OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Giving dap

Giving dap is a friendly gesture of greeting, agreement, or solidarity between two people that has become popular in Western cultures, particularly since the 1970s, stemming from African American soldiers during the Vietnam War. Giving dap, dapping, or dabbing typically involves handshaking (often by hooking fingers), pound hugging, fist pounding, or chest or fist bumping.
Giving dap can refer to presenting many kinds of positive nonverbal communication between two people, ranging from a brief moment of simple bodily contact to a complicated routine of hand slaps, shakes, and snaps. If known only by its two participants, it can be considered a secret handshake. Elaborate examples of dap are observed as a pregame ritual performed by many teams in the National Basketball Association, serving as a means of psychological preparation and team solidarity. Some find the sound produced by a 'dap handshake' pleasurable, so will repeat the gesture until they get a "clean sound."

## History
### Vietnam War

The practice and term originated among black soldiers during the Vietnam War as part of the Black Power movement. Ninety percent of those imprisoned in the Long Binh Jail during the war were African Americans; it was in the jail that the handshake was created under pan-African nationalist influences.
Its main use was to instill solidarity among black American soldiers, conveying their commitment to look after one another. This was a response to the racism black Americans faced during Vietnam War deployment, including several cases of white soldiers shooting fellow black soldiers during combat. It sometimes contained information "such as what to expect at the battlefront or what had transpired during an operation". White military officials feared the handshake, believing the coded language included plans for a potential black insurrection. Due to these fears, military officials banned dapping, and "many black soldiers were court-martialed, jailed, and even dishonorably discharged as a punishment for dapping". However, the censorship only solidified the need for unity among black American soldiers.
Despite the suppression of the dap, the military later used dapping to increase trust for black combatants with post-traumatic stress disorder who needed medical treatment. Officers "would bring in black G.I.s fluent in the dap to dap with these men to build their trust up to accept treatment from white doctors and staff".

### Contemporary

In 2013, American photographer LaMont Hamilton created Five on the Black Hand Side, a photo series depicting African American men's handshakes as they perform the dap. The name of the project is likely comes from a clapping game. Combining the photographs with oral histories, Hamilton noted his discovery that "there is a tremendous diversity of daps, evolving from the dramatically different movements and meanings of each military company".

## Etymology

The etymology of dap is uncertain, and there are various theories. Most simply, it may be imitative (compare tap, dap), and is sometimes explained as an acronym for dignity and pride, possibly a backronym.
# Pauline Savari

Pauline Savari (born 10 January 1859 at Viarmes; died 10 January 1907 at Auteuil), was a French novelist, dramatist, journalist, stage actress, opera singer and feminist.

## Personal life

Savari married Louis Étienne Baudier de Royaumont (1854–1918), with whom she had two sons: Louis and Philippe Baudier de Royaumont. Philippe married Suzanne Leloir, daughter of Maurice Leloir in 1912, and died fighting for France in 1916.

## Career

Savari began her career as a journalist in 1887. She wrote articles for numerous journals, including Gil Blas, Le Figaro, Le Don Quichotte, and La France. Savari also wrote many plays and novels. At the same time, Savari had a career on stage as both an actress and an opera singer, including a leading role in Alceste by Gluck. She was a pupil and friend of the noted French actress Marie Léonide Charvin (known as Agar). In 1891 Savari founded artistic evenings at the Galerie Vivienne. In 1893 Savari applied to become a member of the Académie française. Her application was denied because she was a woman. In 1894 Savari became the editor of the journal Polymnia.
In 1895 Savari tried to persuade the municipal council of Paris to create a commemorative plaque for Marguerite Porete, a French medieval mystic, who was burnt at the stake for heresy in Paris in 1310, after she refused to refusing to remove her book, The Mirror of Simple Souls, from circulation or to recant her views.
Savari was a noted feminist, and founder and chair of the Fédération française des sociétés féministes, a union of professional French women. The Fédération was concerned with the issues of equal work and equal pay for women. Savari was especially concerned to secure safe working conditions.
With aims driven by her practical feminism and her desire to educate the public about women's rights and their industry and economic contributions, Savari organised the exposition internationale des arts et métiers féminins and its associated conference the Congrès du travail, in Paris over four months from 25 June to 30 October 1902. In 1903 Savari was the editor of the journal L'Ouvrière. She also founded the journal Le Berceau, which was concerned with the protection of mothers and children.

## Novels

* 1882: Sacré Cosaque!

## Theatre
### As author

* 1889: Tous journalistes!
* 1890: Divorce impérial'
* 1891: Oh la bête!
* 1901: Maternité
* 1901: Le Bon Anarchiste
* 1901: Les Barbares sont à nos portes
* 1901: Mademoiselle se marie

### As actor

* 1891: Celle qu'on n'épouse pas, by Paul Alexis

## Opera

* 1892: Siegfried, only the last act, at the Théâtre Moderne
* 1894: Alceste by Gluck at the Théâtre Moncey [fr]
* 1897: Le Passant by Émile Paladilhe at the Théâtre Mondain [fr]
# Wilson Speedway

Wilson Speedway was a half-mile dirt oval located in Wilson, North Carolina that held 12 NASCAR Cup Series between 1951 and 1960 and 5 races in the NASCAR Convertible Series from 1956 to 1958. and continued to hold local races until 1989 when the track was closed. The track was located at the Wilson County American Legion Fair Grounds.

## History

The track opened in 1934 and originally held horse racing before switching to becoming an auto racing track in 1935 the track was accredited three years later by AAA and held races until the United States' entry into World War II in 1941. Racing continued following the war until 1989.
Hours before the 1959 NASCAR race, the grandstands burned to the ground and 8000 fans in attendance watched the race from the ground. In the 1960 NASCAR race, Emanuel Zervakis was disqualified for his fuel tank being too large after winning the race.
During the 60's the track was one of the venues Dale Earnhardt raced at very early in his career.
As of 2022 the track is abandoned but still partially intact, with all of the track surface in turns 3 and 4 turning into grass and turns 1 and 2 being slightly off from the original track.

## NASCAR results
### Cup Series Results

| Race Number | Winner | Manufacturer | Average Speed (mph) |
| 1951-30 | Fonty Flock | Oldsmobile | Unknown |
| 1952-29 | Herb Thomas | Hudson | 35.398 |
| 1953-18 | Fonty Flock | Hudson | 53.803 |
| 1953-34 | Herb Thomas | Hudson | 56.022 |
| 1954-11 | Buck Baker | Oldsmobile | 52.279 |
| 1956-08 | Herb Thomas | Chevrolet | 46.287 |
| 1956-56 | Buck Baker | Chrysler | 50.597 |
| 1957-06 | Ralph Moody | Ford | 55.079 |
| 1958-05 | Lee Petty | Oldsmobile | 48.459 |
| 1959-07 | Junior Johnson | Ford | 50.300 |
| 1959-22 | Junior Johnson | Ford | 58.065 |
| 1960-12 | Joe Weatherly | Ford | 55.113 |
Reference

### Convertible Results

| Race Number | Winner | Manufacturer | Average Speed (mph) |
| 1956-21 | Curtis Turner | Ford | 54.987 |
| 1957-09 | Joe Weatherly | Ford | 55.325 |
| 1957-35 | Billy Myers | Ford | 54.987 |
| 1958-08 | Curtis Turner | Ford | 47.362 |
| 1958-18 | Bob Welborn | Chevrolet | 45.196 |
Reference
# Carl Otto Løvenskiold

Carl Otto Løvenskiold (23 December 1839 – 1 October 1916) was a Norwegian naval officer, business executive and landowner. He served as the Norwegian prime minister in Stockholm during 1884. By birth, he is a member of Løvenskiold noble family.

## Biography

Løvenskiold was born in Christiania (now Oslo), Norway on 23 December 1839. He was the son of Otto Joachim Løvenskiold (1811-1882) and Julie Caroline Helene Wedel-Jarlsberg (1815-1840). His father was a Supreme Court Attorney and mayor of Christiania. He attended Christiania Cathedral School, became a sea cadet at Frederiksvern and a second lieutenant in the Royal Norwegian Navy in 1859. In 1868 Løvenskiold was promoted to first lieutenant. In 1875, he resigned from naval service. He entered into the operation of the business interests of his father-in-law Harald Wedel Jarlsberg in Bærum and Aker, including Bærum Verk and Nordmarka.
He was a Prime Minister in Stockholm in 1884 during Schweigaard's Ministerium. He served as a member of the Parliament of Norway (Storting) from 1889 to 1897 representing Akershus for the Conservative Party.
Løvenskiold was nominated as a Knight in the Order of St. Olav in 1889, Knight 1st Class in 1899 and Commander in 1912. He also was a recipient of the Order of Vasa. The Spitsbergen icecap Løvenskioldfonna and the mountain ridge Carlsfjella were named in his honor.

## Personal life

In 1865, he married his cousin Elise Wedel Jarlsberg (1844-1923), daughter of landowner Harald Wedel Jarlsberg (1811–97) and Elise Frederikke Butenschøn (1820–68). They were the parents of Harald Løvenskiold (1868–1934). Løvenskiold died on 1 October 1916 and was buried in the family grave site at Ullern Church (Ullern kirkegård) in Oslo.
# Pieter Roelofs

Pieter Roelofs (born 1972) is a Dutch art historian working for the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam as head of paintings and sculpture. He specialises in Dutch Golden Age painting, particularly Rembrandt van Rijn.
Roelofs studied history of art at the Radboud University in Nijmegen. After finishing his study, he worked as curator at the Valkhof Museum in Nijmegen. In 2006 he started working at the Rijksmuseum. In 2019 he led the restoration of Rembrandt's The Night Watch. Using new scanning techniques the Rijksmuseum team discovered a preparatory sketch underneath the paint, which Roelofs said shows how Rembrandt searched for the right composition. In an interview with the BBC Roelofs compared Rembrandt to a dance choreographer who grabs the viewer's eye and moves it through the composition.
Roelofs was responsible for the largest Johannes Vermeer exhibition ever, which ran from February until June 2023. The exhibition attracted the highest number of visitors in the museum’s history. The authenticity of three of the paintings included in the exhibition is disputed, including the Girl with a Flute, owned by the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC. The gallery concluded in 2022 that its painting is a work by an associate of Vermeer, but Roelofs has said in interviews that he believes it to be a real Vermeer: "The doubt disappears somewhere during the flight over the ocean."
Roelofs was a judge in the Dutch reality TV programmes Project Rembrandt, De Nieuwe Vermeer, and De Gezonken Meesters.
# Liberty Township Schoolhouse No. 2

Liberty Township Schoolhouse No. 2 is a historic one-room school building located in Liberty Township, Shelby County, Indiana. It was built in 1875, and is a one-story, rectangular, Italianate style brick building. It has a steep gable-front roof and features heavy scroll brackets, a scalloped frieze, and oculus vent. Also on the property is a contributing water pump. It remained in use as a school until about 1919.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.
# Lynsey Hipgrave

Lynsey Hipgrave (née Horn; born 6 September 1979) is an English television, radio presenter and journalist, currently working for British Broadcaster TNT Sports.

## Broadcasting career
### Radio

Hipgrave's initial break came on Manchester radio station Galaxy 102 where she presented the breakfast show, before being appointed a travel reporter on Radio 5 Live.
Until July 2016 she co-presented the Saturday morning show on Radio 5 Live from 9 am to 11 am with Danny Baker and she has also hosted with Eamonn Holmes and Christian O'Connell.

### Television

In 2010, Hipgrave became a presenter on Al Jazeera on their English-language sports channel (Al Jazeera Sports +3) for their Champions League shows alongside Gary Lineker. She was the main anchor on Al Jazeera's coverage of the World Athletics Championships alongside Colin Jackson and Denise Lewis, the US Open Tennis Final, WTA Championships and the Asian Games.
Hipgrave is a former presenter on Setanta Sports News and Roulette Nation on Challenge Jackpot.
In 2009, Hipgrave contributed to BBC Three's World Cup's Most Shocking Moments.
In 2012, Hipgrave was a contributor to Euro's Most Shocking Moments, a follow-up programme to the earlier programme on the World Cup, this time featuring clips from football's European Championships.
In 2013, Hipgrave presented some of the African Cup of Nations games for ITV4 and hosted some of ITV4's coverage of the Europa League, including Newcastle United's quarter final tie with Benfica at St. James' Park.
In August 2013, Hipgrave began presenting on BT Sport where she has hosted Women's Tennis and Football, including presenting coverage of the Champions League, Europa League and FA Cup.
During the summer of 2014, Hipgrave worked for ESPN to help present the 2014 World Cup.
Between August 2016 and May 2017, Lynsey co-presented Channel 5's coverage of the Football League, EFL Cup and EFL Trophy, with George Riley.

## Personal life

Following her marriage to Toploader guitarist Dan Hipgrave in November 2008 she became known as Lynsey Hipgrave. She is a Newcastle United supporter.

## Television credits

* Aljazeera Sports 3 (now beIN Sports 3) (MENA)
* BBC News
* Poker Night Live
* Sky Poker Open
* Setanta Sports News (IRL and UK)
* World Cup's Most Shocking Moments
* Euro's Most Shocking Moments
* Mola TV (IDN and TLS) (2019-present)
# Neo kyma

Music of Greece :
General topics :
Ancient music
Byzantine music
Opera
Greek musical system
Greek musical instruments
Greek dances
Worldwide :
Genres :
Church music (Byzantine)
Classical music
Ionian school
National school
Greek folk
Laïko
Rock
Hip hop
Punk
Neo kyma :
Specific forms :
Contemporary
Éntekhno
Nisiotika
Rebetiko
Skiladiko :
Media and performance :
Nationalistic and patriotic songs :
Regional music :
vte :
Néo kýma (Greek: Νέο Κύμα, pronounced, translated as "new wave") is a Greek music genre appeared during so called Greek New Wave movement in the mid-1960s which lasted about a decade. It was a mixture of entechno and French chansons; it was so named by Giannis Spanos after the French Nouvelle Vague. Most of the Greek New Wave artists released their songs through the Greek label LYRA.

## Notable artists

Notable Greek artists from the Neo Kyma movement include:
* Arleta
* Keti Chomata
* Kostas Hatzis
* Mariza Koch
* Rena Koumioti
* Notis Mauvroudes
* Lakis Pappas
* Giannis Poulopoulos
* Dionysis Savvopoulos
* Giannis Spanos
* Mihalis Violaris
* Giorgos Zographos
* Lefki Symphonia
* popi Asteriadi
# Peter Birch-Reichenwald

Peter Birch-Reichenwald (29 November 1843 – 8 July 1898) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.
He was born in Christiania to Christian Birch-Reichenwald and Jacobine Ida Sophie Motzfeldt. His paternal grandfather was Paul Hansen Birch, his maternal grandfather was Peter Motzfeldt. Peter Birch-Reichenwald married Alette Marie Christensen, and the couple had eight children.
He served as mayor of Christiania during 1889.
In July 1889 he was appointed Minister of Labour as a part of the first cabinet Stang. He left in March 1891 when the first cabinet Stang Fell. He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1892, representing the constituency of Kristiania, Hønefoss og Kongsvinger. He only served one three-year term. In March 1894 he was appointed Minister of the Interior as a part of the second cabinet Stang. He replaced Johan Henrik Paasche Thorne. He left in October 1895 when the second cabinet Stang Fell.
He died in the same city he was born. A residential street Birch-Reichenwalds gate, at Sandaker in Oslo, is named after him.
# Ayala Bridge

Ayala Bridge (Filipino: Tulay ng Ayala; Spanish: Puente de Ayala) is a steel truss bridge over the Pasig River in Manila, Philippines. It connects the districts of Ermita and San Miguel, passing over the western tip of Isla de Convalecencia. It carries Circumferential Road 1 (C-1) and National Route 180 (N180), linking Ayala Boulevard in Ermita to P. Casal Street in San Miguel.

## History

Ayala Bridge was originally two separate timber-built bridges (divided into the San Miguel and Concepcion sections after each side's point of origin, converging into Isla de la Convalecencia) when it was first built in 1872 by Don Jacobo Zóbel y Zangroniz of Ayala y Compañía (now Ayala Corporation).
Roughly ten years after opened, the bridge's condition had degenerated considerably. In 1899, the San Miguel portion collapsed, with the Concepcion portion following suit months later. In 1908, the bridge became the first steel bridge in the Philippines. Its current form is attributed to a 1930s reconstruction, during which it was decided to unify the bridge in a singular route.
Ayala Bridge was closed to the public in early 2015 to undergo rehabilitation and structural repairs to ensure its integrity. It was raised by 70 centimeters (28 in), enabling it to withstand a 7.2-magnitude earthquake. The bridge fully reopened to motorists in November 2015.
Every January 9 of the year since 2020, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority has closed the bridge for use as procession route during the Feast of the Black Nazarene.
# Polarization

Polarization or polarisation may refer to:

## Mathematics

* Polarization of an Abelian variety, in the mathematics of complex manifolds
* Polarization of an algebraic form, a technique for expressing a homogeneous polynomial in a simpler fashion by adjoining more variables
* Polarization identity, expresses an inner product in terms of its associated norm
* Polarization (Lie algebra)

## Physical sciences

* Polarization (physics), the ability of waves to oscillate in more than one direction; polarization of light allows the glare-reducing effect of polarized sunglasses
** Polarization (antenna), the state of polarization (in the above sense) of electromagnetic waves transmitted by or received by a radio antenna
* Dielectric polarization, charge separation in insulating materials:
** Polarization density, volume dielectric polarization
** Dipolar polarization, orientation of permanent dipoles
** Ionic polarization, displacement of ions in a crystal
** Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars polarization, slow long-distance charge separation in dielectric spectroscopy on inhomogeneous soft matter
* Polarization (electrochemistry), a change in the equilibrium potential of an electrochemical reaction
* Concentration polarization, the shift of the electrochemical potential difference across an electrochemical cell from its equilibrium value
* Spin polarization, the degree by which the spin of elementary particles is aligned to a given direction
* Polarizability, an electrical property of atoms or molecules and a separate magnetic property of subatomic particles
** Polarization function, a feature of some molecular modelling methods
* Photon polarization, the mathematical link between wave polarization and spin polarization
* Vacuum polarization, a process in which a background electromagnetic field produces virtual electron-positron pairs
* Polarization (cosmology), mechanisms for detecting astronomical polarization and the possible natural origins

## Social sciences

* Polarization (economics), faster decrease of moderate-skill jobs relative to low-skill and high-skill jobs
* Political polarization, when public opinion divides and becomes oppositional
** Bipolarisation, two sides of opposition
* Social polarization, segregation of society into social groups, from high-income to low-income
* Group polarization, tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than individuals' initial inclinations
** Attitude polarization, when disagreement becomes more extreme as different parties consider evidence
* Racial polarization, when a population with varying ancestry is divided into distinct racial groups

## Others

* Polarization (album), an album by American jazz trombonist and composer Julian Priester
* Polarization, in many disciplines, is a tendency to be located close to one of the opposite ends of a continuum
# Liberty-Benton High School

Liberty-Benton High School is a public high school near Findlay, Ohio, and the only high school in the Liberty-Benton Local School district. It is named for Liberty Township, the village of Benton Ridge, and Eagle Township. Its mascot is the bald eagle, and its school colors are blue and white, accented with red. It is also a member of the Blanchard Valley Conference. In 1995, the school expanded by building a new high school facility about a fourth of a mile from the main building. After the new building was completed, all sports programs except football, baseball, track, and softball were moved to the new building. Football and track continued at the main school until 2003. The baseball and softball teams played at Benton Ridge Park until fields at the new high school were finished in the late 2000s. The new high school hosts district tournaments in basketball, volleyball, and track.

## Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships

* Boys Basketball – 1995
* Girls Basketball - 2010
* Boys Track and Field – 1995, 2000 (as co-champion), 2005
* Girls Cross Country – 1984, 1985, 1986, 1996
* Girls Track and Field - 2015, 2016
* Girls Volleyball - 2019, 2021 (undefeated season)

## Notable alumni

* Aaron Craft - basketball point guard
* A. J. Granger - basketball player, NCAA champion in 2000
* Fred Hissong - U.S. Army Lieutenant General
# Blake Shelton (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Blake Shelton is the debut studio album by American country music artist Blake Shelton. It was released on July 31, 2001, through Warner Bros. Records Nashville. The album features three singles: "Austin", "All Over Me", and "Ol' Red". It has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Shelton co-wrote four of the ten tracks.

## Singles

"Austin" was the lead-off single from the album, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts that year. Although Shelton has since charted five more number ones, "Austin" is his longest-lasting number one hit, at five weeks. Following this song was "All Over Me", which reached number 18 on the country charts, and "Ol' Red", which peaked at number 14. The latter was originally recorded by George Jones on his 1990 album You Oughta Be Here with Me, and by Kenny Rogers on his 1993 album If Only My Heart Had a Voice. Due to the closure of Giant Records in 2001, Shelton was transferred to the Nashville division of Giant's parent label, Warner Bros. Records, which promoted and distributed the second and third singles.

## Critical reception

Maria Konicki Dinoia of Allmusic rated the album four stars out of five, saying, "This impressive ten-song compilation is an earnest debut full of lots of promise and originality" and citing the presence of Bobby Braddock cowrites.

## Personnel

Compiled from liner notes.

## Chart performance
### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions |
| Year | Single | US Country | US |
| 2001 | "Austin" | 1 | 18 |
| 2001 | "All Over Me" | 18 | 110 |
| 2002 | "Ol' Red" | 14 | 101 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000$^^$ |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||