OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hitler: A Study in Tyranny

Hitler: A Study in Tyranny is a 1952 biography of the Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler by British historian Alan Bullock. It was the first comprehensive biography of Hitler. A revised edition was published in 1962.

## Reception

In 1992, The New York Times wrote that it "remains the standard biography of the dictator and a widely respected work on the Nazi movement in general." In 1998, the Hitler expert Ian Kershaw described the book as a "masterpiece". In his 2007 book Cultural Amnesia, the critic Clive James wrote, "Books about Hitler are without number, but after more than 60 years, the first one to read is still Alan Bullock's Hitler: A Study in Tyranny."
The book has been criticised for its reliance on the fabrications of Albert Speer and Hermann Rauschning, which it treats as authentic eyewitness testimony and innocent of ideological agenda. Many of Bullock's statements – as is the case with his British rival Hugh Trevor-Roper and later German historians Joachim Fest and Klaus Hildebrand – are thus "incorrect, or at least in need of serious nuancing". Bullock's portrayal of Hitler as a cynic is argued to derive from the main thesis of Rauschning's The Revolution of Nihilism, which is that National Socialism had no ideological content and amounted to a nihilist pursuit of power. Bullock notably later changed his mind and acknowledged in the late 1990s that a providentialist form of ideology was central to Hitler's actions.
# Rainer K. Sachs

Rainer Kurt "Ray" Sachs (June 13, 1932 – April 16, 2024) was a German-American mathematical physicist, with interests in general relativistic cosmology and astrophysics, as well as a computational radiation biologist. He was professor emeritus of Mathematics and Physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and adjunct professor at Tufts Medical School.

## Early life

Sachs was born in Frankfurt am Main on June 13, 1932, a son of the German Jewish metallurgist George Sachs. In 1937 the family left Germany to flee from Nazi persecution, and settled in the United States, so Rainer Sachs is generally considered an American scientist. In 1949, he graduated from University School, in Cleveland, Ohio.
He received his bachelor's degree in mathematics from MIT in 1953 and his PhD in theoretical physics from Syracuse University in 1959.

## Career

In 1962, Joshua N. Goldberg and Sachs proved the Goldberg–Sachs theorem. Later that year, he gave the first exposition of the asymptotically flat spacetime symmetry group, which he called the "generalized Bondi-Metzner group" and is now known as the Bondi–Metzner–Sachs group.
In 1966, he and Ronald Kantowski were responsible for the Kantowski–Sachs dust solutions to the Einstein field equation. These are a widely used family of anisotropic cosmological models.
In 1967, he and Arthur M. Wolfe were the authors of the Sachs–Wolfe effect, which concerns a property of the Cosmic microwave background radiation. The Ehlers–Geren–Sachs theorem, published in 1968 by Jürgen Ehlers, P. Geren and R. Sachs, shows that if, in a given universe, there exists a reference frame at each event such that the cosmic background radiation is isotropic, then under certain conditions that universe is an isotropic and homogeneous FLRW spacetime.
From 1969 to 1993, he was a Professor of Mathematics and Physics at the University of California, Berkeley (UCB), and from 1993 he was Professor Emeritus at UCB. In 1994, he was appointed Research Professor of Mathematics UCB, and since 2005 he has been an adjunct professor at the Tufts medical school.
Until 1985, he worked on general relativistic cosmology and astrophysics. With Hung-Hsi Wu, he co-wrote the books General Relativity and Cosmology in 1971 and General Relativity for Mathematicians in 1977. From 1985, he has worked in mathematical and computational biology, especially radiation biology. His work in radiobiology has included research on radiation and cancer.

## Later life

Sachs died on April 16, 2024, at the age of 91 in Berkeley, California.
# Albert Smith (Maine politician)

Albert Smith (January 3, 1793 – May 29, 1867) was a U.S. Representative from Maine.
Born in Hanover, Massachusetts, Smith attended the common schools and was graduated from Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, in 1813. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Portland, Maine, in 1817. He served as member of the Maine House of Representatives in 1820. He was United States Marshal for the district of Maine 1830–1838.
Smith was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-sixth Congress (March 4, 1839 – March 3, 1841). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1840 to the Twenty-seventh Congress. He died in Boston, Massachusetts, on May 29, 1867. He was interred in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
# Kosak

Kosak is a surname.

## People

* Artsyom Kosak (born 1977), Belarusian footballer and coach
* Carl Constantine Kosak (born 1934), American author
* Jan Kosak (born 1992), Czech footballer
* Karin Kosak (born 1979), Austrian dressage rider
* Vladimir Košak (1908–1947), Croatian economist and politician
# Yager Stadium (Miami University)

Fred C. Yager Stadium is a football stadium in Oxford, Ohio, United States. It is home to the Miami University RedHawks football team. It has a capacity of 30,087 spectators, and was built in 1983. It replaced Miami Field, which had been used since 1895 (the stands had been built in 1916) and was the home field for many of the coaches who had made the school famous. The stadium is named for Fred C. Yager, class of 1914, who was the lead benefactor in the project to build the stadium.

## Design

The stadium has an unbalanced layout, with the west grandstands being 20 rows taller than the east (student) grandstands. A small set of bleachers sit in the north end zone; there are no seats in the south end zone under the main scoreboard. A Cradle of Coaches room is located inside the stadium, along with football offices, player meeting rooms, and locker rooms.

## Renovations

Due to the successes of Miami's football program, the University has undertaken a continued series of facility upgrades beginning in 2003 with the addition of a FieldTurf playing surface. Other recent substantial upgrades of the facility include broadcast-quality permanent lighting, a new scoreboard with three Daktronics videoboards and the new Cradle of Coaches plaza in 2004, and new student bleacher sections on the east sideline and the north end zone in 2005.
Currently there is a new indoor practice facility in the north end zone, along with a current project of a new building that will include new football offices, weight room, and locker room being built in the north end zone as well.
# House of Hope (fort)

41°46′N 72°40′W﻿ / ﻿41.76°N 72.67°W﻿ / 41.76; -72.67
House of Hope (Dutch: Huys de Hoop), also known as Fort Good Hope (Dutch: Fort de Goede Hoop), was a redoubt and factory in the seventeenth-century Dutch colony of New Netherland. The trading post was located at modern-day Hartford, Connecticut at Park River), a tributary river of the Fresh River (Connecticut River). The location of this confluence of rivers is at contemporary Sheldon Street. The fort is recalled today with a nearby avenue called Huyshope, once the center of economic activity in the city.

## History

In 1633, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) (1621–1793) of the United Netherlands Dutch Republic built a fortified trading house on the south bank of the Little River (now Park River), a tributary river of the Fresh River (Connecticut River). The WIC had planned Fort Good Hope to be the northeastern fortification and a trading center of the WIC. The land was part of a larger tract purchased on 8 June 1633 by Jacob van Curler on behalf of the WIC from the Sequins, one of the clans of Connecticut Indians. Curler added a block house and palisade to the post while New Amsterdam sent a small garrison and a pair of cannons.
English settlers from other New England colonies moved into the Connecticut Valley in the 1630s. In 1633, William Holmes led a group of settlers from Plymouth Colony to the Connecticut Valley, where they established Windsor a few miles north of the Dutch trading post. In 1634, John Oldham and a handful of Massachusetts families built temporary houses in the area of Wethersfield, a few miles south of the Dutch outpost. In the next two years, 30 families from Watertown, Massachusetts joined Oldham's followers at Wethersfield. The English population of the area exploded in 1636 when clergyman Thomas Hooker led 100 settlers, including Richard Risley, with 130 head of cattle in a trek from Newtown (now Cambridge) in the Massachusetts Bay Colony to the banks of the Connecticut River, where they established Hartford directly across the Park River from the old Dutch fort. In 1637, the three Connecticut River towns—Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield—set up a collective government in order to fight the Pequot War.
In 1640 David Provoost was appointed Commander of Fort Good Hope
In 1650, representatives from New Netherland and New England agreed to the Hartford Convention to settle border disputes. The boundary between the two colonies was set 50 miles west of the Connecticut River, placing the fort on English territory. In 1653, during the First Anglo-Dutch War, the English seized the fort from its tiny Dutch garrison.
# Presidential M&M's

Presidential M&M's is the name given to the commemorative packs of red, white, and blue-colored M&M's given to guests of the president of the United States on board Air Force One and in other presidential locations. They were first created in 1988 and they later replaced cigarettes as the standard gift given to guests of the president. The M&M's are presented in boxes about the size of a packet of cigarettes, with the seal of the president of the United States and the signature of the sitting president on one face, and one of the M&M's characters holding the flag of the United States on the other.

## History

Under President John F. Kennedy, guests and members of the press who traveled on Air Force One were given packs of 20 cigarettes in a box marked with the presidential seal and the signature of the sitting president, along with a matchbook. After Kennedy's assassination, the large quantities of cigarettes distributed by the White House and Air Force One became a tradition. President Ronald Reagan replaced most of the cigarettes with jars of Jelly Belly jelly beans shortly after taking office, to maintain a consistent anti-drug image. At the 1988 Moscow Summit with Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, Mars, Incorporated supplied customized M&M's for gifts, which First Lady Nancy Reagan gave to Russian children. After the summit, Nancy Reagan saw an opportunity to ban all smoking on Air Force One, replacing the few remaining cigarette supplies aboard. Thereafter, M&M's became the official candy of the White House.
President George H. W. Bush continued Reagan's tradition of handing out M&M's to presidential guests but extended the privilege to presidential employees. President Bill Clinton altered the packaging to include the signature of the sitting president beneath the presidential seal. President Barack Obama personally handed out packs of presidential M&M's to guests. Obama also gave them out to children trick or treating at the White House on Halloween, along with dried fruits from First Lady Michelle Obama.
In 2014, Spanish prime minister Mariano Rajoy gave President Obama facsimiles of three 500-year-old historical works. In return, Obama gave Rajoy some presidential M&M's. The perceived inequality of the exchange provoked criticism from the Spanish press.
On President Donald Trump's first flight aboard Air Force One, unsigned boxes of M&Ms were provided because the ones with Trump's signature were not yet available.
# Galactosamine

Galactosamine is a hexosamine derived from galactose with the molecular formula C$_6$H$_{13}$NO$_5$. This amino sugar is a constituent of some glycoprotein hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Precursors such as uridine diphosphate (UDP), UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, or glucosamine are used to synthesize galactosamine in the human body. A derivative of this compound is N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
Galactosamine is a hepatotoxic, or liver-damaging, agent that is sometimes used in animal models of liver failure.

## Hepatotoxicity

Galactosamine is used to induce hepatitis in rodent liver for research purposes. The result of using galactosamine to induce hepatitis is a disease model in which there is necrosis and inflammation of the liver. This type of tissue damage triggered by galactosamine resembles drug-induced liver disease in humans.

### Mechanism of hepatotoxicity

The proposed mechanism behind galactosamine-induced hepatitis is depletion of the energy source of hepatocytes. In the Leloir pathway galactosamine is metabolized into galactosamine-1-phosphate (by galactokinase) and UDP-galactosamine (by UDP-galactose uridyltransferase). It is hypothesized that this leads to UDP-galactosamine accumulation within cells, and uridine triphosphate (UTP), UDP, and uridine monophosphate (UMP) decrease. The depletion of high-energy molecules such as UTP leads to a disruption in hepatocyte metabolism. Additionally, other derivatives of uridine such as UDP-glucose are depleted and this interferes with glycogen synthesis in the cell.
Another recent hypothesis states that overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) and NFκB-dependent inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) over expression play a role in galactosamine-induced damage to liver cells.
# Joey Carbone

Joey Carbone is a composer, music producer, arranger and keyboardist. After a period as a session musician, Carbone became a music director for television programmes, such as Star Search. Since the 1980s he has worked as a prolific producer for Japanese pop acts.

## Early life

Carbone was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York. When he was 16, Carbone was signed as a singer in a band with Richie Zito to Atlantic Records by one of Atlantic's founders, Jerry Wexler. Carbone took a summer job working at Atlantic, where he watched recording sessions by Aretha Franklin, the Rascals, Cream, and the Rolling Stones.

## Career overview

Carbone moved to Los Angeles and became a keyboardist and vocalist for recording sessions and concerts. He played keyboards for Kiki Dee and Elton John, Rick James, the Righteous Brothers, Eric Carmen, Rod Stewart, Cher, Air Supply, Andy Gibb, Bette Midler and others.
Carbone was the music director and theme composer for nine years for the television series Star Search. He arranged, produced, conducted, and played piano for performers including Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Beyoncé, Alanis Morissette, LeAnn Rimes, Justin Timberlake and others. He won a Cable ACE Award for composing and producing the theme song for the series It's Garry Shandling's Show, on which he served as music director.
He composed and arranged music for China Beach, Falcon Crest, Entertainment Tonight, and others. He has also produced and/or composed albums for Japan-based record companies for American singers including Little Richard, Alyssa Milano, Joseph Williams and Bobby Kimball of Toto, Bill Champlin and Jason Scheff of the group Chicago, John O'Banion, Edward Furlong, Irene Cara, Zoom, Mylin, Neil Sedaka, Tiffany, Warren DeMartini (Ratt), the Righteous Brothers, and Sam Moore of Sam & Dave.
He has produced mostly songs for the Japanese market, and has written an estimated thousand songs for artist. These include songs for KAT-TUN, Matsuura Aya, Smap, Wada Akiko, Crystal Kay, Akanishi Jin, Diana & the Treasures, Sexy Zone, Kanjani8, Tsuchiya Anna, Tackey & Tsubasa, N.E.W.S., Hey! Say! JUMP, Van Tomiko, Nakamori Akina, Nakayama Miho, Wink, Shonentai, Shibugakitai, Arashi, Aikawa Nanase, Mari Hamada, Lindberg, Inagaki Junichi, Koyanagi Yuki, Naomi Tamura, Eriko Tamura, and Masatoshi Ono. He has more than 80 Top 10 hits in Japan, and has composed hundreds of songs for Japanese television commercials, movies, and television programs, including the score for the film Satomi Hakken Den (Legend of the Eight Samurai).
Carbone is a contracted advisor to both Sony Records and Avex. He is a lecturer and international advisor at Jikei Gakuen (Tokyo School of Music and Dance). He has given lectures at colleges and universities in the United States, Japan, and Taiwan.
# 1916–17 NTFL season

The 1916–17 NTFL season was the first season of the Northern Territory Football League (NTFL). The Wanderers were the first team to win the premiership in NTFL history, winning it for finishing on top of the ladder after the home and away season. There were no finals until 1918–19.
# Can't Forget: A Souvenir of the Grand Tour

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Guardian | |
| Rolling Stone | |
Can't Forget: A Souvenir of the Grand Tour is a live album by Canadian singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen, released in May 2015. It contains live recordings from concerts and sound-checks.

## Track listing

All songs written by Leonard Cohen, except where noted.
# Paul Komposch

Paul Komposch (born 13 May 2001) is an Austrian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Austrian Bundesliga club TSV Hartberg.

## Career

Komposch is a youth product of FC Stattegg, and joined the Sturm Graz youth academy in 2011. He made his senior debut with Sturm Graz in a 8–0 Austrian Cup win over SV Innsbruck on 28 August 2020, coming on as a substitute in the 75th minute. He signed his first professional contract with Sturm Graz on 20 October 2020, keeping him at the club until June 2023. He was released in June 2023, and was subsequently picked up by TSV Hartberg on 23 June 2023.
# Lindsay Timberlake

Lindsay Erin Timberlake (born February 8, 1994) is a fashion model of Irish, Northwestern European and Swedish descent.

## Life and career

Lindsay Timberlake was born in Nashville, Tennessee. Prior to modeling, she sold vintage clothing in East Nashville while working as a wardrobe stylist in the fashion industry. In 2009, Timberlake was nominated 1st runner up in the Miss Chattanooga Pageant. The following year, she worked for fashion designer, Vivienne Tam in New York City. Timberlake began creating online content as a fashion blogger for Today I'm Wearing in 2011, acquired by Associated Newspaper Ltd in 2012.
In 2015, Timberlake walked the runway for western wear designer Manuel Cuevas wearing clothing designed for Linda Ronstadt and again in 2016 alongside Kacey Musgraves at Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center. In 2018, Nashville Fashion Week shows Timberlake wearing Ola Mai by Leslie Stephens for the March issue of Nashville Scene.
She is featured in the February 2021 issue of Vogue for Jerry Lee Atwood photographed by Tierney Gearon.

## Publications

| Year | Publication | Designer | Role | Publisher | Date |
| 2018 | Nashville Scene | Ola Mai | Model | SouthComm Communications | March 2018 |
| 2021 | Vogue Magazine | Union Western | Model | Condé Nast | February 2021 |
| 2021 | The United States of Fashion: A New Atlas of American Style | Union Western | Model | Rizzoli Books | September 2021 |
# Easy (Ralph McTell album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Easy is the 1974 album by British Folk musician Ralph McTell. Guest musicians include folk pioneers Wizz Jones, Bert Jansch and Danny Thompson from Pentangle; Gerry Conway from Fotheringay; and Dave Mattacks from Fairport Convention. McTell started writing for the album at a friend's cottage in a tiny hamlet near the village of St Ewe, Cornwall. He fell in love with Cornwall and purchased a derelict cottage which he made habitable and still possessed 30 years later.
Things were going well with the recording when Tony Visconti’s manager tried to get McTell to sign with his “Rare Earth” production company. McTell's manager was his brother, Bruce, and he thought it a bad idea, this resulted in Visconti being taken off the record. Danny Thompson and McTell finished the production. The cover painting was by Enrica Y Auque Serra. It was one of a pair of popular Victorian prints popularly known as "Morning" and "Evening".

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Ralph McTell

### Side One

* "Take It Easy" - 2:32
* "Maddy Dances" - 2:15
* "Maginot Waltz" - 3:24
* "Sweet Mystery" - 2:32
* "Stuff No More" - 3:15

### Side Two

* "Run Johnny Run" - 4:15
* "Zig Zag Line" - 3:40
* "Let Me Down Easy" - 3:13
* "Would I Lie to You?" - 3:20
* "Summer Lightning" - 2:38

## Personnel

* Ralph McTell - acoustic guitars (1–10), lead vocals (1–10), banjos (7), harmonium (3), harmonica (5, 7)
* Wizz Jones - guitar (1)
* Bert Jansch - guitar (6)
* Danny Thompson - double bass (1–2, 4–6, 8–10), bass drum (5), hi-hat (5)
* Steve Bonnett - mandolin (1, 2)
* Mike Piggott - fiddle (4)
* Lynsey Scott - fiddle (1)
* Dave Mattacks - drums (1, 2)
* Gerry Conway - drums (4, 6, 9)
* Michael Bennett - backing vocals (1)
* John Kongos - backing vocals (6)

## Production

* Producers: Ralph McTell, Danny Thompson and Tony Visconti
* Recording Engineers: Phil Dunne, John Kongos, Mike Noble, Victor Gamm and Tony Visconti
* John Ashcroft - art direction, typography
* Enrica Y Auque Serra - cover painting

## Awards and accolades

* "Easy" reached number 31 in the UK Album Chart soon after its release in March, 1974.
* "Easy" was awarded a Silver disc for record sales in August, 1976.

## Release history

| Country | Date | Label | Format | Catalogue | Notes |
| United Kingdom | 1974 | Reprise | LP | K54013 | |
| United States | 1978 | Kicking Mule | LP | KM303 | The US release has a revised running order. |
| United Kingdom | 1999 | Leola | CD | TPGCD17 | The CD release has two bonus tracks. |

## Track variations

The UK 1999 CD release includes two bonus tracks taken from a single released in 1972:
* "Teacher Teacher" (Ralph McTell)
* "Truckin' Little Baby" (Blind Boy Fuller)
# Kiki Gyan

Kiki Gyan (7 June 1957 – 6 June 2004), also known as Kiki Djan, was a Ghanaian musician. He was the keyboardist of the band Osibisa which was popular in the 1970s. He also recorded and produced a series of disco records. He was a prodigy who could play the keyboard exceptionally well.

## Early life

Born into a middle-class family in Takoradi, Ghana, Gyan started playing the piano when he was five years old and went professional at the age of 12. He dropped out of secondary school at 14 and after a tour of London with a local Ghanaian band called Pagadija; he joined the UK-based Afro-rock group Osibisa after his talent was recognized by the brother of the band's founder. He was only 15 years old when he started playing with Osibisa in 1972, replacing the keyboardist who had just left, and he travelled internationally with the band during the 1970s, playing to large audiences around the world.

## Height of his career

By the age of 18, Gyan had made more than a million dollars, "had hung out with Elton John and Mick Jagger, played for Britain's Queen and cruised on champagne-drenched luxury ocean-liners to island-hop in the Caribbean". In 1977, he met Marvin Gaye, Peter Tosh, Stevie Wonder, and Third World during the FESTAC event in Nigeria. He left Osibisa to go solo in 1979 and recorded the single "24 Hours in a Disco", which hit the charts in the United States and the UK.
He was briefly married to Fela Kuti's first daughter, before divorcing to marry a Ghanaian woman. He has a daughter named Vanessa Gyan who now lives in Ghana with her son, Aaron.

## Later life and death

Gyan became addicted to hard drugs for some 21 years, to the detriment of his career. Kiki Gyan died alone and impoverished in a church bathroom in Ghana, the cause of death being AIDS and drug-related complications.

## Discography
### With Osibisa

* Osibirock (1974)
* Welcome Home (1975)
* Ojah Awake (1976)

### Solo

* Afro Reggae (1977)
* Feeling So Good (1979)
* Feelin' Alright (1983)

### With KG Brothers

* Pretty Pretty Girls (1979) (as The Twins)
* Disco Train (1979) (as KG Band)
* You (1982)

### Compilations

* 24 Hours In A Disco 1978-82 (2012)