OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Carl Freiherr von Vogelsang

Carl Freiherr von Vogelsang (1 July 1900 – 4 April 1977) was a German and Liechtensteiner journalist.

## Early life

Vogelsang was born on 1 July 1900 in Bad Wörishofen as the son of Ludwig von Vogelsang and Veronika Waibel as one of six children.
He briefly attended the Stella Matutina Jesuit school in Feldkirch before moving to Vienna where in 1917 he volunteered in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I, where he served until the end of the war. He then trained as a bookbinder in Kleve and attended the Cologne art school until 1929.

## Career

In 1931 Vogelsang moved to Liechtenstein. He founded the Scouts of Liechtenstein department in Vaduz and headed it until 1934. In 1933 he co-founded the Liechtenstein Homeland Service and was the editor of the party's newspaper. After the Liechtenstein Homeland Service and Christian-Social People's Party merged to form the Patriotic Union in 1936, Vogelsang headed the editorial team of the Liechtensteiner Vaterland.
Vogelsang had been secretly trying to become a member of the Nazi Party since 1932, when he successfully did so in 1937. In January 1937 he publicly denounced Jews living in Liechtenstein and sent numerous letters detailing them to officials in Nazi Germany. As a result, Prime Minister of Liechtenstein Josef Hoop ordered the offices of the Vaterland to be searched for any letters to be confiscated and Vogelsang promptly left the country. The majority of the Landtag of Liechtenstein approved of Hoop's actions, but members of the Patriotic Union called for his resignation over the issue, believing the search to be unconstitutional. Notably fellow Patriotic Union members Otto Schaedler along with Alois Vogt in an act in protest against the government publicly rejected the allegations against von Vogelsang. It was decided that two special judges would determine the legal implications of the case. Eventually, in July 1937 it was concluded by both judges that Hoop had not acted unconstitutionally by ordering the search against Vogelsang and was subsequently legally acquitted of any wrongdoing.
From Nazi Germany, Vogelsang retained contacts with the German National Movement in Liechtenstein until 1939. As World War II went on, he became less sympathetic to Nazism. After the war, he worked as a Roman Catholic journalist in West Germany.

## Personal life

Vogelsang married Lotte Wegener (14 January 1915 – 19 July 1994) on 27 April 1940 and they had two children together.
He died on 4 April 1977 in Lübeck, aged 76.
# Robert Paul (athlete)

Robert Jean Paul (20 April 1910 – 15 December 1998) was a French sprinter who comepted at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

## Biography

Paul won the British AAA Championships title in the long jump event at the 1934 AAA Championships, and the 1935 AAA Championships.
At the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Paul competed in the men's 100 metres.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing France ||||||
| 1934 | European Championships | Turin, Italy | 6th (sf 2) | 100 m | 11.0 |
# Ghatothkach

Ghatothkach is a 2008 Indian animated film based on the life of the Mahabharata character Ghatotkacha, the son of Bhima and Hidimba. The film is written and directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao, who also scored the soundtrack. The film was premiered at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival in the International Critics' Week, and was also premiered to special mention at the Grand Finale – Children's Film Festival 2014 of the 44th International Film Festival of India.
It was followed by a direct-to-video sequel, Ghatothkach 2, in 2013. Directed by Vijay S. Bhanushali and Smita Maroo it further follows the adventures of the child Ghatotkacha.

## Reception

Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com gave the film 2.5 out of 5, writing, "While this 2D animation might not be ground-breaking and the second half stands on shaky ground with its song 'n' dance overload, Ghatothkach has its enjoyable moments."
# Johnny Johnson (baseball)

John Clifford Johnson (September 29, 1914 – June 26, 1991) was an American middle-relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the New York Yankees (1944) and Chicago White Sox (1945). Listed at 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m), 182 lb., Johnson batted and threw left-handed. He was born in Belmore, Ohio.
In a two-season career, Johnson posted a 3–2 record with 49 strikeouts and a 4.20 ERA in 51 appearances, including one start, seven saves, 27 games finished, and 96 ⅓ innings.
Johnson died in Iron Mountain, Michigan, at the age of 76.
# Lazy bed

Lazy bed (Irish: ainneor or iompú; Scottish Gaelic: feannagan; Faroese: letivelta) is a traditional method of arable cultivation, often used for potatoes. Rather like cord rig cultivation, parallel banks of ridge and furrow are dug by spade although lazy beds have banks that are bigger, up to 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) in width, with narrow drainage channels between them. The 1874 Canadian Farmer's Manual of Agriculture notes:
   A common mode practised in Ireland, and in some parts of the north and west of England and Scotland, is that known as the lazy-bed fashion, which consists in planting the sets in beds of a few feet in width, covered from trenches formed with the spade.
In addition to Ireland, England, and Scotland, the practice has been documented in Newfoundland, St. Pierre, the Faroe Islands, the Swiss Alps, Devon, Orkney, and the Isle of Man. One early-20th-century critique of the practise suggests it could lead to overcrowding of plantings. Another critic wrote that the "system is too laborious and expensive to adopt except in wet districts." In the Hebrides and the west of Ireland, the method used is normally to lift up sods of peat and apply desalinated seaweed fertiliser to improve the ground. In Newfoundland, lazy beds were augmented with seaweed, a process which continues into the early 21st century:
   One method of applying seaweed is to spread it on a bed and cover it with soil from the trench. This method sometimes referred to as the 'lazy bed' system works well, especially in areas where the soil is shallow and drainage is poor.

## History

The name of the practice may derive from “lazy root”, an English nickname for the potato that was often grown in lazy beds. An early 20th-century observer in Connemara noted that the "term 'Lazybed' would seem to be a misnomer, for, in fact, the system calls for a great deal of labour."
Exact origins of the practice are uncertain. There is archaeological evidence of lazy-bed type cultivation at a Romano-British settlement at Tottenham in Cambridgeshire, with similarly-narrow ridges resembling lazy-beds, dating to circa 600 BC, found in Holland, others in Norway, and on a Viking Age site in Denmark.
   In Ireland, there is archeological evidence that Celtic farmers grew crops in lazy beds long before the potato. By the late eighteenth century, highland Scotland, Wales and most rural gardens in England's west country also spaded their potatoes into beds.
Lazy beds have been identified in archaeological contexts from 17th and 18th century farms in Clydesdale, and have also been uncovered as part of archaeological excavations in Newfoundland.
A rare 1757 copy of "Plain Directions for Raising Potatoes on the Lazy Bed" by John Fraser is held by the National Library of Scotland. Historically, lazy beds were reported in Orkney by 1795, by 1801 in Cavan, and by 1808, the practice had "taken great root" in Devonshire. The abandonment of the method may have exacerbated the later Great Famine in Ireland. Following the Famine, it was one of the practices suggested for the reutilization of reclaimable wastelands.
# Madhunandan

Madhunandan is an Indian actor who appears in Telugu films. He began his film career with the 2001 Telugu film, Nuvvu Nenu. He has been in the film industry since he was 19 years old. He did a master's degree in business administration from Osmania University, and later relocated to the United States. Nitin confirmed his role in Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde, which was his first successful film.

## Partial filmography

| Year | Title | Roles | Notes |
| 2001 | Nuvvu Nenu | | |
| 2003 | Ninne Istapaddanu | Charan's friend | |
| 2004 | Sye | College student | |
| 2006 | Oka `V` Chitram | Microsoft | |
| 2007 | Lakshmi Kalyanam | | |
| 2011 | Nenu Naa Rakshasi | | |
| 2012 | Ishq | Prem | |
| 2013 | Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde | Madhu | |
| 2014 | Kotha Janta | | |
| 2014 | Geethanjali | Madhunandan | |
| 2014 | Chakkiligintha | | |
| 2014 | Pyar Mein Padipoyane | | |
| 2014 | Rabhasa | Karthik's friend | |
| 2014 | Rowdy Fellow | Bobby | |
| 2014 | Close Friends | | |
| 2014 | Oka Laila Kosam | Praveen | |
| 2015 | Pataas | Hijra | |
| 2015 | S/o Satyamurthy | Company Manager | |
| 2015 | Akhil | Akhil's friend | |
| 2015 | Dongaata | Viju | |
| 2015 | Shivam | Balkrishna "Balki" | |
| 2016 | Garam | Bujji | |
| 2016 | Run | Sanjay's brother-in-law | |
| 2016 | Speedunnodu | Giri | |
| 2016 | Savitri | | |
| 2016 | A Aa | | Guest Role |
| 2017 | Rarandoi Veduka Chudham | Ravi | |
| 2017 | Keshava | Ranga's Friend | |
| 2017 | LIE | Vennela | |
| 2017 | Prematho Mee Karthik | | |
| 2018 | Bhaagamathie | CBI Officer | Also shot simultaneously in Tamil |
| 2018 | Chal Mohan Ranga | Vilas | |
| 2018 | Nela Ticket | | |
| 2018 | Shailaja Reddy Alludu | Shanthi's fiancée | |
| 2018 | Anthaku Minchi | | |
| 2018 | Taxiwaala | Babai | |
| 2019 | Vinaya Vidheya Rama | Ram's 4th brother | |
| 2019 | Where Is the Venkatalakshmi | Pandugadu | |
| 2019 | Hulchul | | |
| 2020 | Anukunnadi Okkati Ayyandhi Okati | Shyam | |
| 2020 | Tagithe Thandana | | |
| 2020 | Orey Bujjiga | Srinivas's friend | |
| 2021 | Akshara | | |
| 2022 | Oke Oka Jeevitham | | |
| 2022 | Nachindi Girl Friendu | Cherry | |
| 2022 | Raajahyogam | Manager | |
| 2023 | The Story of A Beautiful Girl | | |
| 2023 | Nireekshana | | |
| 2023 | Jorugaa Husharugaa | Anand | |
| 2024 | Dear Nanna | | |
# 195 (number)

195 (one hundred [and] ninety-five) is the natural number following 194 and preceding 196.

## In mathematics

195 is:
* the sum of eleven consecutive primes: 3 + 5 + 7 + 11 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23 + 29 + 31 + 37
* the smallest number expressed as a sum of distinct squares in 16 different ways (sequence A097563 in the OEIS)
* a centered tetrahedral number
* in the middle of a prime quadruplet (191, 193, 197, 199).
# Doug Henry

Douglas or Doug Henry may refer to:
* Doug Henry (baseball) (born 1963), American former Major League Baseball relief pitcher
* Doug Henry (motocross) (born 1969), American former motocross racer, three-time AMA national champion
* Douglas "Duck" Henry (1890–1971), American politician, football player and coach
* Douglas Henry (1926–2017), American politician from Tennessee
# 194 (number)

194 (one hundred [and] ninety-four) is the natural number following 193 and preceding 195.

## In mathematics

* 194 is the smallest Markov number that is neither a Fibonacci number nor a Pell number
* 194 is the smallest number written as the sum of three squares in five ways
* 194 is the number of irreducible representations of the Monster group
* 194!! - 1 is prime
# Ole Jacob Broch

Ole Jacob Broch (14 January 1818 – 5 February 1889) was a Norwegian mathematician, physicist, economist and government minister.

## Biography

Broch was born at Fredrikstad in Østfold, Norway. He was the son of war commissary Johan Jørgen Broch (1791–1860) and Jensine Laurentze Bentzen (1790–1877) and the brother of the orientalist and linguist, Jens Peter Broch. He attended Kristiansand Cathedral School and showed a talent for mathematics at an early age. He attended the Overlærer Møller Institute in Christiania (now Oslo) and later studied at the University of Christiania (now University of Oslo). He also traveled abroad for studies in Paris, Berlin and Königsberg, during which he developed an interest in optics and statistics.
After returning to Norway, he worked with his friend and colleague Hartvig Nissen to found the school Hartvig Nissens skole in 1843, which were to have an emphasis on natural sciences and modern languages. After finishing his doctorate in 1847, he returned to a position at the University that he had resigned to work with Nissen. He also taught at the Military Academy, and in 1847 he founded the insurance company Gjensidige (under the name "Christiania almindelige, gjensidige Forsørgelsesanstalt"), which was Scandinavia's first life insurance company.
Broch entered politics as a local politician in Christiania, and in the period 1862–69 he represented the city in the Storting. In 1869, he was appointed Minister of the Navy in the first cabinet of Frederik Stang. After serving as a member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm in 1871–72, he returned as Minister of the Navy briefly in 1872. He resigned over differences with his colleagues about government ministers' access to the parliament.
After this his attention turned to international tasks. In 1879 he became a member, and in 1883 director of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sèvres, France. This work took up much of the remainder of Broch's life, but in 1884 he was recalled to Norway to attempt to form a government. The constitutional crisis which caused the fall of the so-called April Ministerium of Christian Homann Schweigaard, led to the demand for a new prime minister. Broch failed in this attempt, and returned to France, where he died a few years later. He was buried at Var Frelsers gravlund in Oslo.

## Honors

Broch received several honours for his scientific and political work. He was a member of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters from 1849, and he received the Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1879.
Internationally, he was created grand officer of the French Légion d'honneur, and Commander Grand Cross of the Swedish Order of the Polar Star.
Brochøya, an island off the north coast of Nordaustlandet in Svalbard, was named after him.

## Selected works

* Lehrbuch der Mechanik, 1854
* Laerebog i Arithmetik og Algebraens Elementer, 1860
* Logarithme-Tabel med 5 Decimale, 1865
* Traité Élémentaire des Fonctions Elliptiques, 1867
# Ole Larsen Hammerstad

Ole Larsen Hammerstad (29 January 1817 – 8 August 1873) was a Norwegian politician.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1857, representing the constituency of Christians Amt. He was re-elected in 1859, not in 1861, but returned in 1865 and 1868.
He was also involved in local politics, and was the mayor of Østre Toten from 1848 to 1849, 1856 to 1861 and 1870 to 1871. He was the second mayor of his municipality, after Peder Jensen Fauchald.
He worked as a farmer. A street in Oslo, Hammerstads gate, has been named for him.
# Thomas E. McNamara

Thomas E. "Ted" McNamara (born 1940) is a United States diplomat and State Department official.

## Biography

Thomas E. McNamara was born in New Haven, Connecticut in 1940. He was educated at Manhattan College, graduating with a B.A. in 1962. He then attended the University of Notre Dame, receiving an M.A.
In 1965, McNamara joined the United States Foreign Service. As a diplomat, he was at various times stationed in Paris, Lubumbashi, Bukavu, Moscow, and Bogota. In the 1970s, he was active in the negotiation of several major arms control agreements, serving in the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency in 1974 and 1975. From 1980 to 1983, he was Deputy Chief of Mission at the United States Embassy to Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) in Kinshasa.
From 1983 to 1986, McNamara was a Deputy Director of the Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs.
In 1986, President of the United States Ronald Reagan appointed McNamara to the United States National Security Council as Director of Counterterrorism and Counternarcotics. President Reagan nominated McNamara as United States Ambassador to Colombia in 1988. He held this post until 1991, at which time President George H. W. Bush appointed him as Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and Senior Director for International Programs and African Affairs on the staff of the National Security Council. He served as Acting Coordinator for Counterterrorism 1992–1993.
McNamara became Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs in July 1993, and then, following nomination by President Bill Clinton and Senate confirmation, became Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs on October 12, 1994. He held this office until January 9, 1998. He also served in 1997 and 1998 as Special Negotiator for Panama Canal Reversion.
McNamara retired from government service in 1998, becoming president and CEO of the Americas Society and the Council of the Americas in New York City.
Following the September 11 attacks, McNamara, as an expert in counter-terrorism, returned to government service as Senior Advisor for Counter Terrorism and Homeland Security to the Secretary of State until July 2004.
Following passage of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, President George W. Bush on March 15, 2006, appointed McNamara Program Manager for the Information Sharing Environment reporting through the Director of National Intelligence to the President and the Congress. He is the third recipient of the National Intelligence Distinguished Public Service Medal.
# Haagen Ludvig Bergh

Haagen Ludvig Bergh (24 February 1809 – 12 October 1863) was a Norwegian politician.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1845, representing the constituency of Hedemarkens Amt. He worked as a chaplain there, but was eventually promoted to vicar (sogneprest). He was later re-elected in 1848, 1851, 1854, 1857, 1859 and 1862, the last two terms for the constituency of Smaalenenes Amt.
He was married to Anne Marie Louise Astrup (1822–1888), daughter of politician Nils Astrup. The couple had one son and one daughter.
# Hans Holmboe

Hans Holmboe (8 October 1798 – 23 May 1868) was a Norwegian educator and politician.

## Personal life

He was born in Trondenes as the son of bailiff Jens Holmboe (1752–1804) and his wife Anna Margrethe Irgens (1766–1851). He had several brothers and sisters. His brothers Even and Leonhard Christian became involved in politics, so did his nephew Jens Holmboe.
In 1825, he married Welgjerd Endriette Løberg, who hailed from Kongsberg. The couple had four daughters and three sons.

## Career

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1833, representing the constituency of Bergen. He was re-elected in 1836, 1842, 1848, 1851, 1859 and 1862. He was especially known for his work with Henrik Wergeland and others to grant Jews the right to enter Norway.
He worked as a school principal at Bergen Cathedral School. He was also editor-in-chief of Bergens Stiftstidende for some time.
He died on 23 May 1868, aged 69, in Sande.
# Battle of Rajovka

The Battle of Rajovka took place on 20 September 1708 near Rayevka, Smolensk [ru] during the Swedish invasion of Russia in the Great Northern War. The Swedish army of about 2,400 men under the command of Charles XII defeated the Russian army of 10,000 men under Christian Felix Bauer after a fierce cavalry skirmish where the king himself was in great danger.

## Prelude

After having fought the battle of Malatitze the victorious Swedish army marched towards Tatarsk (Smolensk Oblast) in order to fight the Russians under tsar Peter I. However, after a while a great number of Russian horse were spotted, having stalked the Swedish units. To draw their attention towards himself, rather than the supply convoy under general Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt which Charles presumed was close, he decided to force the Russians away.

## Battle

Charles immediately put himself in charge of the Östgöta kavalleriregemente to persecute the fleeing Russians. Unknown to the Swedes, a great number of other Russian horse were concealed behind some small woods near the exposed Russian cavalry in order to ambush Charles and his Östgöta cavalry who were running straight into the trap. For the moment, the Swedes had less than 1,000 men against close to 10,000 Russians and Charles' small squadron was quickly surrounded. The Swedes fought valiantly and Charles got his horse shot dead under him. However, they managed to halt the Russian attacks long enough for further Swedish reinforcements to arrive in form of Norra Skånska kavalleriregemente and Smålands kavalleriregemente and so all the Russians were driven away.

## Aftermath

The Russians suffered a loss of 375 men killed. The Swedish losses were 100 men killed. Charles XII achieved his goals with the battle, having forced Bauer away from the southern bank of Horodnia, and Lewenhaupt's convoy. The Swedes reached Tatarsk the following day, where they awaited his arrival. On 25 September, with no news from the convoy and no hopes of reaching Moscow without it, Charles XII instead marched his hungry army into fertile Ukraine.
# Japan women's national lacrosse team

The Japan women's national lacrosse team is governed by the Japanese Lacrosse Association. The team's best performance in the World Lacrosse Championship was in the 2005 and 2022 World Lacrosse Women's World Championship when it came in 5th.
# Christian Zetlitz Bretteville

Christian Zetlitz Bretteville (17 November 1800 – 24 February 1871) was a Norwegian politician who served as Prime Minister 1858–1859 and in 1861 and who held several other cabinet positions between 1850 and 1871. He was also mayor of Christiania.

## Political career

He was Minister of Finance 1850-1852 and 1853–1854, Minister of the Interior in six periods 1854–1871, as well as head of the Ministry of Auditing 1855-1856, a member of the Councils and interim Councils of State Division in Stockholm in several periods from 1852–1866, and as Prime Minister 1858–1859 and in 1861.
He was mayor of Christiania in 1841.

## Family

He belonged to the French Norman noble family le Normand de Bretteville, and was the son of tax collector in Paris and Brest Charles Eugene le Normand de Bretteville and Mette Christina Zetlitz. His grandfather, General and Marquis Louis Claude le Normand de Bretteville (1744–1835) fled the French Revolution and was naturalized as a Dano-Norwegian nobleman in 1804. His daughter Blanca Bretteville was married to the judge Johann Ludwig Wegner, a son of the industrialist Benjamin Wegner.
# Jacob Hoel

Jacob Nilsen Hoel (7 August 1775 – 29 July 1847) was a Norwegian farmer, officer and politician.
# Marcus Pløen

Marcus Pløen (11 August 1778 – 11 July 1836) was a Norwegian timber merchant and politician.