OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# V Hydrae

V Hydrae (V Hya) is a carbon star in the constellation Hydra. To date perhaps uniquely in our galaxy it has plasma ejections/eruptions on a grand scale that could be caused by its near, unseen companion.

## Variability

In the 1870s, Benjamin Apthorp Gould suspected that the star is variable, based on observations with opera glasses. In May 1888, Seth Carlo Chandler confirmed that the star is variable, citing observations from 1797 through 1879, and he derived a period of 535 days, which is very close to the currently accepted value. Later that year, Chandler included the star with its variable star designation, V Hydrae, in his Catalogue of Variable Stars.
V Hydrae is a semiregular variable star of type SRa, sometimes considered to be a Mira variable. It pulsates with a period of 530 days and a brightness range of 1-2 magnitudes, but also shows deep fades at intervals of about 17.5 years when it may drop below magnitude 12.

## Evolutionary stage

V Hydrae is a late carbon star, an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star that has dredged up sufficient material from its interior to have more carbon in its atmosphere than oxygen. The rate of mass loss from V Hydrae indicates that it is almost at the end of the AGB stage and about to lose its atmosphere completely and form a planetary nebula. It is sometimes considered to be a post-AGB object.

## Companions

V Hydrae has a visible binary companion 46" distant. It is a magnitude 11.5 K0 giant.
V Hydrae also has an unseen companion inferred by its ultraviolet excess and radial-velocity monitoring. It has been suggested that the steep drops in brightness every 17 years or so are caused by obscuration by a cloud associated with the companion passing in front of the giant star. A study in 2024 used astrometry and radial velocity measurements and constrained the orbital parameters of the companion, as well as its mass, being 36% larger than the mass of the primary and equivalent to 2.6 times the mass of the Sun.

## Bullets

V Hydrae has high-speed outflows of material collimated into jets, and also a disk of material around the star. Since the star itself is considered to be at the end of the Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) phase of evolution and starting to generate a planetary nebula, the mechanism for the ejection of this material can give key insights to the formation of planetary nebulae. Microwave spectra of rotational transitions of carbon monoxide show that portions of the envelope, probably the jets, are moving away from the star at 200 km/sec. This is far faster than the ~15 km/sec stellar wind that is typically seen around AGB stars.
# Friedrichsruh station

Friedrichsruh station is a railway station on the Berlin–Hamburg Railway in the district of Friedrichsruh in the municipality of Aumühle in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.
The Grade II listed station building, built in the mid-19th century, is one of the oldest surviving station building in Schleswig-Holstein and the only one on the line in the state that dates from the construction of the line. Since 2000, it has been the location of the Otto von Bismarck Foundation.

## Location

The station is located at kilometre 259.7 of the Berlin–Hamburg Railway. Friedrichsruh is located in the Sachsenwald (Saxony Forest) and was formerly a popular weekend destination for residents of the nearby city of Hamburg. The two side platforms are offset from one another. Travellers pass through an underpass to the other side of the track. East of the station the railway line passes under state road L208.

## History

The station building at Friedrichsruh was built during the construction of the Berlin–Hamburg line and has survived until today. Like almost all other station buildings on the Berlin-Hamburg Railway, it was built in the Neoclassical style. Thus, there are similarities to, among others, the buildings in Friesack in Brandenburg and in Ludwigslust in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Both of these, however, have later additions.
Friedrichsruh was acquired along with the Sachsenwald in 1871 and given to Chancellor Otto von Bismarck by German Emperor William I. Bismarck stayed here many times because of the good transport connections to Berlin. After his retirement in 1890, Friedrichsruh was Bismarck's home. His estate was near the line at the station. Bismarck procured for himself and his guests of state permission for trains to stop at his property, about 250 metres from the entrance building. After Bismarck's death in 1898 about 100,000 people visited the place annually, mostly travelling by train.
Until the 1970s, the Historischer Bahnhof (historical railway station) restaurant was located in the station. Then it stood empty. In the early 1980s the Red Army Faction member Christian Klar used its basement as a hideout and he was arrested at Friedrichsruh in 1982. In the meantime asylum seekers from East Germany arrived at the station building. Until the late 1990s, it was left to decay. After its renovation, the Otto von Bismarck Foundation (Stiftung) moved into it in 2000. It operates the former station building and next to it has research facilities and a museum with a permanent exhibition on German history of the 19th century.

## Passenger services

Since the December 2019 schedule update, the station has had no passenger service. The last service to stop at Friedrichsruh was a Regional-Express service between Hamburg Hbf and Büchen, every two hours on Sundays and holidays only.
# Hua Hin Airport

Hua Hin Airport (IATA: HHQ, ICAO: VTPH) is on the provincial border between Hua Hin subdistrict, Hua Hin district, Prachuap Khiri Khan province and Cha-am subdistrict, Cha-am district, Phetchaburi province in Southern Thailand.

## Airport upgrade

In August 2018 the Department of Airports announced that it will spend 3.5 billion baht to upgrade Hua Hin Airport over the next five years. The number of travellers using the airport is expected to increase by tenfold, to three million a year, in that timeframe. The upgrade is part of the "Riviera Thailand" and Southern Economic Corridor projects. The work at the airport will take four to five years. It includes enlarging the existing passenger terminal, building a second one, expanding hangar space, and widening the runway from 35 to 45 metres. The runways RESA are below ICAOs recommendation.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Thai AirAsia | Chiang Mai |
# 1854 in paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1854.

## Vertebrate paleozoology

Non-mammalian synapsids described in 1854 :
| Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
| Bathygnathus | Valid | Joseph Leidy | Early Permian | Unnamed unit | Canada | A sphenacodontid pelycosaur. | |
Nothosaurs described in 1854 :
| Name | Status | Authors | Age | Location | Notes |
| Deirosaurus | Junior synonym | Owen | Late Triassic | Italy | Junior synonym of Lariosaurus. |
Prehistoric dinosaurs described in 1854 :
| Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
| Leptospondylus | Junior synonym. | Sir Richard Owen | Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian) | Upper Elliot Formation | South Africa | Junior subjective synonym of Massospondylus. | |
| Massospondylus | Valid | Sir Richard Owen | Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian) | Upper Elliot Formation | Lesotho  South Africa  Zimbabwe | A massospondylid. a Small Plant-Eating Sauropodomorph. | Massospondylus |
| Nuthetes | Valid | Sir Richard Owen | Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) | Purbeck Group | England  France | A dromaeosaurid. | Nuthetes |
| Pachyspondylus | Junior synonym. | Sir Richard Owen | Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian) | Upper Elliot Formation | South Africa | Junior subjective synonym of Massospondylus. | |

## Literature

* The Fossil Spirit: A Boy's Dream of Geology by John Mill was published. The story features a fakir from Hindostan telling a group of boys about his past lives as prehistoric creatures across geologic time. One such life as was lived as an Iguanodon who was attacked by a Megalosaurus. Apart from this fight scene, paleontologist William A. S. Sarjeant has dismissed the book as a "singularly turgid and heavily didactic text."
# Wied il-Mielaħ Window

The Wied il-Mielaħ Window (Maltese: it-Tieqa ta' Wied il-Mielaħ) is a limestone natural arch on the north-western coast of the island of Gozo in Malta. It is located at the end of the valley Wied il-Mielaħ north of the village of Għarb. This natural arch is less well-known than the Azure Window, which collapsed in March 2017 following a heavy storm.

## Location

The Wied il-Mielaħ Window is at the end of the Wied il-Mielaħ Valley and is, unlike the more known Azure Window, on the west coast of Gozo. The road from Għarb leads directly to the coast; parking is available on the plateau on natural ground. Directly at the end of the valley, parallel to the old river bed, there is a narrow staircase along the rock to just before the window, almost to the water. Since the ceiling of the window is still thick, you can still enter the window above.

## Environment

The north coast from Gozo to the Xwejni Bay is characterized by a plateau, with steep cliffs, which slope down into the sea, where there are many caves. On the plateau, artificial salt pans were used to extract salt from the seawater by evaporation. The hinterland rises slowly here, there is Għarb and the lighthouse Giordan Lighthouse.

## Wastewater problem

In the past, the Wied il-Mielaħ Valley was responsible for discharging the wastewater from the surrounding municipalities to the Mediterranean directly at the Wied il-Mielah Window. The sewage flag was often clearly visible underneath the archway into the open sea. With the help of a €570,000 structural project, of which the European Union has financed 85%, the sewage is now cleaned in the sewage treatment plant in Ras il-Hobz and no longer reaches the sea via the valley. As part of the project, the road to the coast was renewed, six bridges replaced, some dams built and trees planted. With these measures one hopes for a higher attractiveness and more visitors at this rock gate. The valley was rehabilitated through the construction of six new small dams allowing better conservation of water.

## Use

As part of the initiative called 'EcoGozo', the area around the arch underwent a major renovation in recent years, allowing better access to the area by the construction of a new road, as well as a wider set of stairs which lead directly to the site next to the arch.
As part of the renovation project, the staircase to the window is to be expanded so that divers can enter the water here. Fences are installed on the western side of the window to allow the climbing of the vertical wall of the cliff. From Għarb a path leads to the window.

## Media appearances

The Wied il-Mielaħ Window and the Azure Window are seen in a 2017 Hugo Boss advert video featuring David Colturi.
# West Fitzgerald, Western Australia

West Fitzgerald is a rural locality of the Shire of Jerramungup in the Great Southern region of Western Australia. The South Coast Highway passes through the locality from west to east while its far south is made up of a part of the Fitzgerald River National Park.
The majority of the Shire of Jerramungup is located on the traditional land of the Koreng people of the Noongar nation. During the early days of European settlement, the Wudjari people, also of the Noongar nation, moved into the eastern parts of what is now the Shire of Jerramungup, where West Fitzgerald is located.
Just over West Fitzgerald's eastern border, between West Fitzgerald and West River and the Shire of Ravensthorpe, lays the townsite of Fitzgerald, which was gazetted in 1967, to service the surrounding agricultural area.
# Suktimuktavali

Suktimuktavali (IAST: Sūktimuktāvalī, 1257 CE) is an anthology of Sanskrit-language verses composed in the Seuna (Yadava) kingdom of present-day India. It was either authored or commissioned by the Yadava general Jalhana.

## Date and authorship

One of the concluding verses of the text mentions that it was composed in the year 1179 of the Shaka Era, which corresponds to the year 1257 of the Common Era.
The authorship of the text is not clear. One of its introductory verses name its author as Jalhana (IAST: Jalhaṇa), the commander of the elephant force of the Yadava ruler Krishna. The introductory portion of the text provides following account of Jalhana's family: Dada, a man of the Vatsa gotra, served the Yadava chief Mailugi (Mallugi). He led Mallugi's elephant force against the Kalachuri ruler Vijjana. Dada had four sons - Mahidhara, Jahla, Samba and Gangadhara - who contributed to the growth of the Yadava power. Mahidhara succeeded his father as the commander of the Yadava elephant force, and also fought against Vijjana. He was succeeded by his brother Jahla, who participated in several Yadava campaigns, and came to be known as "Bhagadatta" (the name of a legendary hero mentioned in the Mahabharata). Jahla was succeeded by Gangadhara's son Janardana, who taught the art of managing elephants to the Yadava prince Simhana. Janardana's son and successor Lakshmideva helped consolidate the power of the Yadava king Krishna, built a large tank, and maintained a beautiful garden. Jalhana was the son and successor of Lakshmideva.
However, the concluding verses state that Bhanu (or Bhaskara) composed the work on behalf of "Jalha" (presumably an abbreviated form of the name "Jalhana"). The text does not clarify how the two men were related. Embar Krishnamacharya, who produced a critical edition of the text in 1938, theorized that Bhanu authored the text, which was commissioned by his master Jalhana.
# Mississippi Highway 510

Mississippi Highway 510 (MS 510) is a state highway in eastern Mississippi. The route starts at MS 145 near Shubuta and travels eastward. The road turns southward near Matherville, and the route ends southeast of the unincorporated area. The road was constructed around 1957, and majority of the road was paved by 1967. A portion of the route east of Matherville was removed from the state highway system in 1999.

## Route description

Traffic volume on Mississippi Highway 510 :
| Location | Volume |
| North of MS 145 | 810 |
| South of CO 612 | 690 |
| West of CO 611 | 630 |
| North of L.B. Odom Drive | 290 |
| Data was measured in 2017 in terms of AADT Source: Mississippi Department of Transportation ||
The route is located in northern Wayne and southern Clarke counties. MS 510 is legally defined in Mississippi Code § 65-3-3, and all of it is maintained by the Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT), as part of the Mississippi State Highway System.
MS 510 starts at a three-way junction with MS 145 south of Shubuta in Wayne County, and it travels northward towards the Wayne–Clarke county line. The road crosses the county line, and it turns east at County Road 612 (CO 612). The route enters a large area of farmland, and it crosses Carson Sand Creek. It curves northward until it reaches the Choctaw Base Line, where it begins travelling eastward again. Past CO 611, MS 510 crosses Dry Creek and Shiloh Creek. The road intersects CO 617, which leads to Langsdale. At CO 610, the route turns south towards the county line. MS 510 crosses the county line past CO 6101. The route turns southeast near L.B. Odom Drive in Matherville, and state maintenance ends southeast of the unincorporated area. The road continues as Matherville–Frost Bridge Road, which ends at U.S. Route 84 (US 84).

## History

Around 1957, a gravel road was constructed from US 45 near Shubuta to US 84 near Waynesboro, and it was designated as MS 510. The eastern terminus was rerouted closer to the Mississippi–Alabama state line by 1962. In January 1965, a project to grade and add culverts to the road began, costing $386,157.67 (equivalent to $3,733,537 in 2023). By 1967, the majority of the route was paved, with a small section remaining in gravel near US 84. A section of the route from the beginning of the gravel section to US 84 became locally maintained by 1998, and it was removed from the state highway system by 1999. By 2001, US 45 was rerouted to a new bypass around Shubuta, with MS 510 still connected to US 45's old alignment.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Wayne | ​ | 0.000 | 0.000 | MS 145 – De Soto, Waynesboro | Western terminus |
| Clarke | No major junctions | No major junctions | No major junctions | No major junctions | No major junctions |
| Wayne | ​ | 11.259 | 18.120 | Matherville–Frost Bridge Road | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||||
# Paul Johannes Schlesinger

Paul Johannes Schlesinger (July 9, 1874 — February 12, 1945) was an Austrian trade unionist and politician. He was a member of the Austrian Parliament from 1926 to 1934, then persecuted by the Ständestaat and thereafter by the Nazi Reich. He was killed by the Nazis at KZ Groß-Rosen three months before the war ended.

## Biographical details

Schlesinger was born in Vienna where he also grew up and attended school. He learned the craft of precision mechanics in Vienna, Lundenburg and in St. Pölten. He then spent his journeyman years all over Europe, working in Hungary, Germany, in the Netherlands, in Belgium and Switzerland. In 1905, he returned to his hometown; shortly thereafter he was elected secretary of the Austrian Association of Metal Workers. He joined the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SdA) and in 1907 became chairman of the Regional Health Insurance in Baden bei Wien. In 1911 and in 1912 he served as a trade union representative for three districts in Lower Austria, for Mödling, Baden and Wiener Neustadt.
In 1921, Schlesinger became member of the regional parliament of Lower Austria where he served for five years. In 1926, he was elected to the Austrian Parliament where he served until 1934 (apart from two months in 1930). After the authoritarian rule of Austrofascism was installed in Austria, Schlesinger was arrested and incarcerated for several months at the Anhaltelager Wöllersdorf. After the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in March 1938, Schlesinger was arrested again, this time by the Gestapo, and held captive until 1939. On September 1, 1944, he was arrested again. The Nazis still feared the already seventy-year-old unionist and socialist. On September 19, 1944, he was deported to Concentration camp Auschwitz. As the Soviet troops approached Auschwitz, he was transferred to Groß-Rosen concentration camp, where he was murdered on February 12, 1945.

## Memorials

In 1988, the Austrian Parliament honored all twelve former Members of Parliament who lost their lives in their fight against the Nazi Reich. One of them was Paul Johannes Schlesinger. The plaque is placed on the right side of the main entrance of the building.
Also, a residential building in Wiener Neu­stadt was named after Schlesinger. A memorial plaque for Schlesinger can be seen on the building to this day. Since 2010, a Stolperstein in front of the building Herzog Leopold-Strasse 28 (also in Wiener Neustadt) commemorates his deportation and death.

## Sources

* ↑ Stefan Eminger: Niederösterreich im 20. Jahrhundert: Politik. Wien: Böhlau 2008, 649
* ↑ Erich Fein: Die Steine reden: Gedenkstätten des österr. Freiheitskampfes, Mahnmale f. die Opfer des Faschismus: eine Dokumentation, Europaverlag 1975
# 2023 Southern Conference men's soccer tournament

The 2023 Southern Conference men's soccer tournament was the postseason men's soccer tournament for the Southern Conference held from November 3 through November 12, 2023. The tournament was held at campus sites, with the higher seed hosting. The six-team single-elimination tournament consisted of three rounds based on seeding from regular season conference play. The UNC Greensboro Spartans were the defending champions. UNC Greensboro was unable to defend its title, falling in the Quarterfinals to Mercer. Mercer would go on to win the tournament as the fifth seed, defeating Furman 2–0 in the Final. This was the fifth Southern Conference tournament title for the Mercer men's soccer program, all of which have come under head coach Brad Ruzzo. Mercer has also won the tournament three of the last five years. As tournament champions, Mercer earned the Southern Conference's automatic berth into the 2023 NCAA Division I men's soccer tournament.

## Seeding

All six Southern Conference men's soccer programs qualified for the 2023 Tournament. Teams were seeded based on their regular season records. Tiebreakers were used to determine the seedings of teams who finished with identical conference records. A tiebreaker was required to determine the fourth and fifth seeds as Mercer and defending champions UNC Greensboro both finished the regular season with 1–2–2 records. The two teams tied their October 21 match 1–1. UNC Greensboro was the fourth seed and Mercer was the fifth seed.
| Seed | School | Conference Record | Points |
| 1 | ETSU | 4–0–1 | 13 |
| 2 | Wofford | 3–0–2 | 11 |
| 3 | Furman | 2–2–1 | 7 |
| 4 | UNC Greensboro | 1–2–2 | 5 |
| 5 | Mercer | 1–2–2 | 5 |
| 6 | VMI | 0–5–0 | 0 |

## Bracket

Source:
| Quarterfinals Friday, Nov. 3 | Quarterfinals Friday, Nov. 3 | Quarterfinals Friday, Nov. 3 | Semifinals Sunday, Nov. 5 | Semifinals Sunday, Nov. 5 | Semifinals Sunday, Nov. 5 | Final Sunday, Nov. 12 | Final Sunday, Nov. 12 | Final Sunday, Nov. 12 |
| | | | 1 | ETSU | 1 (3) | | | |
| 4 | UNC Greensboro | 1 | 5 | Mercer (pen.) | 1 (4) | | | |
| 5 | Mercer | 3 | | | | 5 | Mercer | 2 |
| | | | | | | 3 | Furman | 0 |
| | | | 2 | Wofford | 0 | | | |
| 3 | Furman | 4 | 3 | Furman | 1 | | | |
| 6 | VMI | 1 | | | | | | |

## Statistics
### Goalscorers

There were 14 goals scored in 5 matches, for an average of 2.8 goals per match (as of November 12, 2023).
3 goals
* Christian Kraus – Furman
2 goals
* Nick Wanzer – Mercer
1 goal
* Lucas Lightner – East Tennessee State
* Alfredo Diaz-Santillan – Furman
* Slade Starnes – Furman
* Sekou Agard – Mercer
* Ehi Aimiuwu – Mercer
* Barzee Blama – Mercer
* Carlos Santamaria – Mercer
* Malcolm McIntosh – VMI
* Arnaud Tattevin – UNC Greensboro

## All-Tournament team

Source:
| Player | Team |
| Cole Hunter | ETSU |
| Lucas Lightner | ETSU |
| Josh Hosie | Furman |
| Christian Kraus | Furman |
| Slade Starnes | Furman |
| Sekou Agard | Mercer |
| Barzee Blama |
| Trevor McMullen |
| Nick Wanzer |
| Hugo Moldin | Wofford |
| Nic Parker | Wofford |
MVP in bold
# Eusiphona

Eusiphona is a genus of freeloader flies in the family Milichiidae. There are at least four described species in Eusiphona.

## Species

These four species belong to the genus Eusiphona:
* Eusiphona cooperi Sabrosky, 1955
* Eusiphona flava Sabrosky, 1953
* Eusiphona mira Coquillett, 1897
* Eusiphona vittata Sabrosky, 1982
# Kenneth Craigie

Kenneth Ronald Craigie (15 April 1924 – 8 November 2003), better known as Ken Craigie, was an English international table tennis player.

## Table tennis career

Craigie won a bronze medal at the 1954 World Table Tennis Championships in the Swaythling Cup (men's team) event with Richard Bergmann, Johnny Leach, Aubrey Simons and Harry Venner for England.
He coached the twin sisters Diane Rowe and Rosalind Rowe at the West Ealing Table Tennis Club.

## Personal life and death

Craigie was born in Lambeth, London on 15 April 1924. He died after a long illness in Richmond, Surrey on 8 November 2003, at the age of 79.