OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rhythm and Weep

Rhythm and Weep is a 1946 short subject directed by Jules White starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges (Moe Howard, Larry Fine and Curly Howard). It is the 95th entry in the series released by Columbia Pictures starring the comedians, who released 190 shorts for the studio between 1934 and 1959.

## Plot

The Stooges are aspiring but disillusioned actors on the brink of despair, contemplating ending their lives by leaping from a skyscraper. Their morbid intentions are interrupted when they encounter three young women similarly inclined towards self-destruction due to their failed endeavors in the realm of dance. Instantly smitten, the Stooges develop romantic affections for the distressed women.
However, their shared plight takes an unexpected turn when the sound of piano music wafts through the air, diverting their attention from their grim intentions. Following the melodic trail, they descend to a lower floor where they encounter a wealthy individual engaged in piano performance. This affluent benefactor, intrigued by their talents, offers them a lucrative opportunity to showcase their skills, promising substantial remuneration if they prove to be proficient.
Their performance captivates the millionaire, who not only fulfills his promise of generous compensation but also magnanimously doubles their salaries. Unfortunately, their newfound benefactor's eccentricity becomes apparent when he jests about his lavish spending habits, only to be promptly escorted back to an asylum by attendants.

## Production notes

The title parodies the card-game expression "Read 'Em and Weep." Ruth Godfrey was director Jules White's daughter-in-law.
This short contained one of the few instances that the Stooges broke the "fourth wall". During his time on the ledge, Larry hugs his girl, looks into the camera, and says to the audience: "This I like! And I get paid for it, too!"

### Curly's illness

Rhythm and Weep was filmed on April 23–26, 1946, the penultimate entry produced featuring Curly Howard as a member of the Stooges as it was filmed after to the next released entry, Three Little Pirates.
The 42-year-old comedian had suffered a series of minor strokes over the previous 16 months prior to filming, and his performances had been unpredictable. By the time of Rhythm and Weep, he had lost a considerable amount of weight, and lines had creased his face.
While director Edward Bernds devised ways to cover his illness, Jules White simply gave most of Curly's lines to Larry. In fact, Curly was so ill during production that he could no longer remember what few lines he had. Moe's son-in-law Norman Maurer was present during filming, and recalled Curly was hurting. "He was having trouble with his coordination," recalled Maurer. "He was supposed to pop pills in his mouth during the (doctor's office) scene, but the scene was switched to Moe putting the pills into Curly's mouth because of Curly's physical problems."
# Salikoko Mufwene

Salikoko Mufwene is a linguist born in Mbaya-Lareme in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He is the Edward Carson Waller Distinguished Service Professor of linguistics at the University of Chicago. Mufwene was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2022.

## Education and career

Mufwene received his Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of Chicago in 1979.
He has worked extensively on the development of creole languages, especially Gullah and Jamaican Creole, on the morphosyntax of Bantu languages, especially Kituba, Lingala, and Kiyansi (the last of which he speaks natively), and on African American Vernacular English. He has also published several articles and chapters about language evolution.
He is one of the leading figures in research pertaining to the ecology of language, a school of thought that encourages a holistic approach of language studies and combines linguistics with different research fields such as sociology, history, cognitive sciences and biology. One of his main claims (Mufwene 2008) is that languages behave to a certain extent like viruses, and that many analogies can be drawn between the ways they both come to existence, reproduce, evolve, and eventually may go extinct.

## Honors and distinctions

In 2003, Mufwene was awarded a Médaille du Collège de France.
In 2018, Mufwene was inducted as a fellow of the Linguistic Society of America.
In 2022, Mufwene was elected as a fellow of the American Philosophical Society.
In 2023, Mufwene was elected as a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Mufwene is the editor of the book series Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact, an interdisciplinary series covering diverse perspectives on languages in contact, pidgins, creoles, language evolution, language change, and bilingualism.

## Books

* Mufwene, Salikoko; Steever, Sanford; Walker, Carol (1976). Papers from the Twelfth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago Linguistic Society.
* Mufwene, Salikoko; Rickford, John; Bailey, Guy; Baugh, John (1998). African-American English. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11732-1.
* Mufwene, Salikoko (2001). The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-511-01934-3.
* Mufwene, Salikoko (2008). Language Evolution: Contact, Competition and Change. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-9370-5.
# James McWha

James Alexander McWha AO (born 28 May 1947) is a botanist whose professional career was devoted to teaching, research and educational administration in New Zealand, Northern Ireland and Australia. He retired as Vice-Chancellor and President of the University of Adelaide on 30 June 2012. In October 2013 he was appointed as Vice Chancellor of the newly created University of Rwanda. He retired from the University of Rwanda in October 2015.

## Early life and family

McWha was born in County Down, Northern Ireland, on 28 May 1947, the son of Sarah Isabel McWha (née Caughey) and David McWha. He graduated with a BSc and BAgr (with honours in agricultural botany) from Queen's University Belfast in 1969 and 1970. McWha received his PhD in plant physiology from Glasgow University in 1973.
In 1970, McWha married Jean Lindsay Farries and, after migrating to New Zealand in 1973, the couple went on to have three children.

## Career

After his PhD, he took up an appointment at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand, where a period as a lecturer in the Department of Botany was followed by a term as Head of the Department of Plant and Microbial Sciences. In 1985 he returned to Northern Ireland to take up a joint appointment as Professor and Head of Agricultural Botany at Queen's University Belfast, and Deputy Chief Scientific Officer in the Northern Ireland Department of Agriculture. In 1989 he was appointed Director of DSIR Fruit and Trees in the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and in 1992 became foundation Chief Executive Officer of HortResearch (the Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd). He was appointed Vice-Chancellor and President of Massey University in New Zealand in 1996, and Vice-Chancellor and President of the University of Adelaide, Australia, in 2002. In October 2013 he was appointed as Vice Chancellor of the newly created University of Rwanda. He retired from the University of Rwanda in October 2015, returning to Australia. In March 2018, McWha was appointed Vice Chancellor of Lincoln University in New Zealand, on a fixed-term contract until December 2018.

## Honours

McWha was recognised in 2003 by the award of the Australian Centenary Medal for his services to education.
In May 2004, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science (honoris causa) from Massey University in recognition of his outstanding contribution to Massey and his advocacy for New Zealand's education system.
He was made an honorary officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for services to higher education in December 2011.
# HD 107146

HD 107146 is a star in the constellation Coma Berenices that is located about 90 light-years (28 pc) from Earth. The apparent magnitude of 7.028 makes this star too faint to be seen with the unaided eye.
The physical properties of this star are similar to the Sun, including the stellar classification G2V, making this a solar analog. The mass of this star is about 109% of the solar mass (M$_☉$) and it has about 99% the radius of the Sun (R$_☉$). It is a young star with an age between 80 and 200 Myr. The axis of rotation is estimated at 21+8 −9 degrees to the line of sight and it completes a rotation in a relatively brief 3.5 days.

## Circumstellar disc

In 2003, astronomers recognized the excess infrared and submillimeter emission indicative of circumstellar dust, the first time such a debris disk phenomenon was noted around a star of similar spectral types to the Sun, though having a much younger age. In 2004 the Hubble Space Telescope detected the presence of a spatially resolved disk surrounding the star.
The star's circumstellar disc has dimensions of approximately 210 × 300 AU. The dusty ring is cool, with a temperature of 51 K (−222 °C; −368 °F), and has a dust mass of 0.250±0.004 M$_E$ and nearly no gas. Analysis of the debris disk in the far-infrared and submillimeter wavelengths, carried out using the Hubble Space Telescope, suggests the presence of small grains in the disk. The disk appears to be slightly elongated to form an ellipse with its minor axis at a position angle of 58° ± 5°; working under the assumption that the disk is in fact circular gives it an inclination of 25° ± 5° from the plane of the sky. An analysis published in 2009 suggests the possible presence of a planet at a separation of 45-75 AU, in the wide gap centered at 75.4 AU which may be carved by the planet, but no planet with mass exceeding 1-2 M$_J$ was observed in the gap.
The planetary system :
| Companion (in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis (AU) | Orbital period (days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| Debris disk | 46.6–135.6 AU | 46.6–135.6 AU | 46.6–135.6 AU | 46.6–135.6 AU | 19.3±1.0° | — |

## Gallery

* Transit of Vermin Galaxy behind HD 107146.
* False colour image of HD 107146 taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, showing its circumstellar disc. The right side of the disc is brighter due to inclination of the disc to the line of sight and preferential forward scattering of the light from the star.
# Blast Off! (Stray Cats album)

Blast Off! is an album by the American rockabilly revivalist band Stray Cats, released in 1989. It marked a reunion of the band, after three years of solo endeavors; the band's previous album, 1986's Rock Therapy, was produced to fulfill a record contract.
The album peaked at No. 111 on the Billboard 200. It peaked at No. 58 on the UK Albums Chart. The first single was "Bring It Back Again".
The band supported Blast Off! by touring with Stevie Ray Vaughan.

## Production

The album was produced by Dave Edmunds, who recorded it in two weeks. The band began work on the songs at Brian Setzer's house, in the summer of 1988. "Gene and Eddie" is a tribute to Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Chicago Tribune | |
| Los Angeles Times | |
| MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide | |
| Orlando Sentinel | |
| Ottawa Citizen | |
| Record Collector | |
| The Rolling Stone Album Guide | |
| San Jose Mercury News | |
| The Virgin Encyclopedia of Eighties Music | |
Spin thought that the album "sounds even more half-hearted than the Stray Cats original (so to speak) take on the rockabilly revival." The Boston Globe determined that "Setzer can still play rave-up guitar with the best of them, though this album has time warp written all over it." The Ottawa Citizen noted that "the humor is there; they give Mr. Spock a pompadour during a ride around the galaxy, then walk on the moon in blue suede shoes." The San Jose Mercury News wrote that "if the way in which the Cats once played with and to nostalgia was original—in a secondhand sense—it now seems only dreary and rehashed."
The Orlando Sentinel stated that "Edmunds gives the Cats a new lease by rekindling the fire that dimmed after their debut album." The Calgary Herald declared that "it rocks and that's why Blast Off is a fun rerun of the party-hearty sound that saw the Stray Cats top the charts in 1982–'83." The Los Angeles Times panned the album, writing that "these un-cool Cats should feel lucky they even get a second chance—especially since they show no sign of being more than a one-dimensional act." The Gazette opined that "the Stray Cats have returned to their original launching point—as a good club band with no real vision."
AllMusic wrote: "Featuring a set of pleasant, but unexciting, songs, Blast Off indicated that the Stray Cats' revved-up rockabilly ran out of gas quickly." Record Collector concluded that "there’s a fiery venom to the galloping title track ... and then there’s way too much filler." MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide called the album "unjustly ignored."

## Charts

| Chart (1989) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 90 |
| Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) | 80 |
| Finnish Albums (The Official Finnish Charts) | 7 |
| French Albums (SNEP) | 45 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 58 |
| US Billboard 200 | 111 |
# Otto Olsen (pentathlete)

Otto Olsen (12 December 1894 – 24 October 1989) was a Danish modern pentathlete. He competed at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics.
# Clarity test

In decision analysis, the clarity test (or clairvoyant test) is a test of how well a model element is defined. Although nothing (outside a formal system) can be completely defined, the clarity test allows the decision participants to determine whether such elements as variables, events, outcomes, and alternatives are sufficiently well defined to make the decision at hand. In general, a model element is well defined if a knowledgeable individual can answer questions about the model element without asking further clarifying questions.
More precisely, Howard defines the clarity test by saying that a quantity or event is clearly defined—it passes the clarity test—if a "clairvoyant would be able to say whether or not the event in question occurred or, in the case of a variable, the value of the variable." Howard defines the clairvoyant as "a person who knew the future, who had access to all future newspapers, readings of physical devices, or any other determinable quantity." In later teaching Howard more broadly defined the clairvoyant as a person with perfect knowledge of all events and measurable quantities, past present and future, but no judgment.
The concept of the clairvoyant is useful in decision analysis for ensuring clarity of thought, particularly when assessing uncertainty.
The wizard is another mythical character who can change the future, usually for a fee, provided he or she is given a well-defined request. The concept of the wizard is useful for assessing deterministic preferences by eliminating the complexity added by uncertainty.
Links to a good discussion in Morgan & Henrion.
Ron Howard's 1988 article defining the test.
* 1 2 3 Howard, Ronald A. (June 1988). "Decision Analysis: Practice and Promise". Management Science. 34 (6): 679–695. doi:10.1287/mnsc.34.6.679. JSTOR 2632123.
* ↑ Millet Granger Morgan and Max Henrion (1990). Uncertainty: A guide for dealing with uncertainty in quantitative risk and policy analysis. Cambridge University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780521427449.
* This philosophy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
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# Charalambos Katsimitros

Charalambos Katsimitros (Greek: Χαράλαμπος Κατσιμήτρος; 1886–1962) was a Greek general who distinguished himself during the Italian invasion of Greece.

## Early life and career

Katsimitros entered the Army in 1904. He participated in the Balkan Wars as a 2nd Lieutenant in 1913 and fought in the Macedonian front with the rank of captain during the First World War. With the rank of major he took part and was wounded in the Battle of Hasan Bel, in the Asia Minor Campaign. During the following years he was promoted to senior staff positions within the Army Ministry. In 1936 he was promoted to major general and served as commander of 7th Division in Drama, 9th Division in Kozani and on 9 February 1938 he was put in command of the 8th Infantry Division of Epirus based in Ioannina. After Albania was occupied by Italy in the spring of 1939, he made great efforts to prepare for a possible Italian invasion via Albania, by constructing fortifications and familiarizing his men with the harsh local terrain.

## Greco-Italian war

On the outbreak of the war, Katsimitros' unit was fully mobilized, reinforced with an additional regiment, and deployed to meet the Italians. He decided to organize forward defense and hold the Elaia (Kalpaki) position, despite opposite instructions from the General Staff, and succeeded in defending it against repeated attacks until 9 November. In this way he managed to contain the Italian offensive in the Epirus sector, and bought valuable time for the Greek reinforcements to arrive.
When the Greek counter-offensive began, Katsimitros led his division into Albania, after forcing the pass of Kakavia. After the German attack on Greece began, he retreated with the rest of the Army of Epirus, and the capitulation found him in Ioannina.

## Collaboration and post-war career

Along with other prominent generals, Katsimitros became a member of the first collaborationist government of General Georgios Tsolakoglou, serving from April to September 1941, first as Minister for Labour and then for Agriculture. After Liberation, he was tried and sentenced to 5 years imprisonment for this, but received a royal pardon in 1949 was promoted to lieutenant general for his service during the Greco-Italian War and the Battle of Greece.
Katsimitros died in Athens in February 1962.
# Lars Dresler

Lars Gandrup Dresler (2 January 1968 – 7 November 1995) was a Danish figure skater. He was the 1990 Nordic champion and a five-time Danish national (1984–88). Dresler served as Denmark's flag bearer at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. He finished 14th overall after placing 14th in the compulsory figures, 12th in the short program, and 15th in the free skate. He trained at Gladsaxe Skøjteløber Forening. He was coached by Lorna Brown. He died in November 1995 of AIDS.

## Competitive highlights

International :
| Event | 80–81 | 81–82 | 82–83 | 83–84 | 84–85 | 85–86 | 86–87 | 87–88 | 88–89 | 89–90 |
| Olympics | | | | | | | | 14th | | |
| Worlds | | | | 23rd | 24th | 19th | 16th | 14th | | 23rd |
| Europeans | | | | 19th | 14th | 12th | 18th | | 9th | 16th |
| Inter. de Paris | | | | | | | | | 6th | 9th |
| Nebelhorn | | | | | | | | 3rd | | |
| Nordics | | | 2nd | | 2nd | | | | 3rd | 1st |
| Skate America | | | | | | | | | 4th | |
| International: Junior |||||||||||
| Junior Worlds | 13th | 22nd | 14th | | | | | | | |
| National |||||||||||
| Danish Champ. | | | | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st | | |
# Eva Fjellerup

Eva Fjellerup (born 30 April 1962) is a Danish fencer. She competed in the women's individual épée event at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
# The Search for Kennedy's PT 109

The Search for Kennedy's PT 109 is a National Geographic television special and video on DVD, directed by Peter Getzels. It documents the true story of John F. Kennedy's PT-109 from World War II, and the successful search for the ship by Dr. Robert Ballard.

## Details

The wreckage of PT-109 was located in May 2002, when a National Geographic Society expedition, headed by Ballard, found a torpedo tube amongst wreckage that matched the description, and location, of Kennedy's vessel in the Solomon Islands. The boat was identified by Dale Ridder, a weapons and explosives expert on the U.S. Marine Forensics Panel. The forward section was later found using remote-viewing equipment, however, the stern was never discovered. Much of the half-buried wreckage and grave site was left undisturbed in accordance with Navy policy.
During the expedition, they meet and interview Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, the original two natives who were dispatched by coastwatcher Reg Evans to find Kennedy's shipwrecked crew after the Navy had given them up for dead. Max Kennedy, Kennedy's nephew, who joined Ballard on the expedition, presented a bust of Kennedy to the two men.

## Media

A DVD of the National Geographic television special and book of the expedition were later released.
# Jørgen Gabrielsen

Jørgen Gabrielsen (born 11 October 1935) is a Danish former sports shooter. He competed in the 50 metre pistol event at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
# Joachim B. Hansen

Joachim Brandt Hansen (born 18 August 1990) is a Danish professional golfer who currently plays on the European Tour.

## Early life and amateur career

Hansen was born in Hillerød. He took up golf at the age of 12 enjoyed a successful amateur career which culminated with representing his country, and being the lowest-scoring player in the 2010 Eisenhower Trophy.

## Professional career

Hansen turned professional following this performance, earning a place on the Challenge Tour after three runner-up finishes on the third-tier Nordic League in 2011.
A further three runner-up finishes at Challenge Tour level, during Hansen's rookie 2012 season, earned him fourth place in the season-ending rankings and a further promotion to the European Tour. In 2013, Hansen managed to finish in a tie for third at the Aberdeen Asset Management Scottish Open, where he briefly led late in the final round despite carding a quadruple-bogey nine at his second hole.
In 2019, Hansen finished second at the Amundi Open de France, one stroke behind Nicolas Colsaerts.
Hansen's first victory on the European Tour came in November 2020, where he shot a final round 67 to win the Joburg Open. He won the Aviv Dubai Championship in November 2021 to claim his second victory on the European Tour.

## Amateur wins

* 2010 Eisenhower Trophy (individual leader), Finnish Amateur

## Professional wins (6)
### European Tour wins (2)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runner(s)-up |
| 1 | 22 Nov 2020 | Joburg Open$^1$ | −19 (66-68-64-67=265) | 2 strokes | Wilco Nienaber |
| 2 | 14 Nov 2021 | Aviv Dubai Championship | −23 (63-67-67-68=265) | 1 stroke | Francesco Laporta, Bernd Wiesberger |
$^1$Co-sanctioned by the Sunshine Tour

### Challenge Tour wins (2)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runner(s)-up |
| 1 | 29 Apr 2018 | Turkish Airlines Challenge | −18 (69-66-69-66=270) | 3 strokes | Lorenzo Gagli, Jack Singh Brar |
| 2 | 1 Jul 2018 | Made in Denmark Challenge | −15 (64-72-63-70=269) | 5 strokes | Kalle Samooja |
Challenge Tour playoff record (0–1)
| No. | Year | Tournament | Opponent | Result |
| 1 | 2018 | Swedish Challenge | Oliver Wilson | Lost to par on second extra hole |

### Nordic Golf League wins (2)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runner(s)-up |
| 1 | 18 Jun 2010 | Golf Experten Open (as an amateur) | 21 pts (2-12-7=21) | 4 points | Johan Bjerhag, Rasmus Hjelm Nielsen |
| 2 | 15 Feb 2018 | Mediter Real Estate Masters | −15 (70-64-63=197) | 1 stroke | Nicolai Kristensen |

## Team appearances

Amateur
* European Boys' Team Championship (representing Denmark): 2008
* European Amateur Team Championship (representing Denmark): 2009, 2010
* Eisenhower Trophy (representing Denmark): 2010 (individual leader)