# 7th United States Congress

The 7th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1801, to March 4, 1803, during the first two years of Thomas Jefferson's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1790 United States census. Both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority, except when the Senate held a two-day Special Senate session in order to provide advice to the new President Thomas Jefferson, when there was still a Federalist majority in the Senate.

## Major events

* March 4, 1801: Thomas Jefferson became President of the United States.
* May 10, 1801: The pascha of Tripoli declared war on United States by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down
* March 16, 1802: West Point established
* February 24, 1803: First time an Act of Congress was declared unconstitutional: U.S. Supreme Court case, Marbury v. Madison

## Major legislation

* April 29, 1802: Judiciary Act of 1802, ch. 31, 2 Stat. 156
* April 30, 1802: Enabling Act of 1802, ch. 40, 2 Stat. 173

## States admitted

* Ohio was admitted as a state, having previously been a portion of the Northwest Territory. The exact date is unclear and in dispute, but it is undisputed that it was during this Congress. The official date when Ohio became a state was not set until 1953, when the 83rd U.S. Congress passed legislation retrospectively designating the date of the first meeting of the Ohio state legislature, March 1, 1803, as that date. However, on April 30, 1802, the 7th U.S. Congress had passed an act "authorizing the inhabitants of Ohio to form a Constitution and state government, and admission of Ohio into the Union." (Sess. 1, ch. 40, 2 Stat. 173) On February 19, 1803, the same Congress passed an act "providing for the execution of the laws of the United States in the State of Ohio." (Sess. 2, ch. 7, 2 Stat. 201) The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress states that Ohio was admitted to the Union on November 29, 1802, and counts its seats as vacant from that date.

## Party summary

The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

### Senate

The Federalists still controlled the Senate when they held a two-day special Senate session in March 1801, which was called by outgoing President John Adams so that the Senate could provide advice to the new President Thomas Jefferson, but by the time Congress began its first regular session in December 1801 to start official business, the Democratic-Republicans had gained Senate control.
| Affiliation | Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) | Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) | Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) | Vacant |
| Affiliation | Democratic-Republican | Federalist | Total | Vacant |
| End of previous Congress | 11 | 21 | 32 | 0 |
| Begin | 14 | 18 | 32 | 0 |
| March 5, 1801 | 14 | 17 | 31 | 1 |
| May 6, 1801 | 15 | 17 | 32 | 0 |
| June 6, 1801 | 14 | 17 | 31 | 1 |
| June 12, 1801 | 14 | 16 | 30 | 2 |
| June 17, 1801 | 14 | 17 | 31 | 1 |
| June 30, 1801 | 13 | 17 | 30 | 2 |
| July 13, 1801 | 14 | 17 | 31 | 1 |
| September 1, 1801 | 14 | 16 | 30 | 2 |
| October 1, 1801 | 15 | 16 | 31 | 1 |
| November 19, 1801 | 16 | 15 | 31 | 1 |
| December 15, 1801 | 17 | 15 | 32 | 0 |
| February 5, 1802 | 16 | 15 | 31 | 1 |
| February 9, 1802 | 17 | 15 | 32 | 0 |
| June 14, 1802 | 17 | 14 | 31 | 1 |
| June 17, 1802 | 17 | 15 | 32 | 0 |
| October 26, 1802 | 16 | 15 | 31 | 1 |
| November 4, 1802 | 17 | 15 | 32 | 0 |
| November 29, 1802 | 17 | 15 | 32 | 2 |
| March 2, 1803 | 17 | 14 | 31 | 3 |
| Final voting share | 54.8% | 45.2% | | |
| Beginning of the next Congress | 22 | 9 | 31 | 3 |

### House of Representatives

| | Party (shading shows control) | Party (shading shows control) | Total | Vacant |
| | Democratic- Republican (DR) | Federalist (F) | Total | Vacant |
| End of previous congress | 49 | 56 | 105 | 1 |
| Begin | 67 | 36 | 103 | 3 |
| End | 67 | 38 | 105 | 2 |
| Final voting share | 63.8% | 36.2% | | |
| Beginning of next congress | 113 | 26 | 139 | 3 |

## Leadership
### Senate

* President: Aaron Burr (DR)
* President pro tempore: Abraham Baldwin (DR), first elected December 7, 1801
** Stephen R. Bradley (DR), first elected December 14, 1802

### House of Representatives

* Speaker: Nathaniel Macon, (DR), elected December 7, 1801

## Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.

### Senate

    Skip to House of Representatives, below
Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1802; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1804; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1806.

### House of Representatives

The names of members of the House of Representatives elected statewide on the general ticket or otherwise at-large, are preceded by an "At-large," and the names of those elected from districts, whether plural or single member, are preceded by their district numbers.

## Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

### Senate

There was 1 death, 8 resignations, and 2 seats added for a new state.

### House of Representatives

* Replacements: 8
** Democratic-Republicans: no net change
** Federalists: no net change
* Deaths: 1
* Resignations: 9
* Forfeiture: 1
* Vacancy: 1
* Total seats with changes: 11

## Committees

Lists of committees and their party leaders.

### Senate

* Whole

### House of Representatives

* Claims (Chairman: John C. Smith)
* Commerce and Manufactures (Chairman: Samuel Smith)
* Elections (Chairman: John Milledge then John Bacon)
* Revisal and Unfinished Business (Chairman: John Davenport)
* Rules (Select)
* Standards of Official Conduct (Chairman: N/A)
* Ways and Means (Chairman: John Randolph)
* Whole

### Joint committees

* Enrolled Bills (Chairman: Dwight Foster)

## Officers
### Legislative branch agency directors

* Architect of the Capitol: William Thornton
* Librarian of Congress: John J. Beckley, from 1802

### Senate

* Chaplain: Thomas J. Claggett (Episcopalian), until December 9, 1801
** Edward Gantt (Episcopalian), elected December 9, 1801
* Secretary: Samuel A. Otis
* Doorkeeper: James Mathers

### House of Representatives

* Chaplain: Thomas Lyell (Methodist), until December 10, 1801
** William Parkinson (Baptist), elected December 10, 1801
* Clerk: John Holt Oswald, until December 7, 1801
** John Beckley, elected December 7, 1801
* Doorkeeper: Thomas Claxton
* Reading Clerks: [data missing]
* Sergeant at Arms: Joseph Wheaton