OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dynatoi

The dynatoi (Greek: δυνατοί, sing. Δυνατός, Dynatos "the powerful") was a legal term in the Byzantine Empire, denoting the senior levels of civil, military and ecclesiastic (including monastic) officialdom, who usually, but not always, also commanded considerable fortunes and landed estates. Although such positions were not usually hereditary, by the late 10th and early 11th centuries they had started to become monopolized by a limited number of families who by the mid-11th century formed a hereditary aristocracy.
Although the exact composition of the dynatoi class has been the subject of considerable scholarly debate (cf. Lemerle), in economic terms, it encompassed the wealthy land-owners as opposed to the middling and small landowners, the penetes (πένητες). The former were usually members of military families, who had been able to use their influence to grab up the extensive lands that had been abandoned, especially in Asia Minor, as the result of the invasions of the 7th and 8th centuries. As the Empire's military position recovered from the 9th century on, these lands became profitable again, and major provincial magnate families began to appear. Among the main examples are the Phokades and the Maleinoi, who almost monopolized the senior administrative and military posts in Asia Minor in the early and middle 10th century. The dynatoi were able to use their political and financial strength to enrich themselves at the expense of the penetes, who had hitherto formed the main pillar of Byzantine society and economy. Consequently, several emperors from Romanos I Lekapenos (reigned 920–944) to Basil II (r. 976–1025) enacted agrarian legislation to combat the activities of the dynatoi, and to prevent their acquisition of the stratiotika ktemata, the military lands allocated to the maintenance of the thematic armies. Basil II in particular showed care to check the dynatoi through the imposition of the allelengyon ("mutual guarantee") tax, making them liable to pay the taxes of their poorer neighbours.
In the event, these efforts failed due to the rise of the provincial aristocracy, represented by the Komnenos dynasty, to power: in the 12th century, large latifundia spread throughout the countryside at the expense of smaller communities. The influence of the dynatoi reached its apogee in the Palaiologan period (1261–1453), and was marked by a concomitant decline in the authority of the central state government.
# Joseph Winston Cox

Joseph Winston Cox (October 19, 1875 – September 9, 1939) was an associate justice of the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia.

## Education and career

Born in Bridle Creek, an unincorporated community in Grayson County, Virginia, Cox received a Bachelor of Laws from George Washington University Law School in 1901. He was in private practice in Washington, D.C. from 1901 to 1930, and was also an instructor at Georgetown Law from 1913 to 1915, a special assistant to the United States Attorney General in enforcement of anti-trust laws and matters arising in special war activities of the United States from 1914 to 1919. He also served as a member of the District Selective Service Board from 1917 to 1918, and was a regional counsel to the United States Railroad Administration from 1919 to 1920. He was a professorial lecturer at George Washington University from 1928 to 1930.

## Federal judicial service

Cox was nominated by President Herbert Hoover on June 23, 1930, to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia (District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia from June 25, 1936, now the United States District Court for the District of Columbia), to a new Associate Justice seat authorized by 46 Stat. 785. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 1, 1930, and received his commission on July 7, 1930. His service terminated on September 9, 1939, due to his death.
# David Vogt

David Vogt (2 May 1793 – 6 June 1861) was a Norwegian politician.

## Biography

He was the son of Niels Nielsen Vogt Sr. (1755–1809), and a brother of priest and politician Niels Nielsen Vogt and politician Jørgen Herman Vogt. He was an uncle of Volrath Vogt, Nils Vogt and Jens Theodor Paludan Vogt.
He was the father of Colonel Carl Jacob Vogt and physician Olaus Fredrik Sand Vogt, grandfather of professor of medicine Jørgen Herman Vogt, metallurgist Johan Herman Lie Vogt and professor of medicine Ragnar Vogt, and great-grandfather of newspaper editor and politician Jørgen Vogt.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1836, representing the constituency of Moss. He was the stipendiary magistrate (byfoged) in that city. He was re-elected in 1839, 1842, 1845 and 1848.
# Some Fools There Were

Some Fools There Were is a 1913 American silent short comedy film starring William Garwood, Riley Chamberlin, Jean Darnell, Florence La Badie, and William Russell.

## Cast

* Florence La Badie as The Girl Reporter
* Jean Darnell as The Aunt
* William Garwood as First Unsuspecting Bachelor
* William Russell as Second Unsuspecting Bachelor
* Riley Chamberlin as Third Unsuspecting Bachelor
# Mukhsha Ulus

Mukhsha Ulus (Tatar: Мухша олысы, romanized: Muxşa olısı, lit. 'موحشا ﯘلىسى'), or Naruchat Duchy (Tatar: Наручат бәклегел, romanized: Naruçat bäklege, lit. 'ناروچات بەكلئگئل') was a subdivision of Golden Horde at the place of modern Mordovia, Penza Oblast and Tambov Oblast of Russia in 13th-15th centuries with the capital in Mukhsha. The main territory of the ulus (district) was situated between rivers Sura and Tsna. The previous population were Mordvins and Burtas. Population was mainly Mişär Tatars, and Moksha Mordvins. In 1313-1367 years coined own money. Population was mostly agricultural. Some were cattle-breeders and craftsmen. In 1360 Tağay beg conquered the ulus. It became a semi-independent duchy. In 1367 Mamai conquered that duchy. In the end of 14th century duchy declined and in the beginning of 15th century Russians conquered it.
# Chérif Oudjani

Chérif Oudjani (born 9 December 1964) is a former professional footballer who played as a striker, spending his career in France. Born in France, he played for the Algeria national team internationally, most notably winning the 1990 African Cup of Nations. He is the son of Algerian international footballer Ahmed Oudjani.
# Ponnani Juma Masjid

The Ponnani Juma Masjid, also known as the Ponnani Valiya Jumath Palli, is a Friday mosque, located in Ponnani, in the Malappuram district of the state of Kerala, India. The Juma Masjid played an important role in the intellectual field of Ponnani, once referred to as the 'Little Mecca' of Malabar. At that time, the mosque was also the headquarters of those seeking knowledge in Ponnani. The mosque grounds include a madrasa.

## History

William Logan recorded in the second part of his Malabar Manual that the Ponnani Grand Juma Masjid was built by Sheikh Zainuddin Ibn Ali Ibn Ahamed Maabari in AH 925 (1518/1520 CE). Sheikh Zainuddin, also known as the great Zainuddin Makhdoom, died in July 1522 and it is believed that the construction of the mosque, completed in the Kerala-Islamic style, was completed before his death. The interior of the Ponnani Grand Juma Masjid is 27 metres (90 ft) long and 18 metres (60 ft) wide.
After the construction of the mosque, Sheikh Zainuddin Makhdoom himself started teaching there; believed to be the beginning of the Pallidars system in Malabar.

## Sitting before wick lamp

There was a tradition to sit around the oil lamp installed inside the mosque, study religion and get the Musliar status from Makhdoom. For this, students used to come from all over Malabar. The way you sit around the oil lamp and get the Musliar status is called 'Sitting before wick lamp'.
Logan's Malabar Manual records that in 1887, approximately 400 people came from the other lands and studied at the Ponnani Grand Masjid. Among those who were close to the mosque were Kunjayan Muslyar, a native of North Malabar who lived 200 years ago, and author of 'Noolmuhammad' and 'Kappapat', Umer Khazi, the poet and brave man who fought against British rule. Mamburam Thangal was a visitor to the mosque.
# Tina Lasisi

Tina Lasisi is a biological anthropologist whose work has focused on the evolution of variation within human hair. Lasisi runs her own research lab at the University of Michigan where she studies diversity of both human hair and skin.

## Early life and education

Lasisi was born in Bulgaria; her mother was Bulgarian and her father was Nigerian. Her family moved to the Netherlands when she was 8 and she lived there through the end of high school.
Lasisi earned her Bachelor of Arts in archaeology and anthropology from the University of Cambridge. She enrolled at Pennsylvania State University where she earned both her Master of Science and PhD in biological anthropology. While at Penn State, Lasisi studied under American anthropologist Nina Jablonski. Lasisi is the first Black person to graduate with a PhD in Biological Anthropology from Penn State.

## Career

While studying at the University of Cambridge, Lasisi learned how pigmentation acts as protection against UV rays. Lasisi questioned the evolutionary driving forces behind the variety of human hair, finding that existing literature and research was sparse. Determining that most of the research that was available tended to focus on European hair, Lasisi developed an objective methodology to measure and quantify hair diversity. Lasisi set out to develop an "evolutionary narrative to explain skin diversity beyond facile, arbitrary racial lines", citing social pressures on African-American hair and a desire to counterbalance historical biological racism.
Lasisi's research explored the role human hair plays in cooling the human brain, recognizing that curly hair would offer the largest benefit to this process. Lasisi conducted experiments using wigs and controlled temperature conditions, observing that curly hair offered the most protection and reduced the need for sweating, which would in turn save water and electrolytes. Results were published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology in 2016, and a follow-up study was published in Scientific Reports in 2021.
Lasisi acknowledges the history of pseudoscience used to characterize and classify race, but stresses the need for deeper study into biological variation. In 2021, Lasisi stated: "Despite a general shift away from the use of overt racial terminologies, the underlying racialized frameworks used to describe and understand human variation still remain."
In 2023, Lasisi established her own lab at the University of Michigan. She co-founded Black in Biological Anthropology which promotes and assists Black biological anthropologists.

## Awards and honors

In 2022, Lasisi was awarded the Jon C. Graff, Ph.D. Prize for Excellence in Science Communication
# Bottling company

A bottling company is a commercial enterprise whose output is the bottling of beverages for distribution.
Many bottling companies are franchisees of corporations such as Coca-Cola and PepsiCo who distribute the beverage in a specific geographic region. Some bottling companies may also bottle other local beverages such as regional beers or wines.
A bottler is a company which mixes drink ingredients and fills up cans and bottles with the drink. The bottler then distributes the final product to the wholesale sellers in a geographic area. Large companies like The Coca-Cola Company sell their product to bottlers like the Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated, who then bottle and distribute it.
Usually, a type of ionizing radiation called gamma radiation is used to check whether the bottles are full at the bottling plant. This can be done by placing a gamma radiation source on one side of the bottle and a detector on the other side. The gamma radiation will penetrate through the material and the filled liquid, and the detector will record the amount of radiation that comes through. If the bottle is empty, more radiation will be registered than if the bottle is full, because the liquid will absorb some of the radiation.
# Nikotimasi Fatafehi Laufilitonga Kakau Vahaʻi

Nikotimasi Fatafehi Laufilitonga Kakau Vahaʻi (born September 1971), styled Lord Vaha'i, is a Tongan noble and politician. He holds the title of Vahaʻi of Foʻui.
Vaha'i was born in 1971 to Hahano-ki-Malaʻe Kula-ʻa Sione Ngu Namoa, Lord Vahaʻi, and his wife, ʻElisiva Fusipala Vahaʻi.
At the 2017 Tongan general election he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Tonga in the Tongatapu Noble's constituency on a coin-toss, defeating ʻAlipate Tuʻivanuavou Vaea. He lost his seat at the 2021 election.

## Honours
### National honours

* Order of the Crown of Tonga, Commander (31 July 2008).
# ʻAmelia Afuhaʻamango Tuʻipulotu

ʻAmelia Afuhaʻamango Tuʻipulotu is a Tongan nurse and former Minister of Health.
Tuʻipulotu trained as a nurse, and worked in Australia and Tonga. She received an Australian Development Scholarship to attend the University of Sydney, and in 2012 became the first Tongan to receive a Nursing PhD. After graduation, she worked for Tonga's Ministry of Health, becoming Matron of the Nursing Department at Vaiola Hospital in Tonga.
In October 2019 she was appointed Minister of Health in the cabinet of Pohiva Tuʻiʻonetoa. Tuʻipulotu was the only Minister from outside the Legislative Assembly of Tonga.
In May 2020 she was elected to a position of Rapporteur on the World Health Organization's executive board. In December 2021 newly-elected Prime Minister Siaosi Sovaleni replaced her as Minister of Health, reappointing her predecessor Saia Piukala. In December 2022 she was appointed the WHO's Chief Nursing Officer.

## Honours
### National honours

* Order of the Crown of Tonga, Member (6 July 2021).
# Calumet New Tech High School

Calumet New Tech High School, formerly Calumet High School, is a four-year (9–12) public high school of the Lake Ridge Schools Corporation in unincorporated Lake County, Indiana, United States, near the city of Gary.
# Andy MacLeod

Andy MacLeod (born 14 March 1969) is a Scottish retired professional footballer. Since retirement from the professional game he played semi professional football at Highland league clubs, (Ross County F.C. Brora Rangers F.C. Wick Academy F.C. Foress Mechanics F.C). He Managed Brora Rangers F.C. at Highland league level. Following retirement from football he became a senior manager within the Highland Council.
# Maurice Timothy Dooling

Maurice Timothy Dooling Sr. (October 12, 1860 – November 4, 1924) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California.

## Education and career

Dooling was born in a mining camp near Moores Flat, California, to Elizabeth Mary and Timothy Dooling, Irish immigrants who were pioneers in the territory. Maurice received an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1880 and an Artium Magister degree in 1881 from Saint Mary's College of California (in San Francisco at that time). He was a teacher at St. Mary's College from 1881 to 1883, and read law to enter the bar in 1885. He then served as a Democratic Party member of the California State Assembly from the San Benito County district from 1885 to 1887, and as a Judge of the Superior Court of San Benito County from 1897 to 1913. He received a Doctor of Philosophy from Santa Clara College (now Santa Clara University) in 1903.

## Unsuccessful judicial race

In 1906, Dooling ran for election to the position of Associate Justice of the California Court of Appeal for the First District on the Democratic ticket but lost by a slim margin to Republicans Frank H. Kerrigan and S. P. Hall.

## Federal judicial service

On July 18, 1913, Dooling was nominated by President Woodrow Wilson to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of California vacated by Judge John J. De Haven. Dooling was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 28, 1913, and received his commission the same day. Dooling served in that capacity until his death in San Francisco on November 4, 1924, from a relapse caused by overexertion, after suffering influenza the previous January.

## Family

Dooling's son, Maurice T. Dooling Jr., was appointed to the Supreme Court of California in 1960.
# Jacob Andreas Wille

Jacob Andreas Wille (19 August 1777 – 15 November 1850) was a Norwegian priest and politician.
He was born in Seljord to vicar (sogneprest) Hans Amundsen Wille and his wife Bolette Nilsdatter Møllerup. He graduated as cand.theol. in 1798. He worked as chaplain in Vaale from 1802 to 1811, and then as a schoolmaster for some years before being appointed vicar in Nøtterø in 1814.
Wille became involved in politics, and was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1836, representing the constituency of Jarlsberg og Laurviks Amt. He had previously served as deputy representative in 1833. When local government was introduced in Norway, his son Christian Severin Bloch Wille served as the first mayor of Nøtterø municipality. Jacob Andreas Wille took over as mayor in 1839, and served until 1847. His oldest son Hans Wille became a vicar and parliament member. In total he had eight children, with his wife Marine Sofia Petrea Bloch. In addition, he was the half-brother of topographic writer Hans Jacob Wille.
# 1961 in spaceflight

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
* ← Jan
* Feb
* Mar
* Apr
* May
* Jun
* Jul
* Aug
* Sep
* Oct
* Nov
* Dec →

## Deep Space Rendezvous

| Date (GMT) | Spacecraft | Event | Remarks |
| 19 May | Venera 1 | First flyby of Venus | Spacecraft was already non-functional as communication had been lost en route, closest approach: 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi) |

## Notable creations of orbital debris

| Date/Time (UTC) | Source object | Event type | Pieces tracked | Remarks |
| 29 June | Thor-Able upper stage of Transit 4A navigation satellite | Rocket explosion | 294 | First explosion of a rocket stage in orbit creating hundreds of debris pieces |

## Orbital launch summary
### By country

* Soviet Union
* United States
Orbital launch attempts by country in 1961 :
| Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
| Soviet Union | 9 | 5 | 4 | 0 | |
| United States | 41 | 23 | 16 | 2 | |

### By rocket

| Rocket | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
| Atlas LV-3A Agena-A | United States | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Retired |
| Atlas LV-3A Agena-B | United States | 7 | 2 | 4 | 1 | Maiden flight |
| Atlas LV-3B | United States | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | First orbital launch |
| RM-90 Blue Scout II | United States | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | First orbital launch |
| Juno II | United States | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | Retired |
| Kosmos-2I 63S1 | Soviet Union | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | Maiden flight |
| Molniya 8K78 | Soviet Union | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| Scout X-1 | United States | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | |
| Thor DM-21 Ablestar | United States | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | |
| Thor DM-21 Agena-B | United States | 17 | 11 | 6 | 0 | |
| Thor DM-19 Delta | United States | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| Vostok-K 8K72K | Soviet Union | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | |

### By orbit

| Orbital regime | Launches | Achieved | Not Achieved | Accidentally Achieved | Remarks |
| Low Earth | 41 | 28 | 13 | 3 | |
| Medium Earth | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| High Earth | 6 | 2 | 4 | 0 | Including Highly elliptical orbits |
| Heliocentric | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
# Parabel (rural locality)

Parabel (Russian: Парабель, Narym Selkup: Варӷ кара́) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Parabelsky District, Tomsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 6,096 (2010 Census); 6,209 (2002 Census); 6,944 (1989 Soviet census).
# Billy's Rival

Billy's Rival is a 1914 American silent short film directed by Sydney Ayres, starring William Garwood and Louise Lester.

## Cast

* William Garwood as Billy Manning
* Louise Lester as His wife
* Vivian Rich as Mary, his wife
* Jack Richardson as Mary's father
* Harry von Meter as Thomas Day
* Charlotte Burton as Mrs. Day, his invalid mother
# Tiszántúl

Tiszántúl or Transtisza (literal meaning: "beyond Tisza") is a geographical region of which lies between the Tisza river, Hungary and the Apuseni Mountains, Romania, bordered by the Maros (Mureș) river. Alongside Kiskunság, it is a part of Great Alföld, however today, the denomination is mostly restricted to the area with an extent only to the present border with Romania.
It is mainly a flat area, being part of the Great Hungarian Plain. The area is divided by the tributaries of the Tisza: the Körös and Maros rivers. The largest city of the area is Debrecen, other county capitals being Nyíregyháza and Békéscsaba.
# Calvin H. Wiley School

Calvin H. Wiley School, also known as the West Ward School, is a historic school building located at Salisbury, Rowan County, North Carolina. The original building was built in 1916–1918, and is a two-story rectangular brick building with Classical Revival-style design elements. A classroom addition was built in 1921 and an auditorium and lunchroom added in 1951. The school closed in 1983, and was subsequently renovated into apartments.
The school was named for Calvin H. Wiley, the first Superintendent of Public Instruction. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
# Fura (food)

Fura or doonu is a type of food originating from West Africa's Sahel region and that is popular among the Zarma-Songhai, Fulani and Hausa peoples of the Sahel. It is a millet dough ball, with "fura" meaning millet ball. It is also eaten in Niger and Ghana. The millet is ground into a powdered form, rolled and molded into balls, then mashed and mixed with Nono - a fermented milk. The combination of fura and nono is known as Fura Da Nono, a locally-made drink that contains carbohydrate and fiber. The fura food and the fura da nono drink are popular in Northern Nigeria. They are served on special occasions and as a meal in the afternoon.

## Preparation
### Ingredients

* Ground millet or Guinea corn
* Ground peppers
* Dried ground chili
* Dried ground ginger
* Ground cloves
* Salt to taste
* Sugar

### Steps in preparation

* The first thing is to wash the millet and remove the peels.
* Then it is dried and ground, along with Dried ginger, cloves, and chili pepper making it powdered form.
* Salt to taste is added to the mixture before it is poured into a mortar and pounded while water is sprinkled gradually to form a dough.
* This is then molded into the desired shapes, usually ball shapes.
* The dough can also be poured into a bowl and covered with a leaf overnight for it to ferment.
* The balls are cooked in a pot, then pounded, and sprinkled with water again.
* The dough is pounded until it becomes very soft.
* The paste can then be shaped into balls.
* It is dusted with millet or corn flour to prevent the fura from sticking together.

### Commercialization in Nigeria

Fura, popularly known in Nigeria as Fura de Nunu, which was once seen as a local meal, has gradually evolved into a growing enterprise that involves modernized processing methods and production.
# William Bostwick Sheppard

William Bostwick Sheppard (October 4, 1860 – April 21, 1934) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida.

## Education and career

Born in Bristol, Florida, Sheppard attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and read law to enter the bar in 1891. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Florida Senate in 1888. He was a collector of customs at Apalachicola, Florida from 1889 to 1894 and from 1897 to 1901. He was in private practice in Apalachicola from 1891 to 1903, serving as Mayor of Apalachicola in 1894. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Attorney General of Florida in 1896. He was the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Florida from 1903 to 1907.

## Federal judicial service

On September 4, 1907, Sheppard received a recess appointment from President Theodore Roosevelt to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida vacated by Judge Charles Swayne. Formally nominated to the same position by President Roosevelt on December 3, 1907, Sheppard was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 20, 1908, and received his commission the same day. Sheppard served in that capacity until his death on April 21, 1934.