OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Japanese as a foreign language

Japanese as a foreign language is studied by foreigners in Japan and non-native speakers worldwide, including those with Japanese ancestry. Many major universities throughout the world provide Japanese language courses, and a number of secondary and even primary schools worldwide offer courses in the language.

## History

International interest in the Japanese language dates from the 19th century but has become more prevalent following Japan's economic bubble of the 1980s and the global popularity of Japanese popular culture (such as anime and video games) since the 1990s. In 1940, only 65 Americans not of Japanese descent were able to read, write and understand the language. As of 2015, more than 3.6 million people studied the language worldwide, primarily in East and Southeast Asia. Nearly one million Chinese, 745,000 Indonesians, 556,000 South Koreans and 357,000 Australians studied Japanese in lower and higher educational institutions. Between 2012 and 2015, considerable growth of learners originated in Australia (20.5%), Thailand (34.1%), Vietnam (38.7%) and the Philippines (54.4%).
As of 2017, more than 267,000 foreign students study at Japanese universities and Japanese language schools, including 107,260 Chinese, 61,670 Vietnamese and 21,500 Nepalese. In addition, local governments and some NPO groups provide free Japanese language classes for foreign residents, including Japanese Brazilians and foreigners married to Japanese nationals. In the United Kingdom, study of the Japanese language is supported by the British Association for Japanese Studies. In Ireland, Japanese is offered as a language in the Leaving Certificate in some schools.

## Standardized tests

The Japanese government provides standardized tests to measure spoken and written comprehension of Japanese for second language learners; the most prominent is the Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT), which features five levels of exams (changed from four levels in 2010), ranging from elementary (N5) to advanced (N1). The JLPT is offered twice a year. The Japanese External Trade Organization JETRO organizes the Business Japanese Proficiency Test which tests the learner's ability to understand Japanese in a business setting. The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, which took over the BJT from JETRO in 2009, announced in August 2010 that the test would be discontinued in 2011 due to financial pressures on the Foundation. However, it has since issued a statement to the effect that the test will continue to be available as a result of support from the Japanese government.
# Wheelchair basketball at the 1976 Summer Paralympics

Wheelchair basketball at the 1976 Summer Paralympics consisted of men's and women's team events.

## Medal summary

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's team details | United States (USA) | Israel (ISR) | France (FRA) |
| Women's team details | Israel (ISR) Rachel Tassa Esther Terry Hemda Shevah Ariela Mizan Malee Miller Ayala Milhan Margalit Peretz Zipora Rubin-Rosenbaum Batya Shvicky | West Germany (FRG) Silke Boll B. Eckert Gisela Hermes Isecke Ruth Lamsbach Rita Laux Stercken Martina Tschoetschel | Argentina (ARG) |
Source: Paralympic.org
# Mourning babbler

The mourning babbler (Pellorneum malaccense), previously the short-tailed babbler, is a species of bird in the ground babbler family Pellorneidae. It is found in the Malay Peninsula, Anambas Islands, Sumatra, Banyak Islands, Batu Islands, Riau Islands, Lingga Islands and the Natuna Islands. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with the glissando babbler (Pellorneum saturatum) and the leaflitter babbler (Pellorneum poliogene).
Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forests. The species is generally solitary, not joining larger mixed-species flocks, instead foraging as singles or pairs. They forage in the understory on the ground on a variety of insects including beetles, grasshoppers, and ants. Like other babblers they will use their foot to grasp food items, an unusual behaviour for passerine birds.
The mourning babbler is locally common at a number of places within its range but is considered near-threatened due to the loss of lowland forest in its range.

## Taxonomy

The mourning babbler was formally described in 1844 by the German ornithologist Gustav Hartlaub. He placed it with the shortwings in the genus Brachypteryx and coined the binomial name Brachypteryx malaccesis. He specified the type locality as Malacca in Malaysia. The species is placed in the genus Pellorneum that was introduced in 1832 by the English naturalist William Swainson. The glissando babbler (Pellorneum saturatum) and the leaflitter babbler (Pellorneum poliogene) were formerly considered to be subspecies but are now treated as separate species based on their significant vocal and genetic differences. The mourning babbler is considered to be monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.
# Romasanta (name)

Romasanta is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Joey Romasanta (born 1944), Filipino sports executive and president of the Philippine Olympic Committee
* Manuel Blanco Romasanta (né Manuela; 1809–1863), Spain's first recorded serial killer
# New Mexico State Road 572

State Road 572 (NM 572) is a 1.1-mile-long (1.8 km) state highway in the US state of New Mexico. NM 572's northern terminus is at NM 95, about .75 miles south of Rutheron, and the southern terminus is a continuation as NM 531 in La Puente.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Rio Arriba County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Rutheron | 0.000 | 0.000 | NM 95 | Northern terminus, south of Rutheron |
| La Puente | 1.100 | 1.770 | NM 531 / CR 340 | Southern terminus, continues as NM 531 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Max Smith (footballer)

Maxwell Henry Smith (21 December 1915 – 27 October 1941) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Smith died on 27 October 1941 as a result of an injury sustained while batting in a cricket match for Werribee South two days earlier. He was struck by a ball which deflected off the bat onto his temple. The ball was bowled by his younger brother Clive Smith, who later played football for North Melbourne.
# Pe'at Sadeh

Pe'at Sadeh (Hebrew: פְּאַת שָׂדֶה, lit. Mouth Field) was an Israeli settlement, in the Gaza Strip until 2005.

## History

Pe'at Sadeh was originally established in 1989 by a group of families on the 'Slav' Israel Defense Forces base in the southern end of Gush Katif and moved to its later site on an adjacent hill in 1993. It was one of the few 'mixed' settlements in Gush Katif settlement bloc which was predominantly Orthodox.
Its name is a reference to Pe'a (Hebrew: פאה), a form of Jewish charity in which the corner of a field, vineyard or orchard is left unharvested for the poor to come and take what they need. Sadeh is Hebrew for field.

## Unilateral disengagement

The 20 families, including at least 117 people, of Pe'at Sadeh were forcibly evicted from their homes by the IDF and Israeli Police as part of the Israel's unilateral disengagement plan in August 2005. Their houses and other structures were destroyed and the area was abandoned.
* This geography of the State of Palestine article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Weightlifting at the 1976 Summer Paralympics

Weightlifting at the 1976 Summer Paralympics consisted of six events for men.

## Participating nations

There were 43 male competitors representing 16 nations.
* Australia (2)
* Belgium (2)
* Brazil (3)
* Canada (2)
* Finland (2)
* France (5)
* Great Britain (6)
* Guatemala (2)
* Israel (2)
* New Zealand (3)
* Norway (2)
* Poland (1)
* Sweden (2)
* Switzerland (2)
* United States (6)
* West Germany (1)

## Medal summary
### Medal table

There were 18 medal winners representing nine nations.
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | United States (USA) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 2 | Israel (ISR) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 3 | Sweden (SWE) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 4 | Australia (AUS) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 5 | France (FRA) | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 6 | Great Britain (GBR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 7 | New Zealand (NZL) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 8 | Finland (FIN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 8 | Guatemala (GUA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (9 entries) | Totals (9 entries) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 |

### Men's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's light featherweight details | Shmuel Haimovitz Israel | Jean-Michel Barberane France | Terry Mason Australia |
| Men's featherweight details | Benny Nilsson Sweden | Joseph Ponnier France | Jose Rolando Guatemala |
| Men's lightweight details | Edward Coyle United States | Alex Eguers France | Reuben Ngata New Zealand |
| Men's middleweight details | Vic Renalson Australia | Aoudmond France | Richard Taurer United States |
| Men's light heavyweight details | Abraham Strauch Israel | R. Rowe Great Britain | Fred Creba New Zealand |
| Men's heavyweight details | Jon Brown United States | Bengt Lindberg Sweden | Aimo Sohlmann Finland |
# Connecticut Route 73

Route 73 is an east–west state highway in Connecticut connecting the town center of Watertown to the Route 8 expressway in Waterbury via the village of Oakville. The road is classified as an urban principal arterial road and carries traffic volumes of about 16,400 vehicles per day.

## Route description

Route 73 begins at an intersection with Route 63 in the town center of Watertown. It begins as Main Street, splitting off to the east from Route 63. It travels east southeast, crossing over Steele Brook, into the Oakville section of town. In Oakville, it has a junction with Buckingham Street, an unsigned state road linking Route 73 to Route 262. Route 73 soon enters the city limits of Waterbury as Watertown Avenue, crossing over Steele Brook again. East of the intersection with Irvington Avenue, Route 73 widens to four lanes. After about 0.2 miles (0.32 km), Route 73 leaves Watertown Avenue and becomes a freeway for its final 0.6-mile (0.97 km) length. Route 73 ends as it merges with southbound Route 8 (at Exit 31).

## History

In 1922, the route between Watertown center and downtown Waterbury via the village of Oakville was designated as a secondary state highway known as State Highway 339. In the 1932 state highway renumbering, old Highway 339 was renumbered to Route 73. At that time, the Route 8 expressway had not yet been built and Route 73 had a slightly different alignment in Waterbury. Originally, Route 73 entered Waterbury on Watertown Avenue as it does today. However, east of Windsor Street, instead of heading directly onto the Route 8 expressway, Route 73 continued to follow Watertown Avenue southeast to West Main Street then turned east along West Main Street to end at the intersection with Thomaston Avenue, which was the original alignment of Route 8. In the 1960s, there were plans to build a short freeway connector between Route 8 in Waterbury and the Route 63/US 6 junction in Watertown. As part of this plan, a partial interchange was built for Route 73, which opened in 1968. Route 73 was soon relocated to the freeway approach and ramps. The original route into downtown Waterbury became an unsigned state highway with designation State Road 846. However, no additional construction or right of way acquisition has taken place since then and the Route 73 freeway had been removed from the state's long range transportation plans since the mid-1970s.

## Junction list

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Litchfield | Watertown | 0.00 | 0.00 | Route 63 – Middlebury, Litchfield | Western terminus |
| Litchfield | Watertown | 1.20 | 1.93 | Buckingham Street (SR 855 north) | |
| New Haven | Waterbury | 2.85 | 4.59 | Watertown Avenue (SR 846 south) | |
| Western end of freeway section ||
| New Haven | Waterbury | 3.46 | 5.57 | Route 8 south – Bridgeport | Eastern terminus; exit 31 on Route 8 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||||
# El Pino (Aller)

El Pino is one of 18 parishes (administrative divisions) in Aller, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.
The altitude is 660 m (2,170 ft) above sea level. It is 87.89 km$^2$ (33.93 sq mi) in size with a population of 871 (INE 2008).

## Villages

* Los Coḷḷaínos
* Cuevas
* Felechosa
* El Fielato
* El Pino
* La Pola Vieya / Pola del Pino
* La Raya (Spanish Puerto San Isidro)
* Roseco
* Rufrío
# Newmarket Saints

The Newmarket Saints were a minor league hockey team in Newmarket, Ontario. It played in the American Hockey League from 1986 to 1991 as the farm team of the Toronto Maple Leafs at the Ray Twinney Complex.
After the 1985–86 season, the Toronto Maple Leafs moved their top affiliate from St. Catharines to the Ray Twinney Complex, a recently built arena in Newmarket, north of Toronto.
However, the Ray Twinney Complex was nowhere near adequate for an AHL team, and Newmarket itself was too small at the time for the team to be viable. These factors, combined with the team being barely competitive (only one winning season), led the Leafs to move the Saints to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador for the 1991–92 season where they became the St. John's Maple Leafs. The void in Newmarket would be filled by the Newmarket Royals, of the OHL.
The franchise was replaced by:
* OHL Newmarket Royals (1991–1994) - moved from Cornwall, now Sarnia Sting
* OHA Junior A Newmarket Hurricanes

## Alumni

Former players include:
* Tim Bernhardt
* Allan Bester
* Tie Domi
* Alan Hepple
* John Kordic
* Garry Lariviere
* Bob McGill
* Chris McRae
* Barry Melrose
* Jim Ralph
* Jeff Reese

## Season-by-season results
### Regular season

| Season | Games | Won | Lost | Tied | OTL | Points | Goals for | Goals against | Standing |
| 1986–87 | 80 | 28 | 48 | — | 4 | 60 | 226 | 337 | 7th, South |
| 1987–88 | 80 | 33 | 33 | 8 | 6 | 80 | 282 | 328 | 6th, South |
| 1988–89 | 80 | 38 | 36 | 6 | — | 82 | 339 | 334 | 4th, South |
| 1989–90 | 80 | 31 | 33 | 16 | — | 78 | 305 | 318 | 5th, South |
| 1990–91 | 80 | 26 | 45 | 9 | — | 61 | 278 | 317 | 8th, South |

### Playoffs

| Season | 1st round | 2nd round | Finals |
| 1986–87 | Out of Playoffs | Out of Playoffs | Out of Playoffs |
| 1987–88 | Out of Playoffs | Out of Playoffs | Out of Playoffs |
| 1988–89 | L, 1–4, Adirondack | — | — |
| 1989–90 | Out of Playoffs | Out of Playoffs | Out of Playoffs |
| 1990–91 | Out of Playoffs | Out of Playoffs | Out of Playoffs |

## Team records
### Single Season

    Goals: Marty Dallman 50
    Assists: Wes Jarvis 59
    Points: Marty Dallman 89
    Penalty Minutes: Tie Domi 187
    GAA: Allan Bester 2.87
    SV%: Serafin Fernandez .927

### Career

    Career Goals:
    Career Assists:
    Career Points:
    Career Penalty Minutes:
    Career Goaltending Wins:
    Career Shutouts:
    Career Games:
# New Mexico State Road 597

State Road 597 (NM 597) is a 0.447-mile-long (719 m) state highway located entirely on the Navajo Nation in San Juan County, New Mexico, United States. The highway serves to link U.S. Route 160 (US 160) to the Four Corners Monument. The highway is the second shortest highway in New Mexico; the shortest is NM 446 at 0.250 miles (402 m).

## Route description

NM 597 begins at a T-intersection with US 160 in extreme northwestern San Juan County. Traveling northwesterly, the two-lane highway passes through desert terrain to its northern terminus at a toll booth. After passing the toll booth, the road becomes 4 Corners Road, that leads up to Four Corners Monument. The highway's posted speed limit is 15 miles per hour (24 km/h).
The highway is the second shortest highway in New Mexico; the shortest is NM 446 at 0.250 miles (402 m).

## Major intersections

The entire route is in San Juan County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| ​ | 0.000 | 0.000 | US 160 – Teec Nos Pos, Cortez | Southern terminus |
| ​ | 0.447 | 0.719 | Four Corners Monument | Northern terminus; road continues as 4 Corners Road |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Soft tennis at the 1990 Asian Games

Soft tennis was contested as a demonstration sport at the 1990 Asian Games. The competition took place from 24 to 30 September 1990. All events were held at the Beijing International Tennis Center in Beijing, China.
Japan topped the medal table winning two gold medals.

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's doubles | Japan Akihiro Uematsu Motoji Ohashi | South Korea Jang Han-sub Lee Suk-woo | South Korea Kim Sung-soo Chang Bong-hoon |
| Men's doubles | Japan Akihiro Uematsu Motoji Ohashi | South Korea Jang Han-sub Lee Suk-woo | Japan Hiromi Tsunori Ichiro Uchida |
| Men's team | Chinese Taipei | Japan | South Korea |
| Men's team | Chinese Taipei | Japan | China |
| Women's doubles | South Korea Oh Mi-sun Lee Ahn-sun | Japan Kayo Tokunaga Izumi Kobayashi | Japan Reiko Sahashi Chiharu Sadamoto |
| Women's doubles | South Korea Oh Mi-sun Lee Ahn-sun | Japan Kayo Tokunaga Izumi Kobayashi | Japan Mayumi Munemori Ritsuko Shiozaki |
| Women's team | Japan | South Korea | China |
| Women's team | Japan | South Korea | Chinese Taipei |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Japan (JPN) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 |
| 2 | South Korea (KOR) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 3 | Chinese Taipei (TPE) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | China (CHN) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Totals (4 entries) | Totals (4 entries) | 4 | 4 | 8 | 16 |

## Results
### Men's team
#### Preliminary round
##### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | MF | MA | MD | KOR | CHN | PHI | NEP |
| 1 | South Korea | 3 | 3 | 0 | 9 | 0 | +9 | — | 3–0 | 3–0 | 3–0 |
| 2 | China | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 3 | +3 | 0–3 | — | 3–0 | 3–0 |
| 3 | Philippines | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | −3 | 0–3 | 0–3 | — | 3–0 |
| 4 | Nepal | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 9 | −9 | 0–3 | 0–3 | 0–3 | — |

##### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | MF | MA | MD | JPN | TPE | THA | SIN |
| 1 | Japan | 3 | 3 | 0 | 8 | 1 | +7 | — | 2–1 | 3–0 | 3–0 |
| 2 | Chinese Taipei | 3 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2 | +5 | 1–2 | — | 3–0 | 3–0 |
| 3 | Thailand | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 7 | −5 | 0–3 | 0–3 | — | 2–1 |
| 4 | Singapore | 3 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 8 | −7 | 0–3 | 0–3 | 1–2 | — |

#### Knockout round

| Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| South Korea | 1 | | |
| Chinese Taipei | 2 | Chinese Taipei | 3 |
| Japan | 3 | Japan | 0 |
| China | 0 | | |

### Women's team
#### Preliminary round
##### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | MF | MA | MD | JPN | TPE | SIN |
| 1 | Japan | 2 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0 | +6 | — | 3–0 | 3–0 |
| 2 | Chinese Taipei | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0–3 | — | 3–0 |
| 3 | Singapore | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 6 | −6 | 0–3 | 0–3 | — |

##### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | MF | MA | MD | KOR | CHN | THA | MAL |
| 1 | South Korea | 3 | 3 | 0 | 9 | 0 | +9 | — | 3–0 | 3–0 | 3–0 |
| 2 | China | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 3 | +3 | 0–3 | — | 3–0 | 3–0 |
| 3 | Thailand | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | −3 | 0–3 | 0–3 | — | 3–0 |
| 4 | Malaysia | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 9 | −9 | 0–3 | 0–3 | 0–3 | — |

#### Knockout round

| Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| Japan | 3 | | |
| China | 0 | Japan | 2 |
| South Korea | 3 | South Korea | 1 |
| Chinese Taipei | 0 | | |
# Ann and Robert H. Lurie Foundation

Ann and Robert H. Lurie Family Foundation was incorporated in 1986 (39 years ago) (1986) and, in 2000, the name was changed to Ann and Robert H. Lurie Foundation. The Foundation was established by Chicagoans Robert H. Lurie, a real estate and investment magnate who died from colon cancer in 1990, at age 48, and his wife, Ann, who died from brain cancer in 2024, aged 79.
Ann's charitable contributions have been made both individually and through the Foundation. These include endowing the Robert H. Lurie Engineering Center and the Lurie Tower and The Samuel Zell and Robert H. Lurie Institute for Entrepreneurial Studies, as well as funding building and equipment costs for the Biomedical Engineering and Nanofabrication facilities, all at the University of Michigan campus in Ann Arbor; endowing The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, funds to build and support the Robert H. Lurie Research Center and for numerous other education, healthcare and research initiatives at Northwestern; $100 million to build Ann & Robert H.Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago; a $10 million endowment to maintain the Lurie Garden at Millennium Park in Chicago; multi-year support for the former AID Village Clinics, a comprehensive healthcare initiative in rural Kenya; funding to build 30 rural schools in Ethiopia; and support for the research and advocacy work of Human Rights Watch in the Horn of Africa.
# Robert Phelips (Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster)

Robert Phelips (1 February 1619 – 21 June 1707) was a Royalist officer during the English Civil War. After the Restoration he was a Member of Parliament, and from 25 May 1687 until 21 March 1689 Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.

## Early life

Phelips was the second son of Sir Robert Phelips of Montacute House and his wife Bridget Gorges, daughter of Sir Thomas Gorges of Longford, Wiltshire. He was educated at Wadham College, Oxford, from 1634 to 1637 and entered Inner Temple in 1637.

## Civil War and Interregnum

Like his elder brother Edward Phelips Phelips became an officer in the Royalist army during the English Civil War. He was a colonel of horse in the Royalist army from 1643. He was present at the siege of Wardour Castle in late 1643 where he was opposed by his friend Edmund Ludlow. In 1645 he was captured at Bridgwater, Somerset. He held little property and was not brought before the committee for compounding. In 1649 he was one of the leaders of the western association, and helped Charles II to escape after the Battle of Worcester.
In 1653 he planned to support a royalist invasion by capturing a seaport to be used as a beachhead, but was arrested. He escaped and went abroad to the Court in exile, revisiting England once in disguise. He was appointed groom of the bedchamber to the Duke of Gloucester in 1656 until the Duke's death in 1660.

## Post Restoration

Phelips became a Freeman of Portsmouth in April 1660 and was warden of Salcey Forest, Northamptonshire from July to August 1660. He became groom of the bedchamber to King Charles in 1661 with a salary of £500 a year. Also in 1661, he was called to the bar and was elected Member of Parliament for Stockbridge in the Cavalier Parliament. He was a commissioner for assessment for Surrey from 1661 to 1664 and for Wiltshire from 1661 to 1669, and a commissioner for loyal and indigent officers for London, Westminster and Somerset in 1662. He became involved with Samuel Sandys' fenland reclamation and was commissioner for sewers for the Bedford level from 1662 to 1663 and conservator for the Bedford level from 1663 to 1665, from 1666 to 1667 and from 1669 to 1670, In 1671 he was commissioner for encroachments at Windsor. He was elected MP for Andover in 1685. From 1685 to 1687 he was privy seal and commissioner for the great wardrobe. He was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 25 May 1687 until 21 March 1689.
Phelips died at the age of 88 and was buried in Bath Abbey.

## Family

Phelips married his cousin Agneta Gorges, daughter of Sir Robert Gorges of Redlynch, sometime before 1653. They had two sons and three daughters.