OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Palestine (disambiguation)

Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a country in West Asia.
Palestine (variously transliterated from Arabic as Falastin, Felesteen, and Felestin, and from Latin as Palaestina) may also refer to:

## Geographic region

In alphabetical order:
* Jund Filastin, a military district in the Umayyad and Abbasid province of Bilad al-Sham
* Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948), a geopolitical entity under British administration
* Occupied Palestinian territories, territories occupied by Israel since 1967, namely the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip
* Palaestina Prima or Palaestina I (395-630s), Byzantine province
* Palaestina Secunda or Palaestina II (390-630s), Byzantine province
* Palaestina Tertia or Palaestina Salutaris (c. 300-630s), Byzantine province
* Palestine (region), a geographic region in West Asia
* Syria Palaestina, a Roman province in the Palestine region between the early 2nd and late 4th centuries AD

## Other places
### Iraq

* Palestine Hotel, building in Baghdad
* Palestine Street, in Baghdad

### United Kingdom

* Palestine, Hampshire, England
* Palestine Place, headquarters in London of the Church of England's organization Church's Ministry Among Jewish People

### United States

Alphabetically by state.
* Palestine, Arkansas
* Palestine, a community of Newtown, Connecticut
* Palestine, Illinois, in Crawford County
* Palestine Township, Woodford County, Illinois
* New Palestine, Illinois
* Palestine, Indiana (disambiguation), several places
* Palestine Township, Story County, Iowa
* Palestine Township, Cooper County, Missouri
* Palestine, Ohio
* East Palestine, Ohio
* New Palestine, Ohio
* Palestine, Texas
* Lake Palestine, in Texas
* Palestine, Greenbrier County, West Virginia
* Palestine, Wirt County, West Virginia

## Arts, entertainment, and media

* Falastin, a Palestinian newspaper published from 1911 to 1967
* Felesteen (newspaper), a Palestinian newspaper published since 2006
* New Palestine (magazine), an American magazine published in 1919
* Palestine (graphic novel), a 2001 non-fiction graphic novel by Joe Sacco
* Palestine from the Perspective of Ayatollah Khamenei, a 2011 compilation of statements by Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
* Palestine (poem), an 1803 poem by Reginald Heber
* Palestine, a 1912 American silent documentary film by Sidney Olcott
* Charlemagne Palestine (born 1947), American composer

## Other uses

* Palestine (horse), a racehorse who won the 2,000 Guineas in 1950
# Nicolai Dohn

Nicolai Møller Dohn (born 18 August 1998) is a Danish footballer, who plays as a midfielder for Faroese club 07 Vestur.

## Youth career

Dohn was born in Skjød, and starting playing football at HGF Fodbold in a small town called Hammel. He later joined AGF and AC Horsens in 2015.

## Club career
### AC Horsens

Dohn was the captain of the U19 team and trained occasionally with the first team.
He got his debut for AC Horsens on 8 October 2016. Dohn started on the bench, but replaced Joseph Mensah in the 54th minute in a 3-1 victory against Tarm IF in the Danish Cup.
The midfielder got his official debut for AC Horsens on 8 May 2017. Bech started on the bench, but came on the pitch in the 76th minute, replacing Kjartan Finnbogason in a 2-1 victory against Randers FC in the Danish Superliga. Only 2 days later, Dohn signed a new one-year contract with Horsens. This contract would mean, that he occasionally would be training with the first team, while finishing his school.

### Nykøbing FC

Dohn signed for Nykøbing FC on 29 July 2018. On 27 November 2019 it was confirmed, that Dohn would leave the club at the end of the year.

### Skive IK

As a free agent, Dohn signed with Skive IK on 1 February 2020. With a total of 104 games for Skive, Dohn left the club at the end of the 2022-23 season.

### Faroe Islands

In January 2024, Dohn joined Faroese club Skála ÍF. A year later, ahead of the 2025 season, Dohn moved to 07 Vestur.
# Negro World

Negro World was the newspaper of the Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA). Founded by Garvey and Amy Ashwood Garvey, the newspaper was published weekly in Harlem, and distributed internationally to the UNIA's chapters in more than forty countries. Distributed weekly, at its peak, the Negro World reached a circulation of 200,000.
Notable editors included Marcus Garvey, T. Thomas Fortune, William H. Ferris, W.A. Domingo and Amy Jacques Garvey.

## Background

Garvey founded the UNIA in July 1914, and within the organization's first few years had started publishing Negro World.
Monthly, Negro World distributed more copies than The Messenger, The Crisis and Opportunity (other important African-American publications). Colonial rulers banned its sales and even possession in their territories, including both British Empire and French colonial empire possessions. Distribution in foreign countries was conducted through black seamen who would smuggle the paper into such areas.
Negro World ceased publication in 1933.

## Content

For a nickel, readers received a front-page editorial by Garvey, along with poetry and articles of international interest to people of African ancestry. Under the editorship of Amy Jacques Garvey the paper featured a full page called "Our Women and What They Think".
Negro World also played an important part in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s. The paper was a focal point for publication on the arts and African-American culture, including poetry, commentary on theatre and music, and regular book reviews. Romeo Lionel Dougherty, a prominent figure of the Jazz Age, began writing for Negro World in 1922.

## Contributors

Notable editors and contributors to Negro World included:
* Duse Mohamed Ali
* John Edward Bruce
* Wilfred Adolphus Domingo
* William Henry Ferris
* Timothy Thomas Fortune
* William Henderson Franklin
* Amy Ashwood Garvey
* Amy Jacques Garvey
* Hubert Henry Harrison
* Samuel Alfred Haynes
* Zora Neale Hurston
* John G. Jackson
* Robert Lincoln Poston
* Andy Razaf
* Joel Augustus Rogers
* Arthur Schomburg
* William Alexander Stephenson
* Eric Walrond
* Carter Godwin Woodson
# Johnny Dent

John George Dent (born 31 January 1903) was an English professional footballer who played for Durham City, Huddersfield Town and Nottingham Forest.

## Nottingham Forest

Dent made his league debut for Nottingham Forest on 3 October 1929 at the City Ground in a 1–1 draw with Bradford Park Avenue.
He is one of only 6 players to score over 100 goals for Nottingham Forest, netting his first on 5 October 1929 away to Tottenham Hotspur. In March 1935 he scored two successive hat-tricks against Oldham Athletic and Burnley. Both matches were 5-0 victories for Forest. He scored five hat-tricks for Forest in total.
Dent's final appearance for Forest was against Leicester City at the City Ground on 19 December 1936.
# Quaternary (disambiguation)

The Quaternary is a geologic period.
Quaternary (an adjective meaning "fourth in order" or "composed of four items") may also refer to:
* Quaternary (chemistry) (see also Quaternary compound and Quaternary phase)
* Quaternary structure of proteins
* Quaternary sector of the economy, which encompasses knowledge-based services
* Quaternary care, health care that includes highly specialized or experimental treatments
* Quaternary numeral system (base-4) in mathematics
* Quaternary counting system, as used in some human languages
* Quaternary (EP), an album by Mötley Crüe
* Quaternary star system, a star system that contains four stars
# Dimitar Iliev Popov

Dimitar Iliev Popov (Pokriva) (Bulgarian: Димитър Илиев Попов; 26 June 1927 – 5 December 2015) was a leading Bulgarian judge and the first Prime Minister of the country not to be a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party since 1946. He was also the first Prime Minister since 1944 who was not a Communist or a fellow traveler.
Popov, who did not have any party affiliation and was chosen for his perceived impartiality as a member of the judiciary, was selected to head the new government after the resignation of Andrey Lukanov in December 1990 in the face of mass demonstrations and a general strike. As Prime Minister, Popov oversaw the drafting of the new constitution as well as the second open elections. Although overseeing the beginnings of the policy of privatization, Popov's government was more of a caretaker administration.
Popov died at the age of 88 on December 5, 2015.
# 1776 in Spain

The year 1776 was a period of enlightenment and change for Spain, a nation then under the rule of King Charles III, one of the most progressive Bourbon monarchs. This era, part of the Age of Enlightenment in Europe, saw Spain grapple with internal reforms and external challenges that would shape its trajectory towards modernization.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Charles III
* First Secretary of State - Jerónimo Grimaldi

## Overview

* In 1776, Spain was a global empire, with territories spanning from Europe to the Americas and the Philippines. The influence of the Enlightenment was evident in the Spanish court, where ideas of rational governance, economic reform, and scientific progress were taking root under the guidance of Charles III and his enlightened ministers. The Presidio of San Francisco is also founded in New Spain on September 17.

## Governance and Politics

* King Charles III continued his efforts to modernize Spain's administration and infrastructure. He was known for his "Regalismo" policy, which aimed to reduce the power of the church and increase the power of the state. This year also saw further implementation of the Bourbon Reforms, which were intended to strengthen the empire and consolidate royal authority.

## Births

* February 20 - Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca, Spanish colonial governor of Cuba (d. 1846)
* June 12 - José Manuel de Goyeneche, 1st Count of Guaqui, Spanish soldier, diplomat (d. 1846)
* August 18 - Agustín Argüelles, Spanish liberal politician (d. 1844)
* October 4 - Mariano Lagasca, Spanish botanist (d. 1839)
* October 6 - James Duff, 4th Earl Fife, Scottish-born Spanish general (d. 1857)
* December 16 - Narciso Durán, Spanish Franciscan missionary to Mexico (d. 1846)
* December 19 - Eusebio Bardají y Azara, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1842)

## Deaths

* October 30 – Simón de Anda y Salazar, Spanish Basque governor of the Philippines from July (b. 1709)
* November 15 – Fernando de Silva, 12th Duke of Alba, Spanish duke (b. 1714)
# Morgan Topping

Morgan Topping (born 25 March 1999) is an Irish cricketer. He made his List A debut for Northern Knights in the 2017 Inter-Provincial Cup on 4 June 2017. In December 2017, he was named in Ireland's squad for the 2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. He made his Twenty20 debut on 19 September 2021, for Northern Knights in the 2021 Inter-Provincial Trophy. In January 2025, Topping was named in the Ireland squad for their tour of Zimbabwe to take place the following month.
# Toce

The Toce (Italian pronunciation:; Lombard: Toss; Walser: Riiss) is a river in Piedmont, Italy, which stretches the length of the Val d'Ossola from the Swiss border to Lake Maggiore into which it debouches near Fondotoce in the commune of Verbania. The river is 83.6 kilometres (51.9 mi) long and is formed in the upper Val Formazza by the confluence of a number of torrents in the plain of Riale.

## Geography

The source of one of these, the Gries, is situated on the Italian southern side of the Gries Pass; another forms beneath the Passo di San Giacomo, others flow from little Alpine lakes such as Lago Castel and Lago di Sabbione.
South of La Frua the water of the river plummets 143 metres (469 ft) over the Cascata del Toce into the Formazza Valley, through which it flows before transversing Valle Antigorio after another series of cascades. Near Crevola d'Ossola the river Diveria flows into the Toce. At this point, the valley gets wider and is known as Val d'Ossola. The Toce flows next to the capital of the valley, Domodossola, and then Villadossola and Ornavasso. After a total of 76 kilometres (47 mi) the Toce then flows into Lake Maggiore. The major tributaries are the Diveria, Bogna, Melezzo Occidentale (joining it near Domodossola), Ovesca, Anza (near Piedimulera), and the Strona (near Gravellona Toce).

## History

In ancient times the Toce river was called Athisone or Atisone, whence the current name is derived. Old alternative forms in Italian include Toccia and Tosa.
# Ebor Reed

Ebor Reed (30 November 1899 – 1971) was an English professional footballer who played as a defender. He played in the Football League for Cardiff City, Nottingham Forest and Rotherham United before playing for several teams in Ireland.

## Career

Born in Spennymoor, Reed began his career with Newcastle United in 1922. However, he struggled to break into the first team and left the club in 1925 without making a senior appearance. He instead joined Cardiff City where he made his professional debut in the Football League First Division, making six appearances during the 1925–26 season. He left the club at the end of the season and spent a similar one season spell with Nottingham Forest.
In 1927, he joined Third Division North side Rotherham United where he spent two seasons as a first team regular and made over 60 appearances in all competitions. He joined Derry City in 1929 ahead of their first season in the Irish League, scoring six times from the penalty spot during the season. However, at the end of his first season with Derry, he was unable to agree terms with the club for a second season after they refused his request of £5 per week in wages and a £50 signing fee.
He instead moved to Dundalk, helping the club finish as runner-up in the league and reach the final of the FAI Cup in his first season. The arrival of Albert Harrison the following season saw Reed move to an unfamiliar role at wing half. He played in the club's 7–3 victory over Shamrock Rovers in the final of the LFA President's Cup in September 1931 but the club's struggles in the league, coupled with financial difficulties, led to Reed and several other players being released at the end of the season. He later played for Portadown.

## Honours

Dundalk
* LFA President's Cup winner: 1931–32
# List of football clubs in Mali

The following is an incomplete list of association football clubs based in Mali. For a complete list see Category:Football clubs in Mali

## A

* Africa Sports de Gao
* Atar Club
* Avenir (Ségou)
* Avenir AC (Timbuktu)

## B

* AS Bakaridjan de Barouéli (Ségou)
* AS Bamako (Bamako)
* AS Biton (Ségou)
* US Bougouni

## C

* CAS de Sévaré
* JS Centre Salif Keita (Bamako)
* Cercle Olympique de Bamako (Bamako) - abbreviation and common form: COB

## D

* Débo Club de Mopti
* Djoliba AC (Bamako)
* CS Duguwolofila de Babanba (Koulikoro)

## F

* al Farouk (Timbuktu)

## J

* Jeanne d'Arc FC
* Jeunesse Sportive (Ségou)

## K

* Kayésienne - now part of AS Sigui
* Association Sportive de Korofina (Bamako)

## M

* Mamahira AC (Kati)
* AS Mandé (Bamako)
* AS Mandé (women) (Bamako)

## N

* AS Nianan (Koulikoro)

## O

* Office du Niger Sports
* AS Olympique de Messira
* Onze Créateurs de Niaréla (Bamako)

## P

* AS Police (Bamako)

## R

* Real Bamako, Association Sportive (Bamako)

## S

* Sabana
* AS Sigui - Kayés
* Sonni AC (Gao)
* Stade Malien (Bamako)
* Stade Malien de Sikasso

## T

* AS Tata National (Sikasso)
* Tibo Club (Mopti)

## U

* Union Sportive des Forces Armées et Sécurité de Bamako

## Y

* Yeelen Olympique

## Women's clubs

* AS Mandé (women)
# McAlester Formation

The McAlester Formation is a Pennsylvanian geologic formation in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma. Early descriptions of this unit considered it to be part of the Coal Measures, part of the Upper or Western Coal Bearing Division, the Spadra Stage and part of the Sebastian Stage, and part of the Cavaniol Group. In 1899, J.A. Taff introduced the McAlester Formation name in his study of the Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma. The name was introduced into Arkansas in 1907 as the McAlester Group, where it consisted of the formations known as the Spadra Shale, the Fort Smith Formation, and the Paris Shale. These formations was redefined and replaced in 1960, when the McAlester Shale replaced the Spadra Shale and the lower Fort Smith Formation. The McAlester Formation is informally recognized with three sub-units in Arkansas: the Lower and Upper Hartshorne coal beds, and the McAlester coal bed. Taff assigned the type locality near the town of McAlester in Pittsburg County, Oklahoma, however he did not state whether the town is the origin of the name. Taff did not designate a stratotype and, as of 2017, a reference section for the McAlester Formation has not been designated.
# Greater Antillean bullfinch

The Greater Antillean bullfinch (Melopyrrha violacea) is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae.

## Distribution and habitat

It is found in the Bahamas, Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic and Haiti, as well as surrounding islands), Jamaica, and the Turks and Caicos Islands. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, and heavily degraded former forest.

## Taxonomy

The Greater Antillean bullfinch was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Loxia violacea. The specific epithet violacea is from Latin violaceus meaning "violet-coloured". Linnaeus based his description on "The Purple Gross-beak" that had been described and illustrated by Mark Catesby in 1731. The type locality is the Bahamas.
This species was formerly placed in the genus Loxigilla. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that Loxigilla was polyphyletic and in the subsequent rearrangement the Greater Antillean bullfinch and the Puerto Rican bullfinch were moved to Melopyrrha.

## Subspecies

Five subspecies are recognised:
* M. v. violacea (Linnaeus, 1758) – north, central Bahamas
* M. v. ofella (Buden, 1986) – central, east Turks and Caicos Islands, south Bahamas
* M. v. maurella (Wetmore, 1929) – Tortue Island (off northwest Hispaniola)
* M. v. affinis (Ridgway, 1898) – Hispaniola and surrounding islands
* M. v. ruficollis (Gmelin, JF, 1789) – Jamaica
# Walter Foster (cricketer)

Walter Foster (born 24 May 1915, date of death unknown) was a Barbadian cricketer. He played in one first-class match for the Barbados cricket team in 1941/42.
# William Howell (Barbadian cricketer)

William Howell (9 August 1866 – 11 November 1958) was a Barbadian cricketer. He played in five first-class matches for the Barbados cricket team from 1883 to 1895.
# Jon Harris (American football)

Jonathan Cecil Harris (born June 9, 1974) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) for the Philadelphia Eagles, Cleveland Browns, and the Green Bay Packers. He played college football at the University of Virginia and was selected in the first round (25th overall) of the 1997 NFL draft. He currently resides in Swedesboro, New Jersey.

## NFL career

After the 1998 NFL season, the Philadelphia Eagles traded Harris to the Green Bay Packers in exchange for John Michels, but Harris never played for the Packers. In his two-season career, Harris played in 24 games (starting eight), and recorded two sacks.
# Carleton Clarke

Carleton Clarke (28 August 1875 – 13 December 1961) was a Barbadian cricketer. He played in two first-class matches for the Barbados cricket team in 1893/94.
# William Hoad

William Hoad (7 October 1885 – 24 January 1920) was a Barbadian cricketer. He played in six first-class matches for Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago from 1901 to 1906.
# Fraser Russell

Sir Alexander Fraser Russell, KBE (21 October 1876 – 28 March 1952), publicly known as Sir Fraser Russell, was three times acting Governor of Southern Rhodesia as well as its long-serving Chief Justice.

## Early life

Born at St Andrew's Church, Somerset Road, Cape Town, to The Reverend J.M. Russell and his wife Nancy, Russell attended Normal College, Merchiston Castle School, Scotland, and the South African College, Cape Town. At the South African College he obtained a double degree in Arts and Science and was awarded the Ebden Scholarship to study overseas for three years. General Jan Smuts had obtained the same scholarship three years previously. He went first to St John's College, Cambridge, where he gained a first class Law Degree in 1900, and secondly to the Middle Temple, London, to study law.
Russell was called to the Middle Temple bar in 1901 and later that same year was admitted to the South African Bar. From 1902 to 1915 he was editor of the Supreme Court Reports of the Cape Colony and Union of South Africa before his elevation to the bench in Southern Rhodesia. Russell married Winifred Robertson in 1904 and together they had two daughters and two sons.
In 1931 Russell was appointed Chief Justice of Southern Rhodesia and, in 1939, President of the Rhodesian Court of Appeal. While serving as Chief Justice, Russell acted as Governor of Southern Rhodesia from 1934–35, 1936–37 and 1942. He was invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1943 New Year Honours.
Russell died in 1952 aged 75, survived by his wife, two daughters and a son, with one son killed in action in 1941. Their daughter Ida married the West Indian Test cricket captain, and later teacher and missionary in Africa, Jackie Grant.
# Vicary Challenor

Vicary Challenor (15 May 1883 – 25 March 1973) was a Barbadian cricketer. He played in ten first-class matches for the Barbados cricket team from 1900 to 1904.
# Sister Mary Leo

Dame Sister Mary Leo Niccol DBE (3 April 1895 – 5 May 1989) was a New Zealand religious sister who is best known for training some of the world's finest sopranos, including Mina Foley, Dames Malvina Major, Kiri Te Kanawa, Mona Ross and Heather Begg.
She was born as Kathleen Agnes Niccol in Auckland and educated by the Sisters of Mercy. She had a talent for music and eventually adopted the vocation of a teacher of music. She took private classes in dancing, elocution, and singing.
She joined the Sisters of Mercy at the age of 28, taking the religious name Sister Mary Leo. She occupied herself in the work of her religious institute in tending to the sick and needy. Sister Mary Leo initially began her teaching career as a violin teacher. She never received formal training in vocal technique. It was in the late 1930s, after she heard a recording of Deanna Durbin and was so taken with Durbin's natural tone, flexible technique, vocal range, and repertoire that included both opera and light music, that she decided to devote her time to teaching singing.
She developed the already strong musical tradition of St Mary's College in Auckland, with its orchestra, choirs, and individual tuition, and also conducted the Sisters' Choir. From 1934, the college offered private tuition, and her reputation as a vocal coach flourished.
From 1950 on, honours and plaudits followed the success of such students as Dame Malvina Major, Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, Dame Heather Begg, Mina Foley, Judith Edwards, Elisabeth Hellawell, Patricia Price, Mona Ross and Elaine Dow; Leo's influence extended into the rock music world with student Jan Hellriegel.
In 1980 the Grand Opera Society of Auckland established the Dame Sister Mary Leo Scholarship in her honour. She was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to music, in the 1963 New Year Honours, and elevated to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1973 Queen's Birthday Honours. She died in 1989, aged 94.