OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gosudarev Rodoslovets

Gosudarev Rodoslovets (Russian: Государев родословец, IPA:, lit. 'The Sovereign's Pedigree Book') was the first official genealogical register ever compiled in Russia. It was compiled about 1555 under the rule of Ivan IV of Russia for the purposes of settling mestnichestvo disputes between high-ranking officials. Historian Nikolay Likhachyov identifies Yelizar Tsiplyatev, a diak, as its main editor. The register was later incorporated into the Velvet Book.

## Sources

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Родословие и родословные книги" . Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.
# Audrey Tennyson

Audrey Georgiana Florence Tennyson, Baroness Tennyson (née Boyle; 15 August 1854 – 7 December 1916) was a British letter-writer, hospital founder and wife of Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron Tennyson, the second governor-general of Australia.

## Life

She was born in Sussex in 1854. Her parents were Zacyntha Antonia Lorenzina (born Moore) and Charles John Boyle. She was brought up within the British Empire at first in South Africa and from 1856 in Mauritius. From 1868 she became her father's carer until he died in 1882. She had met the poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson at his home Farringford House on the Isle of Wight. In 1884 she married his son and heir Hallam Tennyson.
She had enjoyed her time in the British colonies so she supported her husband when he was offered the position of Governor of South Australia. She and Hallam and their three sons arrived in Australia in 1899.
She and Hallam enjoyed their time at the summer residence of Marble Hill, despite having to contend with heat, drought and bushfires during their stays.
The intense heat and drought of the summer of 1901 resulted in a number of bushfires while Lord and Lady Tennyson were in residence. Lady Tennyson wrote that the bushfires, with their billowing smoke and glowing hilltops by night, were a remarkable sight. The gardens and part of the orchard were damaged in the fire.
By 1902 her husband was Governor-General and they returned to Marble Hill and they discussed buying the house if it became available. They left Australia after a year of Hallam being the Governor-General.
262 letters survive from Tennyson to her mother during her time in Australia. The letters were rediscovered and are now in Canberra. They have been the basis of a book edited by Alexandra Hasluck.
Tennyson supported Agnes Milne, who was a trade unionist, activist and factory inspector, in her oak to end sweated labour. Tennyson said that Milne was "a very interesting, sensible woman".
Her husband donated land for a new church in Freshwater Bay. Audrey suggested that the church be named for St Agnes. St Agnes Church was consecrated on 12 August 1908.

## Death and family

Tennyson died in Freshwater in 1916.
She had three sons:
* Lionel Hallam Tennyson, 3rd Baron Tennyson (7 November 1889 – 6 June 1951), married Hon. Clare Tennant, daughter of Edward Tennant, 1st Baron Glenconner; remarried to Carroll Donner (née Elting)
* Captain Hon. Alfred Aubrey Tennyson (1891–1918), killed in action during World War I
* Sub-Lieutenant Hon. Harold Courtenay Tennyson (1896–1916), killed in action during World War I
# Twaddell scale

The Twaddell scale is a hydrometer scale used for measuring the specific gravity of liquids relative to water. On this scale, a specific gravity of 1.000 is reported as 0, and a specific gravity of 2.000 is reported as 200. For example, concentrated sulfuric acid with a specific gravity of 1.8 has a Twaddell scale measurement of 160, reflecting the linear relationship between readings and specific gravity. The Twaddell scale is used exclusively for liquids with specific gravity greater than that of water.
This scale was historically employed in the British dye and bleach manufacturing industries. While the Baumé scale was widely adopted across England, the Twaddell scale remained in use in both England and Scotland.
The scale is named after William Twaddell, a scientific instrument manufacturer from Glasgow, who first developed hydrometers using this scale at the beginning of the 19th century.

## Converting between Twaddell scale and specific gravity

let a = any degree of Twaddell's Hydrometer, x = specific gravity in relation to water taken at 1.000
    $x=0.005a+1$
    $a={\frac {x-1}{0.005}}$
# Prospero Amatong

Prospero Sybico Amatong (October 18, 1931 – May 16, 2009) was a Filipino politician. Amatong served as the governor of Davao del Norte from 1992 until 1998 and as a Congressman in the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 1998 until 2007. He also served as interim governor of Compostela Valley upon its creation.

## Early years

Prospero Sybico Amatong was born in Dipolog, Province of Zamboanga, on October 18, 1931, to Amando Borja Amatong and Felicidad Mabanag Sybico who were founders of Andres Bonifacio College. He earned his bachelor's degree in civil engineering. He moved to Nabunturan in 1960, where he taught at Assumption College from 1960 until 1971.

## Political career

Prospero's career in politics began in 1963 with his election as a Nabunturan city council member. He was elected the Mayor of Nabunturan in 1972, an office he held for 14 years. He also served as the mayor of New Corella early in his career.
Amatong was elected the Governor of Davao del Norte, which consisted of 21 towns, in 1992. As governor, Amatong spearheaded the creation of a new province Compostela Valley, which consists eleven municipalities which were formerly part of Davao del Norte.
Amatong became the interim governor of the newly created Compostela Valley province for three months in 1998. He was later elected to the House of Representatives, representing Compostela Valley's second congressional district as a congressman. Amatong remained in Congress until his retirement in 2007. His son, Rep. Rommel Amatong, was elected as his successor in the district in 2007.
Throughout his long political career, no complaints were ever filed against him by the Ombudsman. Politicians from both Davao del Norte and Compostela Valley continued to consult Amatong following his retirement, earning him the nickname as the "grand old man" of Davao politics.

## Personal life

Prospero Amatong suffered a fall in a New York City park in May 2009 while on vacation with his wife, Luz, their children and other family members. He was hospitalized with head injuries, leaving him in a coma. Amatong died in a New York City hospital on May 16, 2009, at the age of 77. His body was flown back to the Philippines for burial.
Tributes poured in following news of Amatong's unexpected death. Compostela Valley Governor Arturo Uy called Amatong, "...exceptional as a leader, a master politician. I would say no one could ever duplicate his performance in our lifetime. He is the real Mr. Service." Laak Mayor Reynaldo Navarro referred to Amatong as, "a legend, a real champion who has never tasted defeat." Former Davao del Norte Vice Governor Victorio Suaybaguio Jr., a friend of Amatong during his governorship, spoke of him, "am saddened by the death of a great man whose life was dedicated to mankind. It's a loss to all of us. My prayers to the bereaved family. Farewell my brother." Davao del Norte Gov. Rodolfo del Rosario also sent condolences to Amatong's family.
# Wang Yixin

Wang Yixin (Chinese: 王一新; pinyin: Wáng Yīxīn; born December 1965) is a former Chinese politician. As of December 2023 he was under investigation by China's top graft busters. Previously he served as executive vice governor of Heilongjiang.
He was a representative of the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a delegate to the 11th and 14th National People's Congress.

## Early life and education

Wang was born in Yingshan County, Hubei, in December 1965. In 1983, he enrolled at Wuhan University, where he majored in the History of China.

## Career
### China National Offshore Oil Corporation

Beginning in 1987, he served in several posts in the China National Offshore Oil Corporation, including office secretary, director of Editing Department and director of Journalism Department, deputy managing editor, deputy director of the Office, and director of the Office. He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in June 1993.

### Hainan

In July 2004, he was transferred to the coastal Hainan province and appointed deputy secretary-general of Hainan Provincial People's Government and director of its Research Office. He was made director of Hainan Provincial Agricultural Reclamation Bureau in May 2007, concurrently serving as chairman of Hainan Provincial Agricultural Reclamation Group Co., Ltd..

### Shanxi

He was elevated to vice governor of Shanxi in January 2013, in addition to serving as party secretary of the Shanxi Provincial State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission.

### Heilongjiang

In December 2021, he became vice governor of northeast China's Heilongjiang province, a post he kept until January 2023, when he was promoted again to become executive vice governor of the province. He was a member of the CCP Heilongjiang Provincial Committee, the province's top authority.

## Downfall

On 8 December 2023, Wang has come under investigation for "serious violations of discipline and laws" by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), the party's internal disciplinary body, and the National Supervisory Commission, the highest anti-corruption agency of China.
On 17 June 2024, Wang was expelled from the CCP and dismissed from public office. He was detained by the Supreme People's Procuratorate on July 2. On November 26, he was indicted on suspicion of accepting bribes.
On 15 January 2025, Wang stood trial at the Intermediate People's Court of Heze on charges of taking bribes. Prosecutors accused Wang of taking advantage of his different positions between 2008 and 2020 to seek profits for various companies and individuals in business contracting, land development, and job promotion. In return, he accepted money and gifts worth more than o 129 million yuan ($17.6 million) either directly or from other connections.
# Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Estonia)

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariigi Välisministeerium) is a Cabinet-level governmental agency in Estonia in charge of conducting and designing Estonian Foreign policy.

## History

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia was established in 1919 soon after the declaration of independence of Estonia on February 23, 1918. After the occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union in September 1939 following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in August of the same year. After establishment of the Soviet rule in Estonia, the Estonian diplomatic corps remained in exile and while a national government in exile was eventually established, the diplomatic corps in exile remained a separate institution throughout the Cold War era and the two institutions did not recognize each other. Both the Estonian diplomats and the government in exile promoted and called for Estonian independence abroad. Among the Estonian Minister of Foreign Affairs in exile were August Rei (1944–1945), Aleksander Warma (1953–1964), August Koern (1964–1982), Elmar Lipping (1982–1990), Olev Olesk (1990–1992). After restoration of independence of Estonia in 1990, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was reestablished in Tallinn.
# Georg Graf von Rittberg

George Graf von Rittberg (30 May 1898 – 6 June 1973) was a German general during World War II who commanded the 88th Infantry Division. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany.

## Awards and decorations

* Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (June 1915) &1st Class (October 1917)
* Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (17 May 1940) & 1st Class (28 May 1940)
* German Cross in Gold on 29 January 1942 as Oberstleutnant in Artillerie-Regiment 131
* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
** Knight's Cross on 21 February 1944 as Generalmajor and commander of 88. Infanterie Division
** Oak Leaves on 10 October 1944 as Generalmajor and commander of 88. Infanterie Division
# Denis Kadrić

Denis Kadrić (born 12 June 1995) is a German-born chess player representing Montenegro and formerly representing Bosnia and Herzegovina. He holds the FIDE title of Grandmaster.

## Chess career

Kadrić family moved to Germany in 1992. He was born in 1995, and his family returned to Bosnia in 1998. When Kadrić was five years old, his father taught him the rules of the game.
Kadrić won the Bosnia and Herzegovina Chess Championship in 2013 in Cazin. He has represented Bosnia in four Chess Olympiads; 2012 (6.5/9 on board five), 2014 (7/11 on board four), 2016 (8.5/11 on board 2) and 2018 (7/11 on board one).
In 2011, Kadrić was awarded the title of International Master (IM) and in 2015 the title of Grandmaster (GM). In June 2021, he was the number one ranked player in Bosnia. He qualified for the Chess World Cup 2021, where he defeated Dambasürengiin Batsüren in the first round, but was defeated by Yu Yangyi in the second round.
In 2022, Kadrić transferred chess federations to represent Montenegro. He is the country's highest-rated player.
Kadrić qualified for the Chess World Cup 2023, where he was defeated by Pablo Salinas Herrera in the first round.

## Controversies

In October 2024, his account on Chess.com was banned for violating the platform's Fair Play Policy.
# Puthalapattu Assembly constituency

Puthalapattu is a consistency in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh that elects representatives to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly in India. It is one of the seven assembly segments of Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency.
Dr. Kalikiri Murali Mohan is the current MLA of the constituency, having won the 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from Telugu Desam Party. As of 2019, there are a total of 215,183 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 2008, as per the Delimitation Orders (2008).

## Mandals

* Mandal
* Irala
* Puthalapattu
* Thavanampalle
* Bangarupalem
* Yadamari

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Year | Member | Political party |
| 2009 | P. Ravi | Indian National Congress |
| 2014 | M. Sunil Kumar | YSR Congress Party |
| 2019 | M. S. Babu | YSR Congress Party |
| 2024 | Dr. Kalikiri Murali Mohan | Telugu Desam Party |

## Election results
### 2009

2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Puthalapattu :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | INC | DR.P.Ravi | 64,484 | 42.49 | |
| | TDP | L. Lalitha Kumari | 63,533 | 41.86 | |
| | PRP | P. Pushparaj | 17,627 | 11.62 | |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 951 | 0.63 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,51,757 | 41.86 | |
| | INC win (new seat) | INC win (new seat) | INC win (new seat) | INC win (new seat) | INC win (new seat) |

### 2014

2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Puthalapattu :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | YSRCP | M. Sunil Kumar | 83,200 | 48.75 |
| | TDP | L. Lalitha Kumari | 82,298 | 48.23 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 902 | 0.53 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,70,651 | 85.17 |
| | YSRCP gain from INC | YSRCP gain from INC | Swing | |

### 2019

2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Puthalapattu :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | YSRCP | M. S. Babu | 103,265 | 55.25 | |
| | TDP | L. Lalitha Kumari | 74,102 | 39.64 | |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 29,163 | 0.53 | 15.61 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,86,918 | 88 | |
| | YSRCP hold | YSRCP hold | Swing | | |

### 2024

2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Puthalapattu :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | TDP | K. Murali Mohan | 102,137 | 52.37 | 12.73 |
| | YSRCP | M. Suneel Kumar | 86,503 | 44.36 | 10.89 |
| | INC | M. S. Babu | 2,820 | 1.45 | |
| | NOTA | None Of The Above | 1,420 | 0.73 | |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 15,634 | 8.02 | 7.49 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,95,018 | | |
| | TDP gain from YSRCP | TDP gain from YSRCP | Swing | | |
# Supreme Court of Justice of Bolivia

The Supreme Court of Bolivia (Spanish: Corte Suprema de Justicia de Bolivia) was Bolivia's highest court from 1825 to 2012. It was located in Sucre, 410 kilometres to the south-east of La Paz, Bolivia's capital. The Court was created by the Supreme Decree (Decreto Supremo) of April 27, 1825, which transformed the Royal Audience of Charcas (Audiencia y Cancillería Real de La Plata de los Charcas) of imperial Spain into the Supreme Court of the newly independent country. The Supreme Court of Bolivia was officially inaugurated on July 16, 1827.

## Composition

The Supreme Court of Bolivia was composed of 12 ministers (judges) who served 10-year terms after election by the National Congress.
In 1827, Manuel María Urcullo became the first President of the Supreme Court of Bolivia. He was joined by Ministers (Judges) Mariano Guzmán, Juan de la Cruz Monje y Ortega, and Casimiro Olañeta. The following individuals were among the 56 ministers that served as the court's president:
* José María Serrano
* Casimiro Olañeta
* José María Dalence
* Manuel Sánchez de Velasco
* Pantaleón Dalence
* Belisario Boeto
* Luis Paz
* Ángel Sandóval
* Mario C. Araoz
* José Torrico Sierra
* Manuel Durán Padilla
* Raúl Romero Linares
* Remberto Prado Montaño
* Édgar Oblitas Fernández
* Óscar Hassenteufel Salazar
* Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé
* Héctor Sandóval Parada

## Abolition

The court was superseded in January 2012 by the Supreme Court of Justice under the 2009 constitution.
# Dömötör Tower

The Dömötör tower is the oldest building in Szeged, Hungary. The foundation was most probably laid during the 11th century, while the lower part was built (in Romanesque style) from the 12th century, and the upper part (Gothic style) from the 13th century. The tower was once part of the former Szent Dömötör templom (St. Demetrius church), but today it stands in Dóm Square, in front of the much larger Votive Church of Szeged. The upper part was rebuilt from the original stones in 1926. The architecture of the tower is similar to another found in Southern France, or in the territory of the former Byzantine Empire.

## Features

On the upper part, there are 48 pointed windows in three levels (sixteen on each level, two on every side of the octagonal levels). On the lower part, a gate was cut and turned to a baptismal chapel in 1931. Above the gate there is a replica of the oldest sculpture in Szeged, the "Kőbárány" (stone lamb), an agnus dei (Lamb of God) representation from the early 12th century. The replica replaced the original sculpture in 1991.
Inside the tower, there is a fresco by Vilmos Aba-Novák of the baptism of Hungarians in the 11th century. Due to the mould growing on the rear wall, the baptismal chapel is no longer in use.

### Gate of Life

The tower's "Gate of Life" was made by János Bille in 1931 and explains a Christian life through symbols. At the top and at the bottom, there are two numbers: 1272 and 1931. The former was thought to represent the year in which the upper part was built, while 1931 is when it was turned to a baptismal chapel. There are 20 symbols, not including the numbers, the first one an Alpha and the last an Omega. The Alpha and the Omega were symbols of Jesus Christ, and birth and death.
# Walter S. Franklin (politician)

Walter Simonds Franklin (November 6, 1799 – September 20, 1838) was a lawyer who practiced in Pennsylvania. He served as the seventh Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, from 1833 until his death in 1838.

## Personal life
### Ancestry

Franklin's parents were Samuel Rhoades Franklin and Sarah Simonds. His father was the son of Mary Rhoades, a daughter of Samuel Rhoades, who had been a member of the First Continental Congress. His father's brother, Walter Franklin was a prominent Pennsylvania lawyer, later state Attorney General and state judge.

### Early life

Franklin was born in New York, the only surviving child of his parents. As a teenager, he moved to Lancaster, Pennsylvania to live with his uncle and namesake. Walter attended Litchfield Law School in Connecticut, where he met and, in 1821, married Sarah Buel. They moved to York, Pennsylvania, where Franklin practiced law.

### Children

The Franklins had six children.
Their eldest was William Buel, who was a major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and post-bellum was a civil engineer. Their second child was Samuel Rhoads, a rear admiral in the U. S. Navy, before, during, and after the Civil War. Their third child was Thomas, "apparently the black sheep of the family." Their fourth child was Anne, who died, apparently, in childbirth. Their fifth child was Frederick Buel, who died in his twenties. Their sixth child was named the same as his father, Walter Simonds. He attended Harvard, served in the Union Army as a brevet lieutenant colonel, and post-bellum was a civil engineer and businessman.
The summer before his death, Franklin wrote to Secretary of War Joel Poinsett requesting that his eldest son, then 15, be admitted to West Point the following summer. Poinsett refused. Franklin's sudden death that fall left the family almost penniless. At this point, Senator James Buchanan, a family friend, intervened, and convinced Poinsett to reverse his decision.

## Career

Franklin was named as Clerk for the Twenty-third United States Congress on December 2, 1833, and served for the next two congresses, dying in office of a sudden "malignant fever". He was the third Pennsylvanian to hold the post.
# New Zealand Davis Cup team

The New Zealand men's national tennis team represents New Zealand in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by Tennis New Zealand.
New Zealand currently compete in Group II of the Asia/Oceania Zone. They have played in the World Group on 8 occasions, the most recent of which was in 1991. They reached the semifinals in 1982.

## History

New Zealand competed in its first Davis Cup in 1924. Prior to 1914, New Zealand competed together with Australia as Australasia. Australasia won the Davis Cup in 1907, 1908, 1909, 1911 and 1914. Anthony Wilding was the only New Zealander to play for Australasia, and he was part of the winning team in 1907, 1908, 1909 and 1914. The final of the 1911 Davis Cup was held in Christchurch from January 1–3, 1912, the first tie to be played in New Zealand. New Zealand was also the host for the finals nine years later, when they were held in Auckland.
New Zealand's best result as a separate team was a World Group semi-final in 1982, which they lost 2–3 to France on clay in Aix-en-Provence. New Zealand had beaten Spain by 3–2 on grass in Christchurch in the first round and Italy by 3–2 on clay in Cervia in the quarter-final. That year the New Zealand team comprised Chris Lewis, Onny Parun, Russell Simpson, and Bruce Derlin.
New Zealand also made in to the World Group quarter-finals in 1981, 1983, and 1990.

## Current team (2022)

* Ajeet Rai
* Kiranpal Pannu
* Isaac Becroft
* Michael Venus (Doubles player)
* Artem Sitak (Doubles player)

## Former players

Players who have competed in at least 10 ties.
* Marcus Daniell
* Kelly Evernden
* Brian Fairlie
* Lew Gerrard
* James Greenhalgh
* Alistair Hunt
* Daniel King-Turner
* Chris Lewis
* Mark Nielsen
* Onny Parun
* Russell Simpson
* Artem Sitak
* Rubin Statham
* Brett Steven
* Michael Venus