OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vital capacity

Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. It is equal to the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. It is approximately equal to Forced Vital Capacity (FVC).
A person's vital capacity can be measured by a wet or regular spirometer. In combination with other physiological measurements, the vital capacity can help make a diagnosis of underlying lung disease. Furthermore, the vital capacity is used to determine the severity of respiratory muscle involvement in neuromuscular disease, and can guide treatment decisions in Guillain–Barré syndrome and myasthenic crisis.
A normal adult has a vital capacity between 3 and 5 litres. A human's vital capacity depends on age, sex, height, mass, and possibly ethnicity. However, the dependence on ethnicity is poorly understood or defined, as it was first established by studying black slaves in the 19th century and may be the result of conflation with environmental factors.
Lung volumes and lung capacities refer to the volume of air associated with different phases of the respiratory cycle. Lung volumes are directly measured, whereas lung capacities are inferred from volumes.

## Role in diagnosis

The vital capacity can be used to help differentiate causes of lung disease. In restrictive lung disease the vital capacity is decreased. In obstructive lung disease it is usually normal or only slightly decreased.

## Estimated vital capacities

Males by height :
| Height | 150–155 cm (4'11"–5'1") | 155–160 cm (5'1"–5'3") | 160–165 cm (5'3"–5'5") | 165–170 cm (5'5"–5'7") | 170–175 cm (5'7"–5'9") | 175–180 cm (5'9"–5'11) |
| Vital capacity (cm$^3$) | 2900 | 3150 | 3400 | 3720 | 3950 | 4300 |
Males by age$^{:183}$ :
| Age | 15–25 | 25–35 | 35–45 | 45–55 | 55–65 |
| Vital capacity (cm$^3$) | 3425 | 3500 | 3225 | 3050 | 2850 |

### Formulas

Vital capacity increases with height and decreases with age. Formulas to estimate vital capacity are:
${\begin{aligned}vc_{female}=(21.78-0.101a)\cdot h\\vc_{male}=(27.63-0.112a)\cdot h\\\end{aligned}}$ where $vc$ is approximate vital capacity in cm$^3$, $a$ is age in years, and $h$ is height in cm.
# Jay Freeman

Jay Ryan Freeman (born November 27, 1981) is an American businessman and software engineer. He is known for creating the Cydia software application and related software for jailbroken iOS—a modified version of Apple's iOS (where OS stands for operating system) that allows for the installation and customization of software outside of the regulation imposed by the App Store system.

## Education and early work

Freeman studied and graduated with a degree in computer science from the College of Creative Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In 2009, he was a doctoral student in computer science at UCSB.
He built Anakrino, a decompiler for .NET available in 2002. He co-authored a paper published in 2005 about a "Java runtime event specification and monitoring library." He has worked with Brian Fox on multiple freelance projects.

## Software
### iOS

In February 2008, Freeman released the initial version of Cydia, a software distribution and installation tool for jailbroken iOS devices. In May 2009, he added a proprietary store system to Cydia which allows developers to sell their products. In September 2010, his company (SaurikIT, LLC) announced that it had acquired Rock Your Phone, Inc. (makers of Rock.app). SaurikIT and Rock Your Phone were the two largest providers of third-party apps.
He has published tools for developers to make software, particularly for jailbroken iOS. He made Cydia Substrate, a framework that developers use to help them modify iOS with extensions. He also made Cycript, a tool that developers use to inspect and modify applications on iOS and OS X.
He has developed a plethora of software extensions for jailbroken iOS users to add features to iOS, including Apple File Conduit 2, Cycorder, CyDialer, Cydget, Cyntact, Cyueue, Five Icon Dock, Veency, and WinterBoard. He has also released Cydia Eraser (previously named Cydia Impactor, but was renamed to avoid confusion) for jailbroken iOS, a tool for removing personal data and "unjailbreaking" the device while preserving the iOS version.
He is also a member of the iPhone Dev Team group, which has developed jailbreaks for iOS.

### Android

Freeman has also done software development and security research on the Android OS. In 2008, he ported Debian for use on an Android phone. In April 2013, he built an implementation of a root (jailbreak) for Google Glass and published an analysis of the ramifications. In May 2013, he published a version of Cydia Substrate for Android. In July 2013, he published an analysis and implementation of "Master Key" vulnerabilities for Android.

## Politics

Freeman supported incorporation of Isla Vista, California (the community adjoining UCSB). In January 2016, he announced his candidacy for the Santa Barbara County Board of Supervisors, and in June 2016 he lost in the primary election for that role. He then ran for a four-year seat on the board of directors for the Isla Vista Community Services District and was elected in November 2016.
As of 2019, Freeman is also a Special District member of the Santa Barbara County Local Agency Formation Commission and a member of the Goleta Library Advisory Commission.
# Dukhin number

The Dukhin number (Du) is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes the contribution of the surface conductivity to various electrokinetic and electroacoustic effects, as well as to electrical conductivity and permittivity of fluid heterogeneous systems. The number was named after Stanislav and Andrei Dukhin.

## Overview

It was introduced by Lyklema in “Fundamentals of Interface and Colloid Science”. A recent IUPAC Technical Report used this term explicitly and detailed several means of measurement in physical systems.
The Dukhin number is a ratio of the surface conductivity $\kappa ^{\sigma }$ to the fluid bulk electrical conductivity K$_m$ multiplied by particle size a:
    ${\rm {Du}}={\frac {\kappa ^{\sigma }}{{\mathrm {K} _{m}}a}}.$
There is another expression of this number that is valid when the surface conductivity is associated only with ions motion above the slipping plane in the double layer. In this case, the value of the surface conductivity depends on ζ-potential, which leads to the following expression for the Dukhin number for symmetrical electrolyte with equal ions diffusion coefficient:
    ${\rm {Du}}={\frac {2(1+3m/z^{2})}{{\kappa }a}}\left(\mathrm {cosh} {\frac {zF\zeta }{2RT}}-1\right),$
where the parameter m characterizes the contribution of electro-osmosis into motion of ions within the double layer
    $m={\frac {2\varepsilon _{0}\varepsilon _{m}R^{2}T^{2}}{3\eta F^{2}D}}.$
* F is Faraday constant
* T is absolute temperature
* R is gas constant
* C is ions concentration in bulk
* z is ion valency
* ζ is electrokinetic potential
* ε$_0$ is vacuum dielectric permittivity
* ε$_m$ is fluid dielectric permittivity
* η is dynamic viscosity
* D is diffusion coefficient
# Three Salons at the Seaside

Three Salons at the Seaside is a 1994 British documentary film directed by Philippa Lowthorpe. First broadcast on 29 August 1994 on BBC Two to mark the centenary of Blackpool Tower, the film follows the staff and customers of three hair salons operating in Blackpool, England. Three Salons at the Seaside received renewed attention after it was added to BBC iPlayer in 2022.

## Synopsis

Three Salons at the Seaside follows the staff and customers of Vanity Box, Mary's Way, and Tricia's, three hair salons operating in residential areas of Blackpool. While Blackpool is a seaside town known for its beach and resorts, the film focuses on elderly women living in the town going about their daily lives, centred around their visits to the salons.

## Production

The film was filmed in early 1994 in Blackpool, Lancashire. Lowthorpe stated that she was inspired to make Three Salons at the Seaside to show "a world of women talking that you don't otherwise see". She said the women reminded her of her own female working class relatives in neighbouring Yorkshire.

## Broadcast and reception

Three Salons at the Seaside first aired on 29 August 1994 on BBC Two as part of a special night of programming to mark the centenary of Blackpool Tower, alongside the film Dream Town. The film received a positive reception, and in 1995 it was nominated for Best Single Documentary at the RTS Television Awards.
In 2015, a rip of a tape recording of the film was uploaded onto YouTube. The film received renewed attention in 2022, when it was added to BBC iPlayer. Tribune described Three Salons at the Seaside as being a "camp classic" and compared it to the work of Victoria Wood.

## Legacy

In 2022, an episode of the American mockumentary series Documentary Now!, entitled "Two Hairdressers in Bagglyport", was based on Three Salons at the Seaside. The episode was written by Seth Meyers and starred Cate Blanchett and Harriet Walter; the fictional salon Salon de Edwina was filmed at the site of Mary's Way, which was featured in the original documentary and had closed in 2011.
In 2023, Craig Cash called Three Salons at the Seaside a key influence on Caroline Aherne, his co-writer and co-creator of the comedy series The Royle Family, citing its focus on characters and dialogue.
# F Minus

F Minus is a horizontally oriented single panel comic strip by Tony Carrillo, started when he was a sophomore at Arizona State University. It ran daily in The State Press, an independent newspaper at ASU, from early 2003 until late 2004, when Carrillo graduated.
In an online mtvU strips contest with Scott Adams of Dilbert fame as member of the jury and with almost 200,000 people voting to find the best college comic strip, F Minus came in first place.
Having won a development deal with United Features Syndicate through the contest, syndication of F Minus (in daily newspapers) began in April 2006 and reached 70 United States newspapers within a year.
According to Tony Carrillo, most of the comics are about stupidity and losers. It does not feature any story lines and is often compared to one of his favorites, The Far Side by Gary Larson.
In 2007, F Minus was nominated in the 2007 Reuben Awards for Best Newspaper Panel but lost to Rhymes with Orange by Hilary B. Price.
The Phoenix New Times named F Minus as the best syndicated comic strip in its Best of Phoenix 2007 issue.

## Books

There are two collections of F Minus.
| Title | Release Date | Publisher | ISBN |
| F Minus | September 1, 2007 | Andrews McMeel Publishing | ISBN 978-0-7407-6839-2 |
| This Can't Be Legal: An F Minus Collection | March 17, 2009 | Andrews McMeel Publishing | |
# The Motorcycle Diaries

Motorcycle Diaries or The Motorcycle Diaries may refer to:
* The Motorcycle Diaries (book), a 1952 memoir by Che Guevara, first published in 1995
** The Motorcycle Diaries (film), a 2004 film based on Guevara's memoir
*** The Motorcycle Diaries (soundtrack), the soundtrack from the above movie
* Motorcycle Diaries (film), an Indian film, unrelated to Guevara
* Motorcycle Diaries (TV program), a documentary show produced by GMA Network from 2011 to 2017
# Billy Corkindale

William Joseph Corkindale (19 May 1901 – 1972) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Clapton Orient, Luton Town, Millwall and Swansea Town.
# List of taluks in Chennai district

The Chennai district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India, comprises three revenue divisions: Chennai Central, Chennai North, and Chennai South. As of August 2024, these divisions encompass the following 17 subdivisions or taluks.

## Chennai Central division

* Ambattur
* Aminjikarai
* Ayanavaram
* Egmore
* Kolathur
* Maduravoyal
* Mambalam

## Chennai North division

* Madhavaram
* Perambur
* Purasawalkam
* Tiruvottiyur
* Tondiarpet

## Chennai South division

* Alandur
* Guindy
* Mylapore
* Sholinganallur
* Velachery
# Cupid in a Dental Parlor

Cupid in a Dental Parlor (also known as Love in the Dental Parlor) is a 1913 American short comedy film directed by Henry Lehrman. Harold Lloyd is said to have appeared in this film, but this is unconfirmed.

## Cast

* Fred Mace
* Chester Conklin
* Josef Swickard
* Jewel Carmen (credited as Evelyn Quick)
* Harold Lloyd - (unconfirmed)
# Kobe (artist)

Kobe (pseudonym of Jacques Saelens, (Kortrijk, Belgium 4 September 1950 – Saint-Julien, Var, France, 26 October 2014) was a Belgian visual artist and sculptor.

## Early life

Kobe studied in Belgium, at LUCA School of Arts in Schaerbeek (1969–1974) and the Academy of Fine Arts in Kortrijk (1969–1977), where he discovered the importance of drawing for a sculptor. At the age of 25 he travelled for one year to Central America and South America, where he was greatly taken by the ample forms of generously-endowed local matrons.
His artistic vision was further shaped by many travels in Africa and Asia, where he observed the ancient sculptures. Professionally he was a teacher of sculpture at the Academies of Kortrijk, Deinze and Harelbeke. Around 1992 Kobe started experimenting with flat shapes, which led to a typical style of wide and thin sculptures.

## Career

In 1995 he became an independent sculptor and worked in Pietrasanta (Tuscany, Italy) close to the many bronze foundries and the marble quarries of Carrara.

## Artworks

In the morning Kobe would make sketches or drawings, which he then later elaborated into an artwork.
Kobe's artworks are mostly made in bronze and marble. Two subjects dominate his artworks: the female figure and the horse. Kobe’s female figures are maternal and human, be they fat or thin, and his horses symbols of strength, companionship and connection.
Kobe's most monumental artwork Arcade (670 x 630 x 440 cm) is in a private collection in Nova Scotia, Canada, close to the Atlantic Ocean. Other works of art can be found in museums and private collections, among which Beeldengalerij Het Depot and The Phoebus Foundation.

## Publications

* Ingenious Cheerful Simplicity (art catalogue – 1995 – hardcover – 57p. – NL/FR/EN/DT/IT) (published by Robinsons Art Gallery) (selection of Kobe's first sculptures)
* Herinneringen (Veertig Vlamingen en hun geliefkoosd kunstwerk) (in this book the entrepreneur and art collector Fernand Huts (owner of Katoen Natie) describes his choice for the bronze artwork The Great Captain)
* Playing with surfaces and forms (art catalogue – 2004 – hardcover – 48p. – NL) (published by MPV Gallery) (selection of Kobe's sculptures between 1996 and 2004)
* Kobe (DVD – 2008 – 33 min. – NL/EN subtitles) (published by MPV Gallery) (shows the work and life of Kobe)
* Becoming Kobe (art catalogue – 2010 – hardcover – 95p. – NL/EN) (published by MPV Gallery) (selection of Kobe's sculptures between 2002 and 2010)
* Het Depot Belicht (book published by Beeldengalerij Het Depot that shows their collection, in which a sculpture by Kobe is mentioned)
* Kobe – Ingenious Simplicity (monograph – 2016 – hardcover – 252p. – NL/EN/FR) (written by art critic Johan Debruyne and Albin Saelens) (monograph about the life of Kobe and most of his artworks)
* Masterpieces (art catalogue – 2018 – hardcover – 26p. – NL/FR/EN) (published by Robinsons Art Gallery) (selection of marble sculptures)
* Kunstmo(nu)menten (the bronze artwork De Grote Aanvoerder (The Great Captain) is mentioned in this book that takes the reader on an art route through Beveren)
# Kaeng Suea Ten Dam

Kaeng Suea Ten Dam (Thai: เขื่อนแก่งเสือเต้น, RTGS: Khuean Kaeng Suea Ten, pronounced) was a dam proposed for a site in the Phi Pan Nam Range, in Song District, Phrae Province, Thailand. It is near Mae Yom National Park, in a rural area of the Thai highlands.

## Projected dam

The dam was planned on the Yom River in Kaeng Suea Ten in 1991, but the project was abandoned. The dam, if built, would have destroyed large areas of forest, where many of the tree species are valuable teak trees. The plans were renewed in 2006, drawing protest from the Assembly of the Poor and Living River Siam. Debate about the dam was opened again in 2011. The dam project has not been implemented due to the strong resistance of environmental groups and the villagers around the Mae Yom River.
# Vex

Vex or VEX may refer to:

## Technology

* VEX prefix, a microprocessor opcode prefix and coding scheme for the x64 and x86 instruction set architecture
* Vex, a scripting language in the software Houdini
* Venus Express, a European Space Agency space mission to the planet Venus
* Vex, a suborbital test Tronador rocket in development by Argentina
* VEX Robotics, a robotics program for elementary through university students
* Vulnerability Exploitability eXchange, an industry standard for describing software vulnerabilities and their exploitability.

## Fiction

* Voltayre's Encyclopedia Xenobiologica, a fictional guide to the 1994 Babylon 5 universe
* Vex, a character in the 2010 Canadian television series Lost Girl
* Vex, a character in the 2011 video game Darkspore
* Vex, a character in the 2011 video game The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
* The Vex, a race of semi-organic machines and one of the four alien enemy factions found in the 2014 video game Destiny
* Vex'ahlia "Vex" de Rolo, a half-elven ranger / rogue character in the 2015 American web series Critical Role where professional voice actors play the role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons
* Vex, a mob from Minecraft summoned by Evokers.
* Vex, The Gloomist, a playable champion character in the MOBA video game League of Legends
* Vex (Ninjago), a character in Ninjago

## Other uses

* Vex (album), by Steel Pulse
* Vex, Switzerland, a municipality
* Ulorin Vex, English model
* Vex (brachiopod), a brachiopod genus; See List of brachiopod genera
* Virgin Express, a European airline, now merged into Brussels Airlines
# Cugand

Cugand (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France.
Before the creation of the departments with the French Republic, under the French Kingdom, the parish of Cugand was part of "Marches Bretagne-Poitou" (joint possession) and of Brittany on the religious level (Roman Catholic Diocese of Nantes).
It is part of the urban unit of Clisson.
Cugand merged with the adjacent commune of La Bernardière on 1 January 2025 to form the commune of Cugand-la-Bernardière, although it remains a delegated commune with its own mayor.

## Geography

Cugand is located along the Sèvre Nantaise, 28 km south-east of Nantes and 29 km south-west of Cholet.
Its neighboring communes were:
* In Vendée
** La Bernardière
** La Bruffière
* In Loire-Atlantique :
** Clisson
** Gétigné
** Saint-Hilaire-de-Clisson
** Boussay

## Climate

In 2020, Météo-France has published a typology of the climates of Metropolitan France in which Cugand is exposed to an Oceanic climate and located in the "Bretagne Orientale et Méridionale, Pays Nantais, Vendée" climatic region where the amount of rainfall is low in the summer.

## Local life
### Sport

* Sportive Union Bernardière Cugand : football division
* Basketball Association Cugand Bernardière : basketball division
* St Michel Handball : handball division
* "Les raquettes Cugandaises" : tennis division
* Athlétisme Mingot Association : athletics division
* TTAL Cugand : table tennis division

### Health

* Health Center Les Caducées

### Schools

* Private elementary school St Michel / Jeanne d'Arc
* Public elementary school Jean Moulin

### Culture

* Cugand library

### Events

* "Festival de Cugand", world dance and music, folk bands of the all world, during four days in August (20,000 spectators in 2005 for the 7th festival edition); last edition held in 2018
# 26th Artillery Brigade (Ukraine)

The 26th Artillery Brigade named after Roman Daszkewycz is an artillery formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces, based in Berdychiv. It traces its history to the 117th Guards Rifle Division of the Second World War.
After the war, and several redesignations, the 117th Guards Rifle Division became the 117th Guards Tank Training Division. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the 117th Guards Tank Training Division was succeeded by the 62nd Mechanized Brigade, which, in turn, was created 26th Artillery Brigade (based on the Directive of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine from 18.06.2004 № 312/1/014).
In May 2019 the brigade was given the honorary name of "Corporal General Roman Daszkewycz [wikidata]" in a decree of President Petro Poroshenko.
The brigade is operating Panzerhaubitze 2000 self-propelled howitzers gifted by Germany and the Netherlands during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, artillery used in the Battle of Bakhmut.

## Cold War

In 1945, the 117th Guards Rifle Division became the 32nd Guards Mechanized Division. It moved to Berdichev and later became part of the 8th Mechanized Army.
On 4 June 1957, the division was converted into the 41st Guards Tank Division and the army became the 8th Tank Army. The 76th Separate Tank Training Battalion was disbanded in 1960. On 19 February 1962, the 685th Separate Missile Battalion and 437th Separate Equipment Maintenance and Recovery Battalion were activated.
On 11 January 1965, the division was renamed the 117th Guards Tank Division, restoring its World War II number. In 1968, the 129th Separate Guards Sapper Battalion became an engineer-sapper unit. On 1 November of that year, the division became a training tank division and was directly subordinated to the Carpathian Military District. On 1 September 1987, it became the 119th Guards District Training Center.
On 1 December 2000, the training center was disbanded, and its units used to form the 62nd Mechanized Brigade. In 2004, the brigade was converted into the 26th Artillery Brigade.

## Structure

As of 2017 the brigade's structure is as follows:
* 26th Artillery Brigade, Berdychiv
** Headquarters & Headquarters Battery
** Target Acquisition Battery
** Observer and FDC Battery
** 1st Self-propelled Artillery Battalion (2S19 Msta-S)
** 2nd Self-propelled Artillery Battalion (2S19 Msta-S)
** 3rd Self-propelled Artillery Battalion (2S5 Giatsint-S)
** 4th Anti-tank Artillery Battalion (MT-12 Rapira)
** Artillery Reconnaissance Battalion
** 14th Security Battalion "Cherkasy"
** Combat Engineer Company
** Maintenance Company
** Logistic Company
** CBRN-defense Platoon
# Graetz number

In fluid dynamics, the Graetz number (Gz) is a dimensionless number that characterizes laminar flow in a conduit. The number is defined as:
    $\mathrm {Gz} ={D_{H} \over L}\mathrm {Re} \,\mathrm {Pr}$
where
    D$_H$ is the diameter in round tubes or hydraulic diameter in arbitrary cross-section ducts
    L is the length
    Re is the Reynolds number and
    Pr is the Prandtl number.
This number is useful in determining the thermally developing flow entrance length in ducts. A Graetz number of approximately 1000 or less is the point at which flow would be considered thermally fully developed.
When used in connection with mass transfer the Prandtl number is replaced by the Schmidt number, Sc, which expresses the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the mass diffusivity.
    $\mathrm {Gz} ={D_{H} \over L}\mathrm {Re} \,\mathrm {Sc}$
The quantity is named after the physicist Leo Graetz.