# Messenia

Messenia or Messinia (/məˈsiːniə/ mə-SEE-nee-ə; Greek: Μεσσηνία) is a regional unit (perifereiaki enotita) in the southwestern part of the Peloponnese region, in Greece. Until the implementation of the Kallikratis plan on 1 January 2011, Messenia was a prefecture (nomos) covering the same territory. The capital and largest city of Messenia is Kalamata.

## Geography
### Physical

Messenia borders on Elis to the north, Arcadia to the northeast, and Laconia to the southeast. The Ionian Sea lies to the west, and the Gulf of Messinia to the south. The most important mountain ranges are the Taygetus in the east, the Kyparissia mountains in the northwest and the Lykodimo in the southwest. The main rivers are the Neda in the north and the Pamisos in central Messenia.
Off the south coast of the southwesternmost point of Messenia lie the Messinian Oinousses islands. The largest of these are Sapientza, Schiza and Venetiko. The small island Sphacteria closes off the bay of Pylos. All these islands are virtually uninhabited.
Climate may vary, in the lowlands, temperatures are a bit warmer than Athens. Snow is not common during winter months except for the mountains, especially the Taygetus. Rain and clouds are common inland.

### Political
#### Organization of Messenia

Before the 2010 reorganization, Messenia was a nomos (prefecture) containing 29 dimoi (municipalities) and 2 koinotites (communities). Since 2010, Messenia has been a perifereiake enoteta (regional unit) containing only 6 municipalities, but with the same population, as it did not change area in the reorganization. Some 25 municipalities and communities were incorporated politically into the other 6 according to the table below, becoming municipal units.
| Municipality | Municipal unit | Seat |
| Kalamata | Kalamata | Kalamata |
| Kalamata | Aris | Kalamata |
| Kalamata | Arfara | Kalamata |
| Kalamata | Thouria | Kalamata |
| Messene (Messini) | Messene | Messene |
| Messene (Messini) | Aipeia | Messene |
| Messene (Messini) | Androusa | Messene |
| Messene (Messini) | Aristomenis | Messene |
| Messene (Messini) | Voufrades | Messene |
| Messene (Messini) | Ithomi | Messene |
| Messene (Messini) | Petalidi | Messene |
| Messene (Messini) | Trikorfo | Messene |
| Oichalia | Oichalia | Meligalas |
| Oichalia | Andania | Meligalas |
| Oichalia | Dorio | Meligalas |
| Oichalia | Eira | Meligalas |
| Oichalia | Meligalas | Meligalas |
| Pylos-Nestoras | Pylos | Pylos |
| Pylos-Nestoras | Koroni | Pylos |
| Pylos-Nestoras | Methoni | Pylos |
| Pylos-Nestoras | Nestoras | Pylos |
| Pylos-Nestoras | Papaflessas | Pylos |
| Pylos-Nestoras | Chiliochoria | Pylos |
| Trifylia | Kyparissia | Kyparissia |
| Trifylia | Aetos | Kyparissia |
| Trifylia | Avlonas | Kyparissia |
| Trifylia | Gargalianoi | Kyparissia |
| Trifylia | Filiatra | Kyparissia |
| Trifylia | Tripyla | Kyparissia |
| West Mani (Dytiki Mani) | Avia | Kardamyli |
| West Mani (Dytiki Mani) | Lefktro | Kardamyli |

#### Provinces

The prefecture of Messenia was previously subdivided into four provinces (Greek: επαρχίες, "eparchies") :
* Province of Kalamon - Kalamata
* Province of Messini - Messine
* Province of Pylia - Pylos
* Province of Trifylia - Kyparissia
Like all provinces of Greece, they were abolished after the 2006 local elections, in line with Law 2539/1997, as part of the "Kapodistrias reform". Some of the enlarged municipalities (demoi) created in 2011 have a territory similar to the former provinces.

### Population

The main cities and towns of Messenia are (ranked by 2021 census population):
* Kalamata 57,706
* Messini 5,744
* Kyparissia 4,893
* Gargalianoi 4,399
* Filiatra 4,373

## Economy

The economy of Messenia is primarily based on agricultural production although in recent years efforts are being made toward the development of activities in other sectors such as tourism.
Main agricultural products are olive oil, Kalamata table olives, figs, and black raisins (sultanas). The variety of agricultural products is complemented by a small amount of stockbreeding products (beef, milk, sfela cheese, honey) and fish from the Gulf of Messenia.
The tourist development observed is mainly attributable to the promotion of important archaeological sites, such as the Palace of Nestor, Ancient Messene, and the Venetian castles of Pylos, Koroni, Methoni and Kalamata, as well as to the beauty of the landscape. Another key factor for Messenia's economy is Costa Navarino a location on the border between Pylos and Trifylia, comprising several eco-friendly luxury resorts and golf courses, which is Greece's biggest tourist development.
There are many small- and medium-size firms involved in the processing and standardization of agricultural products as well as a number of enterprises devoted to wood processing, furniture manufacturing, and metal construction. The Karelia tobacco company is based in Kalamata.

### Transport

The main airport in Messenia is Kalamata International Airport (KLX).
The main highways in Messenia are:
* Greek National Road 7 (Corinth - Tripoli - Kalamata)
* Greek National Road 9 (Patras - Pyrgos - Kyparissia - Pylos)
* Greek National Road 82 (Pylos - Kalamata - Sparti)
The main railways in Messenia (meter gauge) are:
* Corinth - Argos - Tripoli - Zevgolateio - Kalamata
* Patras - Pyrgos - Kalo Nero - Kyparissia
* Kalo Nero - Zevgolateio

### Communications
#### Television

* Notia Elliniki Teleorasi, (Southern Greece Television)
* Best TV,
* Mesogeios TV

## History
### Ancient period

Messenia is mentioned in the oldest work of European literature, the Iliad. The name undoubtedly goes back to at least the Bronze Age, but its origins are lost in the world of mythology. The region was one of the largest that was conquered and enslaved as helots by ancient Sparta.

### Medieval period

In the Middle Ages, Messenia shared the fortunes of the rest of the Peloponnese. Striking reminders of these conflicts are afforded by the extant ruins of the medieval strongholds of Kalamata, Coron (anc. Asine, mod. Koroni), Modon (Methoni) and Pylos. Messenia was a part of the Byzantine Empire until 1205, and of the Principality of Achaea thereafter, while the ports of Coron and Modon came under Venetian control. Apart from Coron and Modon, the rest of Messenia was captured by the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea in 1430.

### Ottoman and Venetian period

Much of Messenia fell into the hands of the Ottoman Empire in 1460, a part of the area remained with the Venetian Republic until the Second Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503). In 1534 a group of families, known as the 'Coroni', settled in Piana degli Albanesi in Sicily. They were Arvanites and Greeks from Koroni.
During the 1680s, the whole of Messenia was regained by the Venetian Republic in the Morean War, and formed part of the "Kingdom of the Morea" until recovered by the Ottomans in 1715. The Mani Peninsula, a part of modern Messenia, remained autonomous from Turkish rule.

### Modern period

Messenia became part of independent Greece as a result of the Greek War of Independence (1821-1832). The famous naval Battle of Navarino took place near present Pylos in 1827, and was a decisive victory for Greece and its allies.
During the World War II several battles of the Greek Resistance against the Nazi occupation forces and the collaborationist security battalions took place in Messenia, including Battle of Meligalas, Battle of Kalamata, Battle of Chora - Agorelitsa.
The population in the area of Kalamata and Messene increased from 30,000 before World War II up to nearly 80,000 in the present day. Messenia suffered damage from the 2007 Greek forest fires.