OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Guma, Nigeria

Guma is a Local Government Area of Benue State, North Central Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Gbajimba.
It has an area of 2,882 km$^2$ and a population of 191,599 at the 2006 census.
The postal code of the area is 970.

## History

The Guma Local Government Area was established by the Makurdi Local Government in May 1989.
The newly elected governor of Benue State in the April 11th, 2015 governorship election, Chief Dr. Samuel Ortom hails from Guma.

## Geography
### Climate

Guma Local Governments Area has a total land area of 2,882 km2, and the Guma River runs through its borders. Guma LGA's average annual temperature is 29 degrees Celsius, and the region receives an average of 1,850 mm of precipitation per year. Guma Local Government Area's humidity level is 61 percent on average.
With a landmass of 2,882 square kilometers, Guma local government area is situated in the northern region of Benue State. It is situated at latitudes 06° 33' and 07° 03' North and longitudes 07°60' and 08° 12' East.

## Economy

The main source of income for the residents of Guma LGA is farming, and a wide variety of crops, including rice, yams, cassava, and maize, are produced there in sizable quantities. Salt, zinc, and byrite are only a few of the abundant mineral resources found in the LGA. Additionally, Guma LGA is home to a number of markets where a range of goods are bought and sold, including the Abinsi and Agasha markets. Blacksmithing and carpentry are two more significant economic pursuits of the people of Guma Local Government Area.

## Localities

Towns and Villages under Guma Local Government Areas.
* Abinsi
* Achuwa
* Agaku
* Agasha
* Agu
* Akahana
* Akumba
* Akure
* Akurungu
* Angula
* Anzum
* Aondo
* Badev
* Chiata
* Chivir
* Chongke
* Gaval
* Gbajimba
* Gogo
* Gyushage
* Ihalav
* Kaambe
* Kopii
* Major Musa
* Mbabai
* Mbawa
* Mbayer/Yandev
* Nyiev
* Nzorov
* Saghev
* Ukpiam
* Uvir
# Diocese of Skálholt

The Diocese of Skálholt (Icelandic: Skálholtsbiskupa) is a suffragan diocese of the Church of Iceland. It was the estate of the first bishop in Iceland, Isleifr Gizurarson, who became bishop in 1056. (Christianity had been formally adopted in 1000). His son, Gizurr, donated it to become the official see. The Diocese was amalgamated in 1801 and now forms part of the Diocese of Iceland under the leadership of the Bishop of Iceland. In 1909, the diocese was restored as a suffragan see, with the Bishop of Skálholt being a suffragan bishop to the Bishop of Iceland.

## Roman Catholic

* 1056–1080: Ísleifur Gissurarson
* 1082–1118: Gissur Ísleifsson
* 1118–1133: Þorlákur Runólfsson
* 1134–1148: Magnús Einarsson
* 1152–1176: Klængur Þorsteinsson
* 1178–1193: St. Þorlákur helgi Þórhallsson
* 1195–1211: Páll Jónsson
* 1216–1237: Magnús Gissurarson
* 1238–1268: Sigvarður Þéttmarsson (Norwegian)
* 1269–1298: Árni Þorláksson
* 1304–1320: Árni Helgason
* 1321–1321: Grímur Skútuson (Norwegian)
* 1322–1339: Jón Halldórsson (Norwegian)
* 1339–1341: Jón Indriðason (Norwegian)
* 1343–1348: Jón Sigurðsson
* 1350–1360: Gyrðir Ívarsson (Norwegian)
* 1362–1364: Þórarinn Sigurðsson (Norwegian)
* 1365–1381: Oddgeir Þorsteinsson (Norwegian)
* 1382–1391: Mikael (Danish)
* 1391–1405: Vilchin Hinriksson (Danish)
* 1406–1413: Jón (Norwegian)
* 1413–1426: Árni Ólafsson
* 1426–1433: Jón Gerreksson (Danish)
* 1435–1437: Jón Vilhjálmsson Craxton (English)
* 1437–1447: Gozewijn Comhaer (Dutch)
* 1448–1462: Marcellus de Niveriis (German)
* 1462–1465: Jón Stefánsson Krabbe (Danish)
* 1466–1475: Sveinn spaki Pétursson
* 1477–1490: Magnús Eyjólfsson
* 1491–1518: Stefán Jónsson
* 1521–1540: Ögmundur Pálsson

## Lutheran

* 1540–1548: Gissur Einarsson
* 1549–1557: Marteinn Einarsson
* 1558–1587: Gísli Jónsson
* 1589–1630: Oddur Einarsson
* 1632–1638: Gísli Oddsson
* 1639–1674: Brynjólfur Sveinsson
* 1674–1697: Þórður Þorláksson
* 1698–1720: Jón Vídalín
* 1722–1743: Jón Árnason
* 1744–1745: Ludvig Harboe (Danish)
* 1747–1753: Ólafur Gíslason
* 1754–1785: Finnur Jónsson
* 1777–1796: Hannes Finnsson
* 1797–1801: Geir Vídalín
The diocese was amalgamated in 1801 and now forms part of the Diocese of Iceland.

### Suffragan bishopric

The see was discontinued from 1801 to 1909. It was revived in 1909 as a suffragan bishopric to the Bishop of Iceland, with the bishop's cathedra in the traditional Skálholt cathedral church. In 1990, new legislation increased the authority and responsibilities of the Bishop of Skálholt as an assistant bishop in the Reykjavik diocese.
* 1909–1930: Valdimar Briem
* 1931–1936: Sigurður P. Sívertsen
* 1937–1965: Bjarni Jónsson
* 1966–1983: Sigurður Pálsson
* 1983–1989: Ólafur Skúlason
* 1989–1994: Jónas Gíslason
* 1994–2010: Sigurður Sigurðarson
* 2011–2018: Kristján Valur Ingólfsson
* 2018–present: Kristján Björnsson
# Heptranchias

Heptranchias is a genus of sharks in the family Hexanchidae.

## Species

* Heptranchias perlo (Bonnaterre, 1788) (sharpnose sevengill shark)
* †Heptranchias ezoensis Applegate & Uyeno, 1968
* †Heptranchias howelli Reed, 1946
* †Heptranchias karagalensis Kozlov in Zhelezko & Kozlov, 1999
* †Heptranchias tenuidens Leriche, 1938

## Fossil record

Fossils of Heptranchias are found in marine strata from the Cretaceous period. Fossils are known from various localities in Europe, North America, South America, New Zealand and Japan.
# Jim in Bold

Jim in Bold is a documentary about Jim Wheeler, a gay high school student in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, who died by suicide in 1997 because of constant harassment at school. The film was created by the Equality Forum and directed by Glenn Holsten. The original music was composed by Michael Aharon.

## Synopsis

The film, titled after a poem by Wheeler, details the abuse he received at the hands of his classmates because of his homosexuality. It also presents interviews and a cross-nation road-trip with members of Young Gay America, an online teen organization for gays, and compares the teasing and physical abuse Jim suffered to the increasingly open attitudes towards homosexuality six years later when the film was first shown.

## Screenings and reactions

The film premiered at the Equality Forum 2003 on May 1 at The Kimmel Center in Philadelphia. A later showing, held September 28, 2003, at the Pennsylvania State Museum in Harrisburg as a fundraiser for Common Roads, a local gay youth support group, was protested by 10 members of the Westboro Baptist Church, a religious institution well known for their extreme anti-gay views. Because they announced their intention to protest in advance, they were overwhelmed by over 800 counter-protesters who declared the day "Unity Day". The counter-protest was organized by the Pride Festival of Central Pennsylvania led by community organizer Reynaldo Lacaba.
# Varol Tasar

Varol Salman Tasar (Turkish: Taşar; born 4 October 1996) is a German professional footballer who plays as a forward for the Swiss club Yverdon-Sport.

## Career

Tasar made his senior debut in the Swiss Promotion League for Old Boys in 2015 before appearing in the 2. Liga Interregional with Klingnau the following season. After a successful season with Aarau in the Swiss Challenge League, Tasar signed a precontract with Servette on 13 February 2019.
On 7 October 2020, he moved to Luzern. For the 2020–21 season, the move was on the loan basis, followed by a permanent three-year contract thereafter.
On 26 August 2022, Tasar returned to Aarau on a season-long loan. On 19 July 2023, he was loaned to Yverdon-Sport.

## Personal life

Born in Germany, Tasar is of Turkish descent.
# Lectoure

Lectoure (French pronunciation:; Gascon: Leitora) is a commune in the Gers department in the Occitanie region in southwestern France.
It is located 32 km (20 mi) north of Auch, the capital of the department, 30 km (19 mi) south of Agen and approximately 76 km (47 mi) northwest of Toulouse.
In 1473, the seneschal, the crown's agent of order, was created for the county of Armagnac. The building out of which the seneschal operated, Seneschalcy of Armagnac, was built in the commune of Lectoure. The position/building remained active until the French Revolution, in which it was abolished and abandoned by 1835.

## Geography

The village is located on the right bank of the Gers, which flows north through the western part of the commune. The river Auroue forms part of the commune's southeastern and northeastern borders.

## History

Lectoure was a prehistoric oppidum, capital of Lactorates. Barbarian invasions forced residents to raise the walls and make Lectoure a stronghold for centuries. The town became the capital city of the Earldom of Armagnac in 1325, ruled by a powerful family descended from the ancient Dukes of Gascony, who held court at Lectoure. In 1473 Cardinal Jean de Jouffroy besieged the town on behalf of Louis XI. and after its fall put the whole population to the sword. In 1562 it again suffered severely at the hands of the Catholics under Blaise de Montluc.

## Sites of interest

Lectoure has been designated as a "town of art and history" (French: Villes et Pays d'Art et d'Histoire) by the French Ministry of Culture and Communication since 1985. The 12th-16th century former Lectoure Cathedral is a national monument. The town hall was built between 1676 and 1682 by bishop Hugues de Bar.

## Way of St. James

Lectoure is a town on the Via Podiensis, one of the three major French arms of the Way of St. James. This route is followed by those making the pilgrimage from Le Puy by way of Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port to Santiago de Compostella in northwest Spain. Pilgrims arrive at Lectoure after Miradoux and next pass through Marsolan and La Romieu.

## Cuisine

Locally produced Armagnac and foie gras are available and popular delicacies.

## Notable people

* Pierre Charron
* Pierre Feuga, writer, translator
* Pey de Garros
* Joseph Lagrange
* Jean Lannes
* Paul Noël Lasseran
* Antoine de Roquelaure
* Aurélie Soubiran, Princess Ghika (1820–1904), writer.
# Iftach Spector

Iftach Spector (born 20 October 1940) is a retired Israeli brigadier general, a former fighter pilot and commander of the airbases at Tel Nof and Ramat David. He serves on the Israel Advisory Council of the Israel Policy Forum.

## Biography

Spector was born in Petah Tikva, in what was then Mandate Palestine, in 1940. His parents were both part of the Palmach, the elite strike force of the Haganah. His father, Zvi Spector, was the commander of Operation Boatswain, a failed 1941 Palmach mission in Lebanon that resulted in the deaths of all participants, and his mother, Shoshana Spector, was among the founding members of the Palmach and served as its adjutant officer. Spector grew up on kibbutz Givat Brenner and kibbutz Hulata.
Spector saw action in the Six-Day War, and the commander involved in the 20-minute Israel airstrike and napalm-strafing of the USS Liberty on the 75-minute Israeli attack that comprises the USS Liberty incident. As commander he maintained that he believed the ship was an enemy vessel and acted based on the intelligence available at the time.
Both Israeli and U.S. investigations officially concluded it was a tragic mistake, but many survivors and researchers have challenged this conclusion, suggesting potential deliberate targeting. 34 American crewmen were killed and 171 were wounded.
In 1992 he was awarded the Yitzhak Sadeh Prize for his book A Dream In Blue And Black, a novelized account of a fighter squadron during the Yom Kippur War.
Since 2001, he has been active in the Movement for Disengagement from the Palestinians. In 2003, Spector was one of 27 reserve pilots and former pilots exempt from reserve duty to sign "The pilots' letter" refusing to fly missions against targets in the West Bank and Gaza.

## Publications

* Iftach Spector, Loud and Clear, Minneapolis, Zenith Press, 2009, 426 pp., ISBN 978-0-7603-3630-4 is his personal autobiography.
# Mas (Mediterranean farmhouse)

A mas (Occitan:, Catalan:) in the Provence and Midi; masia (Catalan pronunciation:, Sardinian pronunciation:) in Catalonia, Balearic Islands, the Land of Valencia and Sardinia; or masía (Spanish pronunciation: in Aragon is a traditional farmhouse.

## Description

A mas was the centre of a largely self-sufficient economic unit, which could produce its own fruit, vegetables, grain, milk, meat and even silkworms. It was constructed of local stone, with the kitchen and room for animals on the ground floor, and bedrooms, storage places for food and often a room for raising silkworms on the upper floor. Not every farmhouse in Provence is a mas. A mas was distinct from the other traditional kind of house in Provence, the bastide, which was the home of a wealthy family.
The mas of Provence and Catalonia always faces to the south to offer protection against the mistral wind coming from the north. Also because of the mistral, there are no windows facing north, and on all the other sides, windows are narrow to protect against the heat of summer and the cold of winter. A mas is almost always rectangular, with two sloping roofs. The mas found in the mountains and in the Camargue sometimes has a more complex shape.
In Catalonia, the tenant of a mas is called a masover (pronounced), as different from the real landowner.
Among the different kinds of mas in Provence, there are two characteristic types:
The mas of Luberon has the form of a long rectangle, or sometimes an L shape. A stairway, often in the centre, leads to a corridor on the upper floor, usually on the north side of the house, which opens onto the bedrooms. The upper floor also has space for storing forage for the animals and grain, and for the raising of silkworms. The room where the silkworms were raised (see sericulture) was called the magnanerie.
The mas of the Camargue is strongly influenced by the climate and the environment, and resembles a Spanish hacienda, with large spaces, white walls, an interior court and buildings in the form of a U for the residence and stables.
The size of a mas depended upon the wealth and number of its original occupants: from 150 square metres to over 1,000 square meters, including the barn and other structures. As the family grew larger the mas would be made longer to accommodate them. When a mas is small, and is occupied by a single family with a small area of land, it is called a mazet, or petit mas (alternatively, maset in Catalan).
The mas was always built of inexpensive local materials; stones or wood from the area. The walls of the mas along the River Durance were made from river stones; those of Gordes of limestone, and those of Roussillon (Rosselló in Catalan) and the rest of Catalonia of red stones and clay.
In recent years the traditional mas of Provence and Catalonia have become much sought after and transformed into expensive homes and vacation homes (résidences secondaires in France, or cases de turisme rural in Catalonia).
# Ralé-poussé

The ralé-poussé is a diatonic accordion played on the island of Réunion in the southwest Indian Ocean.$^{:126}$ It is played in the Creole music of the 20th century.
The name refers to the "push-pull" motion of diatonic playing, which distinguishes the instrument's playing style as it rhythmically swaps between the "push" set of notes and "pull" set of notes.$^{:128}$
# Polydamna

Polydamna (/ˌpɒlɪˈdæmnə/; Ancient Greek: Πολύδαμνα, romanized: Polúdamna) is an Egyptian figure from Greek mythology.

## Mythology

Mentioned in Homer’s Odyssey, Polydamna was the wife of Thōn (Θῶν, gen: Θῶνος), often known as "Thon the Egyptian", owing to his Egyptian heritage. Polydamna gave Helen, wife of Menelaus, nepenthe (i.e., a drug that has "the power of robbing grief and anger of their sting and banishing all painful memories") and which Helen slipped into the wine that Telemachus and Menelaus were drinking.

## Note

* ↑ Homer. Odyssey 4.228
# Marsan

Marsan (French pronunciation:; Occitan: Marçan,) is a commune in the Gers department, southwestern France.

## Population

There exists a Swedish vanilla sauce product called Marsán [sv], the name inspired by a visit by the owner to Marsan, Gers in the 1920s.
# Jacme Rovira

Jacme Rovira (Catalan:, Occitan:; modern Catalan spelling: Jaume Rovira) was a Catalan poet who wrote in Occitan and competed within the Consistori del Gay Saber.
On 3 May 1386 Jacme participated in a partimen with Bernat de Palaol before the judges Ramon Galbarra and Germà de Gontaut. The dilemma before the poets was this: if a knight loves a lady who does not return his affection while another dame, of equal merit, loves him, but to her he is indifferent, whom should he serve? Bernat defended the claim of the second lady, while Jacme of the first. The judges found in favour of Jacme.
Jacme also wrote a seventy-two line piece beginning Qui vol al mon de fis pretz fama granda.

## Works

* Works of Jaume Rovira at Rialc.unina.it
# Tomida femina

Tomida femina (Occitan:, Catalan:; "A swollen woman") is the earliest surviving poem in Occitan, a sixteen-line charm probably for the use of midwives. It is preserved in the left and bottom margins of a Latin legal treatise in a ninth- or tenth-century manuscript, where it is written upside down. Line 14 is missing, but has been supplied by the editors on the basis of the pattern of the final three lines. It has been edited and translated into English by William Doremus Paden and Frances Freeman Paden:
| Tomida femina in tomida via sedea; tomid infant in falda sua tenea; tomides mans et tomidas pes, tomidas carnes que est colbe recebrunt; tomide fust et tomides fer que istæ colbe doner unt. Exsunt en dolores d'os en polpa [de polpa en curi] de curi in pel de pel in erpa. Terra madre susipiat dolores. | A swollen woman Sat in a swollen road; A swollen child She held in her lap; Swollen hand And swollen feet, Swollen flesh That will take this blow; Swollen wood And swollen iron That will give this blow. The pain goes out From bone to flesh, From flesh to skin, From skin to hair, From hair to grass; Let mother earth receive the pain. |
The meaning of the poetic charm, a "talking cure", is uncertain. Possibly it is intended as a cure for an edema. The swollen woman of line 1 and the swollen child of line 3 may both be patients, or perhaps only one of them. The charm transfers the swelling from the patient to wood and iron, possibly referring to medical instruments, and thence to the earth. On the other hand, the swollen woman and child "held in her lap" may refer to a pregnancy. The chanter may be the midwife. The poem's editors note the fittingness of an image of birth at the beginning of Occitan literature.
# American Widow

American Widow (2008, Random House), written by Alissa Torres and drawn by Sungyoon Choi, is a graphic memoir about Torres's experience as a widow of the September 11 attacks in 2001. The story is told in non-chronological order, alternating between Torres's post-9/11 experience of widowhood, pregnancy, media attention and bureaucratic nightmares; and backstory about her and her husband Eduardo (Eddie). Most of the images are drawn by Choi, but photos of Eddie also appear in two sections, as well as a photo of Alissa and her son.
The story starts on September 11, 2001, with TV announcements about the attacks on the World Trade Center, where Eddie has just started a new job as a currency trader with Cantor Fitzgerald. Chapters 2 and 3 give the backstory from Alissa and Eddie's first meeting in August 1998 to Alissa's pregnancy and Eddie's new job at Cantor Fitzgerald. Chapter 4 depicts the night before the attacks and suggests conflict between them, although the nature of the conflict is not revealed. Then it depicts Alissa going downtown after the attacks to look for Eddie. Chapters 5 and 6 depict Alissa's continuing search for Eddie until she confirms his death, the funeral planning and her frustrations in dealing with the Red Cross and Cantor Fitzgerald for assistance and benefits.
Alissa's son is born in chapter 7, and chapters 8 and 9 deal with the experience of being a 9/11 widowed mother, dealing with the press, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the Salvation Army and the Red Cross; and gives more of Eddie's backstory, with him growing up in Colombia, showing him to be strong and a fighter, juxtaposing with how Alissa feels.
Chapters 10-14 take place in January–May 2002 and depict legal nightmares and people's good will turning sour. Chapters 15–17 lead up to the one-year anniversary of 9/11, and chapter 18 takes place in September 2002: Alissa gets an invitation from the Independent Women's Forum, to an anniversary dinner for 9/11 widows. Alissa goes to the dinner, then decides she has had enough and leaves the dinner and goes with her son to Hawaii, where she had once vacationed with Eddie, to get away for the anniversary.
# Aubèrt

Aubèrt (Occitan pronunciation:) is a population entity that belongs to the municipality of Vielha e Mijaran (Val d'Aran), Spain. The village is located 903 meters and is due to the N-230 road from Vielha to France, 2 kilometers away from the municipality, Vielha. The set is a work included in the Inventory of the Architectural Heritage of Catalonia.
The town of Aubèrt, which was part of the old town of Betlan, is located 912 meters high, on the right side of the Garonne, near the N-230 road, 4 km from Vielha. It is presided over by the church of the Mare de Déu del Roser, a Romanesque building (12th century) with a camapanarde tower erected in the 16th century. On the outskirts, near the cemetery, there is the Romanesque parish church of Sant Martí (13th century), which was one of the old monasteries of Sant Agustí, today disappeared.
# Gausac

Gausac (Occitan pronunciation:) is a village located in the municipality of Vielha e Mijaran, in the Val d'Aran. It is a set that is part of the Inventory of the Architectural Heritage of Catalonia.
The village of Gausac, head of the old homonymous municipality, is located at 994 m altitude, to the left of the Garonne and at the NW end of the plain of Vielha, at the foot of the mountain slopes of Varicauva. The nucleus, which in 1981 was 245 h, extends along the ridge overlooking the small gorge of Gausac, in a typical village setting, sloping. But the primitive image of an isolated people has been severely affected by the proximity of Vielha, the anarchic urbanization of which has gone towards Gausac's path and has determined that the two gay cores would unite, good and turning Gausac in a neighborhood of Vielha. At the lower end of the town, on the highway, there is the parochial church of Sant Martí de Gausac, Gothic (15th century), which stands out above the urbanistic scourge.
# Casarilh

Casarilh (Occitan pronunciation:) is a village located in the municipality of Vielha e Mijaran, in the Val d'Aran.

## Description

The village of Casarilh is located on the left bank of the Garonne, at the eastern end of the municipality, at an altitude of 1050 m. The village, with 84 inhabitants in 2020, is crossed by the old Camin Reiau, parallel to the C-142 road, which surrounds it at noon. The nucleus, with a very simple structure, is presided over by the parish church of Sant Martí, of Romanesque origin, with a massive bell tower and a late Roman tombstone.
# Gessa (Naut Aran)

Gessa (Occitan pronunciation:) is a locality and decentralized municipal entity located in the municipality of Naut Aran, in Province of Lleida province, Catalonia, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 165.

## Geography

Gessa is located 170km north of Lleida.
# Montgarri

Montgarri (Occitan pronunciation:) is a hamlet located in the municipality of Naut Aran, in Province of Lleida province, Catalonia, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 4.

## Geography

Montgarri is located 190km north-northeast of Lleida.