OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dilution (equation)

Dilution is the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution, usually simply by mixing with more solvent like adding more water to the solution. To dilute a solution means to add more solvent without the addition of more solute. The resulting solution is thoroughly mixed so as to ensure that all parts of the solution are identical.
The same direct relationship applies to gases and vapors diluted in air for example. Although, thorough mixing of gases and vapors may not be as easily accomplished.
For example, if there are 10 grams of salt (the solute) dissolved in 1 litre of water (the solvent), this solution has a certain salt concentration (molarity). If one adds 1 litre of water to this solution, the salt concentration is reduced. The diluted solution still contains 10 grams of salt (0.171 moles of NaCl).
Mathematically this relationship can be shown by equation:
$c_{1}V_{1}=c_{2}V_{2}$
where
* c$_1$ = initial concentration or molarity
* V$_1$ = initial volume
* c$_2$ = final concentration or molarity
* V$_2$ = final volume

## Basic room purge equation

The basic room purge equation is used in industrial hygiene. It determines the time required to reduce a known vapor concentration existing in a closed space to a lower vapor concentration. The equation can only be applied when the purged volume of vapor or gas is replaced with "clean" air or gas. For example, the equation can be used to calculate the time required at a certain ventilation rate to reduce a high carbon monoxide concentration in a room.
$D_{t}=\left[{\frac {V}{Q}}\right]\cdot \ln \left[{\frac {C_{\text{initial}}}{C_{\text{ending}}}}\right]$
Sometimes the equation is also written as:
$\ln \left[{\frac {C_{\text{ending}}}{C_{\text{initial}}}}\right]\quad ={-}{\frac {Q}{V}}\cdot (t_{\text{ending}}-t_{\text{initial}})$ where $t_{\text{initial}}=0$
* D$_t$ = time required; the unit of time used is the same as is used for Q
* V = air or gas volume of the closed space or room in cubic feet, cubic metres or litres
* Q = ventilation rate into or out of the room in cubic feet per minute, cubic metres per hour or litres per second
* C$_{initial}$ = initial concentration of a vapor inside the room measured in ppm
* C$_{final}$ = final reduced concentration of the vapor inside the room in ppm

## Dilution ventilation equation

The basic room purge equation can be used only for purge scenarios. In a scenario where a liquid continuously evaporates from a container in a ventilated room, a differential equation has to be used:
${\frac {dC}{dt}}={\frac {G-Q'C}{V}}$
where the ventilation rate has been adjusted by a mixing factor K: $Q'={\frac {Q}{K}}$
* C = concentration of a gas
* G = generation rate
* V = room volume
* Q′ = adjusted ventilation rate of the volume

## Dilution in welding

The dilution in welding terms is defined as the weight of the base metal melted divided by the total weight of the weld metal. For example, if we have a dilution of 0.40, the fraction of the weld metal that came from the consumable electrode is 0.60.
# Vedad Radonja

Vedad Radonja (born 6 September 2001) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Lamia, on loan from AEK Athens.

## Career

Born in Sarajevo, Radonja began his career with the Zeljeznicar Academy before moving to Croatia and joining the youth academy at Dinamo Zagreb. He made two appearances with Dinamo Zagreb II. On 18 September 2020, Radonja signed with Super League Greece side AEK Athens on a five-year contract.
On 20 January 2021, Radonja made his professional debut for AEK Athens in a Greek Cup match against Apollon Smyrnis. He started and played the full match as AEK Athens won 2–0.
On 19 August 2024, he joined Lamia on a season-long loan.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of match played 23 August 2024
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| AEK Athens | 2020–21 | Superleague Greece | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 4 | 0 |
| AEK Athens | 2021–22 | Superleague Greece | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| AEK Athens | 2022–23 | Superleague Greece | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | — | — | — | — | 4 | 1 |
| AEK Athens | 2023–24 | Superleague Greece | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 2 | 0 |
| AEK Athens | Total | Total | 3 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 1 |
| AEK Athens B | 2021–22 | Superleague Greece 2 | 20 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 20 | 0 |
| AEK Athens B | 2022–23 | Superleague Greece 2 | 9 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9 | 1 |
| AEK Athens B | 2023–24 | Superleague Greece 2 | 20 | 3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 20 | 3 |
| AEK Athens B | Total | Total | 49 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 49 | 4 |
| Lamia (loan) | 2024–25 | Superleague Greece | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 53 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 4 |

## Honours

AEK Athens
* Super League Greece: 2022–23
* Greek Cup: 2022–23
# Fred Tobias

Fred Tobias (March 25, 1928, New York City – May 20, 2021, Naples, Florida) was an American songwriter, who was most prominent in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.
Tobias' songs have been performed by numerous performers, including Elvis Presley, Bobby Rydell, The Poni-Tails, Patti Page, Susan Maughan, Hank Locklin, Jimmy Jones, Roy Orbison, k.d. Lang, Showaddywaddy and Ricky Nelson. His most successful songs were "Good Timin' by Jimmy Jones, "Little Bitty Girl" by Bobby Rydell, "Johnny Will" by Pat Boone and "Hello, This is Joanie" by Paul Evans. His song "Born Too Late" by the Poni-Tails reached number 7 in the US and number 5 in the UK in 1958. His "Blue River" co-written with Paul Evans was performed by Elvis Presley in 1966, reaching number 22 in the UK charts.
Tobias worked with several other composers including Lee Pockriss, Charles Strouse, Burt Bacharach, Clint Ballard Jr., Stanley Lebowsky and Paul Evans. He also contributed to film musicals writing "Take Off With Us" from All That Jazz with Stanley Lebowsky and the lyrics for the musicals Gantry, Fosse and Pousse-Café.
Tobias died on May 20, 2021, aged 93.
# Helmut Pampuch

Helmut Pampuch (30 January 1940 – 20 March 2008) was a German opera singer.
Pampuch, a native of Upper Silesia, was a member, from 1973 to 2005, of the Deutsche Oper am Rhein in Düsseldorf, where he sang numerous parts of the tenor buffo repertoire, for instance Dr. Blind in Die Fledermaus. His most famous role was that of Mime in Patrice Chéreau's production of Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen 1976 at the Bayreuth Festival.
He died in 2008, aged 68, after long illness.
# Tennessee State Route 251

State Route 251 (SR 251) is a west–east secondary state highway in Middle Tennessee.

## Route description

SR 251 begins in rural Cheatham County at an intersection with SR 249 (Sams Creek Road/River Road) south of Ashland City. It winds its way southeast along the banks of the Cumberland River as River Road to cross into Davidson County. It continues southeast as River Road Pike as it enters Nashville and has an intersection with US 70/SR 24 (Charlotte Pike), where SR 251 becomes part of Old Hickory Boulevard. It then continues south to have an interchange with I-40 (Exit 199) before entering Bellevue, where it comes to an end at an intersection with US 70S/SR 1 and Old Hickory Boulevard continues southward.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Cheatham | ​ | 0.0 | 0.0 | SR 249 (Sams Creek Road/River Road) – Pegram, Ashland City | Western terminus |
| Davidson | Nashville | | | US 70 (Charlotte Pike/SR 24) – Pegram, Downtown | |
| Davidson | Nashville | | | I-40 – Memphis, Nashville | I-40 exit 199 |
| Davidson | Bellevue | 15.7 | 25.3 | US 70S (SR 1) – Pegram, Belle Meade | Eastern terminus; roadway continues south as Old Hickory Boulevard |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||||
# Mark Dundas, 4th Marquess of Zetland

Lawrence Mark Dundas, 4th Marquess of Zetland, DL (born 28 December 1937), less formally known as Mark Zetland, is a British hereditary peer, known before 1989 as Earl of Ronaldshay.

## Early life and education

Lord Zetland is the eldest son of Lawrence Dundas, 3rd Marquess of Zetland, and Penelope Pike. He was educated at Harrow School and Christ's College, Cambridge, and then joined the Grenadier Guards. He succeeded to the marquessate and other titles upon the death of his father in 1989.
He is the elder brother of rock musician Lord David Dundas.

## Later life

Lord Zetland was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant (DL) of the County of North Yorkshire on 6 May 1994. On 28 December 2012 he was moved to the retired list upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75. Lord Zetland appeared as a contestant on the 4 August 1959 episode of To Tell the Truth. He currently resides at Aske Hall.

## Marriage and children

Lord Zetland married Susan Chamberlin on 4 April 1964. They have four children:
* Robin Lawrence Dundas, Earl of Ronaldshay (born 5 March 1965), heir apparent to the marquessate and other titles.
* Lord James Edward Dundas (born 2 May 1967)
* Lady Henrietta Kate Dundas (born 9 February 1970)
* Lady Victoria Clare Dundas (born 2 January 1973)

## Arms

Coat of arms of Mark Dundas, 4th Marquess of Zetland :
* CoronetA Coronet of a Marquess
* CrestA Lion's Head affrontée struggling through an Oak Bush all proper fructed Or crowned with an Antique Crown of the last
* EscutcheonArgent a Lion rampant within a Double Tressure flory counter-flory all within a Bordure Azure
* SupportersOn either side a Lion proper crowned with an Antique Crown Or and gorged with a Chaplet of Oak leaves Vert fructed Gold with a Shield pendent from each, the dexter being charged with Argent a Saltire and Chief Gules on a Canton of the field a Lion rampant Azure for Bruce, and the sinister being charged with lozengy Argent and Gules for Fitzwilliam
* MottoEssayez (Try)
# Utah State Route 83

State Route 83 (SR-83) is a 30.726-mile (49.449 km) state highway in eastern Box Elder County, Utah, United States, that connects the towns of Corinne and Howell and provides access to Golden Spike National Historic Site from the east, as well as Thiokol's facility.

## Route description

The route starts in the western part of Corinne at SR-13, at the intersection of 4800 West and Promontory Road. SR-83 proceeds to the northwest along Promontory Road, leaving Corinne and continuing in this direction past largely open land for about 14 miles (23 km). The route passes Utah State Route 102, which provides access to Tremonton via Penrose, Thatcher, and Bothwell. After this junction, the route starts to turn northward, passing Lampo Junction, a local access road to Golden Spike National Historical Park), and the Thiokol rocket plant and test range. From this point, the route continues north, save for a 1-mile (1.6 km) jog to the east, passing through Howell and terminating at the Howell interchange of Interstate 84.

## History

The road from Corinne to Park Valley Junction was commissioned as SR-83 in 1935. In 1955, the portion west of Promontory Junction was decommissioned, and was replaced by the road from Promontory Junction to the Golden Spike National Historic Park.
In 1962, the portion west of Lampo Junctionwas transferred back to local jurisdiction, and the route was extended north from Lampo Junction to the Howell interchange of the former Utah State Route 5 (modern day Interstate 84).
In 2008, SR-83 underwent a minor change when SR-13 underwent a realignment, moving the intersection of the two routes north-northwest by nearly 1 mile (1.6 km). The portion of SR-83 between the old and new intersections was transferred to SR-13, putting the western terminus of SR-83 at the new intersection.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Box Elder County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Corinne | 0.000 | 0.000 | SR-13 north (North 4800 West) – Bear River City, Tremonton SR-13 east – Brigham City | Southern terminus; Prior to 2008, SR-83 continued east to North 4100 West (SR-13) |
| ​ | 13.057 | 21.013 | SR-102 – Tremonton, I-84, I-15 | Southern terminus of SR-102 |
| Lampo Junction | 16.527 | 26.598 | Golden Spike Road (West 7200 North) | Access road west to Golden Spike National Historical Park} (former routing of SR-83) |
| Howell | 23.687 | 38.121 | Faust Valley Road east – Bothwell | SR-83 turns north onto North 17200 West |
| Howell | 30.623– 30.726 | 49.283– 49.449 | I-84 west – Snowville, Burley (Idaho), Boise (Idaho) I-84 east – Tremonton, Ogden, Salt Lake City | Northern terminus I-84 Exit 26 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Venetian Fortress of Butrint

The Venetian Fortress of Butrint (Albanian: Kalaja Venedikase e Akropolit) is a castle on the Butrint Peninsula in southern Albania. The castle is located by the Channel of Vivari within the Butrint National Park and close to the neighbouring Venetian Triangular Castle.
In 1386 the Venetians purchased the land around Butrint from the Angevin Kingdom of Naples. The castle was shortly built after the purchase on the highest point of the peninsula. In 1572, during the wars between Venetian and the Ottoman Empire, the Venetian Acropolis Castle was abandoned. This led to the creation of the Venetian Triangular Castle which was built across the Channel of Vivari as a replacement settlement to protect the fish traps, a very important source of food and income for its settlement.
The castle and the surrounding area came under French rule in 1797. In 1798, Ali Pasha of Tepelena conquered it, and in 1822 it came under direct Ottoman rule until Albanian Independence in 1912. The Castle was restored by Luigi Maria Ugolini. As per 1936, it houses the Archaeological Museum of Butrint.

## Gallery

* Inside the Castle
* Venetian Exclave of Butrint
# A Good Man in Africa

A Good Man in Africa is a 1994 comedy-drama film, based on William Boyd's 1981 novel A Good Man in Africa and directed by Bruce Beresford. The film starred Colin Friels, Sean Connery, John Lithgow, Joanne Whalley, Diana Rigg and Louis Gossett Jr.

## Plot

Morgan Leafy is a British diplomat living in Kinjanja, an African nation which has recently become independent from British rule. Arthur Fanshawe, a new diplomat eager to leave Africa, learns that Kinjanja sits on top of a huge oil reserve. Unfortunately, Morgan is too preoccupied with alcohol and women to know what to do with the oil. To make matters worse, a woman is struck by lightning on the British compound, creating a tense political situation with the Kinjanja government.

## Cast

* Colin Friels as Morgan Leafy
* Sean Connery as Dr. Alex Murray
* John Lithgow as Arthur Fanshawe
* Diana Rigg as Chloe Fanshawe
* Louis Gossett Jr. as Prof. Sam Adekunle
* Joanne Whalley as Celia Adekunle
* Sarah-Jane Fenton as Priscilla Fanshawe
* Maynard Eziashi as Friday, Leafy's Houseman

## Reception

The movie received mixed to poor reviews. Roger Ebert said that he felt uncomfortable during the film but praised the performances of Connery, Lithgow and Gossett. Hal Hinson of The Washington Post said that although the film "held the possibility of being a welcome departure from the ordinary [...] ordinary is what it rises to at its best." Janet Maslin of The New York Times opined that "a good book is the basis for "A Good Man in Africa," but its mordant humor has curdled badly on the screen," adding:
   Although William Boyd, the author of these gimlet-eyed observations of colonial antics in Africa, adapted his own novel and also served as one of the film's producers, "A Good Man in Africa" now has none of the cunning that it had on the page.
The film's director, Bruce Beresford, did not remember the film fondly:
   God, that was horrible. That was the worst film experience I ever had. It was cast wrong, the crew was all strange. We were filming in the wrong place. We filmed in South Africa, it was set in West Africa. Which is like shooting in Alaska when it’s set in New Orleans. And I realized that although the novel that it’s based on is terribly funny, it was very anecdotal. It had no narrative. I think on about the second day I realized it was never going to work, because the scenes don’t link. I thought, “I’m sunk! I’m never gonna get out.”

## DVD release

Focus Features released an Amazon.com exclusive DVD of the film on 11 January 2010.
# Tennessee State Route 254

State Route 254 (SR 254) is a west–east state highway in Davidson County, Tennessee. For the majority of its length, it forms part of Old Hickory Boulevard, with the rest known as Bell Road.

## Route description

From its beginning at SR 100, SR 254 forms part of Old Hickory Boulevard. It passes between Percy Warner Park and Edwin Warner Park to enter Forest Hills. This is a predominantly residential area. After it intersects Granny White Pike, Old Hickory Boulevard goes north of Brentwood and then crosses I-65 at exit 74. It continues through more residential area until the intersection with US 31A/US 41A (Nolensville Pike). Just east of this intersection, State Route 254 leaves Old Hickory Boulevard and becomes Bell Road, whence it continues as Bell Road past I-24 exit 59 to US 41/US 70S (Murfreesboro Pike). From that intersection, Bell Road continues on without a designation.

### Names

* Old Hickory Boulevard - from SR 100 to Old Hickory Boulevard/Benzing Road/Bell Road.
* Bell Road - from Old Hickory Boulevard to Murfreesboro Pike.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Davidson County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Bellevue | 0.0 | 0.0 | SR 100 – Pasquo, Belle Meade | Western terminus |
| Forest Hills | | | US 431 (Hillsboro Road/SR 106) – Franklin, Green Hills | |
| Brentwood | | | US 31 (Franklin Road/SR 6) – Franklin, Oak Hill | |
| Brentwood | | | I-65 – Nashville, Huntsville | I-65 exits 74 A/B |
| Nashville | | | US 31A / US 41A (Nolensville Pike/SR 11) – Nolensville, Downtown | |
| Antioch | | | I-24 – Nashville, Chattanooga | I-24 exit 59 |
| Antioch | 17.3 | 27.8 | US 41 / US 70S (Murfreesboro Pike/SR 1) – Nashville, La Vergne | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Qëndrim Ismajli

Qëndrim Ismajli (born 23 May 1999) is a Kosovan professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Kategoria Superiore club Tirana.

## Club career
### Second return to Gjilani

On 18 August 2023, Ismajli returned to Kosovo Superleague side Gjilani. His debut with Gjilani came three days later against Prishtina after being named in the starting line-up.

### Tirana

On 14 June 2024, Ismajli joined Kategoria Superiore side Tirana. He was scheduled to be part of Tirana since the first match of the 2024–25 UEFA Conference League first qualifying round against Torpedo Kutaisi, but due to visa problems he was unable to participate. His debut with Tirana came on 18 July in the second match of the 2024–25 UEFA Conference League first qualifying round against Torpedo Kutaisi after coming on as a substitute at 80th minute in place of Fatmir Prengaj.
# The Girl from Petrovka

The Girl from Petrovka is a 1974 American comedy-drama film starring Goldie Hawn and Hal Holbrook, based on the novel by George Feifer. It is about an American journalist, Joe (Holbrook) who goes to the Soviet Union and meets Oktyabrina (Hawn), an undocumented ballet dancer, which attracts the attention of the authorities.

## Plot

Joe (Hal Holbrook) is a cynical American journalist assigned to work in the Soviet Union, where he meets Oktyabrina (Goldie Hawn), a spirited and erratic Russian ballet dancer who lives illegally without proper documents. Their ensuing romance opens new possibilities for both; but also draws the attention of the Soviet authorities.

## Cast

* Goldie Hawn as Oktyabrina
* Hal Holbrook as Joe
* Anthony Hopkins as Kostya
* Grégoire Aslan as Minister
* Anton Dolin as Ignatievitch
* Bruno Wintzell as Alexander
* Zoran Andric as Leonid
* Hanna Hertelendy as Judge
* Maria Sukolov as Old Crone
* Zitto Kazann as Passport Black Marketeer
* Inger Jensen as Helga Van Dam
* Raymond O'Keefe as Minister's Driver
* Richard Marner as Kremlin Press Official
* Michael Janisch as Police Chief Valinikov
* Harry Towb as American Reporter

## Production

Some filming was planned to take place in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, but Yugoslavia's Inex Films canceled its contract with Universal Pictures for undisclosed reasons just two weeks before shooting was set to begin, and production had to be moved to Vienna. Director Robert Ellis Miller suspected that Inex's decision was made under pressure from Moscow. A Yugoslavian official denied this, but did reveal that Inex was fearful of offending Russia with the film.

## Reception

Nora Sayre of The New York Times wrote that "Goldie Hawn can't play a Russian" and Hal Holbrook "has little to do beyond shaking his head when he thinks of her smiling indulgently when he looks at her ... Certainly, neither performer has been aided by the script." Arthur D. Murphy of Variety wrote, "What 25 years of Cold War 'comedy' cliche and the latterday Nixon detente haven't done to make irrelevant 'The Girl From Petrovoka,' artless writing and direction have. This sixth Richard D. Zanuck-David Brown production for Universal stars Goldie Hawn, ineffective as a ponderous Russian version of a free spirit, and Hal Holbrook, who cannot alone make work such sterile and cornball comedy dramaturgy." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 1.5 stars out of 4. He called the story "insipid" and wrote of Goldie Hawn that "there is no way she can handle a Russian accent. Her dialect floats from the Volga to the Mississippi during a single sentence."
# Raiding, Austria

Raiding (German pronunciation:; Hungarian: Doborján, pronounced; Croatian: Rajnof) is a small Austrian market town in the district of Oberpullendorf in Burgenland. It is the birthplace of Franz Liszt.

## Geography

The municipality lies on Raiding Creek in Middle Burgenland; Raiding is the only borough in the municipality.

## History

Raiding was first documented in 1425 as Dobornya.
Like the rest of Burgenland, Raiding belonged to Hungary from c. 900 to 1920/21. After the end of the First World War, Western Hungary was given to Austria with the Treaties of St. Germain and Trianon; there it formed the new province of Burgenland.
In 1971, Raiding was merged with Unterfrauenhaid and Lackendorf into a larger municipality, which was later dissolved. Raiding has been a market town since 1990.

## Politics

The municipal council has 15 seats with party mandates as follows: SPÖ 9, ÖVP 6, FPÖ 0, Grüne 0, and other lists 0.

## Culture and landmarks

* Franz Liszt's birthplace

## Business and infrastructure

Viticulture is the main business in Raiding. Other industries there include metal construction and soda water production.

## Personalities

* Paul Iby, Bishop of Eisenstadt
* Adam Liszt ∞ Anna Liszt
** Franz Liszt, composer and musician

## Image gallery

* Birthplace of Franz Liszt in Raiding.
* Anna Liszt, mother of Franz Liszt (portrait between 1826 and 1837)
* Franz Liszt
# Arnie Dickins

Arnie Dickins (born 1991) is an Australian judoka who competes in the men's 60 kg category. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he was narrowly defeated in the first round. He also lost in the preliminary round of the 2014 Commonwealth Games. He has been Australian Judo Champion on three occasions.

## Career

Born in the UK, Dickins moved to Australia when he was 14. He had already won two British Championships and three British School Championships. He won the senior Australian Championship in 2010 and the senior Oceania Championship in the same year. He won a silver medal in the Oceania Championships in 2011, then won it again in 2012 to qualify for the 2012 Olympics. At the 2012 Olympics, he lost in the first round to Betkili Shukvani.
In 2014, he won the Oceania Championship, this time in the under-73 kg division.