# Gamilaraay language

The Gamilaraay or Kamilaroi language (Gamilaraay pronunciation:) is a Pama–Nyungan language of the Wiradhuric subgroup found mostly in south-eastern Australia. It is the traditional language of the Gamilaraay (Kamilaroi), an Aboriginal Australian people. It has been noted as endangered, but the number of speakers grew from 87 in the 2011 Australian Census to 105 in the 2016 Australian Census. Thousands of Australians identify as Gamilaraay, and the language is taught in some schools.
Wirray Wirray, Guyinbaraay, Yuwaalayaay, Waalaraay and Gawambaraay are dialects; Yuwaalaraay/Euahlayi is a closely related language.

## Name

The name Gamilaraay means 'gamil-having', with gamil being the word for 'no'. Other dialects and languages are similarly named after their respective words for 'no'. (Compare the division between langues d'oïl and langues d'oc in France, distinguished by their respective words for 'yes'.)
Spellings of the name, pronounced in the language itself, include Goomeroi; Kamilaroi; Gamilaraay and Gamilaroi.

## Dialects

While AUSTLANG cites Euahlayi, Ualarai, Euhahlayi, and Juwalarai as synonyms for Gamilaraay in earlier sources, it has updated its codes to reflect more recent sources suggest different distinctions. AIATSIS groups the Yuwaalaraay/Euahlayi/Yuwaaliyaay language and people in its resource collection, and gives it a separate code (D23). AUSTLANG assigns separate codes to the following dialects, all related and part of the Gamilaraay group:
* Yuwaalaraay (Yuwaaliyaay, Euahlayi) (D27), spoken by the Yuwaalaraay people;
* Wirray Wirray (Wiriwiri) (D28);
* Guyinbaraay (Gunjbaraay) (D15);
* Yuwaalayaay (D54);
* Waalaraay (Walaraay) (D55);
* Gawambaraay (Kawambarai) (D39), spoken by the Gawambaraay people.
According to Robert Fuller of the Department of Indigenous Studies at Macquarie University and his colleagues, the Gamilaraay and Euahlayi peoples are a cultural grouping of north and northwest New South Wales (NSW), and the Gamilaraay dialect groups are known as Gamilaraay and Yuwaalaraay, while the Euahlayi (Euayelai) have a similar but distinct language.

## History

Southern Aboriginal guides led the surveyor John Howe to the upper Hunter River above present-day Singleton in 1819. They told him that the country there was "Coomery Roy [=Gamilaraay] and more further a great way", meaning to the north-west, over the Liverpool Ranges. This is probably the first record of the name.
A basic wordlist collected by Thomas Mitchell in 1832 is the earliest written record of Gamilaraay.
Presbyterian missionary William Ridley studied the language from 1852 to 1856.

### Status

In 2013 Gamilaraay was noted as endangered by Ethnologue, with only 35 speakers left in 2006 (AUSTLANG says 37 at that date), all mixing Gamilaraay and English. At the 2011 census there were 87 speakers recorded and in 2016, 105. There are no known fluent speakers of the language.

## Phonology
### Vowels

| | Front | Back |
| High | i ⟨i⟩, iː ⟨ii⟩ | u ⟨u⟩, uː ⟨uu⟩ |
| Low | a ⟨a⟩, aː ⟨aa⟩ | a ⟨a⟩, aː ⟨aa⟩ |
/wa/ is realised as [wo].

### Consonants

| | Peripheral | Peripheral | Laminal | Laminal | Apical | Apical |
| | Bilabial | Velar | Palatal | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
| Stop | b ⟨b⟩ | ɡ ⟨g⟩ | ɟ ⟨dj⟩ | d̪ ⟨dh⟩ | d ⟨d⟩ | |
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | ɲ ⟨ny⟩ | n̪ ⟨nh⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | |
| Lateral | | | | | l ⟨l⟩ | |
| Rhotic | | | | | r ⟨rr⟩ | ɻ ⟨r⟩ |
| Semivowel | w ⟨w⟩ | w ⟨w⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | | | |
Initially, /wu/ and /ji/ may be simplified to [u] and [i].

### Stress

All long vowels in a word get equal stress. If no long vowels are present, stress falls on the first syllable. Secondary stress falls on short vowels, which are two syllables to the right or to the left of a stressed syllable.

## Grammar
### Pronouns

Gawambaraay Dialect
Subject pronouns: :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| 1st person | ngaya | ngali | ngiyaani |
| 2nd person | ngindu | ngindaali | ngindaay |
| 3rd person | nguru | (nguru)gali | ganu |

## Influence in English

Several loanwords have entered Australian English from Gamilaraay, including:
Common nouns :
| Anglicised form | Gamilaraay | Meaning |
| bindi-eye, bindii, bindies | bindayaa | The burrs of several plant species (Emex australis, Tribulus terrestris, and Soliva sessilis) that stick in one's feet |
| brolga | burralga | A bird species, Grus rubicunda |
| possibly budgerigar | gidjirrigaa | A bird species, Melopsittacus undulatus |
| galah | gilaa | A bird species, Eolophus roseicapilla |
| yarran | yarraan | A species of acacia tree, Acacia homalophylla |
| Proper nouns |||
| Anglicised form | Gamilaraay | Meaning |
| Kamilaroi | gamilaraay | The Gamilaraay people or language |
| Place names |||
| Anglicised form | Gamilaraay | Meaning |
| Boggabri | bagaaybaraay | having creeks |
| Boggabilla | bagaaybila | full of creeks |
| Collarenebri | galariinbaraay | having acacia blossoms |
| This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008) |

## Footnotes

* ↑ This map is indicative only.
* ↑ For more information on the Euahlayi dialect and tribe, see Parker, K. Langloh (Katie Langloh); Lang, Andrew, 1844–1912 (1905), The Euahlayi tribe : a study of Aboriginal life in Australia, Archibald Constable, retrieved 14 September 2020 – via The Gutenberg Bible{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link).
* ↑ Not to be confused with Wirraay-Wirraay (D66).
* ↑ Closely related to Yuwaalaaray, but different.