# Kent County, Michigan

Kent County is located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 Census, the county had a population of 657,974, making it the fourth most populous county in Michigan, and the largest outside of the Detroit area. Its county seat is Grand Rapids. The county was set off in 1831, and organized in 1836. It is named for New York jurist and legal scholar James Kent, who represented the Michigan Territory in its dispute with Ohio over the Toledo Strip.
Kent County is part of the Grand Rapids–Kentwood Metropolitan Statistical Area and is West Michigan's economic and manufacturing center. It is home of the Frederik Meijer Gardens, a significant cultural landmark of the Midwest. The Gerald R. Ford International Airport is the county's primary location for regional and international airline traffic.

## History

The Grand River runs through the county. On its west bank are burial mounds, remnants of the Hopewell Indians who lived there. In the 18th century the Odawa migrated to this area and established multiple villages along the Grand River valley. By the 19th century there were estimated to be over 1000 Odawa. The fur trade became an important industry in the valley during the early 19th century. After the War of 1812, Rix Robinson and Louis Campau were the earliest traders in the area. In 1826, Campau established a trading post in Grand Rapids. In 1831, he bought land and platted the town. Campau is considered the town's "father". One year later, government surveyor Lucius Lyon purchased land north of Campau's property. Campau surveyed and platted the village following Native American trails and Lyon had platted his property in an English grid format, which meant there were two adjoining villages, with different platting formats. Campau later merged the villages under the name of Grand Rapids.
In 1831, it was set off from Kalamazoo County. In 1838, Grand Rapids was incorporated as the county's first village. By the end of the century, stimulated by the construction of several sawmills, the area was a significant center for agriculture, logging, and manufacturing furniture.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 872 square miles (2,260 km$^2$), of which 847 square miles (2,190 km$^2$) is land and 25 square miles (65 km$^2$) (2.9%) is water. Kent County's highest point is Fisk Knob Park, in Solon Township, at 1048 feet.

### Rivers

* Grand River, flows through the county from its eastern border to the west, and after passing through Ottawa County, empties into Lake Michigan at Grand Haven. It has three tributaries in Kent County, listed in order of convergence:
* Flat River, enters the county from the east, and joins the Grand from the north, in Lowell.
* Thornapple River, enters the county from the south, and joins the Grand in Ada.
* Rogue River, enters the county from the north, and joins the Grand in Belmont.

### Trails

These hiking and biking trails run through the county:
* North Country Trail, runs north–south the length of the county, passing through Cedar Springs, Grattan and Lowell. Lowell is the trail's half-way point, and the national headquarters of the North Country Trail Association is located here.
* Thornapple Trail, begins in Kentwood and runs southeast through Dutton and Caledonia.
* White Pine Trail begins in Comstock Park and runs northeast through Belmont, Rockford, Cedar Springs, and Sand Lake.
* Kent Trails (which is singular in spite of the 's') runs north–south from John Ball Park in Grand Rapids to 84th Street in Byron Township, with an extension that runs east/west along 76th Street and north–south from 76th Street to Douglas Walker Park on 84th street.
* The Frederik Meijer Trail, which, as of November 2008, was incomplete, runs east/west mostly along the M-6 freeway and will connect the Kent Trails and the Thornapple Trail when completed.
* Cannon Township Trail runs through Cannon Township in the eastern part of the county from Cannon Township Center on M-44. It runs along M-44 then south near Sunfish Lake Road, turning east through the Cannonsburg Cemetery, and ends at Warren Townsend Park near Cannonsburg.

### Adjacent counties

* Newaygo County - north
* Montcalm County - northeast
* Muskegon County - northwest
* Ionia County - east
* Ottawa County - west
* Allegan County - southwest
* Barry County - southeast

## Demographics

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 657,977 people living in the county. 72.3% were non-Hispanic White, 10.8% Black or African American, 3.5% Asian, 0.7% Native American, and 3.3% of two or more races. 11.3% were Hispanic or Latino.
As of the 2010 United States census, there were 602,622 people living in the county. 76.1% were non-Hispanic White, 10.2% Black or African American, 2.4% Asian, 0.7% Native American, 4.5% of some other race and 2.6% of two or more races. 9.7% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).
As of the census of 2000, there were 574,335 people, 212,890 households, and 144,126 families living in the county. The current estimated population is 604,323. The population density was 671 inhabitants per square mile (259/km$^2$). There were 224,000 housing units at an average density of 262 per square mile (101/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 83.13% White, 8.93% Black or African American, 0.52% Native American, 1.86% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 3.34% from other races, and 2.16% from two or more races. 7.00% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
19.6% reported being of Dutch ancestry; 14.9% German, 13.1% English, 7.4% Irish, 7.1% Polish and 5.5% American ancestry according to the 2010 American Community Survey. 90.0% spoke only English at home, while 6.0% spoke Spanish.
There were 212,890 households, out of which 35.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.30% were married couples living together, 11.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.30% were non-families. 25.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.20.
The age distribution of the county was as follows: 28.30% were under the age of 18, 10.50% from 18 to 24, 31.20% from 25 to 44, 19.70% from 45 to 64, and 10.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.70 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $45,980, and the median income for a family was $54,770. Males had a median income of $39,878 versus $27,364 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,629. 8.90% of the population and 6.30% of families were below the poverty line. 10.20% of the population under the age of 18 and 7.50% of those 65 or older were living in poverty.

## Transportation
### Air service

Commercial air service to Grand Rapids is provided by Gerald R. Ford International Airport (GRR). Previously named Kent County International Airport, it holds Grand Rapids' mark in modern history with the United States' first regularly scheduled airline service, beginning July 31, 1926, between Grand Rapids and Detroit at the former location.

### Bus service

Public bus transportation is provided by The Rapid, which serves 9 municipalities in Kent County. The Rapid operates 23 routes, including the Silver Line, Laker Line, and DASH (Downtown Area Shuttle) services.

### Railroad

Amtrak provides direct train service to Chicago from the passenger station via the Pere Marquette line. Freight service is provided by CSX Transportation, and by local short-line railroads, the Grand Rapids Eastern Railroad, Grand Elk Railroad, Marquette Rail and the Coopersville & Marne. GR and MQT operate under the ownership of Genesee and Wyoming while GDLK is operated by Watco Companies. CPMY is independent, and focuses more on their excursion service between their namesake cities in Ottawa County than on their small freight business in Kent.

### Highways

* I-96
* I-196 (Gerald R. Ford Freeway)
* I-296 (concurrent with US 131)
* US 131
* M-6 (Paul B. Henry Freeway, South Beltline Freeway)
* M-11
* M-21
* M-37
* M-44
* M-45 (Lake Michigan Drive)
* M-46
* M-50
* M-57
* M-121

#### County-designated highways

* A-45
* B-72

## Economy

These corporations are headquartered in Kent County, in the following communities:
* Acrisure, Grand Rapids
* Amway, Ada
* American Seating, Grand Rapids
* Bissell Homecare, Walker
* Buell Motorcycle Company, Cascade Township
* Gill Industries, Grand Rapids
* Gilson Graphics, Grand Rapids
* Gordon Food Service, Wyoming
* Founders Brewing Company, Grand Rapids
* Hart & Cooley, Grand Rapids
* Meijer, Walker
* Old Orchard, Sparta
* Perrigo, Grand Rapids
* Pridgeon & Clay, Grand Rapids
* Spartan Stores, Byron Township
* Steelcase, Grand Rapids
* Universal Forest Products, Grand Rapids Township
* Wolverine Worldwide, Rockford
* X-Rite, Kentwood
* Zondervan, Cascade Township

## Government

The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, keeps files of deeds and mortgages, maintains vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of welfare and other social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget but has only limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions—police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc.—are the responsibility of individual cities and townships.

### Elected officials

* Prosecuting Attorney: Chris Becker (Republican)
* Sheriff: Michelle LaJoye-Young (Republican)
* County Clerk/Register of Deeds: Lisa Posthumus Lyons (Republican)
* County Treasurer: Peter MacGregor (Republican)
* Drain Commissioner: Ken Yonker (Republican)
* County Commission or Board of Commissioners: 21 members, elected from districts (12 Republicans, 9 Democrats), Stan Stek (Republican) serves as board chair.
* Circuit Court: 10 judges (non-partisan)
* Probate Court: 3 judges (non-partisan)
(information as of 2022 election)
In 1996, Kent County prosecutors were responsible for charging James King, a College student who was beaten by police. James King was acquitted of all charges.

## Politics

United States presidential election results for Kent County, Michigan :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 172,720 | 46.31% | 192,668 | 51.66% | 7,542 | 2.02% |
| 2020 | 165,741 | 45.78% | 187,915 | 51.91% | 8,375 | 2.31% |
| 2016 | 148,180 | 47.66% | 138,683 | 44.61% | 24,031 | 7.73% |
| 2012 | 155,925 | 53.00% | 133,408 | 45.35% | 4,873 | 1.66% |
| 2008 | 148,336 | 48.83% | 149,909 | 49.34% | 5,554 | 1.83% |
| 2004 | 171,201 | 58.85% | 116,909 | 40.19% | 2,781 | 0.96% |
| 2000 | 148,602 | 59.37% | 95,442 | 38.13% | 6,274 | 2.51% |
| 1996 | 121,335 | 54.32% | 85,912 | 38.46% | 16,132 | 7.22% |
| 1992 | 115,285 | 47.53% | 82,305 | 33.93% | 44,963 | 18.54% |
| 1988 | 131,910 | 63.77% | 73,467 | 35.52% | 1,465 | 0.71% |
| 1984 | 137,417 | 67.03% | 66,238 | 32.31% | 1,365 | 0.67% |
| 1980 | 112,604 | 54.59% | 72,790 | 35.29% | 20,896 | 10.13% |
| 1976 | 126,805 | 67.22% | 59,000 | 31.28% | 2,828 | 1.50% |
| 1972 | 104,041 | 59.30% | 67,587 | 38.52% | 3,833 | 2.18% |
| 1968 | 85,810 | 53.68% | 61,891 | 38.72% | 12,149 | 7.60% |
| 1964 | 66,830 | 43.41% | 86,860 | 56.42% | 269 | 0.17% |
| 1960 | 95,477 | 60.70% | 61,313 | 38.98% | 506 | 0.32% |
| 1956 | 94,969 | 65.73% | 48,871 | 33.82% | 642 | 0.44% |
| 1952 | 79,647 | 62.07% | 47,221 | 36.80% | 1,447 | 1.13% |
| 1948 | 53,669 | 54.33% | 43,205 | 43.74% | 1,902 | 1.93% |
| 1944 | 54,163 | 54.65% | 43,679 | 44.07% | 1,274 | 1.29% |
| 1940 | 53,131 | 52.05% | 48,196 | 47.22% | 749 | 0.73% |
| 1936 | 36,633 | 42.94% | 44,823 | 52.55% | 3,848 | 4.51% |
| 1932 | 42,186 | 48.64% | 41,601 | 47.97% | 2,936 | 3.39% |
| 1928 | 56,573 | 75.12% | 18,229 | 24.21% | 508 | 0.67% |
| 1924 | 45,207 | 76.61% | 7,982 | 13.53% | 5,819 | 9.86% |
| 1920 | 40,802 | 70.14% | 14,763 | 25.38% | 2,610 | 4.49% |
| 1916 | 16,095 | 42.46% | 20,364 | 53.73% | 1,444 | 3.81% |
| 1912 | 6,498 | 20.35% | 9,412 | 29.48% | 16,016 | 50.17% |
| 1908 | 16,576 | 55.44% | 11,445 | 38.28% | 1,880 | 6.29% |
| 1904 | 20,254 | 71.63% | 6,430 | 22.74% | 1,593 | 5.63% |
| 1900 | 17,861 | 54.79% | 13,775 | 42.26% | 962 | 2.95% |
| 1896 | 17,053 | 54.34% | 13,582 | 43.28% | 749 | 2.39% |
| 1892 | 12,388 | 46.31% | 11,533 | 43.11% | 2,829 | 10.58% |
| 1888 | 12,811 | 49.41% | 11,864 | 45.76% | 1,254 | 4.84% |
| 1884 | 9,007 | 45.74% | 9,639 | 48.95% | 1,045 | 5.31% |
| 1880 | 8,313 | 50.26% | 5,115 | 30.92% | 3,113 | 18.82% |
Historically, Kent County, like West Michigan as a whole, was a stronghold for the Republican Party. For most of the 20th century, it was rather conservative for an urban county. The GOP only lost the county in four presidential elections from 1888 to 2004, two of which saw the Democratic Party win over 400 electoral votes nationwide. However, the Democrats have received increased support since the 2000s, with Grand Rapids and nearby suburbs supporting the Democratic Party while the outer suburbs and rural areas support the Republican Party. Since the 1990s, Grand Rapids has also normally sent Democrats to the state legislature.
In 2008, Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama narrowly carried the county, receiving 49.34% of its votes to Republican John McCain's 48.83%. It was the first time the county had supported a Democrat for president since 1964, and only the fourth time since 1884. By comparison, George W. Bush had taken almost 59 percent of the county's vote in 2004.
In 2012, the county returned to the Republican camp as Mitt Romney won 53.0% of the vote to Obama's 45.35%. Four years later, Republican Donald Trump won the county with 47.66% of the vote, to 44.61% for his Democratic rival, Hillary Clinton, while Gary Johnson of the Libertarian Party received 4.58%.
In 2020, Joe Biden received nearly 52% of the votes in the county, the largest vote share for a Democratic candidate since Lyndon Johnson in 1964. Biden is only the third Democrat since 1916 to win a majority of the county's vote. By comparison, Obama only won the county by 1,573 votes in 2008 for 49.7 percent of the vote.
Kent County is one of only thirteen counties in the United States to have voted for Obama in 2008, Romney in 2012, Trump in 2016, and Biden in 2020.
In 2024, Kamala Harris became the first Democrat to carry Kent County while losing the presidential election. Harris also lost Michigan in 2024, potentially indicating a leftward shift in the county.
The county is considered a bellwether politically. In 2018, Gretchen Whitmer, herself a Kent County native, became the first Democratic governor to win the county after James Blanchard's 1986 landslide re-election. Also during the same cycle, incumbent Democratic Senator Debbie Stabenow narrowly carried the county by 0.3 points, only the second time (following Carl Levin in 2008) since Donald Riegle in 1982 the county supported a Democrat for Senate.
In the House of Representatives, the bulk of the county has been located in Michigan's 3rd congressional district since the 1993 redistricting cycle. That district had previously been the 5th congressional district from 1873 to 1993. The current Representative for the district is Democrat Hillary Scholten. Until Scholten took office in 2023, the city had been represented by a Republican for all but 35 months since 1913. The only Democrat to represent the city in this time was Richard Vander Veen, first elected in a 1974 special election following the district's long-time Representative Gerald Ford's ascension to Vice President. Vander Veen was ousted by Republican Harold S. Sawyer in 1976, and the GOP held the seat without interruption until Scholten's win in 2022. Further underlining how Republican the county has historically been, the Democrats representing Grand Rapids-based districts in the state legislature were typically the only elected Democrats above the county level until 2023.
A sliver of northern and eastern Kent County, including Cedar Springs and Lowell, is in the 2nd congressional district, represented by Republican John Moolenaar.

## Communities
### Cities

* Cedar Springs
* East Grand Rapids
* Grand Rapids (county seat)
* Grandville
* Kentwood
* Lowell
* Rockford
* Walker
* Wyoming

### Villages

* Caledonia
* Casnovia (partial)
* Kent City
* Sand Lake
* Sparta

### Charter townships

* Caledonia Charter Township
* Cascade Charter Township
* Gaines Charter Township
* Grand Rapids Charter Township
* Lowell Charter Township
* Plainfield Charter Township

### Civil townships

* Ada Township
* Algoma Township
* Alpine Township
* Bowne Township
* Byron Township
* Cannon Township
* Courtland Township
* Grattan Township
* Nelson Township
* Oakfield Township
* Paris Township (defunct; partitioned between Wyoming, Grand Rapids and Kentwood)
* Solon Township
* Sparta Township
* Spencer Township
* Tyrone Township
* Vergennes Township

### Census-designated places

* Byron Center
* Cannonsburg
* Comstock Park
* Cutlerville
* Forest Hills
* Northview

### Other unincorporated communities

* Ada
* Alaska
* Alto
* Belmont
* Cascade
* Chauncey
* Dutton
* Englishville
* Parnell