OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pulsifer v. United States

Pulsifer v. United States, (Docket No. 22-340), is a decision of the United States Supreme Court interpreting 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)(1), a provision of the federal sentencing statute as amended by the First Step Act.

## Background
### Legal background

The federal sentencing statute, 18 U.S.C. 3553, contains a provision known as a "safety valve". The safety valve, located at § 3553(f), requires the trial courts to sentence qualifying defendants according to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, regardless of any statutory minimum sentences. Criteria for qualification are listed in § 3553(f)(1) through (5). Subsections (f)(2) through (f)(4) focus on the crime for which the defendant will be sentenced, subsection (f)(5) focuses on the defendant's cooperation with the government, and subsection (f)(1) focuses on the defendant's prior criminal record. This subsection states that courts must impose sentences pursuant to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines if it finds that:
   (1) the defendant does not have—
       (A) more than 4 criminal history points, excluding any criminal history points resulting from a 1–point offense, as determined under the sentencing guidelines;
       (B) a prior 3–point offense, as determined under the sentencing guidelines; and [emphasis added]
       (C) a prior 2–point violent offense, as determined under the sentencing guidelines;

### Factual background

Mark Pulsifer pleaded guilty in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa to one count of distributing at least fifty grams of methamphetamine, contrary to 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Since Pulsifer had previously been convicted of a serious drug felony, he faced a mandatory minimum sentence of fifteen years, unless he qualified for safety valve relief. Neither Pulsifer nor the United States disputed that Pulsifer met the requirements of § 3553(f)(2) through (f)(5). Turning to (f)(1), it is also undisputed that Pulsifer's prior criminal record triggers subsections (A) and (B), but that subsection (C) is not triggered. At sentencing, Pulsifer argued that he is eligible for safety valve relief because his prior conduct does not trigger (A), (B), and (C). The District Court disagreed, saying that a defendant whose prior record triggers (A), (B), or (C) is not eligible for safety valve relief. The Eighth Circuit affirmed the judgment of the District Court.
Courts of appeals are split on how to read the "and" in § 3553(f)(1). In the Fourth, Ninth, and Eleventh Circuits, a defendant is eligible for safety valve relief unless his prior criminal record satisfies subsections (A), (B), and (C). In the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Circuits, a defendant is eligible for safety value relief unless his prior criminal record satisfies subsections (A), (B), or (C).

## Supreme Court

On October 7, 2022, Pulsifer petitioned the Supreme Court to hear his case. On February 27, 2023, the Court granted certiorari. Oral arguments were heard on October 2, 2023. The case was argued by Shay Dvoretzky, on behalf of Pulsifer, and Frederick Liu, from the Solicitor General’s office on behalf of the United States.
# Rigdon v. Perry

Rigdon v. Perry was a 1997 United States case brought by the Becket Fund for Religious Freedom. It set an important precedent that the military could not ban chaplains from following the directives of their religious leaders.
The case originated with a military ban on preaching on pending federal legislation by chaplains. Rigdon, a Catholic priest, as well as an Orthodox Jewish rabbi both wanted to preach in favor of passage of the partial-birth abortion ban on 1997. They brought a suit on First Amendment and Religious Freedom Restoration Act grounds against the federal government ban on them doing so.
The case eventually also involved Muslim chaplains, and the Washington, D.C. district court found that the government had acted in an unjustified and heavy-handed manner.
# Kullu Dussehra

Kullu Dussehra is the renowned International Mega Dussehra festival observed in the month of October in Himachal Pradesh state in northern India. Wherein more than 4-5 lakh(400,000-500,000) people visit the fair from all across the Globe. It is celebrated in the Dhalpur maidan in the Kullu valley. Dussehra at Kullu commences on the tenth day of the rising moon, i.e. on 'Vijay Dashmi' day itself and continues for seven days. Its history dates back to the 17th century when local King Jagat Singh installed an idol of Raghunath on his throne as a mark of penance. After this, god Raghunath was declared as the ruling deity of the Valley. The State government has accorded the status of International festival to the Kullu Dussehra, which attracts tourists in large numbers.

## History of kullu dussehra

According legend, after this return from a pilgrimage to Maharishi Jamdagni went to his hermitage at Malana. On his head he carried a basket filled with eighteen images of different gods. Crossing through Chanderkhani pass, he came upon a fierce storm. Struggling to stay on his feet, Maharishi Jamdagni's basket was thrown from his head, scattering the images to many distant places. Hill people, finding these images saw them take shape or form as Gods, and began to worship them. Legend has it that deity worship began in the Kullu Valley.
Raja Jagat Singh ruled over the prosperous and beautiful kingdom of Kullu. As the ruler, the Raja learned of a peasant by the name of Durgadatta who apparently possessed many beautiful pearls. The Raja thought he should have these treasured pearls, even though the only pearls Durgadatta had were pearls of Knowledge. But the Raja in his greed ordered Durgadatta to hand over his pearls or be hanged. Knowing of his inevitable fate at the hands of the king, Durgadatta threw himself on the fire and cursed the king, "Whenever you eat, your rice will appear as worms, and water will appear as blood". Doomed by his fate, the Raja sought solace and searched out advice from a Ramanandi saint Krishnadas Payahari who belonged to Dahima/Dadhich Brahmin family. Shri Krishnadas Payahari told him that in order to eradicate the curse, he must retrieve the deity of Ragunath from Ram's kingdom. Desperate, the king sent a Brahmin to Ayodhya. Later the Brahmin stole the deity and set out on his journey back to Kullu. The people of Ayodhya, finding their beloved Ragunath missing, set out in search of the Kullu Brahmin. On the banks of the Saryu river, they approached the Brahmin and asked him why he had taken Ragunath ji. The Brahmin recounted the story of the Kullu king. The people of Ayodhya attempted to lift Ragunath, but their deity became incredibly heavy when headed back towards Ayodhya, and became very light when headed to Kullu. On reaching Kullu Ragunath was installed as the reigning deity of the Kullu kingdom. After installing the deity of Raghunath, Raja Jagat Singh drank the Charan-Amrit of the deity and the curse was lifted. Jagat Singh became Lord Ragunath's regent. This legend is connected with the Dussehra at Kullu. This deity is taken in a Ratha to the Dussehra. It started in 1606 and continues till now.
# Viveiro CF

Viveiro Club de Fútbol is a football club based in Viveiro in the autonomous community of Galicia.

## History

Founded in 1923.

## Current league

Viveiro currently plays in Tercera Federación – Group 1.

## Season to season

| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 1929–1955 | — | Regional | — |
| 1955–56 | 4 | Serie A | 9th |
| 1956–57 | 5 | 1ª Com. | |
| 1957–58 | 4 | Serie A | 2nd |
| 1958–59 | 4 | 3ª | 15th |
| 1959–60 | 4 | 3ª | 7th |
| 1960–61 | 4 | 3ª | 5th |
| 1961–62 | 4 | 3ª | 9th |
| 1962–63 | 4 | 3ª | 15th |
| 1963–64 | 4 | Serie A | 2nd |
| 1964–65 | DNP | DNP | DNP |
| 1965–66 | DNP | DNP | DNP |
| 1966–67 | 5 | 1ª Com. | 1st |
| 1967–68 | 5 | 1ª Com. | |
| 1968–69 | 5 | 1ª Com. | 2nd |
| 1969–70 | 5 | 1ª Com. | |
| 1970–71 | 5 | 1ª Com. | 1st |
| 1971–72 | 5 | 1ª Com. | 3rd |
| 1972–73 | 5 | 1ª Com. | 1st |
| 1973–74 | 5 | 1ª Com. | 2nd |
| Season | Tier | Division | Place | Copa del Rey |
| 1974–75 | 5 | 1ª Com. | 10th | |
| 1975–76 | 5 | 1ª Com. | 4th | |
| 1976–77 | 4 | Serie A | 19th | |
| 1977–78 | 6 | 1ª Com. | 1st | |
| 1978–79 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 8th | |
| 1979–80 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 2nd | |
| 1980–81 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 1st | |
| 1981–82 | 4 | 3ª | 7th | |
| 1982–83 | 4 | 3ª | 13th | |
| 1983–84 | 4 | 3ª | 10th | |
| 1984–85 | 4 | 3ª | 8th | |
| 1985–86 | 4 | 3ª | 5th | |
| 1986–87 | 4 | 3ª | 19th | First round |
| 1987–88 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 1st | |
| 1988–89 | 4 | 3ª | 9th | |
| 1989–90 | 4 | 3ª | 5th | |
| 1990–91 | 4 | 3ª | 8th | First round |
| 1991–92 | 4 | 3ª | 13th | First round |
| 1992–93 | 4 | 3ª | 2nd | |
| 1993–94 | 4 | 3ª | 4th | First round |
| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 1994–95 | 4 | 3ª | 2nd |
| 1995–96 | 4 | 3ª | 7th |
| 1996–97 | 4 | 3ª | 4th |
| 1997–98 | 4 | 3ª | 10th |
| 1998–99 | 4 | 3ª | 4th |
| 1999–2000 | 4 | 3ª | 13th |
| 2000–01 | 4 | 3ª | 11th |
| 2001–02 | 4 | 3ª | 17th |
| 2002–03 | 4 | 3ª | 19th |
| 2003–04 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 3rd |
| 2004–05 | 4 | 3ª | 11th |
| 2005–06 | 4 | 3ª | 18th |
| 2006–07 | 5 | Pref. Aut. | 6th |
| 2007–08 | 5 | Pref. Aut. | 16th |
| 2008–09 | 5 | Pref. Aut. | 12th |
| 2009–10 | 5 | Pref. Aut. | 12th |
| 2010–11 | 5 | Pref. Aut. | 14th |
| 2011–12 | 5 | Pref. Aut. | 11th |
| 2012–13 | 5 | Pref. Aut. | 6th |
| 2013–14 | 5 | Pref. Aut. | 4th |
| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 2014–15 | 5 | Pref. Aut. | 7th |
| 2015–16 | 5 | Pref. | 8th |
| 2016–17 | 5 | Pref. | 8th |
| 2017–18 | 5 | Pref. | 15th |
| 2018–19 | 5 | Pref. | 3rd |
| 2019–20 | 5 | Pref. | 1st |
| 2020–21 | 4 | 3ª | 8th / 2nd |
| 2021–22 | 5 | 3ª RFEF | 12th |
| 2022–23 | 5 | 3ª Fed. | 13th |
| 2023–24 | 5 | 3ª Fed. | 10th |
| 2024–25 | 5 | 3ª Fed. | |
* 29 seasons in Tercera División
* 4 seasons in Tercera Federación/Tercera División RFEF

## Notable former players

* Manel
* Fabri
* Zlatan Xavier
# United States v. Balsys

United States v. Balsys, 524 U.S. 666 (1998), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that concern with foreign prosecution is beyond the scope of the Self Incrimination Clause. The case concerned Aloyzas Balsys, a Lithuanian who immigrated to the United States in 1961.

## Background

As a part of Balsys' application of immigration to the United States he stated prior service in the Lithuanian Army, serving from 1934 to 1940. He also stated that during World War II, he was hiding in Plateliai. His wartime activities between 1940 and 1944 came into question by the Justice Department's Office of Special Investigations (OSI) and become the center of the dispute over this case.
In 1979 the Justice Department's Office of Special Investigations (OSI) was established to investigate and deport supporters found of persecuting "any person because of race, religion, national origin, or political opinion." Fearing deportations at the deposition, Balsys invoked the Fifth Amendment right against self incrimination.

## Court rulings

The District court agreed that Balsys testimony could put him in danger with foreign countries but claimed that:
   "The reasonableness of his fear is not challenged by the Government, and we thus squarely face the question whether a criminal prosecution by a foreign government not subject to our constitutional guarantees presents a “criminal case” for purposes of the privilege against self-incrimination."
Balsys appealed this decision to the Second Circuit but in a 7-to-2 decision the court held. With Justice Souter delivering the Courts Opinion stating fear of self incrimination and a following prosecution by a foreign country does not fall under the Fifth Amendment right against self incrimination.
# Western Air Lines, Inc. v. Criswell

Western Air Lines, Inc. v. Criswell, 472 U.S. 400 (1985), is a US labor law case before the United States Supreme Court concerning age discrimination.

## Background

Western Air Lines required flight engineers to retire at age 60. Plaintiffs were forced to retire at 60 and brought suit at the Federal District Court. Defendant argued that the age requirement was a bona fide occupational qualification that was reasonably necessary for the airline's safe operations. The case proceeded to trial and a jury found for the plaintiffs after a trial.

## Statutory background

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 prohibits mandatory retirement prior to age 70, but section 4(f)(1) provides an exception: "where age is a bona fide occupational qualification reasonably necessary to the normal operation of the particular business."

## Opinion of the Court

The Supreme Court held that it was lawful to require airline pilots to retire at 60, because the Federal Aviation Administration forbade using pilots over 60 in aviation. But the Court held that refusing to employ flight engineers over that age was unjustified as there were no such FAA requirements.
# The Happiest Man in the World (film)

The Happiest Man in the World (Macedonian: Најсреќниот човек на светот, romanized: Najsreḱniot čovek na svetot, Danish: Et strejf af lykke, French: L'Homme le plus heureux du monde) is a 2022 drama film written and directed by Teona Strugar Mitevska.
An international co-production between North Macedonia, Denmark, Belgium, Bosnia, Croatia and Slovenia, it premiered at the 79th edition of the Venice Film Festival in the Orizzonti sidebar. The film won the Grand Prize at the 2022 Les Arcs Film Festival. It was selected as the Macedonian entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 96th Academy Awards.

## Cast

* Jelena Kordic Kuret as Asja
* Adnan Omerovic as Zoran
* Labina Mitevska as Marta
* Ana Kostovska as Mersiha
* Ksenija Marinkovic as Azemina
* Izudin Bajrovic as Asim
* Irma Alimanovic as Ema
* Vedrana Bozinovic as Aida
* Mona Muratovic as Sabina
# Prairie warbler

The prairie warbler (Setophaga discolor) is a small songbird of the New World warbler family.

## Description

These birds have yellow underparts with dark streaks on the flanks, and olive overparts with rusty streaks on the back; they have a yellow line above the eye, a dark line through it, and a yellow spot below it. These birds have black legs, long tails, two pale wing bars, and thin pointed bills. Coloring is duller in female and immatures.

### Measurements

Standard Measurements :
| length | 4.3–5.2 in (110–130 mm) |
| weight | 7.7 g (0.27 oz) |
| wingspan | 7 in (180 mm) |
| wing | 54.4–58.2 mm (2.14–2.29 in) |
| tail | 47.5–50.5 mm (1.87–1.99 in) |
| culmen | 9–10.2 mm (0.35–0.40 in) |
| tarsus | 17–19 mm (0.67–0.75 in) |

### Vocalizations

Prairie warblers have two categories of songs, referred to as Type A and Type B. Type A songs are typically a series of ascending buzzy notes. The B songs are an ascending series of whistled notes that often contain some buzzy notes. Compared to A songs, the B songs are lower in pitch, have fewer, longer notes. The total song length is longer as well in Type B songs. The use of these two song categories is associated with certain contexts. A songs are sung throughout the day when males first arrive on their breeding grounds. Once males are paired they begin to sing B songs during the dawn chorus and then will intersperse A songs in their singing during the rest of the day. During this later period of singing A songs are typically used near females, near the nest, and in the center of their territories. In contrast B songs are used when interacting or fighting with other males and near the borders of their territories.
Part of their call note repertoire is a tsip call. During dawn, chorus B songs are interspersed with rapid loud "check" calls.

## Distribution and habitat

These birds are permanent residents in the southern parts of their range. Other birds migrate to north-eastern Mexico and islands in the Caribbean.

## Behaviour and ecology
### Breeding

Their breeding habitats are brushy areas and forest edges in eastern North America. The prairie warbler's nests are open cups, which are usually placed in a low area of a tree or shrub. Incubation period is 12 to 13 days.

### Feeding

Prairie warblers forage actively on tree branches, and sometimes fly around with the purpose of catching insects, which are the main food source of these birds.

### Behaviour

These birds wag their tails frequently.

## Status

The numbers of these birds are declining due to habitat loss; this species also suffers from nest parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird.

## Gallery

* In Everglades National Park.
* At Castellow Hammock, Miami, FL.
# 1933–34 CHL season

The 1933–34 CHL season was the third season of the Central Hockey League, a minor professional ice hockey league in the Midwestern United States. Five teams participated in the league, and the Minneapolis Millers won the championship.

## Regular season

| | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | Pts |
| Minneapolis Millers | 44 | 28 | 11 | 5 | 129 | 86 | 56 |
| Eveleth Rangers | 44 | 26 | 14 | 4 | 129 | 86 | 56 |
| Hibbing Miners | 44 | 22 | 18 | 4 | 129 | 119 | 44 |
| St. Paul Saints | 44 | 12 | 30 | 2 | 86 | 125 | 24 |
| Duluth Hornets | 44 | 12 | 27 | 5 | 79 | 119 | 24 |
# Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge

The Department of Genetics is a department of the University of Cambridge that conducts research and teaching in genetics.

## Research

As of 2017, the department has 83 researchers over 27 research groups, studying functional genomics, systems biology, developmental biology, cell biology, epigenetic inheritance, microbial genetics and evolution and population genetics.

## Notable academic staff

* Anne Ferguson-Smith FRS FMedSci, Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics, formerly Head of the Department
* Richard Durbin FRS, Honorary Professor of Computational genomics, Senior Group Leader at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
* Julie Ahringer FMedSci, Professor of Genetics and Genomics, Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow, and Director of the Gurdon Institute
* David Glover FRS FRSE, Wellcome Investigator in the Department of Genetics, formerly Balfour Professor of Genetics
As of 2017, the department also has 50-65 graduate students and about 30 Part II Tripos undergraduate students.

## Emeritus and alumni

Notable alumni of the department include:
* Reginald Punnett FRS, inventor of the Punnett Square
* Michael Ashburner FRS, gene ontologist and co-founder of the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI)
* Ronald Fisher, statistical geneticist, who has been described as “a genius who almost single-handedly created the foundations for modern statistical science”.
# Dan Blake

Daniel Bigelow Blake Jr. (May 22, 1882 – September 7, 1953) was an American football player and coach.

## Early life

Blake was born on May 22, 1882, in Cuero, Texas, to Daniel Bigelow Blake Sr. and Mary Clara Weldon. Dan Sr. was a physician and once president of the Nashville Academy of Medicine.

## College career

Blake was a prominent halfback and end for Dan McGugin's Vanderbilt Commodores football teams from 1903 to 1906, winning multiple Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) titles. His two brothers, Bob and Vaughan, also played on those teams. Dan, Bob, and Vaughan were captains of the 1906, 1907, and 1908 Vanderbilt teams respectively. Dan Blake was selected consensus All-Southern in 1906. At Vanderbilt he was a member of Kappa Sigma fraternity and stood 5 feet 11 and weighed some 165 pounds.
Blake played end in 1903, the same position as his brother, Bob.
One writer in 1904 still contended Blake, who "played left half for Vanderbilt, '04, being taken from left end, which position he played in '03. End is his position; he is heavy, weighing about 170, is fast, a good tackler, advances the ball well, and is a fair punter."
Blake was captain of the 1906 team, considered one of the school's greatest. Dan made the field goal to tie Michigan 4 to 4, a score that would remain until the final two minutes saw a Michigan touchdown.

## Later life

Blake went on to coach at Hopkinsville High School at Hopkinsville, Kentucky. While there he was manager of the electric light and gas plants of the Kentucky Public Service Company.
# Nebojša Vidić

Nebojša Vidić (Serbian Cyrillic: Небојша Видић; born 29 January 1973) is a Serbian professional basketball coach and former player.

## Playing career

As a guard, Vidić played for his hometown clubs Tamiš and Rolling-Hunter.

## Coaching career

Vidić started his coaching career at 22, while he was still an active player. He was a head coach for Tamiš and Sveti Đorđe during the 2000s.
In the 2011–12 season, Vidić was the head coach for Þór Akureyri of the Icelandic Premier League. In the 2013–14 season, Vidić was the head coach for Lokomotiv-Kuban 2 of the VTB United Youth League.
In February 2016, Bulgarian club Balkan Botevgrad hired Vidić as their new head coach. In June 2016, he signed with Balkan for the 2016–17 season. In May 2017, he signed with Balkan for one more season. Following a 3–1 win over Levski Lukoil in the 2019 Finals, Vidić won a Bulgarian National League for the 2018–19 season with Balkan. It was their first national title in 30 years. In May 2019, he left Balkan Botevgrad.
Prior to the 2019–20 season, Vidić became an assistant coach for Nizhny Novgorod under Zoran Lukić. On 10 March 2021, Tamiš hired him as their new head coach.

## Career achievements

* Bulgarian National League champion: 2 (with Balkan Botevgrad: 2018–19, 2021–22)
# Lars Grini

Lars Grini (born 29 June 1944) is a Norwegian former ski jumper who competed between 1966 and 1972.

## Career

His best-known successes were at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, where he won a bronze medal in the individual large hill event, and another bronze medal in the individual normal hill at the 1970 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships. He represented the club SFK Lyn.
On 10 February 1967, he set ski jumping distance world record at 147 metres (482 ft) on Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze in Oberstdorf, West Germany.
On 11 February 1967, the next day, he set another world record at 150 metres (492 ft) also in Oberstdorf.

## Ski jumping world records

| Date | Hill | Location | Metres | Feet |
| 10 February 1967 | Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze | Oberstdorf, West Germany | 147 | 482 |
| 11 February 1967 | Heini-Klopfer-Skiflugschanze | Oberstdorf, West Germany | 150 | 492 |