instrumental in enacting significant legislation, including an assignment law benefiting the poor to which he introduced an amendment giving it many features in common with the more recently adopted national bankruptcy law. He was a respected Mason, achieving recognition within the order alongside Cyrus A. Dolph in 1902.
Hirsch served as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Ottoman Empire from 1889 to 1892. His diplomatic service was highly regarded, earning commendations from both the U.S. Department of State and missionaries in the Ottoman Empire. Although offered further diplomatic roles, Hirsch declined to focus on his business and community commitments.
Hirsch was a life member of the Portland Library Association, president of the Beth Israel Congregation, and actively involved in the Chamber of Commerce.

## Death

Solomon Hirsch died on December 15, 1902. Eulogies at his memorial service, including those by Rabbi Stephen S. Wise and then-Mayor George H. Williams, highlighted his virtues, achievements, and the respect he commanded across all sectors of society.
Hirsch was buried at Beth Israel Cemetery in Portland, Oregon.

## Family and legacy

Hirsch's wife Josephine was the leader of the Portland Equal Suffrage League. Josephine was the daughter of Solomon's business partner Jacob Mayer; they had 4 children: Ella Hirsch (born 1871); Sanford Hirsch (born 1873); May Hirsch (born 1875), and Clementine Hirsch (born 1880). Like his business partner Louis Fleischner, Hirsch's brother de:Edward Hirsch served as Oregon State Treasurer.
A wing at the Portland Art Museum was dedicated to Solomon and Josephine Hirsch in 1939 after their daughter Ella bequeathed $853,000 ($18.7 million in 2023 dollars) to the museum.