# Pame languages

The Pame languages are a group of languages in Mexico that is spoken by around 12,000 Pame people in the state of San Luis Potosí. It belongs to the Oto-Pamean branch of the Oto-Manguean language family.

## Distribution and languages

Ethnologue notes two living varieties of Pame both spoken in the state of San Luis Potosí: Central Pame, in the town of Santa María Acapulco, and Northern Pame, in communities from the north of Río Verde to the border with Tamaulipas.
The third variety, Southern Pame, was last described in the mid 20th century, is assumed to be extinct, and is very sparsely documented. It was spoken in Jiliapan, Hidalgo, and Pacula, Querétaro.
* Northern Pame (Ñãʔũ) (~6,000)
* Central Pame (Šiʔúi) (~6,000)
* Southern Pame (Šiyúi) (†)

## Classification

The Pame languages are part of the Oto-Pamean branch of the Oto-Manguean language family. They are most closely related to the Chichimeca Jonaz language, spoken in Guanajuato, and together, they form the Pamean language groups. During the colonial period, two grammatical descriptions were written.

## Phonology
### Consonants

Berthiaume (2004) report a complex phonology for Northern Pame with contrasts between plain, voiced, aspirated, and glottalized consonants both for the stops, nasals, affricates and approximants.
| | | Bilabial | Alveolar | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| | | Bilabial | plain | pal. | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Nasal | voiced | m | n | n | ɲ | | |
| Nasal | aspirated | mʱ | nʱ | nʱ | ɲʱ | | |
| Nasal | glottalized | mˀ | nˀ | nˀ | ɲˀ | | |
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | t | | k | ʔ |
| Stop | aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tʰ | | kʰ | |
| Stop | ejective | | tʼ | tʼ | | kʼ | |
| Stop | voiced | b | d | d | | g | |
| Fricative | voiceless | | s | s | ʃ | | h |
| Fricative | voiced | | z | z | | | |
| Affricate | voiceless | | t͡s | t͡s | t͡ʃ | | |
| Affricate | aspirated | | t͡sʰ | t͡sʰ | t͡ʃʰ | | |
| Affricate | ejective | | t͡sʼ | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | | |
| Affricate | voiced | | | | d͡ʒ | | |
| Flap | Flap | | ɾ | ɾʲ | | | |
| Lateral | voiced | | l | l | ʎ | | |
| Lateral | aspirated | | lʱ | lʱ | ʎʱ | | |
| Lateral | glottalized | | lˀ | lˀ | ʎˀ | | |
| Semivowel | Semivowel | | | | j | w | |
Pame languages are tonal but the exact number of tonal contrasts is a matter of debate. Avelino, Gibson and Manrique have analyzed the language as having three tones: high and low level tones and a falling contour tone (Suárez 1983, pg. 51). However, Berthiaume (2004) argues that only a high and a rising tone exist, no low, level tone.

### Vowels

| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i | | u |
| Mid | e | ə | |
| Open | æ | | ɑ |

## Grammar

Pame grammar is characterized by complex morphophonemics and suppletion. Many grammatical categories are marked by exchanging consonants in patterns that are not fully predictable. The morphology is head-marking, marking agreement with possessors on nouns and with the participants in actions on verbs. Its personal system distinguishes between singular, dual and plural number in all persons, and there is also an exclusive first-person category ("we but not you").
Pame has an octal (base-8) counting system, as the Pame keep counting their knuckles, rather than the fingers.

## Examples

The following table shows the numbers and some basic words in different varieties of Pame:
| GLOSS | Southern Pame | Southern Pame | Central Pame | Northern Pame | PROTO- PAME |
| GLOSS | (Jiliapan) | (Tilaco) | (Santa María) | (Alaquines) | PROTO- PAME |
| 1 | nna | nna | ndɑ | sɑnte | *$^n$da |
| 2 | ti | ti-yii | nui | nuyi | *nui |
| 3 | niyũ | ti-ñũn | rɑnhũʔ | rnuʔ | *-nũʔ |
| 4 | tipiyã | tyipya | ki-ñui | giriui | *ki-nui |
| 5 | špitũnt | šputun | kik$^ʔ$ɑi | gič$^ʔ$ɑi | *kik$^ʔ$ɑi |
| 6 | tikiyen | taken | tiliyɑ | teriɑ | *te- |
| 7 | tekiti | ki-yii | tiliñũhũñ | teriuhiñ | *te-?i+2 |
| 8 | teiniyun | kyidinũn | ndɑ ntsɑwʔ | tenhiuñ | *te-?-nũʔ |
| 9 | nahwẽn | nawẽ | nda ntsawʔ nda | kɑrɑ tenhiuñ santa | ? |
| 10 | stut$^ʔ$u | štusu | seskɑʔɑi | kɑrɑ tenhiuñ nuji | ? |
| 'head' | kiñãu | keyãw | ganãw | ganãu | *kənaw |
| 'eye' | nta | ndao | gotao | ntao | *$^n$ta |
| 'nose' | šiñũ | šiyõa | ʦiñowa | šiñõã | *šiñũ(?) |
| 'mouth' | kine | kane | kona | kteye | * |
| 'pie' | nogua | nigowa | mok$^w$a | mok$^w$a | *mok$^w$a |
| 'corn' | ʦ$^ʔ$iũ | t$^y$õã | gu-d$^h$wã | t$^ʔ$wã | *t$^ʔ$wã |
| 'metate' | mbot | nab$^ʔ$ot$^ʔ$ | k$^ʔ$yi | k$^ʔ$iyn | ? |
| 'chile' | bihi | mahi | mahi | l$^ʔ$u | *-hi |
| 'tomato' | mpia | rumbay | lapay | dbipay | *-pay |
| 'bean' | tio | t$^ʔ$awuʔ | gu-k$^ʔ$we | k$^ʔ$wi | *k$^ʔ$wi(?) |
| 'meat' | migu | magiybi | pakas | pakas | *$^m$pak-(?) |
| 'eat' | dii, nii | nii | sihin | sey | *si- |
| 'maguey' | ši-nʤia | p$^ʔ$i-doa | go-doa | $^n$dwa | *$^n$doa |
| 'alcohol' | pink$^ʔ$i | pingi | ke-pi | ki-pint | ? |
| 'forest' | mipwi | set$^ʔ$a | mabwo | kwãn | *mikwV (?) |
| 'flower' | ntu | nd$^ʔ$ow | go-tun | nkyun | *$^n$do-ni |
| 'dog' | nn$^ʔ$ow | nn$^ʔ$ow | nadu | dyo | *$^n$d$^ʔ$o- |
| 'horse' | pahan | bhãn | wahil | pahal | *pahal-(?) |
| 'stone' | kido | kudo | kotu | gitu | *ki-$^n$to |
| 'sun' | mpãẽ | nimbay | kunhu | mpa | *$^m$pay |
| 'moon' | m$^ʔ$õ | m$^ʔ$ãũ | m$^ʔ$au | m$^ʔ$ãũ | *m$^ʔ$au |
| 'water' | bisa | masa | kwote | kãnte | *$^n$te |
| 'mountain' | t$^ʔ$oe | t$^ʔ$i | go-loe | toe | *t$^ʔ$oe |
| 'salt' | t$^ʔ$iũs | t$^ʔ$ũs | l$^ʔ$ũs | t$^ʔ$ũs | *t$^ʔ$ũs |
| 'market' | tityawt | tetãwn | kekywãw | kik$^ʔ$yič | *teta- |
| 'year' | špo | šop$^ʔ$aw | ningyihin | čyii | ? |
| 'week' | nimpya | nembẽ | nembẽyn | pyẽy | *$^m$pyẽ(y) |
| 'night' | sãu | nasaw | gu-sãw | digun | *sãw |
| 'cold' | ʦe | ʦe | ʦee | ʦee | *ʦe(e) |
| 'hot' | pa | mapa | mapa | mpa | *(ma)pa |

## Media

Pame-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio station XEANT-AM, based in Tancanhuitz de Santos, San Luis Potosí.