OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Robert Shaw (judge)

Robert Shaw (May 22, 1907 – July 9, 1972) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey.

## Education and career

He was born in Jersey City, New Jersey and attended high school in Paterson. He received a Bachelor of Laws from the New Jersey Law School (now Rutgers Law School) in 1932. He was in private practice in Newark, New Jersey from 1935 to 1962. He was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1937 to 1938. He was in the United States Army during World War II from 1943 to 1945 and was a private serving in the South Pacific. While in the army, he did his initial training as a medic at the Medical Replacement Training Center, Fort Pickett, Virginia. He was Mayor of Caldwell Township (now Fairfield Township), New Jersey from 1955 to 1961.

## Federal judicial service

On March 19, 1962, Shaw was nominated by President John F. Kennedy to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey vacated by Judge William Francis Smith. Shaw was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 11, 1962, and received his commission on April 12, 1962. Shaw served in that capacity until his death on July 9, 1972.
# Phonological opacity

Phonological opacity is a phenomenon in phonology. Opacity exists when a phonological rule that exists in a given language appears to be contradicted by the surface structure (i.e., actual pronunciation) of words in the language. The term was first defined by Kiparsky in the following way:
A phonological rule P, $A\rightarrow B/C{\underline {\quad }}D$, is opaque if one of the following surface structures exists:
* instance of A in the $C{\underline {\quad }}D$ environment;
* instance of B created by P in an environment other than $C{\underline {\quad }}D$;
A common example is the interaction of the flapping of /t/ and the raising of /aɪ/ in Canadian English and other dialects. Before voiceless consonants such as [t], the diphthong /aɪ/ is raised to sound more like [ʌɪ], so the word write is pronounced [rʌɪt]. In some contexts between vowels, /t/ is replaced by the (voiced) flap [ɾ], so (for example) patting is pronounced [pæɾɪŋ], similar to padding. In words like writing, where /aɪ/ is followed by /t/ between vowels, both rules apply and the result is [rʌɪɾɪŋ]—with /aɪ/ raised to [ʌɪ] and /t/ flapped to [ɾ]. This output therefore has [ʌɪ] immediately followed by a voiced consonant, even though the rule that produces [ʌɪ] only applies before voiceless consonants. The interaction is thus opaque: [ʌɪ] is present on the surface in an environment that differs from the environment in which the rule that creates it applies.

## Counter-feeding and counter-bleeding opacity

Phonological opacity is often the result of the counterfeeding or counterbleeding order of two or more phonological rules, which is called "counter-feeding opacity" or "counter-bleeding opacity". An example of both can be seen in the future-marking suffix -en in the Yokutsan languages. Its vowel is supposed to be an underlying high vowel, though it surfaces as a mid vowel. Vowel rounding always applies before vowel lowering. Due to this order of phonological rules, the interaction of the suffix vowel with rounding harmony is opaque. There is still vowel harmony between the suffix vowel and a preceding high vowel as these vowels agree in roundedness, while a vowel with the feature [-high] would usually be exempt from rounding harmony. As a result of counter-bleeding opacity, the apparent motivation for the vowel harmony has disappeared here. Moreover, as a result of counter-feeding opacity, it cannot be told from the surface structure of the suffix vowel why it fails to harmonize in rounding with preceding mid vowels.
# William Cook Hanson

William Cook Hanson (May 14, 1909 – June 6, 1995) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa and the United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa.

## Education and career

Born in Greene County, Iowa, Hanson received a Bachelor of Arts degree from University of Iowa in 1933. He received a Juris Doctor from University of Iowa College of Law in 1935. He was in private practice of law in Jefferson, Iowa from 1935 to 1955. He was county attorney of Greene County from 1939 to 1947. He was a judge of the Iowa District Court for the 16th Judicial District from 1955 to 1962.

## Federal judicial service

Hanson was nominated by President John F. Kennedy on June 23, 1962, to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa and the United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa, to a new joint seat created by 75 Stat. 80. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 13, 1962, and received his commission on July 23, 1962. He served as Chief Judge of the Southern District from 1971 to 1977. He assumed senior status on August 15, 1977. His service was terminated on June 6, 1995, due to his death.
# Leggett inequality

In physics, the Leggett inequalities, named for Anthony James Leggett, who derived them, are a related pair of mathematical expressions concerning the correlations of properties of entangled particles. (As published by Leggett, the inequalities were exemplified in terms of relative angles of elliptical and linear polarizations.)

## Inequalities

They are fulfilled by a large class of physical theories based on particular non-local and realistic assumptions, that may be considered to be plausible or intuitive according to common physical reasoning.
The Leggett inequalities are violated by quantum mechanical theory. The results of experimental tests in 2007 and 2010 have shown agreement with quantum mechanics rather than the Leggett inequalities. Given that experimental tests of Bell's inequalities have ruled out local realism in quantum mechanics, the violation of Leggett's inequalities is considered to have falsified realism in quantum mechanics. In quantum mechanics "realism" means "notion that physical systems possess complete sets of definite values for various parameters prior to, and independent of, measurement".
# Adrian Anthony Spears

Adrian Anthony Spears (July 8, 1910 – May 9, 1991) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas.

## Education and career

Born in Darlington, South Carolina, Spears received a Bachelor of Laws from the University of South Carolina School of Law in 1934, and was in private practice in Darlington from 1934 to 1936, and then in San Antonio, Texas from 1937 to 1961. He was a special district judge of the State of Texas in 1951.

## Federal judicial service

On October 5, 1961, Spears received a recess appointment from President John F. Kennedy to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas created by 75 Stat. 80. He was formally nominated to the same seat by President Kennedy on January 15, 1962. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 16, 1962, and received his commission the following day. He served as Chief Judge from 1962 to 1979, assuming senior status on October 10, 1979. He was a Judge of the Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals from 1981 to 1982. He retired from the federal judiciary entirely on December 31, 1982.

## Post judicial service

Spears was thereafter a vice president of Tetco, Inc., in San Antonio, from 1983 until his death in that city on May 9, 1991.
# Talbot Smith

Talbot Smith (October 11, 1899 – December 21, 1978) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan.

## Education and career

Born in Fayette, Missouri, Smith received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1920. He received a Master of Science from the Naval Postgraduate School in 1928. He received a Juris Doctor from University of Michigan Law School in 1934. He was in the United States Navy as a Lieutenant from 1917 to 1931. He was an engineer with the Atlantic Refining Company in 1931. He was in private practice of law in Detroit, Michigan from 1934 to 1937. He was a professor of law at the University of Missouri from 1937 to 1941. He was an attorney with the Office of Price Administration from 1941 to 1944. He was in private practice in Ann Arbor, Michigan from 1944 to 1945. He was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley from 1945 to 1946. He was in private practice in Ann Arbor from 1947 to 1955. He was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of Michigan from 1955 to 1961.

## Federal judicial service

Smith received a recess appointment from President John F. Kennedy on October 5, 1961, to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, to a new seat created by 75 Stat. 80. He was nominated to the same seat by President Kennedy on January 15, 1962. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 5, 1962, and received his commission on February 9, 1962. He assumed senior status on October 31, 1971. His service was terminated on December 21, 1978, due to his death.
# Robert A. Grant

Robert Allen Grant (July 31, 1905 – March 2, 1998) was an American lawyer and politician who served five terms as a United States representative from Indiana and later a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana.

## Education and career

Born near Bourbon, Indiana, Grant moved to Hamlet, Indiana in 1912 and to South Bend, Indiana in 1922. He attended the public schools and received an Artium Baccalaureus degree, cum laude, from the University of Notre Dame in 1928, and a Juris Doctor, also cum laude, from Notre Dame Law School in 1930. He was admitted to the bar in 1930 and commenced practice in South Bend. He married Margaret A. McLaren on September 17, 1933. He was a deputy prosecuting attorney of St. Joseph County, Indiana in 1935 and 1936, returning to private practice until 1938.

## Congressional service

Grant was elected as a Republican to the Seventy-sixth and to the four succeeding Congresses, from January 3, 1939, to January 3, 1949. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Eighty-first Congress in 1948, and resumed the practice of law in South Bend.

## Federal judicial service

On August 21, 1957, Grant was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana vacated by Judge W. Lynn Parkinson. Grant was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 22, 1957, and received his commission on August 26, 1957. He served as Chief Judge from 1961 to 1972 and as a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 1969 to 1972, assuming senior status on December 1, 1972. In 1976, he was appointed by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger to the United States Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals, serving until 1993. He was also a visiting judge for twelve terms at the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico.

### Death

Grant continued to serve in senior status until his death on March 2, 1998, in Sarasota, Florida.

## Honor

On September 25, 1992, the divisional courthouse for South Bend was rededicated as the Robert A. Grant Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse.
# Edwin DeHaven Steel Jr.

Edwin DeHaven Steel Jr. (May 7, 1904 – July 26, 1986) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Delaware.

## Education and career

Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Steel received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Dartmouth College in 1926. He received a Bachelor of Laws from Yale Law School in 1931. He was in private practice in Wilmington, Delaware from 1931 to 1958. He was general counsel for War Materials, Inc. in 1942.

## Federal judicial service

Steel was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on March 26, 1958, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Delaware vacated by Judge Paul Conway Leahy. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 22, 1958, and received his commission on April 23, 1958. He assumed senior status due to a certified disability on December 30, 1969. Steel served in that capacity until his death on July 26, 1986.
# Hugh Dean McLellan

Hugh Dean McLellan (September 10, 1876 – June 20, 1953) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts.

## Education and career

Born in Belfast, Maine, McLellan received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Colby College in 1895 and a Bachelor of Laws from Columbia Law School in 1902. He was in private practice in Boston, Massachusetts from 1902 to 1932. He was a lecturer for Boston University Law School from 1929 to 1938. He was a lecturer for Harvard Law School from 1935 to 1942.

## Federal judicial service

McLellan was nominated by President Herbert Hoover on January 18, 1932, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts vacated by Judge James Madison Morton Jr. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 3, 1932, and received his commission on February 10, 1932. McLellan resigned on September 30, 1941.

## Later career and death

After his resignation from the federal bench, McLellan resumed private practice in Boston from 1941 to 1953. He died in Brookline, Massachusetts, on June 20, 1953.
# Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe

The Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe (French pronunciation:; "European Music Hall"; formerly the Théâtre de l'Odéon; "Music Hall") is one of France's six national theatres. It is located at 2 rue Corneille in the 6th arrondissement of Paris on the left bank of the Seine, next to the Luxembourg Garden and the Luxembourg Palace, which houses the Senate.

## First theatre

The original building, the Salle du Faubourg Saint-Germain, was constructed for the Théâtre Français between 1779 and 1782 to a Neoclassical design by Charles De Wailly and Marie-Joseph Peyre. The site was in the garden of the former Hôtel de Condé. The new theatre was inaugurated by Marie-Antoinette on April 9, 1782. It was there that Beaumarchais' play The Marriage of Figaro was premiered two years later. On April 27, 1791, during the Revolution, the company split. The players sympathetic to the crown remained in the theatre in the Faubourg Saint-Germain. They were arrested and incarcerated on the night of September 3, 1793, but were allowed to return a year later. In 1797, the theater was remodeled by the architect Jean-François Leclerc and became known as the Odéon, but it was destroyed by a fire on March 18, 1799.

## Second theatre

An 1808 reconstruction of the theater designed by Jean Chalgrin (architect of the Arc de Triomphe) was officially named the Théâtre de l'Impératrice, but everyone still called it the Odéon. It burned down in 1818.

## Third theatre

The third and present structure, designed by Pierre Thomas Baraguay, was opened in September 1819. In 1990, the theater was given the sobriquet 'Théâtre de l'Europe'. It is a member theater of the Union of the Theatres of Europe.

## Access

| ___ | Located near the Métro station: Odéon. |
The Line 4 and Line 10 serves Odéon station.
# John William Ditter Jr.

John William Ditter Jr. (October 19, 1921 – April 7, 2019) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

## Education and career

Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Congressman J. William Ditter, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Ursinus College in 1943 and served as a captain in the United States Naval Reserve during World War II, from 1943 to 1946. He then received a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1948. He worked as a law clerk for the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania from 1948 to 1950, and as an assistant district attorney of Montgomery County in 1951. He returned to the United States Naval Reserve from 1951 to 1953, and was again a Montgomery County assistant district attorney from 1953 to 1955, and a first assistant district attorney there from 1956 to 1960. He also maintained a private practice in Ambler, Pennsylvania from 1953 to 1963. He was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County from 1964 to 1970.

## Federal judicial service

On September 28, 1970, Ditter was nominated by President Richard Nixon to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania created by 84 Stat. 294. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 8, 1970, and received his commission on October 15, 1970.
Judge Ditter assumed senior status on October 19, 1986, and continued to serve as senior judge until his death on April 7, 2019.
# Nicolò Cocetta

Nicolò Cocetta (born 19 December 2003) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Serie C Group C club Crotone.

## Club career

Cocetta joined Udinese's academy in 2010. Having come through the club's youth ranks, he helped the under-19 team win direct promotion to Campionato Primavera 1 at the end of the 2021–22 season. In the same campaign, he also received his first call-ups to the first team, under head coach Gabriele Cioffi.
At the start of the 2022–23 season, Cocetta was promoted to Udinese's first team, under manager Andrea Sottil, while also being named as the captain of the under-19 team. On 4 June 2023, he made his professional debut for the club, coming in as a substitute for James Abankwah in the 59th minute of a 1–0 Serie A loss to Juventus.
On 4 August 2023, Cocetta joined Serie C side Turris on a permanent deal, signing a two-year professional contract. On 25 September, he scored his first professional goal in a 3–1 league defeat to Picerno. He collected a total amount of 46 appearances and two goals for the club.
On 7 January 2025, Cocetta joined Serie C club Crotone on a permanent deal, signing a contract until June 2027.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of match played 5 January 2025
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National cup | National cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Udinese | 2022–23 | Serie A | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 1 | 0 |
| Turris | 2023–24 | Serie C | 27 | 2 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 27 | 2 |
| Turris | 2024–25 | Serie C | 16 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 |
| Crotone | 2024–25 | Serie C | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 44 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 2 |
* ↑ Appearances in the Coppa Italia.
# Société du Havre de Montréal

Société du Havre de Montréal (SHM) was a publicly funded, non-profit business in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was created in 2002 to oversee the redevelopment of Montreal's harbourfront via the reconstruction of the Bonaventure Expressway. In January 2013, the city of Montreal announced that it would take over the SHM's responsibilities, and it was completed by the end of April.

## History

The SHM was established in 2002 to design a plan for the redevelopment of Montreal's harbourfront. The organization initially received funding from the municipal, Quebec provincial, and Canadian federal governments. In 2007, it presented a final report entitled Vision 2025; the provincial and federal governments withdrew their funding shortly thereafter.
The SHM was criticized by opposition municipal parties, which accused it of financial mismanagement, unaccountability, and having a conflict-of-interest situation in its leadership. City councillor Véronique Fournier said in 2013, "We always believed the SHM was a recipe for disaster. Because it's a private corporation, it isn't bound to the same kind of access to information laws as the city. So while I'm not saying there was ever anything criminal happening at the SHM, the ingredients were definitely there." Montreal's auditor-general, Jacques Bergeron, indicated that it was almost impossible to ascertain the real costs of the SHM's studies and consultations in the absence of a reliable paper trail.
Montreal mayor Michael Applebaum announced on January 24, 2013 that the city of Montreal would take over responsibility for the Bonaventure Expressway from the SHM, citing the need for transparency. The SHM would then be dismantled by April 30.
# William Wallace Lambdin

William Wallace Lambdin (October 25, 1861 – December 20, 1916) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia.

## Education and career

Born in Upson County, Georgia, Lambdin received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from the University of Georgia in 1879 and read law to enter the bar in 1888. He was in private practice in Atlanta, Georgia from 1888 to 1899, then in Barnesville, Georgia until 1906, and then in Waycross, Georgia from 1906 to 1915.

## Federal judicial service

On March 3, 1915, Lambdin was nominated by President Woodrow Wilson to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia created by 38 Stat. 959. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 3, 1915, and received his commission the same day. Lambdin served in that capacity for little over a year and a half, until his death on December 20, 1916.
# Walter I. McCoy

Walter Irving McCoy (December 8, 1859 – July 17, 1933) was a United States representative from New Jersey and later was an Associate Justice and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia.

## Education and career

Born in Troy, New York, on December 8, 1859, McCoy attended the public schools, Troy Academy, Phillips Exeter Academy and Princeton University. He received an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1882 from Harvard College, an Artium Magister degree in 1886 from the same institution and a Bachelor of Laws in 1886 from Harvard Law School. He was admitted to the bar and practiced law in New York City, New York from 1886 to 1914. He was a trustee of the village of South Orange, New Jersey from 1893 to 1895, from 1901 to 1905, and again in 1910. McCoy was a delegate to the 1904 and 1908 Democratic National Conventions, and was vice president of the Essex County, New Jersey Democratic committee.

## Congressional service

McCoy was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives of the 62nd and 63rd United States Congresses and served from March 4, 1911, until October 3, 1914, when he resigned to accept a federal judgeship.

## Federal judicial service

McCoy was nominated by President Woodrow Wilson on September 29, 1914, to an Associate Justice seat on the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia (now the United States District Court for the District of Columbia) vacated by Associate Justice Job Barnard. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 2, 1914, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on May 22, 1918, due to his elevation to be Chief Justice of the same court.
McCoy was nominated by President Wilson on May 16, 1918, to the Chief Justice seat on the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia (now the United States District Court for the District of Columbia) vacated by Chief Justice J. Harry Covington. He was confirmed by the Senate on May 22, 1918, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on December 8, 1929, due to his retirement.

## Later years and death

McCoy resided in Washington, D.C., until 1932, when he moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he died on July 17, 1933. He was interred at Oakwood Cemetery in Troy.
# Auguste Couder

Louis-Charles-Auguste Couder or Auguste Couder (1 April 1789, in London – 21 July 1873, in Paris) was a French painter and student of Jean-Baptiste Regnault and Jacques-Louis David. He joined the Académie des beaux-arts in 1839 and was an officer of the Légion d'honneur. He married Cornélie Stouf, daughter of the sculptor Jean-Baptiste Stouf.
Couder was buried in the cemetery of Père-Lachaise.

## Famous paintings

* Siege of Yorktown, oil on canvas
* Muhammad Ali of Egypt, 1840
* Water, or the Fight of Achilles against Scamander and Simoeis
* The Death of Masaccio