# Australian reggae

Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. Australia has several bands and sound systems that play reggae music in a style faithful to its expression in Jamaica. Australia has a relatively small Jamaican community, but reggae penetrated local consciousness via the popularity of reggae among the non-Jamaican population of England in the 1960s and 1970s. Many indigenous musicians have embraced reggae, both for its musical qualities and its ethos of resistance. Examples include Mantaka, No Fixed Address, Zennith and Coloured Stone.

## History

The first Reggae sound system in Australia was Soulmaker, established in 1972 by J.J. Roberts, a Jamaican from Saint Catherine Parish. Bob Marley & The Wailers toured Australia in 1979, playing Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Melbourne and Sydney. Reggae had success on the radio charts in Australia in the early 1980s when Toots and the Maytals, the first artist to use the term "reggae" in song, went to number one with their song "Beautiful Woman". One of the first Australian reggae bands was Untabu. The original members of the band came from Trinidad & Tobago, Bruce Mc Clean - guitar and Errol H Renaud - steel pan, lead singer Ras Roni from Barbados, percussionist Jorge Morales from Puerto Rico and Fijians Rupeni Davui - bass, James Purmodh - drums and Joel Knight - keys. They had releases on Larrikin Records and were resident in a number of clubs in the Darlinghurst and Manly area of Sydney. They also toured the East coast regularly. They performed original music and reggae covers. The Aboriginal band No Fixed Address from Adelaide also had reggae songs in their repertoire.
In 1984, Australian label Corroboree Records had its first release with Dangerous Times. This 7" single was recorded at Channel One Studios with the Roots Radics, voiced and mixed at King Tubby's with Bugs as engineer, and voiced by Dudley Green and General Justice. It Contains the song "Dangerous Dub" on the B side, which was mixed by King Tubby. It was released in Jamaica, the UK and Australia. In 1985 Larry Maluma arrived in Australia from Zambia with master tapes recorded in Zambia. He remixed a couple of tracks, Black or White and Chimutima Chako at AAV studios in Melbourne for a 45 single vinyl which was released in 1986 under his own newly formed independent (Safari Music) label. In 1987, two years after his arrival from Zambia Larry Maluma released his first album Confusion on his own Safari Music label. The video clip "Black and White" from the same album was aired on Countdown Revolution and Rock Arena on ABC. Larry Maluma went on to release his 14th album, Ndakondwa (I'm Happy), in 2014.
The first notable dub release in Australia was Ten Dubs That Shook The World by Sheriff Lindo and the Hammer, issued on the artist's own label, Endless Recordings, in 1988. The LP was reissued on the Creative Vibes label with five extra tracks in 1998, and again by EM Records of Japan in 2006, on CD (catalogue number EM1049CD) and LP (EM1049LP), limited to 500 copies. The CD version contains five extra tracks.
Melbourne-based band The Red Eyes released their first live CD in 2003 Live at the Evelyn, following it with two CD EPs, two full-length albums (Rudeworld in 2006 and Red Army in 2010) and the 2011 single Circles before disbanding. Their catalog contains reggae, dub and occasional drum 'n' bass tracks. The band's lead singer El Witeri is Maori, and their work has been remixed by New Zealand dub producer, Deep Fried Dub.
In September 2006, Astronomy Class released Exit Strategy on the record label Elefant Traks. The record fused reggae and hip hop music. In February 2007, Melbourne-based producer Mista Savona released Melbourne Meets Kingston on Elefant Traks. It is a 21-track collaboration with Jamaican singers and deejays such as Anthony B, Determine and Big Youth. In September 2008, the Sydney-based band King Tide released their debut album To our Dearly Deported on the UK label Urban Sedated. The single "No Dog War" was used worldwide by the Sony corporation for their Wag the Dog campaign. The commercial shot in Brazil featured members from the cast of the feature film City of God. In December 2009, Australian artist Matty Woods released The Ras Gong Guerrilla EP, a 10-track recording that tackles Australian and international political issues such as Indigenous sovereignty, climate change and human rights.
Waves of migration to Australia in the late 20th and early 21st centuries have brought musicians from Africa and Asia to Australia, where they have continued to write, record and perform reggae music, sometimes in combination with other more directly African forms of music. In South Australia, Ras Minano is one example, and the dancehall artist Sokel is another. In Melbourne, Ras Jahknow and the Irie Band (which has Sri Lankan roots) are two more examples.
Desert Reggae is a developing contemporary style possibly originating in Central Australia and featuring lyrics often sung in Australian Aboriginal languages. As of 2015, many indigenous Australian artists from the Northern Territory represented by the Aboriginal owned and operated music label CAAMA Music identify as reggae or ska artists (often in combination with rock). Artists include Tjintu Desert Band (previously known as Sunshine Reggae) and Tjupi Band. Some also identify as Desert Reggae artists, with examples including Lajamanu Teenage Band, Rising Wind, Irrunytju Band and Eastern Arrernte Band. Annual music event Bush Bands Bash in Alice Springs features many Desert Reggae bands.
Reggaeton, a music genre that blends reggae, hip hop, and traditional Latin American music, is also popular in Australia. The genre first came to prominence when Puerto Rican reggaeton artist Daddy Yankee released his most notable single, "Gasolina," to Australian radio in 2006. Already a hit worldwide, it reached a peak of No. 12 on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified Platinum, making it one of the few Spanish-language songs to reach that position on the Australian charts.

## Festivals

A range of reggae festivals and festivals highlighting reggae music are held around Australia. Queensland hosts more than any other state, with Reggaetown and Kuranda Roots held near Cairns in far north Queensland, and Good Love (formerly One Love) held at the Gold Coast. Good Love Festival is one of New Zealand's largest and most iconic music events, and made its Australian debut in 2020 headlined by Shaggy and Sean Paul. In 2022, the festival changed its name to Good Love.
In 2016, the first Jamaican Music & Food Festival was held in Melbourne, Victoria featuring reggae and other music of Jamaican origin. Sponsored by PBS and with live performances by Australian artists, bands and DJs, the festival has also featured many international artists including Jamaican reggae singer Bushman, British vocalist General Levy and soul singer Richie Stephens. In 2019 the festival also took place in Sydney, NSW and featured Mad Professor as its headline performer.
Byron Bay Reggaefest started at The Brewery (28°38′42″S 153°36′17″E﻿ / ﻿28.64507°S 153.604697°E﻿ / -28.64507; 153.604697; previously known as The Buddha Bar) on 4 December 2010 planned a 2-day festival at Missingham Park, Ballina NSW on 17 & 18 September 2011.
South Beach annual Reggae Party Fremantle Western Australia started in 1998.

### Former festivals

Raggamuffin Music Festival was an annual reggae music festival that toured Australia and New Zealand. The festival postponed in 2017 and has not returned since.
Dub in the Park was an annual festival of dub, roots and world music first held in Adelaide, South Australia in 2016. The festival was discontinued in 2019.

## Radio

Notable Australian reggae radio programs of the past include Splashdown and The Pounding System. Australia's longest running reggae radio show is Jamdown Vershun which has been broadcasting on 92.1 FM in Perth with selector General Justice since July 1979. The Jamaican singer, producer, and broadcaster Mikey Dread produced and presented a reggae radio special for 2JJJ in the mid to late 1980s.
In Melbourne, the PBS 106.7FM program "Babylon Burning" (formerly known as "Chant Down Babylon") has been presented by Jesse I since the late 1990s.
Foreigndub ran a weekly radio show in Sydney on 94.5FM – FBI radio every Sunday from 5–7 pm called 'Foreigndub Airways'. They broadcast the show 2010-2019, now moved to 3-5pm Sunday slot on 2SER and stream worldwide.
Every Saturday afternoon, 4ZZZ presents The Yard, a Reggae show from 4-6pm with selecta Basmati (Rhythm Collision Sound)
Every Wednesday Morning 12 am −2am Fresh 92.7 a community station based in Adelaide has a reggae dancehall show called Dancehall & Ting which has aired since July 2012 and is hosted by DJ Ragz.
In 2013 An online radio station, Australia Reggae Radio (ARR) began broadcasting from Melbourne. ARR plays 24-hour Reggae and Dancehall music, 7 days a week. Run by a former Jamaican music executive and current selector and MC, Zare Demus, ARR features a broad range of reggae and dancehall shows from both Australian and international DJs including, but not limited to, Robert Ragz – Dancehall and Ting from Adelaide, Australia; Basmati – The Yard from Brisbane, Australia; Zare Demus – The Zare Demus Show from Melbourne, Australia; Mumma Trees – Jamdown Vershun from Perth, Australia; DJ Septik – Slow Bounce from Brussels, Belgium and Young Lion – Young Lion Show from the UK.

## Chart

In 2017 The first-ever chart dedicated to reggae and dancehall music established in Australia by radio presenter DJ Ragz, music producer DJ Wade and Dancehall Reggae Australia.

## Notable artists

* Blue King Brown
* Kattimoni
* Nicky Bomba
* Dizzy Dee
* King Tide
* Mista Savona
* Errol H Renaud
* Ras Roni
* Pat Powell
* DJ Astro Black

## Australian releases

Singles :
| Artist | Title | Label | Format | Release Year |
| Pressure Drop | Reggae Riot’ b/w ‘Jah | EMI | 7” | 1979 |
| Leon De Castro's Babylon | Suspicious Minds' b/w 'Hindley Street | Warner Brothers | 7" | 1979 |
| Cassava | 27 years' b/w 'Stir It Up | EMI | | 1980 |
| Un Tabu | Open Your Eyes' b/w 'Dem Coming Down | Larrikin | EP | 1980 |
| Igniters | Ignition' 'Rubby Dub' b/w 'More Flaming Dub' 'Kent Street Skank | Larrikin | EP | 1981 |
| Joe Dolce | Reggae Matilda’ b/w ‘Stick It Out | Ariola 103683 | 7” | 1981 |
| The Allniters | She Made a Monkey Out of Me / Allniters Are Alrighters / She Drives Me Around the Bend | Larrikin/Green | 7” | 1981 |
| Us Mob/No Fixed Address | Wrong Side of the Road | Soundtrack | | 1981 |
| Strange Tenants | Something Like That / She Asked Me / Soldier Boy / Ground Point Zero | Bluebeat | 12” | 1982 |
| No Fixed Address | From My Eyes | Rough Diamond/Astor/PolyGram | EP | 1982 |
| The Leftovers | The Lemonade Song’ ‘Double Bay’ ‘Yay Al | Method | 7” | 1983 |
| The All Nighters | D-D-D-Dance with the Allniters | Powderworks | LP | 1983 |
| Strange Tenants | Take One Step/Two Steps Back / Grey Skies / Killer Zombies / Mr & Mrs | Bluebeat | 12” | 1983 |
| Strange Tenants | I Work At My Machine’ b/w ‘The Firm | Bluebeat | LP | 1984 |
| Strange Tenants | Movin' In | Bluebeat | LP | 1984 |
| Vegimite Reggae | Trendy Ex-Hippies | Confidential Records | LP | 1984 |
| Vegimite Reggae | Send it Out’ b/w ‘Faces | Confidential Records | 7” | 1984 |
| Club Ska | Black ‘n’ White’ b/w ‘Club Dub | Powderworks | 7” | 1986 |
| Club Ska | Cupid’ b/w ‘Bottom End | Powderworks | 7” | 1986 |
| Club Ska | On The Road’ b/w ‘Beside | Beat E Records/Creole Records | 7” | 1987 |
| Sheriff Lindo and the Hammer | 10 Dubs That Shook The World | Endless Recordings ER001 | LP | 1988 |
| Joe Geia | Yil Lull | Gammin Records | LP | 1988 |
| Spy Vs Spy | Working Week (Dub Mix | WEA | 12” | 1988 |
| Vegimite Reggae | Too Many Years' b/w 'Love is Gone | M.A.X. Records 7" 1989 | 7” | 1989 |
| The Latenotes | Hallelujah Ska | Unicorn Records | CD | 1990 |
| Fraction | Tribute to Bob and Peter' b/w 'Good Times | Rainbow Wirl 12" 1991 | 12” | 1991 |
| Kate Ceberano and MC Kye | Satisfied | Regular Records 12" 1991 | 12” | 1991 |
| The Rockmelons feat. Kye | Bubble & Squeak' from 'Form One Planet | Mushroom | CD | 1992 |
| Mixed Relations | Love | Polydor | CD | 1993 |
| Christine Anu with Paul Kelly | Last Train | White Records | CD | 1993 |
| Dub Congress + Starman | Red Pepper | Self-published | CD | 1993 |
| Mixed Relations | Love | Polydor | CD | 1993 |
| Bellydance | One Blood | Regular/Festival | CD | 1993 |
| Kev Carmody & Tiddas | Sorry Business | Dub Mix | CD | 1993 |
| The Natural Mystics | Natural Creation | Self-published | CD | 1994 |
| Various | Tribal Heart | AIM | CD | 1994 |
| Starman | Wizzdom | Wizzdom Productions | CD | 1995 |
| Hoopsnake | Outta My System | rooArt | CD | 1995 |
| Sacred Sound System feat. Kye | Mantra Mix | Mushroom | CD | 1996 |
| Wicked Beat Sound System | Music from the Core | One Movement | CD | 1996 |
| Sherrif Lindo and the Hammer | Ten Dubs That Shook The World: Ten Dubs Ten Years On | Creative Vibes | CD | 1998 |
| Backy Skank | Introducing Backy Skank | MGM CD EP | CD | 1998 |
| Bellydance | Babylon Mixed Business | Road Show | CD | 1998 |
| Danny Rankin’ | Zenith | Self published | CD | 1998 |
| Various | Dub for the Masses Vol. 1 | Creative Vibes | CD | 1999 |
| Jeff Dread | The Merchant of Dub | Creative Vibes | CD | 1999 |
| Dubble Dub | Deadly Headly | Head Records | CD | 2000 |
| Various | Dub for the Masses Vol. 2 | Creative Vibes | CD | 2001 |
| Backy Skank | Suited and Booted | Maximum | CD | 2003 |
| George Rrurrambu | Nerbu Message | Skinnyfish | CD | 2004 |
| Mista Savona | Mr Savona Presents Invasion Day | Mr Savona | CD | 2004 |
| Secret Masters | The Lost Dub Tapes | Master Tunes | CD | 2004 |
| King Tide | To Our Dearly Deported | Vitamin Records | CD | 2005 |
| Budspells | Inna Sense | Ruffage Records | CD | 2005 |
| Rastawookie | Rastawookie | Self-published | CD | 2005 |
| Hot Rubber Glove | Inna Rubba Dub Manor | Rudekat Records | CD | 2005 |
| King Tide | Scared New World | Vitamin Records | CD | 2006 |
| Blue King Brown | Stand Up | Roots Level Records | CD | 2006 |
| Resurrectors | Healing | Future Classic | CD | 2006 |
| Various | Island Time | Rudekat Records | CD | 2006 |
| Dubmarine | Dub Deep | Rudekat Records | CD | 2006 |
| The Red Eyes | Rude World | ? | CD | 2006 |
| Rastawookie | Perfectly Ordinary | Pollyannaism Polly | CD | 2007 |
| Mista Savona | Mista Savona Presents Melbourne Meets Kingston | Elefant Traks | CD | 2007 |
| Various | Island Time 2 | Rudekat Records | CD | 2007 |
| Zennith | I Like It | Zennith | CD | 2007 |
| Rumpunch | Sucklin’ | Rumpunch | CD | 2008 |
| Errol H Renaud | Live | Eman music | CD | 2008 |
| Fyah Walk | Sunrise Red | Roots and Stream Productions/Vitamin | CD | 2009 |
| King Tide | Roots Pop Reggae | Vitamin records | CD | 2009 |
| Various | Champion Sound Sampler Vol. 1 | Champion Sound | CD | 2009 |
| Elephant Wise | The Reasoning | Dasvibes | CD / Digital | 2009 |
| Raz Bin Sam | Life is a Gift | Dasvibes | CD / Digital | 2009 |
| Raz Bin Sam | Own This Life | Dasvibes | CD / Digital | 2009 |
| Sub-Tribe & The 4'20' Sound | Dub Road | Sub-Tribe | Vinyl / Digital | 2020 |
| Errol H Renaud | TBR | Eman music | CD | 2011 |
| The Strides | The Strides | Earshift Records | CD | 2009 |
| Errol H Renaud | Free | Eman music | CD | 2017 |
| Budspells | Nomadik Souls | Vitamin | CD | 2009 |
| Fyah Walk | Ocean Sounds | Roots and Stream Productions/Vitamin | CD | 2009 |
| Grace Barbé | Kreol Daughter | MGM | CD | 2008 |
| Secret Masters | Words | Power | CD | 2009 |