# Screenwriters Taxonomy

Inspired by the biological classification system of the Linnaean taxonomy, screenwriter Eric R. Williams developed the Screenwriters Taxonomy in 2017 to create a common language of creative collaboration for filmmakers. Williams’ central thesis in The Screenwriters Taxonomy: A Roadmap to Collaborative Storytelling is that the term “genre” is used so broadly to describe films that the modern use of the word has become meaningless. The Screenwriter's Taxonomy proposes seven categories for discussing the creative process of telling cinematic stories.
* Type
* Super Genre
* Macrogenres
* Microgenres
* Voice
* Pathway
* Point of View

## Type

In the broadest sense, Williams contends that all narrative fiction films can be broken down into two types: Comedy or Drama. The difference between these types is simply based on whether or not the film is more serious (drama) or humorous (comedy). There are ten different brands of drama, and a dozen brands of comedy.
| BRAND OF DRAMA | DESCRIPTION | FILM EXAMPLES |
| Dark Drama | Dramas dealing with intensely serious issues. | · Oldboy · Requiem for a Dream |
| Docudrama | Dramatized adaptation of real-life events. While not always completely accurate, the general facts are more-or-less true. | · Into the Wild · Zodiac |
| Docu-fiction | Different from docudramas, docu-fictional films combine documentary and fiction, where actual footage or real events are intermingled with recreated scenes. | · Interior Leather Bar · Your Name Here |
| Dramedy | A serious story that contains some characters or scenes inherently humorous to the audience. | · Everything Must Go · Hustlers |
| Hyper-drama | Coined by film professor Ken Dancyger, these stories exaggerate characters and situations to the point of becoming fable, legend or fairy tale. | · Fantastic Mr. Fox · Maleficent |
| Light Drama | Light-hearted stories that are, nevertheless, serious in nature. | · The Help · The Terminal |
| Satire | Satire can involve humor, but the result is typically sharp social commentary that is anything but funny. Satire often uses irony or exaggeration to expose faults in society or individuals that influence social ideology. | · Birdman · Dr. Strangelove |
| Straight Drama | This broad category applies to those that do not attempt a specific approach to drama but, rather, consider drama as a lack of comedic techniques. | · The 39 Steps · Ghost World |
| Tragedy | Stories that explore human suffering, and end in devastation. | · Million Dollar Baby · Fruitvale Station |
| Tragicomedy | A story that explores human suffering, but with an uplifting ending and/or with enough comedic elements to keep the audience laughing throughout the tragic story. | · 50/50 · Man on the Moon · Moonrise Kingdom |
| BRAND OF COMEDY | DESCRIPTION | FILM EXAMPLES |
| Bathroom Comedy | Comedy that is indecent, often about sex, bodily functions and containing a healthy dose of profanity. | · Animal House · Dumb and Dumber |
| Comedy of Ideas | Uses comedy to explore serious ideas such as religion, sex or politics. Often the characters represent particular divergent worldviews and are forced to interact for comedic effect and social commentary. | · M*A*S*H · The Player |
| Comedy of Manners | Emphasizes verbal gymnastics above all else, utilizing clever insults and witticisms to entertain. | · The Graduate · Under the Tuscan Sun |
| Dark Comedy | Humor that makes light of subject matter typically considered taboo. | · American Psycho · Deadpool |
| Farce | Exaggerating situations beyond the realm of possibility – thereby making them entertaining. | · In the Loop · Some Like it Hot |
| Observational Comedy | Finding humor in the common practices of everyday life. | · Carnage · Fast Food Nation |
| Parody (or Spoof) | Humor based on imitation. All parodies are based on a pre-existing work that is widely recognized by the intended audience. The work is summarily exaggerated to the point of mockery and trivialization. | · Hot Fuzz · Young Frankenstein |
| Sex Comedy | Humor that is primarily derived from sexual situations and desire. | · Don Jon · Knocked Up |
| Situational Comedy | Humor that comes from knowing a stock group of characters (or character types) and then exposing them to different situations to create humorous and ironic juxtaposition. | · Galaxy Quest · The Princess Bride |
| Straight Comedy | This broad category applies to those that do not attempt a specific approach to comedy but, rather, used comedy for comedic sake. | · Clueless · Mrs. Doubtfire |
| Slapstick Comedy | Humor that uses tripping, falling, and cartoon-like violence as the core element. | · The General · The Three Stooges |
| Surreal Comedy | Storytelling that includes behavior and storytelling techniques that are illogical; includes bizarre juxtapositions, absurd situations and unpredictable reactions to normal situation. | · Monty Python and the Holy Grail · Swiss Army Man |

## Super Genre

Williams argues that there are only eleven true genres, which he calls “Super Genres”. Super genres are defined by three elements (each consisting of specific components):
* Character (consisting of the types of central characters, those characters’ goals, and stock characters that support the story)
* Story (consisting of central themes, the rhythm of how the story is told and the classic tent pole scenes that the audience expects)
* Atmosphere (consisting of locations, costumes, props and visceral experiences for the audience)
According to Williams, the eleven super genres are:
* Action
* Crime
* Fantasy
* Horror
* Life
* Romance
* Science Fiction
* Sports
* Thriller
* War
* Western
The super genre “Life” is further divided into
* Day in the Life (where the main character's daily struggles are the central conflict in the story)
* Slice of Life (stories focused on how community copes with every day issues).

## Macro Genres

While there are a limited number of super genres, there are at least fifty macro genres. A macro genre contains interchangeable elements that pair with super genres to create a more detailed story. By pairing a macro genre with a super genre, more specific expectations emerge within a story. For example, “Time Travel” is a macro genre. It can be paired with a variety of super genres to create a time travel fantasy story, or a time travel romance. Multiple macro genres can be used for a single story. The fifty macro genres identified by Williams are (although he contends that there are probably more):
EXAMPLE OF 50 MACRO GENRES :
| 1. Addiction 2. Adventure 3. Alien Invasion 4. Apocalyptic 5. Artificial Intelligence 6. Biography 7. Bro- / Wo- mance 8. Demonic 9. Disaster 10. Disease / Disability | 11. Epic / Saga 12. Erotica 13. Escape 14. Family 15. Gangs / Punks / Brothers in Arms 16. Gangster 17. Ghost / Spirits / Angels 18. Heist / Caper 19. Historical 20. Holiday | 21. Identity 22. Killing 23. Law Enforcement 24. Legal 25. Love 26. Magical 27. Martial Arts 28. Medical 29. Military 30. Mission | 31. Monster 32. Mystery / Detective 33. Political 34. Procedural 35. Protection 36. Psychological 37. Religious 38. Revenge/Justice 39. Romantic Comedy 40. Science Fantasy | 41. School Films 42. Showbiz / Artistry 43. Slasher 44. Spy / Espionage 45. Superhero 46. Super Powers 47. Survival 48. Terror 49. Time Travel 50. Workplace |
An example of how the “mystery” macro genre would pair with each super genre:
* The Usual Suspects is a crime mystery
* Who Framed Roger Rabbit is a fantasy mystery
* The Blair Witch Project is a horror mystery
* The Hangover is a slice of life mystery
* Vertigo is a romance mystery
* Minority Report is a science fiction mystery
* Eight Men Out is a sports mystery
* The Silence of the Lambs is a thriller mystery
* The Manchurian Candidate is a war mystery
* The Hateful Eight is a western mystery

## Micro Genres

Macro genres can be paired randomly with any given super genre. Micro genres work differently. Each micro genre is particular to a given macro genre – providing even more specificity and nuance to the story, characters and atmosphere. Therefore, each macro genre has its own set of possible micro genres. For example, the “biography” macro genre has at least six possible micro genres:
* Biography of the rich and/or famous (The Social Network or Malcolm X)
* Biography of an entertainer or athlete (Ray or Cinderella Man)
* Biography of a politician (The King's Speech)
* Biography of an unknown person doing something remarkable (Schindler's List)
* Biography of a group or organization (Remember the Titans)
* Biography of a newsworthy or historical event (Apollo 13 or The Imitation Game)
The micro genres for each macro are as follows:
EXAMPLE OF FIFTY MACRO GENRES AND THEIR MICRO GENRES :
| Macro | Micros |
| Addiction | Actions, Alcohol, Drugs, Gambling |
| Adventure | Battle, Exploration, Piracy, Quest, Rebellion, Space |
| Alien Invasion | Earth-centric, First Contact, Space-centric |
| Apocalyptic | Actively within, Post-apocalyptic, Pre-apocalyptic |
| Artificial Intelligence | Androids, Cyborgs, Robots |
| Biography | Entertainment, Everyman, Group/Organization, Political, Newsworthy, Temporal, Rich and Famous |
| Bro- or Wo- mance | Stronger Bond, Traditional, Tragedy, |
| Demonic | Devil / Occult, Possession, Witchcraft |
| Disaster | Global, Local, Personal |
| Disease/Disability | Personal, Societal |
| Epic/Saga | Discovery / Exploration, Event-specific, Historical, Person-specific |
| Erotica | Fetish, Mainstream |
| Escape | Impossible, Non-Prison, Tale, Traditional |
| Family Drama | Family Bond, Family Feud, Family Loss, Family Rift |
| Gangs/Punks/Brothers in Arms | Interest-specific (biker, surfer), Ideology-specific (punk rock, politics), Location-specific (neighborhood, school) |
| Gangster | Anti-hero pov, Authority pov |
| Ghost/Spirits/Hauntings/Angels | Across the Divide, Emotional, Mystic, Reincarnation, Traditional |
| Heist/Caper | Impossible, Procedural, Tale |
| Historical | Alternate, Modern, Period |
| Holiday | Event, Family, Origin |
| Identity | Gender/Sexuality, Humanity, Loss of..., Racial, Religious |
| Killing | Serial, Slasher, Stalker, Unintended, Reflection |
| Law Enforcement | Community, Personal crime, Process and Life of..., Rescue, True Crime, Undercover/Vice |
| Legal | Courtroom, Investigation, Tales of the System, Underdog / Whistleblower |
| Love | Traditional, In disguise, Nonconventional, Obsession, Unrequited |
| Magical | Locational, Vocational, Wonderment |
| Martial Arts | Form (Karate, Kung Fu, Mixed), Philosophy (Ninja, Samurai) |
| Medical | Biography, Non-Hospital, Seemingly Impossible, Tale |
| Military | Biographical, Historical, Mission, Tale |
| Mission | Impossible, Tale |
| Monster | Alien, Creature, Mutant, Mythic (Mummy, Vampire, Werewolf, Zombie, etc.), Scientific, Swarms |
| Mystery/Detective | Crime specific (murder, theft, kidnapping, etc.), Hard boiled, Pulp, Whodunit |
| Political | Contemporary, Historical, International, Local, National |
| Procedural | Artistic, Investigative, Legal, Medical, Political, Scientific |
| Protection | Babysitter, Bodyguard, Family/Loved Ones, Legal |
| Psychological | Conspiracy, Evil, Mistaken Identity, What if? Worst Case |
| Religious | Biographical, Religious Text, Spirituality |
| Revenge/Justice | Legal, Psychological, Settle a Score, Vigilante |
| Romantic Comedy | Adult, Child, Non-conventional, Remarriage, Teen |
| Science Fantasy | Discovery, Dying Earth, ET Relations, Mad Scientist, Space Opera, Sword & Planet |
| School Films | College, Elementary, High School, Specific School (law, culinary, medical, etc.) |
| Showbiz/Artistry | Biography, Culture, Creative Process |
| Slasher | Splatter, Survival, Teen |
| Spy/Espionage | Corporate, Military, Political, Secrets (sports, school, etc.) |
| Superhero | Origin Story, Personal Battles, Save the World |
| Super Powers | Intelligence, Life extension, Mental, Physical |
| Survival | Captivity, Experiences (abuse, training, disaster, etc.), Nature/Outdoor, Rescue |
| Terror | Man-made, Natural, AI / ET encounter, Paranormal, Stalker, Survival |
| Time Travel | Discovered, Exists, Secret Invention |
| Workplace | Boss’ story, What it's like, Worker's story |

## Voice

“Voice” does not address the genre traits of story, characters and atmosphere. Instead, voice concentrates on how the story is told. A traditional Hollywood story is told:
* as a linear narrative
* made using modern filmmaking techniques
* written for a broad audience
* with live-action, human characters
* that speak their dialogue
* as oblivious participants in the screenwriter's story.
According to the Screenwriters Taxonomy, within this definition of how a Hollywood story is told, six questions can influence the screenwriter's voice:
1. Will the story be told linearly, or will there be an alternative voice that uses:
* Flashbacks (e.g.: Slumdog Millionaire)
* Intercut time periods (e.g.: The Hours)
* Parallel realities (e.g.: Atonement)
* Repetition (e.g.: Groundhog Day)
* Time travel (e.g.: 12 Monkeys)
* Reverse chronology (e.g.: Memento)
2. Should the filmmaker expect to use modern filmmaking techniques, or will there be an alternative voice such as using:
* Black and white film (e.g.: Raging Bull)
* Silent film techniques (e.g.: Gravity)
* Longer takes (e.g.: Gerry)
* Few camera moves (e.g.: The New World)
3. Is the story being written for a broad audience, or will there be an alternative audience addressed with this voice, for example:
* Adult audience (e.g.: 9 ½ Weeks)
* Child audience (e.g.: Clifford the Big Red Dog)
* LGBTQ audience (e.g.: Blue is the Warmest Colour)
* Minority audience (e.g.: Barber Shop)
* Female audience (e.g.: Little Women)
* Religious audience (e.g.: Killing Jesus)
4. Will the story be presented with live action, human actors or will there be an alternative voice that uses techniques such as:
* Stop Motion Animation (e.g.: Fantastic Mr. Fox)
* Live Action Puppets (e.g.: The Muppet Movie)
* 2D or 3D Animation (e.g.: Big Hero 6)
5. Will the characters speak their dialogue, or will there be a different approach to communicating, for instance:
* Musicals (e.g.: Hamilton)
* Silence (e.g.: The Artist)
* Voice Over (e.g.: Goodfellas)
6. Are the fictional characters oblivious that a film is being made, or will there be an alternative technique in play, for example:
* Breaking the fourth wall (e.g.: Fight Club)
* Mock-u-mentary approach (e.g.: Borat)
* Internal Monologues (e.g.: A Clockwork Orange)

## Pathway

Pathways describe the trajectory of how the audience will move through the story. Regardless of genre, each story sends their protagonist(s) along a specific trajectory (or pathway). The pathway becomes a subconscious roadmap for the audience – a tool to guide them through the story. There are twenty different pathways, including the traditional pathway with which American audiences are most familiar. The traditional pathway has five elements:
* A single protagonist goes through a change.
* The audience and protagonist generally learn information at the same time.
* The protagonist follows the Hero's Journey.
* The central pay-off for the audience is the protagonist battling an antagonist character.
* In the end, our hero is victorious and is rewarded.
These five elements take an audience through a film in a familiar way. As an example, in the 1991 Academy Award Winning film Silence of the Lambs, the audience joins Clarice Starling on her metamorphosis from fledgling to experienced FBI agent. They go through the story with her. What she learns, they learn. She starts in the world of law enforcement, makes her way into the world of the criminally insane, and eventually returns, victorious, to her home at the FBI. The visceral pay-off for the audience comes from her mental battle with Dr. Lecter and Buffalo Bill. In the end, Agent Starling is rewarded for the battle that she waged.
In addition to the traditional pathway, there are nineteen others:
NON-TRADITIONAL PATHWAYS :
| 1. Buddy Movie 2. Chase/Hunt 3. Coming of Age 4. Fish out of Water 5. Gang Falls Apart 6. Lost Innocence | 7. Human vs. Nature 8. Human vs. Self 9. Human vs. Society 10. Human vs. Technology 11. Melodrama 12. Noir | 13. Rags to Riches to Rags 14. Reunion Films 15. Reunite the Gang 16. Road Movie 17. Screwball Comedy 18. Tale of Madness 19. Unlikely Ensemble |
These nineteen pathways diverge from the traditional pathway in one of seven ways:

### #1: Defeated Underdog

The protagonist may battle an antagonist, but the more important struggle is often against some larger force. The audience's enjoyment comes from watching this larger force destroy the protagonist. In this pathway, the protagonist is typically destroyed. Or, if he survives, the survival itself is the victory. Rarely does the protagonist “come out on top”.
Pathways in this category:
* Noir
* Tale of Madness
* Rags to Riches to Rags

### #2: Defeated Underdog + Subverted Journeys

The protagonist may confront an antagonist, but the central focus is watching the protagonist endure an extreme personal tragedy. The protagonist is often destroyed emotionally, and rarely “comes out on top”. Additionally, in this pathway, the hero's attention to personal tragedy diverts them from their original heroic journey.
Pathway in this category:
* Melodrama

### #3: Subverted Journeys

The protagonist rarely returns home – literally or metaphorically.
Pathways in this category:
* Chase/Hunt
* Road Movie

### #4: Multiple Protagonists

These Pathways to not use a single protagonist to carry the story. Instead, they split the story equally across multiple protagonists. Each story is shorter because each character has a full story with their own beginning, middle and end. Protagonists may or may not confront an antagonist. If they do, the antagonist is often a broad, two-dimensional character. The audience is more engaged in the emotional relationship between the various protagonists than they are in external conflicts.
Pathways in this category:
* Buddy Movie
* Screwball Comedy
* Reuniting the Gang
* Unlikely Ensemble

### #5: Multiple Protagonists + Unknowing Audience

These pathways do not use a single protagonist to carry the story. Instead, they split the story equally across multiple protagonists. Protagonists may or may not confront a specific antagonist. Often the story revolves around an event that the group must endure, or a mission that the group must accomplish. Each character serves as the antagonist in their colleague's story. What sets this pathway apart from the simple “Multi-Protagonist” pathway is how the backstory is provided to the audience. In this pathway, the audience is perpetually playing “catch up”. The protagonists know each other, and have known each other for some time. However, the audience joins the characters’ story already in progress.
Pathways in this category:
* Reunion Films
* Gang Falls Apart

### #6: All-Knowing Audience

In these pathways, the audience knows more than the protagonist. The audience doesn't learn information as much as they remember information. Enjoyment comes from reminiscence, and the central pay-off comes from watching the protagonist go through an awakening, not from battling a powerful antagonist.
Pathways in this category:
* Coming of Age
* Lost Innocence

### #7: Non-Character Antagonists

In most stories, the protagonist battles an antagonist: another flesh-and-blood sentient being. These pathways diverge from this expectation by telling stories of a protagonist's battle against something non-sentient. These are stories of circumstance, where the “antagonist” does not set out to willfully engage and destroy the protagonist. Yet, the protagonist's life or livelihood is in danger, nonetheless.
Pathways in this category:
* Fish Out of Water
* Human vs. Nature
* Human vs. Self
* Human vs. Society
* Human vs. Technology

## Point of View

From the outset of any story, the screenwriter must decide how much information the audience will have. Point of View (POV) as a decision tree with three central questions.
* Will the storyteller limit what the audience can see, or will storyteller allow them to be omniscient?
* Will the story be told from a primary or secondary character's perspective?
* Is this story being told objectively, or is there a subjective element to the events?
By finding the answers that best help to tell their story, screenwriters determine a POV for their screenplay. The Screenwriters Taxonomy boils the answers to these questions down into the five most common POVs:

### Filmmaker Omniscient

The characters are unaware that a film is being made, and so have no narrative voice. Instead, the filmmaker crafts a story by taking us on an omniscient tour of characters and events, designed to intrigue and entertain the audience by showing the perfect piece of the story at the most impactful time. This type of filmmaking is almost always objective, since the very nature of watching a movie is predicated on the filmmaking being truthful.

### Primary Omniscient

The story is viewed through the main character's perspective. The story is often biased, and the actions told in retrospect – in order to tell the “bigger story” in which the primary character has been caught. Alan Ball used this technique in his final draft of American Beauty.

### Primary Limited

A greater sense of objectivity is created when the protagonist's POV is limited. Although the story is told from a single person's subjective interpretation of events, this POV may seem more authentic and objective in certain situation.

### Secondary Limited

Secondary limited is unusual, but not out of the question. In fact, some of the most famous stories of all time – like the tales of Sherlock Holmes – are told from a secondary, limited perspective. Of course, the story is about the primary character (Sherlock Holmes), but it is told from the perspective of a secondary character (Dr. Watson). Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, as the author, reveals only what Watson would logically know or be able to infer about how Sherlock Holmes solved the crime.

### Secondary Omniscient

Secondary omniscient is even more unusual, and typically occurs when the character is reflecting back on her life or has some sort of special power that causes omniscience. The Coen Brothers used this POV in No Country for Old Men, with sheriff Bell reflecting back on a particular case.

## Case Studies

As with the Linnaean taxonomy, Williams claims that each “narrative Hollywood film” utilizes each category: type, super genre, macro genre, micro genre, voice, pathway, and point of view. Each category further defines the film and allows for more specific discussion, analysis and/or creative decision making.
An example of eight films and their categorization according to the Screenwriters Taxonomy:
CASE STUDIES OF EIGHT FILMS USING THE SCREENWRITERS TAXONOMY :
| | 12 Years a Slave | Argo | Shrek | Butch Cassidy & the Sundance Kid | Imitation Game | Casablanca | The Godfather | The Godfather II |
| Type | Drama Docudrama | Drama Docudrama | Comedy Satire | Drama Light drama | Drama Docudrama | Drama Hyper-drama | Drama Dark drama | Drama Tragedy |
| Super Genre | Day in the life | Thriller | Fantasy | Western + Crime | Crime | Action | Crime | Crime |
| Macro: Micro Genres | Biography: Historical Survival: Captivity | Historical: Modern Mission: Tale | Adventure: Quest Bro-mance: Traditional Love: Non-traditional | Historical: Period Bro-mance: Stronger bond Epic: Events | Biography: Historical Workplace: Worker story Military: Historical | Love: Traditional Workplace: Company story Identity: Loss of... | Historical: Period Gangster: Anti-hero Family: Family bond | Historical: Period Gangster: Anti-hero Family: Rift |
| Voice | Traditional voice except written for an adult audience. | Traditional voice except written for an adult audience. | An animated film filled with modern pop music that helps guide the story. | Traditional Voice that occasionally uses sepia tones, title cards and photographs to remind us of its historic nature. | Non-linear narrative | Non-linear narrative. | Traditional voice except that it is written for an adult audience. | A non-linear narrative written for an adult audience. |
| Pathway | Fish out of water | Unlikely ensemble | Buddy movie | Buddy movie Chase/hunt | Unlikely ensemble Lost innocence Man vs. society Man vs. technology | Noir Reunion films Man vs. self | Lost innocence | Coming of age |
| POV | Primary limited | Filmmaker omniscient | Filmmaker omniscient | Filmmaker omniscient | Faux Primary omniscient Filmmaker omniscience | Filmmaker omniscience | Filmmaker omniscient | Filmmaker omniscient |