OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Totteridge Common

Totteridge Common is a 3.7 hectare Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade II, in Totteridge in the London Borough of Barnet. The nature reserve is the southern verge of the road Totteridge Common, between Totteridge Park and Oak Lodge. It is registered common land owned by the Totteridge Manor Association and comprised the lands of the former Manor of Totteridge which were transferred to the association in 1954.

## Ecology

The most interesting feature ecologically is a chain of old ponds. Starting from the east, they are Burnham's Pond, Warren Pond, Long Pond, Ellern Mede Pond and Pink Cottage Pond. They vary in character, but all have interesting wetland flora, and most are valuable for dragonflies, other invertebrates and amphibians. Plants to be found around the edges of the ponds include lesser spearwort, trifid bur-marigold and fool's watercress (Apium nodiflorum). In deeper water, white water-lily and curled and broad-leaved pondweeds can be found. Long Pond is used for angling.
The common also has grassland, scattered trees, overgrown hedgerows and several pockets of scrubby woodland. The woodland is mainly composed of sycamore and elm. Other trees include two young native black poplar (Populus nigra ssp betulifolia), a rare tree in Britain and a priority species in the London Biodiversity Action Plan. There are also some fine mature oaks and horse-chestnuts scattered throughout the common. The grassland has a fairly good range of wild flowers, and damp areas near some of the ponds contain much tufted hair-grass.
# Öskjuhlíð

Öskjuhlíð (Icelandic pronunciation:) is a hill in the centre of Reykjavík, Iceland. It is 61 metres (200 ft) above sea level. The hill is a designated outdoors area and is covered with trees. At the top of the hill stands Perlan, a landmark building set on top of six water tanks. It is a city landmark built during Davíð Oddsson's period as mayor.
During the Second World War the United States Army occupation force built various bunkers on the hill.
Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins, a neopagan building, is being built on the southern slope of the hill.
# Lung Cu Flag Tower

Lũng Cú Flag Tower (Vietnamese: Cột cờ Lũng Cú) is a monument in northern Vietnam. It is located in Lũng Cú commune of Dong Van district in Ha Giang province. The monument consists of a 30-metre tall (98 ft) tower on the summit of Lũng Cú Peak (over 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level). The tower is topped with a large Vietnamese flag. The monument was built to mark the northernmost point in Vietnam, although the furthest north point on the Chinese-Vietnamese border is actually located over 3.3 km (2.1 mi) more north.
# Saoirse (given name)

Saoirse (Irish: ) is an Irish feminine given name meaning 'freedom' which became popular in Ireland in the 1920s.

## People named Saoirse

* Saoirse Ronan (born 1994), Irish and American actress
* Saoirse Noonan (born 1999), Irish footballer
* Saoirse-Monica Jackson (born 1993), Northern Irish actress
* Saoirse McHugh (born 1990), Irish-American environmentalist

## Characters named Saoirse

* Saoirse, a little girl in the 2014 film Song of the Sea
* Saoirse, a guardian spirit in the 2017 videogame Nioh
* Saoirse, a woman in "Natural Justice", the first episode of the Irish television series Single-Handed.
# List of organizations that joined to form the NCNC

Organizations that joined together in August 1944 to form the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons:
* T.U.C. of Nigeria
* National Democratic Party
* Associated Press (Zikist)
* Demobilized Soldiers Union
* Calabar Improvement League
* Lagos Market Women Union
* Ebute Butchers Union (Lagos)
* Tailors Union of Nigeria
* Bamenda Improvement Association
* Nigerian Union of Students
* Yaba Estate Social Club
* Ahoada District Union
* Council of Ijebu National Societies
* Ekpoma Progress Union
* Ezi Wlefare League
* Igbotako Progressive Society
* Igbanke Union
* Ijebu Igbo Patriotic Society
* Ila Patriotic Union
* Ipetu Improvement Union
* Kwale Improvement Union
* West African Union of Seamen
* Nigeria Reconstruction Group
* Youths Literary Improvement
* Association of Master Tailors
* Commercial Biz League
* Farmers Committee of West Africa
* Akure Federal Union
* Council of Ijesha Societies
* Enugu Divisional Union
* Ishan Progress Union
* Ekpoma Progress Union
* Ezi Wlefare League
* Igbotako Progressive Society
* Igbanke Union
* Ijebu Igbo Patriotic
* Ila Patriotic Union
* Ipetu Improvement Union
* Kwale Improvement Union Seamen
* Nigeria Reconstruction Group
* Youths Literary Improvement
* Association of Master Tailors
* Commercial Biz League
* Farmers Committee of West Africa
* Akure Federal Union
* Council of Ijesha Societies
* Egbado Improvement Union
* Enugu Divisional Union
* Ekiti Parapo Society
* Mbaise Union
* Edo National Union
# Dipayan Debbarma

Dipayan Debbarma (born 5 November 1999) is an Indian cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut on 16 January 2021, for Tripura in the 2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. He made his List A debut on 20 February 2021, for Tripura in the 2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy.
# Kanagaraj Balakrishnan

Kanagaraj Balakrishnan (born 18 January 1988) is a professional ATP Tennis Player from Malaysia.
He has played for Malaysia and also represented Malaysia in the 2007 SEA Games in Thailand.
Kanagaraj Balakrishnan is currently coached by Mon S Sudesh of Prospin Tennis Management. He played in the ATP 250 Event in Malaysia vs. Rohan Bopanna of India. His tennis career began at the Nike Bhupathi Tennis Academy in Bangalore, India.
# R. D. Parker Collegiate

R.D. Parker Collegiate is the only high school in Thompson, Manitoba for students in grades 9-12. The approximately 1025 students of R.D. Parker Collegiate come from the city of Thompson and other northern Communities. R.D. Parker Collegiate was named after the [at the time] Vice President of Inco, Ralph D. Parker, also located in Thompson.
The teaching staff of R.D. Parker Collegiate are members of the Thompson Teachers' Association. R.D. Parker Collegiate, in the 2012–13 school year, has a number of clubs including a Student Council. The school sports teams are called the Trojans.
R.D. Parker Collegiate offers courses in mathematics (divided into Consumer Math, Applied Math, and Precalculus), English, Science (Biology, Chemistry, and Physics), Social Studies and a number of optional courses typical of Canadian high schools. It also offers an aviation program (introduced to the course list in 2004) and special foods, arts, woodshop, and mechanical courses.

## Notable alumni

* Danielle Adams former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba (MLA) for Thompson
# Song Yuxi

Song Yuxi (Chinese: 宋玉玺) (1918–2000) was a People's Republic of China politician. He was born in Lincheng County, Hebei. He was CPPCC Chairman of Henan. He was a delegate to the 7th National People's Congress.
| Preceded byWang Huayun | CPPCC Chairman of Henan | Succeeded byYan Jimin |
* This Chinese biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Mélanie Demers

Mélanie Demers is a Canadian dancer and choreographer from Quebec, most noted as founder of the dance compagny : MAYDAY
Formerly a dancer with the O Vertigo dance company, she launched MAYDAY in 2007. Works she has created with MAYDAY have included Les Angles morts, Junkyard/Paradise, Goodbye, Something about Wilderness, La Goddam Voie Lactée, and Confession Publique.
In 2024 she was named the recipient of the National Arts Centre Award from the Governor General's Performing Arts Awards.
# From Nurse to Worse

From Nurse to Worse is a 1940 short subject directed by Jules White starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges (Moe Howard, Larry Fine and Curly Howard). It is the 49th entry in the series released by Columbia Pictures starring the comedians, who released 190 shorts for the studio between 1934 and 1959.

## Plot

The Stooges are paper hangers who encounter their acquaintance Jerry, an insurance salesman, who proposes a scheme wherein they can receive $500 monthly by taking out a policy on Curly, alleging insanity. Moe and Larry escort Curly, who is disguised as a dog, to Dr. D. Lerious's office for an assessment. However, Curly's exaggerated portrayal results in the doctor recommending surgical intervention. Fleeing from the impending operation, the Stooges seek refuge in a dog catcher's truck, unwittingly subjecting themselves to a flea infestation.
Their escapade takes a dramatic turn when Dr. D. Lerious apprehends them, leading to Curly's imminent surgery. In a stroke of luck, the trio manages to escape on a gurney, encountering Jerry once more, whereupon they exact their retribution.

## Cast
### Credited

* Moe Howard as Moe
* Larry Fine as Larry
* Curly Howard as Curly

### Uncredited

* Lynton Brent as Jerry
* Vernon Dent as Dr. D. Lerious
* Dudley Dickerson as orderly
* Dorothy Appleby as Dr. D. Lerious' receptionist
* Evelyn Young as woman in Dr. D. Lerious' office
* Ned Glass as dog catcher
* Charles Dorety as dog catcher
* Cy Schindell as policeman
* John Tyrrell as assistant surgeon
* Blanche Payson as hospital admissions nurse
* Al Thompson as orderly
* Johnny Kascier as battered orderly
* Joe Palma as male nurse

## Production notes

From Nurse to Worse was filmed on May 15–18, 1940. The film marked the first appearance of supporting player Joe Palma in a Stooge film.
The footage of the Stooges sailing through the city streets was lifted from Dizzy Doctors. The voice on the police scanner is Moe's.
# Pine needle tea

Pine needle tea or pine leaf tea is a herbal tea made from pine needles, or the leaves of pine trees (trees of the genus Pinus). In Korea, the tea made from the leaves of Korean red pine (P. densiflora) or Manchurian red pine (P. tabuliformis) is known as solip-cha (솔잎차), while the tea made from the leaves of Korean pine (P. koraiensis) is known as jannip-cha (잣잎차) or baek yeop-Cha (백엽 차). In North America, pine needle tea may be made from the leaves of Eastern white pine (P. strobus) and Loblolly, Virginia Pine, Long Leaf Pine.

## Preparation
### Solip-cha

Solip-cha is a herbal tea made mostly from the leaves and needles of Korean red pine or Manchurian red pine. Pine needles are usually harvested around December; preferably before midday; from 10 to 20 year-old trees located mid-mountain and facing southeast, that have grown in sunny places. Two types of sollip-cha can be made:
The first method uses fresh or dried pine needles. The harvested leaves are soaked in water for a day and then cleaned, rinsed, trimmed of the sharp tips, and halved or cut into three pieces. They can be used right away or dried in a shaded area before being used. For 60 millilitres (2.1 imp fl oz; 2.0 US fl oz) of water, 10–15 grams (0.35–0.53 oz) of dried pine needles or 20–30 grams (0.71–1.06 oz) of fresh pine needles are infused over low heat. As the tea has the properties of an astringent, honey or sugar is added to improve taste.
The second method consists of using fermented pine needles. The harvested leaves are trimmed of their sharp tips and washed, then placed in a sugar solution made with 600 millilitres (21 imp fl oz; 20 US fl oz) water and 100 grams (3.5 oz) of sugar, which is then fermented in a sunny place for a week (in summer) or more (in other seasons). Well-fermented sollip-cha is filtered with cloth and consumed as cold tea.

### Jannip-cha

The leaves that grow eastward are harvested for making the tea. 50 grams (1.8 oz) of fresh pine needles are washed, drained, and boiled in 300 millilitres (11 imp fl oz; 10 US fl oz) water. When it comes to a boil, it is brewed on a low heat, and drunk without the leaves.
# Rajib Dutta (Tripura cricketer)

Rajib Dutta (born 17 November 1980) is an Indian former cricketer. He played 49 first-class matches for Tripura between 1999 and 2011. Dutta played in Tripura's first five first-class victories, captaining the side in four of them. He now coaches the team.
# François Simon

François Simon may refer to:
* François Simon (cyclist) (born 1968), former French road bicycle racer
* François Simon (food critic) (born 1953), author and food critic for French daily Le Figaro
* François Simon (actor) (1917–1982), Swiss film actor
* François C. Antoine Simon (1844–1923), President of Haiti, 1908–1911
* François Joseph Simon, better known as Michel Simon, (1895-1975) French actor
* François Simon (1818-1896), French painter
# Khaosod

Khaosod (Thai: ข่าวสด, RTGS: Khao Sot, pronounced; literally meaning 'fresh news' or 'live news') is a Thai daily newspaper with national circulation. Its online version is Khaosod Online. Khaosod is the youngest paper of the Matichon Publishing Group which also operates two other daily news publications, Matichon and Prachachat.

## Description

Khaosod is more mass-oriented and upcountry-focused in style than its sister newspapers in the Matichon Group. Its circulation records show 950,000 copies sold per day. Despite heavy features on crimes, local affairs, and entertainment like other major national newspapers (such as Thai Rath and Daily News), the newspaper also remains keen on political and social issues similar to its sister newspapers Matichon and Prachachat. Khaosod is managed by Kanchai Boonparn, who also oversees the Matichon Group as a whole.
Khaosod is currently the third-bestselling newspaper in Thailand. Additionally, the online edition of the newspaper experienced a 98 percent rise in number of visits in 2010.
Khaosod first came to prominence in 1994 for its extensive coverage of the cover up murders of a Thai gem dealer's wife and her son. Details later emerged, partially due to Khaosod's reporting, that Lieutenant-General Chalor Kerdthes of the Royal Thai Police ordered the pair abducted and subsequently murdered after failing to extract information concerning the fate of the Saudi Blue Diamond from the pair. Initially reported by many newspapers as a roadside accident, Khaosod insisted otherwise from early on. Lieutenant-General Chalor and several other police officers were arrested, found guilty, and sentenced to death (the sentences were later reduced to 50 years of imprisonment). Khaosod was awarded Best News Feature from the Isra Amanantakul Foundation in that year for its coverage of the incident.

## Khaosod English

Khaosod English is a news website operating as Khaosod's English-language arm. It was launched on 9 April 2013, and is known for its liberal standpoint and its criticism of the 2014 military government; the Union of Catholic Asian News has described it as "a beacon of independent journalism in Thailand". Its staff include senior staff writer Pravit Rojanaphruk and de facto editor Teeranai Charuvastra. Khaosod English has a more focused target group than its parent, and has a monthly readership of about 200,000. The site republishes reports from the Associated Press and Kyodo News.
In August 2019, the site was criticized in Foreign Policy for a deal (made together with its parent) to republish content from the Chinese state-run news agency Xinhua.
# Brúnastaðir

Brúnastaðir (Icelandic pronunciation:) is a farm in southern Iceland, located in the municipality of Flóahreppur.
Brúnastaðir is the birthplace of two politicians, August Þorvaldsson and his son Guðni Ágústsson, Progressive Party MPs.
# K. Rajan (producer)

K. Rajan is an Indian film producer and film director who has worked on Tamil films.

## Career

Rajan began his career as a producer through the Tamil film, Brammacharigal (1983) starring Suresh. In 1991, he directed the film Namma Ooru Mariamma starring Nizhalgal Ravi and Sarathkumar, before working as a writer on Thangamana Thangachi (1991) for director Senthilnathan. For the films, he associated with Ganesh Cine Arts and music composers Shankar–Ganesh.
In 2000, Rajan took on the role of the president of Chennai Distributors Association. Rajan launched his son Prabhukanth as an actor in 2000, who acted in his first lead role through Aval Paavam (2000). Prabhukanth also featured as the antagonist in Doubles (2000), and later worked on Ninaikkatha Naalillai (2001), before making a return as a film director through LKG (2019). During the early 2000s, Rajan also worked on another project, Babu Ganesh's Kudumbam Oru Koiyil starring Ramki, although the project was later dropped.
In June 2005, director Rajan chose to shelve his proposed biopic of Sivakasi Jayalakshmi titled Niram Maraiya Rojakal starring Vindya. He then began working on a directorial project titled Unarchigal which would explore the life of adolescent youths and cast actresses Devayani and Sindhuri in the lead roles, alongside newcomer male actors. However a production delay meant that the film went through a change of cast and Rajan started the project with Abbas and Kunal.

## In the media

K. Rajan has attracted controversy for his statements on Tamil cinema.
In June 2001, Rajan was arrested for attacking fellow producer Keyaar.
In April 2019, at the launch of the soundtrack of the film Ettuthikkum Para (2020), Rajan threatened singer Chinmayi over her claims in the Me Too movement against Vairamuthu. At the same event, director Pa. Ranjith criticised Rajan's remarks. During a public speech in December 2019, he criticised actors Kamal Haasan and Dhanush, and directors Selvaraghavan and Gautham Vasudev Menon, for their loss-making films. He made directed reference to films such as Aayirathil Oruvan (2010) and Enai Noki Paayum Thota (2019). The following month, he spoke out against Nayanthara for charging a high remuneration for her films. In 2019 and 2020, he has also publicly criticised Yogi Babu at the audio launch of Paramapadham Vilayattu (2021), Bharathirajaa for starting a rival producers' association, and the Animal Welfare Board of India for allegedly taking bribes.

## Filmography
### As producer

* Brammacharigal (1983)
* Doubles (2000)
* Aval Paavam (2000)
* Ninaikkatha Naalillai (2001)

### As director

* Namma Ooru Mariamma (1991)
* Unarchigal (2005)

### As writer

* Thangamana Thangachi (1991)
* Chinna Poovai Killathe (1992)

### As actor

* Michael Raj (1987)
* Chinna Poovai Killathe (1992)
* Ulavuthurai (1998)
* En Sakhiye (2000)
* Kabadi Kabadi (2001)
* Veettoda Mappillai (2001)
* Girivalam (2005)
* Aadhikkam (2005)
* Sorry Enaku Kalyanamayidichu (2005)
* Unarchigal (2006)
* Nadigai (2008)
* Pagiri (2016)
* Paambhu Sattai (2017)
* Thunivu (2023)
* Bakasuran (2023)
# Jayanta Debnath (cricketer)

Jayanta Debnath (born 29 July 1983 in Agartala) is an Indian first-class cricketer who played for Tripura .
# Teletex

Teletex was ITU-T specification F.200 for a text and document communications service that could be provided over telephone lines. It was rapidly superseded by e-mail; however, the name Teletex lives on in several of the X.500 standard attributes used in Lightweight Directory Access Protocol.

## Overview

Teletex was designed as an upgrade to the conventional telex service. The terminal-to-terminal communication service of telex would be turned into an office-to-office document transmission system by teletex. Teletex envisaged direct communication between electronic typewriters, word processors and personal computers. These units had storage for transmitting and receiving messages. The use of such equipment considerably enhanced the character set available for document preparation.

## Features
### Character sets

In addition to the standard character set, a rich set of graphic symbols and a comprehensive set of control characters were supported in teletex. The set of control characters helped in preparation and reproduction of documents. In particular, they permitted the positioning of the printing element, specification of page orientation, left and right margins, vertical spacing and the use of underlining. The page control feature allowed standard A4 size papers to be used for receiving messages instead of the continuous stationery used in conventional telex systems.

### Transmission and reception

A background/foreground operation was envisaged in teletex. Transmission/reception of messages should proceed in the background without affecting the work which the user might be carrying out in the foreground with the equipment. In other words, a user might be preparing a new document, while another document was being transmitted or received. The teletex would also maintain compatibility with the present telex system and inter-operate with it. Telex procedures called for the exchange of header information before the actual document transfer took place. The header information consisted of four parts:
* Part 1: Destination ID,
* Part 2: Originator ID,
* Part 3: Date and time stamp,
* Part 4: Document reference.
Twenty-four characters were used for source/destination ids, 14 characters for date and time stamp, and 7 characters for document reference (which also specified the number of pages in the document). Destination/source ID consisted of four fields:
* Field 1: Country/Network code,
* Field 2: National subscriber number,
* Field 3: Reserved for future use,
* Field 4: Terminal/Owner code.
The number of characters allotted to each of the above fields was variable, subject to a maximum for each field, the total being 24 characters.
# Hálslón Reservoir

The Hálslón Reservoir (Icelandic pronunciation: ) is a storage reservoir in Eastern Iceland on the Jökulsá á Dal River. The reservoir stores water for use in hydroelectricity production with the Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant. The reservoir was formed by three different concrete-faced, rock-filled embankment dams: the Kárahnjúkastífla Dam, the Desjarárstífla Dam and the Sauðárdalsstífla Dam.

## Dams

The Kárahnjúkastífla Dam is 193m tall, 730m long and straddles the river. It is made of 8.5 million cubic meters of material, making it the largest dam of its type in Europe. Construction on the dam began in April 2003 and was completed in November 2006. The Kárahnjúkastífla Dam does not create the reservoir alone, as the dam is higher in elevation than the two valleys that flank the river valley. To create the desired level, auxiliary or saddle dams were built. The 60m tall and 1,000m long Desjarárstífla Dam is adjacent and to the east of the Kárahnjúkastífla Dam. The Sauðárdalsstífla Dam is 4 km to the southwest, 25m tall and 1,100m long. Both auxiliary dams were built between April 2004 and October 2006. The reservoir began to fill in September 2006.
Water used for hydroelectricity production in the reservoir is discharged in the Jökulsá í Fljótsdal river to the northeast.

## Conservation

In January 2005, the Icelandic parliament voted to give a large area around the dam park status, thereby protecting it. The area covers one-tenth of Iceland's surface area.
# Gabriel Churchkitten

Gabriel Churchkitten is the name of a fictional cat, the hero of several children's books written by Margot Austin.
The first of these stories was made into an animated cartoon produced by Famous Studios and released by Paramount Pictures on December 15, 1944, as part of the Noveltoon series. The plot concerns how Gabriel (voiced by Cecil Roy) tries to get Parson Peaseporridge, the church's sleepwalking pastor (voiced by Jackson Beck) to wake up and feed him and his friends Peter the church mouse and Trumpet the dog.
# Sagitta (optics)

In optics and especially telescope making, sagitta or sag is a measure of the glass removed to yield an optical curve. It is approximated by the formula
       $S(r)\approx {\frac {r^{2}}{2\times R}}$,
where R is the radius of curvature of the optical surface. The sag S(r) is the displacement along the optic axis of the surface from the vertex, at distance $r$ from the axis.
A good explanation of both this approximate formula and the exact formula can be found here.

## Aspheric surfaces

Optical surfaces with non-spherical profiles, such as the surfaces of aspheric lenses, are typically designed such that their sag is described by the equation
    $S(r)={\frac {r^{2}}{R\left(1+{\sqrt {1-(1+K){\frac {r^{2}}{R^{2}}}}}\right)}}+\alpha _{1}r^{2}+\alpha _{2}r^{4}+\alpha _{3}r^{6}+\cdots .$
Here, $K$ is the conic constant as measured at the vertex (where $r=0$). The coefficients $\alpha _{i}$ describe the deviation of the surface from the axially symmetric quadric surface specified by $R$ and $K$.