# Adana Province

Adana Province (Turkish: Adana ili) is a province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey located in central Cilicia. The administrative seat of the province is the city of Adana, home to 78.25% of the residents of the province. Its area is 13,844 km$^2$, and its population is 2,274,106 (2022). It is also closely associated with other Cilician provinces of Mersin, Osmaniye, and (northern) Hatay.

## Geography

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The southern and central portion of the province mostly falls within the Çukurova Plain (historically known as the Cilician Plain); to the north, the plains give way to the Taurus Mountains (Turkish: Toros Dağları). The provinces adjacent to it are Mersin to the west, Hatay to the southeast, Osmaniye to the east, Kahramanmaraş to the northeast, Kayseri to the north, and Niğde to the northwest.

## Governance

Two levels of government are involved in the administration of the Adana Province: the central and the provincial. Adana Governorship is the provincial branch of the central government and Adana Province Special Administration is the provincial governing body. The province is divided into 15 districts, and each district is divided into neighbourhoods (Turkish: Mahalle).

### Adana governorship

The central government in Ankara has the majority of the power in the administration of the province through Adana Governorship. The governorship oversees the functioning of provincial and regional directorates of the ministries and other governmental agencies. Provincial directorates cover Adana Province only, whereas regional directorates cover Çukurova and in some cases additional provinces. Provincial and regional directorates of the Central Government include, but are not limited to;
* Provincial directorates: Education, Healthcare, Tourism and Culture, Youth and Sports, Environment and Forestry, Social Services, Agriculture, Industry and Trade, Police Services, Defense, Population and Citizenship, Employment Agency, Social Security Institution.
* Regional directorates: Turkish State Railways, Statistics Institute, Foundations, Meteorology.
The Grand National Assembly (TBMM) is the only law-making authority in Turkey and Adana Province is represented in it with 14 members. The last TBMM elections were held on June 7th, 2015 and in the Adana Province, the conservative AKP took 5 seats, social-democratic Kemalist CHP took 4 seats, nationalist MHP took 3 seats and Democratic socialist HDP took 2 seats.

### Province Special Administration

Adana Province Special Administration (Turkish: Adana İl Özel İdaresi) is a semi-democratic provincial governing body that has three organs; Provincial Parliament, Governor and the Encümen. Provincial Parliament members are elected democratically, the governor is appointed by the Central Government and 4 out of 8 members of the Encümen are appointed by the governor.
Province Special Administration is not a jurisdiction and has minor executive power in the administration of the province running with a budget of 55 million TL for 2010. The major executive duties of Special Administration are; building and maintenance of schools, residences and daycares, building and maintenance of other governmental buildings, roads, promoting arts and culture, protection and conservation of nature, social services and regional planning.

#### Provincial Parliament

Adana Provincial Parliament (Turkish: Adana İl Genel Meclisi) is the decision making organ of the Province Special Administration. It is formed of 61 members who represent the 15 districts. Members of the Parliament are nominated by the district branches of the National Parties during the Local Elections and are elected by the d'Hondt method. Each district is an electoral district and there is a 10% threshold for a party to gain seat at the district. There is no threshold at the provincial level. Parliament is administered by the president, two vice-presidents, and two secretaries general who are elected from the members. The current chair of the parliament is Abdullah Torun.
| District | MPs |
| Seyhan | 11 |
| Yüreğir | 8 |
| Çukurova | 7 |
| Sarıçam | 5 |
| Karaisalı | 2 |
| Aladağ | 2 |
| Ceyhan | 6 |
| Feke | 2 |
| İmamoğlu | 3 |
| Karataş | 2 |
| Kozan | 5 |
| Pozantı | 2 |
| Saimbeyli | 2 |
| Tufanbeyli | 2 |
| Yumurtalik | 2 |
| Total | 61 |
Current composition of the Parliament
The last election for the Provincial Parliament was held on March 29, 2009. Voting turnout was a high of 84.1% and 5 parties gained seat at the parliament. The results of the election were
| Party | Votes | Votes | Seats | Seats |
| | No | % | No | % |
| AK Party | 324,968 | 29.8 | 27 | 44.3 |
| MHP | 296,338 | 27.17 | 23 | 37.7 |
| CHP | 252,073 | 23.11 | 9 | 14.75 |
| DTP | 86,775 | 7.96 | 1 | 1.64 |
| DP | 34,543 | 3.167 | 1 | 1.64 |
| Other | 95,989 | 8.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Province | 1,090,686 | | 61 | |
After the election the sole DP member moved to MHP raising the seats of MHP to 24. Currently, DP does not hold a seat at the parliament.

## Governorship
### Governor

Provincial governor (Turkish: Vali) is the chief executive of the Adana Province. Besides chairing the Turkish: Encümen, the governor also acts as the chief of the Provincial Directorates of the Central Government. The governor is appointed by the advice of the National Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Cabinet with the approval of the president of the republic. Yavuz Selim Köşger has been governor of the province since 2023.
District governors (Turkish: Kaymakam) are the chief executives of their districts. Districts are merely an administrative divisions of the province and the district governors work under the provincial governor.

### Historic list of governors of Adana
#### Encümen

Encümen is the executive committee of the Adana Province Special Administration, consisting of 11 members. The governor is the chair of the Encümen. 5 members are chosen by the Provincial Parliament among their members annually and 5 members are the departmental directors of the APSA appointed by the governor annually.

### Municipalities

There are total of 15 municipalities in the Adana Province, which are coterminous with the 15 districts. Municipal councillors of the metropolitan municipality are chosen from the district municipal councillors by the respective municipal councils.
The municipalities have three organs; municipal council, mayor and the encümen, the executive committee. Municipal councillors and the mayors are elected at the local elections. Encümen is formed by members half chosen from the council and the other half appointed by the mayor.

#### Neighborhoods

Mahala (Turkish: Mahalle) is the smallest administrative unit within a municipality, administered by the Muhtar and the Neighborhood Seniors Council (Turkish: Mahalle İhtiyar Heyeti) consisting of 4 members. Mahala administration is not an incorporation therefore does not hold government status. Although elected by the neighborhood residents, Muhtars are not granted any power nor budget, thus merely act as an administrator of the district Governor. Muhtar also voices the neighborhood issues to the municipal governments together with the Seniors Council. The Muhtar and the council members are elected by plurality at the local elections. Neighborhood administrators are not affiliated with political parties.

## Population

The population of the Adana Province as at 31 December 2022 was 2,274,106. 88% of the population lives in the urban areas making the province one of the most urbanized provinces in Turkey. Annual population growth of the province is 0.76%, below the average growth of the nation. 78.25 % of the province's residents (corresponding to a population of 1,779,463) live in the city of Adana, which is made up of the whole of Seyhan District and most of Yüreğir, Çukurova and Sarıçam districts.
| District | Urban | Rural | Total | Total end 2022 |
| Seyhan | 723,277 | 0 | 723,277 | 795,012 |
| Yüreğir | 417,693 | 4,836 | 422,529 | 404,726 |
| Çukurova | 343,770 | 4,171 | 347,941 | 389,175 |
| Sarıçam | 99,313 | 21,012 | 120,325 | 221,733 |
| Karaisalı | 7,465 | 15,516 | 22,981 | 22,042 |
| Aladağ | 4,139 | 13,030 | 17,169 | 15,897 |
| Ceyhan | 105,879 | 52,850 | 158,729 | 158,922 |
| Feke | 4,603 | 14,393 | 18,996 | 15,833 |
| İmamoğlu | 20,593 | 9,959 | 30,552 | 27,037 |
| Karataş | 8.483 | 12,777 | 21,260 | 23,499 |
| Kozan | 76,864 | 50,236 | 127,100 | 132,703 |
| Pozantı | 9,864 | 10,415 | 20,279 | 19,852 |
| Saimbeyli | 3,984 | 13,371 | 17,355 | 13,621 |
| Tufanbeyli | 5,376 | 12,696 | 18,072 | 16,400 |
| Yumurtalik | 5,129 | 13,531 | 18,660 | 17,654 |
| Province | 1,836,432 | 248,793 | 2,085,225 | 2,274,106 |

## Museums and heritage sites

Adana Province has 160 km. of coastline mostly free from human activities. Karataş and Yumurtalık are the two small settlements at the coast which host cottage dwellers and local tourism. Rest of the coast has conservation areas, farmlands and forests. With the ancient settlements, national parks, waterfalls, highlands and mountains, Adana Province has a mixture of different settings.

### Museums

* Adana Archeological Museum in the city of Adana
* Adana Ethnography Museum
* Adana Atatürk Museum
* Misis Mosaic Museum

### Historical sites

* Toprakkale (Misis)
* Dumlu Castle (Ceyhan)
* Yilankale (Snake Castle)
* Historical neighborhood of Tepebağ (Adana)
* Ramazanoğlu Hall (Adana)
* Kurtkulağı Caravanserai in Ceyhan
* Hayriye Hanım Hall in Reşatbey neighborhood of Adana
* Çarşı Hamam (Adana)
* Büyük Saat Clock Tower and the Bedesten (bazaar) in the city of Adana
* Taşköprü: 4th century Roman Bridge in the city of Adana
* Kozan Castle and Monastery
* Ulucamii in the city of Adana
* Hasan Ağa Masjid (Adana)
* Yağ Camii in the city of Adana
* Saint Paul Church (Bebekli Kilise) in the city of Adana
* Süleyman's Tower (Yumurtalık)

### Ancient settlements

| Ancient settlements in Adana Province |
| Name | Period | Distance to the city of Adana | District |
| Şar (Comona) | Hitite-Roman-Armenian | 211 km. | Tufanbeyli |
| Ayas | Greek-Roman | 78 km. | Yumurtalık |
| Mallos | Greek-Roman | 50 km. | Karataş |
| Misis | Hitite-Roman-Arabic-Ottoman | 27 km. | Misis, Yakapınar |
| Magarsos | Greek-Roman | 50 km. | Karataş |
| Tumlu | Middle Age | 50 km. | Ceyhan |
| Mazırık | Early Age | 50 km. | Karaisalı |
| Anavarza | | | Ceyhan |
| Akören | | | Aladağ |
| Sirkeli Tumulus | | | |

## Parks and conservation areas

Akyatan Lagoon is a large wildlife refuge which acts as a stopover for migratory birds voyaging from Africa to Europe. Wildlife refuge has a 14700-hectare area made up of forests, lagoon, marsh, sandy and reedy lands. Akyatan lake is a nature wonder with endemic plants and endangered bird species living in it together with other species of plants and animals. 250 species of birds are observed during a study in 1990. The conservation area is located 30 km south of Adana, near Tuzla.
Yumurtalık Nature Reserve covers an area of 16,430 hectares within the Seyhan-Ceyhan delta, with its lakes, lagoons and wide collection of plant and animal species. The area is an important location for many species of migrating birds, the number gets higher during the winters when the lakes become a shelter when other lakes further north freeze.
Aladağlar National Park, located north of Adana, is a huge park of around 55,000 hectares, the summit of Demirkazik at 3756m is the highest point in the middle Taurus mountain range. There is a huge range of flora and fauna, and visitors may fish in the streams full of trout. Wildlife includes wild goats, bears, lynx and sable. The most common species of plant life is black pine and cluster pine trees, with some cedar dotted between, and fir trees in the northern areas with higher humidity. The Alpine region, from the upper borders of the forest, has pastures with rocky areas and little variety of plant life because of the high altitude and slope.

## Mountains and plateaus

The Taurus Mountains contain many plateaus:
* Aladağ Meydan Plateau
* Aladağ Ağcakise, Başpınar Bıcı ve Kosurga Plateaus
* Feke İnderesi Village Plateaus
* Karaisalı Kızıldağ Plateau
* Karaisalı Kapıkaya Canyon
* Kozan-Horzum and Çulluuşağı Plateaus
* Kozan Göller Plateau
* Pozantı- Akçatekir Plateau
* Pozantı-Armutoluğu Plateau
* Pozantı Fındıklı Village Plateau
* Pozantı Belemedik Plateau
* Pozantı Asar Plateau
* Saimbeyli Çatak Plateau
* Tufanbeyli Kürebeli Plateau
* Tufanbeyli Obruk Plateau

## Festivals

* Altın Koza International Film Festival (07-13 June)
* International Sabancı Theater Festival (March 27- April 30)
* İmamoğlu Peach Festival - İmamoğlu (June)
* Kızıldağ Karakucak Wrestling Festival - Karaisalı
* Cherry Festival - Saimbeyli (20–22 June)

## Gallery

* Sabanci Mosque,
* Deniz (Kız) Castle in Yumurtalık
* Historic houses in Adana