# Wilhelm Crinius

Wilhelm Crinius (2 December 1920 – 26 April 1997) was a Luftwaffe fighter ace during World War II. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. Crinius is credited with 114 aerial victories claimed in approximately 400 combat missions. He recorded 100 victories over the Eastern Front. Of his 14 victories claimed over the Western Front, one was a four-engined bomber. On 23 September 1942, Crinius became the only German fighter pilot to be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves simultaneously.

## Early life and career

Wilhelm Crinius was born in Hohenhausen, Kalletal on 2 December 1920. His father, also named Wilhelm, was a master craftsman and house painter and decorator, his mother née Tölle. Crinius attended the Volksschule, a primary school, in Hohenhausen from 1927 until 1935. In 1935 he started his merchant apprenticeship at the savings and loans bank in Hohenhausen. Parallel to his apprenticeship, he attended the vocational school. He worked at the saving and loans bank in Hohenhausen as an employee from Easter 1938 until November 1938.
In the summer of 1939, Crinus served in the compulsory labour service (Reichsarbeitsdienst), working in a construction unit on the Westwall, a fortified defensive line on Germany's western border. In January 1940, Crinius joined the Luftwaffe and was trained as a pilot.

## World War II

In February 1942, Gefreiter (lance corporal) Crinius was posted to 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) based in Sicily. In March and April 1942, he flew 60 missions over Malta. On 1 April, he was promoted to Unteroffizier (non-commissioned officer). In May 1942, I./JG 53 was transferred to the Eastern Front near Kursk. Crinius achieved his first victories on 9 June when he shot down two Il-2 Sturmoviks. On 8 July, Crinius shot down two Douglas Boston bombers west of Voronezh, although his aircraft was hit by Russian anti-aircraft fire and he was forced to belly-landed his Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-4 (Werknummer 10243—factory number) between the enemy lines, where he was rescued by a German patrol and safely returned to his unit.
In July 1942, I./JG 53 was sent to the southern sector of the Eastern Front, where Crinius claimed his 15th kill on 1 August. He claimed his 24th victory on 11 August 1942. The next day I./JG 53 relocated from Bereska to Tusov, closer to the front and Crinius shot down three Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3s, bringing his total to 27 victories. Crinius recorded his 49th victory on 27 August which was also the 1,000th victory for I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 53. After his 55th victory on 1 September he was promoted to Feldwebel (Sergeant). Hereafter Crinius was particularly successful, claiming some 40 victories in August and 46 victories in the timeframe 1–22 September, including his 100th on 22 September. He was the 22nd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.
Together with Friedrich-Karl Müller, Crinius was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 23 September 1942. Crinius was awarded the Oak Leaves the same day he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes). In consequence, Crinius travelled to the presentation ceremony wearing a makeshift Knight's Cross made from an Iron Cross second Class. He was the 127th member of the German armed forces to be so honored. The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler in October at the Führerhauptquartier Werwolf, Hitler's headquarters located in a pine forest about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) north of Vinnytsia, in Ukraine. Three other Luftwaffe officers were presented with the Oak Leaves that day by Hitler, Oberleutnant Müller, Oberleutnant Wolfgang Tonne and Leutant Hans Beißwenger. Crinius was promoted to Leutnant der Reserve (second lieutenant of the reserves) on 1 October 1942. Following the presentation, Müller, Tonne and Crinius were ordered to Berlin where they made a propaganda appearance at the "House of the Press". At the same time, I. Gruppe of JG 53 relocated from the Eastern Front to Comiso Airfiled in Sicily where they arrived on 10 October.
In November 1942, Crinius relocated with I./JG 53 to Tunisia. In Africa, Crinius claimed another 14 victories, including a B-17 Flying Fortress on 26 December 1942 over Bizerte. On 13 January 1943, he engaged in aerial combat with Royal Air Force (RAF) Supermarine Spitfire fighters near El Kala, Crinius' aircraft was hit and he was wounded in the thigh. Breaking off combat, he headed for his base but his engine then caught fire. He ditched his damaged Bf 109 G-2 (Werknummer 10805) in the sea. He spent 24 hours in the water before being rescued by French sailors and Arabs. After hospitalisation for his wounds, Crinius became a prisoner of war.

## Later life

After World War II, Wilhelm Crinius worked in private industry, serving as a director in the German branch of the Dutch Philips GmbH. He was appointed chairman of the board of directors of the Ernst Düllmann GmbH in 1971. On 18 June 1989, as a pensioner, Crinius ran for the European Parliament in Hesse as candidate for the right-wing German People's Union (Deutsche Volksunion). He died on 26 April 1997 in Stuhr-Fahrenhorst, Lower Saxony.

## Summary of career
### Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Crinius was credited with 114 aerial victories. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 114 aerial victory claims. This figure includes 100 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 14 over the Western Allies, including one four-engined bomber.
Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 39242". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km$^2$). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.
Chronicle of aerial victories :
| This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Crinius did not receive credit.  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman. ||||||||||
| – 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 – Eastern Front — 28 May 1942 – 27 September 1942 ||||||||||
| 1 | 9 June 1942 | 17:25 | Il-2 | | 51 | 28 August 1942 | 14:41 | LaGG-3 | PQ 50792 80 km (50 mi) east-northeast of Stalingrad |
| 2 | 9 June 1942 | 17:30 | Il-2 | | 52 | 28 August 1942 | 14:44 | LaGG-3 | PQ 50792 80 km (50 mi) east-northeast of Stalingrad |
| 3 | 21 June 1942 | 19:10 | LaGG-3 | | 53 | 30 August 1942 | 05:27 | MiG-3 | PQ 4921 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Grebenka |
| 4 | 23 June 1942 | 18:20 | LaGG-3 | | 54 | 30 August 1942 | 05:31 | MiG-3 | PQ 4921 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Grebenka |
| 5 | 23 June 1942 | 18:40 | R-5 vicinity of Yelets | | 55 | 1 September 1942 | 07:43 | Pe-2 | PQ 4935 15 km (9.3 mi) south of Bassargino |
| 6 | 23 June 1942 | 19:10 | MiG-3 | | 56 | 2 September 1942 | 09:43 | P-40 | PQ 4948 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Stalingrad |
| 7 | 28 June 1942 | 18:30 | R-10 (Seversky) | | 57 | 2 September 1942 | 12:17? | LaGG-3 | PQ 4921 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Grebenka |
| 8 | 28 June 1942 | 18:33 | R-10 (Seversky) | north of Tschurnawa | 58 | 2 September 1942 | 12:35 | LaGG-3 | PQ 4923 35 km (22 mi) east-northeast of Stalingrad |
| 9 | 3 July 1942 | 18:42 | P-39 | south of Walinow | 59 | 2 September 1942 | 15:23 | P-40 | PQ 4933 vicinity of Stalingrad |
| 10 | 3 July 1942 | 18:53 | P-39 | Kriwonka | 60 | 3 September 1942 | 14:12 | La-5 | PQ 4942 30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Stalingrad |
| 11 | 5 July 1942 | 07:55 | MiG-3 | east of Voronezh | 61 | 4 September 1942 | 05:12? | Yak-1 | PQ 4992 65 km (40 mi) east of Stalingrad |
| 12 | 8 July 1942 | 04:50 | Boston | | 62 | 4 September 1942 | 10:25? | Yak-1 | PQ 4923 35 km (22 mi) east-northeast of Stalingrad |
| 13 | 8 July 1942 | 08:50? | Boston | east of Podgonnoje | 63 | 4 September 1942 | 13:20 | LaGG-3 | PQ 49251 25 km (16 mi) east of Stalingrad |
| 14 | 27 July 1942 | 17:40 | R-5 | PQ 1761 | 64 | 5 September 1942 | 13:20 | Yak-1 | PQ 49274 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Stalingrad |
| 15 | 1 August 1942 | 14:19 | LaGG-3 | PQ 3941 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Kalach | 65 | 5 September 1942 | 13:22? | Yak-1 | PQ 49283 25 km (16 mi) east of Stalingrad |
| 16 | 3 August 1942 | 10:54 | Il-2 | PQ 3919 vicinity of Kalach | 66 | 6 September 1942 | 13:31 | Yak-1 | PQ 4912 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Gumrak |
| 17 | 3 August 1942 | 10:57 | Il-2 | PQ 3919 vicinity of Kalach | 67 | 6 September 1942 | 13:32 | Yak-1 | PQ 4912 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Gumrak |
| 18 | 3 August 1942 | 11:03 | Il-2 | PQ 3927 vicinity of Kalach | 68 | 6 September 1942 | 13:33 | Yak-1 | PQ 4912 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Gumrak |
| 19 | 5 August 1942 | 09:36 | Il-2 | PQ 4971 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Aksal | 69 | 6 September 1942 | 13:57 | LaGG-3 | PQ 5992 65 km (40 mi) east of Stalingrad |
| 20 | 6 August 1942 | 08:47 | R-5 | PQ 3965 35 km (22 mi) north of Shutow | 70 | 7 September 1942 | 05:23? | La-5 | PQ 4925 25 km (16 mi) east of Grebenka |
| 21 | 6 August 1942 | 16:40 | Il-2 | PQ 4958 35 km (22 mi) northeast of Aksal | 71 | 7 September 1942 | 13:35? | Il-2 | PQ 4925 25 km (16 mi) east of Grebenka |
| 22 | 8 August 1942 | 06:00 | Il-2 | PQ 4961 35 km (22 mi) south-southeast of Stalingrad | 72 | 7 September 1942 | 16:45 | Il-2 | PQ 49274 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Stalingrad |
| 23 | 8 August 1942 | 12:01 | MiG-3 | PQ 3945 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Kalach | 73 | 7 September 1942 | 16:49 | Il-2? | PQ 4925 25 km (16 mi) east of Grebenka |
| 24 | 9 August 1942 | 18:26 | Il-2 | PQ 3947 30 km (19 mi) south-southeast of Kalach | 74 | 8 September 1942 | 10:20 | Il-2 | PQ 4916 vicinity of Grebenka |
| 25 | 12 August 1942 | 04:23 | MiG-3 | PQ 39714 20 km (12 mi) north-northwest of Kotelnikovo | 75 | 8 September 1942 | 10:27 | Yak-1 | PQ 4924 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Grebenka |
| 26 | 12 August 1942 | 04:24 | MiG-3 | PQ 39711 vicinity of Shutow | 76 | 9 September 1942 | 10:17? | LaGG-3 | PQ 4924 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Grebenka |
| 27 | 12 August 1942 | 04:34 | Il-2 | PQ 3959 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Nizhny Chir | 77 | 9 September 1942 | 10:45 | Yak-1 | PQ 4059 45 km (28 mi) east of Grebenka |
| 28 | 13 August 1942 | 10:14 | LaGG-3 | PQ 49422 25 km (16 mi) east of Stalingrad | 78 | 9 September 1942 | 10:48 | Yak-1 | PQ 4059 45 km (28 mi) east of Grebenka |
| 29 | 13 August 1942 | 16:35 | LaGG-3 | PQ 3942 20 km (12 mi) east-southeast of Kalach | 79 | 10 September 1942 | 06:15 | Yak-1 | PQ 4927 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Stalingrad |
| 30 | 13 August 1942 | 17:55 | LaGG-3 | PQ 3942 20 km (12 mi) east-southeast of Kalach | 80 | 10 September 1942 | 06:19 | Yak-1 | PQ 4925 25 km (16 mi) east of Grebenka |
| 31? | 14 August 1942 | 04:44 | R-5 | | 81 | 10 September 1942 | 14:10 | LaGG-3 | PQ 4947 30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Stalingrad |
| 32 | 14 August 1942 | 14:15 | Il-2 | | 82 | 11 September 1942 | 11:40 | LaGG-3 | PQ 4079 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Grebenka |
| 33 | 15 August 1942 | 11:43? | LaGG-3 | PQ 4943 40 km (25 mi) east-southeast of Stalingrad | 83 | 11 September 1942 | 11:45 | Yak-1 | PQ 4087 20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Stalingrad |
| 34 | 16 August 1942 | 06:10 | MiG-3 | PQ 4921 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Grebenka | 84 | 11 September 1942 | 14:27? | Yak-1 | PQ 4079 |
| 35 | 17 August 1942 | 15:45? | R-5 | PQ 49263 35 km (22 mi) east of Stalingrad | 85 | 15 September 1942 | 14:52? | La-5 | 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Stalingrad |
| 36 | 18 August 1942 | 08:05 | R-5 | PQ 49253 25 km (16 mi) east of Stalingrad | 86 | 16 September 1942 | 12:05? | LaGG-3 | PQ 49422 |
| 37 | 19 August 1942 | 15:25 | Boston | PQ 59173 45 km (28 mi) east of Stalingrad | 87 | 17 September 1942 | 09:46 | Yak-1 | PQ 4075 30 km (19 mi) north of Gumrak |
| 38 | 19 August 1942 | 15:28 | Il-2 | PQ 59173 45 km (28 mi) east of Stalingrad | 88 | 17 September 1942 | 09:48 | Yak-1 | PQ 4076 25 km (16 mi) north of Grebenka |
| 39 | 20 August 1942 | 04:26 | LaGG-3 | PQ 49533 25 km (16 mi) north of Grebenka | 89 | 17 September 1942 | 09:51 | Yak-1 | PQ 4076 25 km (16 mi) north of Grebenka |
| 40 | 20 August 1942 | 04:49? | Er-2 | PQ 4078 20 km (12 mi) north of Gumrak | 90 | 17 September 1942 | 14:48 | Yak-1 | PQ 40731 35 km (22 mi) north of Grebenka |
| 41 | 21 August 1942 | 13:17 | Boston | PQ 5077 50 km (31 mi) northeast of Stalingrad | 91 | 19 September 1942 | 07:08 | Yak-1 | PQ 49124 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Gumrak |
| 42 | 23 August 1942 | 10:14 | U-2 | PQ 49223 25 km (16 mi) northeast of Stalingrad | 92 | 19 September 1942 | 07:11 | Yak-1 | PQ 49122 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Gumrak |
| 43 | 23 August 1942 | 10:22 | R-5 | PQ 4927 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Stalingrad | 93 | 20 September 1942 | 07:15 | Yak-1 | PQ 49291 35 km (22 mi) east of Stalingrad |
| 44 | 23 August 1942 | 12:50 | I-180 (Yak-7) | PQ 4916 vicinity of Grebenka | 94 | 20 September 1942 | 09:56 | Yak-1 | PQ 40761 25 km (16 mi) north of Grebenka |
| 45 | 23 August 1942 | 16:22 | MiG-3 | PQ 4924 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Grebenka | 95 | 20 September 1942 | 09:58 | Yak-1 | PQ 4076 25 km (16 mi) north of Grebenka |
| 46 | 24 August 1942 | 06:13 | MiG-3 | PQ 5914 45 km (28 mi) east-northeast of Stalingrad | 96 | 20 September 1942 | 16:10 | LaGG-3 | PQ 5911 |
| 47 | 24 August 1942 | 06:17 | MiG-3 | PQ 5915 60 km (37 mi) east-northeast of Stalingrad | 97 | 21 September 1942 | 06:07 | Pe-2 | PQ 49241 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Stalingrad |
| 48 | 26 August 1942 | 08:24 | MiG-3 | PQ 4916 vicinity of Grebenka | 98 | 21 September 1942 | 17:15 | Yak-1 | PQ 40792 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Grebenka |
| — | 27 August 1942 | 11:15 | MiG-3 | 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Stalingrad | 99 | 21 September 1942 | 17:16 | Yak-1 | PQ 40792 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Grebenka |
| 49 | 27 August 1942 | 17:35 | Yak-4 | PQ 4911 15 km (9.3 mi) north-northeast of Pitomnik | 100 | 22 September 1942 | 06:45 | Yak-1 | PQ 49132 south of Akhtuba |
| 50 | 28 August 1942 | 08:12 | P-40 | PQ 4943 40 km (25 mi) east-southeast of Stalingrad | | | | | |
| – 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 – Mediterranean Theater — 1 October – 31 December 1942 ||||||||||
| 101 | 1 December 1942 | 16:34 | Spitfire | 15 km (9.3 mi) south of Cap Scaramia | 105 | 26 December 1942 | 13:28 | B-17 | Bizerte |
| 102 | 1 December 1942 | 16:38 | Spitfire | 25 km (16 mi) south of Cap Scaramia | 106 | 28 December 1942 | 14:07 | Spitfire | 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Souk El Arba |
| 103 | 18 December 1942 | 11:55 | P-38 | south of Tunis | 107 | 29 December 1942 | 14:35 | Spitfire | 10 km (6.2 mi) east-northeast of Bône |
| 104 | 18 December 1942 | 11:56 | P-38 | south of Tunis | | | | | |
| – 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 – North Africa — 1 January – May 1943 ||||||||||
| 108 | 1 January 1943 | 11:15 | Spitfire | 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Bône | 112 | 7 January 1943 | 15:03 | Spitfire | PQ 03 Ost 8582 |
| 109 | 1 January 1943 | 15:54 | Spitfire | 15 km (9.3 mi) south-southwest of Bône | 113 | 8 January 1943 | 13:45 | P-38 | 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Béja |
| 110 | 4 January 1943 | 10:36 | Boston | 2 km (1.2 mi) southwest of Sbeitla | 114 | 8 January 1943 | 13:56 | Spitfire | 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Souk El Arba |
| 111 | 6 January 1943 | 13:15 | P-40 | 4 km (2.5 mi) northeast of Cap Rosa | | | | | |

### Awards

* Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Fighter Pilots in Gold
** Bronze (30 March 1942)
** Silver (29 April 1942)
** Gold (18 August 1942)
* Iron Cross (1939)
** 2nd class (19 June 1941)
** 1st class (20 July 1941)
* Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe on 13 September 1942 as Unteroffizier and pilot
* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
** Knight's Cross on 23 September 1942 and Feldwebel and pilot in the 3./Jagdgeschwader 53
** 127th Oak Leaves on 23 September 1942 and Feldwebel and pilot in the 3./Jagdgeschwader 53