OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Curinga

Curinga (Calabrian: Cùrënga) is a town and comune in the province of Catanzaro, in the Calabria region of southern Italy. Curinga has a history spanning several thousand years. The entire municipal territory is in fact very rich in historical and archaeological evidence.

## History
### Ancient Greek era

The area, halfway between the Greek cities of Hipponion (Vibo Valentia) and Temesa, was settled by ancient Achaean Greeks, the Curinga coast providing a convenient maritime port linked to routes towards the interior of the Amato and Angitola.
Acconia is the current name of the town, but in ancient times it was called Lacconia, Lanconia or Laconia.
The temple of Castor and Pollux (of which two of the four columns discovered are preserved in the garden of Villa Cefaly) was built by the Greeks who occupied this area and was subsequently incorporated by the Romans in the Baths.
In the Prato Sant'Irene district and in the vicinity of the Tre Calrini stream, a necropolis with late Hellenic furnishings was discovered. In 1916, during reclamation operations on the Turrino stream, a small treasure of around 300 archaic Greek staters (6th century BC) in silver and in good condition was found and immediately divided between the workers and the locals. The intervention of Paolo Orsi and the prefecture averted their total dispersion: 164 coins were recovered in Ravenna, 14 in Catanzaro, 11 in Pizzo, 4 in Curinga. Coming from the mints of the cities of Taranto, Crotone, Metaponto, Sibari, Caulonia, they are currently preserved in the National Museum of Magna Graecia in Reggio Calabria.

### Roman era

The Romans built the Via Popilia crossing the territory from north to south, along which they founded post stations (statio) including that of Aque Ange (Anniae, possibly at Lamezia Terme) described in the Peutinger Table. The remains of the post station Ad Turres, also listed in the Roman itineraries is in the Trivio area near the Fondaco del Fico.
The large baths complex at Acconia dating to between the 1st and 2nd centuries AD shows the considerable importance of area at that time. They may have belonged to a large Roman villa. The discovery of a Diocletian bronze coin indicates it was still functioning around the 3rd-4th century.
A disaster, possibly an earthquake, destroyed the baths, evidence of which is a massive restoration characterised by opus vittatum wall facings involving practically all the walls and in some cases starting from the foundation, and the south-eastern calidarium was also added. They may have been converted for use of a statio at this time. A large cistern was added on the eastern side and another restoration in the 3rd-4th century, again in opus vittatum, consolidated the apse of the east calidarium which was re-clad with a curved wall with the praefurnium.
The baths became disused except for the frigidarium between the mid-4th and the beginning of the 5th century and were later transformed into a Gothic church.

## 1980 train crash

On November 21, 1980, a Rome-Syracuse passenger train hit the cars of a freight train from Catania, killing 20 people and injuring 112.
# Milešov

Milešov is a municipality and village in Příbram District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Milešov consists of three municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Milešov (209)
* Klenovice (91)
* Přední Chlum (22)

## Geography

Milešov is located about 19 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Příbram and 50 km (31 mi) south of Prague. It lies in the Benešov Uplands. The highest point is the hill Bukovec at 554 m (1,818 ft) above sea level. The western and northern municipal border is formed by the Vltava River, respectively by the Orlík and Kamýk reservoirs, built on the Vltava.

## History

The first written mention of Milešov is from 1323. The village was founded in the 14th century as a result of gold and antimony mining in the area.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 1,301 | — |
| 1880 | 1,322 | +1.6% |
| 1890 | 1,323 | +0.1% |
| 1900 | 1,403 | +6.0% |
| 1910 | 1,283 | −8.6% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 1,220 | −4.9% |
| 1930 | 1,146 | −6.1% |
| 1950 | 751 | −34.5% |
| 1961 | 551 | −26.6% |
| 1970 | 445 | −19.2% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 409 | −8.1% |
| 1991 | 343 | −16.1% |
| 2001 | 317 | −7.6% |
| 2011 | 358 | +12.9% |
| 2021 | 322 | −10.1% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality.

## Sights

The main historical landmark of Milešov is the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. It was built in the neo-Gothic style in 1903–1905.
Destinov Mansion was built in the mid-19th century for Emanuel Kittl, who owned local mines and is known as the father of Emmy Destinn. The romantic mansion was rebuilt for recreational purposes in the 20th century.

## Notable people

* Emmy Destinn (1878–1930), operatic soprano; grew up here
# Rajura Assembly constituency

Rajura Assembly constituency is one of the six constituencies of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha located in Chandrapur district.
It is a part of the Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency along with five other assembly constituencies, viz Warora Assembly constituency, Ballarpur, Chnadrapur (SC) from Chandrapur district and Wani and Arni from the neighbouring Yavatmal district.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Year | Member | Party |
| 1962 | Vithalrao Dhote | Indian National Congress |
| 1967 | S. B. Jiwtode Guruji | Independent |
| 1972 | Vithalrao Dhote | Indian National Congress |
| 1978 | Baburao Musale | Janata Party |
| 1980 | Prabhakarrao Mamulkar | Indian National Congress (I) |
| 1985 | Prabhakarrao Mamulkar | Indian National Congress |
| 1990 | Wamanrao Chatap | Janata Dal |
| 1995 | Wamanrao Chatap | Independent |
| 1999 | Sudarshan Nimkar | Indian National Congress |
| 2004 | Wamanrao Chatap | Swatantra Bharat Paksha |
| 2009 | Subhash Dhote | Indian National Congress |
| 2014 | Sanjay Dhote | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2019 | Subhash Dhote | Indian National Congress |
| 2024 | Deorao Bhongle | Bharatiya Janata Party |

## Election results
### 2024

2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election: Rajura :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | BJP | Deorao Vithoba Bhongle | 72,882 | 30.53 |
| | INC | Subhash Dhote | 69,828 | 29.25 |
| | SBP | Wamanrao Chatap | 55,090 | 23.08 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 3054 | |
| | BJP gain from INC | BJP gain from INC | Swing | |

### 2019

2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election: Rajura :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | INC | Subhash Dhote | 60,228 | 26.79 |
| | SBP | Wamanrao Chatap | 57,727 | 25.67 |
| | NOTA | None of the Above | 1563 | 0.70 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 2501 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 224857 | 71.15 |
| | INC gain from BJP | INC gain from BJP | Swing | |
# Egon Balas

Egon Balas (June 7, 1922 in Cluj, Romania – March 18, 2019) was an applied mathematician and a professor of industrial administration and applied mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University. He was the Thomas Lord Professor of Operations Research at Carnegie Mellon's Tepper School of Business and did fundamental work in developing integer and disjunctive programming.

## Life and education

Balas was born in Cluj (Romania) in a Hungarian Jewish family. His original name was Blatt, which was first changed to the Hungarian Balázs and then later to the Romanian Balaş. He was married to art historian Edith Balas, a survivor of Auschwitz, with whom he had two daughters. He was imprisoned by the Communist authorities for several years after the war.
He left Romania in 1966 and accepted an appointment with Carnegie Mellon University in 1967. Balas obtained a "Diploma Licentiate" in economics (Bolyai University, 1949) and Ph.D.s in economics (University of Brussels, 1967) and mathematics (University of Paris, 1968). His mathematics PhD thesis was titled Minimax et dualité en programmation discrète and was written under the direction of Robert Fortet.

### Selected publications

* E. Balas, A. Saxena: Optimizing Over the Split Closure, Mathematical Programming 113, 2 (2008), 219–240.
* E. Balas, M. Perregaard: A Precise Correspondence Between Lift-and-Project Cuts, Simple Disjunctive Cuts, and Mixed Integer Gomory Cuts for 0-1 Programming, Mathematical Programming B (94), 2003; 221–245.
* E. Balas, S. Ceria, G. Cornuéjols: Mixed 0-1 Programming by Lift-and-Project in a Branch-and-Cut Framework, Management Science 42, 1996; 1229–1246.
* E. Balas: The Prize Collecting Traveling Salesman Problem: II Polyhedral Results, Networks 25, 1995; 199–216.
* E. Balas, S. Ceria, G. Cornuéjols: A Lift-and-Project Cutting Plane Algorithm for Mixed 0-1 Programs, Mathematical Programming 58, 1993; 295–324.
* E. Balas: The Prize Collecting Traveling Salesman Problem I, Networks 19, 1989; 621–636.
* E. Balas, J. Adams, D. Zawack: The Shifting Bottleneck Procedure for Job Shop Scheduling, Management Science 34, 1988; 391–401.
* E. Balas, V. Chvátal, J. Nesetril: On The Maximum-Weight Clique Problem, Mathematics of Operations Research 12, 1987; 522–536.
* E. Balas: Disjunctive Programming, Annals of Discrete Mathematics 5, 1979; 3–51.
* E. Balas: An Additive Algorithm for Linear Programming in Zero-One Variables, Operations Research 13 (4), 1965; 517–546.

### Honors and awards

* National Academy of Engineering, 2006
* IFORS Hall of Fame, 2006
* Honorary Doctorate in Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 2005
* Hungarian Academy of Science, external member, 2004
* INFORMS Fellow, 2002
* Honorary Doctorate in Mathematics, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain, 2002
* EURO Gold Medal, 2001
* John von Neumann Theory Prize, INFORMS, 1995
* Senior U.S. Scientist Award of the von Humboldt Foundation, 1980–1981
# Hehe language

Hehe, also known by its native name Kihehe, is a Bantu language that is spoken by the Hehe people of the Iringa region of Tanzania, lying south of the Great Ruaha River. It was reported to have "Ngoni" features, that is, words of a Zulu-like language introduced when conquered by a Nguni or Zulu-like people in the early 19th century. However, other "Ngoni" speeches seem to have lost most of these distinctive features over the past 150-odd years, the language more resembling those of the neighbouring peoples. In the 1970s, it was estimated that 190,000 people spoke Hehe. There has been some Bible translation (British and Foreign Bible Society). Hehe may be mutually intelligible with Bena.

## Grammar

Hehe has 15 noun classes, marked with prefixes.
Hehe has a complex tense-aspect-mood system.

## Phonology
### Consonants

| | | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | | k | |
| Plosive | voiced | b | d | | ɡ | |
| Plosive | prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | | ᵑɡ | |
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | | h |
| Fricative | voiced | v | (z) | | | |
| Fricative | prenasal | | ⁿz | | | |
| Approximant | Approximant | | l | j | w | |
* [ʍ] can be heard as an allophone of /w/ among speakers in free variation.
* [z] occurs in the language, but is mainly heard as an allophone of /s/ after nasal sounds, or as a result of Swahili loanwords.
* /ki/ becomes [t͡ʃ] before a vowel, e.g., chakulya 'food' from /ki-akulya/.

### Vowels

| | Front | Central | Back |
| High | i iː | | u uː |
| Mid | e eː | | o oː |
| Low | | a aː | |
# USC Center on Public Diplomacy

The University of Southern California Center on Public Diplomacy is an academic research, teaching and training center created by the USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism and the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences' School of International Relations at University of Southern California.
In 2008, USC received the inaugural Benjamin Franklin Award for Public Diplomacy from the U.S. State Department in recognition of the university's teaching, training, and research in public diplomacy.
The USC Center on Public Diplomacy and Portland, a UK-based consultancy firm, together have published an annual Soft Power 30 index.
The USC Center on Public Diplomacy is a full member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA), a group of public policy, public administration, and international studies schools.

## People associated with the center
### Advisory board

As of August 2024, the CPD Advisory Board consists of 23 members, including:
* Barry Sanders (Chair)
* Mel Levine (past Chair)
* Goli Ameri
* Colleen Bell
* Fadi Chehadé
* Colleen Graffy
* Jerrold D. Green
* Gary Hart
* David Huebner
* Gary E. Knell
* Markos Kounalakis
* Loida Lewis
* Kimberly Marteau Emerson
* Mike Medavoy
* Farah Pandith
* Ponchitta Pierce
* Marie Royce
* Jay Snyder

### Academic staff

As at August 2024, the CPD includes 36 Faculty Fellows, including:
* Laurie Brand
* Geoffrey Cowan
* Nicholas J. Cull is professor of public diplomacy and inaugural director of the master's program in public diplomacy at USC.
# Myo Gyi

Myo Gyi (Burmese: မျိုးကြီး; born Myo Min Htay on 22 March 1976) is a Burmese rock singer and guitarist. He is the lead vocalist of the popular rock band Iron Cross. Myo Gyi is considered one of the most commercially successful Burmese singers and regarded as the one of "Myanmar's rock icons".

## Early life and education

Myo Gyi was born on 22 March 1976 in Yangon to parents Tin Maung Htay and his wife Tin Tin Htwe. He was named as Myo Min Htay in his birth certificate. He has a younger brother named Sithu Htay, an engineer. He graduated from Basic Education High School No. 2 Hlaing. He studied zoology at the University of Distance Education, Yangon for three years before attending the final year at Dagon University, where he graduated with a BA in zoology.

## Career

He began his music career in 1993 as a lead guitarist in the rock band Ghost Rider. He later joined the rock band Iron Cross, which was founded by Saw Bwe Hmu, a famous guitarist and songwriter. Later Lay Phyu, Ah Nge and Y Wine joined the new aspiring band.
In 1997, he released his solo album "Kyauk-sa Mya". The follow-up album "Lay Byay" (The Wind) in 1998 was a commercial success, gaining him a large following, and planted him as a leading singer in the Burmese music scene.
Myo Gyi held his first one-man concert, "Live in Yangon", in 2007. He performed his second one-man concert "Min 90" (Live 90) at the Myanmar Event Park on 7 July 2015.

## Brand ambassadorships

From 2015 to 2020, he promoted Oppo Myanmar as a product ambassador.

## Discography
### Solo albums

* Kyauk-sa Mya (1997) (ကျောက်စာများ)
* Lay Byay (1998) (လေပြေ)
* A-khan-na Zon (2000) (အခမ်းနားဆုံး)
* A-pyan Lan (2002) (အပြန်လမ်း)
* Hsant-gyin-bet (2003) (ဆန့်ကျင်ဘက်)
* Neissa Duwa (Nicca Duva) (2006) (နိစ္စဓူဝ)
* Live in Yangon 1 (2008)
* Live in Yangon 2 (2008)
* Yu-laik (2010) (ယူလိုက်)
* Pyaung-le-gyin Mya (2015) (ပြောင်းလဲခြင်းများ)

### Collaborations

* 95 Myanmar Billboard Top Hits
* Saw Bwe Hmu Amhattaya (2)
* Do Ye Chit Thu Mya Ne
* Yazu Thit
* LMN
* Iron Cross Band Unplugged
* Iron Cross Band Acoustic
* Iron Cross Band 20th Anniversary
* Pinle De Ga Myit Mya

## TV show

* Myanmar's Got Talent

## Awards

* 2004 - Yangon City FM Award for Bestselling Male Vocalist

## Personal life

Myo Gyi married to Zin Mar Lwin, also known as Lone Lone Lwin, on 20 May 2000. They have two sons named Lin Thuta Myo and Ant Thukha Myo.
On 14 April 2020, Myo Gyi and his wife tested positive for COVID-19 after attending a church service, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, which became the first COVID-19 positive public figure in Myanmar.
# Arnhold's mouse lemur

Arnhold's mouse lemur or the Montagne d'Ambre mouse lemur (Microcebus arnholdi) is a species of mouse lemur endemic to Madagascar. Its holotype was first collected on 27 November 2005, and was first described in 2008. According to genetic tests, it is genetically distinct from its closest sister taxa, the Sambirano mouse lemur (M. sambiranensis).
It is a medium-sized mouse lemur, weighing approximately 49.7 grams (1.75 oz), with a body length of 8.1 cm (3.2 in) and a tail length of 12.9 cm (5.1 in). It is found in the montane rainforest of Montagne d’Ambre National Park and Montagne d'Ambre Special Reserve in northern Madagascar.

## Etymology

The name arnholdi was chosen in honor of Henry Arnhold of New York, whose focus on linking the well-being of people in developing countries to the protection of critically important biodiversity hotspots helped create Conservation International's Healthy Communities Initiative and Conservation Stewards' Program.

## Anatomy and physiology

Arnhold's mouse lemur weighs approximately 49.7 grams (1.75 oz), although like other mouse lemurs, its weight will fluctuate depending upon the season. The holotype for the species, collected on 27 November 2005, weighed 71.0 g (2.50 oz), a body length of 8.1 cm (3.2 in) and a tail length of 12.9 cm (5.1 in). Other measurements include head crown of 3.3 cm (1.3 in), muzzle length of 9.4 mm (0.37 in), ear length of 17.8 mm (0.70 in), and ear width of 10.1 mm (0.40 in).
The dorsal pelage is dark brown, red and gray, with a dark brown midline dorsal stripe running down the base of the tail. The tail has a dark brown tip. The ventral pelage is white to cream, with gray undertones. The head is red, with dark brown on the muzzle and around the eyes. There is also a white nose ridge that stops at the distal end of the muzzle.

## Distribution

Arnhold's mouse lemur is found in the montane rainforest of Montagne d'Ambre National Park and Montagne d'Ambre Special Reserve, northwest of the Irodo River in the Antsiranana Province of Madagascar.
The southern end of the Arnhold's mouse lemur's range is bordered by the range of the northern rufous mouse lemur (M. tavaratra), forming a significant species barrier between it and its genetically closest sister taxa, the Sambirano mouse lemur (M. sambiranensis), further to the southwest.
# Kula Deivam (1956 film)

Kula Deivam (transl. Family deity) is a 1956 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Krishnan–Panju and written by Murasoli Maran. It is a remake of the 1954 Bengali film Bhanga Gora. The film stars S. V. Sahasranamam, S. S. Rajendran and Pandari Bai, while Rajagopal, Chandrababu, S. A. Ashokan and Vijayakumari play supporting roles. The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by R. Sudarsanam. Maruthi Rao and Panju (under the alias S. Panjabi) handled cinematography and editing respectively.
Kula Deivam was released on 29 September 1956, and became a commercial success, winning the National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film. Bhanga Gora went on to be remade in Hindi as Bhabhi and in Kannada as Jenu Goodu. Pandari Bai reprised her role in both the versions.

## Cast
### Male support cast

* P. S. Venkatachalam, Sethu, Kottapuli Jayaraman, A. S. Kannan, Ganapathi, Thiruvenkatam, Kittan and Pottai Krishnamoorthy.

## Production

Kula Deivam was remade from the 1954 Bengali film Bhanga Gara. It was directed by the duo Krishnan–Panju, and the dialogues were written by Murasoli Maran, making his cinematic debut. Stage actor V. R. Rajagopal, who appeared in this film, later adapted the film's title as a prefix to his name.

## Soundtrack

Soundtrack was composed by R. Sudharsanam and lyrics were written by Mahakavi Subramania Bharathiyar, Bharathidasan, Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram, K. P. Kamatchi and M. K. Athmanathan. A Kriti composed by Oothukadu Venkata Subbaiyer, Thaaye Yasodha Undhan, was included in the film for a dance sequence of Kumari Kamala.
| Song | Singers | Lyrics | Length |
| "Thaaye Yasodaa Undhan Aayar Kulatthudhittha" | M. L. Vasanthakumari | | 05:42 |
| "Kottupotta Pota Chinna Machane" | P. Susheela | | 02:06 |
| "Aanum Pennum" | T. V. Rathnam | | 02:37 |
| "Kaiyaale Kannai.... Mudiyadhu Nanba Mudiyadhu" | T. M. Soundararajan | | 04:48 |
| "Inba Vargamellaam.... Vetkamillai Vetkamillai" | C. S. Jayaraman | Bharathidasan | 04:27 |
| "Kaadhal Kaadhal Kaadhal" | T. M. Soundararajan | | 03:34 |
| "Vaarayo Ennai Paaraayo" | T. V. Rathnam | | 03:10 |
| "Adiyaargal Ullatthile" (Pathar Vellai kootthu) | T. M. Soundararajan, Seerkazhi Govindarajan & M. M. Muthu | | 06:16 |
| "Sathiram Paarkatheer" | C. S. Jayaraman | | |

## Release

Kula Deivam was released on 29 September 1956, delayed from a 20 September release. The film was a commercial success, and ran for over 100 days in theatres. Randor Guy of The Hindu noted that the film was "Remembered for the socially relevant storyline, excellent performances by Sahasranamam and Pandari Bai, pleasing music and touching on-screen narration". The film won National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil.
# Rasopasno

Rasopasno is a village on the Croatian island of Krk. It is part of the municipality of Dobrinj. As of 2021, it had 125 inhabitants. It is located to the east of Malinska and to the north of Gabonjin.
# Harold K. Claypool

Harold Kile Claypool (June 2, 1886 – August 2, 1958) was a 19th-century American businessman and politician who for three terms was a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1937 to 1943.
He was the son of Horatio Clifford Claypool and cousin of John Barney Peterson.

## Biography

Born in Bainbridge, Ross County, Ohio, Claypool attended the public schools and Ohio State University at Columbus. He engaged in the publishing business at Columbus, Ohio, and published Hunter and Trader Magazine. He was deputy probate judge of Ross County, Ohio.

### Congress

Claypool was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-fifth, Seventy-sixth, and Seventy-seventh Congresses (January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1943).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1942 to the Seventy-eighth Congress.

### Later career

He resumed the publishing and office supply business. He served as United States marshal for the southern district of Ohio from 1944 to 1953.

### Death and burial

Claypool died in Chillicothe, Ohio, on August 2, 1958. He was interred in Grandview Cemetery, Chillicothe, Ross County, Ohio, USA.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "Harold K. Claypool (id: C000489)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
U.S. House of Representatives :
| Preceded byPeter F. Hammond | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 11th congressional district January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1943 | Succeeded byWalter E. Brehm |
# Friedman's k-percent rule

In macroeconomics, Friedman's k-percent rule (named for Milton Friedman) is the monetarist proposal that the money supply should be increased by the central bank by a constant percentage rate every year, irrespective of business cycles.

## Definition

According to Milton Friedman "The stock of money [should be] increased at a fixed rate year-in and year-out without any variation in the rate of increase to meet cyclical needs." (Friedman 1960) Giving governments any flexibility in setting money growth will lead to inflation according to Friedman. The main policy to be avoided is countercyclical monetary policy, the standard Keynesian policy recommendation at the time. For this reason, the central bank should be forced to expand the money supply at a constant rate, equivalent to the rate of growth of real GDP.
This is not to be confused with the Friedman rule, which is a policy of zero nominal interest rates.