OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dhammazedi

Dhammazedi (Burmese: ဓမ္မစေတီ, pronounced; c. 1409–1492, reigned 1471 to 1492) was the 16th king of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom in Burma. Considered one of the most enlightened rulers in Burmese history, by some accounts call him "the greatest" of all Hanthawaddy kings. The former Buddhist monk, educated in the rival kingdom of Ava in his youth, was a trusted adviser and son-in-law of Queen Shin Sawbu. At age 48, he left the monkhood after he was selected by Shin Sawbu as the heir apparent, and was married to one of the queen's daughters. He immediately became the de facto ruler of the kingdom as Shin Sawbu handed over all administrative duties to him.
During Dhammazedi's long reign, the Mon-speaking kingdom reached the peak of its golden age. Under his wise rule, the kingdom, unlike the rival Ava Kingdom, was peaceful, and profited greatly from foreign commerce. His reign was a time of peace and he himself was a mild ruler, famous for his wisdom. A collection of his rulings, Dhammazedi Pyatton, survives. The kingdom also became a famous center of Theravada Buddhism, with strong ties to Ceylon, and resumed the practice of sending missions to Buddhagaya. His religious reforms later spread throughout the country. He maintained friendly relations with Yunnan.
According to DGE Hall, "He was a Buddhist ruler of the best type, deeply solicitous for the purification of religion. Under him civilization flourished, and the condition of the Mon country stands out in sharp contrast with the disorder and savagery which characterized the Ava kingdom."
He died in 1492. He was honored as a saint and a pagoda was erected over his bones. He was succeeded by his eldest son Binnya Ran II.

## Historiography

Various Burmese chronicles report different dates for the key events of his life.
| Chronicles | Birth–Death | Age | Reign | Length of reign |
| Maha Yazawin and Hmannan Yazawin | not reported | not reported | 1470/71–1491/92 | 21 |
| Slapat Rajawan | c. 1420–1491/92 | 71 | 1470/71–1491/92 | 21 |
| Mon Yazawin (Shwe Naw) | c. 1417–1491/92 and c. November 1409 – 1491/92 | 74 and ~82 | 1470/71–1491/92 | 27 [sic] |

## Commemorations

* Dhammazedi Road, a road in Yangon.
# John Archdeacon

John Archdeacon was an English politician who was MP for an unidentified constituency. He was the son of Thomas Archdeacon, and two of his sons were Michael Archdeacon and Warin Archdeacon.
# Yazakumar

Yazakumar (Burmese: ရာဇကုမာရ်; Pali: Rājakumāra; 1078–11??) was the titular governor of north Arakan during the reign of his father King Kyansittha of the Pagan Dynasty of Myanmar (Burma).$^{:156}$ He is best known for the Myazedi inscription of 1113, which he donated in his father's honor. The stone inscription has scholarly significance because it allowed the deciphering of the Pyu language.

## Biography
### Early life

Yazakumar was born to Thanbula and Kyansittha circa 1078 at Kyaungbyu. Kyansittha was a former general of the Pagan army who had been sent to exile by his father King Anawrahta for his affair with Anawrahta's young queen Manisanda. In 1077, Anawrahta died, and Kyansittha was recalled to the capital by Saw Lu to run the kingdom. Thanbula was pregnant with Yazakumar remained at Kyaungbyu. At Pagan, Kyansittha was sent into exile again—this time to Dala (modern Yangon) for renewing his affair with Manisanda.
In 1084, Kyansittha ascended to the Pagan throne but had forgotten about his wife and child at Kyaungbyu. When Thanbula found out that Kyansittha was king, she brought their son to Pagan, along with the ring that Kyansittha had given her as proof. The king was surprised to see them. Kyansittha had already word that his grandson Alaungsithu would be king because he thought he had no son. A remorseful Kyansittha made Yazakumar the titular head of north Arakan and seven hill districts.

### Myazedi inscription

Though passed over for the throne, Yazakumar never showed any disappointment. He spent his life with donating his inheritance for his mother's merit. He donated many temples in honor of his parents. He commissioned the Myazedi inscription as his father lay dying in bed. The inscription dated 1113 was written in four languages: Pyu, Burmese, Mon, and Pali, which all tell the story of Yazakumar and his father Kyansittha. The primary importance of the Myazedi inscription is that it allowed for the deciphering of the written Pyu.
# Wa Self-Administered Division

The Wa Self-Administered Division (Burmese: ဝ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ တိုင်း; Chinese: 佤自治州; Wade–Giles: Wa Tzŭ-chih-chou) is an autonomous, self-administered division of Myanmar (Burma). Its official name was announced by decree on 20 August 2010.
Myanmar's government declared the area to be administered by the Wa people, under the official name Wa Special Region 2. Its territory is entirely under the control of the de facto independent Wa State. Hopang and Pan Lon were directly controlled by the Tatmadaw until their transfer to Wa State in January 2024.

## Administrative divisions

As stipulated by the 2008 constitution, the administrative region consisted of the following townships in Shan State:
* Hopang District
** Hopang Township
** Mongmao Township
** Pangwaun Township (Panwai)
** Namtit Subtownship
** Panlong Subtownship
* Matman District
** Matman Township (Metman)
** Namphan Township (Nahpan)
** Pangsang Township (Pangkham)
** Man Kan Subtownship

## Leadership

* Khun Tun Lu (30 Mar 2011 – 1 Feb 2021)
* Nyi Nat (2 Feb 2021 – Jan 2024)
# Second Alexander Frick cabinet

The second Alexander Frick cabinet was the governing body of Liechtenstein from 8 March 1951 to 31 December 1957. It was appointed by Franz Joseph II and chaired by Alexander Frick.

## History

The cabinet succeeded the First Alexander Frick cabinet on 8 March 1951 with Alexander Frick continuing as Prime Minister of Liechtenstein. The cabinet remained following the February 1953, June 1953 and 1957 general elections.
The government's term was characterized by the transformation of Liechtenstein into a modern welfare state. In 1952 it succeeded in introducing pensions and survivors insurance via a referendum on the subject despite resistance from local businesses and agricultural establishments, followed by the introduction of family compensation in 1957.
The cabinet was dissolved on 31 December 1957 and succeeded by the Third Alexander Frick cabinet.

## Members

| | Name | Term | Party |
| Prime Minister |||||
| | Alexander Frick | 8 March 1951 – 31 December 1957 | Progressive Citizens' Party |
| Deputy Prime Minister |||||
| | Ferdinand Nigg | 8 March 1951 – 13 July 1957 † | Patriotic Union |
| | Josef Büchel | 17 July 1957 – 31 December 1957 | Patriotic Union |
| Government councillors |||||
| | Franz Xaver Hoop | 8 March 1951 – 9 July 1953 | Progressive Citizens' Party |
| | Josef Meier | 9 July 1953 – 31 December 1957 | Progressive Citizens' Party |
| | Marzell Heidegger | 8 March 1951 – 13 July 1957 | Patriotic Union |
# Dmitry Milyaev

Dmity Vyacheslavovich Milyaev (Russian: Дмитрий Вячеславович Миляев; born 29 August 1975) is a Russian statesman and politician. He is the current Governor of Tula Oblast since September 12, 2024.

## Biography

Dmitry Milyaev was born in Kireyevsk, Tula Oblast. In 1997, he graduated from the Tula State Pedagogical University [ru]. In 2003, he received a law degree from the Sholokhov Moscow State University for Humanities.
From 2000 to 2010, Milyaev served as a local adviser and, later, as a leading legal advisor for legal issues and personnel management, and general director of OJSC Tula Bread Products Plant. From 2010 to 2011, he was the general director of Shirinsky Bakery Plant LLC. In 2011, he was appointed Deputy Minister-Director of the Department of State Policy in the Field of Agro-Industrial Complex and Rural Development of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Tula Region. From August 2014 to September 2016, he served as Minister of Agriculture of the Tula Oblast. From September 2016 to September 2019, he was the Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Tula Region.
From October 2019 to October 2022, Milyaev was the head of the administration of the Tula Municipality.
In November 2022, he became the first deputy governor of the Tula Oblast.
On 14 May 2024, Vladimir Putin appointed him as acting governor of the Tula Oblast after Aleksey Dyumin moved on to serve as Secretary of the State Council.
# Ye Le Pagoda

Kyauktan Ye Le Pagoda (Burmese: ကျောက်တန်းရေလယ်ဘုရား, formally Kyaikhmawwun Yele Pagoda (ကျိုက်မှော်ဝန်းရေလယ်စေတီတော်) is a Buddhist pagoda located in Kyauktan Township, Yangon Region, on a small island in Hmaw Wun Creek, a tributary of Yangon River. The pagoda was built with many Buddha's relics inside.
Two things are noticed, the water level never rises to cover the pagoda, and there will always be enough room for everyone who come to visit the pagoda (meaning, even the pagoda has small room for visitors somehow it is always balanced out between those who is coming & leaving).
It is approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Thanlyin. This unusual temple was built under King Bawgasena in the third century BCE. The temple hosts an impressive collection of paintings, sculptures and other fine demonstrations of Burmese Buddhist artwork and craftsmanship.

## Gallery

* Pagoda
* Kyauktan Ye Le (Entire Island View)
* Statue of Buddha Inside Kyauktan Ye Le
* Thagyamin
* Statue Guarding Kyauktan Ye Le
* Kyauktan Ye Le Monks With Tourist
# Bayin Htwe

Bayin Htwe (Burmese: ဘုရင်ထွေး, pronounced; c. 1470s–1533) Tai name Hso Yam Hpa (သိူဝ်ယႅမ်ႉၾႃႉ) was king of Prome (Pyay) from 1527 to 1532. His small kingdom, founded by his father Thado Minsaw in 1482, was conquered by the Confederation of Shan States in 1532, and he was taken prisoner to Upper Burma. He was later released, and returned to Prome only to be refused entry by his son Narapati. Bayin Htwe died at the outskirts of Prome (Pyay) in mid 1533.

## Brief

Bayin Htwe was a son of Thado Minsaw who proclaimed independence of his minor kingdom from Ava in 1482. Htwe ascended the throne in 1526 after his father's death. His formal title was Thiri Thudhamma Yaza (သီရိသုဓမ္မရာဇာ). The new king soon incurred the wrath of Saw Lon, the leader of Confederation of Shan States because he did not send help in the Confederation's war against Ava in 1526–1527. His father had been an ally of Lon, and sent troops in their 1524–1525 assault on Ava. In 1532, Lon and his Confederation armies (12,000 troops, 800 horses and 30 elephants) laid siege to Prome. Htwe surrendered in late 1532, and was sent to Dabayin in Upper Burma in exile. Htwe's son Narapati was appointed vassal king.
Htwe's life in captivity was cut short after Lon was assassinated by his own ministers near Myedu, enabling his return to Prome. He arrived back at the outskirts of Prome, five months after he lost his throne. But Narapati did not allow him back in the city. He died about a month later in the adjoining forests.

## Family

His legacy lived on through his offspring. Two of his sons, Narapati and Minkhaung, became rulers of Prome, albeit as vassals of Ava. Two of his daughters, Salin Mibaya and Laygyun Mibaya, respectively were married to Viceroy Thado Dhamma Yaza II of Prome and Viceroy Minkhaung II of Toungoo. Another daughter, Minkhaung Medaw was married to King Taka Yut Pi of Hanthawaddy, and later to King Min Bin of Arakan. He was the maternal grandfather of Queen Hsinbyushin Medaw of Lan Na and Queen Min Taya Medaw, a principal queen of King Nanda of Toungoo Dynasty.
| Queen | Rank | Issue | Reference |
| Shwe Zin Gon | Chief queen | Narapati, King of Prome (r. 1532–1539) Mingyi Saw (d. aged 19) daughter (d. aged 14 or 19) Narapati Medaw, Vicereine of Prome (r. 1551–1588) | |
| Chit Mi | Principal queen | Minkhaung, King of Prome (r. 1539–1542) Minkhaung Medaw, Queen of Hanthawaddy (r. 1534/35–1539) and Queen of Arakan (r. 1540–1554) Laygyun Mibaya, Vicereine of Toungoo (r. 1549–1584) son (died young) | |

## Ancestry

The following is his ancestry as reported in the Hmannan Yazawin chronicle, which in turn referenced contemporary inscriptions. His parents were first cousins.
Ancestry of King Bayin Htwe :
# Lu Tin

Lu Tin (လူတင်, pronounced; 1930–2014) was a Burmese watercolour artist.

## Life

Lu Tin was born in 1930 in Monywa in northwestern Burma, son of a mason, and entered a monastery for his education. In the period immediately after World War II he lived by various jobs including knitting and weaving, masonry and tailoring. In 1950, a monk helped him to start studying under Aung Chit, an artist who painted cover designs for the Ludu Journal in Mandalay. He attended the Mandalay Fine Arts School (1953–1956), obtaining a Bachelor's degree in Fine Arts. After graduating, he taught art at high schools in Mandalay. In 1972 he became an art tutor at the Meiktila Teachers’ College, and in 1978 became head of the Art Department of the University for Development of National Races.
Retiring in 1981, Lu Tin devoted himself to painting. He exhibited in many one-man shows in Yangon, Monywa and Mandalay. In 1991, he opened a gallery in Monywa called "Vision House". In 2000, to mark his 70th birthday, an exhibition 71 Lu Tin’s best paintings was shown in locations around the country. Lu Tin died in 2014.

## Work

According to Ant Maung, "throughout his entire life as an artist, Lu Tin has managed like no other to reflect the beauties of the various periods and times of the day – dawn, sunrise, daybreak, daytime, dusk, nightfall, twilight. When I try to picture the best of his works, his watercolours of Myanmar’s coastal regions, the jade mines in Kachin State, and the western stretches of the Ayeyawady River, all stand out in my mind". His work is completed quickly, with painting taking perhaps 20 minutes, but he explains that thinking about what he wants the picture to look like takes much longer. Often the pictures are executed in a green monotone, using tiny brushes, and depict the natural features of Chindwin region. He names Kan Nyunt, Chit Mye, and in particular Ba Thet as his teachers.
# Guerino Bertocchi

Guerino Bertocchi (October 29, 1907 – April 13, 1981) was an Italian mechanic and racing driver known for his lifelong association with Maserati.
Bertocchi was born on October 29, 1907, in Budrio. His younger brother, Gino, was also a mechanic. Initially employed at the Maserati factory, Bertocchi debuted as a mechanic and co-driver alongside Alfieri Maserati in the 1926 Targa Florio. In 1947, he was promoted to the role of chief mechanic and test driver of the Maserati Formula One team, as well as testing road cars like the 5000 GT. In 1957, he ran the car that gave Juan Manuel Fangio his third and fifth world titles. Fangio came to depending on Bertocchi to test the car, to the extent of declaring that he wouldn't drive a car if Bertocchi did not test it before.
Bertocchi's only Formula One entry as a driver is the 1954 Spanish Grand Prix as a reserve driver. However, all Maserati-drivers started the race and Bertocchi never entered a Formula One race again.
Between 1931 and 1963, he competed thirteen times in the Mille Miglia, once in the Targa Florio, once in the 12 Hours of Pescara and once in the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Although officially employed as a running mechanic, Bertocchi would often share driving duties. Bertocchi's best result was in 1953, when together with Emilio Giletti they finished sixth.
Bertocchi worked for Maserati until 1971, when the company was bought by Citroën. He then moved to De Tomaso Automobili, where he led the company client's car testing department.

## Complete results

| Year | Date | Race | Entrant | Car | Teammate | Result |
| 1931 | April 12 | Mille Miglia | Giuseppe Tuffanelli | Maserati 26C 1100 | Giuseppe Tuffanelli | 22nd |
| 1932 | April 10 | Mille Miglia | | Maserati 4CTR 1100 | Giuseppe Tuffanelli | 20th |
| 1933 | April 9 | Mille Miglia | | Maserati 4CS 1100 | Giuseppe Tuffanelli | DNF |
| 1934 | April 8 | Mille Miglia | | Maserati 4CS 1100 | Piero Taruffi | 5th |
| 1935 | April 14 | Mille Miglia | | Maserati 4CS 1100 | Ettore Bianco | 7th |
| 1936 | April 5 | Mille Miglia | | Maserati 4CS 1500 | Omobono Tenni | 5th |
| 1947 | June 22 | Mille Miglia | | Maserati A6GCS | Luigi Villoresi | DNF |
| 1948 | April 4 | Targa Florio | Scuderia Ambrosiana | Maserati A6GCS | Luigi Villoresi | DNF |
| 1948 | May 2 | Mille Miglia | Scuderia Ambrosiana | Maserati A6GCS | Alberto Ascari | DNF |
| 1953 | April 26 | Mille Miglia | | Maserati A6GCS | Emilio Giletti | 6th |
| 1953 | August 15 | 12 Hours of Pescara | Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati A6GCS | Luigi Musso | |
| 1954 | May 2 | Mille Miglia | | Maserati A6GCS | none | DNF |
| 1955 | May 1 | Mille Miglia | | Maserati | none | DNF |
| 1956 | April 29 | Mille Miglia | Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati 150S | Jean Behra | 20th |
| 1957 | May 12 | Mille Miglia | Officine Alfieri Maserati | Maserati 300S | Giorgio Scarlatti | 4th |
| 1963 | June 16 | 24 Hours of Le Mans | Johnny Simon | Maserati Tipo 151 | André Simon Lloyd Casner | DNF |
# Twante Township

Twante Township also Twantay Township (Burmese: တွံတေး မြို့နယ်, pronounced) is a township in the Yangon Region of Burma (Myanmar). It is located west across the Hlaing River from the city of Yangon. The principal town and administrative seat is Twante. The township is home to the Shwesandaw Pagoda (known as "Golden Hair Relic Pagoda" in English) and it is believed to contain strands of hair from the head of Gautama, and its annual pagoda festival is held on Burmese New Year. Built by the British in 1881, the Twante Canal The longest man made canal in Myanmar is Twante canal is the longest man-made canal in Myanmar, providing a shortcut waterway between Irawaddy River and Yangon river. This divides Twante Township across its which divides Twante Township with its length of 35 km and there is one bridge that spans the canal is called Twante bridge. Baungdawgyoke Monastery in Twante Township is famous as there are pagodas including the replica of Mahabodhi Temple.

## History

During the British rule in Burma, George Orwell was a police officer in Twante, responsible for the security of some 200,000 people.

### Communities

The 220 villages of Twante Township are organized into 65 village tracts and 8 urban wards. Twante Township is well known for its pottery activities handled by a few families since several generations. It is also area of fish farming in Yangon region.

### Transport

A water bus on the river connects with Yangon.
# Hlegu

Hlegu (Burmese: လှည်းကူး, pronounced) is a small city in Yangon Division, Burma (Myanmar) about 45 km north-east of Yangon. It is located on both sides of the Ngamoyeik River (Ngamoyeik Chaung). Hlegu is the administrative seat of Hlegu Township.
# Sai Mauk Kham

Dr Sai Mauk Kham (Shan: ၸၢႆးမွၵ်ႇၶမ်း, Burmese: စိုင်းမောက်ခမ်း; born 17 August 1949) is a Burmese politician and physician who currently serves as a House of Representatives MP for Lashio Township constituency. He previously served as First Vice President of Myanmar from 1 July 2012 to 30 March 2016. He was elected as Second Vice President of Myanmar on 4 February 2011, defeating Aye Maung of the Rakhine Nationalities Development Party and receiving 84% of the votes (140 of 167 votes) in the Amyotha Hluttaw.

## Early life and education

Sai was born on 17 August 1949 in Muse, Shan State, Burma (now Myanmar) to a family of Shan descent. He is a physician by profession, having graduated from the Institute of Medicine, Mandalay (now the University of Medicine, Mandalay) in 1974.

## Career

He also used to be the chairman of the Shan Literature and Culture Association. He runs a private clinic and manages a private hospital in Lashio Township.

### Electoral fraud

In 2015 general election, Sai Mauk Kham contested a Pyithu Hluttaw (lower house) seat in Lashio Township. There were allegations of voting fraud which pulled him forward, in a constituency where National League for Democracy (NLD) was expected to win. 11,815 advanced votes had arrived at Lashio’s election commission office at midnight on 9 November 2015, almost eight hours after the polls had closed and the ballot boxes had been sealed shut. Nearly all of the votes had gone to Sai Mauk Kham. The NLD, Shan Nationalities League for Democracy and Shan Nationalities Democratic Party had filed a complaint with the Union Election Commission (UEC). The UEC responded by declaring that the victory of Sai Mauk Kham was legal and that no fraud had taken place.

## Personal life

Sai Mauk Kham is married to Nang Shwe Hmone. He has three children, including Sai Si Tom Kham, a pop singer.
# Paragu

Paragu (Burmese: ပါရဂူ; pronounced; 10 November 1921 – 9 April 2011) was a Burmese writer. He was a multilingual writer in Burmese, Japanese, Hindi and Pali and published 100 books until he died. He built and owned a library, the Paragu Shantiniketan Library, in Yangon. He was buried at the Yayway Cemetery in Yangon.
# Kyaw Thet

Kyaw Thet (Burmese: ကျော်သက်, pronounced; 1921–2008) was a historian of Burma, and professor of Asian Studies at University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada. He was formerly a professor of Burmese and Eastern History Studies at the University of Rangoon. He is of Burman and Mon descent. Kyaw Thet received his bachelor's degree at the University of Rangoon, and master's degrees at the University of London, and Ph.D from University of London in 1950 with thesis entitled Burma's Relations With Her Eastern Neighbours In The Konbaung Period. He was also a visiting professor at Yale University.
# Philip of Gortyna

Saint Philip of Gortyna (Greek: Φίλιππος; died 180) was Bishop of Gortyna on Crete. Little is known about him except for his authorship of a now lost treatise against the Gnostics. An early Christian Apologist, he wrote in the time of Marcus Aurelius against Marcion. He was mentioned with great praise by Dionysius of Corinth in one of his letters to the Christian Community in Gortyna. He is generally commemorated with a feast day on 11 April, however in the Church of Crete his feast day is on 8 October.
# Sanda Dewi

Sanda Dewi (Burmese: စန္ဒာဒေဝီ; Pali: Candādevī) was one of the three principal queens of King Bayinnaung of Burma from 1553 to 1581. She was also a queen of the last two kings of Prome Kingdom from 1532 to 1542. She was the maternal grandmother of Natshinnaung, king of Toungoo.

## Brief

The queen was born Thiri Hpone Htut (သီရိဘုန်းထွဋ်) to King Shwenankyawshin of Ava and Queen Dhamma Dewi in 1517/1518. After her father was killed in action against the forces of the Confederation of Shan States and the Prome Kingdom on 25 March 1527, the young princess was brought to Prome (Pyay) by King Thado Minsaw of Prome. Later at Prome, she was married to one of Thado Minsaw's grandsons, King Narapati who ruled from 1532 to 1539. After Narapati died, she was married to his younger brother Minkhaung. She had a son with Minkhaung.
When Prome fell to Toungoo forces in May 1542, the king and queen of Prome were sent to Toungoo. But c. April 1553, Minkhaung was executed for suspicion of plotting against Bayinnaung. Thiri Hpone Htut then became Bayinnaung's queen, with the title of Sanda Dewi. They had a daughter, Khin Saw, who was mother of Natshinnaung, the future rebel king of Toungoo.

## Ancestry

Ancestry of Queen Sanda Dewi :