OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# James Dale Todd

James Dale Todd (born May 20, 1943) is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee.

## Education and career

Todd was born in Scotts Hill, Tennessee. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from Lambuth University in 1965, a Master of Combined Sciences from the University of Mississippi in 1968, and a Juris Doctor from the Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law at the University of Memphis in 1972. He was in private practice in Jackson, Tennessee from 1972 to 1983. He was a Circuit judge of the State of Tennessee from 1983 to 1985.

### Federal judicial service

On June 5, 1985, Todd was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee created by 98 Stat. 333. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 10, 1985, and received his commission the following day. He served as Chief Judge from 2001 to 2007, assuming senior status on May 20, 2008. Judge Todd assumed inactive status on the 21st of September, 2021. He served the judiciary for 36 years.
# Carex pauciflora

Carex pauciflora, the few-flowered sedge, is a perennial species of sedge in the family Cyperaceae native to bogs and fens in cool temperate, subarctic, and mountainous regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The specific epithet pauciflora refers to the Latin term for 'few flowered'.

## Description

Carex pauciflora grows to 60 centimetres (24 in) tall at most, although it more commonly grows to 10–40 centimetres (3.9–15.7 in) tall. It is a rhizomatous perennial with culms that grow alone or in diffuse clusters. A survey of populations in Estonia assessed a mean rhizome length of 4.1 centimetres (1.6 in), although rhizomes up to 35 centimetres (14 in) long have been recorded. The blades may be up to 13 centimetres (5.1 in) long and 1.6 millimetres (0.063 in) wide, and no more than three blades occur on each culm. Every part of the plant is hairless.
Each flower only contains either male or female reproductive structures, although the plants themselves are monoecious. Each culm bears only one spike, with female flowers located below the male flowers on the spike. Female flowers may be less well-developed in unfavorable habitats.
Carex pauciflora seeds are dispersed mechanically. The perigynium is launched outward when it comes into contact with an object and tissue at its base is compressed, which then acts as a spring when the pressure is released.

## Distribution and habitat

Carex pauciflora has a circumboreal distribution, occurring in cool temperate and subarctic areas throughout the Northern Hemisphere. It grows in bogs and other wet areas with acidic soil. It is known to occur at elevations ranging from 75–1,390 metres (246–4,560 ft) in the US state of Washington where it is classified as S2 (imperiled) by NatureServe, although it is classified globally as a species of least concern by the IUCN Red List. Populations are known from every Canadian province or territory except Nunavut, although its presence was only discovered in the Northwest Territory in 2013, at a site near Fort Simpson. In Ukraine it is present in bogs and fens in the Carpathians and in the Ovruch Raion of the Zhytomyr Oblast near the border with Belarus.
Recreational activity threatens some populations in North America. The species has declined in Estonia due to development of its wetland habitats, although it has not been as severely impacted as some other sedge species. Populations in the Ukrainian Carpathians are threatened by climate change. The bogs that Carex pauciflora inhabits in the Ukrainian Carpathians are drying out and being invaded by shrubs, and fens that the sedge also inhabits are being invaded by trees and shrubs such as Pinus mugo, Alnus alnobetula, Salix silesiaca, and Picea abies. Manual removal of more competitive non-wetland plants has been suggested as a conservation measure.
# Cherleria

Cherleria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, found in the Arctic and mountain areas of the northern hemisphere. Its center of diversity is the Balkans. The species shows ecological differentiation and multiple colonisations of alpine habitats. It was enlarged in 2017 with species from other genera.

## Species

Currently accepted species include:
* Cherleria arctica (Steven ex Ser.) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.
* Cherleria baldaccii (Halácsy) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.
* Cherleria biflora (L.) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.
* Cherleria capillacea (All.) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.
* Cherleria circassica (Albov) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.
* Cherleria dirphya (Trigas & Iatroú) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.
* Cherleria doerfleri (Hayek) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.
* Cherleria eglandulosa (Fenzl) Fedor.
* Cherleria garckeana (Asch. & Sint. ex Boiss.) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.
* Cherleria handelii (Mattf.) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.
* Cherleria langii (G.Reuss) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.
* Cherleria laricifolia (L.) Iamonico
* Cherleria marcescens (Fernald) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.
* Cherleria obtusiloba (Rydb.) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.
* Cherleria parnonia (Kamari) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.
* Cherleria rupestris (Labill.) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.
* Cherleria sedoides L.
* Cherleria wettsteinii (Mattf.) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.
* Cherleria yukonensis (Hultén) A.J.Moore & Dillenb.
# Rona-Lee Shimon

Rona-Lee Shimon (Hebrew: רונה לי שמעון; born 9 January 1983), credited onscreen as Rona-Lee Shim'on, is an Israeli actress, dancer and model. She is known primarily for her leading role in Fauda. Shim'on was a judge on Israel's Rokdim Im Kokhavim (Dancing with the Stars).

## Early life

Rona-Lee Shim'on was born in Ramat Gan, Israel, to a Jewish family. When she was 3 years old, she started taking ballet lessons. At age 12, she joined the Israeli dance troupe Bat Dor (בת דור). After graduating high school, she attended the Royal Ballet Academy in Amsterdam on a full scholarship. She then returned to Israel to dance professionally. Her sister, Sivan Noam Shim'on, is also an actress, who acted in 2015 Israeli drama film Blush. Her brother, Almog Shim'on, taught her how to shoot a gun for Fauda.

## Career

In 2005, Shim'on was a contestant on the Israeli version of So You Think You Can Dance, called Born to Dance (Hebrew: נולד לרקוד). In 2006, she made her acting debut, appearing in one episode of Our Song (השיר שלנו), a musical Israeli soap opera.
Shim'on went to theatre school for three years and performed in plays like Cabaret and Chicago, with her latest role as Anita in West Side Story.
She is known primarily for her leading role in Fauda. Her character, Nurit, is the only woman in the Israeli counter-terrorism unit formed almost exclusively of men. To perform that role, Shim'on did all the stunts herself as did the rest of the cast, and her training included how to fire a weapon, Krav Maga, and kickboxing.
In 2020, she appeared as Mika in Messiah.

## Filmography

Film roles :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2010 | Infiltration | | (as Rona-Lee Shim'on) |
| 2011 | Policeman | Hila | (as Rona-Lee Shim'on) |
| 2012 | Leak | | Short film (as Rona-Lee Shim'on) |
| 2016 | A Quiet Heart | | (as Rona-Lee Shim'on) |
| 2023 | Black Lotus | Shira | (as Rona-Lee Shim’on) |
| TBA | Dirty Angels | TBA | Post-production (as Rona-Lee Shim’on) |
Television roles :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2006-2007 | Ha'Shir Shelanu (Our Song) | Shiri Gold | main role (as Rona-Lee) |
| 2006 | HaPijamot | Young Woman | Episode: "Tzofen Ha-Pijamot" (as Rona-Lee Shim'on) |
| 2007 | Ha'Nephilim | Virtual Waitress | Episode: "Tag Adom" (as Rona-Lee) |
| 2012 | Summer Break Diaries | Mika | 2 episodes (as Rona-Lee Shim'on) |
| 2015–present | Fauda | Nurit | Main cast (as Rona-Lee Shim'on) |
| 2020 | Messiah | Mika Dahan | Recurring role (as Rona-Lee Shim'on) |
| 2021 | Alumim | Meital | Recurring role (as Rona-Lee Shim'on) |
# 1907 Dickinson Red and White football team

The 1907 Dickinson Red and White football team was an American football team that represented Dickinson College as an independent during the 1907 college football season. The team compiled a 3–4–2 record and was outscored by a total of 202 to 34. Joseph Pipal was the head coach.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result |
| September 28 | | Western Maryland | Carlisle, PA | W 6–0 |
| October 5 | | at Navy | Worden FieldAnnapolis, MD | L 0–15 |
| October 12 | 3:12 p.m. | at Washington & Jefferson | Washington, PA | L 0–34 |
| October 19 | | at Ursinus | Collegeville, PA | L 0–16 |
| October 26 | | Lehigh | Carlisle, PA | T 6–6 |
| November 2 | | vs. Penn State | Williamsport, PA | L 0–52 |
| November 9 | | Medico-Chirurgical | Carlisle, PA | W 4–0 |
| November 16 | | at Bucknell | Lewisburg, PA | L 0–48 |
| November 23 | | Mount St. Mary's | Carlisle, PA | W 18–0 |
| November 28 | | at Lafayette | March FieldEaston, PA | L 0–31 |
# Bandarban

Bandarban is a small town in Chittagong Division, Bangladesh. It is the headquarters of Bandarban District. It is located on the Sangu River.

## Demographics

Religions in Bandarban (2022) :
| Religion | Religion | Percent | Percent |
| Islam | Islam | 60.77% | 60.77% |
| Buddhism | Buddhism | 21.11% | 21.11% |
| Hinduism | Hinduism | 14.68% | 14.68% |
| Christianity | Christianity | 3.21% | 3.21% |
| Other or not stated | Other or not stated | 0.23% | 0.23% |
According to the 2022 Bangladesh census, Bandarban city had a population of 54,450 and a literacy rate of 85.99%.$^{:388–394}$
According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Bandarban city had 8,699 households and a population of 41,434. 8,561 (20.66%) were under 10 years of age. Bandarban had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 67.11%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 787 females per 1000 males. Ethnic population was 8,610 (20.78%), of which Marma were 5,494 and Tripura 880.
# Owch Tappeh-ye Gharbi Rural District

Owch Tappeh-ye Gharbi Rural District (Persian: دهستان اوچ تپه غربي) is in the Central District of Torkamanchay County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Khatunabad.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population (as a part of Torkamanchay District of Mianeh County) was 2,690 in 535 households. There were 2,152 inhabitants in 571 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 1,735 in 537 households. The most populous of its 18 villages was Qaleh Juq-e Najafqoli Khan, with 447 people.
In 2024, the district was separated from the county in the establishment of Torkamanchay County and renamed the Central District.
# OScar

OScar was the first attempt to design an open-source car as open source hardware. The aim of the project is mainly to produce blueprints, using essentially open-source CAD. The project commenced in 1999, founded by Markus Merz with Tiago do Vale as design director, and launched its 0.2 release in 2006, but no further progress has been made.

## Goal and challenges

The goal of the project is not to produce a sophisticated car, but rather a simple and functional basic one, which answer people's basic transportation needs. A long-term goal is also to introduce standardization in parts manufacturing (very much in the open-source way) to use economies of scale. This is a radical change from the car industry's current practices and business model, where every manufacturer has their own standards. This monopoly on brand-specific parts often constitutes an important part of the manufacturers' revenues.
Among the challenges this car will have to overcome, before reaching the manufacturing phase, are to conduct crash tests and also to abide by very strict security legislation and pollution norms in the car industry. This has led to proposals for low-carbon alternative propulsion OScars (hybrid, hydrogen vehicle, and electric versions).
# Minnyi Mintha

Minnyi Mintha (Burmese: မင်းညီမင်းသား, pronounced) was the common title for all Princes of the Blood of the Burmese monarchy (i.e. sons, grandsons, brothers and nephews of a sovereign), who were all assigned fiefdoms when they came of age, and promoted to this rank.

## Specific ranks and titles for dynasty members

It was divided into four principal grades, as follows, awarded individually:
* The Great Deputy King: Maha Uparaja Anaudrapa Einshay Min (မဟာဥပရာဇာအနောက်ရပအိမ်ရှေ့မင်း), incorrectly termed Crown Prince by Europeans, and addressed as His Royal Highness.
* Viceroy or governor of a province: (territorial title) Bayin Khan (ဘုရင်ခံ), i.e. Viceroy, with the style of His Royal Highness.
* Great Princes, a maximum of eighteen at any one time, divided into nine great princes of the left and nine great princes of the right: Minthaya-gyi (မင်းသာရကြီး)), together with the rank of Thado Min (သတိုးမင်း), i.e. Prince, with the style of His Royal Highness.
* Middle Princes, a maximum of eighteen at any one time, divided into nine middle princes of the left and nine middle princes of the right: Mintha-lat (မင်းသားလတ်)), together with the rank of Min Ye (မင်းရဲ, Prince, with the style of His Royal Highness.
Specific titles were also used not by office, but by birth; however these were NOT indicative of the succession, for which there were no effective rules, a power struggle in the palace was the rule.
* The eldest son of the sovereign, by his chief Queen: Shwe Kodaw-gyi Awratha (ရွှေကိုယ်တော်ကြီးဩရသ), i.e. Prince with the style of His Royal Highness.
* younger sons of the sovereign, by his chief Queen: Shwe Kodaw-gyi Rajaputra (ရွှေကိုယ်တော်ကြီးရာဇာပုတြာ), i.e. Prince with the style of His Royal Highness.
* sons of the sovereign, by his senior Queens: Shwe Kodaw-gyi (ရွှေကိုယ်တော်ကြီး), i.e. Prince with the style of His Royal Highness.
* sons of the sovereign, by his junior wives: Kodaw-gyi (ကိုယ်တော်ကြီး), i.e. Prince with the style of His Royal Highness.
* sons of a Prince, by a junior wife: Hteik Tin (ထိပ်တင်), i.e. Prince.
# Hubert Mairamhof

Hubert Mairamhof was an Italian luger who competed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. A natural track luger, he won four medals at the FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships with one gold (Singles: 1978), two silvers (Doubles: 1978, 1981), and one bronze (Doubles: 1977).
# Veronika Oberhuber

Veronika Oberhuber (born 1 February 1967) is an Italian luger who has competed during the 1980s. She won the gold medal in the mixed team event at the 1989 FIL World Luge Championships in Winterberg, West Germany. Oberhuber competed in two Winter Olympics, earning her beat finish of 11th at Sarajevo in 1984.
# Natalie Obkircher

Natalie Obkircher (born 7 February 1971 in Geldern) is an Italian luger who competed between 1990 and 2003. She won five medals in the mixed team event at the FIL World Luge Championships with one silver (1995) and four bronzes (1991, 1993, 1996, 1997).
At the FIL European Luge Championships, Obkircher won six medals in the mixed team event with a gold in 1994, a silver in 1998 and a bronze in 1990, 1992, 1996 and 2000.
Competing in four Winter Olympics, Obkircher earned her best finish of fifth in the women's singles event at Lillehammer in 1994.
# Franz Obrist

Franz Obrist was an Italian luger who competed from the mid–1980s to the early 1990s. A natural track luger, he won three singles medals at the FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships with one silver in 1994 and two bronzes in 1992 and 1996.
Obrist won two men's singles medals at the FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships with a gold in 1991 and a bronze in 1993.
# Gurley Novelty

Gurley Novelty or simply Gurley was a candle-making company that existed throughout the second half of the 20th century. Gurley was known for making small, figurine-shaped candles for the main holidays, most notably Christmas, Thanksgiving, and Halloween. The company was owned by Franklin Gurley, who also designed the candles. Gurley candles have become popular collectible items.

## Company history

The company started out in Buffalo, New York in the 1939 as part of candlemaker Franklin Gurley's W&F Manufacturing Co. Inc. At first the Gurley line was commissioned by the Socony-Vacuum Oil Company (now ExxonMobil) as a way to reuse excess paraffin produced as a by-product of the oil refinery process. Gurley's first products were marketed under the name Tavern. The product line consisted of wax lips and teeth, as well as a limited number of small candle figures in holiday shapes such as ghosts, pilgrims, and Santa Claus. By the late 1940s the company's business was almost exclusively novelty candles. In 1949 Franklin Gurley bought the rights to the Tavern brand, and changed the name to the Gurley Novelty Co.
Under the Gurley Novelty Co. name the company continued to manufacture the small wax figures that had made it prosperous. Most candles were manufactured for specific holiday themes. Though each candle came with a wick, they were not marketed as practical candles. Rather, most were purchased as small wax figures for holiday display. Smaller candles were sold individually out of shallow cardboard boxes. Sets, and larger candles were sold in sealed paper boxes. Beginning in the 1960s the two and three-candle sets, and larger candles, were generally sold shrink-wrapped in cellophane. Most candles had a round paper Gurley label attached to the bottom.
Tavern and Gurley candles were inexpensive. The 3+1⁄2-inch figures were sold for decades for $0.10 each, in packs of two for $0.29, and threes for $0.49. Individual larger sizes rarely exceeded $0.99. Tavern and Gurley candles were primarily sold at dime stores such as Ben Franklin's and Woolworth's, though they could also be found at larger stores such as Macy's. Sales continued to rise throughout the 1950s and peaked in the late 1960s. By the late 1970s the company was in decline. Today, Gurley Novelty candles are popular collectibles.

## Reproductions

Several years ago the Gurley candle molds were purchased by the Vermont Country Store, which has begun reproducing them.
# QUAA men's ice hockey tournament

The Quebec Universities Athletic Association ice hockey tournament was an annual conference championship held between member teams.

## History

After the realignment of the Quebec–Ontario Athletic Association, Ontario Intercollegiate Athletic Association and Ottawa-St. Lawrence Conference in 1971, the Quebec Universities Athletic Association was born. The league began with 8 teams and, despite the name, one was located in Ontario (Royal Military College). The inaugural postseason tournament included four teams with all games being single-elimination. The league began to contract almost immediately when Montreal suspended play after just one season. RMC left after the second year and, although they were replace by Macdonald, that reprieve lasted for just one year. The conference briefly included a quarterfinal round but, with both Macdonald and Sherbrooke leaving after 1974, the conference abandoned that format. One year later, Loyola and Sir George Williams merged, leaving the QUAA with four members schools.
Before the start of the 1975–76 season, Laval restarted its program, bringing the league back up to five teams. At this point, the league shifted their postseason format so that all rounds were best-of-three. One year later, the conference appeared to have stabilized when they added Quebec–Chicoutimi. After being penalized for using an ineligible player in 1977, Laval suspended play for a full year before returning. In their absence, the conference expanded the final series into a best-of-five format. The addition of Ottawa in 1979 brought the conference nearly back to what they had at the start but the gains were short-lived.
In 1982, Bishop's suspended its program and Laval followed suit a year later. While the conference was barely holding together at this point, the playoffs were still expanded to be best-of-five for all series, though that format lasted for one tournament. After Quebec–Chicoutimi suspended its program in 1986, the conference lasted just one more year before all existing members were absorbed into the Ontario University Athletic Association. The final championship for the conference was a best-of-seven series.

## Championships

| School | Championships |
| Concordia | 9 |
| Loyola | 2 |
| Quebec–Trois-Rivières | 2 |
| Sir George Williams | 2 |
| Ottawa | 1 |
# Mirco Bertolina

Mirco Bertolina (born 11 May 1991) is an Italian cross-country skier. He competed in the 2018 Winter Olympics.

## Cross-country skiing results

All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

### Olympic Games

| Year | Age | 15 km  individual | 30 km  skiathlon | 50 km  mass start | Sprint | 4 × 10 km  relay | Team  sprint |
| 2018 | 26 | 44 | — | — | 41 | — | — |

### World Championships

| Year | Age | 15 km  individual | 30 km  skiathlon | 50 km  mass start | Sprint | 4 × 10 km  relay | Team  sprint |
| 2019 | 27 | — | — | 52 | — | — | — |
| 2021 | 29 | DNS | — | — | — | — | — |

### World Cup
#### Season standings

| Season | Age | Discipline standings | Discipline standings | Discipline standings | Ski Tour standings | Ski Tour standings | Ski Tour standings | Ski Tour standings |
| Season | Age | Overall | Distance | Sprint | Nordic Opening | Tour de Ski | World Cup Final | Ski Tour Canada |
| 2016 | 24 | NC | — | NC | — | — | — | — |
| 2017 | 25 | NC | — | NC | — | — | — | — |
| 2018 | 26 | 93 | 61 | NC | — | 33 | — | — |
| 2019 | 27 | NC | NC | NC | — | — | — | — |
| 2021 | 29 | 134 | NC | NC | — | 42 | — | — |
# Simone Galli

Simone Galli (born 24 March 1978) is an Italian freestyle skier. He competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2006 Winter Olympics.