OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Li Shunxian

Li Shunxian (Chinese: 李舜弦; c. 900, Zi Prefecture [zh], Sichuan – 926, Sichuan) was a Former Shu poet of Persian origin celebrated for her beauty and poetic talent. She was a concubine of Wang Yan, the second and last emperor of Former Shu. She was famous for being a Persian descent with a remarkable talent for writing poetry in Chinese.

## Life

It is unknown whether she spoke Persian. It is also unknown whether her parents were immigrants to the Tang dynasty or were born there. Her family had adopted the Chinese surname Li. In 880, they fled the Huang Chao rebellion into Sichuan, then the western frontier of imperial China. This migration was also along with many other Chinese including Emperor Xizong. After the collapse of the Tang dynasty in 907, they rose to prominence in the court of the Former Shu Kingdom which ruled over the Sichuan region.
She had an older brother Li Xun, who was also a poet and pharmacist at the court and wrote a Chinese book on drugs. They were born in Zi Prefecture [zh] (modern-day Santai County, Sichuan). The family's Persian ethnicity is mentioned in historical texts.
As a concubine in the imperial court, Shunxian held the rank as Zhaoyi which was just below the title of Empress (consort). Her husband Wang Yan was born in 899, became emperor in 919 at 20 years old, and reigned until 924. Wang Yan was known for his indulgence in women and wine. It is speculated that Shunxian was around the same age as Wang. It was here in the harem that she began writing her well-known poetry.
The Ten-Thousand Quatrains of the Tang collected by Hong Mai contains three poems by Shunxian. In medieval China, she is the only non-Chinese woman who composed literature in Chinese. Both she and her brother were known for their poetry, and Shunxian's poems are still preserved and read today.
In 926, Shunxian, Wang Yan, and his other concubines were all brutally massacred by Emperor Li Zhuangzong of Later Tang.

## Religious background

It is believed that Li Shunxian's family was Zoroastrian because of one line in her poem mentioning a "golden bullet for a catapult" which Veshparkar, an Iranian god was known to deploy. However, other scholars such as Lo Hsiang-lin reason that they were more likely East Syriac Christians (a.k.a. "Nestorians") because in the Tang dynasty the Nestorians were known for their medicine, as her brother Li Xun [zh] was known for being an accomplished physician. Lo's idea was also supported by Chen Ming and Zhang Xushan.
# Chichilaki

The chichilaki (Georgian: ჩიჩილაკი) is a Georgian traditional Christmas tree made from dried hazelnut or walnut branches that are shaved to form a small “tree”. These pale-colored ornaments differ in height from 20 cm (8 in) to 3 meters (10 feet). Chichilakis are most common in the Guria and Samegrelo regions near the Black Sea, but they can also be found in some stores around the capital of Tbilisi.
Chichilaki is currently proposed by the President of Georgia to be inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

## Georgian tradition

The traditional making of chichilakis is an important part of the Georgian Orthodox Christmas, which is observed on 7 January. The Georgians believe that the shaved tree resembles the famous beard of St. Basil the Great, who is thought to visit people during Christmas similar to the Santa Claus tradition. It is also believed that the chichilakis represent the tree of life, a symbol of hope for the Georgians.
Every year, people flock to stalls to buy chichilakis and decorate them with small fruits and berries. Apples, pomegranates, and madder are attached to the tree as offerings to heaven for a bountiful harvest.
The chichilakis are then ceremoniously burned on the day before the Georgian Orthodox Epiphany on 19 January to symbolize the passing of the previous year's troubles. Some families in Samegrelo purchase chichilakis for relatives who have recently died.

## Soviet ban

During the Soviet occupation of Georgia in 1921, the sale of chichilakis was banned because the Soviets viewed it as a religious symbol. While they allowed the Georgians to keep some aspects of their culture, they condemned any semblance of religious customs. This decree stayed in effect until the fall of Soviet rule in Georgia in 1990. Since then, the popularity of chichilakis has risen.

## Environmental concerns

The use of the chichilaki as a Christmas decoration is generally believed by the Georgians to be more environment-friendly than the cutting of pine trees. Since they are made from pruned branches, it is considered beneficial to the health of the trees.
The Georgian government has taken steps to support the preservation of the environment by placing a costly fine on anyone found harvesting and transporting pine trees outside of the registered farms. The fine is set at about US$1,200 (£765), three times the average monthly salary. They have also improved their forest ranger patrols around the country.
# Dominic Black

Dominic Black (born October 22, 1969) is an American former freestyle and folkstyle wrestler.

## Early life

Black began wrestling as a sophomore at Henry Clay High School in Lexington, Kentucky. He barely posted a winning record during his first year and didn't qualify for the state tournament. Black's record improved significantly his junior year, as he finished third in the state. His senior year he won the state championship at his weight class and also won the 1987 Kentucky High School Athletic Association (KHSAA) Most Outstanding Wrestler award.

## College

Black wrestled collegiately at West Virginia University, where he finished his career as one of only five WVU wrestlers in team history at the time to have more than 100 career wins, with a 105-36-2 record. As a junior, he went 33-5, won an EWL title, and competed in his second straight NCAA tournament. In his senior season in 1991, he recorded 39 wins, another EWL title and earned NCAA All-American honors with a fourth place finish at the national tournament.

## International

In 1992, Black took first place at University Freestyle Nationals. In 1995, he was the first WVU wrestler to represent the United States at an international event and earn gold, winning a gold medal at the World Cup of Freestyle.
In 1997, Black entered the United States Army and was a member of the Army's World Class Athlete Program, that allows him to wrestle and recruit for the Army. In 1999, Black won a gold medal at the Pan-American games at 97 kg and was the U.S. freestyle national champion, earning him a spot on the U.S. freestyle World Team and competing at the 1999 World Wrestling Championships. He would qualify for the 2000 U.S. Olympic Trials, were finished as runner-up at 97 kg. Black also represented the United States at the 2001 World Wrestling Championships.
In 2004, Black was inducted into the West Virginia University Athletics Hall of Fame.
# In the City of Slaughter

"In the City of Slaughter" (Hebrew: בְּעִיר הַהֲרֵגָה) is a Hebrew poem written in 1904 by Hayim Nahman Bialik about the 1903 Kishinev pogrom.

## History

The poem was first published under the title "Massa Nemirov" ("The Vision of Nemirov") in the newspaper HaZman, edited by Ben-Tzion Katz, in the city of Petersburg. The change of title and the omission of several lines in the poem were necessary in order to gain the approval of the censor, the converted Jew Landau, for the publication of the poem. The change of the poem's title caused it to sound as if it were written about the pogrom in Nemirov that occurred during Khmelnytsky uprising in the 17th century, thereby disconnecting it from the specific historical context. The poem was translated into Russian by Ze'ev Jabotinsky, thus reaching a wider audience, including the Jewish public that does not read Hebrew.

## Impact

Max Dimont wrote that "Bialik's poem caused thousands of Jewish youths to cast off their pacifism and join the Russian underground to fight Czar and tyranny." Steven Zipperstein wrote that the poem is considered "the most influential" if not "the finest" "Jewish poem written since medieval times." Avner Holtzman believes that no other poem by Bialik made such an impression on his readers, whats "making it possibly the most important poem he ever composed".
Michael Gluzman conducts a psychological analysis of the poem and shows how Bialik's past trauma erupted when he interviewed one of the rape victims in the pogrom, Rivka Schiff. This experience led him to write the harsh lines against Jewish men in hispoem.
   …Get up and walk through the city of the massacre, And with your hand touch and lock your eyes On the cooled brain and clots of blood Dried on tree trunks, rocks, and fences; it is they. Go to the ruins, to the gaping breaches, To walls and hearths, shattered as though by thunder: Concealing the blackness of a naked brick, A crowbar has embedded itself deeply, like a crushing crowbar, And those holes are like black wounds, For which there is no healing or doctor. Take a step, and your footstep will sink: you have placed your foot in fluff, Into fragments of utensils, into rags, into shreds of books: Bit by bit they were amassed through arduous labor—and in a flash, Everything is destroyed… And you will come out into the road— Acacias are blooming and pouring their aroma, And their blooms are like fluff, and they smell as though of blood. And their sweet fumes will enter your breast, as though deliberately, Beckoning you to springtime, and to life, and to health; And the dear little sun warms and, teasing your grief, Splinters of broken glass burn with a diamond fire— God sent everything at once, everyone feasted together: The sun, and the spring, and the red massacre!
# Ostwald

Ostwald may refer to:
* Ostwald's rule of polymorphism: in general, the least stable polymorph crystallizes first
* The Ostwald Process, a synthesis method for making nitric acid from ammonia
* Ostwald ripening, a crystallization effect
* Ostwald color system
* Ostwald's law of dilution
* Wolfgang Ostwald, chemist and biologist, son of Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald. He studied colloids
* Martin Ostwald, a German-American classical scholar
* Ostwald (crater), a crater on the far side of the Moon
* Ostwald, Bas-Rhin, a commune in the Bas-Rhin département in France
# Kruseman

Kruseman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Cornelis Kruseman (1797–1857), Dutch painter
* Fredrik Marinus Kruseman (1816–1882), Dutch painter
* Jan Adam Kruseman (1804–1862), Dutch painter
* Jan Theodoor Kruseman (1835-1895), Dutch painter
* Mina Kruseman (1839–1922), Dutch feminist
* Cory Kruseman (born 1970), American race driver
# Hamiltonian completion

The Hamiltonian completion problem is to find the minimal number of edges to add to a graph to make it Hamiltonian.
The problem is clearly NP-hard in the general case (since its solution gives an answer to the NP-complete problem of determining whether a given graph has a Hamiltonian cycle). The associated decision problem of determining whether K edges can be added to a given graph to produce a Hamiltonian graph is NP-complete.
Moreover, Hamiltonian completion belongs to the APX complexity class, i.e., it is unlikely that efficient constant ratio approximation algorithms exist for this problem.
The problem may be solved in polynomial time for certain classes of graphs, including series–parallel graphs and their subgraphs, which include outerplanar graphs, as well as for a line graph of a tree or a cactus graph.
Gamarnik et al. use a linear time algorithm for solving the problem on trees to study the asymptotic number of edges that must be added for sparse random graphs to make them Hamiltonian.
# Holly Grove School (Stevens Creek, Arkansas)

The Holly Grove School was a historic school building in rural White County, Arkansas. It was located northwest of Bald Knob, north of the junction of Stanley and Honeysuckle Roads. It was a single story Craftsman-style structure, fashioned out of local fieldstone and brick in 1939 by a crew of the National Youth Administration, a Depression-era jobs program. It was one of the better examples of NYA construction.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. It was destroyed by fire in 2014.
# India (disambiguation)

India is a country in South Asia.
India may also refer to:

## Places

* India, a village in Butor Commune, Transnistria, Moldova
* India, Texas, an unincorporated community in the United States

### Historical

* Indian subcontinent, inclusive of India's neighboring countries
* India (Herodotus), the location of historic India according to Herodotus
* British Empire in India or British Raj
* Dominion of India or Union of India (1947 to 1950), the Republic of India before the adoption of its constitution
* India (East Syriac Ecclesiastical Province), a historical ecclesiastical province of the Church of the East
* Greater India, the historical extent of Indian culture beyond the Indian subcontinent
* India (word), the name of the country, including historical appellations

## Arts and entertainment
### Literature

* India: A Million Mutinies Now, a 1990 book by Indo-Trinidadian writer V. S. Naipaul
* India: A Wounded Civilization, a 1977 book, prequel to the 1990 work, about the history of India by V. S. Naipaul
* India: From Midnight to the Millennium, a 1997 book about the history of modern India by Shashi Tharoor
* India: The Emerging Giant, a 2008 book about Indian economic growth by Arvind Panagariya
* India: The Rise of an Asian Giant, a 2008 book about contemporary Indian economy and its influence
* India: The Urban Transition, a 2014 book about urbanization in India by Henrik Valeur

### Films and television

* India (film), a 1959 documentary-style film about India by Roberto Rossellini
* India: A Love Story, a Brazilian telenovela set in India by Gloria Perez
* India: Kingdom of the Tiger, 2002 IMAX documentary based on the writings of Jim Corbett about the tigers of India
* India: Nature's Wonderland, a 2015 nature documentary about India by the BBC
* India: The Modi Question, a 2023 BBC documentary television series about Indian premier Narendra Modi

### Music

* La India (born 1969), salsa singer from Puerto Rico
* Índia, Gal Costa album (1973)
* India?, a 1984 album by Suns of Arqa
* India (Vega album) (2003)
* India (Xandria album) (2005)
* "India", a song by John Coltrane from Impressions
* "India", a song by Edvin Marton from Virtuoso
* "India", a song by the Psychedelic Furs from The Psychedelic Furs
* "India", a song by Puressence from Puressence
* "India", a 1982 song by Roxy Music from Avalon
* "India", a song by Sadist from Tribe

## People

* India (given name), a given name and list of people with the name
* India (actress) (born 1977), pornographic actress and singer
* Jonathan India (born 1996), American baseball player
* La India (born 1969), Puerto Rican singer and songwriter

## Other uses

* Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance, a political alliance abbreviated as INDIA
* India (battle honour), a battle honour awarded to regiments of the British Army between 1787 and 1826
* India (cat) (1990–2009), George W. Bush's pet cat
* India-class submarine, a military submarine design of the Soviet Union
* 45574 India, a British LMS Jubilee Class locomotive
* India, a letter in the NATO phonetic alphabet
* India (wine), variety of wine from India
# Duty on Hair Powder Act 1795

The Duty on Hair Powder Act 1795 (35 Geo. 3. c. 49) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which levied a tax on hair powder. The tax was used to finance government programmes, especially to fund the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars with France. The Act was repealed in 1861.

## The Act

The Act stated that everyone wishing to use hair powder must, from 5 May 1795, visit a stamp office to enter their name and pay for an annual certificate costing 1 guinea (equivalent to £100 in 2020). Certain exemptions were included: the Royal Family and their servants; clergymen with an income of under £100 a year; and members of the armed forces who were privates in the army, artillery soldiers, mariners, engineers, non-commissioned officers, subalterns, officers in the navy below commander, yeomanry, militia, fencibles, and volunteers. A father with more than two unmarried daughters could buy two certificates that would be valid for any number he stated at the stamp office. The master of a household could buy a certificate for a number of his servants, and that certificate would also be valid for their successors within that year.
Substantial fines could be imposed on those brought before the courts.
   At the quarter sessions of the peace held at Bourne, in Lincolnshire on Tuesday se'nnight, the Rev. Francis Barstow, of Aslackby, was convicted in the penalty of twenty pounds, for wearing hair powder without having previously taken out a licence.

## Effects

The Hair Powder Certificates, etc. Act 1795 (35 Geo. 3. c. 112) was passed later in the same session of Parliament to allow people more time to apply for certificates.
The wearing of powdered wigs tied in a queue had already been declining, and the tax speeded this decline, resulting in the change of dress in the 1790s. In its first year, the tax raised £200,000. In 1812, 46,684 people still paid the tax. In 1855, only 997 did and almost all of these were servants. By the time it was repealed in 1861, it yielded an annual revenue of £1,000.
According to author Jenny Uglow, those who chose to pay the guinea hair powder tax were nicknamed "guinea-pigs" by reformist Whigs who chose instead to cut their hair short (the "French" cut) and go without a wig as an expression of solidarity with the French. Those deriding hair-powder taxpayers as "guinea-pigs" were, in turn, satirized by The Times as members of the "Crop Club" wearing the "Bedford Level", a reference to Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford.
# William Harrison Grimshaw

William Harrison Grimshaw (December 6, 1853 – May 24, 1922) was an American architect, contractor, politician, and U.S. Marshal based in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
He was born in Philadelphia in 1853, the son of Robert Elwood Grimshaw, a contractor and builder, and Mary Page Nicholson, from an old Philadelphia family. His mother died when he was three and his father moved the family to Minnesota in 1855.
His architectural works include 13 public schools in Minneapolis and county courthouses throughout Minnesota. One of his works, the Stewart Free Library (1895) in Corinna, Maine, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.
Grimshaw was a prominent figure in Minnesota politics. In 1885, he was elected to the Minnesota Legislature. He also managed three senate campaigns for Cushman Kellogg Davis, two for Knute Nelson, and two for Moses Clapp.
Grimshaw served as a United States Marshal for 17 years, first appointed in 1889 by President William McKinley. He was reappointed a marshal by McKinley and twice by President Theodore Roosevelt.
# Holmes County Central High School

Holmes County Central High School is a senior high school in unincorporated Holmes County, Mississippi, United States, about 0.25 miles (0.40 km) south of Lexington. A part of the Holmes County School District, it occupies the former J.J. McClain High School. The mascot is the jaguar, and it serves grades 9–12.
As of 2015 the school had about 760 students, with 99% of them being African-American.

## History

It opened in 2015 and was the consolidation of the high school sectors of Jacob Joshua McClain High School, S.V. Marshall High School, and Williams-Sullivan High School. The school district attempted to pass a bond to build a consolidated high school in August 2013, but it was voted down.
Stanford University Graduate School of Education Center to Support Excellence in Teaching (CSET) stated that "Despite concerns by some in the community, the merging of the high schools has been a success."
In March 2018 the newly elected Holmes County school board voted to move high school students in Durant High School to Holmes County Central High, an action opposed by area residents. Due to the consolidation, the district again sought a new building for its consolidated high school. As of 2017 it is considering acquiring a former factory, which would only need $20 million to be renovated into a high school.

## Academic performance

In 2015 about 66% of incoming 9th graders had reading scores below their intended grade levels.
# Graphic Arts Institute (Dhaka)

Graphic Arts Institute is a historic public arts institute in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is the only public institute of printing and design in Bangladesh.

## History

Graphic Arts Institute was established in 1967 in Dhaka, East Pakistan by Muhammad Azam Khan, the governor general of East Pakistan and Waqar Ahmed, Director General of Technical Education Directorate. The first head of the institute was the South Dakota University trained R. K. Mollah. He was trained in printing technology and his staff were provided some training in printing by the Pakistan government press. During the Bangladesh Liberation war Bengalis were tortured in the buildings of the institutes by pro-Pakistan militias named Rajakar, Al Badar, Al Shams. The institute is under the administration of Bangladesh Technical Education Board. The institute has a mosque in its campus. The son of Abul Hashem, the Imam of the mosque, Mubarak Hossain was detained in Afghanistan and handed over to United States forces and then transported to Guantanamo bay. Mubarak Hossain was released in December 2006 and deported to Bangladesh where he was detained by Bangladesh police on arrival.

## Departments

There are three departments available here,
* Graphic Design
* Printing
* Computer Science And Technology
# Gertrude More

Dame Gertrude More O.S.B (born as Helen More; 25 March 1606 - 17 August 1633) was a nun of the English Benedictine Congregation, a writer and chief founder of the abbey at Cambrai which became Stanbrook Abbey.

## Life

More was born in Low Leyton in Essex. Her father, Cresacre More, was great-grandson of Thomas More; her mother, Elizabeth Gage, was sister of Sir John Gage, 1st Baronet of Firle, Sussex, Lord Chamberlain to Queen Mary. Her mother died in 1611 and Helen's father, who had trained to be a monk, became responsible for her care and education. Dom Benet Jones, a Benedictine monk, encouraged her to join his projected religious foundation, Our Lady of Comfort [fr], in Cambrai. She was the first of nine postulants admitted to the order on 31 December 1623. Helen More came under the prescriptive influence of the Benedictine Augustine Baker and took the religious name of Gertrude. She brought to the new organisation her lineage as the great-great-granddaughter of the Catholic martyr Thomas More, her education and a large dowry from her father that would fund the convent's creation.
Catherine Gascoigne, one of her peers, was chosen ahead of her by the authorities in Rome as abbess in 1629 because she was older. Gascoigne was more welcoming of Baker's advice. Sister More opposed Baker's approach but eventually gave into his ways - which included writing good books.
Her writing was heavily influenced by the christian mystics such as Julian of Norwich and Teresa of Avila and other spiritual writers and she contributed to the effort to publish their work.
The row at Cumbrai continued and Baker was recalled to Douai. Before the row was settled Gertrude died at Cambrai, from smallpox, aged 27.

## Posthumous

Some papers found after her death and arranged by Father Baker, were afterwards published in two separate works: one entitled The Holy Practices of a Divine Lover, or the Sainctly Ideot's Devotions (Paris, 1657); the other, Confessiones Amantis, or Spiritual Exercises, or Ideot's Devotions, to which was prefixed her Apology, for herself and for her spiritual guide (Paris, 1658).