OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# British Airways plc v Commission

British Airways plc v Commission (2007) C-95/04 is a leading EU competition law case, concerning monopoly and abuse of a dominant position.

## Facts

British Airways offered travel agents extra commissions if they promoted BA tickets. The Commission said that this was discriminatory, designed to induce loyalty and served to exclude competing airlines.

## Judgment

The Court of Justice of the EU held that BA had abused its dominant position because bonuses were individual for each travel agent, based on tickets sold and not those sold over a given level. So selling extra BA tickets meant a large increase in bonus payments. It was worth selling more BA tickets than other airline tickets. The key part of the judgment was as follows:
   68. [It is necessary to show the effect of...] making market entry very difficult or impossible for competitors of the undertaking in a dominant position and, secondly, of making it more difficult or impossible for its co-contractors to choose between various sources of supply or commercial partners.
   69. ... an undertaking is at liberty to demonstrate that its bonus system producing an exclusionary effect is economically justified.
   71. Exclusion can come from ‘goal-related discounts or bonuses, that is to say those the granting of which is linked to the attainment of sales objectives defined individually…
   73. [Induced loyalty can be very strong if] a discount or bonus does not relate solely to the growth in turnover in relation to purchases or sales of products of that undertaking made by those co-contractors during the period under consideration, but extends also to the whole of the turnover relating to those purchases or sales. In that way, relatively modest variations – whether upwards or downwards – in the turnover figures relating to the products of the dominant undertaking have disproportionate effects on co-contractors…
   75. By reason of its significantly higher market share, the undertaking in a dominant position generally constitutes an unavoidable business partner in the market.
   86. If the exclusionary effect of that system bears no relation to advantages for the market and consumers, or if it goes beyond what is necessary in order to attain those advantages, that system must be regarded as an abuse.
   105. It should be noted first that, as explained in paragraphs 57 and 58 of this judgment, discounts or bonuses granted by an undertaking in a dominant position may be contrary to Article 82 EC even where they do not correspond to any of the examples mentioned in the second paragraph of that article.
   106. Moreover, as the Court has already held in paragraph 26 of its judgment in Europemballage and Continental Can, Article 82 EC is aimed not only at practices which may cause prejudice to consumers directly, but also at those which are detrimental to them through their impact on an effective competition structure, such as is mentioned in Article 3(1)(g) EC.
# Radio Pirata

Radio Pirata was a Rock en Español band from Puerto Rico. Rucco Gandía formed the band in 1994.
The band achieved success with hit songs like "El Loco" (The Madman). It was then that Fonovisa signed them up to release their first album. The album spawned hits like "No Me Dejes Así" (Don't Leave Me Like This) "Historia Real" (Real Story) and the #1 hit "Todavía". They won a Tu Música award in 1995 for Best Record and a Gold Momo in 1996 for Best Local Rock Band. In 1998 they followed with their second album, Todavía (Still).
Radio Pirata's debut was in 1993 and it was the first Puerto Rican rock band to perform at the Centro de Bellas Artes, Puerto Rico's most prestigious venue. Their line up at that time was: Raül Reyes (brother of former Menudo member Ray Reyes) on lead vocals & rhythm guitars, Gandia on bass, Roberto Torres on guitar, Roberto "Bobby" Trinidad on percussion, Nitayno Arayoán on drums and Rafael Carrasquillo on keyboards.
In 1997, Reyes decided to leave the band and continue his career as a voiceover professional and also continued to collaborate as a vocal arranger & producer for other international artists as Luis Fonsi, Charly García, Menudo, Ignacio Peña and Ricky Martín, among others.
# Tarbert

Tarbert (Scottish Gaelic: An Tairbeart) is a place name in Scotland and Ireland. Places named Tarbert are characterised by a narrow strip of land, or isthmus. This can be where two lochs nearly meet, or a causeway out to an island.

## Etymology

All placenames that variously show up as tarbert, tarbat or tarbet in their anglicised form derive from either the Irish or Scottish Gaelic an tairbeart, commonly translated as "the isthmus" today.
Both these words derive from two Old Irish elements, tar "across" and a nominalised form of the verb ber "to carry". The /ɾ/ in tar was assimilated to /ɾʲ/ as a result of being next to the historically palatal /bʲ/ in Old Irish, causing the change in spelling from tar to tair-. So the literal translation would be an "across-carrying". The reason for this is that all tarberts are in fact located at or near old portage sites.
In English language spellings the first syllable "tar" has generally remained constant but the second syllable "bert" has variously been spelled as "bart", "bert" "bat", "bad" etc.

## Examples

Places named Tarbert include:

### Scotland

* Tarbert, Gigha, on Gigha
* East Tarbert Bay and West Tarbert Bay on the Isle of Gigha
* Tarbert, Jura, on Jura
* Loch Tarbert, Jura, on the west coast of the island of Jura
* Tarbert, Kintyre the town at the northern end of the Kintyre peninsula, Argyll
* West Loch Tarbert, Argyll in Argyll
* East Loch Tarbert, Argyll also in Argyll
* Tarbert, Harris, a ferry port in the Western Isles
* West Loch Tarbert, an inlet between North and South Harris
* East Loch Tarbert also by Harris in the Western Isles of Scotland
* Tarbert, on Canna
* Tarbert Bay, on the island of Canna
* Tarbert, on Salen Bay, Highland
* Glen Tarbert, between Loch Linnhe and Loch Sunart
* Tarbert Hill, above the town of West Kilbride
* East Tarbert Bay and West Tarbert Bay on the Mull of Galloway

### Ireland

* Tarbert, County Kerry, a ferry port on the estuary of the River Shannon in County Kerry.
* Tarbert, County Laois, a townland in County Laois

## Canada

* Tarbert, Ontario
# List of cathedrals in Nigeria

This is a list of cathedrals in Nigeria, sorted by denomination.

## Catholic
### Latin Church

The following Latin Church cathedrals and pro-cathedrals of the Catholic Church in Nigeria are located in Nigeria:
* Assumpta Cathedral in Owerri
* Cathedral Basilica of the Most Holy Trinity in Onitsha
* Cathedral of Christ the King in Zaria
* Cathedral of Our Lady of Assumption in Nnewi
* Cathedral of Our Lady of Fatima in Jos
* Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Shendam
* Cathedral of St. Anthony of Padua in Uromi
* Cathedral of St. John Evangelist in Bauchi
* Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel in Awgu
* Christ the King Cathedral in Aba
* Christ the King Cathedral in Uyo
* Corpus Christi Cathedral in D-line, Port Harcourt
* Holy Cross Cathedral in Benin City
* Holy Cross Cathedral in Lagos
* Holy Family Cathedral in Sokoto
* Holy Ghost Cathedral in Enugu
* Holy Trinity Cathedral in Orlu
* Immaculate Conception Cathedral in Auchi
* Immaculate Conception Cathedral in Lokoja
* Mater Ecclesiae Cathedral in Ahiara
* Mater Dei Cathedral in Umuahia
* Our Lady of the Assumption Cathedral in New Oyo
* Our Lady of Fatima Cathedral in Kano
* Our Lady of Perpetual Help Cathedral in Makurdi
* Our Lady of the Waters Cathedral in Ughelli
* Our Lady Queen of Nigeria Pro-Cathedral in Abuja
* Sacred Heart Cathedral in Akure
* Sacred Heart Cathedral in Calabar
* Sacred Heart Cathedral in Warri
* St. Anne's Cathedral in Ikot Ekpene
* St Augustine's Cathedral in Jalingo
* St. Benedict's Cathedral in Ogoja
* St Benedict's Cathedral in Osogbo
* St. Boniface Cathedral in Idah
* St Francis' Cathedral in Otukpo
* St. John's Pro-Cathedral in Abak
* St. Joseph's Cathedral in Ilorin
* St. Joseph's Cathedral in Kaduna
* St. Mary's Cathedral in Okigwe
* St Mary's Catholic Cathedral in Ibadan
* St. Mary's Pro-Cathedral in Calabar
* St Michael's Cathedral in Kontagora
* St. Michael's Cathedral in Minna
* St Patrick's Cathedral in Ado-Ekiti
* St. Patrick's Cathedral in Awka
* St Patrick's Cathedral in Maiduguri
* St Paul's Cathedral in Issele-Uku
* St. Peter and St. Paul Cathedral in Abeokuta
* St Peter Claver's Cathedral in Kafanchan
* St. Sebastian's Cathedral in Ijebu-Ode
* St. Theresa's Cathedral in Abakaliki
* St. Theresa's Cathedral in Nsukka
* St Theresa's Cathedral in Yola
* St. William's Cathedral in Lafia

### Eastern Rites

The following Eastern Rite Catholic cathedrals are located in Nigeria:
* Our Lady of the Annunciation Cathedral in Ibadan (Maronite Rite)

## Anglican

The following cathedrals of the Church of Nigeria are located in Nigeria:
* Cathedral Church of Christ in Lagos
* The Cathedral Church of Emmanuel, Okesha, Ado Ekiti
* The Cathedral Church of St Andrew, Usi Ekiti
* St Mary Anglican Church in Eguomma, Oguta LGA, Imo State
# Aspasia principissa

Aspasia principissa is a orchid in the genus Aspasia ranging from Central America to Colombia and Brazil.

## Description

It grows from a pseudobulb. It produces only a few large flowers with coloration of white to pale yellow with pink or lavender streaks. Flowers are wavy and about 2.5 cm (0.98 in) wide. The fruits are narrow and ribbed.

## Pollination

This species of orchid is pollinated by bees in the genera Eulaema and Exaerete.
# Maryland Route 508

Maryland Route 508 (MD 508) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Adelina Road, the state highway runs 1.20 miles (1.93 km) from MD 506 in Bowens north to MD 231 near Barstow. MD 508 was constructed in the early 1930s from MD 231 to Adelina. The southern terminus was rolled back to Bowens in the late 1950s.

## Route description

MD 508 begins at a four-way intersection in Bowens. Sixes Road heads east as MD 506 toward Port Republic and west as a county highway toward the Patuxent River. Adelina Road continues south as a county highway toward the unincorporated community of Adelina and the historic home Taney Place, which was the birthplace of Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney. MD 508 heads north as a two-lane undivided road through a forested area with scattered residences. The state highway reaches its northern terminus at MD 231 (Hallowing Point Road) near Barstow.

## History

MD 508 was constructed from MD 231 south to Sheridan Point Road in Adelina in 1933. The southern terminus was rolled back to MD 506 in Bowens in 1957.

## Junction list

The entire route is in Calvert County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Bowens | 0.00 | 0.00 | MD 506 east (Sixes Road) / Sixes Road west / Adelina Road south – Adelina, Port Republic | Southern terminus; western terminus of MD 506 |
| Barstow | 1.20 | 1.93 | MD 231 (Hallowing Point Road) – Prince Frederick, Hughesville | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Kirsten Banks

Kirsten Alexandra Banks is an Indigenous Australian astrophysicist and science communicator of the Wiradjuri people, known for her work in promoting mainstream and Aboriginal astronomy. She earned a Bachelor of Science in Physics from the University of New South Wales in 2018, and worked at the Sydney Observatory.

## Career

Banks is a Wiradjuri woman who grew up on Ku-ring-gai country in Sydney's Northern Beaches and graduated from Davidson High School in 2014. During primary school, Banks was interested in meteorology but always had a fascination with the stars and planets. She received a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics from University of New South Wales (UNSW) in 2018 and started working as an Astronomy Guide at the Sydney Observatory.
While training at Sydney Observatory, Banks started to hear about Kamilaroi and Boorong astronomy, prompting her to learn more about her Indigenous Australian heritage. Through this she discovered her ancestry, the Wiradjuri people. Banks then began researching more about Indigenous astronomy, learning about celestial emus that indicate when eggs are available. Learning about the Emu in the Sky constellation inspired Banks to share Aboriginal astronomy with others. While exploring bushland, Banks came across rock carvings that she says "appeared to show seven planets, plus the moon, all in a line." Banks wrote that as there would have been no light pollution at the time of the carvings' creation, there would have been the ability to see six planets in the night sky with the naked eye – Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus. Banks wrote, "I kept looking and thinking, and I realised that there was one planet missing". As Neptune is not physically visible to the human eye, Banks realised that the eighth circle may be the Earth.
   I was flabbergasted – this could be evidence of our people knowing that Earth is a planet along with the others in our night skies ... a millennia before the likes of Galileo, who discovered this a mere 400 years ago!
For Banks's Honours project at UNSW, she is studying the evolution of galaxies and plans to continue on to do a PhD.
In 2021 her name was chosen for one of the two tunnelling machines to be used by Snowy Hydro, along with electrical engineer, Florence Violet McKenzie (1890–1982). She had been nominated by Brungle Public School student, Kobe Burnes.

## Science communication

Banks has worked as a science communicator and is also astronomer in residence on 2SER's weekend breakfast shows and Triple M's Night Shift. On 17 June 2019, Banks appeared as a panellist on a "Science Special" of the ABC Australia television programme Q&A.
Banks has promoted Astrophysics and indigenous science in the media. In 2019 she appeared on The Drum, in an episode which discussed Indigenous History. She also discussed astronomy and the role of planetary movement on ABC News, in July 2019. In Student Edge she described how her Aboriginal identity (as well as Leonardo DiCaprio) has influenced her passion for astronomy. Banks is also passionate about increasing the representation and prominence of women and girls in science.
# Vladimir Baharov

Vladimir Atanasov Baharov (Bulgarian: Владимир Бахъров; born 23 January 1992) is a Bulgarian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Botev Ihtiman. Baharov also plays competitive futsal.
# New Age communities

New Age communities are places where, intentionally or accidentally, communities have grown up to include significant numbers of people with New Age beliefs. An intentional community may have specific aims but are varied and have a variety of structures, purposes and means of subsistence. These include authoritarian, democratic and consensual systems of internal government. New Age communities also exist on the Internet.

## Notable communities
### Australia

* Byron Bay
* The Family

### Europe

* Glastonbury – is particularly notable for the myths and legends surrounding a nearby hill, Glastonbury Tor, which rises up from the otherwise flat landscape of the Somerset Levels. These myths concern Joseph of Arimathea and the Holy Grail, and also King Arthur. Glastonbury is also said to be the centre of several ley lines.
* Totnes – known as "Britain's alternative capital. A New Age nirvana of Sufis, surfers and Buddhist builders ..."

### United States

* Esalen Institute – a center in Big Sur for humanistic alternative education and a nonprofit organization devoted to multidisciplinary studies ordinarily neglected or unfavoured by traditional academia
* Harbin Hot Springs
* Lily Dale Spiritualist Assembly
* Lindisfarne Association
* Living Enrichment Center
* Love Has Won
* Maharishi International University

## Charismatic leadership

Such communities may be founded by charismatic leaders who may be credited with quasi-religious status, being considered gurus or messiahs. Such leaders inhibit the survival of these communities.
# Trillium Gift of Life Network

The Trillium Gift of Life Network was an agency of the Government of Ontario responsible for the province's organ donation strategy, promotion, and supply. Ronnie Gavsie was the President & CEO. The agency maintained the BeADonor.ca website. It was subsequently subsumed under Ontario Health in 2019.

## Statistics

Statistics can be a great way to see the reasons behind needing certain registries in a country. The following are statistics on the wait-list and the transplants performed in Canada in 2008, 2009, and 2010. The data is from the Canadian Institute for Health Information that focuses on British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia.
From 2001 to 2010, kidney and liver waitlists decreased, respectively by 330 and 27 patients. The pancreas waitlist, however, increased by 24 patients since 2001. Heart, lung, and heart with lungs remained moderately stable. These trends are indicated in the Organ wait-list by organ for 2001 to 2010. Transplants from 2001 to 2010, however, indicated an increased trend by 275 operations in deceased and living kidney, kidney pancreas, deceased and living liver, heart and lung transplants. Heart with lung transplants remained stable. These trends are indicated in the Organ transplant by organ for 2001 to 2010.
| Ontario organ wait-list by organ from 2001 to 2010. Statistics from Trillium Gift of Life. | Ontario organ transplant by organ from 2001 to 2010. Statistics from Trillium Gift of Life. |

### Canadian organ wait-list

Looking at the statistics for Canada, one can see that there has been an increase in the number of people waiting for a transplant between 2009 and 2010, while between 2008 and 2009 there was a decrease in the number of people on the wait-list.
Canadian organ wait-list :
| | Total number of patients (2010) | Total number of patients (2009) | Total number of patients (2008) |
| Canada | 4,529 | 3,796 | 4,380 |
| Provinces | | | |
| British Columbia | 373 | 321 | 308 |
| Alberta | 725 | 472 | 620 |
| Saskatchewan | 145 | 161 | 144 |
| Manitoba | 262 | 177 | 167 |
| Ontario | 1,515 | 1,229 | 1,739 |
| Quebec | 1,241 | 1,202 | 1,159 |
| Nova Scotia | 268 | 234 | 242 |

### Ontario organ transplants

Since 2008 there has been a steady increase of people receiving transplants. Comparing the number of transplants performed to the number of people waiting in 2010, there are twice as many people waiting then there is transplants being performed. This may be a sign of what is to come in future years. If the wait-list continues to increase at a faster rate than the number of transplants performed, the demand is not going to meet the supply.
Canadian Organ Transplant performed :
| | Total Number of patients (2010) | Total Number of Patients (2009) | Total Number of Patients (2008) |
| Canada | 2,153 | 2,138 | 2,083 |
| Provinces | | | |
| British Columbia | 295 | 211 | 266 |
| Alberta | 342 | 291 | 286 |
| Saskatchewan | 2 | 15 | 35 |
| Manitoba | 58 | 50 | 53 |
| Ontario | 934 | 980 | 836 |
| Quebec | 411 | 452 | 479 |
| Nova Scotia | 111 | 139 | 128 |
# Maryland Route 514

Maryland Route 514 (MD 514) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The highway runs 4.89 miles (7.87 km) from MD 20 in Chestertown north to MD 298 at Melitota in central Kent County. MD 514 was built in the late 1940s and early 1950s from the Chestertown end and extended to Melitota in the late 1980s.

## Route description

MD 514 begins at an intersection with MD 20 (Chestertown Road) just outside the town limits of Chestertown. The highway heads northwest as two-lane undivided Flatland Road, which immediately enters the town for a while, then leaves the town and parallels the limits to Cromwell Clark Road. MD 514 continues northwest to Hanesville Road, where the highway turns west onto Melitota Road. The highway follows that road to its northern terminus at MD 298 (Fairlee Road) in the hamlet of Melitota opposite county-maintained Handy Point Road.

## History

In 1948, Kent County requested that the Maryland State Roads Commission make improvement of Flatland Road its highest priority project in the county during the post–World War II road building effort. The highway from MD 20 to Hanesville Road was constructed in two sections. The first 2.25-mile-long (3.62 km) section was built as a gravel road in 1949, and the gravel road was improved with bituminous stabilization the following year. MD 514 was extended to Hanesville Road as a gravel road in 1954. The highway was resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1970. Melitota Road was transferred from county to state maintenance through a December 1, 1987, road transfer agreement, and the road was confirmed as an extension of MD 514 in July 1988.

## Junction list

The entire route is in Kent County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Chestertown | 0.00 | 0.00 | MD 20 (Chestertown Road) – Rock Hall | Southern terminus |
| Melitota | 4.89 | 7.87 | MD 298 (Fairlee Road) / Handy Point Road west – Fairlee, Worton | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Marie Zelenková

Marie Zelenková is a female former Czechoslovakian international table tennis player.
She won a bronze medal during the 1948 World Table Tennis Championships in the Corbillon Cup for Czechoslovakia. The team consisted of Eliska Fürstova, Marie Kettnerová and Vlasta Pokorna.
# Stefan Getsov

Stefan Getsov (Bulgarian: Стефан Гецов; 27 December 1929 – 8 August 2020), nicknamed Tseko (Bulgarian: Цеко), was a Bulgarian footballer who played as a forward and made one appearance for the Bulgaria national team.

## Career

Getsov earned his first and only cap for Bulgaria on 30 October 1950 in a friendly match against Poland, which finished as a 0–1 loss in Sofia.

## Personal life

Getsov died on 8 August 2020 at the age of 90.

## Career statistics
### International

Bulgaria :
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 1950 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | 1 | 0 |
# Saint-Alphonse, Quebec

Saint-Alphonse (French pronunciation:) is a municipality in Quebec, Canada.

## History

Colonization of the place began at the end of the 19th century, when Henri-Joseph Mussely (a Belgian Catholic priest) arrived there, along with about 20 Belgian families. They founded the parish of Saint-Alphonse-de-Liguori in 1891, named after Alphonsus Liguori since Mussely was a Redemptorist. The place was originally known as La Petite-Belgique (French for "Little Belgium"), but the Belgian families did not remain long due to the harsh climate and short growing season, replaced by people from around Chaleur Bay.
In 1901, its post office opened under the name Saint-Alphonse-de-Caplan, referring to the parish name and its proximity to Caplan. The following year, the Municipality of Musselyville was created out of territory ceded by Township of New Richmond and the Parish Municipality of Saint-Bonaventure de Hamilton.
On October 24, 1953, the municipality changed its name from Musselyville to Saint-Alphonse.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1911 | 630 | — |
| 1931 | 657 | +4.3% |
| 1941 | 859 | +30.7% |
| 1951 | 946 | +10.1% |
| 1956 | 1,029 | +8.8% |
| 1961 | 1,037 | +0.8% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1966 | 1,035 | −0.2% |
| 1971 | 1,042 | +0.7% |
| 1976 | 1,008 | −3.3% |
| 1981 | 946 | −6.2% |
| 1986 | 918 | −3.0% |
| 1991 | 869 | −5.3% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1996 | 866 | −0.3% |
| 2001 | 755 | −12.8% |
| 2006 | 731 | −3.2% |
| 2011 | 691 | −5.5% |
| 2016 | 699 | +1.2% |
| 2021 | 711 | +1.7% |
Source: Statistics Canada :

## Local government

List of former mayors:
* Narcisse Cyr (1902–1907)
* Albert Dugas (1907–1921, 1923–1925)
* Pierre Leblanc (1921–1923)
* Victor Onraet (1925–1927)
* Bernard Arsenault (1927–1933, 1941–1951)
* Ulfranc Audet (1933–1935)
* Edmond Cyr (1935–1937)
* Antoine Barriault (1937–1941)
* Jean Baptiste Bélanger (1951–1955, 1957–1975)
* Mathias St-Onge (1955–1957)
* Léonce Dugas (1975–1979)
* Philippe Bujold (1979–1983)
* Marius Cellard (1983–1993)
* Bertin St-Onge (1993–2001)
* Odilon Bélanger (2001–2002)
* Gérard Porlier (2002–2021)
* Josiane Appleby (2021–present)