OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Breakaway roping

Breakaway roping is a variation of calf roping where a calf is roped, but not thrown and tied. It is a rodeo event that features a calf and one mounted rider. The calves are moved one at a time through narrow runs leading to a chute with spring-loaded doors. The horse and rider wait in a box next to the chute that has a spring-loaded rope, known as the barrier, stretched in front. A light rope is fastened from the chute to the calf's neck, releasing once the calf is well away from the chute and releasing the barrier, which is used to ensure that the calf gets a head start. Once the barrier has released, the horse runs out of the box while the roper attempts to throw a lasso around the neck of the calf.
Once the rope is around the calf's neck, the roper signals the horse to stop suddenly. The rope is tied to the saddle horn with a string. When the calf hits the end of the rope, the rope is pulled tight and the string breaks. The breaking of the string marks the end of the run. The rope usually has a small white flag at the end that makes the moment the rope breaks more easily seen by the timer. The fastest run wins.
The most common penalty in breakaway roping is the 10 seconds added when a roper breaks the barrier, failing to give the calf the appropriate head start. Breakaway ropes may also be flagged out (disqualified) for any catch other than a bell-collar catch—that is, a clean catch around the calf's neck.
At the collegiate, semi-professional, and professional levels, breakaway roping is exclusively a women's event, but at the junior and high school levels, competitors can be both male and female. Some amateur rodeos also have breakaway roping as part of their event line-up. It is also used as a substitute for calf roping in some parts of Europe, where traditional calf roping, also called tie-down roping, is banned.
In 2019, the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) started including Women's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA) sanctioned breakaway roping at some of their events, making it along with the standard WPRA barrel racing the two rodeo events for women. Since 2020, the year-end National Finals Breakaway Roping (NFBR) has been held to determine the WPRA World Champion breakaway roper. This event is held in conjunction with the PRCA's National Finals Rodeo (NFR). As of 2024, breakaway roping is held in approximately 500 PRCA rodeos.
# Edward Manson

Edward Alexander Manson (October 6, 1906 – February 17, 1989) was a Canadian politician. He represented the electoral district of Cape Breton West in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1956 to 1970. He was a member of the Nova Scotia Progressive Conservative Party.
Manson was born in Sydney, Nova Scotia. He was educated at the St. Francis Xavier University and Dalhousie University and was a pharmacist. He married Phemie Wilton in 1927. He owned and operated Manson Drugs Ltd. in Sydney for many years until taking over the Woolco pharmacies throughout the Maritimes. Manson died on February 17, 1989.
Manson first attempted to enter provincial politics in the 1953 Nova Scotia election, but lost to Liberal incumbent Malcolm A. Patterson by over 1,100 votes. Manson ran again in the 1956 election, defeating Patterson by 336 votes. Following the election, Manson was appointed to the Executive Council of Nova Scotia as Minister of Trade and Industry, and Minister of Mines. Manson was re-elected in the 1960, and 1963 elections. Manson continued to serve as Minister of Trade and Industry, but also served as Nova Scotia's first Minister of Fisheries until he resigned from cabinet for personal reasons on June 30, 1964. He remained MLA for Cape Breton West, and was re-elected in the 1967 election. Manson retired from politics in 1970.
# John Polston

John David Polston (born 10 June 1968) is an English football coach and former professional footballer.
He was a defender who began his career with Tottenham, before notably playing for Norwich City where he featured in the Premier League and UEFA Cup. He later retired with a spell in the Football League with Reading.

## Playing career

In March 1990, Polston and his brother Andy, became the first brothers to play together in the Spurs first team since 1912, although neither was a regular player and Andy played just once for Spurs. John left Spurs in 1990, after making 28 appearances for the club, when Norwich manager Dave Stringer paid £300,000 for him.
Polston was a key member of the Norwich team that finished third in the inaugural season of the Premier League (1992–93) and captained the side in the club's first ever European tie (in the UEFA Cup against Vitesse Arnhem) the following season, scoring the second goal in a 3–0 win. In the run-in to the end of the 1992–93 season, he scored a vital winning goal against Aston Villa at Carrow Road the day after his wife had given birth to their first child, Ron Aidy Polston.
Following his release from Norwich in 1998, Polston joined Reading. Polston retired from football in April 2001 after failing to recover from a knee injury. John is now a personal trainer.

## Coaching career

In September 2018, Polston join John Madejski Academy's Football team as Lead Development Squad coach.

## Personal life

His brother Andy was also a professional player and the two were on the books of Tottenham at the same time.
# Government of Atlanta

The city government of Atlanta, Georgia, United States, is composed of a mayor and a body of one councilman from each of 12 districts, a City Council President, and 3 other at-large councilmen:
* Post 1 representing districts 1-4
* Post 2 representing districts 5-8
* Post 3 representing districts 9-12
The entire slate is elected for four-year terms in off-year elections (2001, 2005, 2009, etc.).

## History

In 1954, Atlanta’s ward system was changed from a bicameral body of councilmen representing Wards and three citywide (at-large) aldermen to a system of six citywide aldermen with a Vice-Mayor who served as the president of the Board of Aldermen. This eliminated the strength of the wards.
In 1973 a new charter was passed which shifted the city to a district system and took effect at the start of 1974. The chief architect of that charter was Grace Towns Hamilton with the purpose to more equitably represent the changing racial composure of the city and coincided with the city's first Black mayor, Maynard Jackson, taking office.
In this reformulation, the Vice-Mayor (and Board of Aldermen president) was changed to the President of the City Council (elected citywide) and 12 districts were drawn represented by one Council member each; in addition there were 6 at-large posts giving a 19-member body. In 1996, the current makeup was enacted which reduced the number of Council members to 16 by reducing the number of at-large posts from six to three.
# Speed Demons (video game)

Speed Demons is a racing video game released in 1999. The game was developed and published by Microïds.
The game has 6 vehicles with possible localised damage, with three possible points of view. The game can be played as single player, 2 player split-screen, or by up to 6 players on a network. There are 10 circuits in varying locations, such as American motorways, on the sides of a volcano during its eruption and snow-covered ski slopes.

## Reception

Review score :
| Publication | Score |
| The Sydney Morning Herald | 3.5/5 |
# Harry W. Archer Jr.

Henry W. Archer Jr. (c. 1856 – June 15, 1910), better known as Harry W. Archer Jr., was an American politician and lawyer from Maryland. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Harford County from 1888 to 1890.

## Early life

Henry W. Archer Jr. was born to Mary E. (née Walker) and Henry W. Archer. His father was a lawyer and state delegate. His brother was James J. Archer. He graduated from Princeton University in 1875. He read law with his father and graduated from the University of Maryland School of Law. He was admitted to the bar in 1878.

## Career

Archer worked as a lawyer from 1878 to 1909.
Archer was a Democrat. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Harford County from 1888 to 1890.

## Personal life

Archer married Miss Lee, daughter of Otho S. Lee. Archer was a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Bel Air.
Archer died of heart failure on June 15, 1910, at the age of 54, at his Shamrock home in Bel Air. He was buried at Green Mount Cemetery in Baltimore.
# Caoineag

The caoineag (Scottish Gaelic pronunciation:) is a female spirit in Scottish folklore and a type of Highland banshee, her name meaning "weeper". She is normally invisible and foretells death in her clan by lamenting in the night at a waterfall, stream or Loch, or in a glen or on a mountainside. Unlike the related death portent known as the bean nighe, the caoineag cannot be approached, questioned, or made to grant wishes.
The Scottish folklorist Alexander Carmichael in Carmina Gadelica states that she foretells the death of those slain in battle, and that her mourning and weeping cause much anxiety to parents whose sons are in the wars. Before the Massacre of Glencoe, the caoineag of Clan MacDonald was heard to wail night after night. Those whose fears were roused by her keening left the glen and escaped the fate of those who remained behind. Fragments of the dirges said to have been sung by the caoineag before the massacre were collected by Carmichael:
Little caoineachag of the sorrow Is pouring the tears of her eyes Weeping and wailing the fate of Clan Donald Alas my grief that ye did not heed her cries
There is gloom and grief in the mount of mist There is weeping and calling in the mount of mist There is death and danger, there is maul and murder There is blood spilling in the mount of mist
Other local names for her include caointeag, caoineachag, caointeachag, and caoidheag.

## Caointeach

The caointeach is another version of this death spirit attached to various clans in Islay. When a death from illness was about to occur, she would appear outside the sick person's house wearing a green shawl and begin lamenting at the door. In one account, she is said to have been banished from the premises after having been pitied and given a gift of clothing to cover herself, much like traditions of the brownie and the Cauld Lad of Hylton. She is sometimes conflated with the bean nighe who haunts desolate streams and washes the clothing of those about to die, but in this context the caointeach is more formidable. If she is interrupted she will strike at a person's legs with her wet linen and the victim will lose the use of them.
Caointeach is also the spelling alternative given by Edward Dwelly in his dictionary of Scottish Gaelic, where she is defined as a "female fairy or water-kelpie".
# James S. Green (attorney)

James Sproat Green (July 21, 1792 – November 8, 1862) was an American lawyer who served as U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey from 1835 to 1850. He was the father of New Jersey Governor Robert Stockton Green.

## Biography

Green was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1792, the son of Ashbel Green and Elizabeth (Stockton) Green. His father was Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives from 1792 to 1800 and President of Princeton University from 1812 to 1822. He graduated from Dickinson College in 1811. He was admitted to the New Jersey bar in 1817, as counsellor in 1821, and as sergeant in 1834.
In 1835, Green was appointed U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey by President Andrew Jackson. He continued to serve until 1850.
In 1844, he was nominated by President John Tyler to be Secretary of the Treasury, but the nomination was not confirmed by the Senate.
He was a trustee of the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University) from 1828 to 1862. In 1847, when Princeton Law School was founded, Green was named professor of jurisprudence on a faculty that also included Joseph Coerten Hornblower and Richard Stockton Field. He held the professorship until 1855.

### Children

He married Isabella Williamson McCulloh (1792–1865) on January 25, 1825. They had five children:
* Judge Ashbel Green (1825–1898) who was a co-founder of the New York bar association
* Anna McCulloh Green (1827-1917)
* James Sproat Green (1829–1892)
* Robert Stockton Green (1831–1895), Governor of New Jersey
* Isabella Green (1834–1906)
Green died in Princeton in 1862.
# 2016 Champions Indoor Football season

The 2016 Champions Indoor Football season was the second season of the CIF. It started on Saturday, February 27, when the Omaha Beef traveled to Iowa, losing to the Sioux City Bandits 43-38, and the San Angelo Bandits traveled to Kansas to play the Dodge City Law, a game won by Dodge City, 59-37. The regular season concluded on Sunday, June 5, when the Sioux City Bandits traveled to Illinois to play the Bloomington Edge. The Edge won, 48-38.
The league champion was the Wichita Force, who defeated the Amarillo Venom 48-45 in Champions Bowl II. The season MVP was Robert Kent of the Texas Revolution, and the Champions Bowl MVP was Wichita's David Olson.

## League changes

| New Teams | Bloomington Edge, Chicago Eagles, Mesquite Marshals, Salina Liberty |
| Renamed / Relocated Teams | None |
| Defunct Teams | Salina Bombers |
| Total Teams | 12 |

## Standings

Northern Division :
| viewtalkedit | W | L | PCT | PF | PA |
| x-Wichita Force | 10 | 2 | .833 | 593 | 516 |
| y-Bloomington Edge | 7 | 5 | .583 | 546 | 440 |
| y-Sioux City Bandits | 7 | 5 | .583 | 499 | 434 |
| Omaha Beef | 7 | 5 | .583 | 514 | 487 |
| Chicago Eagles | 3 | 9 | .250 | 486 | 584 |
| Salina Liberty | 2 | 10 | .167 | 413 | 575 |
| Southern Division ||||||
| viewtalkedit | W | L | PCT | PF | PA |
| z-Texas Revolution | 10 | 2 | .833 | 814 | 625 |
| y-Amarillo Venom | 8 | 4 | .667 | 642 | 611 |
| y-Dodge City Law | 8 | 4 | .667 | 653 | 523 |
| Duke City Gladiators | 6 | 6 | .500 | 568 | 573 |
| San Angelo Bandits | 2 | 10 | .167 | 537 | 688 |
| Mesquite Marshals | 2 | 10 | .167 | 479 | 688 |
    z - clinched top overall seed
    x - clinched division title
    y - clinched playoff spot

## Playoffs

| Round 1 | Round 1 | Round 1 | Division Championships | Division Championships | Division Championships | Champions Bowl II | Champions Bowl II | Champions Bowl II |
| | | | 2 | Amarillo | 57 | | | |
| Southern Division | Southern Division | Southern Division | 2 | Amarillo | 57 | | | |
| Southern Division | Southern Division | Southern Division | 1 | Texas | 53 | | | |
| 3 | Dodge City | 56 | 1 | Texas | 53 | | | |
| 2 | Amarillo | 98 | | | | | | |
| 2 | Amarillo | 98 | | | | S2 | Amarillo | 45 |
| | | | | | | N1 | Wichita | 48 |
| | | | 2 | Bloomington | 51 | | | |
| Northern Division | Northern Division | Northern Division | 2 | Bloomington | 51 | | | |
| Northern Division | Northern Division | Northern Division | 1 | Wichita | 52 | | | |
| 3 | Sioux City | 45 | 1 | Wichita | 52 | | | |
| 2 | Bloomington | 65 | | | | | | |
# Schroeder's paradox

Schroeder's paradox refers to the phenomenon of certain polymers exhibiting more solvent uptake (observed as swelling) when exposed to a pure liquid versus a saturated vapor. It is named after the German chemist Paul von Schroeder, who first reported the phenomenon working on a sample of gelatin in contact with water in 1903. An equivalent observation has also been independently discovered and discussed within the biophysical community as the vapor pressure paradox.
The phenomenon was recognized as notable due to its application to the Nafion/water system, with technological importance due to application in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells.

## Theories

According to phase equilibrium theory, the activity of a chemical species should be equal to its equilibrium partial vapor pressure, so both saturated vapor and pure liquid should exhibit the same equilibrium for absorption into the polymer. For this reason, Schroeder's experimental results were immediately questioned, and the phenomenon has often been attributed to experimental error, such as failure to attain proper water saturation or isothermal conditions between the phases. However, even exact measurements support an existence of a systematic difference between sorption from saturated vapor and from pure liquid for certain systems.
Additional surface effects along the polymer-liquid interface are required to explain the difference. A mechanism based on action of Maxwell stresses due to formation of an electrical double layer at the polymer's surface, present only where the polymer is submerged in liquid, has been proposed to explain this effect in the case of ion-exchange polymers, and a similar mechanism involving van der Waals and solvation forces for the case of nonionogenic polymers. Mechanistic interpretations based on wetting of micropores in the polymer matrix have also been proposed. The difference in absorption can in either case be explained by a difference in surface stresses on the interface, which differs between immersion in pure liquid and saturated vapor, resolving the paradox without requiring a difference in activity between the two.

## Examples

Schroeder's paradox has been reported for various polymer/solvent pairs, such as:
* gelatin/water (Schroeder, 1903)
* phospholipid multilayers/water (Rand & Parsegian, 1989)
* polyvinyl alcohol/water (Heintz & Stephan, 1994)
* polyvinyl alcohol/ethanol (Heintz & Stephan, 1994)
* Nafion/water (Gates, 2000)
* Nafion/methanol (Gates, 2000)
* sulfonated polyethylene/water (Freger, 2000)
* sulfonated polyimide/water (Cornet, 2001)
* polydimethylsiloxane/2-propanol (Valieres, 2005)
* kerogen/propane (Li, 2021)
* kerogen/n-butane (Li, 2021)
* kerogen/n-pentane (Li, 2021)
# What Makes a Battle

What Makes a Battle was a propaganda short produced by the US Army Pictorial Service in 1944. It documents the taking of the Marshall Islands while also encouraging increased war production.
The film opens with the narrator asking "What makes a battle?" while the camera is focusing on shipments of industrial transports, "This is what it takes to make a battle." This statement sets up the dual nature of the entire film. War supplies are pouring in from every part of the country, from every type of American "Republican and Democrat, white and colored." Industrial production is the backbone of war, according to the film, if it is destroyed, not made with quality, or not replaced in time, the battle cannot happen.
Then the film abruptly changes direction, and presents a summary of the American battle plan for taking the Marshalls, how the outer islands were bombed to fool the enemy, and how a sneak attack was planned against the inner islands. But this couldn't happen until all the supplies were ready. When the invasion does begin there is fierce fighting on the main islands. "The German would have surrendered, but not the Jap...Out of a garrison of 6000, 230 surrender." Much time is spent on the Japanese POWs, and the film goes to great lengths to show how well they are treated, especially in comparison to how the Japanese treated their POWs.
Emphasis then turns again to materiel. Showing all the destroyed planes, artillery, and ammunition, all needing to be replaced by the American workforce. But at the very end, images of the dead and wounded American soldiers are shown. The narrator assures us they will never be forgotten.
# Charles John Smith

Charles John Smith (1803–1838) was an English engraver.

## Life

He was born in 1803 at Chelsea where his father, James Smith, practised as a surgeon. He was a pupil of Charles Pye, and became an engraver of book illustrations of a topographical and antiquarian character. He was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1837, and died of paralysis in Albany Street, London, on 23 November 1838.

## Works

He executed a few of the later plates in Charles Stothard's Monumental Effigies, the views of houses and monuments in Edmund Cartwright's Rape of Bramber, 1830, and plates from illuminated manuscripts for Thomas Frognall Dibdin's Tour in the Northern Counties of England, 1838. In 1829 Smith published a series of Autographs of Royal, Noble, and Illustrious Persons, with memoirs by John Gough Nichols, and later started another serial work, Historical and Literary Curiosities, which he did not live to complete.
# Pruritic papular eruption of HIV disease

Pruritic papular eruption (PPE) is characterized chronic pruritus and symmetric papular and pustular on the extensor surfaces of the arms, dorsum of the hands, trunk, and face with sparing of the palms and soles. with the absence of other definable causes of itching in an HIV infected patient. PPE seems to be much more prevalent in less developed regions of the world.
# Matthias Reutimann

Matthias Reutimann (born 15 November 1994) is a Swiss cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Continental team Team Felt–Felbermayr. He was selected to compete in the 2021 Tour de Romandie with the Swiss national team.

## Major results
### 2016

    1st Coppa d'Inverno

### 2017

    1st Mountains classification, International Tour of Rhodes

### 2018

    1st Hill-climb, National Road Championships
    9th Memorial Philippe Van Coningsloo

### 2019

    2nd Hill-climb, National Road Championships

### 2020

    6th Road race, National Road Championships
# Minnesota State Highway 113

Minnesota State Highway 113 (MN 113) is a 54.592-mile-long (87.857 km) highway in northwest Minnesota, which runs from its intersection with State Highway 32 in Syre and continues east to its eastern terminus at its intersection with U.S. Highway 71 in Clover Township (17 miles north of the city of Park Rapids).

## Route description

Highway 113 serves as an east–west route in northwest Minnesota between Syre, the White Earth Indian Reservation, Waubun, and Clover Township.
The route intersects U.S. Highway 59 in Waubun.
The route passes through Clearwater County briefly twice in southern La Prairie Township.
The route passes through the White Earth State Forest in southeast Mahnomen County and northeast Becker County.
Highway 113 parallels State Highway 34 and State Highway 200 throughout its route.
The western terminus of Highway 113 is located in the Red River Valley region of Minnesota.
The eastern terminus of the route is located immediately south of Lake Itasca.
Highway 113 serves as the southern border for Itasca State Park. The two park entrances are located on nearby Highways 71 (east entrance) and 200 (north entrance).
The route is legally defined as Routes 200 and 283 in the Minnesota Statutes. It is not marked with these numbers.

## History

The section of Highway 113 between U.S. 59 at Waubun and U.S. 71 at Clover Township was authorized on April 22, 1933.
The section of the route between U.S. 59 at Waubun and State Highway 32 at Syre was authorized in 1949.
Only a small portion of the route, east of Waubun, had been paved by 1953. The entire route was paved by the late 1960s.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Norman | Syre | 0.000 | 0.000 | MN 32 – Ulen, Twin Valley CSAH 39 west | Western terminus; roadway continues west as CSAH 39 |
| Norman | Flom Township | 6.042 | 9.724 | CSAH 38 – Flom | |
| Mahnomen | Popple Grove Township | 10.313 | 16.597 | CSAH 10 north | |
| Mahnomen | Waubun | 15.327 | 24.666 | US 59 – Mahnomen, Detroit Lakes | |
| Mahnomen | Oakland Township | 22.384 | 36.024 | CSAH 3 north | |
| Mahnomen | Oakland Township | 27.150 | 43.694 | CSAH 4 north – Nay Tah Waush | |
| Becker | Eagle View Township | 33.802 | 54.399 | CSAH 35 south (W Elbow Lake Road) | |
| Clearwater | No major junctions | No major junctions | No major junctions | No major junctions | No major junctions |
| Becker | Forest Township | 41.051 | 66.065 | CSAH 37 south (W Bad Medicine Lake Road) | |
| Hubbard | Clover Township | 54.676 | 87.992 | US 71 – Itasca State Park, Bemidji, Park Rapids | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||||