OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cocoa-free chocolate alternative

Cocoa-free chocolate alternatives, also called cocoa alternatives or cacao-free alternatives, are chocolate alternatives that look, taste, and perform like chocolate but do not contain cocoa as an ingredient. Due to problems associated with the cocoa supply chain such as shortages or deforestation , chocolate alternatives without cocoa are a growing sector in the global chocolate industry.

## Sources

Cocoa-free chocolate alternatives come in many varieties, including milk, vegan, white and dark chocolate. The first innovator that introduced cocoa-free chocolate into the market was German company Planet A Foods, followed by UK-based Win-Win, Finnish-player Fazer and US-based company Voyage Foods. Many producers, if not most, replace cocoa with the ingredient carob. A few producers develop cocoa-free chocolate alternatives without carob, and use for example sunflower and oat seeds as a basis. Cocoa-free chocolate alternatives are legally not allowed to be labeled as chocolate. To be labeled as chocolate, a minimum amount of cocoa mass must be used for development. The exact amount of cocoa mass required varies by country.

## Production process

The cocoa alternatives possess slightly different production processes, but are all based on the traditional chocolate production process. Oats and sunflower seeds undergo a similar treatment to cocoa beans and are then grounded in several steps to get an aromatic concentrate. Afterwards, the concentrate is mixed with other ingredients like sugar and plant-based fats.

## History

In the past, cocoa-reduced products were developed after World War II due to a limited availability of cocoa and high prices. In recent years, the demand for cocoa-alternatives has started to grow as cocoa prices soar due to shortages in cocoa cultivation.
# Jefferson, Alabama

Jefferson is an unincorporated community in Marengo County, Alabama, United States. It is the birthplace of sculptor Geneva Mercer.

## Demographics

Jefferson appeared on the 1870 and 1880 U.S. Censuses. In 1870, it reported 233 residents. Of those, 143 (61%) were black and 90 (39%) were white. Racial demographics in 1880 were not reported. These were the only two occasions on which it appeared on census records.

## History

It was founded in 1810, before Marengo was a county or Alabama was a state. Most of the original settlers were veterans of the American Revolution, including John Sample, John Gilmore, and Reuben Hildreth. The village was named Jefferson in 1820, after Thomas Jefferson, and that year saw the first church established. The population had reached 200 people by 1860 and the village contained two dry goods stores, one drugstore, a male and a female academy, a Masonic Lodge, a hotel, two tanneries, a wagon shop, and a blacksmith shop.

## Geography

Jefferson is located at 32°23′09″N 87°53′53″W﻿ / ﻿32.38580°N 87.89817°W﻿ / 32.38580; -87.89817 and has an elevation of 233 feet (71 m).

## Historic sites

* Jefferson Historic District, added to the National Register of Historic Places on 13 December 1976.
# Jeff Miller (writer)

Jeff Miller is a zine publisher and writer. He began writing in 1996 with an Ottawa zine called Otaku, which later changed its name to Ghost Pine following his move to Montreal in 1999. It has sold nearly 10,000 copies, which is relatively high for underground publishing in Canada. He writes largely about punk and other sub-cultures.
The best of his works were compiled into a book, Ghost Pine: All Stories True by Invisible Publishing in 2010. It was on the Montreal Gazette's top-10 bestseller's list for three weeks, and won the Best Book category at Montreal's 2010 Expozine Alternative Press Awards.
Miller was born and grew up in Ottawa, where he began writing on the hardcore punk scene in the mid-90s. He lived in Montreal on and off from 1999 to the late 2000s and currently resides on Nova Scotia's Eastern Shore.
His work has been included in anthologies like The Art of Trespassing, and he has embarked upon small US and Canadian reading tours with celebrated zine writers Cindy Crabb (Doris zine), Erica Lyle (SCAM zine), and Aaron Cometbus. He is also involved in the writing workshop Soulgazers and speaks at events like Expozine, an annual fair for that brings together about 300 creators linked to small presses, comics and zines. Miller has spoken about the future of paper-print publishing.
# Jeffrey Hughes

Jeffrey William Hughes (born 1966) is a United States Navy vice admiral who served as the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Warfighting Development of the United States Navy from 2021 to 2024.

## Early life and education

Hughes was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1988, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Duke University and then graduated with distinction with a Master of Arts in national security and strategic studies from the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, with full Joint Professional Military Education credit.

## Naval career

In September 1989, Hughes was designated a naval aviator, flying MH-60R and SH-60B Seahawk helicopters. He served as squadron and detachment officer with the Swamp Foxes of Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron Light (HSL) 44 where he deployed on the USS Carr, the USS Elrod and the USS John Hancock in support of Strike Group deployments with the USS America and USS John F. Kennedy.
In 1993, Hughes was named HSL-44 (now HSM-74) Pilot of the Year and was the co-recipient of the Commanding Officer's Helmsman Award. He served as the flag lieutenant to commander for Carrier Group 4 on all six East Coast aircraft carriers. He then served as the executive officer and the 14th commanding officer of the Fighting Vipers of HSL-48 (now HSM-48). In 2007, he received the Helicopter Maritime Strike Wing, United States Atlantic Fleet Navy and Marine Association peer-selected leadership award. He also served as the commander, Helicopter Maritime Strike Wing, United States Pacific Fleet. In his first flag assignment, he served as the commander, Navy Recruiting Command. On 21 July 2017, he was appointed as commander of Expeditionary Strike Group 2.
On 24 September 2017, Hughes' command, Expeditionary Strike Group Kearsarge which included the amphibious assault ship USS Kearsarge and the dock landing ship USS Oak Hill along with the 2,400 marines of 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit, deployed off the coast of Puerto Rico to coordinate naval relief efforts after Hurricane Maria. The ships had previously been prepositioned to the south of the island to assist in the recovery efforts once the hurricane had passed.
In March 2018, Hughes assumed command of Navy Personnel Command and became Deputy Chief of Naval Personnel. On 12 November 2020, he was nominated for promotion to vice admiral and assignment as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Warfighting Development. On 14 December 2020, his nomination was confirmed by voice vote of the full United States Senate. In May 2023, he was nominated for assignment as the deputy chief of staff for capability development of Allied Command Transformation.
Hughes' decorations include the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Defense Superior Service Medal, the Legion of Merit (four awards), and the Meritorious Service Medal (two awards).
# Jeff Simon

Jeffrey Simon (born August 17, 1989) is an American short track speed skater and three-time bronze medallist at the World Championships.
At the 2011 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships in Sheffield, England, Simon won three bronze medals. In his first event, Simon won a bronze medal in the men's 1500 m, finishing behind Noh Jin-Kyu and Charles Hamelin. Simon won his second bronze in the men's 3000 m, finishing behind Noh Jin-Kyu and Liang Wenhao. In his last event, the men's 5000 m relay, Simon won the bronze with Kyle Carr, Travis Jayner, and Anthony Lobello. Simon also competed in the men's 500 and 1000 m but did not advance to the finals in either event.
# Apua, Hawaii

ʻĀpua was an ancient village in the Puna district on the southern coast of the Island of Hawaiʻi in the Hawaiian Islands. A small fishing village was located at about 19°15′41″N 155°11′46″W﻿ / ﻿19.26139°N 155.19611°W﻿ / 19.26139; -155.19611, an elevation about 59 feet (18 m) above sea level. The village was destroyed by a tsunami following the April 2, 1868 Hawaii earthquake and never resettled.
ʻĀpua Point, just south of the former village site, has a backcountry campground for Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. There is no drinking water nor other facilities at the site. Weather and surf conditions can be very dangerous. The trail crosses both old and new lava flows from the active volcano.
# Huang Oudong

Huang Oudong (Chinese: 黄欧东) (September 14, 1905 – November 28, 1993) was a People's Republic of China politician. He was born in Yongfeng County, Jiangxi Province. He was Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary (1954–1958), Governor (1958–1967) and twice Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Chairman (1955–1959, 1977–1980) of Liaoning. He was also mayor of Shenyang.
Military offices :
| New title | Political Commissar of the PLA Liaoning Military District 1954–1959 | Succeeded byHuang Huoqing |
| Party political offices |||
| Preceded bynew office | Communist Party Chief of Liaoning 1954–1958 | Succeeded byHuang Huoqing |
| Government offices |||
| Preceded byDu Zheheng | Governor of Liaoning 1958–1967 | Succeeded byChen Xilian |
| Assembly seats |||
| Preceded bynew office | CPPCC Chairman of Liaoning 1955–1959 | Succeeded byHuang Huoqing |
| Preceded byvacant since 1967 | CPPCC Chairman of Liaoning 1977–1980 | Succeeded byLi Huang |
* This Chinese biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Migros Museum of Contemporary Art

The Migros Museum of Contemporary Art (German: Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst) is a museum for contemporary art in Zürich, Switzerland. Founded in 1996 by Gottlieb Duttweiler, the museum was directed by Rein Wolfs up until 2001, when he was replaced by Heike Munder.
It is the successor to the Halle für Internationale neue Kunst, which existed from 1978 until 1981. It receives financing from the cooperative society Migros, which dedicates 1% of earnings, the so-called Kulturprozent to culture.
The museum was renovated between 2010 and 2012 and reopened on August 31, 2012, with the first Swiss solo exhibition by Ragnar Kjartansson. The museum has two floors with a total area of approximately 1300 m$^2$. One floor is used to display the collection, the other is used for temporary exhibitions. The collection contains over 1300 works by 700 artists.
In 2023 it was announced that the museum would replace the traditional structure of having one single directorial figure with a pool of five departmental representatives each assuming an equal role in managing the institution. The team was formed by Catherine Reymond, Patrick Ilg, Tasnim Baghdadi, Michael Birchall and Nadia Schneider Willen.

## Exhibitions

Some of the artists who have had solo presentations of their work in the museum include:
* John Baldessari
* Stefan Banz
* Heidi Bucher
* Maurizio Cattelan
* Anne-Lise Coste
* Jimmie Durham
* Sylvie Fleury
* Kendell Geers
* Dorothy Iannone
* Mike Kelley
* Gianni Motti
* Cady Noland
* Yoko Ono
* Pamela Rosenkranz
* Xanti Schawinsky
* Tatiana Trouvé
* Cathy Wilkes
* Wu Tsang
# Wang Zhao (politician)

Wang Zhao (Chinese: 王昭; 1917–1970) was a Chinese political figure active during the early People's Republic. An active member of the Chinese Communist Party and a general in the People's Liberation Army, he served as governor of Qinghai in the 1960s.

## Early life

Wang was born in Tianjing Village, Pingshan County, Hebei Province. He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1932.

## Career

He became the Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Shijiazhuang and mayor of that city in August 1945. He attended the first Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) meeting in September 1949, as a delegate from the Chinese People's Liberation Army, and attended the founding ceremony of the People's Republic of China on October 1. He joined the People's Volunteer Army in October 1950, and fought in the Korean War. He was awarded the first-class national flag medal and second-class independence freedom medal in North Korea.
In April 1961, Wang was appointed the second secretary of the CCP Qinghai committee, and became acting first secretary four months later. From August 1962, he served as acting governor and went on to become governor of Qinghai.

## Death and legacy

Wang was framed and tortured during the Cultural Revolution and died in prison. He was politically rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping in 1977.
# Joe Fratesi

Joseph Fratesi is the former mayor and former chief administrative officer of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Serving as Sault Ste. Marie's mayor from 1986 to 1996, he was the longest-serving mayor in Sault Ste. Marie's history, breaking the record that W. John McMeeken had held since 1945.
On January 29, 1990, during his term as mayor, the city council approved a resolution making English the sole working language of city government. The council's decision, which Fratesi had strongly supported, caused controversy within the town and across Canada. The resolution was widely seen as retaliation for Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa's move to override the Supreme Court of Canada ruling that declared parts of Bill 101 unconstitutional. Bill 101 had declared French as the only official language of Quebec. Many prominent politicians, such as Premiers David Peterson and Bob Rae, and Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, refused to meet with Fratesi on unrelated matters due to his stance. However, Fratesi was re-elected by a landslide in 1991. The resolution was struck down by a court ruling in 1994, one year after Premier Bourassa passed Bill 86 which amended that province's language laws in accordance with the Supreme Court ruling.
Fratesi was involved in a conflict of interest controversy in 1995 when he applied for and got the post of chief administrative officer while still sitting as mayor. The Ontario Superior Court banned Fratesi from running for municipal officer for six years following a finding he had been in conflict of interest by applying for the chief administrative position while still holding the mayoral office. After stepping down as mayor, he was briefly replaced by Michael Sanzosti before former MP Steve Butland was elected in a special 1996 byelection. He retired as chief administrative officer in 2015.
# Headspace technology

Headspace technology is a technique developed in the 1980s to elucidate the odor compounds present in the air surrounding various objects. Usually the objects of interest are odoriferous objects such as plants, flowers and foods. Similar techniques are also used to analyze the interesting scents of locations and environments such as tea shops and saw mills. After the data is analyzed, the scents can then be recreated by a perfumer.
One of the early pioneers of this technology was Roman Kaiser who used it to measure and characterize the scents of tropical rainforests. Headspace techniques have since been used extensively to sample in vivo floral headspace of a large variety of numerous taxa and their aromatic compounds such as fatty acid derivatives (aldehydes, alcohols and ketones), benzenoids and isoprenoids.

## Equipment

The headspace equipment involves a hollow dome or sphere-like objects which forms an airtight seal and surrounds the objects of interest. Inert gases are passed into the space containing the object or a vacuum is established such that the odor compounds are removed from the headspace. These compounds are in turn captured using a variety of techniques, among them cold surfaces, solvent traps, and adsorbent materials, with the latter techniques capable of longer periods of collection. The samples can then be analyzed using techniques such as gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, or Carbon-13 NMR.
Several companies have patented similar headspace technologies:
* Aromascope (Takasago)
* Jungle Essence (Mane)
* NaturePrint (Firmenich)
* ScentTrek (Givaudan)
* Living Flower (IFF)
# Agriculture, Nutrition and Health Academy

The Agriculture, Nutrition and Health (ANH) Academy is a global community of researchers, practitioners, and policymakers working on agriculture and food systems for improved nutrition and health. With over 9,000 members in over 145 countries, the organisation claims to have best researchers and other experts in the world.

## History

The community was co-funded with United Kingdom Aid from the UK government and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. It is led by the London School of Tropical Hygiene and Medicine (LSHTM) in partnership with Tufts University and other international organisations.

## Initiatives

The academy, prior to its founding, the community was meant to share innovative research in agriculture and food systems for improved nutrition and health, as well as stimulating the development and harmonisation of new researches. It also ensures the facilitation of the uptake of evidence in policies and programmes in agriculture and food systems for healthy, sustainable and equitable nutrition.

### Academy Week

The Academy Week comprises a series of annual events with an intention of bringing together the community of researchers, practitioners and policymakers working at the intersection of agriculture, food systems, nutrition and health. The main objective is to boost knowledge exchange, innovation and learning around interdisciplinary research. The academy has two areas that are, learning laboratories and a research conference. The sixth successful Academy Week was held in Ethiopia in 2016, Nepal in 2017, and Ghana in 2018, as well as India in 2019. However, the last two Academy Weeks (2020 and 2021) were held online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2020 and 2021 Academy Weeks were online that were organized in collaboration with Malawi and Pakistan institutions. In 2022, it was held in collaboration with the Southern Africa Food Lab and University of Stellenbosch in South Africa.

### Group Works

The group works ensures accelerating of research by sharing experience and synthesizing disparate research methods, metrics and approaches.

### Events

In June 2023, 400 scientists, policymakers, famers and practitioners from 35 countries met at the Bingu International Conference Centre in Malawi for the eighth Agriculture, Nutrition and Health Academy Week where experts share innovative ideas to inform policies designed to address world development challenges.
# John Gott (bishop)

John Gott (25 December 1830 – 21 July 1906) was the third Bishop of Truro from 1891 until his death in 1906.

## Life

Gott was born in Leeds on Christmas Day 1830, the third son of William Gott, a wool merchant. He was educated at Winchester and Brasenose College, Oxford. He then embarked on an ecclesiastical career with a curacy at Great Yarmouth, after which he held incumbencies at Bramley, Leeds, 1871–76, and at Leeds Parish Church, where he also founded the Leeds Clergy School. His last post, before his ordination to the episcopate, was as Dean of Worcester from 1886. In 1873, Gott erected a stone cross in Bramley to celebrate 8 years living and working in Leeds (see photograph). He was one of the founders (1876) and a president of the private Leeds Girls' High School.
In 1891, Gott succeeded to the see of Truro on the resignation of George Howard Wilkinson. His election to that See was confirmed at St Mary-le-Bow on 28 September and he was consecrated a bishop at St Paul's Cathedral on 29 September 1891, by Edward Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury. He saw in 1903 the completion of Truro Cathedral; founded a bishop's clergy fund for the aid of clergy in time of ill-health or other necessity; and diligently visited all parts of his diocese. A strong believer in nurturing the spirituality of all women, Gott preached a sermon in 1892 for the anniversary of the Girls' Friendly Society. A high churchman, but not a strong partisan, he signed in January 1901 the bishops' letter inviting clergy to accept the positions defined in the Lambeth 'Opinions.'
He died suddenly at his residence, Trenython, near Par, on 21 July 1906 and was buried at Tywardreath.

## Family

Gott married in 1868 Harriot Mary Maitland of Loughton Hall, Essex; she died in London on 19 April 1906; they had one son and three daughters.

## Works

* The Parish Priest of the Town (1887)
# John Hunt Painter

John Hunt Painter (September 3, 1819 – April 9, 1891) was a Quaker farmer living near Springdale, Iowa, who sent the firearms to abolitionist John Brown that were used during Brown's historic raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859. John Hunt Painter was an early settler of Pasadena, California where, in 1888, he erected the La Pintoresca ("The Picturesque") hotel, a local landmark. In 1889 he was a pallbearer at the Pasadena funeral of Owen Brown, whom he knew from Iowa.$^{:53}$
In 1849, John Hunt Painter moved to his farm near Springdale, a small Quaker community in Cedar County, Iowa.

## References and notes

* ↑ Aurner, p. 424: "Shortly before Brown's last departure from the Quaker settlement he sold such plunder as mules, harness, wagons, etc. In such business John H. Painter, then a justice of the peace, was made the trusted assistant. It was Painter who, after Brown had gone, shipped the latter's Sharpe's rifles and revolvers — 196 in all — marked carpenter's tools. They were billed from West Liberty to Harper's Ferry to some unknown party."
* ↑ "Death, funeral and life highlights of Owen Brown"
* ↑ Lord, Jeannette Mather (1959): "John Brown: they had a concern"
* ↑ Hunt, p. 83: "John Hunt Painter, David's first son, born with twin sister Phoebe, on home farm near Salem, Ohio, September 3, 1819. Married Edith Dean of New Garden, Ohio, May 4, 1842. She was born August 5, 1821, and died at Pasadena, California, July 20, 1899. He died at same place, April 9, 1891, and both were interred. They resided at Salem, Ohio, Springdale and Muscatine, Iowa, and, until their death, at Pasadena, where they had taken up residence in 1881 and where he had purchased some 2,000 acres of land on a part of which a large part of Pasadena is built. They were farmers until they went to California, when he engaged in developing land tracts and in real estate business. In 1887-8 he erected at Pasadena the commodious hotel, 'La Pintoresca.' They were by birthright members of the Society of Friends."
* ↑ Reid, pp. 342–343
* ↑ Valentine, Maggie (1984): "Flowers of Marengo"
* ↑ Richman, Irving B. (1897). John Brown among the Quakers, and other sketches. Des Moines, Iowa: Historical Department of Iowa.
* ↑ Richman, Irving B. (1894). John Brown among the Quakers and other sketches. Chicago: R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co., pp. 21, 23, 27.
* ↑ Jones, p. 193: "A little over a year after his first visit to the Springdale neighborhood, Brown reappeared late in December, 1857—this time with some ten companions and for purposes which he seemed not anxious to have known. The men were lodged with a Quaker, William Maxon [or Maxson], about three miles northeast of the village of Springdale, Brown agreeing to give in exchange for their keep such of his teams or wagons as might seem just and fair. Brown himself was taken into the home of John H. Painter, about a half-mile away; and all were welcomed with that unfeigned hospitality for which the Friends have always been known."