OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Adrian Carter

Adrian Carter (born 1959) is an English architect, associate professor at the Department of Architecture and Design at Aalborg University , Denmark and Director of the Utzon Research Center in Aalborg. Carter also teaches at the Aarhus School of Architecture, Århus, Denmark. Under the auspices of Aalborg University, Adrian Carter initiated and established the Utzon Center and became its first director. The Utzon Center building on the Aalborg harbourfront was designed by Jørn Utzon in conjunction with his architect son Kim Utzon¹s office and opened to the public in May 2008.

## Education and career

Adrian Carter studied architecture at Portsmouth Polytechnic, England, from 1978 to 1985. He then moved to Finland to work as a student trainee with architects Reima and Raili Pietilä in Helsinki. Carter then continued his studies at The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture , Copenhagen, where he qualified as an architect, and later receiving an MPhil at the University of Cambridge, England.
Carter then went to work as an assistant for architects Anchor, Mortlock and Woolley in Sydney, Australia. After this he moved to Norway to work as an assistant for architect Niels Torp in Oslo, during the design of the Aker Brygge harbour development in Oslo. After that he worked as an assistant for architect Henning Larsen. Following that he worked for architects Dissing+Weitling in Copenhagen, during the design of the Storebælt Suspension Bridge.
Adrian Carter has taught at the Aarhus School of Architecture since 2000 and has been associate professor at Aalborg University since 2005. Carter is also an Honorary Associate Professor at the Faculty of Architecture, University of Sydney and has acted as an advisor to the Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage in their nomination of the Sydney Opera House for inscription on the World Heritage List. Professor Adrian Carter was announced as Head of Discipline, Abedian School of Architecture, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia in April 2014 and took up leadership of the School from 1 January 2015. He was stood down from his role as Head of School on 9 November 2018.
# Giles of Assisi

Giles of Assisi (Latin: Aegidius; c. 1190 – 1262), was one of the original companions of Francis of Assisi and holds a leading place among them. St. Francis called him "The Knight of our Round Table".

## Life

Of Giles' origins and early life nothing certain is known, other than that he was a simple farmer. In April, 1209, moved by the example of two leading fellow-Assisians, who had already become the first followers of Francis, he begged permission to join the little band, and on the feast of St. George (23 April) was invested in a poor religious habit which Francis had begged for him. Almost immediately afterwards he set out with Francis to preach in the Marches of Ancona. He accompanied Francis to Rome when the first Rule was approved orally by Pope Innocent III, and appears to have then received the monastic tonsure.
About 1212 Giles made a pilgrimage to the tomb of St. James at Compostella, in Spain. Shortly after his return to Assisi he started for Jerusalem, to venerate the Holy Places, visiting on his way home the Italian shrines of St. Michael, at Monte Gargano, and Saint Nicholas, at Bari. He is next found in Rome and still later at Tunis.
In these journeys Giles was always at pains to procure by manual labor what food and shelter he needed. At Ancona he made reed baskets; at Brindisi he carried water and helped to bury the dead; at Rome he cut wood, trod the wine-press, and gathered nuts; while the guest of a cardinal at Rieti he insisted on sweeping the house and cleaning the knives. He said: "Happiness is to do bodily labor for the love of the Most High and not to take any lesser wages than Paradise for the good work one does."
A keen observer of people and events, Giles acquired in the course of these travels much valuable knowledge and experience, which he turned to good account. He took every opportunity to preach to the people. His sermons were brief and heartfelt talks, replete with homely wisdom; he never minced his words, but spoke to all with apostolic freedom. After some years of activity Giles was assigned by Francis to the hermitage of Monteripido, outside Perugia, where he began a life of contemplation and ecstasy which continued until his death.
Giles was a stranger to theological and classical learning, but engaged in constant contemplation of heavenly things. Men of all social classes were drawn to Perugia to hear Giles teach. The answers and advice these visitors received were remembered, talked over, and committed to writing, and thus was formed a collection of the familiar "Dicta" or "Sayings" of Giles. Bonaventure held these "Sayings" in high esteem, and they are cited in the works of many subsequent ascetical writers. They are short, pithy, popular counsels on Christian perfection, applicable to all classes. Known for their mysticism, humanity, and originality, they faithfully reflect the early Franciscan spirit and teaching.
It was in 1262, on the fifty-second anniversary of his reception into the Order of Friars Minor, that Giles died, already revered as a saint. His immemorial cultus was confirmed by Pope Pius VI in 1777, and his feast day is celebrated on the 23 April.
# Nevados de Chillán

Nevados de Chillán is a group of stratovolcanoes located in the Andes of Ñuble Region, Central Chile, and is one of the most active volcanoes in the region. It consists of three overlapping peaks, 3,212 m (10,538 ft) Cerro Blanco (Volcán Nevado) at the northwest and 3,089 m (10,135 ft) Volcán Viejo (Volcán Chillán) at the southeast, with Volcán Nuevo in the middle. Volcán Viejo was the main active vent during the 17th-19th centuries, and the new Volcán Nuevo lava dome complex formed between 1906 and 1945, eventually growing to exceed Viejo in height by the mid 1980s.
This complex contains two subcomplexes: Cerro Blanco and Las Termas. The subcomplex Cerro Blanco includes the volcanoes Santa Gertrudis, Gato, Cerro Blanco, Colcura, Calfú Pichicalfú and Baños. The subcomplex Las Termas includes the volcanoes Shangri-La, Nuevo, Arrau, Viejo, Chillán y Pata de Perro. In addition, near of the complex there are two pyroclastic satellite cones, the volcanoes Las Lagunillas and Parador.
# 37–38 The Shambles

37–38 The Shambles is a historic pair of buildings in York, England. Grade II* listed buildings, parts of the structures date to the late 15th century, with extensions added in the 17th century. They were both renovated around 1954, including some rebuilding work.
As of 2023, number 37 is occupied by Lunchbox and number 38 by Little Saffrons.

## Detail

* Number 38 in detail (2014)
# Listen, Germany!

Listen, Germany! is a published collection of letters by exiled German author Thomas Mann to his former country during World War II. Originally published in 1943 by Alfred A. Knopf Inc., the collection contains twenty-five letters that were read over long and medium wave radio broadcasts by the BBC German Service into Nazi Germany, as part of the Allied propaganda effort, from October 1940 to August 1943.
The German-language original, Deutsche Hörer! ("German listeners!" — this is how each of the texts begins), was first published in 1942 by H. Wolff, New York, but it never reached Germany. A second edition was published in Stockholm in 1945, after the end of the war. This edition included the addresses Mann had given through to November 8, 1945.

## Edition

* Thomas Mann: Deutsche Hörer! Radiosendungen nach Deutschland aus den Jahren 1940-1945, 4th edition (Fischer: Frankfurt am Main, 2004) (ISBN 3-596-25003-X).
# Adgur Kharazia

Adgur Rafet-ipa Kharaziya (Abkhaz: Адгəыр Рафеҭ-иԥа Ҳаразиа; Georgian: ადგურ ხარაზია) is an Abkhazian politician who served as the mayor of Sukhumi from 2014 to 2019. He was also the Minister of Agriculture of Abkhazia and the Vice Speaker of the People's Assembly.
In 2024, Kharazia, having been elected as an MP in 2022, opened fire in the parliament building, killing one MP, Vakhtang Golandzia and wounding another one.

## Acting mayor of Sukhumi (first time)

Adgur Kharaziya was head of the Gulripshi District assembly before he was appointed acting mayor of Sukhumi by president Vladislav Ardzinba on 5 November 2004, in the heated aftermath of the 2004 presidential election, succeeding Leonid Lolua. During his first speech he called upon the two leading candidates, Sergei Bagapsh and Raul Khadjimba, to both withdraw.
On 16 February 2005, newly elected President Bagapsh replaced Kharaziya with Astamur Adleiba as mayor of Sukhumi.

## Member of the People's Assembly of Abkhazia

In the 2007 parliamentary elections Adgur Kharaziya successfully stood as candidate in the Dranda precinct No. 24, winning a majority in the first round. He formed part of the opposition. During the assembly's first meeting after the election Kharaziya was nominated for the position of speaker by fellow MP Rita Lolua but lost to Nugzar Ashuba. On 27 July 2007, Kharaziya took part in a round table on free speech organised by journalists that called upon the government to end what it called the pursuit of independent and opposition media.

## Mayor of Sukhumi (second time)

Following the May 2014 Revolution and the election of Raul Khajimba, Kharaziya was again appointed acting mayor of Sukhumi on 22 October 2014. On 4 April 2015, he won the by-election to the city council in constituency no. 3 unopposed, and was confirmed as mayor on 4 May.

## 2024 shooting

On 19 December 2024, fellow lawmaker Vakhtang Golandzia was killed and another one, Kan Kvarchia, was injured in a shooting inside the Abhkaz parliament building. Kharazia was identified as the suspect in the shooting.
# 1794 in Spain

Events in the year 1794 in Spain.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Charles IV

## Events

* January 28 - Capture of Fort-Dauphin (1794)
* April 29-May 1 - Second Battle of Boulou
* July 23-August 1 - Battle of the Baztan Valley
* August 13 - Battle of San Lorenzo de la Muga
* October 15–17 - Battle of Orbaitzeta
* November 17–20 - Battle of the Black Mountain

## Deaths

* November 20 - Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión, Peruvian-born general, killed during the Siege of Roses (1794–95) (born 1752)
# Military awards and decorations

Military awards and decorations are distinctions given as a mark of honor for military heroism, meritorious or outstanding service or achievement. A decoration is often a medal consisting of a ribbon and a medallion.
Civil decorations awarded to military personnel should not be considered military decorations, although some orders of chivalry have civil and military divisions. Decorations received by police and fire brigade personnel may sometimes be considered alongside military decorations, on which they may be modelled, although they are strictly not military awards.

## History

Decorations have been known since ancient times. The Egyptian Old Kingdom had the Order of the Golden Collar while the New Kingdom awarded the Order of the Golden Fly. Celts and Romans wore a torc or received other military decorations such as the hasta pura, a spear without a tip. Dayaks wore and still wear tattoos, etc. Necklaces and bracelets were given during the early Middle Ages, evolving into large, richly jewelled necklaces, often with a pendant (commonly a medal) attached.
The oldest military decorations still in use is Sweden's För tapperhet i fält ('For Valour in the Field') and För tapperhet till sjöss ('For Valour at Sea') awarded to officers and soldiers of the Swedish Armed Forces who have—as the medal names suggest—shown valour in the field or at sea in wartime. The medal was instituted by Swedish king Gustav III on 28 May 1789, during his war against Russia. Whilst technically it is still active, it is for practical purposes inactive, not having been awarded since 1915. The next oldest is the Austro-Hungarian Tapferkeits Medaille Honour Medal for Bravery 1789–1792. This medal was instituted on 19 July 1789, by the Emperor Joseph II.
Another of the oldest military decorations still in use is Poland's War Order of Virtuti Militari (Latin for 'For Military Valour'). It was first awarded in 1792.

## Forgery

Medals have been forged by many people to make the medal appear more valuable or to make one look like a more decorated soldier. Medal forgeries can include: adding bars, engraving a famous soldier's name on it or creating a whole new medal. Medal forgery is illegal in most countries and can be punishable by imprisonment.

## Contemporary use

Today military decorations include:
* Orders of merit;
* Bravery awards, in the form of a cross, star or medal on a ribbon;
* Distinguished service awards, in the form of a cross, star or medal on a ribbon;
* Campaign medals worn on a ribbon;
* Service medals worn on a ribbon;
* Awards for entire units, in the form of battle honours, campaign streamers, fourragères, or unit citations.
In most NATO militaries, only the service ribbons are normally worn on everyday occasions (as opposed to the actual medals).
# The True Story of the Civil War

The True Story of the Civil War is a 1956 American short documentary film directed by Louis Clyde Stoumen.

## Technique

In a 1961 letter to The New York Times, the photographer-filmmaker surveyed earlier uses of the technique of moving still images by himself and others:
“Curt Oertel made his ‘Michaelangelo,’ with important storytelling use of still material, in 1940 (released as Robert Flaherty’s ‘The Titan’ around 1949). Belgium’s Henri Starc began imparting dramatic film form to still images in 1936, and his lyric ‘World of Paul Delvaux’ (1947) is an acknowledged classic. Paul Haesaerts made ‘Rubens’ in 1948. Americans Paul Falkenberg and Lewis Jacobs made ‘Lincoln Speaks at Gettysburg’ entirely out of nineteenth-century engravings, 1950. Ben Berg and Herbert Block of Hollywood have for years been making a series of story-telling dramas out of paintings and prints, including a life story of Goya. I myself pioneered the dramatic use of still photographs (rather than paintings or prints) in a story-telling sequence for Arch Oboler’s 1950 Columbia feature ‘Five,’ and have for more than a decade continued development of this form—in my independent feature ‘The Naked Eye’ (1956), the featurette ‘The True Story of the Civil War’ (an Academy Award winner, 1956), Warner Brothers’ ‘The James Dean Story’ (1957), and most recently...for...ABC-TV’s ‘Winston Churchill, the Valiant Years.”

## Legacy

In 1957, it won an Oscar for Documentary Short Subject at the 29th Academy Awards. The Academy Film Archive preserved The True Story of the Civil War in 2005.
# Estouteville (Esmont, Virginia)

Estouteville is a historic home located near Powell Corner, Albemarle County, Virginia. The main house was begun in 1827, and consists of a two-story, seven-bay central block, 68 feet by 43 feet, with two 35 feet by 26 feet, three-bay, single-story wings. It is constructed of brick and is in the Roman Revival style. A Tuscan cornice embellishes the low hipped roofs of all three sections, each of which is surmounted by tall interior end chimneys. The interior plan is dominated by the large Great Hall, a 23-by-35-foot richly decorated room. Also on the property are a contributing kitchen / wash house; a square frame dairy (now a chicken house); a square, brick smokehouse, probably built in the mid-19th century, also covered with a pyramidal roof; and a frame slave quarters.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
# Chris Edmondson

Christopher Paul Edmondson (born 25 June 1950) is a British Anglican retired bishop. He was the Bishop of Bolton, a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Manchester, from 2008 to 2016. He is presently an Honorary Assistant Bishop in the Diocese of Leeds.

## Early life and education

Edmondson was born on 25 June 1950. He was educated at St John's College, Durham University.

## Ordained ministry

Edmondson was ordained in 1974 and began his ecclesiastical career with a curacy at Kirkheaton. From 1979 until 1986 he was Vicar of Ovenden, and also in the latter part of his Incumbency the Bishop of Wakefield's adviser on Evangelism. After further pastoral posts he became Warden of Lee Abbey, Lynton, Devon, in 2002. This lead in turn to elevation to the suffragan bishopric of Bolton on the retirement of David Gillett. He since became chair of the Scargill Movement – a position he still holds.

### Episcopal ministry

Edmondson was consecrated on 25 April 2008 at York Minster and installed at Manchester Cathedral two days later. Both ceremonies were shared with Mark Davies, Bishop of Middleton (his fellow suffragan in the diocese). Between the retirement of Nigel McCulloch on 17 January 2013 and David Walker's confirmation on 7 October 2013, Edmondson and Davies were (co-equally) acting Bishops of Manchester. On 31 October 2015, Edmondson announced that he would retire as Bishop of Bolton on 30 June 2016.

## Styles

* The Reverend Chris Edmondson (1974–2008)
* The Right Reverend Chris Edmondson (2008–present)
# Heemstedestraat metro station

Heemstedestraat is an Amsterdam Metro station in the west of Amsterdam, Netherlands. The station opened in 1997 and is served by line 50 (Isolatorweg - Gein) and line 51 (Isolatorweg - Central Station).
The station lies in the south of the city and serves as the metro station for many offices, including the World Fashion Centre.

## Metro services

* 50 Isolatorweg - Sloterdijk - Lelylaan - Zuid - RAI - Duivendrecht - Bijlmer ArenA - Holendrecht - Gein
* 51 Isolatorweg - Sloterdijk - Lelylaan - Zuid - RAI - Amsterdam Amstel - Central Station

## Tram services

* 2 Centraal Station - Leidseplein - Museumplein - Willemsparkweg - Hoofddorpplein - Heemstedestraat - Sloten - Nieuw-Sloten
# René Barret

René Barret (6 August 1922 – 28 November 2009) was a French racing cyclist. He rode in the 1947 Tour de France. Another René Barret participated to 1913 Tour de France.
# Bang Pla Soi

Bang Pla Soi (Thai: บางปลาสร้อย, pronounced) is a tambon (sub-district) of Mueang Chonburi district, Chonburi province, eastern Thailand. Bang Pla Soi can be regarded as downtown Chonburi, due to it being the location of various important buildings such as the Provincial Hall, the Provincial Court, etc.

## Name

Its name "Bang Pla Soi" translates to "place of pla soi". "Pla soi" is a Thai common name for small edible freshwater fish in the carp family (Cyprinidae), similar to minnow distributed in many genera such as Cirrhinus, Henicorhynchus, Labiobarbus, Lobocheilus, etc.
It got its name from a khlong (canal) that flows through an area rich in this species of fish.
While the Chinese call the sub-district in Teochew as 萬佛歲; Bān-pu̍t-sòe, which means "a place full of fish".
In the past, Bang Pla Soi was also the name used to refer to the entire downtown Chonburi.

## History

The area has been an important trading location on the eastern coastline since ancient times, it was notable for its location in the centre of the ocean trading route between India and ancient civilizations like Greeks, Romans and Arabs as well as ancient China, and an abundance of natural resources including plants and herbs. Bang Pla Soi was also located near other important cities such as Phaya Re, an important trading post for forest products and wood; Phra Rot, where the products were sent at the internal harbour; and finally coastal Sri Phalo where they were exported. Trade continued in this manner until the Ayutthaya period, sometime around the 13th–14th century, when the main coastal trading hub was relocated to Bang Pla Soi. When sediment made parts of the Bang Pakong river shallower, the coastal settlement of Sri Phalo experienced a decline in its importance and economy during the 1300s. As a result, some of the town's residence moved to Bang Pla Soi. Evidence of the prosperity of Bang Pla Soi that can still be seen is Wat Yai Intharam, an ancient Buddhist house of worship built since the late Ayutthaya period, with an ordination hall shaped like a junk's curve.
During the King Rama III's reign in the early Rattanakosin period, many Chinese immigrated to settle in Bang Pla Soi, making this place more lively and important. According to the records of the French missionary Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix in 1854, Bang Pla Soi was a community of about 6,000 Thai and Chinese people.
Eventually, Bang Pla Soi, Bang Phra and Bang Lamung districts formed Chonburi province as know it at present.
In 1915, the Governor of Chonburi Praya Prasaisuradach founded Chonkanyanukoon School, which opened in 1917 as a co-ed school. However, the Ministry of Education forced the school to split into single sex schools in 1931.

## Geography

Bang Pla Soi borders Ban Suan to the east and to the south, Bay of Bangkok (upper Gulf of Thailand) to the west and Makham Yong to the north.

## Administration

The entire area of Bang Pla Soi is administered by the Chonburi City Municipality.
# Turku Arabic

Turku Arabic or simply just Turku is an extinct variant of Bimbashi Arabic that served as a lingua franca in Chad. It's the ancestor to Bongor Arabic and potentially other Arabic pidgins spoken in Chad today, but since they have not been described, it is unclear whether they are direct descendants of Turku.

## History

Turku emerged as a regional variant of Bimbashi Arabic when Bimbashi-speaking enslaved soldiers were forced to relocate from Sudan to Chad after the abolition of slavery in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1979. The primary lexifier of Turku is Sudanese Arabic, and it is also heavily influenced by Sango and Sara-Bagirmi languages, from which most of its loanwords originate. Although not much is known about Turku, a dictionary and a phrasebook were published in 1926.

## Grammar

Turku had at least 2 tense/aspect markers: gahed (a continuous aspect particle) and bi- (a future tense particle). Similar particles are also found in Juba Arabic and Nubi.

## Vocabulary

| Turku | Origin | English |
| adinbang | From Bagirmi ádim mbàŋ | eunuch |
| gao | From Sar gáw | hunter |
| ngari | From Mbay ngàrì | manioc |
| kay | From Sango kâî | paddle |
| itenan | From French lieutenant | lieutenant |
| pfil | From Arabic فيل‎ fīl | elephant |
# Kévin Ledanois

Kévin Ledanois (born 13 July 1993) is a French former road cyclist, who competed as a professional from 2015 to August 2024. He is the son of the former French cyclist Yvon Ledanois.
On September 25, 2015, he won the under-23 road race at the 2015 UCI Road World Championships held in Richmond, Virginia. In July 2018, he was named in the start list for the Tour de France.

## Major results
### 2014

    1st Tour du Jura
    6th Overall Arctic Race of Norway
    6th Overall Tour de Normandie

### 2015

    1st Road race, UCI Under-23 Road World Championships
    4th Paris–Camembert
    9th Tro-Bro Léon
    10th Road race, European Games

### 2016

    3rd Classic Loire Atlantique

### 2017

    9th Overall Tour de l'Ain
    10th Polynormande

### 2018

    Tour de France
       Held after Stage 1

### 2019

    7th Tour de Vendée

### 2020

    4th Overall Tour du Limousin
    7th Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia

### 2021

    8th Trofeo Calvia

### Grand Tour general classification results timeline

| Grand Tour | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
| Giro d'Italia | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Tour de France | 96 | 103 | 102 | — | — | — |
| Vuelta a España | — | — | — | — | — | 103 |
Legend :
| — | Did not compete |
| DNF | Did not finish |