# Cecidomyiinae

The Cecidomyiinae, commonly known as gall midges or gall gnats, is the largest subfamily in Cecidomyiidae with over 600 genera and more than 5000 described species. Larvae of the other (basal) cecidomyiid subfamilies feed on fungi; whereas this subfamily is best known for its members that induce galls on plants. However, there are also many species of Cecidomyiinae that are fungivores, parasitoids, or predators as maggots.
Herbivorous species make up about 75% of the Cecidomyiinae; many are gall-inducers, infecting a wide diversity of plants. They are found world-wide and are the most ecologically diverse gall-inducing group of organisms. Most develop in one or a few closely-related host-plant species. In three tribes (Asphondyliini, Alycaulini and Lasiopterini) the midges are associated with specific fungi; these have been termed 'ambrosia gallers' because the fungi line the inner walls of the galls, in a similar way to those in the galleries of ambrosia beetles. Some of the herbivorous species are inquilines, developing in galls that were initiated by a different midge species. Most species in the genus Macrolabis and the tribes Trotteriini and Camptoneuromyiini are inquilines, but there are also many inquiline species in genera that are predominantly gall-inducing (such as Dasineura and Lasioptera).
Predatory and parasitoid species comprise about 12% of the Cecidomyiinae. Larvae of these species attack other arthropods - there are known predators of mites, aphids, scale insects, dragonfly eggs, and endoparasitoids of Hemiptera. Most are found in the tribes Aphidoletini and Lestodiplosini.
Fungivores make up much of the remainder of the subfamily, indicating the retention of (or reversion to) the ancestral food source.

## Systematics

Cecidomyiinae is monophyletic and species of the subfamily can be distinguished from other Cecidomyiidae by characters of the male genitalia, the number of antennal segments, and bristles on the larval abdomen.
The Cecidomyiinae are divided into five supertribes, which contain the following tribes, and selected genera:

### Asphondyliidi

* Tribe Asphondyliini
** Asphondylia Loew, 1850
* Tribe Kiefferiini
** Kiefferia Mik, 1895
* Tribe Polystephini
** Polystepha Kieffer, 1897
* Tribe Schizomyiini
** Placochela Rübsaamen, 1916
** Schizomyia Kieffer, 1889

### Brachineuridi

* tribe Brachineurini
* Acinacistyla Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2006
* Alatostyla Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2006
* Brachineura Rondani, 1840
* Loborrhizomyia Jiao, Wang & Bu, 2019
* tribe Rhizomyiini - monotypic
* Rhizomyia Kieffer, 1898
* incertae sedis
* Brachyneurina Mamaev, 1967
* Chrybaneura Gagné, 1968
* Cingola Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2006
* Coccidomyia Felt, 1911
* Compositola Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2006
* Effusomyia Fedotova, 2004
* Epimyia Felt, 1911
* Epimyiella Mamaev, 1967
* Nodalistyla Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2006
* Stabiliola Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2006
* Undoneura Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2006
* Volsatiola Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2006

### Cecidomyiidi

* Tribe Anadiplosini
* Tribe Aphidoletini
* Tribe Cecidomyiini
* Acacidiplosis Gagné in Gagné & Marohasy, 1993
* Acerovesiculomyia Fedotova, 2003
* Anisostephus Rübsaamen, 1917
* Austroacacidiplosis Kolesik, 2012
* Caryadiplosis Gagné, 2008
* Caryomyia Felt, 1909
* Cecidomyia Meigen, 1803
* Cerciplanus Garcia & Urso-Guimarães, 2020
* Chamaediplosis Gagne & Duncan, 1990
* Contarinia Rondani, 1860
* Efferatodiplosis Fedotova, 2006
* Garugadiplosis Deshpande, Shaikh & Sharma, 2002
* Gobidiplosis Mamaev, 1972
* Halodiplosis Kieffer, 1912
* Lobopteromyia Felt, 1908
* Macrodiplosis Kieffer, 1895
* Paradiplosis Felt, 1908
* Parkiamyia Maia, 2006
* Phyllodiplosis Kieffer, 1912
* Pinyonia Gagné, 1970
* Plemeliella Seitner, 1908
* Procontarinia Kieffer & Cecconi, 1906
* Prodiplosis Felt, 1908
* Psephodiplosis Kolesik, 2018
* Sequoiomyia Möhn, 1960
* Sphaerodiplosis Rübsaamen, 1916
* Stenodiplosis Reuter, 1895
* Taxodiomyia Gagné, 1968
* Thecodiplosis Kieffer, 1895
* Zeuxidiplosis Kieffer, 1904
* Tribe Centrodiplosini
* Centrodiplosis Kieffer, 1910
* Cystodiplosis Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910
* Jorgensenia Kieffer, 1913
* Tribe Clinodiplosini - selected genera
** Clinodiplosis Kieffer, 1894
** Schismatodiplosis Rübsaamen, 1916
* Tribe Hormomyiini - monotypic
* Planetella Westwood, 1840
* Tribe Karshomyiini
* Tribe Lestodiplosini
* Tribe Lopesiini
* Tribe Mycodiplosini
* Cecidomyiidi incertae sedis
* Acanthacidiplosis Fedotova, 2003
* Acodiplosis Kieffer, 1895
* Aculeatodiplosis Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2005
* Afrodiplosis Felt, 1926
* Ampelosucta Stefani, 1912
* Anabremia Kieffer, 1912
* Anasphodiplosis Gagné, 1994
* Andirodiplosis Tavares, 1920
* Anisodiplosis Maia, 2005
* Antichiridium Rübsaamen, 1911
* Apagodiplosis Gagne, 1973
* Aplecus Kieffer, 1913
* Apodiplosis Tavares, 1922
* Arrabiadaeamyia Maia, 2001
* Aschistonyx Rübsaamen, 1917
* Asphotrophia Barnes, 1928
* Astrodiplosis Felt, 1913
* Athidiplosis Gagné & Marohasy, 1993
* Atopodiplosis Gagne, 1997
* Atrichosema Kieffer, 1904
* Austrodiplosis Brèthes, 1915
* Baeodiplosis Kieffer, 1913
* Bicornidiplosis Fedotova, 2003
* Blaesodiplosis Gagne, 1973
* Blastodiplosis Kieffer, 1912
* Brachydiplosis Rübsaamen, 1910
* Braueriella Kieffer, 1896
* Brephometra Strand, 1910
* Buhriella Stelter, 1960
* Bungomyia Nayar, 1949
* Cacoplecus Kieffer, 1913
* Callitridiplosis Kolesík, 2000
* Calodiplosis Tavares, 1908
* Calyptradiplosis Fedotova in Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2004
* Carinatidiplosis Fedotova, 2004
* Chaetodiplosis Kieffer, 1913
* Chrysodiplosis Kieffer, 1911
* Cleitodiplosis Tavares, 1916
* Clusiamyia Maia, 1997
* Coccomyza Del Guercio, 1918
* Coelodiplosis Kieffer, 1913
* Collula Strand, 1928
* Compsodiplosis Tavares, 1909
* Conodiplosis Kieffer, 1913
* Contodiplosis Gagné, 1994
* Cordylodiplosis Gagné, 1973
* Ctenodactylomyia Felt, 1915
* Ctenodiplosis Kieffer, 1913
* Dactylodiplosis Rübsaamen, 1916
* Delodiplosis Tavares, 1908
* Diadiplosis Felt, 1911
* Dichaetia Mamaev, 1965
* Dichodiplosis Rübsaamen, 1910
* Dicrodiplosis Kieffer, 1895
* Diodaulus Rübsaamen, 1917
* Diplodontomyia Rao, 1951
* Diplosiola Solinas, 1965
* Dissimilidiplosis Fedotova, 2005
* Drisina Giard, 1893
* Echinella Mamaev, 1965
* Enallodiplosis Gagné, 1994
* Eohormomyia Felt, 1915
* Epihormomyia Felt, 1915
* Etsuhoa Inouye, 1959
* Eucalyptodiplosis Kolesik, 2002
* Eumerosema Kieffer, 1913
* Exiguidiplosis Fedotova, 2004
* Filidiplosis Fedotova, 2003
* Flexipidiplosis Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2009
* Frauenfeldiella Rübsaamen, 1905
* Geromyia Coutin & Harris, 1969
* Giardomyia Felt, 1908
* Gigantodiplosis Fedotova, 2004
* Gladiodiplosis Kolesik, 2000
* Glenodiplosis Gagné, 1973
* Gnesiodiplosis Tavares, 1917
* Gongrodiplosis Gagné, 1973
* Gynandrobremia Mamaev, 1965
* Gynodiplosis Felt, 1927
* Haplodiplosis Rübsaamen, 1910
* Harmandiola Skuhravá, 1997
* Heliodiplosis Felt, 1918
* Holobremia Kieffer, 1912
* Holodiplosis Kieffer, 1913
* Horidiplosis Felt, 1920
* Huradiplosis Nijveldt, 1968
* Hygrodiplosis Kieffer, 1912
* Hypodiplosis Kieffer, 1913
* Inulomyia Stelter, 1965
* Kamptodiplosis Felt, 1918
* Kimadiplosis Gagné, 1993
* Kitella Deshpande, Shaikh & Sharma, 2005
* Kronodiplosis Felt, 1918
* Lasiodiplosis Kieffer, 1913
* Lepidobremia Kieffer, 1912
* Lepidodiplosis Kieffer, 1911
* Lianodiplosis Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2006
* Liebeliola Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910
* Ligulodiplosis Fedotova, 2006
* Loewiola Kieffer, 1896
* Lophodiplosis Gagné, 1997
* Magadiplosis Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2009
* Mamaevia Skuhravá, 1967
* Manilkaramyia Maia, 2001
* Marikovskidiplosis Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2009
* Massalongia Kieffer, 1897
* Megaulus Rübsaamen, 1916
* Megommata Barnes, 1939
* Mesodiplosis Kolesik, 2000
* Meterdiplosis Barnes, 1927
* Microdiplosis Tavares, 1908
* Microplecus Kieffer, 1913
* Mikaniadiplosis Gagné, 2001
* Mitodiplosis Kieffer, 1914
* Moehniella Wünsch, 1979
* Monarthropalpus Rübsaamen, 1892
* Monodiplosis Rübsaamen, 1910
* Mycetodiplosis Kieffer, 1912
* Mycocecis Edwards, 1922
* Myricomyia Kieffer, 1900
* Nanodiplosis Kieffer, 1913
* Neobaezomyia Brèthes, 1914
* Octodiplosis Giard, 1894
* Odinadiplosis Mani, 1935
* Oligoxenomyia Felt, 1927
* Olpodiplosis Gagné, 1973
* Oribremia Kieffer, 1913
* Orseolia Kieffer & Massalongo, 1902
* Orthodiplosis Kieffer, 1913
* Ouradiplosis Felt, 1915
* Pachydiplosis Kieffer, 1913
* Perodiplosis Kieffer, 1913
* Pilodiplosis Gagné, 1973
* Pipaldiplosis Mani, 1943
* Pitydiplosis Gagné, 1973
* Platydiplosis Gagné, 1973
* Plecophorus Kieffer, 1913
* Plectrodiplosis Gagné, 1973
* Plesiodiplosis Kieffer, 1912
* Plutodiplosis Kieffer, 1912
* Poridiplosis Fedotova, 2006
* Proterodiplosis Wyatt, 1963
* Pruthidiplosis Mani, 1934
* Punarnavomyia Mani, 1953
* Putoniella Kieffer, 1896
* Quadridiplosis Fedotova, 2003
* Raodiplosis Felt, 1920
* Resseliella Seitner, 1906
* Rotadiplosis Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2009
* Ruidadiplosis Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2009
* Schizodiplosis Kieffer, 1913
* Setodiplosis Fedotova, 2006
* Sicituradastra Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2009
* Silvestriola Skuhravá, 1997
* Skusemyia Kolesik, 1995
* Stenohypodiplosis Fedotova, 2005
* Stephodiplosis Tavares, 1908
* Streptodiplosis Felt, 1916
* Stroblophila Kieffer, 1912
* Styraxdiplosis Tavares, 1915
* Tetradiplosis Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910
* Thaumadiplosis Gagné, 1973
* Thorodiplosis Felt, 1921
* Thurauia Rübsaamen, 1899
* Tokiwadiplosis Simbolon & Yukawa, 1992
* Tollereadastra Fedotova & Sidorenko, 2009
* Tribremia Kieffer, 1912
* Tricholaba Rübsaamen, 1917
* Tricontarinia Kieffer, 1910
* Trigonodiplosis Rübsaamen, 1917
* Trilobomyia Marikovskij, 1956
* Trilobophora Marikovskij, 1953
* Triommata Barnes, 1931
* Trissodiplosis Kieffer, 1913
* Trogodiplosis Gagné, 1985
* Ussuridiplosis Fedotova, 2004
* Vaccinidiplosis Gagné, 1994
* Xenasphondylia Felt, 1915
* Xenhormomyia Felt, 1920
* Xenodiplosis Felt, 1911
* Xylodiplosis Kieffer, 1895
* Youngomyia Felt, 1908

### Lasiopteridi

* Tribe Alycaulini - selected genera:
** Alycaulus
** Asteromyia
** Astictoneura
** Neolasioptera
* Tribe Brachineurini
** Brachineura Rondani, 1840
** Brachyneurina Mamaev, 1967
** Mikiola Kieffer, 1912
** Prolauthia Rübsaamen, 1915
* Tribe Lasiopterini
** Baldratia Kieffer, 1897
** Hybolasioptera Rübsaamen, 1915
** Lasioptera Fischer von Waldheim\nMeigen, 1818
** Ozirhincus Rondani, 1840
** Stefaniella Kieffer, 1898
* Tribe Ledomyiini
** Ledomyia Kieffer, 1895
* Tribe Oligotrophini - selected genera:
** Craneiobia Kieffer, 1913
** Cystiphora Kieffer, 1892
** Dasineura Rondani, 1840
** Iteomyia Kieffer, 1913
** Janetiella Kieffer, 1898
** Mayetiola Kieffer, 1896
** Oligotrophus Latreille, 1805
** Rabdophaga Westwood, 1847
** Rhopalomyia Rübsaamen, 1892
** Sackenomyia Felt, 1908

### Stomatosematidi

All genera:
* Didactylomyia Felt, 1911
* Stomatosema Kieffer, 1913