OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paradise Valley (Montana)

Paradise Valley is a major river valley of the Yellowstone River in Southwestern Montana just north of Yellowstone National Park in Park County. The valley is flanked by the Absaroka Range on the east and the Gallatin Range on the west.
The Paradise Valley is separated from the Gallatin Valley and Bozeman, MT, by the Bozeman Pass. Interstate 90 passes through both communities. The valley lies predominantly along a north–south axis, and is anchored to the north by Livingston, Montana and to the south by Yankee Jim Canyon, approximately fifteen miles north of Gardiner, Montana and the north entrance of Yellowstone Park. US Highway 89 passes through the valley and into Yellowstone National Park. The valley was the route taken by early Yellowstone expeditions and the only recognized route into the park when it was established in 1872.
The Yellowstone River flows through the valley and is noted for world-class fly fishing in the river and nearby spring creeks such as DePuy Spring Creek. The valley also features several natural hot springs, including Chico Hot Springs near Emigrant, Montana, La Duke Hot Springs near Gardiner, and Hunter's Hot Springs near Livingston.
Mount Cowen is the largest peak near the valley, at 11,212 feet (3,417 m) in elevation. It is located in the southern portion of the valley on the eastern side of the river within the Absaroka mountain range.
The valley is winter range for elk, specifically The Paradise Valley Herd and The Northern Herd.

## In popular culture

In the Paramount Network show Yellowstone, Paradise Valley is the home to the (fictional) Yellowstone Ranch owned by John Dutton.
* Mule deer are common in the valley.
* Yellowstone River in Emigrant, Montana
* Emigrant Peak viewed from Rivers Bend Ranch near the town of Emigrant
* Paradise Valley from 15,000 feet (4,600 m) over Livingston, Montana (looking south)
* Bottler Ranch near Emigrant in 1871 during Hayden Geological Survey of 1871

## Notable residents

* Al Agnew, artist
* Casey Anderson, filmmaker and wildlife naturalist
* John Banovich, artist/conservationist
* Richard Brautigan, poet
* Jeff Bridges, actor
* Austen S. Cargill II, billionaire heir of Cargill
* Russell Chatham, American landscape artist, author, and fly fisherman
* Al Feldstein, Mad magazine founder
* Peter Fonda, actor/director
* Eduardo Garcia, chef, outdoorsman, public speaker
* Jim Harrison, author
* Margot Kidder, actress
* Patrick Markey, producer
* John Mayer, singer-songwriter
* Thomas McGuane, author
* Ken Niles, radio announcer, actor
* Wendell Niles, radio announcer, actor
* Christopher Paolini, author
* Missi Pyle, actress
# Suste Bonnén

Suste Bonnén (born 25 October 1948) is a Danish portrait photographer, sculptor and author. She is particularly known for her underwater sculpture group Agnete and the Merman which is installed at the bottom of the Frederiksholm canal in Copenhagen next to Højbro (the high bridge) and Christiansborg Palace (the parliament building). A member of the Bonnén family, a well-known family in Danish art, she is the sister of the sculptor Peter Bonnén and the artist Kaspar Bonnén. She is also the mother of the gonzo journalist Nicolai Frederik Bonnén Rossen.
In November 2018 she was convicted of sharing revenge porn of her ex-husband masturbating. The recipients included his children. The sentence was 20 days in jail, which she did not serve, and a fine of 10,000 Danish krone (US$1,500).
It was her 6th marriage.
# Okeme Eleojo

Okeme Eleojo (born 4 October 1992 in Sokoto) is a Nigerian professional football player who currently plays for Al-Karkh SC as a central defender.
# November 2021 Sokoto State massacre

In November 2021, a massacre occurred in Sokoto, Nigeria, supposedly by gunmen, locally known as 'bandits'. At least 40 were killed in all, with countless homes set on fire by bandits. Sokoto had been seeing numerous waves of attacks during that time period.
# Federal High Court of Nigeria

The Federal High Court of Nigeria (FHC) is one the Federal superior Courts of record in Nigeria. It has coordinate jurisdiction with the High Courts of the States of the Federation, including FCT. The headquarters is located in Shehu Shagari Way, Central District Abuja.

## Overview

The Federal High Court was formerly called the Federal Revenue Court and was established by the Federal Revenue Act of 1973. However, by virtue of section 228(1) and 230 (2) of the 1979 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, it was renamed, Federal High Court. The Federal High Court has both criminal and civil jurisdiction over matter instituted before it pursuant to section 251 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended).

## Structure and Organization

The Federal High Court is composed of the Chief Judge and such number of judges as may be prescribed by an Act of the National Assembly. Judges of the FHC are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council, and subject to confirmation by the Senate. To qualify for the post of a Chief Judge or judges of the Federal High Court, such a person must have been qualified to practice law in Nigeria, and must have been so qualified for a period not less than ten years. The retirement age for Judges of the Federal High Court of Nigeria is 70 years.
As at December, 2021, the total number of Federal High Court judges in the country stood at 75. Meanwhile, the total number of cases across the various judicial division was 128,000

## List of Judicial Divisions

Although, the court is headquartered in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, it has several judicial divisions around the country. These are:
* Federal High Court, Abuja (Headquarters)
* Federal High Court, Abakaliki
* Federal High Court, Abeokuta
* Federal High Court, Akure
* Federal High Court, Ado- Ekiti
* Federal High Court, Awka
* Federal High Court, Asaba
* Federal High Court, Bauchi
* Federal High Court, Yenegao
* Federal High Court, Benin
* Federal High Court Calabar
* Federal High Court, Damaturu
* Federal High Court, Dutse
* Federal High Court, Enugu
* Federal High Court, Gombe
* Federal High Court, Ibadan
* Federal High Court, Ikeja
* Federal High Court, IIorin
* Federal High Court, Jos
* Federal High Court, Kaduna
* Federal High Court, Kano
* Federal High Court, Lafia
* Federal High Court, Lagos
* Federal High Court, Maiduguri
* Federal High Court, Markurdi
* Federal High Court, Minna
* Federal High Court, Oshogbo
* Federal High Court, Port Harcourt
* Federal High Court, Owerri
* Federal High Court, Sokoto
* Federal High Court, Umuahia
* Federal High Court, Warri
# National Board for Arabic and Islamic Studies

The National Board for Arabic and Islamic Studies (NBAIS; Arabic: المجلس الوطني للدراسات العربية والإسلامية) is a government organization tasked with planning and implementing Arabic and Islamic studies curriculum in Nigeria. It was established in 1960 as an independent body then became a department in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, with activities mainly in the northern part of Nigeria. In 2011, the body was mandated to cover the entire country making it another examination body in Nigeria.

## History

The National Board for Arabic and Islamic Studies (NBAIS) was founded by Alhaji Sir, Ahmadu Bello Sardauna of Sokoto in 1960. Subsequently, it was transferred to Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria in 1969.The Board has undergone series of positive transformation. Firstly, as a Board for the Northern part of Nigeria only with few Schools and Colleges under its tutelage. Currently, with the recognition and approval of National Council on Education (NCE) at its 57th meeting held at Sokoto in February, 2011, the Board as a National Examination and Regulatory Body covers the whole nation with over 900 recognized schools and colleges.

## Examinations

The National Board for Arabic and Islamic Studies carries out examinations annually for Senior Secondary Students across the country who have registered with the board. Currently, the board plans and conducts three different examination every academic session. They are:
* Senior Arabic and Islamic Secondary School Certificate Examination (SAISSCE)
* Tahfeez Examination for students majoring in Qur'anic Sciences
* Science (for Conventional curriculum)

## Challengies

After the expanding the scope of the board's activities to cover the 36 states of the country including the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), it was faced with several challenges. These challengies include the recognition of the certificate offered by the board. Many academic institutions including some federal universities refused to recognize the certificate due to one reason or another. Another challenge was embezzlement allegation labelled against the registrar. In 2021, a media house reported an allegation case against him for siffoning away a huge sum of money belonging to the board which was debunked by the board. It also accused some high-ranking members of the board for employing family members and friends in the board.
# 2019 in Kazakhstan

Events of 2019 in Kazakhstan.

## Incumbents

* President: Nursultan Nazarbayev (until March) Kassym-Jomart Tokayev (since June)
* Prime Minister: Bakhytzhan Sagintayev (until February) Askar Mamin (since February)

## Events
### February

* February 21 – President Nazarbayev fires the government and appoints Askar Mamin as the new prime minister.

### March

* March 19
* March 20 – Nazarbayev resigns after 30 years in power.
** Kassym-Jomart Tokayev is sworn into office at a ceremony in the Parliament of Kazakhstan attended by outgoing President Nazarbayev.
** The Parliament of Kazakhstan approves the renaming of the capital city from Astana to Nursultan.
* March 24 – Kazakhstan loses 0–4 to Russia in a match of UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying Group I at Astana Arena.

### June

* June 9 – Early presidential elections were held in the country with seven registered candidates, including incumbent president Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. Tokayev was subsequently re-elected with 71% of the vote.

### December

* December 27 – At least 12 died and at least 60 injured in a plane crash near Almaty Airport.

## Deaths
### December

* 31 December – Serikbolsyn Abdildin, economist and politician (b. 1937).
# Adam Hogg

Adam Hogg (born 26 April 1934) was a Scottish footballer who played for Airdrie, Swindon and Dumbarton.
# No. 200 Squadron IAF

No. 200 Squadron is a unit of the Indian Air Force assigned to Western Air Command based out of Bathinda AFS, Punjab. The squadron participates in electronic intelligence, reconnaissance, Airborne early warning and control operations.

## Aircraft

* ERJ-145I AEW&C
# Dally ribbon roping

Dally ribbon roping, or simply ribbon roping, is a team rodeo event that features a steer and one mounted riders and one contestant on foot. It is a timed event. The roper starts in the box and the runner must start from a designated spot determined by the field judge. Some rules allow a runner to start anywhere in the arena.
The event begins when the steer breaks the barrier. The roper must rope the steer. Any type of catch is legal. The roper must then "dally" which is to make several loops around the saddle horn with the rope. The runner must then grab the ribbon off the calf's tail. The runner then races back to the box, and the time is stopped once the runner crosses the barrier. Many organizations, like the National Little Britches Rodeo Association (NLBRA) allow coed teams.

## Equipment

The equipment is the same used by team ropers:
* Rope - made of synthetic fibers, used to rope the steer.
* Horn wraps - protective wraps that go around the horns of the steer to prevent rope burns and reduce the risk of a horn breaking when roped.
* Roping gloves - To prevent rope burns on the hands of the riders
* Western saddle - Roping saddles have a particularly strong design with double rigging and other specialized features, including a rubber wrap around the saddle horn to keep the dally from slipping, and usually a wooden rawhide-covered saddle tree or a reinforced fiberglass tree.
* Bell boots and brushing boots are placed on the horse's legs for protection

## Rules

There are various organizations that sanction team roping events at local, regional and national levels. Some of the rules common to most groups include:
* The roper must start from inside the box
* Depending on the organization the runner may be allowed to start anywhere in the arena or may be limited to a starting location indicated by the judge
* If the barrier is broken there is a 10-second penalty
* Most organizations allow what is called "catch as catch can" which means any roping catch is legal.
# Kadar dialect

The Kadar dialect (G'adaran lug'at / Гъадаран лугъат) is a dialect of the North Dargwa language [ru], one of the Dargin languages, which is characterized by specific phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic features. It is traditionally regarded as a single dialect of Dargwa. The vocabulary layer of the Kadar dialect includes words borrowed from Arabic, Persian, Russian and especially Turkic, due to contact with Kumyk.

## Phonology

Kadar has 39 consonants and 5 vowels. Gemination does not occur, as in other Dargin languages, but there are labialized consonants, being [gʷ] and [kʷ].
| | | Labial | Dental | Dental | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal/ Epiglottal | Glottal |
| | | Labial | plain | sib. | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal/ Epiglottal | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | | | | | | | |
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiced | b | d | | d͡ʒ | | ɡ | ɢ | ʡ | |
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | t͡s | t͡ʃ | | k | q | | ʔ |
| Plosive/ Affricate | ejective | pʼ | tʼ | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | | kʼ | qʼ | | |
| Fricative | voiced | v | z | | ʒ | (ʝ) | | ʁ | | |
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | | ʃ | ç | | χ | ħ | h |
| Sonorant | Sonorant | | l | | r | j | | | | |

## Grammar
### Case

Kadar has less cases than other Dargin languages.
# HSwMS Näcken (1978)

HSwMS Näcken was the lead ship of her class of submarine for the Swedish Navy. She was launched at the Kockums shipyard in Malmö, Sweden, on 17 April 1978, and completed and commissioned into the Swedish Navy in April 1980. From 2001 to 2005, the submarine was leased to the Royal Danish Navy and operated as HDMS Kronborg (S325). She was restored to her original name of Näcken upon her return to Swedish control. She was scrapped in Karlskrona during 2015–2016.

## History
### Refit

In November 1987, Näcken began a major refit at Kockums. This involved installing two closed circuit Tilsa Stirling diesel engines. This new diesel, the Stirling V4-275R, provides air-independent propulsion which allows the submarine to operate continuously underwater. However, in order to incorporate the new engine, the ship was lengthened by 8 metres (26 ft). The refit took until 6 September 1988. The endurance of the vessel, following refit, increased to 14 days. Näcken became the test bed for the technology which was used in the later Gotland class.
The ship had further modifications between 1993 and 1996. This comprised improved weapon control systems, automated torpedo tube loading and new sonar.

### Transfer to Denmark

Näcken was transferred to Denmark in 2001 as part of a deal for the design and construction of the Viking-class project. The boat was leased by Denmark with an option to buy in 2005. Before the transfer, Denmark had the communications systems aboard upgraded. The submarine was recommissioned as Kronborg on 17 August 2001 at Aalborg. Denmark had acquired Kronborg partly to keep a submarine service and partly to train crews on air-independent propulsion in preparation for the Viking class. However, in June 2004, the Danish parliament voted to end the submarine service. On 27 October 2004, Kronborg was decommissioned at Karlskrona and returned to Sweden.
# Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids

Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1969 as Radiation Effects. It obtained its current title in 1989 and covers radiation effects and phenomena induced by the interaction of all types of radiation with condensed matter: radiation physics, radiation chemistry, radiobiology, and physical effects of medical irradiation, including research on radiative cell degeneration, optical, electrical and mechanical effects of radiation, and their secondary effects such as diffusion and particle emission from surfaces, plasma techniques, and plasma phenomena. It is published monthly by Taylor & Francis.
# Staatsbosbeheer

Staatsbosbeheer, founded in 1899, is a Dutch government organization for forestry and the management of nature reserves.
Staatsbosbeheer currently oversees over 250,000 hectares of land in the Netherlands. Usually this land is open to the public for recreational purposes, but restrictions often apply. Examples are the compulsory use of a leash when bringing a dog, or daytime access only.
The organization has been criticized for not taking close enough care of its lands, or for interfering with political decisions, but news reports are generally positive or simply report public service announcements from the organization.
While the literal translation of the name would be 'State Forest Management', forests make up only 900 square kilometres of the total land under supervision. The remaining land consists of various landscapes, such as dunes, polders and wetlands.

## Chairpersons

| Chairperson | Periode |
| Hans Wiegel (born 1941) | 1 January 1998 – 1 January 2008 (10 years, 0 days) |
| Elco Brinkman (born 1948) | 1 January 2008 – 1 April 2010 (2 years, 90 days) |
| Inge Brakman (born 1961) | 1 April 2010 – 1 January 2018 (7 years, 275 days) |
| Charlotte Insinger (born 1965) | 1 January 2018 – present (7 years, 17 days) |

## Notable areas under supervision by Staatsbosbeheer

* Bargerveen
* Berkheide
* De Biesbosch
* Donkse Laagten
* Oostvaardersplassen
* Strubben-Kniphorstbos
* Utrechtse Heuvelrug National Park
* Wierickerschans
# Outfarm

An outfarm is a smaller cluster of buildings set around a yard which provides facilities for outlying fields separate from the main farmsteads. They are often considered alongside field barns as enabling larger farms to work more distant films more efficiently. However, they are usually somewhat larger. Examples of facilities include shelter for cattle, threshing floors, and other storage facilities. Some outfarms included cottages to house the workers located there.
Some outfarms have become listed buildings as they provide important surviving example of the local regional character. Often they indicate a local response to the development of farming methods in the nineteenth century and are built from local materials in a vernacular style. For example, Wood Barn Outfarm in Ipplepen.
# Luz (bone)

In Jewish mythology, the luz (Hebrew: לוּז, romanized: lûz) is a bone in the spinal column that houses the soul of the human body. In Hebrew, "luz" means almond, though in some editions of the Bible, it is translated as hazel. Jewish traditions teach that the luz is the bone from which the body will be rebuilt at the time of resurrection, and share the idea that this bone does not decay. Rabbi Shraga Simmons teaches that destruction of this bone by cremation could prevent resurrection.
Interpretations disagree as to where in the spine the luz is located. Some say it refers to the small, almond-shaped bone at the top of the spinal column (the first cervical vertebra, C1 or the Atlas), underneath the brain, on the top of the spine, (the bone where the knot of the tefillin rests). Other tradition however identified it with the coccyx, at the bottom end of the eighteen vertebrae. The Talmud, for example, mentions a small bone at the end of the spine, identified as the luz by some. Julius Preuss discusses the Rabbinic views on this and agrees that the luz refers to the coccyx. Similarly, Saul Lieberman also mentioned that popular Jewish tradition identified the luz with the end of the spine, and understand it to be the coccyx.
Within Midrash, there is an aggadah (non-legalistic exegetical story) involving a dispute regarding the luz bone between the Roman Emperor Hadrian and the rabbi Joshua ben Hananiah. Hadrian asks how man would be resurrected at the end times, and Joshua replies it would be "from (the) luz of the spine". When asked to prove his claims, Joshua demonstrates the bone's apparent indestructibility: it could not be softened by water, cremated by fire, crushed by a mill, and when placed on an anvil and struck with a hammer, both the hammer and anvil were broken, but the bone remained undamaged.
In Kabbalah, the Zohar states that the luz is the bone in the spine that appears like the head of a snake, implying that it is the sacrum at the bottom of the spine, because the sacrum is the only bone in the spine that looks like the head of a snake. The sacrum has similar significance to the luz as a source of resurrection in Egyptian and Greek cultures contemporary to the Zohar and Talmud. Likewise, in Islamic thought, the bone's status as the indestructible nidus of human resurrection is repeated in several hadiths. The sacrum has a pattern of dimples and shape that appear similar to those of the almond shell.
# Alan MacKenzie

Alan Mackenzie (born 8 August 1966) is a Scottish former footballer. Mackenzie played for a number of Scottish clubs most notably for Cowdenbeath and Raith Rovers.
Mackenzie holds the record of being the first Clyde player to score at Broadwood Stadium, scoring the first goal at their new ground in 1994.
In 1996, he moved to Australia where he scored Perth Glory's first ever goal in their first match on 13 October 1996 in the National Soccer League.
MacKenzie also played in the West Australian State League for Bayswater City SC, where he won the Premier League Player of the Year award in 2000, and Inglewood United.
He later moved back to Scotland for a stint with Whitburn Junior F.C.
# Bulinus natalensis

Bulinus natalensis is a species of a tropical freshwater snail with a sinistral shell, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ramshorn snails and their allies. Its geographical distribution is largely limited to Kwazulu-Natal in South Africa. This species occurs in standing, perennial freshwater habitat and has the ability to aestivate for up to six months during a drought.
# Alan Westwater

George Alan Westwater (26 March 1946 – 27 June 2024) was a Scottish-Australian soccer player. He was named in the Football Federation Australia's "Team of the Decade" for the period 1963–1970 as a midfielder.

## Early life

Westwater was born in Bridge of Allan in Scotland. His father Willie was a footballer for Morton F.C. in Scottish Division A. The Westwaters moved to Australia in 1957 when Willie transferred to Bankstown in Sydney.

## Club career

In 1962, as a 16-year-old, Westwater made his debut for Canterbury-Marrickville in the New South Wales State League as an active right-side midfielder. During his first season both he and his father played in the state league.
In 1963 the Canterbury club raised £500 to enable the 17-year-old Westwater to try his luck in Scotland for the 1963–64 season. A condition imposed by the club was that Westwater had to play with them on his return to Sydney for two years. He tried out with the Rangers but ended up signing with Stirling Albion on 31 August 1963. After three seasons he returned to Sydney, Australia to play for Pan Hellenic.

## International career

Westwater's composure in midfield and willingness to join in attack earned Westwater his international debut for Australia in 1967 against Scotland. He scored his first international goal against Singapore in November 1967 and scored his second goal ten days later against Singapore again. He played the last of his 14 international matches in April 1968 against Japan in Adelaide.

## Death

Westwater died in Denny, Falkirk on 27 June 2024, at the age of 78.

## Honours

Canterbury Bankstown
* NSW Federation Cup runner-up: 1962
Australia
* South Vietnam Independence Cup: 1967
Individual In December 2013 Westwater was named in the Football Federation Australia "Team of the Decade" for the period 1963–1970.