OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Skapti Þóroddsson

Skapti Þóroddsson (Old Norse:; Modern Icelandic: Skafti Þóroddsson; died 1030) was an Icelandic lawspeaker and skald. He became lawspeaker in 1004, succeeding his uncle Grímr when the latter's voice failed him. He held office till his death in 1030, longer than anyone else. According to the Íslendingabók he instituted judicial reform by establishing the "fifth court", a national court of appeals.
According to the Skáldatal, Skapti was a court poet of Hákon Sigurðarson but no details on that career are known. According to the Heimskringla, he composed a poem on king Óláfr Haraldsson and sent his son Steinn to perform it for the king.
The only piece of poetry by Skapti which has come down to us is decidedly Christian and can not have been composed at Hákon's court. Snorri Sturluson cites the following half-stanza by Skapti in a discussion of Christian kennings in the Skáldskaparmál.
Skapti is mentioned in some of the Icelanders' sagas, for example Njáls saga where he is insulted by Skarphéðinn Njálsson.
# Eggþér

Eggþér (also Eggthér, or Egdir; Old Norse:, 'Edge-Servant') is a jötunn in Norse mythology. He is the herder of the female jötunn (probably Angrboða) who lives in Járnviðr (Ironwood) and raises monstrous wolves. In the poem Völuspá, Eggþér is described as sitting on a mound and joyfully striking his harp while the red rooster Fjalarr begins to crow to herald the onset of Ragnarök.

## Name

The Old Norse name Eggþér ('edge-servant') is a compound formed with the word egg ('edge') attached to þér ('servant'). It could have denoted a 'bearer of a sword' or 'one who is servant of the sword', perhaps 'one who provides victims for battle'.
Eggþér is cognate with the Old English personal name Ecgþéow, borne by the father of Beowulf in Old English poetry, and with the Old High German name Eggideo (or Eckideo). They may stem from a common Proto-Germanic form reconstructed as *Agjō-þe(g)waz.
According to Peter H. Salus and Paul B. Taylor, the Old Norse Eggþér ('Edge-Servant') is a descriptive agnomen derived from his function as the arouser of the jötnar and wolves to battle during Ragnarök. They argue that there is a "remote similarity" with Ecgþéow, since the latter was also known for the feuds he have brought about by his fighting. Both names could embody, in their respective tradition, the role of arousers of great battles and feuds. Andy Orchard and John Lindow contend however that a mythological parallel between the two figures is most likely a "red herring".

## Attestation

Eggþér is mentioned in the poem Völuspá (Prophecy of the Völva) as the herder of the jötunn living in Járnviðr (Ironwood) and raising "the kinfolk of Fenrir" (wolves). While the red rooster Fjalarr is heralding the onset of Ragnarök, Eggþér is portrayed as joyfully striking his harp.
| Völuspá 42: Sat þar á haugi ok sló hörpu gýgjar hirðir glaðr Egðir; gól um hánum í gaglviði fagrrauðr hani, sá er Fjalarr heitir. | Salus & Taylor translation (1969): The giantesses' herder, joyful Eggthér, sits on his cairn and strikes the harp; the red cock, called All-Wise, crows to him from Birdwood. | C. Larrington translation (1995): He sat on the mound and plucked his harp the herdsman of the giantess, cheerful Eggther a rooster crowed in Gallows-wood that bright-red cockerel who is called Fialar |

## Theories

Scholar Andy Orchard notes that the scene of Ragnarök has a "curious echo" in the Icelandic Njáls saga, where the hero Gunnar is portrayed as singing joyfully within his own burial mound.
The identity of the gýgr mentioned in the poem is unclear. According to scholars, she is probably the one described in stanza 40 of the same poem, a figure possibly identified with the jötunn Angrboða. She is said to dwell in the forest of Járnviðr (Ironwood), where she raises the offspring of the wolf Fenrir. Salus and Taylor contend that the herdsman Eggþér is not a shepherd, but rather a wolf-herder. In this view, Eggþér is portrayed as 'joyful' or 'cheerful' in Völuspá because the "rearing of the wolves will bring about the downfall of the gods", and he is striking his harp to "arouse his charge to ferocious deeds".

## Legacy

Saturn's moon Eggther is named after him.
# Sierra Leone at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships

Sierra Leone competed at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea from 12 to 28 July.

## Swimming

Sierra Leone entered three swimmers.

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Alie Kamara | 50 m backstroke | 34.66 | 70 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Alie Kamara | 50 m breaststroke | 37.79 | 75 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Joshua Wyse | 50 m freestyle | 27.17 | 114 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Joshua Wyse | 50 m butterfly | 29.85 | 86 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Tity Dumbuya | 50 m freestyle | 34.85 | 97 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Tity Dumbuya | 50 m butterfly | 37.90 | 64 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
# Gyllir

In Norse mythology, Gyllir (Old Norse:) is a horse listed in both Grímnismál and Gylfaginning among the steeds ridden by the gods each day when they go to make judgements at Yggdrasil. However, in both poems, Gyllir is not assigned to any specific deity.
Gyllir is also found in the thulur as a jötunn name.
# Torvald Hjaltason

Torvald Hjaltason (Þórvaldr Old Norse:; Modern Icelandic: Þorvaldur Hjaltason) was a late 10th-century Icelandic skald in the service of the Swedish king Eric the Victorious.
He is listed in Skáldatal as in Eric's service. Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa recounts that he took part in the Battle of the Fýrisvellir against Styrbjörn the Strong and in response to the king's call for verses commemorating the victory, composed in dróttkvætt the following two lausavísur:
These are the only verses attributed to Torvald; the tale says that he received a ring worth half a mark for each verse, and that he is not known to have composed any other verses, either before or after. He may have brought the news of the battle back to Iceland.
He may be the same person as the Torvald Hjaltason who is mentioned with his brother Þórðr in Landnamabók and a number of Sagas of Icelanders, but that Torvald is not said to be a skald.
# Gissur Þorvaldsson

Gissur Thorvaldsson (1208 – 12 January 1268; Modern Icelandic: Gissur Þorvaldsson; Old Norse: Gizurr Þorvaldsson) was a medieval Icelandic chieftain or goði of the Haukdælir family clan, and great-grandson of Jón Loftsson.
Gissur played a major role in the period of civil war which is now known as Age of the Sturlungs: he fought alongside Kolbeinn the Young against the forces of Sturla Sighvatsson of the Sturlungar clan in the Battle of Örlygsstaðir in 1238 and led the force of men who murdered saga-writer Snorri Sturluson in 1241, at the behest of Haakon IV, King of Norway, who demanded Snorri's return to Norway for disobeying his order to stay at his court following Jarl Skúli's failed coup. In 1253, Gissur's son was wedded to Sturla Þórðarson's daughter Ingibjörg, as a part of an attempt at ending the conflict between the Haukdælir and Sturlungar. Shortly after the wedding, Eyjólfr ofsi, another member of the extended Sturlungar, attacked Gissur's household at Flugumýri, in what is termed the Flugumýrarbrenna (Flugumýri Arson), a devastating attack that destroyed his paternal family line (Gissur survived the attack by hiding in a barrel of skyr.) The event was clearly traumatic for Gissur, and caused him to campaign against the burners, and compose poetry. In 1258, he was made Earl of Iceland (Icelandic: jarl) for his loyal service to the king. He held this title until his death.
Gissur worked actively to promote the Old Covenant (Icelandic: Gamli sáttmáli), an agreement which brought Iceland under the sovereignty of the Norwegian crown in 1264. The covenant is hence sometimes known as Gissur's Covenant, or Gissurarsáttmáli.
# Sturla Sighvatsson

Sturla Sighvatsson (Old Norse:; Modern Icelandic:; 1199 – 21 August 1238) was an Icelandic chieftain or goði of the Sturlungar family clan who played an active role in the armed conflicts in Iceland during the Age of the Sturlungs (Icelandic: Sturlungaöld).
Sturla was the son of Sighvatur Sturluson, brother of saga-writer Snorri Sturluson and lived on a farmstead in Sauðafell. Like his uncle, Sturla became a vassal to King Haakon IV of Norway, and fought to extend his influence in Iceland. Sturla was killed in the Battle of Örlygsstaðir.
# Rock with You (Basto song)

"Rock With You" was a 2005 hit single by Belgian DJ/producer Jef "Basto!" Martens. After becoming a club hit, the single was picked by Belgian music channel TMF and popular radio stations Donna (Flanders) and Contact (Wallonia). Eventually, it topped the Belgian dance charts in February 2006. A few weeks later, "Rock With You" became Dance Smash of Dutch radio station Radio 538.
A music video was produced. The single was signed by different European labels. Among them were Ministry of Sound for the UK and Australia, Airplay Records for France and Alphabet City for Germany.

## Track listings
### CD-Single

* "Rock With You" (Radio Edit) (3:33)
* "Rock With You" (Original Mix) (5:23)
* "Rock With You" (NUfrequency Remix) (7:44)
* "Smokin' Vegas" (7:56)

## Charts

| Chart (2005-06) | Peak Position |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 22 |
| Belgium Dance (Ultratop Flanders) | 1 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) | 24 |
| Belgium Dance (Ultratop Wallonia) | 1 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 23 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 37 |
# Járngreipr

In Norse mythology, Járngreipr (Old Norse:, "iron grippers") or Járnglófar (, "iron gauntlets") are the iron gloves of the god Thor. According to the Prose Edda, along with the hammer Mjölnir and the belt Megingjörð, Járngreipr is one of Thor's three crucial possessions. According to chapter 20 of the book Gylfaginning, he requires the gloves to handle his powerful hammer. The reason for this may come from the forging of the hammer, when the dwarf working the bellows was bitten in his eye by a gadfly (commonly held to be Loki in disguise) which caused the handle of the hammer to be shortened. Another theory is that the iron gauntlets are required to handle the force with which the hammer flies back to Thor or the power it generates when he swings and uses its magic.
# Njörun

In Norse mythology, Njörun (Old Norse: Njǫrun, sometimes modernly anglicized as Niorun) is a goddess attested in the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and various kennings (including once in the Poetic Edda). Scholarly theories concerning her name and function in the pantheon include etymological connections to the Norse god Njörðr and the Roman goddess Nerio, and suggestions that she may represent the earth or be the unnamed sister-wife of Njörðr.

## Attestations

Njörun is listed (after Bil) as an ásynja within the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál. No further information other than her name is provided there. In addition, the name occurs in kennings for women in poetry by Kormákr Ögmundarson, Hrafn Önundarson and Rögnvaldr Kali as well as in Krákumál and verses in Íslendinga saga, Njáls saga and Harðar saga. Eld-Njörun (meaning "fire-Njörun") occurs in women kennings in poetry by Gísli Súrsson and Björn Breiðvíkingakappi while hól-Njörun occurs in a somewhat dubious kenning in a stanza by Björn hítdælakappi. Draum-Njörun (meaning "dream-Njörun") is cited in the Poetic Edda poem Alvíssmál as a word from the language of the dwarfs for the night. The same word occurs in Nafnaþulur.

## Theories

Njörun is a "mysterious ... figure" of whom nothing else is known; Andy Orchard suggests that she may be fictitious. Several scholars have suggested that the stem syllable in her name, Njǫr-, may represent the element *ner- as in Tacitus' earth-goddess Nerthus (*Ner-þuz), whose name is etymologically identical with that of the Norse god Njǫrðr, and that Njörun may therefore be a name for the earth. Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon additionally suggests a connection with the Roman goddess Nerio.
The possible etymological connection with Njǫrðr and Nerthus suggests that Njörun may be a preserved name for the sister-wife of Njörðr, who is highly unusual in the Old Norse context in being unnamed. As was noted by Albert Morey Sturtevant, Njǫrun and Gefjon are the only female names recorded in Old Norse texts that have the suffix -un. Two other god-goddess pairs distinguished by suffix are preserved in the Old Norse corpus, Ullr and Ullin and Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn, and there is a possible third example in Old High German Phol and Volla.
# Ímar ua Ímair

Ímar ua Ímair (Old Norse: Ívarr, died 904); also known as Ivar II, was a Norse-Gaelic King of Dublin. He was a grandson of Ivar Gudrødsson and a member of the powerful Uí Ímair.

## Biography

Ímar ua Ímair became King of Dublin sometime prior to 902, but probably not before 896 when his uncle (or father) Sitriuc mac Ímair died. In the decades preceding his reign, Dublin was wracked by internal strife and dynastic feuds, greatly weakening the kingdom. The neighbouring native Irish kings sought to take advantage of this to increase their own influence. An additional motivating factor may have been revenge for Viking raids on Irish religious sites – in 890-91 alone the Norsemen plundered Irish monasteries at Ardbraccan, Clonard, Donaghpatrick, Dulane, Glendalough and Kildare.
In 902 the kingdoms of Brega and Leinster formed an alliance and drove the Vikings from Dublin. The exiled Dubliners, led by Ímar ua Ímair, retreated to territory in Scotland over which they exerted some control. The following year they were engaged in warfare with Constantine, King of the Picts, raiding Dunkeld. A victory was won by Constantine the following year at a place identified by the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba as Strath Erenn. Ímar ua Ímair is mentioned in the Annals of Ulster in the same year for the first and only time. This sole entry details his death at the hands of the Picts of Fortriu – this is identified as the same battle as that mentioned in the Chronicle.
The Vikings did not return to Dublin until 917, when Sihtric, another grandson of Ímar, landed forces in Ireland, and inflicted a decisive defeat on the armies of Leinster.

## Family

There is some question as to whether the identifier "ua Ímair" refers to a literal grandson of Ímar, and it has been suggested it simply refers to a descendant, or even an individual of unknown descent. However, the fact "ua Ímair" is not seen in the Irish annals after 948 suggests it was solely used for literal grandsons.
Ímar had at least three sons, Bárid (d. 881), Sichfrith (d. 888), and Sitriuc (d. 896), all three of whom were kings of Dublin. Which of these sons, if any, was Ímar ua Ímair's father is not known. Other grandsons of Ímar have been identified as Ragnall, Sihtric Cáech, Amlaíb, and Gofraid, most of whom were kings in their own right.
# Román Torán Albero

Román Torán Albero (8 October 1931 — 1 October 2005) was a Spanish chess player. He received the FIDE titles of International Master (IM) in 1954 and International Arbiter in 1957. He was FIDE Vice President (1982—1990) and a two-time Spanish Chess Championship winner (1951, 1953).

## Biography

In the early 1950s, Román Torán Albero was among the best Spanish players. In 1951 and 1953, he won the Spanish Chess Championship, but in 1954 in the final tournament, he ranked second place. Román Torán Albero repeatedly took part in The Gijon International Chess Tournament, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, and won in 1954. Two times he participated in FIDE Zonal Chess tournaments (1954, 1962).
Román Torán Albero played for Spain in the Chess Olympiads:
* In 1958, at third board in the 13th Chess Olympiad in Munich (+4, =7, -4),
* In 1960, at third board in the 14th Chess Olympiad in Leipzig (+5, =7, -2),
* In 1968, at third board in the 18th Chess Olympiad in Lugano (+6, =8, -1),
* In 1970, at third board in the 19th Chess Olympiad in Siegen (+6, =4, -2),
* In 1972, at fourth board in the 20th Chess Olympiad in Skopje (+4, =8, -3),
* In 1974, at second board in the 21st Chess Olympiad in Nice (+6, =8, -1).
Román Torán Albero played for Spain in the European Team Chess Championships:
* In 1961, at second board in the 2nd European Team Chess Championship in Oberhausen (+0, =2, -7),
* In 1970, at fourth board in the 4th European Team Chess Championship in Kapfenberg (+0, =4, -1).
Román Torán Albero played for Spain in the World Student Team Chess Championship:
* In 1956, at first board in the 3rd World Student Team Chess Championship in Uppsala (+1, =7, -1).
Also Román Torán Albero nine times participated in Clare Benedict Chess Cup (1958-1959, 1965, 1967-1972) and in team competition won gold (1970), four silver (1958, 1959, 1965, 1967) and three bronze (1969, 1971, 1972) medals, and in individual competition won two gold (1968, 1972) medals.
In the mid-1970s, Román Torán Albero ended his active chess player career and devoted himself to journalistic work and chess activist. From 1982 to 1990 he was the FIDE Vice President for Europe, between 1988 and 2000 Román Torán Albero was the president of the Spanish Chess Federation. He published dozens of books on chess, was the founder of the periodicals Ajedrez Español, Ocho por ocho, led the chess sections in magazines Arriba y Pueblo and Marca. In 1992 he was awarded the title of honorary member of FIDE.

## Literature

Román Torán Albero. El genio del ajedrez moderno, Madrid, 1953 ("The genius of modern chess", about grandmaster David Bronstein).
# Robert Luna

Robert G. Luna is an American law enforcement officer who is the Sheriff of Los Angeles County, previously serving as Chief of the Long Beach Police Department before defeating Sheriff Alex Villanueva in the 2022 election.

## Early life

Luna was born and raised in East Los Angeles to Mexican immigrant parents and has said that his early experiences with deputies patrolling his neighborhood shaped his view of law enforcement. He graduated from Santa Fe High School in Santa Fe Springs in 1984. After high school, he went on to graduate from Long Beach City College, where he met Long Beach Police Sergeant Mike Woodward and decided to pursue becoming a law enforcement officer. He would later obtain a master's degree in public administration from California State University, Long Beach.

## Career
### Long Beach Police Department

In 1985, he joined the Long Beach Police Department and served as a patrol officer and on the SWAT team and was named as the Deputy Chief in 2006. In November 2014, Luna was appointed as the 26th Chief of the Long Beach Police Department, succeeding Jim McDonnell who had become the Sheriff of Los Angeles County. In September 2021, Luna announced that he would retire in December of that year.
Luna was criticized by small business owners, local officials, and other LBPD officers for his handling of the George Floyd protest in Long Beach on May 31, 2020, as part of the nationwide demonstrations against police brutality. Soon after the protest, the Long Beach Police Department banned the use of sleeper holds, a type of chokehold that restricts blood flow to the brain, which had specifically come under scrutiny during the protests. Luna stated that it was the "first of many steps" in building trust with the community.

### Los Angeles County Sheriff

In December 2021, Luna entered the race for the 2022 Los Angeles County Sheriff election, challenging incumbent Alex Villanueva alongside a crowded field of candidates. In the primary election, Luna scored second place in the election, putting him against Villanueva in the general election with endorsements from the seven defeated candidates. In the general election, Luna beat Villanueva to become Sheriff, with Villanueva conceding on November 15, 2022. Luna was sworn in as Sheriff on December 5, 2022.
# Bismark Ekye

Bismark Ekye (born 13 January 1981 in Accra) is a Ghanaian football defender currently playing for Borgotaro Calcio of Italy.

## International

Ekye played his one and only game for the Black Stars on 16 June 2004 against South Africa.
# Ice cutting

Ice cutting is a winter task of collecting surface ice from lakes and rivers for storage in ice houses and use or sale as a cooling method. Rare today, it was common (see ice trade) before the era of widespread mechanical refrigeration and air conditioning technology.

## History

The work was done as a winter chore by many farmers and as a winter occupation by icemen. Kept insulated, the ice was preserved for cold food storage during warm weather, either on the farm or for delivery to residential and commercial customers with ice boxes. A large ice trade existed in the 19th and early 20th centuries, until mechanical refrigeration displaced it. Due to its harvesting and trade, ice was considered a "crop".
Ice harvesting generally involved waiting until approximately a foot of ice had built up on the water surface in the winter. The ice would then be cut with either a handsaw or a powered saw blade into long continuous strips and then cut into large individual blocks for transport by wagon back to the ice house. Because snow on top of the ice slows freezing, it could be scraped off and piled in windrows. Alternatively, if the temperature is cold enough, a snowy surface could be flooded to produce a thicker layer of ice. A large operation would have a crew of 75 and cut 1500 tons daily.
Ice cutting was a considerable export industry for northern countries in Scandinavia and North America during the 19th century. It started in the United States around 1800, and spread to Scandinavia around 1820; by the mid century Norway had become a major exporter to England, Europe, the Mediterranean, and as far away as Kingdom of Kongo, Egypt and New York. Coastal Telemark had 1,300 workers exporting 125,000 tons in 1895–96, while the Oslo Fjord was the main European export region with Nesodden municipality alone employing 1,000 men and exporting 95,000 tons in 1900, at a time when Norway's combined ice export at 500,000 tons stood as the world's largest.
Domestic production and sales were the largest single market source for ice in America and Europe. From the 1850s onwards ice cutting took on large-scale industrial proportions in Germany with Berlin as a key market. In the 1880s, New York City had over 1500 ice delivery wagons and Americans consumed over 5 million tons of ice annually.

## Ice Sculpture

Ice cutting is still in use today for ice sculpture and snow sculpture events. A swing saw is used to get ice out of a river for the Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival each year. A swing saw is also used to cut ice out from the frozen surface of the Songhua River, China. Many ice sculptures are made from the ice harvested this way. In some countries at high latitudes, even ice hotels and ice palaces are made.