OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kingdom of Meath

Meath (/miːð/ MEEDH; Modern Irish: Mí; Old Irish: Mide) was a kingdom in Ireland from the 1st to the 12th century AD. Its name means "middle," denoting its location in the middle of the island.
At its greatest extent, it included all of County Meath (which takes its name from the kingdom), all of County Westmeath, and parts of counties Cavan, Dublin, Kildare, Longford, Louth and Offaly.

## History

Mide originally referred to the area around the Hill of Uisneach in County Westmeath, where the festival of Beltaine was celebrated. The larger province of Meath, between the Irish Sea and the Shannon, is traditionally said to have been created by Túathal Techtmar, an exemplar king, in the first century from parts of the other four provinces. In the fourth and fifth centuries its territories were taken over by the Uí Néill from Connacht and they pushed out Laigin tribes. The Uí Néill assumed the ancient titles of Kings of Uisnech in Mide and Kings of Tara in Brega and claimed a cattle-tribute, the Bóroma Laigen, on the Laigin. The Uí Failge, under Failge Berraide, were finally expelled from the plain of Mide with the battle of Druim Derg in 514. The Uí Enechglaiss were an early paramount dynasty of the Laigin. An ogham stone found south of Slane suggests they controlled the Brega area in County Meath together with Carbury Hill and the plains of Kildare. During the early 6th century, they were expelled across the Wicklow Mountains.
The Uí Failge and Uí Bairrche belonged to the Laigin but may also be associated with the Iverni.
In medieval Ireland, the Kings of Mide were of the Clann Cholmáin, a branch of the Uí Néill. They came to dominate their Southern Uí Néill kindreds, including the Síl nÁedo Sláine in County Meath, the Uí Failghe and Uí Faelain tribes of the Laigin and the Kingdom of Dublin. Several were High Kings of Ireland. The position alternated with their kindred the Northern Uí Néill for many centuries. The kingdom came under pressure in the 11th and 12th century from other provincial kings seeking the position of High King of Ireland and the Kingdom of Breifne under Tigernán Ua Ruairc. Mide was frequently overrun and partitioned and began to collapse as a coherent kingdom.
Following the Norman invasion of Ireland, in 1172, the kingdom was awarded to Hugh de Lacy as the Lordship of Meath by Henry II of England in his capacity as Lord of Ireland. De Lacy took possession of the kingdom and the dynasty of the Ua Mael Sechlainn or O Melaghlins were forced west and settled on the east bank of the River Shannon in the barony of Clonlonan. Bearers of the name were noted as among the Gaelic nobility as late as the 1690s, though they had lost power long before. Melaugh is the more commonly associated name in Ireland today, though it is more often rendered as McLoughlin.

## Province and diocese

Meath is also considered to have been one of five Provinces (Irish: cúige meaning "fifths") of Ireland, along with the four current provinces of Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster. The Diocese of Meath established by the Synod of Ráth Breasail in 1111 had boundaries similar to those of the kingdom.
# Szinvapark

Szinvapark is one of the two largest shopping malls of Miskolc, Hungary. It is situated in the city centre, not far from its main rival, the Miskolc Plaza.
The three-storey shopping centre opened on September 1, 2000 and is visited by 20,000 customers daily. On its area of 31,000 m² it hosts 70 businesses including Media Markt, InterSpar and Raiffeisen Bank (Raiffeisen is also the owner of the mall complex). Hollywood Multiplex, the cinema of the mall was closed in 2007.
Szinvapark was designed by József Viszlai; the construction lasted 15 months. The mall was originally planned to be called Ady Bridge Center, since it stands right next to the Ady bridge. It got its current name after the stream Szinva which flows through the city. The Szinvapark complex consists of two buildings on the two banks of the stream Szinva, connected by a glass-walled bridge – the one on the left side houses most of the mall, including the supermarket and the cinema, while the other building is mainly a car park, with the Media Markt store occupying the uppermost storey.
# Peter Hirsch (metallurgist)

Sir Peter Bernhard Hirsch HonFRMS FRS (born 16 January 1925) is a British metallurgist who has made fundamental contributions to the application of transmission electron microscopy to metals.

## Biography

Born in 1925, Hirsch lived in Germany until 1939; he was one of hundreds of Jewish children that escaped Germany via the various Kindertransport missions that saved many such children from the impending dangers of World War II and the Holocaust.
Hirsch attended Sloane Grammar School, Chelsea, and St Catharine's College, Cambridge. In 1946 he joined the Crystallography Department of the Cavendish to work for a PhD on work hardening in metals under W. H. Taylor and Lawrence Bragg. He subsequently carried out work, which is still cited, on the structure of coal.
In the mid-1950s, he pioneered the application of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to metals and developed in detail the theory needed to interpret such images. He was a Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge from 1960 to 1966 and was elected an Honorary Fellow of Christ's in 1978. In 1965, with Howie, Whelan, Pashley and Nicholson, he published the text Electron microscopy of thin crystals. The following year he moved to Oxford to take up the Isaac Wolfson Chair in Metallurgy, succeeding William Hume-Rothery. He held this post until his retirement in 1992, building up the Department of Metallurgy (now the Department of Materials) into a world-renowned centre. Among many other honours, he was awarded the 1983 Wolf Foundation Prize in physics. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1963 and knighted in 1975.
Hirsch was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2001 for experimentally establishing the role of dislocations in plastic flow and of electron microscopy as a tool for materials research. He is also a fellow of St Edmund Hall, Oxford.
His great-niece is the writer and broadcaster Afua Hirsch.
# Nordfjord

Nordfjord (English: Northern fjord—in contrast to Sunnfjord) is a traditional district of Norway.

## Geography

The region is located in the northern part of Vestland county in Western Norway. It centers on the Nordfjorden and it comprises the municipalities of Selje, Vågsøy, Bremanger, Eid, Gloppen, Hornindal, and Stryn. The Nordfjord region covers an area of about 4,295 square kilometres (1,658 sq mi) and is home to a population (2010) of approximately 32,464.
The fjord is the sixth longest in Norway stretching 106 kilometres (66 mi) from the island of Husevågøy at the mouth to the village of Loen at the other end. The region encompasses the rough coastline of the Stadlandet peninsula to the Jostedalsbreen, Europe's largest mainland glacier. The region also includes the lake Hornindalsvatnet, Europe's deepest lake at 514 metres (1,686 ft). The glacier Briksdalsbreen is particularly scenic. The Stryn area provides year-round alpine skiing, and there are numerous old fishing communities along the fjord going back to pre-Viking times.

## Population

Historical population :
* Historical populationYearPop.±%176913,171—    195128,234+114.4%196033,107+17.3%197033,657+1.7%198034,283+1.9%199034,033−0.7%200033,157−2.6%201032,464−2.1%2020(est)32,029−1.3%2030(est)32,066+0.1%Source: Statistics Norway
# A' Chràlaig

A' Chralaig (Scottish Gaelic: A' Chràileag) is a mountain in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland, north of Loch Cluanie and south of Glen Affric. It is a Munro with a height of 1,120 metres (3,670 ft). It is the highest peak along Glen Shiel and can be easily climbed from the Cluanie Inn on the A87. The eastern slopes of the mountain, are owned by the Forestry Commission and are part of the Kintail National Scenic Area.
Despite being the highest peak on the ridge, it is considered less interesting than the route over Stob Coire na Cràlaig to the nearby Mullach Fraoch-choire. These two peaks may be combined with the neighbouring peaks of Sgurr nan Conbhairean and Sail Chaorainn to make the so-called "Cluanie Horseshoe", although no path connects A' Chràlaig with the peaks to the east.
# Elizabeth Kolbert

Elizabeth Kolbert (born July 6, 1961) is an American journalist, author, and visiting fellow at Williams College.
She is best known for her Pulitzer Prize-winning book The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History, and as an observer and commentator on the environment for The New Yorker magazine.
The Sixth Extinction was a New York Times bestseller and won the Los Angeles Times' book prize for science and technology. Her book Under a White Sky was one of The Washington Post's ten best books of 2021. Kolbert is a two-time National Magazine Award winner, and in 2022 was awarded the BBVA Biophilia Award for Environmental Communication.
Her work has appeared in The Best American Science and Nature Writing and The Best American Essays.
Kolbert served as a member of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists' Science and Security Board from 2017 to 2020.

## Early life

Kolbert spent her early childhood in the Bronx; her family then relocated to Larchmont, where she remained until 1979.
After graduating from Mamaroneck High School, Kolbert spent four years studying literature at Yale University. In 1983, she was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to study at Universität Hamburg, in Germany. Her brother, Dan Kolbert of Portland, Maine, is a well-known builder and author.

## Career

Elizabeth Kolbert started working for The New York Times as a stringer in Germany in 1983. In 1985, she went to work for the Metro desk. Kolbert served as the Times' Albany bureau chief from 1988 to 1991 and wrote the Metro Matters column from 1997 to 1998.
Since 1999, she has been a staff writer for The New Yorker.
She was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for The Sixth Extinction in 2015.

## Personal life

Kolbert resides in Williamstown, Massachusetts, with her husband, John Kleiner, and three sons (Ned, Matthew, and Aaron).

## Recognition

* 2005 American Association for the Advancement of Science Journalism Award
* 2006 National Magazine Award for Public Interest
* 2006 Lannan Literary Fellowship
* 2006 National Academies Communication Award
* 16th Annual Heinz Award with special focus on global change, 2010
* 2010 National Magazine Award for Commentary
* 2010 Guggenheim Fellowship in Science Writing
* 2015 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction
* 2016 Sam Rose '58 and Julie Walters Prize at Dickinson College for Environmental Activism
* 2017 SEAL Environmental Journalism Award
* Blake-Dodd Prize from the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 2017.
# James Mark Sullivan

James Mark Sullivan (January 6, 1873 – August 15, 1935) was a lawyer and the envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Santo Domingo under Woodrow Wilson. He was arrested in Dublin in 1916 for aiding the Irish rebellion.

## Biography

He was born in Kerry, Ireland, on January 6, 1873. He emigrated to the United States with his family when he was a boy, and he became a lawyer and prize fight promoter there. He married Ellen O'Mara in 1910.
In March 1916, along with his wife, he and Henry M. Fitzgibbon founded the Film Company of Ireland. In 1919 his son caught typhoid and Ellen caught the disease and died. The film company ended the following year once the three films in production had been completed.
He served during turbulent times in the history of the Dominican Republic and was recalled to Washington at least once because "his services have not been wholly satisfactory". He was appointed August 12, 1913, and left the post on June 20, 1915.
Sullivan was mistakenly reported as dead in August 1920 by several American newspapers, including the Hartford Courant, which published his obituary on the front page of its August 24 issue and eulogized him as "the diplomat of the tropics" and the man "who originated shirtsleeve statesmanship" for his work as the U.S. minister to the Dominican Republic. Three days later, the Courant printed a correction and informed people that "The report this week originated in the 'New Haven Journal-Courier.'" Fifteen years to the month later, the Courant gave the report of his actual death and eulogized him as being "recalled throughout Connecticut tonight as one of the most colorful figures ever a part of the state's history."
He was a friend of Michael Collins. He died in St. Petersburg, Florida, on August 15, 1935.
# The Bong Connection

The Bong Connection is a 2006 Bengali-English language Indian film starring Raima Sen, Shayan Munshi and Parambrata Chatterjee and directed by Anjan Dutt. The movie is based on the lives of Bengalis in the U.S. and Kolkata.Bong Connection was screened at Museum of Modern Art, New York, in 2005

## Plot

The story revolves around two young men, Apu (Parambrata Chatterjee) and Andy (Shayan Munshi). Apu is leaving for the US. He promises his girlfriend, Sheela (Raima Sen) that he will come back soon and take her to the US.
Andy, a second-generation Bengali born and brought up in New York City, has dreams of becoming a musician and working in films. He comes to Kolkata to pursue his passion and stays at the house of his paternal uncle and grandfather. In Kolkata he meets Sheela, befriends her and falls in love with her.
Meanwhile, Apu, arrives in the US and struggles to find his way in an alien nation. In the process he befriends Rita (played by Peeya Rai Chowdhary) whose parents want to get her married to Apu. The rest of the movie revolves around the socio-comic adventures of Apu and Andy as they struggle to find their calling in life.
The movie featured an appearance by Kolkata alt-rock band Cassini's Division.

## Cast

* Shayan Munshi as Andy
* Parambrata Chatterjee as Apu
* Raima Sen as Sheela
* Peeya Rai Chowdhary as Rita
* Soumitra Chatterjee
* Victor Banerjee
* Mamata Shankar
* Biswajit Chakraborty
* Avijit Dutt
* Saswata Chatterjee
* Samrat Chakrabarti
* Shauvik Kundagrami
* Mir Afsar Ali
* June Malia

## Reception

Khalid Mohamed of Hindustan Times gave the film two out of five stars, writing, "Quite a guzzle puzzle, this". Rajeev Masand gave it the same rating and concluded, "it’s not entirely unwatchable, but it’s not a film you’re going to remember even five minutes after you’ve left the cinema." The Times of India, however, was highly positive of the film, writing, "It’s a delightful canvas of introspective comment which captures the psyche of the young Bengalis, even as it brings forth stirring performances by all the characters."
# Nadia Noujani

Nadia Noujani (Arabic: نادية نوجاني; born 3 September 1981 in Touarga, Rabat-Salé-Kénitra) is a Moroccan long-distance runner. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she competed in the Women's 5000 metres, but did not finish her race.

## Doping

Noujani tested positive for EPO at a competition in Tanger 26 April 2014, and was subsequently handed a two-year doping ban.
# Congregation B'nai Israel (St. Catharines)

Congregation B'nai Israel (Hebrew: בני ישראל) is a Conservative Jewish congregation located in downtown St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. It is the only Conservative synagogue in the Niagara Region. Founded early in the twentieth century, its synagogue building completed in 1925 is among the oldest standing in Canada.

## History

The congregation was established in 1907 and religious gatherings were held in various places. In 1917, a temporary synagogue was built. Shortly afterwards, an architectural firm was commissioned for a permanent synagogue. A friend of a congregation member had to buy the property as the landowners would not sell to Jews. Construction started in 1924 and was completed by 1925. The previous synagogue was then used as the residence for their rabbi.
The congregation has been part of the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism since 1981. In 1998, the congregation was sued for wrongful dismissal by a former rabbi, who was then compensated $130,000. In 2016, the synagogue was featured in an exhibit at the St. Catharines Museum. In 2024, the building became a heritage site under the Ontario Heritage Act.
# Saïd Berioui

Saïd Berioui (born 3 June 1975) is a Moroccan retired long-distance runner who specialized in the 10,000 metres.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Morocco ||||||
| 1997 | World Championships | Athens, Greece | 17th | 10,000 m | 29:22.05 |
| 1997 | Mediterranean Games | Bari, Italy | 3rd | 5000 m | 13:53.98 |
| 1998 | World Junior Championships | Annecy, France | — | 10,000m | DQ (IAAF rule 141) |
| 1999 | World Championships | Seville, Spain | 16th | 10,000 m | 28:46.77 |
| 2000 | Olympic Games | Sydney, Australia | 6th | 10,000 m | 27:37.83 |
| 2000 | African Championships | Algiers, Algeria | 2nd | 5000 m | 13:31.75 |
| 2001 | World Indoor Championships | Lisbon, Portugal | 13th | 3000 m | 8:04.38 |
| 2001 | World Championships | Edmonton, Canada | 21st | 10,000 m | 28:38.80 |
| 2002 | World Cross Country Championships | Dublin, Ireland | 21st | Long race (11.998 km) | 36:27 |
| 2002 | World Cross Country Championships | Dublin, Ireland | 3rd | Team competition | 58 pts |

## Personal bests

* 3000 metres – 7:41.83 min (2003)
* 5000 metres – 13:15.10 min (1999)
* 10,000 metres – 27:31.00 min (1998)
# Michael Szwarc

Michael Szwarc (9 June 1909, Będzin, Poland – 4 August 2000, San Diego, California) was a British and American polymer chemist who discovered and studied ionic living polymerization.

## Biography

Michael Mojżesz Szwarc was born into a Polish-Jewish family in Będzin, Poland. In 1932 he received the title of engineer in chemistry at the Warsaw University of Technology. In 1935 he emigrated to Palestine, where he joined his sister and cousin. In 1942 he defended his first Ph.D. dissertation in organic chemistry at Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
In 1945 he joined Michael Polanyi's research group at the University of Manchester in the UK. In 1947 he defended his second Ph.D. thesis, this time in physical chemistry. Two years later, he was awarded D.Sc. for work on measurements of energy distribution of chemical bonds, and was promoted to senior lecturer at the University of Manchester.
In 1952 Michael Szwarc moved to the United States and was a professor of physical chemistry and polymers at the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry in Syracuse. He created his own research team at SUNY, developing living polymerization techniques in accordance with his long-term program published in Nature in 1956, in which he introduced the living polymerization term for the first time. In 1964 he received a Distinguished Professor at SUNY, and in 1967 he founded the Center for Research Polymers, which he led until his retirement in 1979.
At SUNY he was a consultant for scientific projects conducted by Union Carbide, Dow Corning, Dow Chemical and 3M. After retirement he moved to Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute at USC, where he continued his scientific work, in collaboration with former students from SUNY. He focused on solving practical problems associated with the living polymerization techniques in the industry. He also wrote several books and monographs about polymer chemistry synthesis.
Michael Szwarc and his Polish wife, Marysia (Maria), had three children - a son and two daughters. He played piano and was a long-distance open water swimmer.

## Awards and memberships

* Fellow of The Royal Society (1966)
* Foreign member of Nobel Prize Committee (1968–72)
* The American Chemical Society Award: Witco Award in Polymer Chemistry (1969); Award of the Division of Polymer Chemistry (1990)
* Kyoto Prize(1991)
* International Award of the Plastics Engineers (1972)
* Gold Medal of Benjamin Franklin's Association (1978)
* Foreign member of Polish Academy of Sciences (1988)
* honoris causa' of: Leuven University (1974), Uppsala University, Pasteur Institute (1978), Jagiellonian University (2000)
# The April Witch

"The April Witch" is a 1952 fantasy short story by American writer Ray Bradbury.

## Plot summary

Cecy Elliott is a 17-year-old girl born into a magical family. She has the ability to assimilate with other living plants or animals. Purely benevolent and innocent in nature, Cecy tells her parents that she wishes to feel love, despite their warning that she will lose her magical abilities if she falls in love with a human. She accepts the risk and voyages to visit and drop into a girl, Ann. She within Ann goes to attend a dance with Tom, who had previously been involved with Ann. Tom is aware of Ann's inconsistent behaviour during the dance, and begins to see Cecy through the disguise. At the end, Cecy finds herself believing Tom is worth losing her powers, and so manages to communicate to him to come find her as she leaves Ann. The story ends with Tom’s fingers curling on a paper with Cecy’s address that she managed to write while in Ann’s form.

## Reception

Boucher and McComas described the story as one of Bradbury's "reassuringly lovely flights of fancy".

## Publication history

The story was included in several of Bradbury's short story collections:
* The Golden Apples of the Sun, 1953
* Twice 22, 1966
* The Stories of Ray Bradbury, 1980
* Ray Bradbury Collected Short Stories, 2001
This story was later assimilated into Bradbury's 2003 fix-up novel From the Dust Returned.
# Body swap

A body swap (also named mind swap, soul swap or brain swap) is a storytelling device seen in a variety of science fiction and supernatural fiction, in which two people (or beings) exchange minds and end up in each other's bodies.

## Description

There are different types of body swapping. For non-technology swapping, switches can be caused by magic items such as amulets, heartfelt wishes, or just strange quirks of the universe. The switches typically reverse after the subjects have expanded their world views, gained a new appreciation for each other's troubles by literally "walking in another's shoes" and/or caused sufficient amounts of farce. Notable examples include the books Vice Versa (1882) and Freaky Friday (1972), as well as the film versions of both.
Switches accomplished by technology, exempting gadgets advanced sufficiently to appear as magic, are the fare of mad scientists. Body-swapping devices are usually characterized by a highly experimental status, straps, helmets with many complicated cables that run to a central system and a tendency to direly malfunction before their effects can be reversed. Those without such means may resort to brain transplants. Such experiments can have overtones of horror or erotism.
Body swap is one of the mechanisms of accidental travel in fiction.

## Audiovisual effects

In media such as television and film, the device is an opportunity for two actors to temporarily play each other's characters, although in some cases, dialogue is dubbed by the original actors.