# Vilmos Zsigmond

Vilmos Zsigmond ASC (Hungarian:; June 16, 1930 – January 1, 2016) was a Hungarian-American cinematographer. His work in cinematography helped shape the look of American movies in the 1970s, making him one of the leading figures in the American New Wave movement.
Over his career he became associated with many leading American directors, such as Robert Altman, Steven Spielberg, Brian De Palma, Michael Cimino and Woody Allen. He is best known for his work on the films Close Encounters of the Third Kind and The Deer Hunter.
He won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography for his work on Close Encounters of the Third Kind as well as the BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography for The Deer Hunter. He also won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Cinematography for a Miniseries or a Special for the HBO miniseries Stalin.
His work on the films McCabe and Mrs. Miller, Close Encounters of the Third Kind and The Deer Hunter made the American Society of Cinematographers (ASC) list of the top 50 best-shot films from 1950–97. The ASC also awarded him with their Lifetime Achievement Award in 1998.
In 2003, Zsigmond was voted as one of the ten most influential cinematographers in history by the members of the International Cinematographers Guild.

## Life and career

Zsigmond was born in Szeged, Hungary, the son of Bozena (née Illichman), an administrator, and Vilmos Zsigmond, a soccer player and coach. He became interested in photography at age 17 after an uncle had given him The Art of Light, a book of black-and-white photographs taken by Hungarian photographer Eugene Dulovits, but under the Soviet-imposed government of the Hungarian People's Republic he was not allowed to study the subject because his family was considered bourgeois. Instead, Zsigmond worked in a factory, bought a camera and taught himself how to take pictures, going on to organize a camera club for the workers. As a result he won the respect of local commissars and was allowed to study cinema at the Academy of Drama and Film in Budapest and received an MA in cinematography. He worked for five years in a Budapest feature film studio becoming director of photography.
Zsigmond, along with his friend and fellow student László Kovács, borrowed a 35-millimeter camera from their school and chronicled the events of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution in Budapest by hiding the camera in a shopping bag and shooting footage through a hole they had cut in the bag. The two men shot thirty thousand feet of film and escaped to Austria shortly afterwards. In 1958 Zsigmond and Kovács arrived in the United States as political refugees and sold the footage to CBS for a network documentary on the revolution narrated by Walter Cronkite.
In 1962, Zsigmond became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He settled in Los Angeles and worked in photo labs as a technician and photographer. The first film he worked on in the United States was the 1963 black-and-white exploitation film The Sadist, starring Arch Hall Jr. Throughout the 1960s, he worked on many low-budget independent and educational films as he attempted to break into the film industry. Some of the films that he worked on during this period credited him as "William Zsigmond", including The Sadist, the classic horror B movie The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies, and the Second City satirical science fiction movie The Monitors.
Kovács, who shot the 1969 film Easy Rider for Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper, recommended Zsigmond to Fonda for his 1971 Western film The Hired Hand. Later that same year Zsigmond was hired by Robert Altman for his revisionist western film McCabe & Mrs. Miller, which became Zsigmond's breakthrough film and marked his first time working on a major Hollywood production.
Over the following decade, Zsigmond became one of the most in-demand cinematographers in Hollywood. Some of the major films he shot in the 1970s include John Boorman's Deliverance, Altman's The Long Goodbye and Brian De Palma's Obsession, as well as Steven Spielberg's The Sugarland Express and Close Encounters of the Third Kind, the latter of which won him the Academy Award for Best Cinematography at the 50th Academy Awards.
In 1978, Zsigmond worked on Michael Cimino's drama The Deer Hunter, starring Robert De Niro, Meryl Streep and Christopher Walken. Zsigmond's visual work on the film earned him the 1980 BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography and another Academy Award nomination. Zsigmond again worked with Cimino on his 1980 epic Western Heaven's Gate.
Zsigmond continued to be in demand in the years that followed, working multiple times with several directors. He again worked with De Palma on his films Blow Out, The Bonfire of the Vanities, and The Black Dahlia. He worked with Mark Rydell on Cinderella Liberty, The Rose, The River, and Intersection. He worked with George Miller on The Witches of Eastwick and with Kevin Smith on Jersey Girl. He also worked with Woody Allen on Melinda and Melinda, Cassandra's Dream, and You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger.
Zsigmond's television work includes the HBO miniseries Stalin, for which he won the 1993 Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Cinematography for a Miniseries or a Special. He was nominated for an Emmy for his work on 2001 miniseries The Mists of Avalon. Zsigmond also shot 24 episodes of The Mindy Project between 2012 and 2014.
Vilmos' life and career was featured in No Subtitles Necessary: Laszlo & Vilmos, a bio-documentary that aired on PBS's Independent Lens in 2009.
In 2011 Zsigmond co-founded the Global Cinematography Institute in Los Angeles, along with fellow cinematographer Yuri Neyman. The Institute provides an advanced cinematography educational program for postgraduate students and veteran filmmakers.
He was a longtime user and endorser of Tiffen filters, and is associated with the technique known as flashing or pre-fogging, which involves carefully exposing the film negative to a small, controlled amount of light in order to create a muted color palette.

## Death

On January 1, 2016, Zsigmond died at his home in Big Sur, California, at the age of 85.

## Filmography
### Short film

| Year | Title | Director | Notes |
| 1953 | A Föld | József Zsuffa | |
| 1955 | Hajnal elött | József Zsuffa | |
| 1967 | 1999 A.D. | Lee Madden | |
| 1968 | Prelude | John Astin | |
| 1971 | Threshold | J. Maynard Lovins Stan Wells | |
| 1975 | Iron and Horse | Karl Bardosh | |
| 1997 | Fantasy for a New Age | Richard Caesar | |
| 1999 | The Argument | Donald Cammell | Filmed in 1971 |
| 2004 | Medicine Chest | Douglas Busby | Video short |
| 2012 | Kickstart Theft | Fred Goodich | |

### Feature film

Director
* The Long Shadow (1992)
Cinematographer
| Year | Title | Director | Notes |
| 1963 | The Sadist | James Landis | |
| 1963 | Living Between Two Worlds | Bobby Johnson | With Lee Strosnider |
| 1964 | What's Up Front! | Bob Wehling | |
| 1964 | The Time Travelers | Ib Melchior | |
| 1964 | The Nasty Rabbit | James Landis | |
| 1965 | Deadwood '76 | James Landis | With Lew Guinn |
| 1965 | Tales of a Salesman | Don Russell | Uncredited |
| 1965 | Summer Children | James Bruner | |
| 1965 | Rat Fink | James Landis | |
| 1965 | Psycho A-Go-Go | Al Adamson | |
| 1967 | The Road to Nashville | Will Zens | With Leif Rise |
| 1967 | Blood of Ghastly Horror | Al Adamson | With Louis Horvath |
| 1968 | The Name of the Game Is Kill! | Gunnar Hellström | |
| 1968 | Jennie: Wife/Child | Robert Carl Cohen (Uncredited) James Landis (Uncredited) | |
| 1969 | Satan's Sadists | Al Adamson | Uncredited |
| 1969 | The Monitors | Jack Shea | |
| 1969 | Futz | Tom O'Horgan | |
| 1969 | Five Bloody Graves | Al Adamson | |
| 1969 | The Picasso Summer | Serge Bourguignon Robert Sallin (Uncredited) | |
| 1970 | Horror of the Blood Monsters | Al Adamson | With William G. Troiano |
| 1971 | Red Sky at Morning | James Goldstone | |
| 1971 | McCabe & Mrs. Miller | Robert Altman | |
| 1971 | The Hired Hand | Peter Fonda | |
| 1971 | The Ski Bum | Bruce D. Clark | |
| 1972 | Images | Robert Altman | |
| 1972 | Deliverance | John Boorman | |
| 1972 | Country Music | Robert Hinkle | With Gary Galbraith |
| 1973 | The Long Goodbye | Robert Altman | |
| 1973 | Scarecrow | Jerry Schatzberg | |
| 1973 | Cinderella Liberty | Mark Rydell | |
| 1974 | The Sugarland Express | Steven Spielberg | |
| 1974 | The Girl from Petrovka | Robert Ellis Miller | |
| 1975 | Funny Lady | Herbert Ross | Uncredited |
| 1976 | Sweet Revenge | Jerry Schatzberg | |
| 1976 | Obsession | Brian De Palma | |
| 1977 | Close Encounters of the Third Kind | Steven Spielberg | |
| 1978 | The Deer Hunter | Michael Cimino | |
| 1979 | Winter Kills | William Richert | |
| 1979 | The Rose | Mark Rydell | |
| 1980 | Heaven's Gate | Michael Cimino | |
| 1981 | Blow Out | Brian De Palma | |
| 1982 | Jinxed! | Don Siegel | |
| 1983 | Table for Five | Robert Lieberman | |
| 1984 | No Small Affair | Jerry Schatzberg | |
| 1984 | The River | Mark Rydell | |
| 1985 | Real Genius | Martha Coolidge | |
| 1987 | The Witches of Eastwick | George Miller | |
| 1989 | Fat Man and Little Boy | Roland Joffé | |
| 1990 | Journey to Spirit Island | László Pal | |
| 1990 | The Two Jakes | Jack Nicholson | |
| 1990 | The Bonfire of the Vanities | Brian De Palma | |
| 1993 | Sliver | Phillip Noyce | |
| 1994 | Intersection | Mark Rydell | |
| 1994 | Maverick | Richard Donner | Also made a cameo as Albert Bierstadt |
| 1995 | The Crossing Guard | Sean Penn | |
| 1995 | Assassins | Richard Donner | |
| 1996 | The Ghost and the Darkness | Stephen Hopkins | |
| 1998 | Playing by Heart | Willard Carroll | |
| 1998 | Illegal Music | Zane Zidel | |
| 2001 | The Body | Jonas McCord | |
| 2001 | Life as a House | Irwin Winkler | |
| 2002 | Bánk bán | Csaba Káel | |
| 2004 | Jersey Girl | Kevin Smith | |
| 2004 | Melinda and Melinda | Woody Allen | |
| 2006 | The Black Dahlia | Brian De Palma | |
| 2007 | Cassandra's Dream | Woody Allen | |
| 2010 | You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger | Woody Allen | |
| 2010 | Louis | Dan Pritzker | Also made a cameo as "Hungarian Photographer" |
| 2011 | The Maiden Danced to Death | Endre Hules | With Zoltan Honti |
| 2013 | Compulsion | Egidio Coccimiglio | |
| 2014 | Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks | Arthur Allan Seidelman | |

### Television

| Year | Title | Director | Notes |
| 1969 | The Bold Ones: The Protectors | Robert Day | Episode "A Case of Good Whiskey at Christmas Time" |
| 2001 | The Mists of Avalon | Uli Edel | Miniseries |
| 2012–14 | The Mindy Project | Charles McDougall Michael Weaver Michael Spiller | Episodes "Pilot", "Girl Next Door" and "Danny and Mindy" |
TV movies
| Year | Title | Director |
| 1969 | Baja Marimba Band | Bill Edwards |
| 1979 | Flesh & Blood | Jud Taylor |
| 1992 | Stalin | Ivan Passer |
| 2006 | Surrender, Dorothy | Charles McDougall |

### Documentary works

Film
| Year | Title | Director | Notes |
| 1957 | Ungarn in Flammen | Stefan Erdélyi | With László Kovács and Franz Vass (as Ferencz Vass) |
| 1967 | Mondo Mod | Peter Perry Jr. | With László Kovács (as Leslie Kovacks) |
| 1969 | Hot Rod Action | Gene McCabe | With Vilis Lapenieks and Mario Tosi |
| 1976 | Death Riders | Jim Wilson | With Jim Wison |
| 2000 | Ljuset håller mig sällskap | Carl-Gustav Nykvist | |
| 2007 | Torn from the Flag | Endre Hules Klaudia Kovacs | With Zoltan Honti, László Kovács and Justin Schein; Also credited as executive producer |
| 2014 | God the Father | Simon Fellows | |
Short film
| Year | Title | Director |
| 1963 | Story of the Wholesale Produce Market | Leonard Greenberg |
TV movies
| Year | Title | Director | Notes |
| 1965 | The Market | Jack Shepard | |
| 1968 | The World of Animals: Big Cats, Little Cats | Bud Wiser | With John A. Alonzo, David Blewitt, Robert Grant, J. Barry Herron and Fred Kaplan |
| 1980 | Making Xanadu: The Musical Fantasy Movie | Alan Metter | With László Kovács |

## Awards and honors

Academy Awards
| Year | Title | Category | Result |
| 1977 | Close Encounters of the Third Kind | Best Cinematography | Won |
| 1978 | The Deer Hunter | Best Cinematography | Nominated |
| 1984 | The River | Best Cinematography | Nominated |
| 2006 | The Black Dahlia | Best Cinematography | Nominated |
BAFTA Awards
| Year | Title | Category | Result |
| 1971 | McCabe & Mrs. Miller | Best Cinematography | Nominated |
| 1972 | Images | Best Cinematography | Nominated |
| 1972 | Deliverance | Best Cinematography | Nominated |
| 1977 | Close Encounters of the Third Kind | Best Cinematography | Nominated |
| 1978 | The Deer Hunter | Best Cinematography | Won |
American Society of Cinematographers
| Year | Title | Category | Result |
| 1996 | The Ghost and the Darkness | Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography | Nominated |
| 2006 | The Black Dahlia | Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography | Nominated |
Satellite Awards
| Year | Title | Category | Result |
| 2006 | The Black Dahlia | Best Cinematography | Nominated |
National Society of Film Critics
| Year | Title | Category | Result |
| 1973 | The Long Goodbye | Best Cinematography | Won |
Primetime Emmy Awards
| Year | Title | Category | Result |
| 1992 | Stalin | Outstanding Cinematography | Won |
| 2001 | The Mists of Avalon | Outstanding Cinematography | Nominated |
Lifetime Achievement Awards
* 1997: Camerimage Festival
* 1999: American Society of Cinematographers
* 2010: Manaki Brothers Film Festival
* 2014: Cannes Film Festival