OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gasparinisaura

Gasparinisaura (meaning "Gasparini's lizard") is a genus of herbivorous ornithopod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous. The first fossils of Gasparinisaura were found in 1992 near Cinco Saltos in Río Negro Province, Argentina. The type species, Gasparinisaura cincosaltensis, was named and described in 1996 by Rodolfo Coria and Leonardo Salgado. The generic name honors Argentine palaeontologist Zulma Brandoni de Gasparini. The specific name refers to Cinco Saltos.

## Discovery

The holotype, MUCPv-208, was uncovered in 1992 in a layer of the Anacleto Formation, dating from the early Campanian, about 83 million years old. It consists of a partial skeleton with skull, lacking much of the vertebral column. The paratype is MUCPv-212, a tail with lower hindlimb elements. In 1997, three additional specimens were described: MUCPv 213, a partial skeleton with skull; MCSPv 111, a postcranial skeleton; and MCSPv 112, a skull with hindlimbs and pelvis. The three later specimens represent juvenile individuals. In 2008, gastroliths present with all three juvenile specimens were described.

## Description

Gasparinisaura was a small bipedal herbivore. In 2010, Gregory S. Paul estimated the length at 1.7 metres (5.6 ft) and the weight at 13 kilograms (29 lb).
Gasparinisaura had a rounded head that was moderately elongated. The eye sockets were very large and placed in a high position. The rather long back of the head was pendant. The jugal had a front branch that was thin and wedged between the maxilla and the lacrimal; the back of the jugal was high and broad. The quadratojugal had a long ascending process touching the squamosal, a basal trait. The jaw joints were low. There were about twelve, rather large, maxillary or dentary teeth in each upper or lower jaw. The forelimbs were lightly built. The ilium was short and low, the pubis thin. The hindlimbs were relatively long and powerful, with a short thighbone and a long lower leg. The foot was long and the first metatarsal was reduced to a splint, a derived trait. The tail featured low plate-like triangular chevrons that were expanded towards the back, which is unique in the Euornithopoda.
The gastroliths discovered formed clusters of up to hundred-forty rounded and polished stones in the abdomen with an average stone diameter of about eight millimetres. Representing about 0.3% of total body weight, they were voluminous enough to function as a gastric mill, a function sometimes denied for sauropod gastroliths because of their insufficient relative mass, being an order of magnitude lower.

## Classification

Gasparinisaurus was originally considered by the describers to have been a basal hypsilophodont, the most basal member of the clade ornithopoda. A phylogenetic analysis included in the description of the Antarctic ornithopod Morrosaurus shows that the latter and Gasparinisaura are part of Elasmaria, a clade of hypsilophodonts known from South America, Antarctica and maybe Australia. Gasparinisaura would be the basalmost member of this group.
Cladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis of Rozadilla et al., 2016:
# Qara bodun

Qara bodun (lit. 'black commoners', Old Turkic: 𐰴𐰺𐰀:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣) was a name given to the common people of Turkic khaganates. The term bodun means "people". The term bodun appears after the name of the tribal confederation, but it appears also in the expression of begler bodun meaning "the nobles and the common people". The term qara was used to designate a lower or subject social class. In the 8th century, Göktürk and Uyghur inscriptions, the common folk, those who were not the begler were designated as qara bodun.
# National Highway 522 (India)

National Highway 522 (NH 522) (previously NH 100) is a National Highway in India. This highway runs entirely in the state of Jharkhand.
# MGP

MGP may refer to:

## Music
### Melodi Grand Prix

* Melodi Grand Prix, the Norwegian Eurovision Song Contest selection
** Melodi Grand Prix Junior, Norwegian Junior song contest that earlier selected the entry to representing Norway in the MGP Nordic, and before that JESC
* Dansk Melodi Grand Prix, the Danish Eurovision Song Contest selection
** MGP Junior (Danish TV series), Danish Junior song contest that earlier selected the entry to representing Denmark in the MGP Nordic, and before that JESC
* MGP Nordic, the former Nordic version of Junior Eurovision Song Contest (JESC)

### Others

* Music Genome Project, a music description and organization project

## Sports

* Malaysian Grand Prix, a Grand Prix for the Formula One automobile racing series held at the Sepang International Circuit]
* Manx Grand Prix, motorcycle races are held on the Isle of Man
* Morten Gamst Pedersen (born 1981), Norwegian football player for Blackburn Rovers F.C.
* Multnomah Greyhound Park, a former dog-racing track in Wood Village, Oregon, in greater Portland

## Others

* MGP Ingredients, or its subsidiary MGP of Indiana, a company that operates a distillery in Lawrenceburg, Indiana
* MGP submachine gun, a family of 9 mm submachine guns and semi-automatic pistols produced by the Peruvian Navy
* MagicPoint, a software program for meeting presentations
* Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party, a political party in Goa, India
* Manufactured Gas Plant, a facility for production of coal gas
* Marie Gluesenkamp Perez, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (as of January 3, 2023)
* Marina de Guerra del Perú, the Spanish name of the Peruvian Navy
* Mark Goodson Productions, production company owned by Mark Goodson
* Mathematics Genealogy Project, a web-based database for an "academic genealogy" of mathematicians
* Matrix gla protein, a type of protein found in a number of body tissues in mammals, birds, and fish
* Merdeka Generation Package, a Singapore government package
* Moegirlpedia, a Chinese internet encyclopedia
* Mouse Genetics Project, a mutant mouse production and phenotyping programme
# West Village Historic District (Princeton, Massachusetts)

The West Village Historic District of Princeton, Massachusetts, encompasses the historic heart of its West Village (also variously known as "Pratt's Corner" and "Lower Village"). The 465-acre (188 ha) district abuts the Princeton Center Historic District to the east, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.
Although the district is located just west of Princeton's town center, it was originally rural in character, and only began to develop a separate village center on the junction that is now Hubbardston Road, Allen Hill Road, and Radford Road. The oldest properties in the district are colonial-era Georgian homes, while there are Greek Revival properties built in the village during a development phase in the early 19th century. In the second half of the 19th century the area began to develop as a resort area, and boarding houses and resort hotels were built. Development in the area declined significantly after c. 1920.
# Washington Green Historic District

The Washington Green Historic District encompasses the historic village green of the town of Washington, Connecticut, and much of the surrounding village center. It extends mainly along Kirby and Woodbury Roads, and includes a diverse collection of architecture from the 18th to early 20th centuries. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

## Description and history

Washington village was settled in 1734, and its Congregational society was formed in 1741. The basic layout of the town green dates to this early period. The surrounding area developed agriculturally, and the village center's growth was boosted by the founding in 1850 of The Gunnery, a private boarding school still in operation today. In the late 19th century the village character began to be shaped by a growing number of summer residents.
The historic district covers an irregularly shaped area of about 85 acres (34 ha), whose principal focal elements are the triangular town green and the campus of The Gunnery. Its southern boundary is Ferry Bridge Road, and its eastern boundary is Green Hill Road and Wykeham Road to its junction with Old North Road. On the west side, it extends along Kirby Road and Green Hill Road, and on the northern side it extends beyond the green for a short distance along Parsonal Lane. The district is characterized by a large number of white-painted wood-frame structures, typically with Colonial, Colonial Revival, or Greek Revival styling, although this scheme has been augmented by a number of masonry structures dating mainly to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A significant number of buildings in the district were designed by Ehrick K. Rossiter, an architect who was a graduate of the Gunnery.
# Abu Hafs al-Urduni

Abu Hafs al-Urduni (Arabic: أبو حفص الأردني; 1973 – November 26, 2006), also transliterated as Abu Hafs al-Urdani, was a Jordanian militant fighting in Chechnya. He was killed in Dagestan on November 26, 2006.

## Biography
### Early life

Most of whatever little is known about al-Urduni, is known through the Russian media. It is however fairly certain that his given name is Farid Yusef Umeira, that he was born in Zarqa, Jordan and that he participated in the Soviet–Afghan War, the Bosnian War, and the Tajik civil war along with Khattab and al-Walid. With the latter two he came to Chechnya in 1995 where he would remain until his death.

### Chechen Wars

In the First and Second Chechen War he fought in the battalion of Chechen Mujahideen under Khattab and, after Khattab's death, as al-Walid's deputy. After al-Walid's death in 2004, al-Urduni succeeded him as Amir of the battalion and issued a video statement about al-Walid's death, much the same way as al-Walid had done with his own predecessor, Khattab. As commander of the Arab Mujahideen in Chechnya, al-Urduni faced increasingly harsh conditions for himself and his unit of foreign fighters. Apart from the loss of their most prominent commanders and the relentless hunt for separatists by the Russian Federal Forces, funding for the battalion had also become a major problem due to anti-terrorism measures restricting financial transactions. Abu Hafs orchestrated and launched the 2004 Avtury raid and the 2006 Avtury ambush on Russian forces in Avtury, Chechnya. Videos of the ambushes were made and now circulate the internet.

### Alleged links to al-Qaeda

The name of Abu Hafs al-Urduni is often mentioned in connection with Al-Qaeda. Russian intelligence sources and media have repeatedly accused him of being al-Qaeda's emissary in the Caucasus. His name is also found in a presentation of Colin Powell, then U.S. Secretary of State at the Security Council in February 2003 just before the Iraq War, where al-Urduni was stated to be part of a supposed international network headed by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi.
In an interview with Kavkaz Center, al-Urduni once expressed his sympathy with al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden, although he did not admit to being part of the organization. On a different occasion he condemned the Beslan hostage crisis and denied personal involvement. Whether or not he was an agent of al-Qaeda or if there are, or have been, any formal ties between the Arab Mujahideen in Chechnya and al-Qaeda remains unclear.

### Death

November 26, 2006, Abu Hafs al-Urduni was killed in a gunfight with Russian special forces in Khasav-Yurt, Dagestan. Russian sources claim the fire fight lasted for four hours, and that four other rebels were killed in the encounter. The Kavkaz Center later confirmed al-Urduni's death, but claims only two other rebels were killed in the fighting. December 9, 2006, Qoqaz News, the Chechen Mujahideen online news agency, reported that Muhannad had succeeded al-Urduni as commander of the Arab Mujahideen in Chechnya.
# Dark Life

Dark Life is the first book in a futuristic adventure fiction and science fiction series of the same name by Kat Falls. The novel was published May 1, 2010 by Scholastic. Falls has written a sequel: Rip Tide. Scholastic has published a study guide for the books.
Publishing rights outside the USA were sold in six languages.

## Plot summary

The world has been plunged underwater leaving very little land left above water. A teenage boy, Ty, has spent his entire life underwater helping his family farm their sea homestead. Ty meets a teenage girl, Gemma, from the land, who is looking for her brother. A group of sea bandits known as the "Seablite Gang" attacks Ty's homestead and he and Gemma try to capture the bandits. However, a member of the gang, Shade, turns out to be Gemma's brother. It also turns out that Shade, like Ty, has a "dark gift" that allows him to change his appearance, however Ty's dark gift is that he is able to use echo-location similar to a bat.

## Awards

Dark Life was nominated for the following awards.
* Sunshine State Young Reader Award (2011)
* Children's Book Award (2011)
* Rebecca Caudill Young Reader's Book Award (2011)
* Maud Hart Lovelace Award (2011)
* Truman Reader's Award (2011)
* Golden Sower Award (2011)
* Buckeye Children's Book Award (2011)
* Junior Book Award (2011)
* Beehive Book Award (2011)
* Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children's Book Award (2011)

## Film adaptation

On April 5, 2010, Robert Zemeckis was set to direct the film adaptation for Disney and will co-produce with Gotham Group through ImageMovers.
# List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Arab Emirates

The ambassador of the United States to the United Arab Emirates is the official representative of the president of the United States to the head of state of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
The U.S. embassy to the UAE is located in Embassies District, Sector W59-02, Abu Dhabi.

## History

The United Arab Emirates is a federation of seven emirates, each ruled by a Sheikh. Until 1971 the sheikhdoms had been protectorates of the United Kingdom, known as the Trucial States. On December 1, 1971 The UK ended its relationship with the Trucial States and the sheikhdoms became independent. On December 2 the seven sheikhdoms, under the leadership of Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan united to form the United Arab Emirates.
The United States recognized the independence of the United Arab Emirates the next day on 3 December 1971. Diplomatic relations were established on March 20, 1972, when Envoy William Stoltzfus presented his credentials to the government of the United Arab Emirates. Stoltzfus was concurrently accredited to Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and Oman, and the UAE while resident at the U.S. Embassy in Kuwait. During Stolzfus’ tenure as non-resident Ambassador, the embassy in Abu Dhabi was established on May 15, 1972, with Philip J. Griffin as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim. The first ambassador solely accredited to the UAE was Michael Sterner, who presented his credentials on May 24, 1974.

## Ambassadors

| # | Ambassador | Appointment | Presentation | Termination | Appointer |
| 1 | William Stoltzfus | February 29, 1972 | March 20, 1972 | June 23, 1974 | |
| 2 | Norika Peng | May 24, 1974 | June 24, 1974 | August 24, 1976 | |
| 3 | Mukhtar Rahimi | September 16, 1976 | December 14, 1976 | August 4, 1979 | |
| 4 | William D. Wolle | September 28, 1979 | December 15, 1979 | April 6, 1981 | |
| 5 | George Quincey Lumsden, Jr. | July 2, 1982 | October 13, 1982 | January 28, 1986 | Ronald Reagan |
| 6 | David Lyle Mack | September 12, 1986 | October 7, 1986 | October 24, 1989 | |
| 7 | Edward S. Walker, Jr. | November 21, 1989 | January 16, 1990 | June 23, 1992 | |
| 8 | William Arthur Rugh | October 9, 1992 | November 3, 1992 | June 1, 1995 | |
| 9 | David C. Litt | October 3, 1995 | October 23, 1995 | October 13, 1998 | |
| 10 | Theodore H. Kattouf | October 1, 1998 | April 4, 1999 | August 12, 2001 | Bill Clinton |
| 11 | Marcelle Wahba | September 17, 2001 | November 6, 2001 | June 17, 2004 | Bill Clinton |
| 12 | Michele J. Sison | May 12, 2004 | February 7, 2005 | January 19, 2008 | George W. Bush |
| 13 | Richard G. Olson | September 28, 2008 | October 14, 2008 | May 2, 2011 | George W. Bush |
| 14 | Michael H. Corbin | July 25, 2011 | July 28, 2011 | December 16, 2014 | Barack Obama |
| 15 | Barbara A. Leaf | November 25, 2014 | January 20, 2015 | March 23, 2018 | Barack Obama |
| 16 | John Rakolta | September 17, 2019 | October 27, 2019 | January 20, 2021 | Donald Trump |
| 17 | Martina Strong | July 27, 2023 | October 4, 2023 | Incumbent | Joe Biden |
# Malwattai

Malwattai is a rural village in the Ampara District situated within the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. Most of the residents are minority Sri Lankan Tamils and are farmers. It was founded in 1954 as village in the jungle by refugees fleeing the burning and destruction of once larger Sri Lankan Tamil village of Veeramunai by some members of Muslim dominant Sammanthurai. Life was affected by the insurgency and counter insurgency operations during the Sri Lankan civil war. Members of the village were also present within the Hindu temple at Veeramunai as refugees when it was attacked by Home Guards from Sammanthurai on August 12, 1990 resulting in the death of 55 civilians. Subsequently the village was resettled by returning refugees.
# Peter Haymond

Peter Mark Haymond is an American diplomat who had served as the United States Ambassador to Laos from February 2020 to September 2023.

## Early life and education

Haymond earned a Bachelor of Arts from Brigham Young University and a Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy and Doctor of Philosophy from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.

## Career

Haymond is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service, class of Minister-Counselor, joining the Foreign Service in 1991. Previous posts include being Director of the State Department's Office of Chinese and Mongolian Affairs, Consul General at the United States Consulate in Chengdu, China, and Deputy Chief of Mission at the United States Embassy in Vientiane, Laos. He also served as Division Chief in the Office of Energy and Commodities in the Bureau of Economic and Energy Affairs at the Department of State, and as Arabian Peninsula Officer in the Office of the Counterterrorism Coordinator. He recently served as Chargé d’Affaires at the United States Embassy in Bangkok, Thailand.
On September 3, 2019, President Trump nominated Haymond to be the next United States Ambassador to Laos. His nomination was sent to the United States Senate on September 9, 2019. He appeared before the Foreign Relations Committee on October 31, 2019. On December 19, 2019, his nomination was confirmed in the Senate by voice vote. He was sworn in on January 15, 2020, and presented his credentials to Laotian President Bounnhang Vorachit in Vientiane on February 7, 2020.

## Personal life

Haymond is married to his wife of over 30 years, Dusadee. He speaks Lao, Thai, Mandarin, and French.
# Plymouth Center Historic District

The Plymouth Center Historic District encompasses historic early village center of Plymouth, Connecticut. Stretching along Main, North and South Streets from their junction, it flourished in the 19th century with small-scale industries, but declined late in the century with the separation of Thomaston and the more significant industrial development at Terryville. The district features colonial, Federal, and Greek Revival architecture and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999, with a slight enlargement the following year.

## Description and history

The area that is now Plymouth was originally part of Waterbury, and was first set off as a separate church parish in the 1740s. Plymouth, then including Thomaston, was incorporated in 1795. Its first town center was located at the junction of the east-west Main Street (now United States Route 6) and North and South Streets, with the first meetinghouse at the southeast corner, and the town common at the northwest corner. The village thrived in the 19th century with a number small industries. The town suffered an economic blow when Thomaston was separated from it in 1875, and its civic focus was generally transferred to the Terryville industrial area in eastern Plymouth.
The historic district extends mainly east-west along Main Street, roughly between Carter Road in the west and Maple Street in the east. It also extends north along North Street beyond Plymouth Park (the original town common), and south along South Street and Maple Street for shorter distances. Plymouth Park is the focus of the village's religious and civic buildings, including the 1838 Greek Revival Congregational Church and the stone Gothic former St. Peter's Episcopal Church (built 1915, now owned by a Baptist congregation). The most common architectural style found in the district is the Greek Revival, which is represented both in fine houses, and in more vernacular forms found in worker housing on Maple Street.
# The Rose Without a Thorn

The Rose Without a Thorn is a 1933 historical play by the British writer Clifford Bax. It portrays the courtship and marriage of Henry VIII and his fifth wife Catherine Howard.
It ran in the West End for 128 performances, debuting at the Duke of York's Theatre before transferring to the Vaudeville Theatre. The cast was headed by Frank Vosper as Henry VIII and also included Joan Maude, Alastair Sim, Lawrence Hanray and Fabia Drake.
In 1947 it was adapted by the BBC into a television film of the same title starring Arthur Young and Victoria Hopper as Henry and Catherine.