OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Busan Presbyterian University

Busan Presbyterian University, also known as Busan Jangsin University, is a private Christian university in Gimhae City, South Gyeongsang province, in southeastern South Korea. It provides undergraduate training in theology, social welfare, and special education, as well as graduate training in theology and pastoral research.

## History

The school was established in 1953 in Busan as a small three-year theological school. The current campus in Gimhae was acquired in 1996.
# Ralph Eure

Ralph Eure may refer to:
* Ralph Eure (died 1545), MP for Scarborough
* Ralph Eure, 3rd Baron Eure (1558–1617)
* Ralph Eure, 8th Baron Eure, Baron Eure (died 1690)
* Ralph Euer, also known as Ralph Eure, English knight and MP
# Columba McVeigh

Columba McVeigh (1956 – 1 November 1975) was a youth from Northern Ireland who was abducted and most likely murdered by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). He was listed as one of the "Disappeared" by the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains.

## Disappearance

A nineteen-year-old from Donaghmore, County Tyrone, McVeigh disappeared in November 1975. The IRA claims he confessed to being a British Army intelligence agent ordered to infiltrate the IRA's ranks, but have never indicated what specific act prompted McVeigh's murder. Unsuccessful searches were carried out for the location of his body in 2003, 2011, and 2012. In September 2018 forensic archaeologists started searching Braggan Bog, near Emyvale. That search ended without success in September 2019, having paused between November 2018 and June 2019. Senior investigator Joe Hill said, "If Columba had been here we would have found him."
# Bobsleigh at the 1924 Winter Olympics

At the 1924 Winter Olympics, only one bobsleigh event was contested, the four man event. However, rules at the time also allowed a fifth sledder to compete. The event was held on Saturday and Sunday, 2 and 3 February 1924.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Switzerland (SUI) Switzerland I Alfred Neveu Eduard Scherrer Alfred Schläppi Heinrich Schläppi | Great Britain (GBR) Great Britain II Thomas Arnold Ralph Broome Alexander Richardson Rodney Soher | Belgium (BEL) Belgium I Charles Mulder René Mortiaux Paul Van den Broeck Victor Verschueren Henri Willems |

## Results

| Place | Team | Bobsledders | Run 1 | Run 2 | Run 3 | Run 4 | Total |
| 1 | Switzerland I (SUI) | Eduard Scherrer, Alfred Neveu, Alfred Schläppi, and Heinrich Schläppi | 1:27.39 | 1:26.60 | 1:25.02 | 1:26.53 | 5:45.54 |
| 2 | Great Britain II (GBR) | Ralph Broome, Thomas Arnold, Alexander Richardson, and Rodney Soher | 1:28.73 | 1:28.67 | 1:25.76 | 1:25.67 | 5:48.83 |
| 3 | Belgium I (BEL) | Charles Mulder, René Mortiaux, Paul Van den Broeck, Victor Verschueren, and Henri Willems | 1:29.89 | 1:34.22 | 1:29.98 | 1:28.20 | 6:02.29 |
| 4 | France II (FRA) | Antony Berg, Henri Aldebert, Georges André, and Jean de Suarez d'Aulan | 1:39.35 | 1:34.99 | 1:36.68 | 1:31.93 | 6:22.95 |
| 5 | Great Britain I (GBR) | William Horton, Archibald Crabbe, Gerard Fairlie, and George Pim | 1:42.33 | 1:41.28 | 1:38.58 | 1:38.52 | 6:40.71 |
| 6 | Italy I (ITA) | Lodovico Obexer, Massimo Fink, Paolo Herbert, Giuseppe Steiner, and Aloise Trenker | 1:53.00 | 1:49.69 | 1:48.73 | 1:43.99 | 7:15.41 |
| – | France I (FRA) | Émile Legrand, Gabriel Izard, Jacques Jany, and Fernand Legrand | 4:29.01 | – | 2:00.79 | 1:56.58 | – |
| – | Italy II (ITA) | Luigi Tornielli di Borgolavezzaro, Adolfo Bocchi, Leonardo Bonzi, Alfredo Spasciani, and Alberto Visconti | 4:08.44 | – | – | – | – |
| – | Switzerland II (SUI) | Charles Stoffel, Alois Faigle, Anton Guldener, and Edmond Laroche | 5:38.00 | – | – | – | – |

## Participating nations

A total of 39 bobsledders from five nations competed at the Chamonix Games:
* Belgium (5)
* France (8)
* Great Britain (8)
* Italy (10)
* Switzerland (8)

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Switzerland | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | Great Britain | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 3 | Belgium | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (3 entries) | Totals (3 entries) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
# Henry E. Bothfeld

Henry Edmund Bothfeld (March 4, 1859 – May 4, 1953) was an American businessman, and politician who served as the mayor of Newton, Massachusetts and as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives.

## Early life

Bothfeld was born to Herman F. and Julia (Ferguson) Bothfeld in New York, New York on March 4, 1859.

## Family life

Bothfeld married Haldee Soule in Newton, Massachusetts on June 18, 1885, they had four children Theodore, Haldee, Helen and Henry Soule.

## Public service
### Newton, Massachusetts city government

Bothfeld was active in the civic affairs of the city of Newton, Massachusetts, serving on the School Committee, Common Council, as a member of and the President of the Board of Aldermen. In 1895, he served as the mayor of Newton.

### Massachusetts House of Representatives

From 1910 to 1915 Bothfeld served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from the Fourth Middlesex District.
# Laden

Ladan is a Somali girl's name meaning "healthy, well-off". Laden or Ladan may refer to:

## People
### Surname

* Abdulaziz Ladan (born 1991), Saudi Arabian middle-distance runner
* Anthony Laden, American philosopher
* Bob Laden (fl. 1970–1997), makeup artist
* Chelsea Laden] (born 1992), American television creator and ice hockey goaltender
* Francine Laden, American epidemiologist
* Greg Laden, American biological anthropologist and science blogger
* bin Laden family, used as a surname in the Western context, meaning son of "Laden"
** Osama bin Laden (1957–2011), Saudi founder of al-Qaeda

### Given name

* Ladan Bijani (1974–2003), Iranian conjoined twin
* Laden Gamiet (born 1978), South African cricketer
* Ladan Mostofi (1972), Iranian actress
* Ladan Osman (Somali: Ladan Cismaan, Arabic: لدن عثمان), Somali-American poet and teacher

## Places

* Ladan, Chernihiv Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Chernihiv Oblast of Ukraine
# Nichols v. United States (1994)

Nichols v. United States, 511 U.S. 738 (1994), was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled that an uncounseled misdemeanor conviction, which resulted in a punishment other than imprisonment, can be used to enhance a sentence for a subsequent offense.
# Qassim v. Bush

Abu Bakker Qassim, et al. v. George W. Bush, et al. (05-5477), is a case in which two Muslim Uyghurs challenged their detention at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba.

## Facts

In late 2001, Abu Bakker Qassim and A'Del Abdu Al-Hakim were both captured and transferred to United States custody in Afghanistan, where they were later held at "Camp Delta" on the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base as enemy combatants. In 2005, the Combatant Status Review Tribunal (CSRT) determined them to be "no longer enemy combatants" (NLECs). They are currently in legal limbo as they refuse to go back to their native China for fear of torture and the United States refuses to admit them into the country.

## Court decisions

They petitioned the United States District Court for the District of Columbia for a writ of habeas corpus which was later denied on December 22, 2005. The District Court found that the federal courts have "no relief to offer." On January 17, 2006, while on appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Qassim and al-Hakim petitioned the Supreme Court of the United States for a writ of certiorari, which was denied without explanation on April 17, 2006. Their case was scheduled for oral argument on May 8, 2006.
The United States released the petitioners to Albania on May 5, 2006, three days before oral argument was to begin in the Court of Appeals. On an emergency motion filed later that day by the United States, the case was dismissed as moot. Barbara Olshansky, one of the Uighur's lawyers, characterized the sudden transfer as an attempt to: "...avoid having to answer in court for keeping innocent men in jail, "

## Eligible to seek relief

On 3 July 2008 US District Court Judge Thomas F. Hogan listed this habeas petition on a list where former captives were eligible to seek relief.

## Current status

As of July 18, 2008, Mr. Qassim continues to live in Albania where he has difficulty attempting to have a new life without his friends and family. Mr. Hakim now resides in Sweden with his sister and her family. His application for asylum was denied and is on appeal.
# David Durand (historian)

David Durand (1680 – 16 January 1763) was a Huguenot French and English minister and historian. He was born in Languedoc and fled France to the Netherlands before heading to Spain with a group of refugees, being captured at the Battle of Almanza in 1707 and being sent to France and then escaping to the Netherlands again. He was a minister in Rotterdam and became a friend of Pierre Bayle's there.
He moved to England in 1711 and served as a pastor to the Church of England French-speaking churches in London. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1728. During his time in England, he wrote many works in French, most of them history. His continuation of Paul de Rapin's History of England (1734) was the most successful of his works. Although it was written for a French audience, it was the most authoritative history of England for some years. He also wrote histories of the 16th century, of Classical painting, and a literary work where he attempted a French-language imitation of John Milton's Paradise Lost. He never married, and died in 1763.
# Jamaican Maroon Creole

Jamaican Maroon language, Maroon Spirit language, Kromanti, Jamaican Maroon Creole or Deep patwa is a ritual language and formerly mother tongue of Jamaican Maroons. It is an English-based creole with a strong Akan component, specifically from the Asante dialect of modern day Ghana. It is distinct from usual Jamaican Creole, being similar to the creoles of Sierra Leone (Krio) and Suriname such as Sranan and Ndyuka. It is also more purely Akan than regular Patois, with little contribution from other African languages. Today, the Maroon Spirit language is used by Jamaican Maroons and Surinamese Maroons (largely Coromantees). Another distinct ritual language (also called Kromanti) consisting mostly of words and phrases from Akan languages, is also used by Jamaican Maroons in certain rituals including some involving possession by ancestral spirits during Kromanti ceremonies or when addressing those who are possessed and sometimes used as a kind of code.
The term "Kromanti" is used by participants in such ceremonies to refer to an African language spoken by ancestors in the distant past, prior to the creolization of Jamaican Maroon Creole. This term is used to refer to a language which is "clearly not a form of Jamaican Creole and displays very little English content" (Bilby 1983: 38). While Kromanti is not a functioning language, those possessed by ancestral spirits are attributed the ability to speak it. More remote ancestors are compared with more recent ancestors on a gradient, such that increasing strength and ability in the use of the non-creolized Kromanti are attributed to increasingly remote ancestors (as opposed to the Jamaican Maroon Creole used to address these ancestors).
The language was brought along by the maroon population to Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) to Nova Scotia in 1796, where they were sent in exile. They eventually traveled to Sierra Leone in 1800. Their creole language highly influenced the local creole language that evolved into present day Krio.

## Some phonological characteristics of Jamaican Maroon Creole

Bilby discusses several phonological distinctions between Jamaican Creole and Jamaican Maroon Creole.
Vowel epithesis: Some words in the Maroon Creole have a vowel in the final syllable, compared to Jamaican Creole. Some examples are:
* fete "to fight"
* wudu "forest"
* mutu "mouth"
Liquids: Many words that have a lateral liquid /l/ in Jamaican Creole have a trill /r/ in Maroon Creole. Some examples are:
* priis "pleased"
* braka "black"
* bere "belly"
/ai/ to /e/: There are several instances where the "deep creole" uses /e/ while the "normal creole" uses /ai/.
| "Deep" | | "Normal" |
| krem | "to climb" | klaim |
| wete | "white" | wait |
| net | "night" | nait |
# Walisson Maia

Walisson Moreira Farias Maia (born 21 August 1991), known as Walisson Maia, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a central defender for Vila Nova.

## Club career

Born in Natividade, Tocantins, Walisson graduated with Coritiba's youth setup. On 5 June 2011 he made his first team – and Série A – debut, starting in a 5–1 home routing over Vasco da Gama.
After being demoted to the reserves, Walisson was subsequently loaned to Ituano, Fortaleza, ASA, J. Malucelli, Boa Esporte and Atlético Sorocaba. With the Alagoas club he scored his first professional goal, netting his side's first in a 2–3 away loss against Boa for the Série B championship on 7 September 2012.
On 29 September 2014 Walisson was again promoted to the main squad, along with fellow youth graduate Rafhael Lucas.
In January 2018, having renewed his Coritiba contract until the end of 2019, he joined Vitória for the 2018 season.

## Career statistics

    As of 12 June 2019
| Club | Season | League | League | League | State League | State League | Cup | Cup | Conmebol | Conmebol | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Coritiba | 2011 | Série A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| Coritiba | 2014 | Série A | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 4 | 0 |
| Coritiba | 2015 | Série A | 16 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 18 | 0 |
| Coritiba | 2016 | Série A | 15 | 1 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 29 | 1 |
| Coritiba | 2017 | Série A | 11 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 25 | 1 |
| Coritiba | 2018 | Série B | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | 0 |
| Coritiba | 2019 | Série B | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 3 | 0 |
| Coritiba | Total | Total | 46 | 1 | 29 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 82 | 2 |
| Ituano (loan) | 2012 | Paulista | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| Fortaleza (loan) | 2012 | Série C | 0 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| ASA (loan) | 2012 | Série B | 6 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6 | 1 |
| J. Malucelli (loan) | 2013 | Paranaense | — | — | 9 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9 | 0 |
| Boa Esporte (loan) | 2013 | Série B | 8 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8 | 0 |
| Atlético Sorocaba (loan) | 2014 | Paulista | — | — | 3 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | 0 |
| Vitória (loan) | 2018 | Série A | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 2 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| Career Total | Career Total | Career Total | 62 | 2 | 48 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 122 | 3 |
* ↑ Appearance in 2016 Copa Sudamericana.
* ↑ Appearances in 2016 Primeira Liga.
* ↑ Appearances in 2018 Copa do Nordeste.

## Honours

Criciúma
* Recopa Catarinense: 2024
# Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme

The Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme (DGCOS) is an independent UK regulatory body for the UK’s double glazing and conservatory industry. Its agenda includes vetting of suppliers, guaranteeing customer access to industry inspectors, and protecting members against unfounded complaints. It was established in 2010.

## Background

The double glazing and conservatory industry in the UK is large, with 14,000 window, door and conservatory companies operating.
An investigation by consumer magazine Which? indicated that the UK's double glazing industry had a lack of transparency regarding prices, acknowledging the importance of the industry ensuring that all traders were reputable.

### Vetting standards

DGCOS ensures all member businesses have gone through a 12-point vetting process which includes:
* submitting references of 10 jobs completed in the past 12 months
* submitting 3 supplier references
* ensuring professional contracts, terms & conditions and written guarantees are in place
* that they offer insurance backed guarantees for at least 10 years
* ensure the installer has a professional complaints process with nominated complaints handler
* that they are fully covered with public liability insurance
DGCOS is an independent organisation paid for by installers and does not charge consumers.

### Benefits
#### Consumers

* a free quote for a DGCOS member
* an information pack which explains the protections offered by the scheme
* Free Comprehensive written guarantee
* Free Deposit Protection
* Free Insurance-Backed Guarantee (to underwrite the guarantee if the installer ceases to trade)
* Free access to industry inspectors, mediators and an ombudsman (where all decisions are legally binding & enforceable)

#### Traders

* Protection to its members' businesses in situations where customers withhold payments or make unfounded complaints, allowing them to claim for unpaid contracts in cases where the Ombudsman has found in favour of the installer and the customer refuses to pay
* Installers are given marketing and point of sale materials to assist them gaining new clients.
* Back office management systems to automatically produce guarantees / comply with building control regulations
* Ongoing performance analysis to enable installers to monitor their performance in 8 key areas.

## The Consumer Protection Report

DGCOS has published several editions of its Consumer Protection Report, most recently in 2013, which covers the state of consumer protection for customers of window and conservatory companies.
# Sviatoshynskyi District

Sviatoshynskyi District is an urban district in the city of Kyiv located at the western part of city. The district was created in 2001 after renaming the former Leningrad District. It borders four other districts in Kyiv such as Podilskyi District, Obolonskyi District, Solomianskyi District, Shevchenkivskyi District as well as Bucha Raion that administratively is part of Kyiv Oblast. It takes its name from the historical neighbourhood of Sviatoshyn, named for the 12th century Prince Mykola Sviatosha..

## Historical neighborhoods

The district includes number of neighborhoods: Sviatoshyn, Borshchahivka, Akademmistechko, Aviamistechko, Bilychi, Bratska Borshchahivka, Berkovets, Nyvky 4, Bilychi, Novobilichi, Katerynivka, Zhovtneve, Mykilska Borshchahivka, Pivdenna Borshchahivka, Mykhailivska Borshchahivka, Peremoha and Galagany.

## Kyiv-Sviatoshyn Raion

Historically the district was referred to as Leninhradskyi and was renamed on 27 April 2001 after one of its neighbourhoods that commemorate. Its length is over 12 km, with a total area of 65.75 hectares and includes 5 parks. The governing bodies of adjacent Kyiv-Sviatoshyn Raion of Kyiv Oblast, until it was abolished in 2020, were situated in the Sviatoshyn District of Kyiv as the former oblast raion was purely suburban and lacked a distinctive center settlement.

## Demographics

Population of the district: 2001 – 315,410; 2008 – 327,970; 2020 – 342,544.

### Language

Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:

## Sports and health care

There are 5 adult and 5 children's polyclinics, a children's clinical hospital, a maternity hospital, 5 hospitals and dispensaries in the district. The residents of the district have at their disposal 5 stadiums, the Nauka sports complex, 4 children's sports schools, and numerous sports clubs. There is a sanatorium for war and labor veterans and a geriatric boarding house in the district.
The main sports center of the district is the TEMP Stadium Sports Complex (10A Generala Vitruka Street). Reconstruction of the complex began in 2017 at the initiative of the district authorities. As of June 2019, 4 additional fields have been built at the stadium.
In 2016–2018, 25 football fields with artificial turf systems were built in educational institutions in the district.

## Enclave on territory of district

Sviatoshynskyi district is the only administrative-territorial unit of the capital of Ukraine, on the territory of which the village of Kotsiubynske is located, which is an enclave of the city of Irpin, Kyiv Oblast.
# Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians

The Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP) is a Pakistani political party and an electoral extension of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). It was created in 2002 by Amin Fahim after Pervez Musharraf's government imposed restrictions on the PPP and its chairperson Benazir Bhutto to participate in Pakistani politics.
In January 2017, Asif Ali Zardari was elected as the President of PPPP.
# Horní Dvořiště

Horní Dvořiště (German: Oberhaid) is a municipality and village in Český Krumlov District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Horní Dvořiště consists of two municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Horní Dvořiště (304)
* Český Heršlák (120)
# Lora Hubbel

Lora Lyn Hubbel is an American politician; a former member of the South Dakota House of Representatives and a former chair of the Minnehaha County Republican Party and the former state chair of the Constitution Party of South Dakota.

## Elections

* Hubbel first ran for office in 2006, coming 8th out of 11 candidates in the nonpartisan election for Mayor of Sioux Falls with 662 votes (2.2%).
* In 2010 she was elected to the South Dakota House of Representatives as a Republican, representing District 11.
* In 2012, after state redistricting, Hubbel challenged State Senator Deb Peters in the June 5, 2012, Republican primary and lost by 42 votes out of 405 votes cast (52.73%). Peters was unopposed for the November 6, 2012, general election, winning with 5,939 votes.
* In 2014, Hubbel ran for the Republican nomination for Governor of South Dakota in the 2014 election, challenging incumbent Republican Dennis Daugaard. She lost to Daugaard in the primary, polling 14,196 votes (19.13%) to his 60,017 (80.87%). She was subsequently announced as the new running mate of Independent candidate Mike Myers, replacing his initial running mate, who dropped out due to a family illness. Secretary of State of South Dakota Jason Gant refused to remove Collier's name, citing that state law had no provision for replacing an independent candidate on the ballot. In July, Myers sued the secretary of state to allow him to change his running mate and on August 18, federal judge Lawrence L. Piersol of the United States District Court for the District of South Dakota ruled in Myers' favour.
* In 2016 Hubbel again challenged State Senator Deb Peters in the Republican primary, who defeated Hubbel on a vote of 569 to 441 (56.3% to 43.4%).
* In July 2017, Hubbel announced she would be a candidate for the 2018 Republican nomination for South Dakota Governor.
* In March 2018, Hubbel fell short of signature requirements needed to make the primary ballot for the Gubernatorial race, and filed to run for state senate against incumbent Wayne Steinhauer. Steinhauer won the June primary 61.5% to 38.5%.

## Controversy

On October 11, 2017, Republican gubernatorial candidate Lora Hubbel sent out a press release noting that South Dakota Republican Party Chairman Dan Lederman had been registered as a Democrat during the 2000 election cycle. In reporting the story, the media noted that Hubbel had changed parties, having been chair of the South Dakota Constitution Party up until February 2017.
After losing the 2018 Republican primary for state senate, Hubbel attempted to be named as a candidate for Governor on the Constitution Party ticket as did former Republican Party candidate Terry LaFleur. The Constitution Party convention ended up nominating no candidates for statewide office.. Terry LaFleur accused Lora Hubbel and her supporters of trying to stage a coup. Both factions reconvened separately, each nominating candidates for office. In response, the South Dakota Republican Party sought and was granted a Writ of Prohibition against placing either Constitution Party candidates on the ballot.