# Vatnajökull

Vatnajökull (Icelandic pronunciation: , literally "Glacier of Lakes"; sometimes translated as Vatna Glacier in English) is the largest and most voluminous ice cap in Iceland, and the second largest in area in Europe after the Severny Island ice cap of Novaya Zemlya. It is in the south-east of the island, covering approximately 10% of the country.

## Size

With an area of 7,700 km$^2$,
Vatnajökull is the second largest ice cap in Europe by volume (about 3,000 km$^3$) and area (after the still larger Severny Island ice cap of Novaya Zemlya, Russia, which is in the extreme northeast of Europe). On 7 June 2008, it became a part of the Vatnajökull National Park.
The average thickness of the ice is 380 m (1,250 ft), with a maximum thickness of 950 m (3,120 ft). Iceland's highest peak, Hvannadalshnúkur (2,109.6 m or 6,921 ft 3 in), as part of the Öræfajökull, is in the southern periphery of Vatnajökull, near Skaftafell.

## Peaks

Hrútsfjallstindar is a series of Icelandic peaks rising from Vatnajökull between Svínafellsjökull and Skaftafellsjökull, in its southern part. There are four peaks, which range from 1,756 metres (5,761 ft) to 1,875 metres (6,152 ft) high.

## Volcanoes

Under the ice cap, as under many of the glaciers of Iceland, there are several volcanoes. Eruptions from these volcanoes have led to the development of large pockets of water beneath the ice, which may burst the weakened ice and cause a jökulhlaup (glacial lake outburst flood). During the last ice age, numerous volcanic eruptions occurred under Vatnajökull, creating many subglacial eruptions.
In more modern times, the volcanoes continue to erupt beneath the glaciers, resulting in many documented floods. One jökulhlaup in 1934 caused the release of 15 km$^3$ (3+1⁄2 cu mi) of water over the course of several days. The volcanic lake Grímsvötn was the source of a large jökulhlaup in 1996. There was also a considerable but short-lived eruption of the volcano under these lakes at the beginning of November 2004. On 21 May 2011 a volcanic eruption started in Grímsvötn in Vatnajökull National Park at around 19:00. The plume reached up to 17 km (56,000 ft).

## In culture

An Icelandic older name for Vatnajökull was Klofajökull (Cleft Glacier, due to cuts into the ice several of which can be presumed to be liable for the name), which is known from eighteenth-century sources such as the writings of Eggert Ólafsson and Bjarni Pálsson. In September 1950, a Douglas DC-4 operated by the private airline Loftleiðir crash-landed on the Vatnajökull glacier. The entire six-person crew survived. A rescue operation was launched after the crew managed to send a distress signal on the fourth day. The crew and the rescue team walked the 34 km to safety.
The glacier was used as the setting for the opening sequence (set in Siberia) of the 1985 James Bond film A View to a Kill, in which Bond (played for the last time by Roger Moore) eliminated a host of armed villains before escaping in a submarine to Alaska. Several other films, including another in the Bond franchise, have been filmed on or using Jökulsárlón, the terminal lake of the Breiðamerkurjökull outlet from Vatnajökull.
In 2004, Vatnajökull was one of several Icelandic settings visited on the first leg of The Amazing Race 6.
Westlife's official music video for their twenty-fifth single top 10 and #2 UK hit in 2009 "What About Now" is the last film of Vatnajökull Glacier before the subsequent volcanic eruption.
In November 2011, the glacier was used as a shooting location for the second season of the HBO fantasy TV series Game of Thrones.

## Outlet glaciers

Vatnajökull has around 30 outlet glaciers flowing from the ice cap. The Icelandic term for glacier is "jökull", and so is the term for outlet glacier. Given below is a list of outlet glaciers flowing from Vatnajökull, sorted by the four administrative territories of Vatnajökull National Park. This is not a complete list.
Southern territory
* Austurtungnajökull
* Axarfellsjökull
* Breiðamerkurjökull
* Birnudalsjökull
* Brókarjökull
* Eyvindstungnajökull
* Falljökull
* Fellsárjökull
* Fjallsjökull
* Fláajökull
* Gljúfursárjökull
* Heinabergsjökull
* Hoffellsjökull
* Hólárjökull
* Hrútárjökull
* Kotárjökull
* Kvíárjökull
* Lambatungnajökull
* Morsárjökull
* Norðurtungnajökull
* Rótarfjallsjökull
* Skaftafellsjökull
* Skálafellsjökull
* Skeiðarárjökull
* Stigárjökull
* Stórhöfðajökull
* Suðurfjallsjökull
* Svínafellsjökull
* Vesturdalsjökull
* Viðborðsjökull
* Virkisjökull
Eastern territory
* Brúarjökull
* Eyjabakkajökull
* Geldingafellsjökull
* Kverkjökull
* Kverkkvíslarjökull
* Kvíslarjökull
Northern territory
* Dyngjujökull
Western territory
* Grænalónsjökull
* Köldukvíslarjökull
* Síðujökull
* Skaftárjökull
* Sylgjujökull
* Tungnaárjökul