OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Raciąż

Raciąż is a town in Płońsk County, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland, with 4,642 inhabitants (2010). Its history dates to 10th century.

## History

Raciąż was granted town rights in 1425 by Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia. It was located on a trade route connecting Toruń with Brześć. From 1495, it was a county seat within the Płock Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. The 1st Polish National Cavalry Brigade was stationed in the town.
Since the 17th century Scottish and Jewish populations had lived in Raciąż. Between 1857 and 1931, the Jewish population of the town varied between 35% and 45%, which was typical of small shtetls in the region. At the beginning of World War II, there were about 1,700 Jews in Raciąż. The German invaders rounded up most of the Jews and deported them to Warsaw and other larger towns in 1939. Some were sent to forced labor camps too. Almost all of Raciąż' Jews were murdered during the war, but about ten young survivors returned to town after the war. Most were murdered one night by unknown people, either nationalists or thugs. After that, the remainder left.
# Yan (surname 严)

In 2008, the surname "严 (嚴)", pinyin Yán, or Yim in Cantonese was estimated to be the 92nd most common surname in the People's Republic of China, shared by around 2.2 million citizens. It is the 27th name on the Hundred Family Surnames poem. This surname has various origins. In the state of Chu, the branch of Xiong (熊) of the Zhuang surname (莊) was renamed to Yan (嚴). The Zhuang (莊) family changed their names to Yan (嚴) upon the ascension of the Han Ming Emperor, whose personal name was Zhuang, owing to the naming taboo.
In the state of Qin, many families with the surname Ying (嬴) were renamed Yan (嚴).
Citizens of the State of Yan (嚴國) in Ancient China were surnamed Yan (嚴).
During the Sixteen Kingdoms, the royal family of Xianbei were given the surname Yan (嚴).
Some ethnic minority groups in China, including the Xibe people, Yi people and Tu people, also use the surname Yan (嚴)

## Origins

People with the surname Zhuang (莊) changed it to 嚴 (both meaning ‘solemnity’) during the reign of Emperor Ming of Han, who person name was Liu Zhuang (劉莊), due to a naming taboo as the surname 莊 happened to be the given name of the emperor. Later some descendants kept the surname, whereas others changed back to the original.

## Notable people

* Yen Ming, Minister of National Defense of the Republic of China (2013–2015)
* Yen Teh-fa, Minister of National Defense of the Republic of China
* Yen Tzung-ta, Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of the Republic of China
* 嚴顔 Yan Yan, a general of the state of Shu Han during the era of the Three Kingdoms
* 嚴家麟 Yen Chia-lin, founder of Scouting in China
* 嚴家淦 Yen Chia-kan (born 1905–1993), President of Taiwan 1975-1978
* 嚴復 Yan Fu (1854–1921), Chinese scholar
* 嚴歌苓 Geling Yan (born 1958), Chinese-American writer
* 嚴浩 Yim Ho (born 1952) Hong Kong film directors, leader of Hong Kong New Wave
* Yan Huilian (born 1983), Chinese archer
* 严家其 Yan Jiaqi (born 1942), Chinese political scientist and dissident
* 嚴金萱 Yan Jinxuan (1924–2014), Chinese composer of The White Haired Girl
* 严隽琪 Yan Junqi (born 1946), Vice chairwoman of the standing committee of the National People's Congress of China
* 严培明 Yan Pei-Ming (born 1960), Chinese-born French painter
* 严诗敏 Yan Shimin (born 1987), Chinese rower
* 严顺开 Yan Shunkai (1937–2017), Chinese comedian, actor and director
* 嚴倩君 Sophia Yan (born 1986), American classical pianist
* 嚴詠春 Yim Wing-chun, a Chinese legendary character, often cited in Wing Chun legends as the first master of the martial art bearing her name
* 严屹宽 Yan Yikuan (born 1979), Chinese actor and singer
* 嚴爵 Yen-j (born 1988), Taiwanese singer and actor
* 严红 Yan Hong (born 1967), Chinese swimmer
* 严剑葵 Yan Jiankui (born 1976), Chinese sprinter
* Yan Jing (born 1970), Chinese fencer
* 严济慈 Yan Jici (1901–1996), Chinese physicist and politician
* 严浩翔 Yan Haoxiang (2004), singer, member of Teens in Times
* 严燕松 Gerald Giam (born 1977), Singaporean politician
# Jewett (automobile)

The Jewett was an automobile built in Detroit, Michigan by the Paige-Detroit Motor Car Company from March 1922 through December 1926. The Jewett was named after Harry M. Jewett, president of Paige-Detroit.

## History

After the first 17 months of production, approx. 40,000 vehicles were sold. The car was marketed as a Jewett 'Six' — a companion to the Paige, the primary product of Paige-Detroit. The 1922-24 cars had a 50 h.p. Jewett motor, the 1925 cars had a 55 h.p. Jewett motor and the 1926 cars had a 40-hp Continental motor. For several years, Jewett cars featured a powerful straight-six engine that could climb mountains. The last of the vehicles were available with hydraulic brakes.
The company was purchased by the Graham Brothers on January 3, 1927, and the Jewett became a Paige, for that year only. The car was then rebranded as a Graham-Paige for 1928 only.

## Dash plates

Embedded in the dashboard of every Jewett was an amulet, visible on the passenger side as a dash plate. Harry's wife Mary was something of a spiritualist, and these amulets were purported to have mystical power that protected the occupants. Harry Jewett's estate, once a great plantation, has all but vanished. The ruins near Rose City in Northern Lower Michigan are still visible. Discussions about restoring parts of the estate as a historical park have not yet borne fruit.
# Barnewall Two-way Model

The Barnewall Two-way Model, also known as the Barnewall Two-way Behavioral Model, is an investor psychographic profiling model.
The Barnewall Two-way model was initially conceptualized and proposed by Marilyn MacGruder Barnewall in 1987 in an academic paper titled Psychological Characteristics of the individual investor. The model classifies and distinguishes investors mainly into two main broad categories: passive investors and active investors.
# Christina Lee

Christina Maisenne Lee (Chinese: 李美辰, born 1977) is a Hong Kong politician.

## Personal life and business career

Lee is the daughter of businessman Joseph Lee Chung-tak, who founded the Wofoo Group, a plastics manufacturing firm. She grew up in Hong Kong, attending Maryknoll Convent School where she was captain of the swim team, and also participating in a variety of extracurricular activities including ballet and piano. Unlike many of her friends, she was initially enthusiastic about going abroad for further studies, after completing Form 4 in Hong Kong she chose to attend high school in the United States and then entered the University of Chicago. She graduated there with a degree in public policy before going on to Oxford University to earn a master's in comparative social policy. She later earned a Master of Education from the University of Bristol.
Lee returned to Hong Kong in 1999 to work as a management consultant. In 2002, she quit that job to take a position in the family business Wofoo Group, overseeing personnel issues and charitable activities. She also joined the Hong Kong Chinese Importers' and Exporters' Association, becoming a member of the Standing Committee and participating in youth training activities. Lee is married and has two sons and one daughter. She is an advocate of breastfeeding.

## In politics

Lee serves as a member of the following government bodies:
* Social Enterprise Advisory Committee, 15 January 2010 to 14 January 2016
* Advisory Committee on Admission of Quality Migrants and Professionals, 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2014
* Action Committee Against Narcotics, 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2014
* Town Planning Board, 1 April 2012 to 31 March 2014
In November 2011, she ran for an uncontested seat as a member of the Election Committee in the Import and Export Subsector, making her one of the 1,200 Hong Kong electors entitled to vote for the Chief Executive of Hong Kong in the 2012 election. Later in 2012 she ran in the Legislative Council election as the fourth candidate on the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong list in New Territories West, but was not elected.
# Paris-Presse

Paris-Presse was a French newspaper published in Paris between 1944 and 1970, which was created by Philippe Barres (1896–1975) and Ève Curie (1904–2007), the daughter of Marie Curie, who both ran the newspaper until 1949.

## History

The first issue appeared on 13 November 1944. It stood in second place behind France Soir. It became the Paris-Presse-Intransigeant in 1948, and Gaston Bonheur became its editor. In 1951, suffering from competition with France Soir, it turned around under the leadership of Max Corre. In 1965, it was no longer an edition of France Soir. It lost many of its writers (including Gilbert Guilleminault L'Aurore, Philippe Bernert, Anne Manson), then it was absorbed by France Soir.

## Journalists

* Marcel Haedrich (1913–2003)
* Guilleminault Gilbert (1914–1990)
* Albert Ollivier (1915–1964)
* Pierre Desgraupes (1918–1993)
* Jean Lartéguy (1920–2011)
* Maurice Bernardet (1921–2008)
* Marcel Giuglaris (1922–2010)
* Pierre Rey (1930–)
* Bernard Michal (1932–)
* Kléber Haedens (1954–)
* Gérard de Villiers (1929–2013)
* Jean Vermorel (1935–)
# Henry Churton

Henry Norris Churton (15 January 1843 – 20 January 1904) was an Anglican colonial bishop in the 20th century.

## Early life and education

Churton was born in 1843 into an ecclesiastical family, the son of Edward Churton, Archdeacon of Cleveland. He was educated at Eton and University College, Oxford; and ordained in 1868.

## Career

His first posts were curacies at Stoke-on-Trent and East Retford. From 1872 to 1879 he was Vicar of St John Evangelist, West Bromwich then Perpetual Curate of St James’ Chapel, Avonwick. Later he was Archdeacon of the Bahamas before being ordained to the episcopate in 1902, succeeding his elder brother (Edward) as Bishop of Nassau. He was consecrated bishop by the Archbishop of Canterbury at St Paul's Cathedral on 13 July 1902. He had previously received the honorary degree Doctor of Divinity (DD) from the University of Oxford in May 1902.

## Death and legacy

He died in a yachting accident on 20 January 1904.
# Lymphatic malformations

Lymphatic malformations are benign slow-flow type of vascular malformation of the lymphatic system characterized by lymphatic vessels which do not connect to the normal lymphatic circulation. The term lymphangioma is outdated and newer research reference the term lymphatic malformation.
Lymphatic malformations can be macrocystic, microcystic, or a combination of the two. Macrocystic have cysts greater than 2 cubic centimetres (0.12 cu in), and microcystic lymphatic malformation have cysts that are smaller than 2 cubic centimetres (0.12 cu in).
These malformations can occur at any age and may involve any part of the body, but 90% occur in children less than 2 years of age and involve the head and neck. These malformations are either congenital or acquired. Congenital lymphangiomas are often associated with chromosomal abnormalities such as Turner syndrome, although they can also exist in isolation. Lymphangiomas are commonly diagnosed before birth using fetal ultrasonography. Acquired lymphangiomas may result from trauma, inflammation, or lymphatic obstruction.
Most lymphangiomas are benign lesions that result only in a soft, slow-growing, "doughy" mass. Since they have no chance of becoming malignant, lymphangiomas are usually treated for cosmetic reasons only. Rarely, impingement upon critical organs may result in complications, such as respiratory distress when a lymphangioma compresses the airway. Treatment includes aspiration, surgical excision, laser and radiofrequency ablation, and sclerotherapy.

## Terminology

The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification is a basic and systematic classification of vascular anomalies with international acceptance.
As such, terms such as "lymphangioma" and "cystic hygroma", which were used widely in the past, are outdated. Newer research may only reference ISSVA terminology and, as a consequence, sources of information can be missed by doctors and patients unaware of the ISSVA convention.
Terminology :
| ISSVA name | Outdated names |
| Lymphatic malformation | Lymphangioma, Cystic hygroma, Lymphangioma circumscriptum, Cavernous lymphangioma, lymphangiomatosis |
| Venous malformation | Cavernous hemangioma |
# Makino Road railway station

Makino Road (or Makino) railway station was a station on the North Island Main Trunk in New Zealand. It was a request stop, 49 mi (79 km) south of Wanganui and 2 mi (3.2 km) north of Feilding.
The station opened after 17 December 1878 and closed on Monday 10 August 1959 for goods, except private siding traffic (though it was closed for passengers by October 1955).
In 1981 it was also known as Makino Siding.

## History

Trains started to run on the line when the Feilding – Halcombe Section opened on Monday 22 April 1878. There was a siding, but it wasn't until 17 December 1878 that a passenger platform was proposed at the siding. There was a post office at the station from 1 May 1879 (possibly when the station opened) until 1880.
In 1896 the Post & Telegraph Department suggested a name change to avoid the post office being mistaken for Makuri, or Maheno. “Macarthur” and “Pekanga” were proposed, but it was decided to keep Makino.
By 1895 there were cattle yards and by 1896 the station had a shelter shed, passenger platform, 36 ft (11 m) by 11 ft (3.4 m) goods shed, loading bank, crane and a passing loop for 19 wagons. A year later there was also a water service, stationmaster's house and urinals. A Railways worker house was constructed at the station in the 1920s. A telephone was connected in 1930. From 1931 until closure in 1959 there was a caretaker at the station. In 1960 the loading bank and goods shed were removed. By 1964 the north end main line points had been removed, though a shelter shed and passenger platform remained in 1970. In 1981 the private siding to Pritchard Potatoes Ltd was closed.
# Acid hydrolase

An acid hydrolase is an enzyme that works best at acidic pHs. It is commonly located in lysosomes, which are acidic on the inside. Acid hydrolases may be nucleases, proteases, glycosidases, lipases, phosphatases, sulfatases and phospholipases and make up the approximately 50 degradative enzymes of the lysosome that break apart biological matter.

## Types

* Nucleases (P1 from Penicillium citrinum, used in the food industry for taste enhancement or present in Gouda cheese)
* Lipase – e.g. lysosomal acid lipase
* Proteases
* Glycosidases
# Union catalog

A union catalog is a combined library catalog describing the collections of a number of libraries. Union catalogs have been created in a range of media, including book format, microform, cards and more recently, networked electronic databases. Print union catalogs are typically arranged by title, author or subject (often employing a controlled vocabulary); electronic versions typically support keyword and Boolean queries. Union catalogs are useful to librarians, as they assist in locating and requesting materials from other libraries through interlibrary loan service. They also allow researchers to search through collections to which they would not otherwise have access, such as manuscript collections.
The largest union catalog ever printed is the American National Union Catalog Pre-1956 Imprints (NUC), completed in 1981. This achievement has since been superseded by the creation of union catalogs in the form of electronic databases, of which the largest is OCLC's WorldCat. Other examples include K10plus in Germany, Library Hub Discover (formerly COPAC) provided by Research Libraries UK and AMICUS, provided by Library and Archives Canada.
For academic publications, several academic search engines exist to combine the open data provided by open archives through OAI-PMH, as well as records from publishers deposited in CrossRef and other sources. They include BASE, CORE and Unpaywall, which indexes over 20 million open access publications as of 2020.

## Historical development

The idea of sharing catalogue records among libraries is at least as old as the French Revolution, when a cataloguing standard was published encouraging librarians throughout France to contribute to cataloguing the nation's books by writing records on the backs of playing cards and mailing them off to the home of the national library in Paris.$^{:30–31}$ The idea was thus common knowledge among librarians throughout the 19th century. Nonetheless, it was not until 1901 that the U.S. Library of Congress exchanged cards with the Boston Public Library, Harvard College Library, and the New York Public Library$^{:194}$ and also began a card publishing service to sell copies of its own catalog cards to public libraries throughout the U.S.$^{:138–193}$ Card catalogues grew huge during the next six decades. In the late 1960s, the development of machine-readable cataloguing in computerized and programmable form via the MARC standards meant that union cataloguing from then onward could be done electronically instead of physically.
# Diadelia bispinosa

Diadelia bispinosa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1939.
# Dalhousie

Dalhousie (/dælˈhaʊzi/ dal-HOW-zee) may refer to:

## Animals

* Dalhousie goby, species of fish found in central Australia
* Dalhousie hardyhead, species of fish found in central Australia
* Dalhousie catfish (Neosilurus gloveri), species of fish found in central Australia

## Buildings

* Dalhousie Castle, a castle near Bonnyrigg, Scotland
* Dalhousie Obelisk, a monument in Empress Place, Singapore
* Dalhousie Station (Montreal), a former passenger rail station in Montreal, Quebec
* Dalhousie station (Calgary), a LRT station in Calgary, Alberta

## Institutions

* Dalhousie Hilltop School, Dalhousie, India
* Dalhousie School, a former prep school in Scotland
* Dalhousie University, located in Halifax, Nova Scotia
* HMIS (later INS) Dalhousie, the initial name of INS Angre, the naval base at Mumbai, India

## Ships

* Dalhousie, later name of HMS Hearty (1885)

## People and clans

* Clan Ramsay (Dalhousie), a branch of the main line of Scottish Ramsays
* Earl of Dalhousie, a title created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1633
* James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie, (1812–1860) a Governor-General of India
* George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie, a Governor of Nova Scotia and of British North America

## Places
### Australia

* County of Dalhousie, Victoria
* County of Dalhousie (South Australia)
* Dalhousie Springs, South Australia, a group of natural artesian springs
* Dalhousie Station (South Australia), a pastoral lease in the far north of South Australia

### Canada

* Dalhousie, New Brunswick, a town in Restigouche County
* Dalhousie Parish, New Brunswick
* Dalhousie, Calgary, a neighbourhood in the northwest area of the city
* Dalhousie, Quebec, a small town in south-western Quebec
* Port Dalhousie, Ontario, a community in St. Catharines
* West Dalhousie, a community in Nova Scotia
* Dalhousie Road, Nova Scotia, a community
* Dalhousie Ward, Ottawa. Former ward in Ottawa.

### India

* Dalhousie, India, a town in Himachal Pradesh
* Dalhousie Cantonment, a cantonment town in Himachal Pradesh
* Dalhousie (Vidhan Sabha constituency), which includes the previous two towns
* Dalhousie Square, former name of the B. B. D. Bagh central business district of Kolkata

### Scotland

* Dalhousie Mains, near Dalkeith and Bonnyrigg, former terminus of the Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway

### Sri Lanka

* Dalhousie, Sri Lanka, a town in Nuwara Eliya District
# How to Sleep

How to Sleep is a short comedy film written by and starring humorist Robert Benchley. Filmed and released by MGM in 1935 (as part of their "Miniatures" series), it features Benchley as a narrator as well as film subject, discussing four parts of sleep—causes, methods, avoiding sleep, and waking up.
The production was inspired by a Mellon Institute study on sleep commissioned by the Simmons Mattress Company. It was filmed in two days, and featured Benchley as both the narrator and sleeper, the latter a role Benchley claimed was "not much of a strain, as [he] was in bed most of the time." Benchley was in fact a last-minute participant. As his son I Benchley recalled, "How to Sleep was supposed to be a Pete Smith short, but Pete Smith was sick. It was going to be a thing on Simmons mattresses; they had this film of quick shots showing how many positions you take during an evening's sleep. They tried to have somebody else do it, who couldn't make it, and they finally came to my father and asked if he would try to do it. That's what finally wound up being How to Sleep."
The film was well received in previews and was promoted heavily, with a still from the film being used in Simmons advertisements. The only group not pleased was the Mellon Institute, which did not approve of the studio mocking their study.
How to Sleep won an Academy Award for Best Live-Action Short Subject in 1935. MGM kicked off an entire series of situation-comedy reels, each 10 minutes in length, showing Benchley giving mock-instructional lectures (How to Be a Detective, How to Rest, etc.) or coping with household situations (An Evening Alone, Home Movies, etc.).
How to Sleep is included as an extra on the DVD of the 1935 Marx Brothers feature film, A Night at the Opera, and is also available on the DVD set The Robert Benchley Miniatures Collection.