OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Musa Bityonɡ

Musa Bityong (/musɑː bitjɔːŋ/, 194? – March 5, 1986), also Musa Bitiyong was a lieutenant colonel in the Nigerian Army, executed by firinɡ squad by the ɡovernment of Gen. Ibrahim Babanɡida in 1986, alonɡside Maj. Gen. Mamman Vatsa and eiɡht others, suspected of conspiracy to commit treason aɡainst the reɡime.

## Early life and military education

Musa Bityonɡ was enlisted into the Nigerian Military School, Zaria, on January 23, 1961.
There were claims that Bityonɡ was the officer who pulled the triɡɡer that killed Gen. Aguiyi Ironsi and Lt. Col. Adekunle Fajuyi in the July 29, 1966, coup.
He ɡot commissioned in the early days of the Niɡerian Civil War in which he later fought as a younɡ brilliant and tough infantry officer, thereby earning his reputation in the process, on August 1, 1967, in the United Kingdom.
Bityonɡ thereafter attended the Infantry Officers Basic and Defence Course in the United States of America after the civil war and later an airborne training in the same country. He became one of the first three or four Nigerians to be airborne qualified.
Other educational attainments achieved by Bityonɡ include a United States Marine Command Course at the United States Marine Staff College. He had been nominated to attend the Royal College of Defence Studies in the United Kinɡdom, which was a War College Equivalent course reserved mainly for senior Colonels transitioning to junior Brigadiers as at the time he was arrested in December, 1985.

## Military commands

Between 1979 and 1981, Bityonɡ served as Deputy Commandant to the then Commandant Briɡadier Vatsa at the Army School of Infantry, where he was credited with establishing the airborne training program. He afterwards ɡot appointed to command the 7th Infantry Brigade in Sokoto and subsequently the 130th Battalion at Ikom and the 13th Amphibious Brigade in Calabar, both of which he commanded simultaneously.
The followinɡ year, Bityonɡ became the Colonel AQ at the 82 Divisional Headquarters in Enugu, between 1982 and 1983, where he aided the establishment of the first Airborne of a "can do" "special forces" officer - "a soldier's soldier". He was aɡain part of a team that went to Zimbabwe in June 1980 after that country attained independence to ɡo convey former pro-independence guerrilla fiɡhters to Niɡeria for recruitment in the Nigerian Defence Academy, where he was abandoned in the ɡuerrilla camps by other team members in the Zimbabwean bushes but however, succeeded in recruitinɡ 100 former ZANLA/ZIPRA guerrillas, returninɡ again to recruit 50 more later in December that very year.
He also served as a member of panels such as the Ministry of Defence Contracts Review Panel and the Military Religion Proliferation Board.

## Death

Bityong died by firing squad on March 5, 1986, alongside nine others accused of treason, namely: Maj. Gen. Mamman Vatsa, Lt. Col. Michael Iyorshe, Lt. Col. Christian A. Oche, Maj. Daniel I. Bamidele, Commander A. A. Ogwiji, Wing Commander B. E. N. Ekele, Wing Commander Adamu C. Sakaba, Squadron Leader Martin Olufolorunsho Luther and Squadron Leader A. Ahura.
# Nanditha K. S.

Nanditha K. S. was a poet from Kerala who wrote poems in Malayalam and English. Her poems were discovered in her diary after her death and published as a collection.

## Biography

Nanditha was born on May 21, 1969, in Madakkimala, Wayanad district to M. Sreedhara Menon, who retired as General Manager at Kalpetta Cooperative Bank and Prabhavathy Menon. After her schooling in Government Ganpath Model Girls High School, Chalappuram, she completed her higher education from Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College, Farook College, University of Calicut English Department and Mother Teresa Women's University, Chennai. After completing her B.A. and M.A. degrees, she worked as guest lecturer for English at the Wayanad Muttil Muslim Orphanage Arts and Science College. She applied to pursue a Ph.D. on the topic of “Personal Freedom – A Dilemma: An iconoclastic approach to the ideals of womanhood with reference to the novels of Gail Godwin.”
Nanditha took her life on 17 January 1999. The reason why Nandita committed suicide remains unknown. After her death, her parents discovered a diary of her poems which she had not shared with anyone. A collection of her poems written between 1985 through 1993 were published in a book form as Nandithayude Kavithakal, under the initiative of the Malayalam literary critic, M. M. Basheer. The first edition of the book was published in 2002 and ninth edition (ISBN 978-9385269585) in 2021 by Olive Books.
Death and love were common themes in her poems. Though most of her poems were in Malayalam she also wrote in English. Her life was the subject of the film titled Nanditha released in 2017.
# Emilio Gabba

Emilio Gabba (31 March 1927 – 12 August 2013) was an Italian historian who specialised in Roman history.

## Biography

Gabba was born in Pavia on 31 March 1927, to an upper-middle-class family. A pupil of Plinio Fraccaro at Pavia from 1949 to 1950, he started there a close working relationship with fellow Romanist Arnaldo Momigliano. He was a fellow at the American Academy in Rome in 1955 and later was a visiting professor at the University of Pennsylvania and University of Michigan.
His first work was a highly influential essay on the Marian reforms. Some of his important later works were a commentary on Appian's Civil Wars, a book on the Greek historians who lived during the Principate, and a book on the army and society of the late Roman Republic.
He was a professor of Roman history at the universities of Pisa and Pavia from 1958–1974 and 1974–1996, respectively. His work largely related to Roman history from the late Republic through to the late Roman Empire with special focus on the process of Romanisation and municipalisation in Italy. He became director of the ancient history journal Athenaeum, published by the University of Pavia, in 1990 and later became head of the Italian Historical Review in 1995.
He died on 12 August 2013 at the age of 86. He had more than 800 published works and received honorary degrees from many prestigious institutions.

## Selected works

* Gabba, Emilio (1956). Appiano e la storia delle guerre civili (in Italian). La Nuova Italia. ISBN 9788822124234.
* Gabba, Emilio (1959). Storici greci dell'impero romano da Augusto ai Severi (in Italian).
* Gabba, Emilio (1973). Esercito e società nella tarda Repubblica romana (in Italian). La nuova Italia. ISBN 9788822124241.
* Gabba, Emilio (1976). Republican Rome, the army and the allies. Translated by Cuff, P J. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-17150-8.
# Ahmad Aliyu

Ahmad Aliyu Sokoto (born 1 January 1970) is a Nigerian politician who is the Governor of Sokoto State. He was a former commissioner and was the deputy governor of Sokoto State from 2015 until his resignation in 2018.

## Early life and background

Ahmed Aliyu was born on 1 January 1970, in Tudun wada at Sokoto metropolis, Sokoto state, Nigeria. He has worked as a cashier, an auditor and an accountant. He was deputy director of Finance and Supply, Sabon-Birni Local Government, 1996 to 1998; Director of Finance and Supply, Kebbe Local Chief Accountant Local Government Service Commission, 2004 to 2007. He was a two-term Commissioner and the first Executive Secretary of Police Trust Fund (PTF).

## Education

in May 2023, Ahmad Aliyu completed his Doctorate Degree in Business Administration at the Nasarawa State University.
# A. Thomas Alsbury

Albert Thomas Alsbury (21 April 1904 – 21 July 1990) was a Canadian politician, educator, and soccer player. He served as the 29th mayor of Vancouver, British Columbia from 1959 to 1962 and was a goalkeeper in the Pacific Coast League from the 1920s through to the early 1940s.
Alsbury was born in Edinburgh, Scotland after which he moved to Vancouver in 1907. He studied education at the University of British Columbia, where he received a degree. He was later a vice-principal at Grandview High School of Commerce in Vancouver, before the school and himself were relocated to Vancouver Technical Secondary School.
Alsbury defeated Frederick Hume by 11,000 votes to become mayor. He left this office after 1962 and then worked for the University of British Columbia, although by that time his policies led to the loss of support from the Non-Partisan Association.
As Mayor in 1959, Alsbury helped kick off the new Pacific Coast Soccer League season at Callister Park.
Alsbury formed the senior citizen advocacy group Pensioners for Action Now in 1972. Alsbury became a recipient of the Civic Merit Award on June 28, 1983.
# Arthur J. Scrogin

Arthur Judson Scrogin (August 23, 1853–August 19, 1926) was an American farmer and politician. He was born in Lexington, Illinois and went to Shurtleff College. He served on the McLean County Board of Supervisors and was chairman of the county board. He was a Republican. He served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1897 to 1903. He died at his home in Lexington.
# Athletics at the 1934 British Empire Games – Men's discus throw

The men's discus throw event at the 1934 British Empire Games was held on 5 August at the White City Stadium in London, England.

## Results

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result |
| | Harry Hart | South Africa | 136 ft 3 in (41.53 m) |
| | Douglas Bell | England | 132 ft 8 in (40.44 m) |
| | Bernarr Prendergast | Jamaica | 132 ft 0 in (40.23 m) |
| 4 | George Walla | Canada | 129 ft 3 in (39.40 m) |
| 5 | William Land | England | 129 ft 1 in (39.34 m) |
| 6 | Kenneth Pridie | England | 123 ft 11+1⁄2 in (37.78 m) |
| 7 | George Sutherland | Canada | ??.?? |
| ? | A. Spurling | Bermuda | ? |
| ? | Robert Waters | Canada | ? |
| ? | Pat Bermingham | Northern Ireland | ? |
| ? | Johann Luckhoff | South Africa | ? |
# Tonna luteostoma

Tonna luteostoma is a species of large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Tonnidae, the tun snails or tun shells. The species typically grows to a height of 100mm, width 85mm.

## Taxonomy

The accepted name Tonna luteostoma was proposed by Küster in 1857.

## Distribution

Tonna luteostoma can be found across Japan, where they are common. From 1976, the species began to appear in New Zealand waters, specifically in the Far North Aupourian geographical range.
# John Keegan (disambiguation)

John Keegan (1934–2012) was a British military historian.
John Keegan may also refer to:
* John Keegan (footballer) (born 1981), English professional footballer
* John Keegan (Australian politician) (1867–1941), Australian trade unionist and politician
* John Keegan (writer), Irish mythologist
* John C. Keegan (born 1952), American judge and politician
# Terence Rannowane

Terence Rannowane is a Botswana judge who has served as the Chief Justice of Botswana from 2018 to 2025.

## Career

Rannowane obtained a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Botswana in 1990, and he obtained a Master of Laws from the University of Warwick in 2003. He began his career as a Magistrate Grade II in 1990. He was appointed Chairman of the Botswana National Parole Board in 2004 and held the position until 2018. He became a Regional Magistrate in 2005. He was appointed to the High Court of Botswana in 2008. In 2012, Rannowane chaired the National Delimitation Commission to draw the parliamentary constituencies of Botswana. In 2018, President Mokgweetsi Masisi appointed Rannowane as the Chief Justice of Botswana.
# Reishia

Reishia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Species

Species within the genus Reishia include:
* Reishia bitubercularis (Lamarck, 1822)
* Reishia clavigera (Küster, 1860)
* Reishia keluo (K.-S. Tan & L.-L. Liu, 2001)
* Reishia luteostoma (Holten, 1802)
* Reishia okutanii Thach, 2016
* Reishia problematica (Baker, 1891)

### Synonyms

* Reishia armigera (Link, 1807): synonym of Mancinella armigera Link, 1807
* Reishia bronni (Dunker, 1860): synonym of Reishia luteostoma (Holten, 1802) (junior subjective synonym)
* Reishia capensis (Petit, 1852): synonym of Mancinella capensis (Petit de la Saussaye, 1852)
* Reishia jubilaea (K.-S. Tan & Sigurdsson, 1990): synonym of Reishia luteostoma (Holten, 1802) (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
* Reishia pseudodiadema (Yokoyama, 1928): synonym of Thais pseudodiadema (Yokoyama, 1928)
# Pyrgophorus cisterninus

Pyrgophorus cisterninus is a species of very small aquatic snail, an operculate gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.
# Chun Lee-kyung

Chun Lee-kyung (Korean: 전이경; Hanja: 全利卿; born January 6, 1976, in Okcheon, Chungcheongbuk-do) is a retired South Korean short track speed skater. She is a four-time Olympic Champion and three-time Overall World Champion for 1995–1997. She was a dominant force in International Short Track Speed Skating during the mid-1990s.
Chun took part in the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France, at the age of 15, but failed to win much attention. In 1994, however, Chun won two gold medals at the Lillehammer Winter Olympic Games. She won the women's 1000 m final, defeating the reigning World Champion Nathalie Lambert and former World Champion Kim So-hee, and was part of the team that won the 3000 m relay in a world record time along with Kim.
Between 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics, Chun won the Overall World Championship three times in a row, in 1995, 1996 and 1997 (becoming the second person to have won three consecutive Overall World Championships). She shared the 1997 title though with Yang Yang (A), her most significant career rival. She also won the Overall World Cup title for 1997–1998 season.
In 1998, at the Nagano Winter Olympics, Chun successfully defended both of her Olympic titles, by defeating China's Yang Yang (A) and Yang Yang (S) in the 1000 m final after trailing for most of the race. Yang Yang (A) crossed the line together with Chun in what was ruled and reviewed as a photo finish, but was then disqualified for cross tracking Chun at the very end as Chun tried to pass on the inside (although the photo finish seemed to show Chun having defeated her for the gold regardless). She led the relay team to another Olympic victory with world record time, completing the first "double-double" in Olympic short track history. She also added a 5th Olympic medal, a surprising bronze in the 500 metres, her weakest event and which she had never won a World Championship medal in. She was advanced to the bronze after winning the B final, due to a major fall in the A final leading to the disqualification of Isabelle Charest, and the refusal to finish of Wang Chunlu. She became the first quadruple Olympic Champion in Short Track Speed Skating and the first one from Korea. One month later at the 1998 World Championships, her final major international meet, Chun won 4 medals including her 3rd title at 3000 metres, but was still narrowly denied a 4th consecutive Overall World Championship by Yang Yang (A) (the 2nd of Yang Yang (A)'s own 6 consecutive titles, after having tied Chun for the 97 title). The key event to the final overall result was the 1000 metres, where just as in Nagano Chun and Yang Yang (A) crossed in a virtual dead heat over the distance, but this time with Yang emerging the victor and getting the crucial 1st place points to the overall title with it. This provided the final chapter to the intense rivalry of the 2 all-time greats, as Chun would retire immediately after the meet.
In 2002, Chun was elected to the Athletes' Committee of the International Olympic Committee.
# Carabus planicollis planicollis

Carabus planicollis planicollis is a subspecies of ground beetle from Carabinae subfamily that is endemic to Romania.
# Alec Jackson (footballer, born 1921)

Alexander Wilson Jackson (2 October 1921 – 22 May 2010), generally known as Alex Jackson or Alec Jackson, was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a half-back, an inside forward or a winger in the Football League for York City, in non-League football for Goole Town and was on the books of Crewe Alexandra and Huddersfield Town without making a league appearance. He died in the City of Campbelltown, South Australia in May 2010 at the age of 88.
# German State Railway Wagon Association

The German State Railway Wagon Association (German: Deutscher Staatsbahnwagenverband) or DWV was an association of the German state railways Länderbahnen founded in 1909. The purpose of the association was to guarantee the unrestricted exchange of goods wagons between the member railway administrations. The German State Railway Wagon Association could, unlike the Prussian State Railway Wagon Association, stipulate standard wagon designs for the whole of Germany. It developed a total of eleven different wagon types, the Verbandsbauart (literally: association type) or DWV wagons. In addition to entire goods wagons, types of bogie were also specified.

## End

With the founding of the Deutsche Reichsbahn on 1 April 1920 the DWV closed its operations.
# Paul Sarkisian

Paul Sarkisian (1928 – July 29, 2019) was an American contemporary painter. He achieved a place of prominence during the early years of contemporary art in Los Angeles, then later gained international noteriety as a leading photorealist painter.

## Career

Sarkisian's work has been exhibited in many museums including the Whitney Museum, The Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles, The Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, The Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, The Smithsonian Institution, The Chicago Arts Club, Documenta in Kassel, Germany.
Sarkisian's work was shown in exhibition spaces by curator Walter Hopps when they were living in Los Angelos. Exhibitions included The Syndell Studio in 1954, Action Painting 1 (Merry-Go-Round-Show) in 1955, Action Painting 2 (Action Squared) in 1956, The Ferus Gallery in 1957 and The Pasadena Art Museum in 1961, 63 and 68.
Sarkisian's work has been through many stylistic changes. He painted Abstract Expressionist canvases in the 1950's, surrealistic nudes in the 1960's, and trompe l'oeil and minimalist paintings in the 1980's and 90's. In the 1990's Sarkisian produced large-scale structural paintings incorporating shaped panels. He colored the panels with industrial grade resin and enamel.
# Bob Sercombe

Robert Charles Grant Sercombe (3 April 1949 – 12 January 2025) was an Australian politician who represented the Division of Maribyrnong, Victoria for the Australian Labor Party from March 1996 until his retirement at the 2007 federal election.

## Life and career

Sercombe was born in Melbourne, Victoria, and was educated at the University of Melbourne. He was a public servant, social planner, and administrator before entering politics. He was an adviser to Clyde Holding, a former Victorian opposition leader and a minister in the Hawke government from 1983 until 1988. Sercombe was a member of the Essendon City Council in 1983 and 1984. Sercombe was the Member for Niddrie in the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1988 until 1996. He was Deputy Leader of the Opposition 1993–94 and a member of the Opposition Shadow Ministry 1992–94.
In State politics, he became well known for supporting a leadership challenge on behalf of Ian Baker who attempted to topple then Leader John Brumby in 1994. After the bid failed, he did not contest the deputy leadership. In the federal Parliament, Sercombe was an Opposition Whip from 1998 until 2001. He was elected to the Opposition Shadow Ministry after the 2004 election and appointed Shadow Minister for Pacific Islands (assisting the Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs, Kevin Rudd). His portfolio responsibilities were expanded some time later by Beazley to include Overseas Development. As Shadow Minister, Sercombe put out a series of policy announcements about expanding Australia's relationship with that region.
Within the Labor Party, Sercombe was for many years a leading member of the Labor Right in Victoria, although later became allied to the Left faction in Victoria while being a leading light of the Centre caucus in Canberra. Just prior to a local vote of ALP members, in February 2005 Sercombe announced he was withdrawing his candidacy from Labor preselection for his seat of Maribyrnong in favour of Australian Workers' Union National Secretary Bill Shorten as Shorten had the numbers over Sercombe to win the preselection and Shorten was elected unopposed as a result. He criticised challenges to other incumbent MPs. Despite announcing his retirement Sercombe was kept on the frontbench by Opposition Leader Kim Beazley until December 2006 when he was sacked by new leader Kevin Rudd. Sercombe was an Opposition frontbencher in both the Victorian State and Federal Parliaments but did not become a Minister in either tier of Government.
Sercombe died on 12 January 2025, at the age of 75.
# Alex Massie (footballer)

Alexander Massie (13 March 1906 – 1977) was a Scottish footballer of the 1920s and 1930s, who played mainly as a right-half. He played for various Scottish clubs before joining Bury. After spells in the United States and Ireland, Massie returned to Scottish football in 1930 with Heart of Midlothian. His performances there earned him selection for the Scotland national football team and the Scottish League XI. Massie moved to Aston Villa in 1935. After retiring as a player in 1945, Massie became the manager of Aston Villa. He later managed Torquay United and Hereford United.

## Playing career

Massie was born in Possilpark, Glasgow, to William Spiers Massie, a weighing clerk, and Violet Shaw Massie. He began his career with Shawfield Juniors, and later played for Petershill, Benburb, Ashfield, and Ayr United before joining Football League side Bury in January 1927.
In 1928, he left Gigg Lane to play in the United States for Bethlehem Steel, supporting himself as a bookkeeper, and in 1930 he joined Irish side Dolphin. Later that year he returned to his native Scotland to join Heart of Midlothian. His performances at wing-half, and occasionally at inside-forward soon won him international recognition, with his first full Scotland international cap coming on 19 September 1931 against Ireland. Massie went on to be capped 18 times for Scotland, with his final game coming on 30 October 1937 against Wales, which was also the occasion of his only international goal. He also played in an unofficial 'King's Silver Jubilee' international in 1935 and represented the Scottish League XI.
Massie moved to Aston Villa in December 1935, but was unable to prevent their first ever relegation at the end of the 1935–36 season. He was still with the Villains when they gained promotion back to the top division two years later.

## Managerial career

Massie retired from playing at end of the 1944–45 wartime season; he was appointed manager of Aston Villa in August 1945 and led them to top ten finishes in his first three seasons and twelfth place the following year, despite not having complete control of the playing side of things at Villa Park. However, in August 1950 he left the club.
In 1950 he was appointed as manager of Torquay United as successor to Bob John, although he only remained as manager until 1951.
He returned to management with Hereford United the following January, where he remained as manager until December 1952. He later managed Hertford Town and Welwyn Garden City the later in which he won the South Midlands League Premier Division in 1972–73.

## Honours

Aston Villa
* Football League Second Division: 1937–38
Welwyn Garden City
* South Midlands League Premier Division: 1972–73
# Nalassus convexus

Nalassus convexus is a species of darkling beetles belonging to the subfamily Tenebrioninae.
These beetles can be found in Austria, Germany, Hungary and Switzerland.
# Cyclocheilichthys repasson

Cyclocheilichthys repasson is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae found in to freshwater habitats in the Mekong and Chao Phraya basins, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and Borneo. The species was formerly classified in the monospecific genus Anematichthys.
Cyclocheilichthys repasson is a freshwater fish that grows to 28 cm (11 in) SL. It is a minor commercial fishery species that lives in rivers, canals, ponds and reservoirs.