OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Menntaskóli

A menntaskóli (Icelandic pronunciation:) is an Icelandic equivalent to a gymnasium (high school, or college), although it works differently from other countries.
In Iceland grade school (grunnskóli) starts in 1st grade at the age of 6 and ends in 10th grade at the age of 16, which are the only mandatory school years in Iceland. After graduation from grade school, students choose what High Schools/College they wish to go to (this is similar to choosing a college in the United States). It is all based on what students wish to learn. It is a 3-year term; roughly the equivalent of the last three years of high school and the first year of university in the United States. A completion of menntaskóli usually provides the student with stúdentspróf (upper secondary certificate) which is required for entry to most university programs in Iceland. Stúdentspróf is somewhat equivalent to a JR college diploma in the US.

## List of Icelandic Secondary Schools

* Borgarholtsskóli (Borgó) (Reykjavík)
* Fjölbrautaskóli Vesturlands á Akranesi (FVA) (Akranes)
* Fjölbrautaskóli Norðurlands Vestra (FNV) (Sauðárkrókur)
* Fjölbrautaskóli Snæfellinga (FSN) (Grundarfjörður)
* Fjölbrautaskóli Suðurlands (FSu) (Selfoss)
* Fjölbrautaskóli Suðurnesja (FS) (Reykjanesbær)
* Fjölbrautaskólinn í Breiðholti (FB) (Reykjavík)
* Fjölbrautaskólinn í Garðabæ (FG) (Garðabær)
* Fjölbrautaskólinn við Ármúla (FÁ) (Reykjavík)
* Flensborgarskóli (Hafnarfjörður)
* Framhaldsskólinn á Húsavík (FSH) (Húsavík)
* Framhaldsskólinn á Laugum (Laugar)
* Framhaldsskólinn í Austur-Skaftafellssýslu (FAS) (Höfn)
* Framhaldsskólinn í Mosfellsbæ (FMOS) (Mosfellsbær)
* Framhaldsskólinn í Vestmannaeyjum (FÍV) (Vestmannaeyjar)
* Kvennaskóli Íslands (Kvennó) (Reykjavík)
* Menntaskólinn á Akureyri (MA) (Akureyri)
* Menntaskólinn við Hamrahlíð (MH) (Reykjavík)
* Menntaskólinn við Sund (MS) (Reykjavík)
* Menntaskóli Borgarfjarðar (MB) (Borgarnes)
* Menntaskólinn á Ásbrú (MÁ) (Reykjanesbær)
* Menntaskólinn á Ísafirði (MÍ) (Ísafjörður)
* Menntaskólinn á Egilsstöðum (ME) (Egilsstaðir)
* Menntaskólinn á Tröllaskaga (MTR) (Ólafsfjörður)
* Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík (MR) (Reykjavík)
* Menntaskólinn að Laugarvatni (ML) (Laugarvatn)
* Menntaskólinn í Kópavogi (MK) (Kópavogur)
* Tækniskólinn (Reykjavík)
* Verkmenntaskóli Austurlands (VA) (Neskaupstaður)
* Verkmenntaskólinn á Akureyri (VMA) (Akureyri)
* Verzlunarskóli Íslands (Verzló), (Reykjavík)
* This Icelandic school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Wiswa Warnapala

Watareke Arachchilage Wiswa Warnapala (26 December 1936 – 27 February 2016) was a Sri Lankan politician, Minister of Higher Education and member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka.
# Interpretation (philosophy)

A philosophical interpretation is the assignment of meanings to various concepts, symbols, or objects under consideration. Two broad types of interpretation can be distinguished: interpretations of physical objects, and interpretations of concepts (conceptual model).

## Conceptual interpretations
### Aesthetic interpretation

Interpretation is related to perceiving the things. An aesthetic interpretation is an explanation of the meaning of some work of art. An aesthetic interpretation expresses an understanding of a work of art, a poem, performance, or piece of literature. There may be different interpretations to same work by art by different people owing to their different perceptions or aims. All such interpretations are termed as 'aesthetic interpretations'. Some people, instead of interpreting work of art, believe in interpreting artist himself. It pretty much means "how or what do I believe about (subject)"

### Judicial interpretation

A judicial interpretation is a conceptual interpretation that explains how the judiciary should interpret the law, particularly constitutional documents and legislation (see statutory interpretation).

### Logical interpretation

In logic, an interpretation is an assignment of meaning to the symbols of a language. The formal languages used in mathematics, logic, and theoretical computer science are defined in solely syntactic terms, and as such do not have any meaning until they are given some interpretation. The general study of interpretations of formal languages is called formal semantics.

### Religious interpretation

Religious interpretation and similarly religious self-interpretation define a section of religion-related studies (theology, comparative religion, reason) where attention is given to aspects of perception—where religious symbolism and the self-image of all those who hold religious views have important bearing on how others perceive their particular belief system and its adherents.

## Scientific interpretation
### Descriptive interpretation

An interpretation is a descriptive interpretation (also called a factual interpretation) if at least one of the undefined symbols of its formal system becomes, in the interpretation, the name of a physical object, or observable property. A descriptive interpretation is a type of interpretation used in science and logic to talk about empirical entities.

### Scientific model

When scientists attempt to formalize the principles of the empirical sciences, they use an interpretation to model reality, in the same way logicians axiomatize the principles of logic. The aim of these attempts is to construct a formal system that will serve as a conceptual model of reality. Predictions or other statements drawn from such a formal system mirror or map the real world only insofar as these scientific models are true.
# Yang Talat district

Yang Talat (Thai: ยางตลาด, pronounced; Northeastern Thai: ยางตลาด, pronounced) is a district (amphoe) in the western part of Kalasin province, northeastern Thailand.

## Geography

Neighbouring districts are (from the northwest clockwise): Huai Mek, Nong Kung Si, Mueang Kalasin, and Khong Chai of Kalasin Province; Kantharawichai and Chiang Yuen of Maha Sarakham province.

## History

Originally named Pachim Kalasin (ปจิมกาฬสินธุ์), the district was renamed Phu Len Chang (ภูแล่นช้าง) in 1913. In 1917, it received its current name Yang Talat.

## Administration

The district is divided into 15 sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 207 villages (mubans). There are six sub-district municipalities (thesaban tambons): Yang Talat covers parts of tambon Yang Talat and Dok Si covers parts of tambons Dok Sombun and Um Mao. Bua Ban, Itue, Hua Na Kham, and Khao Phra Non are further sub-district municipalities which cover the whole same-named sub-district. There are a further 11 tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai | Villages | Pop. |
| 01. | Yang Talat | ยางตลาด | 20 | 16,226 |
| 02. | Hua Ngua | หัวงัว | 13 | 07,796 |
| 03. | Um Mao | อุ่มเม่า | 12 | 07,443 |
| 04. | Bua Ban | บัวบาน | 22 | 13,157 |
| 05. | Woe | เว่อ | 11 | 04,414 |
| 06. | Itue | อิตื้อ | 12 | 09,105 |
| 07. | Hua Na Kham | หัวนาคำ | 19 | 13,090 |
| 08. | Nong I Thao | หนองอิเฒ่า | 11 | 04,836 |
| 09. | Don Sombun | ดอนสมบูรณ์ | 14 | 08,324 |
| 10. | Na Chueak | นาเชือก | 14 | 07,319 |
| 11. | Khlong Kham | คลองขาม | 19 | 14,224 |
| 12. | Khao Phra Non | เขาพระนอน | 09 | 05,866 |
| 13. | Na Di | นาดี | 09 | 05,702 |
| 14. | Non Sung | โนนสูง | 12 | 07,796 |
| 15. | Nong Tok Paen | หนองตอกแป้น | 10 | 03,724 |
# Katrine Lund

Katrine Aannestad Lund (born 9 November 1994) is a Norwegian sport shooter. Her achievements include winning an individual gold medal in rifle shooting at the 2023 ISSF World Shooting Championships, and several team medals at the world championships.

## Personal life

Lund was born in Kongsberg in 1994. She grew up in Jondalen and is a sister of sport shooter Kim-André Lund.

## Career
### 2021

At the 2021 European Shooting Championships, she won a silver medal in 50 m rifle 3 positions team, along with Jeanette Hegg Duestad and Jenny Stene. She also competed in 10 m air rifle team, along with Jeanette Hegg Duestad and Jenny Stene, and they reached the bronze final where they were defeated by Romania.

### 2022

Competing at the 2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships, Lund won a gold medal in 300 m rifle 3 positions team, with team mates Jeanette Hegg Duestad and Jenny Vatne, defeating a Swiss team in the final. With Duestad and Vatne, she also won gold medal in 300 m rifle prone team.

### 2023

Competing at the 2023 European 10 m Events Championships in Tallinn, she won a gold medal in 10 m air rifle team, with Jeanette Hegg Duestad and Jenny Stene. She placed 13th in the individual 10 m air rifle, having missed the final by a small margin.
At the 2023 ISSF World Shooting Championships in Baku, she won a gold medal in 300 m rifle 3 positions, ahead of Karolina Romanczyk and Silvia Guignard. This was Lund's very first individual victory in an international championship. She also won a gold medal with the Norwegian team, along with Jeanette Hegg Duestad and Jenny Vatne. Further, she won a silver medal in 300 m rifle prone team, along with Duestad and Vatne, at the 2023 world championships.

### 2024

In May 2024 Lund won a gold medal in 300 metre rifle match at the European Championships, as well as a team gold medal with the Norwegian team, along with Jenny Vatne and Oda Flekkerud.
# Seja marginal, seja herói

seja marginal, seja herói ('be an outlaw, be a hero') is a 1968 artwork by the Brazilian visual artist Hélio Oiticica.

## Description

It is a flag-like fabric screen printed with representation of Manuel Moreira, popularly known as Cara de Cavalo [pt] ('Horse Face')—a well-known bandit gunned down in the favela of Mangueira by the police of Rio de Janeiro in 1964 and a friend of Oiticica's—and the phrase seja marginal, seja herói ('be an outlaw, be a hero') beneath it. The dead body is prostrated, vulnerable, splayed as if it were a crucifix, inverted. The work celebrates the figure of "the marginal" despised by conservative mainstream society.

## History

Seja marginal, seja herói was first exhibited February 1968 at the Festival das Bandeiras held at Praça General Osório in Rio de Janeiro.
The axiom seja marginal, seja herói became a rallying cry for dissidents under the military dictatorship in Brazil.

## Reception

For Luiz Antonio Garcia Diniz, the image of Cara de Cavalo, shot dead by a Rio de Janeiro police death squad in 1964, recalls the various forms of repression under the military dictatorship in Brazil.
The figure of the antihero or the unknown or anonymous hero is a recurring feature in the work of Hélio Oiticica, who himself sought to live as an artista-marginal, an artist existing on the margins of a society determined to preserve and center, in its mainstream politics and culture, values such as productivity and stability.$^{:59}$

## In popular culture

A seja marginal, seja herói flag made by Oiticica adorned the stage of the Sucata club in Rio de Janeiro the night of a performance by Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil, after which the two were detained end eventually exiled under the accusation of having sung the national anthem of Brazil in parody.
In 2023, a history and art teacher in Brazil was dismissed from her job for wearing a seja marginal, seja herói t-shirt after federal deputy of the Liberal Party Gustavo Gayer criticized her for it on social media, commenting "professora de história com look petista em sala de aula" ('history teacher with a petista look in the classroom').
# Third Arm Weapon Interface System

The Third Arm Weapon Interface System (TAWIS), or Third Arm, is a passive, stabilizing device developed by the US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) in 2016 to redistributes the weight of heavy firearms to make them easier to hold and carry. It weighs less than 1.8 kg (4 pounds), and consists of a mechanical appendage made out of carbon fiber composite that has one end attached to a carbon fiber plate that fits inside an armor plate pocket and the other end attached to a Picatinny rail on top of the gun. It was designed to permit more accurate use of heavier weapons and reduce fatigue by displacing the weight of the weapon from the arms to the torso, and to mitigate weapon recoil. As of 2018, the Third Arm is a prototype and is still in the testing phase of its development.

## History

The development of the Third Arm began in 2015 as a collaborative effort in ARL’s Human Research and Engineering Directorate (HRED) and Weapons & Research Materials Directorate (WMRD). The project was an attempt to improve the marksmanship of soldiers by finding ways that would make the use of heavier, more lethal firearms and larger bullets easier to manage.
The first prototype of was built in 2016 and first unveiled to the public in March 2017 at the Association of the United States Army (AUSA) conference in Huntsville, Alabama. A pilot study was conducted in summer 2017, where the prototype was tested with six soldiers who wore electromyography sensors that recorded muscle activity with and without the Third Arm. The results indicated that the device improved shooting accuracy and lessened muscle fatigue. A second prototype was constructed based on the soldiers’ feedback. Changes included the mounting location, the addition of an extendable hinge plate that adhered to different body types, and refinements to the design that made it easier for the wearer to dive into the prone shooting position.

## Applications

The Third Arm can be used to completely take off the weight of heavy firearms such as the 7.5 kg (17-pound) M249 light machine gun or the 12.5 kg (27.6-pound) M240B general-purpose machine gun from the holder’s arms. By supporting the weapon’s weight, soldiers are capable of operating the firearm with one hand, leaving the other hand free for another task. It can be used to carry a breaching saw or a shield instead of a firearm. Testing has shown that the Third Arm provides immediate stabilization during movement, allowing for improved marksmanship.
# Jonel

Jonel is a masculine given name, a variant of the given name John. Notable people with the name include:
* Jonel Carcueva (born 1995), Filipino cyclist
* Jonel Désiré (born 1997), Haitian footballer
* Jonel Perlea (1900–1970), Romanian conductor
* Jonel Scott (born 1992), American basketball player
# Phutthaisong district

Phutthaisong (Thai: พุทไธสง, pronounced; Northeastern Thai: พุทไธสง, pronounced) is a district (amphoe) in the northern part of Buriram province, northeastern Thailand.

## Geography

Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise) Khu Mueang of Buriram Province, Mueang Yang of Nakhon Ratchasima province, Ban Mai Chaiyaphot of Buriram, Nong Song Hong of Khon Kaen province, Na Pho of Buriram, Yang Sisurat and Phayakkhaphum Phisai of Maha Sarakham province, and Chumphon Buri of Surin province.

## Motto

The Phutthaisong District's Motto is "Ancient moat, worship Big buddha image, beautiful silk, Sra Bau lake so Shady."

## Administration

The district is divided into seven sub-districts (tambon), which are further subdivided into 97 villages (muban). Phutthaisong is a sub-district municipality (thesaban tambon) which covers parts of tambon Phutthaisong, Mafueang and Ban Chan. There are a further seven tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai | Villages | Pop. |
| 01. | Phutthaisong | พุทไธสง | 13 | 8,624 |
| 02. | Mafueang | มะเฟือง | 13 | 6,164 |
| 03. | Ban Chan | บ้านจาน | 13 | 7,216 |
| 06. | Ban Pao | บ้านเป้า | 12 | 5,610 |
| 07. | Ban Waeng | บ้านแวง | 13 | 5,175 |
| 09. | Ban Yang | บ้านยาง | 18 | 8,277 |
| 10. | Hai Sok | หายโศก | 15 | 5,301 |
Missing numbers are tambon which now form Ban Mai Chaiyaphot district.
# Ghulam Mohammed Khan

Col G.M. Khan (11 July 1946 – 1 May 2021) was an Indian national equestrian. He won the gold medal at 1982 Asian Games in ‘Three Days Event’. He was honoured with an Arjuna Award in 1984. He hailed from Rajasthan state. He served in the Indian army and was decorated with VSM. Khan also served as international FEI judge in Jumping and Dressage.
Khan died on May 1, 2021, after contracting COVID-19 amid the COVID-19 pandemic in India. He was 74 years old.
His Son Riyaz Khan studied in Central School, R.K.Puram, New Delhi during 1982
# Piotr Jędraszczyk

Piotr Jędraszczyk (born 9 October 2001) is a Polish handball player for Piotrkowianin Piotrków Trybunalski and the Polish national team.
He started playing handball in his hometown at Anilana Łódź, where he played in the Polish 2nd tier in the 2018/19 and 2019/2020 seasons. In 2020 he joined Piotrkowianin Piotrków Trybunalski. For the 2023/2024 he signed for Polish champions Industria Kielce on a four year deal, but was immidiately loaned to league rivals Gwardia Opole for the season.
He debuted on the Polish national team on December 28th 2021 in a 26-30 home field defeat to Tunisia.
# George William McClelland

George William McClelland (1880−1955) was an American educator, provost of the University of Pennsylvania from 1939 to 1944, and president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1944 to 1948.

## Biography

McClelland received his bachelors, masters and Ph.D. all from the University of Pennsylvania in 1903, 1912 and 1916 respectively. He began his teaching career as an English instructor at City College of New York in 1903.
In 1911, McClelland became an instructor in English at the University of Pennsylvania; in 1917, he became an assistant professor of English. In 1924, he was made a full professor of English, a position he held until he was given emeritus status in 1950.
At the same time as he held his academic positions, McClelland also held administrative positions. He worked as assistant director of undergraduate admissions from 1915 to 1921. From 1921 to 1925, he was Penn's director of undergraduate admissions. He then served as vice provost from 1925 to 1928.
From 1928 until 1931, he was vice provost in charge of undergraduate schools. He then became vice president in charge of undergraduate schools, a position he held until his appointment as provost in 1939.
McClelland was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1941.

## Later years and death

After he stepped down as president in 1948, McClelland served as a trustee of Penn until his death in 1955.
# Jackie Chamoun

Jackie Chamoun (born 21 October 1991) is a Lebanese alpine skier. At the age of 14, she started participating in professional skiing events (slalom and giant slalom) all around the world. She participated in FIS Alpine World Ski Championships in 2009 as well as in 2013. She has skied for Lebanon at the Winter Olympics in 2010 and 2014.

## Education

Chamoun studied Sports Management at the Glion Institute of Higher Education, Switzerland and hopes to improve sports in Lebanon by encouraging children to participate in athletics, and putting in place better practice facilities. While she was in school, she interned in Paris in Havas Sports and in Monaco in Peace and Sport.

## Skiing career

Chamoun became a skier at age 3 in Lebanon's Faraya. At 14, she started to compete professionally in alpine skiing. She competed at the World Ski Championships at Val D'Isere in 2009.
At the age of 18, Chamoun represented her country in the 2010 Winter Olympics that took place in Vancouver and finished in 54th place in slalom.
   "It is very nice to represent our country," Chamoun said. "People are surprised to see us there because they don’t expect Lebanon in the Winter Olympic Games. But we are really glad to have this chance to be a part of the Olympics and be able to exchange with people from other nationalities and talk about our culture and discover other cultures."
She competed at the World Ski Championships at Schladming in 2013.
She participated at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, as Lebanon’s only female skier to compete in the Olympic Games in both the slalom and the giant slalom. Her participation at the Olympics became controversial in Lebanon after it was revealed at home in 2014 that she had posed in sexy photos for an Austrian calendar in 2011 by Hubertus von Hohenlohe. A ministerial investigation has been mooted, while an online support protest "Strip for Jackie" has been organized. Chamoun has denied that she posed nude publicly on her Facebook page, saying that the behind the scenes images were not for publication. She finished 47th in slalom at the Games, 44.20s behind the leader. After the first run, she was 58th with a time of 1:16.05 some 23 seconds behind the leader, after having started 87th. After both runs she was 47th with a total time of 2:28.74.

## Personal life

In May 2017, she married former French footballer and World cup winner Christian Karembeu in Lebanon. The couple announced the birth of their daughter later in the year.

## Achievements

* 2014: Olympics - 47th (slalom)
* 2013: World Championships – 84th (giant slalom), 88th (slalom)
* 2013: Lebanese National Championships – Silver (slalom), Bronze (giant slalom)
* 2010: Olympics – 54th (slalom)
* 2009: World Championships – 47th (slalom)
* 2009: Lebanese National Championships – Gold (slalom), Silver (giant slalom)
* 2008: Lebanese National Championships – Bronze (slalom), 5th (giant slalom)
* 2007: Lebanese National Championships – Bronze (giant slalom)
# Durham Mill and Furnace

Durham Mill and Furnace is a historic grist mill located in Durham Township in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. The mill was built in 1820, on the foundations of Durham Furnace. The furnace was built in 1727 and remained in operation for 70 years.
The furnace produced pig and bar iron and during the American Revolution cannons, ballshot, and other military equipment. One of its managers was Col. George Taylor (c. 1716–1781), a signer of the Declaration of Independence. The mill building is a three-story, stone structure with the overshot wheel located inside. Attached to it is a large, brick gambrel roofed warehouse added in 1912. At that time, the post office opened at the mill, the second oldest post office in the United States; the Durham Post Office was founded in 1723. The furnace was owned by George P. Whitaker and Joseph Whitaker in the mid 19th-century. The mill was owned by Congressman Reuben Knecht Bachman (1834–1911) in the late-19th and early-20th century. The mill remained in commercial operation until 1967.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. See Benjamin F. Fackenthal, The Durham Iron Works: Durham Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania read at a meeting of the Friends Historical Association of Philadelphia, 10 June 1922 (Holicong, PA: Buckingham Friends Meeting House, 1937).

## Gallery

* Durham Mill, side view
* Durham Mill, main door.
* Durham Boat.
* Durham Boat, rear view.
# Sen. William H. Thompson House

The Sen. William H. Thompson House, at 902 N. 6th St. in Garden City, Kansas, was built in 1907. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.
It was the home of U.S. Senator William H. Thompson from 1907 to 1919.
It is a three-story Classical Revival-style house on a high cement stone block foundation. It is 38 by 32 feet (11.6 m × 9.8 m) in plan.