OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Buthidaung

Buthidaung (Burmese: ဘူးသီးတောင်မြို့; MLCTS: bu:si:taung mrui., pronounced) is a town in Rakhine State, in the westernmost part of Myanmar (Burma). It is the administrative seat of the Buthidaung Township. Buthidaung lies on the west bank of the Mayu river, and experienced severe flooding in June 2010 and July 2011. Buthidaung is 16 miles east from Maungdaw. The two towns are connected by two tunnels through the Mayu mountains that were built in 1918.

## Geography

Buthidaung is one of the 16 towns in Rakhine state. Buthidaung is situated about 16 miles from Maungdaw, and similarly to this town has no train station or airport.

## History

Buthidaung has a majority Rohingya population, of which many have fled since the 2012 Rakhine State riots. Buthidaung has the second largest population of Rohingya after Maung Daw.
During the 2016–17 Northern Rakhine State clashes, three police stations in Buthidaung were reportedly surrounded by Rohingya insurgents. As a result of the clashes in Buthidaung and much of the surrounding area, many Rohingyas have left their homes.
On May 18, 2024, the town was captured by the Arakan Army during its Rakhine State offensive.
It was the birthplace of King Min Razagyi.
# Charles Knyvett

Charles Knyvett (11 February 1752 – 19 January 1822) was an English singer and organist. He established in 1791 in London the Vocal Concerts, a series of subscription concerts.

## Life

He was born in Westminster, son of Charles Knyvett and his wife Jane née Jordan; he was descended from the family of Knyvet or Knyvett of Fundenhall, Norfolk, descendants of Sir William Knyvett (d. 1515). He was educated at Westminster School, and was a chorister at Westminster Abbey, under Benjamin Cooke.
He was appointed in 1770 joint organist, with William Smethergell, of All Hallows-by-the-Tower. Possessing a fine alto voice, he was one of the chief singers at the Handel Commemoration of 1784, and he was appointed Gentleman of the Chapel Royal in 1786.
In 1789, in partnership with Samuel Harrison, he directed a series of oratorio performances at Covent Garden. In 1791, again in partnership with Harrison, and with the additional assistance of his brother William, he established at Willis's Rooms the Vocal Concerts, which were successfully carried on for three years. He was appointed in 1796 organist of the Chapel Royal. In 1801, with the co-operation of his brother William, his son Charles, Thomas Greatorex and James Bartleman, he revived the Vocal Concerts at the Hanover Square Rooms, but in the following year he withdrew from the management. In 1808 he resigned his post of Gentleman of the Chapel Royal, and was succeeded by his son Charles.
Knyvett was a member of the Royal Society of Musicians from 1778. He was for many years secretary to the Noblemen and Gentlemen's Catch Club, whose meetings were held at the Thatched House Tavern, St James's Street, and he was a frequent visitor at the meetings of the Madrigal Society. For one season he replaced Joah Bates as conductor at the Concerts of Antient Music. On 16 January 1779 he became a Freemason being initiated along with 5 other musicians in Somerset House Lodge No.2.
Knyvett died in Blandford Street, Pall Mall, on 19 January 1822. William Thomas Parke, in Musical Memoirs (ii, 236) wrote that he considered Knyvett "one of the best singers of glees", and "perhaps the best catch singer in England".

## Publications

He published in 1815 Six Airs harmonised for three and four voices; and also edited, in 1800, A Collection of favourite Glees, Catches, and Rounds presented by the Candidates for the Premiums given by the Prince of Wales in the year 1800.

## Personal life

He married in 1772 Rose Alleway, and they had three sons: Charles (1773–1852), a musician, from 1802 organist of St George's Hanover Square Church; William, a singer and composer; and Henry (1774–1843), who became an army officer.
# Htin Aung

Htin Aung (Burmese: ထင်အောင်; also Maung Htin Aung; 18 May 1909 – 10 May 1978) was a writer and scholar of Burmese culture and history. Educated at Oxford and Cambridge, Htin Aung wrote several books on Burmese history and culture in both Burmese and English. His English-language works brought a much-needed Burmese perspective to the international study of Burmese history, previously written by British historians of the colonial era. His important works include A History of Burma, Folk Elements in Burmese Buddhism, Selections from Burmese Folk Tales, Thirty Burmese Tales and Burmese Drama.
Htin Aung, as the rector of the University of Rangoon from 1946 to 1958, was the highest ranking academic in the Burmese education system, at the time. He was one of the founding fathers of the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning (ASAIHL).

## Early life and education

Htin Aung was born to a Burmese aristocratic family on 18 May 1909. His parents were U Hpein and Daw Mi Mi. He was a great-great-grandson of Maha Minhla Mindin Raza, a military officer in the Konbaung court, who fought in the First Anglo-Burmese War. He had six other siblings. He was the youngest of four brothers, including Tin Tut, Myint Thein and Kyaw Myint.
Htin Aung graduated from Yangon's elite St. Paul's English High School. After leaving the University of Rangoon with an Honours BA Degree with the distinction of the University Gold medal, he went on to receive a Bachelor of Laws from Cambridge University, a Bachelor in Civil Law from Oxford University, a Master of Laws from the University of London, and doctorates in Anthropology and Literature from Trinity College, Dublin. He was also called to the English bar by Lincoln's Inn, London.

## Career

Htin Aung was the Rector of Rangoon University (Yangon University) from 1946 to 1958 and Vice-Chancellor in 1959. He was appointed Ambassador to Sri Lanka from 1959 to 1962. He later became a visiting professor at Columbia University and then at Wake Forest University.

## List of works

Htin Aung authored many important books on Myanmar, under the pen name of Maung Htin Aung. His books are widely used in the study of the comparatively under-documented history and culture of Myanmar.
* Burmese Drama (Oxford University Press, 1937)
* Burmese Folk-Tales (Oxford University Press, 1948)
* Burmese Drama: A study, with translations, of Burmese plays (Oxford University Press, 1956)
* Burmese Law Tales (Oxford University Press, 1962)
* Folk Elements in Burmese Buddhism (Oxford University Press, 1962).
* The Stricken Peacock: An Account of Anglo-Burmese Relations 1752–1948 (Martinus Nijhoff, 1965)
* Burmese Monk's Tales (Columbia University Press, 1966)
* Epistles Written on Eve of Anglo-Burmese War (Martinus Nijhoff, 1967)
* A History of Burma (Columbia University Press, 1967)
* Lord Randolph Churchill and the dancing peacock : British conquest of Burma 1885
* Burmese history before 1287: A Defence of the Chronicles (1970).
* Folk Tales of Burma (Sterling Publishers, 1976)
# Maung Shwe

B. L. Goenka, better known as Maung Shwe (Burmese: မောင်ရွှေ) is the son of Vipassana expert S. N. Goenka and head of the Hindu Central Board in Myanmar. He attended Myoma High School in Yangon.He also is the Chairman of Myanmar-India Merchants' Association.
# Zhang Garden

The Zhang Garden or Zhangyuan (張園) is a European-style former garrison building in Tianijn, China built in the 1930s. Prior to construction of the garrison building the site contained a mansion residence, built in 1916 in the Japanese Concession of Tianjin by Zhang Biao, a former high-ranking official in the Qing Court. The mansion served as a temporary home for both Sun Yat-sen, the first president of the Republic of China, who briefly resided there in 1924, as well as Puyi, the last Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, who lived in the now demolished mansion from 1925 until 1929

## History

In 1912, Qing official Zhang Biao, settled in the Japanese Concession in Tianijn and built a three-story mansion in a Western Neoclassical-inspired style on Miyajima Street (now No.59 Anshan Road). By the 1920s he cooperated with a businessman to create a restaurant, theater, and an open-air cinema at Zhangyuan. Four bungalows on the right side of the park for Puyi's entourage were also later built. After Puyi left Tianjin, Zhang Biao's son sold the Zhang Garden to the Japanese military in the 1930s and it was subsequently demolished and rebuilt. It was then used as a garrison station for the Japanese Concession police. After World War 2 it was used as a garrison for the Chinese Kuomintang Army in 1946 during the Chinese Civil War. It has since been used as a theatre and a library.

### Gallery

* Zhang Garden exterior
* Zhang Garden building and exterior
* Puyi, Wanrong, Reginald Johnston and Freeman Freeman-Thomas in the Zhang Garden
* The rock garden in the Zhang Garden
* Sun Yat-Sen at the Zhang Garden, 1924
* Puyi and Wanrong in 1927 at the Zhang Garden
* Empress Consort Wanrong on the balcony of the Zhang Garden mansion
* Empress Consort Wanrong in the Zhang Garden with her dog
* Puyi in the Zhang Garden
* Puyi in the Zhang Garden during winter
* Zhang Garden exterior
* Zhang Garden after being rebuilt
* Two interior spaces within the Zhang Garden
* Empress Consort Wanrong and a friend in the Zhang Garden
# Szwarc

Szwarc is a Polonized-Yiddish version of the German surname Schwartz.
The surname may refer to:
* Andrzej Stanisław Szwarc [pl] (born 1951), Polish historian, University of Warsaw professor
* Arthur Szwarc (born 1995), Canadian volleyball player
* Dawid Szwarc, better known as Juliusz Hibner (1912–1994), brigadier general in the Polish People's Army and recipient of the title of Hero of Soviet Union
* Halina Szwarc (1923–2002), member of the Polish resistance during the Second World War
* Jan Szwarc (born 1946), Polish politician
* Jeannot Szwarc (1939–2025), French-American director of film and television
* Jerzy Szwarc, LOT Polish Airlines Flight 16 first officer
* Michael Szwarc (1909–2000), Polish-Jewish born British and American polymer chemist who discovered and studied ionic living polymerization
* Marek Szwarc (1892–1958), Polish-Jewish painter and sculptor
* Sabina Szwarc (1923–2021), Polish-American ophthalmologist and memoirist
* Samuel Schwarz, born Samuel Szwarc (1880–1953), Polish-Portuguese Jewish mining engineer, archaeologist, and historian
* Tereska Torrès born Tereska Szwarc (1920–2012), Polish-Jewish born French writer,
# Burmese Wikipedia

The Burmese Wikipedia (Burmese: မြန်မာဝီကီပီးဒီးယား pronounced) is the Burmese language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. This edition was started in July 2004, and has about 109,000 articles as of January 2025.
As of January 2025, there are about 126,000 users, 4 admins and 2,913 files on the Burmese Wikipedia, ranking 71st by article count.

## History
### Timeline

* 2004: Burmese Wikipedia launched.
* 2005: Some of Burmese Wikipedians joined and started writing.
* 2008: Content grew drastically.
* 2010: First Burmese Wikipedia workshop held at Bangkok, Thailand with people from Wikimedia Foundation, local and international Unicode experts and Burmese Wikipedians.
* 2012: Burmese Wikipedia was introduced at Barcamp Yangon.

### Events and promotions

Burmese Wikipedia (update) :
| Articles | 108598 |
| Files | 2913 |
| Edits | 855908 |
| Users | 125975 |
| Active users | 141 |
| Admins | 4 |
The Myanmar Computer Professionals Association had launched Wikipedia Myanmar project with the aim of expanding Wikipedia in 2010.
The Burmese Wikipedia community had held their first joint workshop in Yangon, Burma (Myanmar) with the help of Telenor Myanmar in June 2014 to recruit new volunteers. The Burmese Wikipedia Forum was held at Dagon University in July 2014 attracting over 2,000 people, including students.

## Challenges

The majority of Burmese internet users used the non-Unicode Zawgyi font so they have difficulty viewing Burmese Wikipedia before 2019.
# First Church of Christ, Scientist (Sandusky, Ohio)

The former First Church of Christ, Scientist, located at 128 East Adams Street, in Sandusky, Ohio, in the United States is an historic structure that on October 20, 1982, was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The building is now Emmanuel Temple Church.

## Current use

First Church of Christ, Scientist, Sandusky, is no longer in existence. Emmanuel Temple Church, affiliated with the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (PAW), now worships in the building. The Rev. Rufus G. W. Sanders, Ph.D., bishop of the PAW, is the founding pastor, of Emmanuel Temple Church.
# Pye Min

Pye Min (Burmese: ပြည်မင်း, pronounced; 26 May 1619 – 14 April 1672) was king of Toungoo dynasty from 1661 to 1672. Pye Min was a son of King Thalun. During the reign of his brother Pindale, the Prince of Pyay (Prome) led the Burmese resistance against Southern Ming and Qing incursions.
King Pindale, however, lost his popularity and Pye was urged to take the throne. Pye staged a coup in 1661, overthrowing Pindale and crowning himself King of Ava.$^{:220–223}$
Pye was determined to reduce the power of Yongli Emperor of Southern Ming at Sagaing and held a conference of Chinese officials. Yongli suspected this as an assassination trick and instead ordered his armies to clash with the Burmese. However, the Chinese were largely decimated. In 1662, the Qing armies invaded Burma and Pye Min decided to leave the last Ming Emperor to the Qing. Yongli Emperor was carried out of Burma.
There was a Mon rebellion around Martaban in 1661 and in 1662 Lan Na was invaded by the Siamese armies under King Narai who held the city temporarily. The rest of his reign were largely uneventful and Pye Min died in 1672, succeeded by his son Narawara.

## Early life

The future king was born to King Thalun and a minor queen Khin Myat Hset of Pinya on 26 May 1619. The young prince received the title of Minye Kyawkhaung. He was appointed governor of Prome (Pyay or Pye) on 13 September 1650 (Tuesday, 4th waning of Tawthalin 1012 ME) by King Pindale.
# Minye Kyawhtin

Minye Kyawhtin (Burmese: မင်းရဲကျော်ထင်, pronounced; also transliterated as Minyekyawdin 1651–1698) was king of Toungoo dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) from 1673 to 1698. Minye Kyawhtin, governor of Pindale, was elected by the ministers of the court over several elder princes as king after his step-brother King Narawara's sudden death in 1673. The group of nobles that had supported the king gained power and purged other groups of the nobles and royalties. The power of the kingdom gradually declined during his quarter-century rule. Burma was attacked by Siam during his reign.$^{:278}$
It was in his reign that Zatadawbon Yazawin, formerly a simple constantly updated list of regnal dates of all Burmese dynasties, was made into a full chronicle.

## Early life

The future king was born to Ne Myo Ye Kyaw, a minor prince, and his half-sister Khin Ma Min Sit c. April 1651. Both of his parents were children of King Thalun by different minor queens, and the two siblings were married in Waso 1010 ME (10 June 1649 to 9 July 1649). Minye Kyawhtin was given Yamethin, a key city in central Burma, in fief by his grandfather king. He was given the title "Minye Kyawhtin" on 1 May 1672 (5th waxing of Kason 1034 ME) by his step-brother King Narawara at his coronation ceremony.
Minye Kyawhtin was elected to be king about 11 months later when King Narawara suddenly died without leaving an heir. The court, led by minister Sithu Nawrahta, decided on Minye Kyawhtin over several elder and more senior princes, some of whom were sons of King Pye, thinking that they could control him. The court and the young king killed off two elder princes who refused to take the oath of loyalty, and fought off assassination attempts by King Pye's sons, who were Minye Kyawhtin's uncles.
# Hamsey Green

Hamsey Green is an area of Sanderstead in the Tandridge District of Surrey and partly in the London Borough of Croydon of Greater London, England. To the north is Sanderstead and Warlingham is to the south.

## Geography and amenities

The settlement is a quasi-village which technically does not quite meet village status because of a longstanding dependency on Sanderstead. It stretches along the B269 Limpsfield Road with typical suburban houses and a relatively large parade with several restaurants, convenience stores and other shops. The northern border of the village with Sanderstead is Wentworth Way, which marks the edge of the former Hamsey Green Farm estate that was sold off for housing in the 1920s. The Good Companions, a large pub on the corner with Tithepit Shaw Lane, on the Croydon side of the border, was demolished in December 2012; to the south in Surrey, Hamsey Green is mainly residential with a primary and a secondary school. Within Hamsey Green, part of the larger parish of Sanderstead, is the Church of England's church of St Antony.
A pond by the east side of the Limpsfield Road is believed to date from Neolithic times. It has been recorded since the 13th century, and was mentioned in the Elizabethan Manor Rolls for Sanderstead Manor, when it was referred to as "Wychemere". It is thought to have been a watering hole for cattle. Suburban development in the 1930s reduced the size of the pond; it is now maintained by Croydon Council and local volunteers.
There are important open spaces on either side of Hamsey Green: to the east is King's Wood; to the west is Riddlesdown. The London LOOP path around London passes through on the route between West Wickham Common and Coulsdon.

## History

Hamsey Green has never had a manor and the two manors to the north and south were owned by the Atwood Family, who lived at Sanderstead Court. The church was built in 1957 and is part of Sanderstead parish.
Since the closure of the Good Companions, there are no pubs in Hamsey Green and nearby Sanderstead has none, due to the abstentionist Lord of the manor in the early 19th century having imposed conditions on the sale of land to prevent the building of pubs. The nearest public houses are in Warlingham Green and Whyteleafe. The Good Companions site is currently derelict and owned by Lidl who propose to build a supermarket.
# Sanay Min

Sanay Min (Burmese: စနေမင်း, pronounced; lit. "Saturday King"; c. 1 April 1673 – 22 August [O.S. 11 August] 1714) was the 13th king of Toungoo dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) who reigned from 1698 to 1714. Sanay ascended to throne after his father Minye Kyawhtin died in 1698. Sanay was - like his father - ineffectual, and the power of Toungoo dynasty continued to decline.

## Early life

Sanay Min was born to King Minye Kyawhtin and his queen Sanda Dewi (née Khin Ma Shwe San Oo) c. April 1673. He was given Dabayin in fief, and was known as Debayin Mintha in his youth. He was made heir apparent on 8 September 1688 (Wednesday, 14th waxing of Tawthalin 1050 ME).
# Smim Htaw Buddhaketi

Smim Htaw Buddhaketi (Burmese: သမိန်ထောဗုဒ္ဓကိတ္တိ) was the first king of the Restored Kingdom of Hanthawaddy which overthrew Toungoo Dynasty's rule in Lower Burma. From 1740 to 1747, the ethnic Burman king was a nominal figurehead of the ethnic Mon rebellion. He was selected to be king by the leaders of the Mon insurrection for his royal lineage.
Styled with the Mon title Smim Htaw Buddhaketi (lit. 'Lord of the Striped Elephant'; "ဆင်ကျားရှင်") the former Buddhist monk found it difficult to adjust himself to the life of king. As an ethnic Burman, he was reluctant to take charge of the government or command of the army, and usually absent from the capital. Much of the governance and fighting was left to his prime minister Binnya Dala, a local Mon nobleman. Forced to abdicate, he left for Chiang Mai, but was later imprisoned by Borommakot and sent to China, where he made his way back to Chiang Mai.$^{:284–290}$

## Background

He was reputedly a son of lord of Pagan who fled to east of Pegu after his unsuccessful revolt against King Taninganway in 1714. This would make the Burmese king Mahadhammaraza Dipadi a nephew of his. Smim Htaw Buddhaketi grew up among Shans and Karens of the region, and spoke Mon.

## Accession and abdication

He was put on the throne on 8 December [O.S. 27 November] 1740.
He was forced to abdicate his throne in January 1747.
# Demetrios I

Demetrios I may refer to:
* Demetrius I Poliorcetes (337–283 BC), King of Macedon
* Demetrios I Kantakouzenos, Despot of the Morea in 1383
* Demetrios I of Constantinople (1914–1991), Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople in 1972–1991
# Kyiso

Kyiso (Burmese: ကျဉ်စိုး, pronounced; c. 1000–1038) was a king of the Pagan dynasty from 1021 to 1038. According to the Burmese chronicles, Kyiso was a son of King Nyaung-u Sawrahan but raised by King Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu. Kunhsaw married Nyuang-u's three chief queens, two of whom were pregnant and subsequently gave birth to Kyiso and Sokkate. Sokkate and Kyiso were raised by Kunhsaw as his own sons. When the two sons reached manhood, they forced Kunhsaw to abdicate the throne and become a monk.
Kyiso was an avid hunter, and was killed in a hunting accident near Monywa. He became Pareinma Shin Mingaung (Burmese: ပရိမ္မ ရှင်မင်းခေါင်, "Usurper Mingaung of Pareinma") or Yoma Shin Mingaung nat or a spirit in Burmese folk religion.

## Dates

Various chronicles do not agree on the dates regarding his life and reign. The oldest chronicle Zatadawbon Yazawin is considered to be the most accurate for the Pagan period. The table below lists the dates given by four main chronicles, as well as Hmannan's dates when anchored by the Anawrahta's inscriptionally verified accession date of 1044. The length of reign for Kyiso is given as 17 years by Zata but as six years by the others. According to Zata, it was Sokkate, the successor of Kyiso, who ruled for six years.
| Chronicles | Birth–Death | Age | Reign | Length of reign |
| Zatadawbon Yazawin | 1000–1038 | 38 | 1021–1038 | 17 |
| Maha Yazawin | 950–977 | 26 | 971–977 | 6 |
| Yazawin Thit and Hmannan Yazawin | 964–992 | 27 | 986–992 | 6 |
| Hmannan adjusted | 992–1020 | 27 | 1014–1020 | 6 |
# Shadow marks

Shadow marks (shadow relief) are a form of archaeological feature visible from the air. Unlike cropmarks, frost marks and soil marks, they require upstanding features to work and are, therefore, more commonly seen in the context of extant sites rather than previously undiscovered buried ones.
They are caused by the differences in height on the ground produced by archaeological remains. In the case of ancient, eroded earthworks, these differences are often small and they are most apparent when viewed from the air, when the sun is low in the sky. This causes long shadows to be cast by the higher features, which are illuminated from one side by the sun, with dark shadows marking hollows and depressions.
Artificial shadow marks can be created easily by constructing a virtual model of a site, by merging aerial images (photogrammetry) and then vectoring in a virtual light source from any direction and at any angle.