# Blanc-Sablon

Blanc-Sablon (French pronunciation:) is a municipality located on the shore of Blanc-Sablon Bay, in the Strait of Belle-Isle, Le Golfe-du-Saint-Laurent RCM, Côte-Nord, Quebec, Canada.
The municipality is made up of the merger of the villages Lourdes-de-Blanc-Sablon, Blanc-Sablon and Brador. With a population of 1,122 inhabitants in 2021, it is the most populous of Le Golfe-du-Saint-Laurent RCM.

## History

The place was already known to early European explorers who may have named it after the fine white sand of the eponymous bay (blanc means "white", whereas sablon is the diminutive form of sable meaning "sand"). Or it may be named after Blancs-Sablons Cove in Saint-Malo, home town of Jacques Cartier, who landed at the place in 1534 and set up a cross near the current site of Lourdes-de-Blanc-Sablon.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, Basque and Portuguese fishermen seasonally frequented the area. In 1704, Augustin le Gardeur de Courtemanche, landlord of the lower Côte-Nord at that time, built Fort Pontchartrain at the current location of Brador. Permanent settlement did not begin until the 19th century with the arrival of French Canadians, Acadians, and Jersey settlers. In 1858, the Mission of Longue-Pointe-de-Blanc-Sablon was established and took the name Lourdes-de-Blanc-Sablon or Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes at the end of 19th century. In 1884, the post office opened.
The area was first incorporated in 1963 as part of the Municipality of Côte-Nord-du-Golfe-du-Saint-Laurent, but separated on January 1, 1990, and became the Municipality of Blanc-Sablon.
Fifty hectares of land in Blanc-Sablon were designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 2007, as they contain over 60 archaeological sites relating to 9000 years of human occupation, including the Archaic, Dorset and European periods.

## Geography

Blanc-Sablon is located on the north coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence near the entrance of the Strait of Belle Isle. Two significant bays, Brador and Blanc-Sablon, mark its shores and the headland that separates these bays is dominated by Mont Parent, a 100 m (330 ft) high flat-topped hill named after Martin Parent, a local fisherman in the middle of the 19th century. The municipality borders Côte-Nord-du-Golfe-du-Saint-Laurent to the south-west, and L'Anse-au-Clair, Labrador, to the north-east.
The estuary of the Brador River and Blanc-Sablon River has a lagoon designated barachois, separated from the sea by sand or gravel. Seawater enters at high tide.
The Blanc-Sablon archipelago is located off the coasts of the villages of Blanc-Sablon and Brador and includes Long Island, Lazy Island, Basin Island, Island of the Parrots, Wood Island and Greenly, housing the Bird Sanctuary of Brador Bay.
The municipality of Blanc-Sablon has several land protrusions into the Gulf of St. Lawrence; from east to west, they are Point Saint-Charles, Morel's Point, Lazy Point, Hunting Point, "À la Barque" Point, Cape Crow and Point Jones.

### Time zone

Blanc Sablon is located in the Atlantic Time Zone (Atlantic Standard Time or AST). The offset of the applicable time relative to UTC is -04:00 In accordance with the applicable time and longitude, the average solar noon in Blanc Sablon occurs at 11:48. Blanc Sablon is the only village where local time coincides with zone time.

### Climate

Blanc-Sablon experiences a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc). It has short, cool summers, and very long and snowy winters: the mean snowfall is 375.3 cm (147.8 in). Although its latitude is only 51 degrees north, and its climate is tempered by the Atlantic Ocean, it experiences a much colder climate than other localities at the same latitude due to the cold Labrador Current. For example, London, England, on the same latitude, has an annual mean that is nearly 10 °C (18 °F) milder, and inland Calgary, despite being around 1,050 m (3,440 ft) above sea level, is still almost 4 °C (7.2 °F) warmer despite recording extreme minima about 11 °C (20 °F) colder.
Climate data for Blanc-Sablon (Lourdes-de-Blanc-Sablon Airport) WMO ID: 71808; coordinates 51°27′N 57°11′W﻿ / ﻿51.450°N 57.183°W﻿ / 51.450; -57.183﻿ (Lourdes-de-Blanc-Sablon Airport); elevation: 37.2 m (122 ft); 1991–2020 normals :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high humidex | 9.6 | 12.6 | 7.3 | 18.6 | 24.4 | 28.0 | 31.4 | 30.6 | 28.7 | 20.8 | 18.0 | 10.4 | 30.6 |
| Record high °C (°F) | 9.1 (48.4) | 8.3 (46.9) | 8.2 (46.8) | 18.6 (65.5) | 25.0 (77.0) | 27.1 (80.8) | 27.1 (80.8) | 28.1 (82.6) | 24.7 (76.5) | 21.0 (69.8) | 16.2 (61.2) | 11.0 (51.8) | 28.1 (82.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −7.1 (19.2) | −7.0 (19.4) | −2.8 (27.0) | 2.0 (35.6) | 7.8 (46.0) | 12.5 (54.5) | 15.9 (60.6) | 17.1 (62.8) | 13.3 (55.9) | 7.7 (45.9) | 2.3 (36.1) | −3.1 (26.4) | 4.9 (40.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −11.8 (10.8) | −11.5 (11.3) | −6.9 (19.6) | −1.4 (29.5) | 3.8 (38.8) | 8.4 (47.1) | 12.1 (53.8) | 13.4 (56.1) | 9.4 (48.9) | 4.4 (39.9) | −1.1 (30.0) | −7.0 (19.4) | 1.0 (33.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −16.4 (2.5) | −16.0 (3.2) | −11.0 (12.2) | −4.8 (23.4) | −0.3 (31.5) | 4.2 (39.6) | 8.3 (46.9) | 9.6 (49.3) | 5.4 (41.7) | 1.0 (33.8) | −4.5 (23.9) | −11.0 (12.2) | −3.0 (26.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −32.3 (−26.1) | −34.1 (−29.4) | −32.5 (−26.5) | −23.0 (−9.4) | −11.1 (12.0) | −3.6 (25.5) | 0.0 (32.0) | 0.9 (33.6) | −4.8 (23.4) | −10.4 (13.3) | −18.9 (−2.0) | −30.2 (−22.4) | −34.1 (−29.4) |
| Record low wind chill | −48.5 | −48.2 | −47.6 | −34.4 | −16.2 | −7.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | −8.6 | −22.4 | −31.4 | −47.4 | −48.5 |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 76.5 (3.01) | 81.2 (3.20) | 91.2 (3.59) | 53.2 (2.09) | 66.9 (2.63) | 78.3 (3.08) | 93.9 (3.70) | 91.2 (3.59) | 101.7 (4.00) | 85.0 (3.35) | 83.8 (3.30) | 98.4 (3.87) | 1,001.1 (39.41) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 12.3 (0.48) | 6.9 (0.27) | 11.9 (0.47) | 21.2 (0.83) | 63.5 (2.50) | 79.4 (3.13) | 92.8 (3.65) | 86.6 (3.41) | 102.1 (4.02) | 77.1 (3.04) | 58.9 (2.32) | 31.7 (1.25) | 644.2 (25.36) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 66.2 (26.1) | 70.0 (27.6) | 73.9 (29.1) | 32.4 (12.8) | 6.8 (2.7) | 0.1 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 3.9 (1.5) | 24.2 (9.5) | 68.3 (26.9) | 345.9 (136.2) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 16.6 | 16.4 | 17.5 | 14.2 | 14.3 | 14.7 | 16.7 | 15.0 | 14.6 | 15.4 | 15.6 | 17.1 | 188.1 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 3.2 | 2.2 | 4.2 | 7.5 | 12.6 | 14.5 | 16.6 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.5 | 10.1 | 5.5 | 119.2 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 15.3 | 15.4 | 14.9 | 8.4 | 2.7 | 0.15 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 8.0 | 14.7 | 81.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 1500 LST) | 73.3 | 72.4 | 75.7 | 76.6 | 72.7 | 75.8 | 81.2 | 79.6 | 76.8 | 76.6 | 76.8 | 76.2 | 76.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 93.9 | 106.7 | 111.7 | 137.6 | 157.5 | 165.3 | 141.9 | 159.0 | 128.9 | 106.2 | 85.1 | 75.8 | 1,469.4 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 36.0 | 37.9 | 30.4 | 33.1 | 32.6 | 33.3 | 28.4 | 35.2 | 33.9 | 32.0 | 31.8 | 30.8 | 32.9 |
| Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada (sunshine 1981–2010) ||||||||||||||

### Communities

The municipality includes three villages: Blanc-Sablon, Lourdes-de-Blanc-Sablon, and Brador Bay.

#### Blanc-Sablon

Blanc-Sablon is located about one kilometre east of Lourdes-de-Blanc-Sablon directly on the Blanc-Sablon Bay. It had a population of 116 in 2016. The wharf and the ferry to St. Barbe, Newfoundland and Labrador are located in the town.

#### Lourdes-de-Blanc-Sablon

Indigenous peoples, Vikings, Basques, Bretons, English and Acadians frequented, at different times, the waters of the territory of this important village on the Quebec-Labrador Peninsula. Lourdes-de-Blanc-Sablon (51°24′41″N 57°12′11″W﻿ / ﻿51.41139°N 57.20306°W﻿ / 51.41139; -57.20306) is the largest community in the municipality, and is located on the headland that separates Brador Bay from Blanc-Sablon Bay. It was originally known as Longue-Pointe (Long Point) until the beginning of the 20th century. It has a small natural harbour, and long depended on the fishing business.

#### Brador

Brador or Brador Bay (51°27′40″N 57°14′44″W﻿ / ﻿51.46111°N 57.24556°W﻿ / 51.46111; -57.24556) is on the eastern shore of the namesake bay, 7 km (4.3 mi) north of the village of Lourdes-de-Blanc-Sablon. While known in the 18th century as Fort Pontchartrain and Phélipeaux Bay, its current name is the shortened form of Labrador. In French, the syllable la is a definite article, and in documents from the 17th and 18th century, this syllable was considered as such and separated from the rest of the name. François Martel de Brouague, the King's Commander of this region from 1714 to 1760, referred to this location as: "A la Baye de Phélipeaux, coste de la Brador" ("At the Bay of Phélipeaux, coast of the Brador").

## Demographics
### Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1991 | 1,211 | — |
| 1996 | 1,248 | +3.1% |
| 2001 | 1,201 | −3.8% |
| 2006 | 1,263 | +5.2% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 2011 | 1,118 | −11.5% |
| 2016 | 1,112 | −0.5% |
| 2021 | 1,122 | +0.9% |
Source: Statistics Canada :

### Language

Canada Census Mother Tongue - Blanc-Sablon, Quebec :
| Census | Total | French | French | French | English | English | English | French & English | French & English | French & English | Other | Other | Other |
| Year | Responses | Count | Trend | Pop % | Count | Trend | Pop % | Count | Trend | Pop % | Count | Trend | Pop % |
| 2021 | 1,090 | 225 | 21.1% | 20.6% | 820 | 4.5% | 75.2% | 35 | 133.3% | 3.2% | 10 | 100.0% | 0.9% |
| 2016 | 1,095 | 285 | 9.5% | 26.0% | 785 | 6.1% | 71.7% | 15 | 25.0% | 1.4% | 5 | 0.0% | 0.5% |
| 2011 | 1,080 | 315 | 4.5% | 29.2% | 740 | 15.9% | 68.5% | 20 | 42.9% | 1.9% | 5 | n/a% | 0.5% |
| 2006 | 1,245 | 330 | 16.5% | 26.5% | 880 | 15.9% | 70.7% | 35 | 30.0% | 2.8% | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| 2001 | 1,185 | 395 | 11.4% | 33.3% | 740 | 13.5% | 62.5% | 50 | 30.0% | 4.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| 1996 | 1,240 | 350 | n/a | 28.2% | 855 | n/a | 69.0% | 35 | n/a | 2.8% | 0 | n/a | 0.0% |

## Transportation
### Sea access

Being at the eastern end of Quebec Côte-Nord region, Blanc-Sablon is served by the Bella Desgagnés a passenger/cargo ship sailing, from the St. Lawrence Estuary to Gulf of St. Lawrence and Strait of Belle Isle, connecting with the coastal communities of Rimouski, Sept-Îles, Port-Menier (Anticosti Island), Havre-Saint-Pierre, Natashquan, Kegaska, La Romaine, Harrington Harbour, Tête-à-la-Baleine, La Tabatière, Saint-Augustin and Blanc-Sablon. This service is funded by the Government of Quebec.
The ferry service's main goal is to make up for the 425 km (264 mi) gap in Route 138, which remains unbuilt between Kegashka and Old Fort (in Bonne-Espérance).
Blanc-Sablon is also the northern terminus of a ferry service across the Strait of Belle Isle to the island of Newfoundland, mainly serving as a connection with nearby Labrador. This 28 km (17 mi)-long ferry service, operated by the Roll-on/roll-off MV Qajaq W, is funded entirely by the government of Newfoundland and Labrador and connects with a southern terminus at St. Barbe on Newfoundland island's Great Northern Peninsula. During winter months, ice conditions sometimes require the service to divert to Corner Brook instead of St. Barbe.
Ports of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the Côte-Nord Shore: Blanc-Sablon, Harrington Harbor, Natashquan, Havre-Saint-Pierre, Mingan, Port-Menier (Anticosti Island), Cap-aux-Meules (Îles-de-la-Madeleine).
* Marine infrastructure and ferrys
* Motor vessel Bella-Desgagnes loading at Rimouski-Est, port, St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec
* Blanc-Sablon ferry terminal, Blanc-Sablon Bay, Strait of Belle Isle, Quebec
* Labrador Marine Roll-on/roll-off cargo, QAJAQ W, leaving the terminal at St. Barbe, Strait of Belle Isle, Newfoundland

### Road access

At present, Blanc-Sablon is inaccessible directly via the rest of the Quebec road network. From the west, Route 138 has been built to the village of Kegashka; then following a 425 km (264 mi) gap, a 69 km (43 mi) segment restarts at the village of Old Fort and continues to Blanc-Sablon, ending at the border with Labrador near L'Anse-au-Clair where it becomes the Trans-Labrador Highway (Route 510). To travel to the rest of Quebec from Blanc-Sablon, a traveller can take the Relais Nordik ferry (not drive-on/off, but can accommodate cars in shipping containers), or drive via Route 510 through Labrador for approximately 1,130 km (700 mi) to re-enter Quebec at the town of Fermont; then 560 km (350 mi) of Route 389 from Fermont to Baie-Comeau, passing to the east of Manicouagan Reservoir. From there Route 138 leads west to points further on like Quebec City or Montreal. This trip by the north (between Baie-Comeau and Blanc-Sablon) is 1,722 km (1,070 mi). Once Route 138 is eventually completed, the road distance between Baie-Comeau and Blanc-Sablon is estimated to be between 1,045 km (649 mi) to 1,067 km (663 mi); thereby reducing the distance about 38%.
The Quebec government annually plans, invests and works towards connecting Quebec with Labrador via Blanc-Sablon with the completion of Route 138.

### Air travel

The Lourdes-de-Blanc-Sablon Airport provides scheduled air service to Blanc-Sablon.

## Education

Centre de services scolaire du Littoral operates:
* Mgr-Scheffer School (anglophone and francophone) in Lourdes-de-Blanc-Sablon
* St-Theresa School (for adults) in Blanc-Sablon