# Victoria County, Texas

Victoria County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 91,319. Its county seat is also named Victoria. Victoria County is included in the Victoria metropolitan statistical area, and comprises the entirety of the Victoria media market in Texas.

## History
### Through colonial times

Paleo-Indian hunter-gatherers, and later Tonkawa, Aranamas, Tamiques, and Karankawa, inhabited the area before the time of European contact. Tawakoni, Lipan Apache, and Comanche were later inhabitants of modern-day Victoria County.
In 1685, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle established Fort St. Louis.
In 1689, Alonso de Leon named the Guadalupe River in honor of Our Lady of Guadalupe.
In 1722, Nuestra Señora de Loreto Presidio and Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga became the first Spanish settlement in Victoria County.
In 1824, Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Jesús Victoria (the future city of Victoria) was established by Martín De León, who started his colony with 5,000 branded cattle and established the county's claim as the "Cradle of the Texas Cattle Industry." It was the only primarily Mexican colony in Texas.
In 1835, Victoria's settlers supported the revolution against Antonio López de Santa Anna, but were ostracized by new incoming Americans, many of whom were adventurous soldiers or fortune hunters, who wrongly profiled them as Mexican sympathizers and forced them to flee after the revolution in 1836. Anglo-Americans resettled the area.
In 1836, Victory County was formed by the Republic of Texas. It is named after Guadalupe Victoria, the first President of Mexico. About 3000 troops of the Texas Army encamped near Spring Creek, Victoria County, under the command of Gen. Thomas J. Rusk, as the main defense against a threatened attack by Mexican General José de Urrea.
In 1842, Rafael Vásquez and Adrián Woll led Mexican forces in an invasion into the county.

### After the Revolution through the Civil War

In 1850, Coletoville was established by German immigrant Carl Steiner. The next year, Victoria County's first toll bridge was erected across the river, built by Richard Owens and Sylvester Sutton.
As of 1860, 1,413 slaves were in the county. In 1861m county residents voted 318–88 in favor of secession from the Union. Victoria County sent 300 men to fight for the Confederate States Army. Confederate General John B. Magruder destroyed the railroad from Port Lavaca to Victoria in 1863 to keep it out of Union hands. He also sank trees and boats into the Guadalupe River.
From 1867-1869, the county was occupied by federal troops. Mob violence by those same troops resulted in the axing death and corpse mutilation of local official Benjamin F. Hill, who at the time was incarcerated for an alleged self-defense killing of a discharged Union soldier.
The Gulf, Western Texas and Pacific Railway connect Victoria with Cuero and the coast in 1873. The New York, Texas and Mexican Railway provided the first cross-country route to Rosenberg Junction in Fort Bend County in 1882.
That next year, the Texas Continental Meat Company was erected in the county and was the largest meat packing plant in Texas. Bray's Ferry was established in 1886 at the San Antonio River by G. B. Amery and John Bray. Twenty years later, the Guadalupe River Navigation Company was established.
By 1930, when oil was discovered at the McFaddin Oil Field, Victoria County held more cattle than any other county in Texas. Foster Air Force Base was established as Victoria Army Air Field as a training air field in 1941. The Victoria Barge Canal was completed in 1967, connecting Victoria County with the Intracoastal Waterway.

## Demographics
### 2020 census

Victoria County, Texas – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. :
| Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000 | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| White alone (NH) | 44,490 | 41,564 | 39,330 | 52.91% | 47.89% | 43.07% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 5,137 | 5,190 | 5,230 | 6.11% | 5.98% | 5.73% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 197 | 199 | 425 | 0.23% | 0.23% | 0.23% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 635 | 860 | 2,404 | 0.76% | 0.99% | 1.52% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 9 | 16 | 46 | 0.01% | 0.02% | 0.04% |
| Other race alone (NH) | 39 | 109 | 698 | 0.05% | 0.13% | 0.25% |
| Mixed or multiracial alone (NH) | 622 | 742 | 7,961 | 0.74% | 0.85% | 2.14% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 32,959 | 38,113 | 42,931 | 39.20% | 43.91% | 47.01% |
| Total | 84,088 | 86,793 | 91,319 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
As of the 2020 United States census, 91,319 people, 32,520 households, and 22,172 families resided in the county.
As of the census of 2000, 84,088 people, 30,071 households, and 22,192 families lived in the county. The population density was 95 people per square mile (37 people/km$^2$). The 32,945 housing units had an average density of 37 units per square mile (14 units/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 74.22% White, 6.30% Black or African American, 0.53% Native American, 0.77% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 15.92% from other races, and 2.22% from two or more races. About 39.20% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race; 16.2% were of German, 6.2% American, and 5.6% English ancestry according to Census 2000, and 73.3% spoke English and 25.5% Spanish as their first language.
Uf the 30,071 households, 37.2% had children under 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.2% were not families. Around 22.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.23.
In the county, the age distribution was 29.1% under 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who were 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 91.7 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $38,732, and for a family was $44,443. Males had a median income of $35,484 versus $21,231 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,379. About 10.50% of families and 12.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.20% of those under 18 and 11.70% of those 65 or over.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 889 square miles (2,300 km$^2$), of which 6.7 square miles (17 km$^2$) (0.8%) are covered by water.

### Major highways

* U.S. Highway 59
** Interstate 69 is currently under construction and will follow the current route of U.S. 59 in most places northeast of Victoria.
** Interstate 69W is currently under construction and will follow the current route of U.S. 59 in most places southwest of Victoria.
* U.S. Highway 77
** Interstate 69E is currently under construction and will follow the current route of U.S. 77 in most places southwest of Victoria.
* U.S. Highway 87
* Farm to Market Road 444
* Farm to Market Road 616
* Farm to Market Road 622

### Adjacent counties

* Lavaca County (north)
* Jackson County (northeast)
* Calhoun County (southeast)
* Refugio County (south)
* Goliad County (southwest)
* DeWitt County (northwest)

## Politics
### County government
#### Victoria County elected officials

| Position | Name | Party |
| County Judge | Ben Zeller | Republican |
| Commissioner, Precinct 1 | Danny Garcia | Democratic |
| Commissioner, Precinct 2 | Kevin M. Janak | Republican |
| Commissioner, Precinct 3 | Gary Burns | Republican |
| Commissioner, Precinct 4 | Clint Ives | Republican |
United States presidential election results for Victoria County, Texas :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 25,010 | 70.84% | 9,998 | 28.32% | 297 | 0.84% |
| 2020 | 23,358 | 68.25% | 10,380 | 30.33% | 488 | 1.43% |
| 2016 | 21,275 | 67.92% | 8,866 | 28.30% | 1,183 | 3.78% |
| 2012 | 19,692 | 68.25% | 8,802 | 30.51% | 359 | 1.24% |
| 2008 | 19,878 | 66.22% | 9,832 | 32.75% | 310 | 1.03% |
| 2004 | 20,875 | 70.52% | 8,553 | 28.89% | 174 | 0.59% |
| 2000 | 18,787 | 68.55% | 8,176 | 29.83% | 445 | 1.62% |
| 1996 | 14,457 | 59.94% | 8,238 | 34.16% | 1,424 | 5.90% |
| 1992 | 13,086 | 50.26% | 7,604 | 29.20% | 5,347 | 20.54% |
| 1988 | 15,056 | 62.08% | 8,923 | 36.79% | 274 | 1.13% |
| 1984 | 18,787 | 72.41% | 7,037 | 27.12% | 121 | 0.47% |
| 1980 | 13,392 | 62.96% | 7,382 | 34.71% | 495 | 2.33% |
| 1976 | 9,594 | 56.34% | 7,326 | 43.02% | 108 | 0.63% |
| 1972 | 11,246 | 72.56% | 4,226 | 27.27% | 26 | 0.17% |
| 1968 | 6,352 | 43.12% | 6,042 | 41.02% | 2,336 | 15.86% |
| 1964 | 4,201 | 33.97% | 8,141 | 65.83% | 25 | 0.20% |
| 1960 | 4,591 | 44.16% | 5,779 | 55.58% | 27 | 0.26% |
| 1956 | 5,596 | 62.85% | 3,280 | 36.84% | 28 | 0.31% |
| 1952 | 4,306 | 57.89% | 3,128 | 42.05% | 4 | 0.05% |
| 1948 | 1,262 | 31.22% | 2,435 | 60.24% | 345 | 8.54% |
| 1944 | 936 | 25.41% | 2,331 | 63.27% | 417 | 11.32% |
| 1940 | 956 | 27.70% | 2,493 | 72.24% | 2 | 0.06% |
| 1936 | 352 | 14.46% | 2,081 | 85.46% | 2 | 0.08% |
| 1932 | 190 | 6.39% | 2,777 | 93.44% | 5 | 0.17% |
| 1928 | 663 | 27.94% | 1,710 | 72.06% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1924 | 459 | 18.98% | 1,653 | 68.36% | 306 | 12.66% |
| 1920 | 782 | 41.62% | 686 | 36.51% | 411 | 21.87% |
| 1916 | 476 | 33.66% | 897 | 63.44% | 41 | 2.90% |
| 1912 | 100 | 9.90% | 687 | 68.02% | 223 | 22.08% |

## Communities
### City

* Victoria (county seat)

### Census-designated places

* Bloomington
* Inez
* Placedo
* Quail Creek

### Unincorporated communities

* McFaddin
* Moursund
* Nursery
* Telferner

## Education

School districts include:
* Bloomington Independent School District
* Industrial Independent School District
* Meyersville Independent School District
* Nursery Independent School District
* Refugio Independent School District
* Victoria Independent School District
All of the county is in the service area of Victoria College.
University of Houston-Victoria is in Victoria.