OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Maryland Route 86

Maryland Route 86 (MD 86) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Lineboro Road, the state highway runs 4.00 miles (6.44 km) from MD 30 in Manchester north to the Pennsylvania state line in Lineboro, where the highway continues as Pennsylvania Route 516 (PA 516). MD 86 was constructed in the late 1920s; the MD 30 junction was reconfigured due to residential development around 2008.

## Route description

MD 86 begins at an intersection with MD 30 (Hanover Pike) on the north side of the town of Manchester. A left turn is prohibited from southbound MD 30 to northbound MD 86; southbound MD 30 traffic has to use municipally-maintained Hallie Avenue to access MD 86. MD 86 heads northeast as a two-lane undivided road through farmland just south of the parallel Dug Hill Ridge and north of a tributary of the South Branch of Gunpowder Falls. The tributary passes under the state highway and enters the South Branch just south of MD 86's intersection with Water Tank Road, where MD 86 crosses the South Branch. The state highway continues northeast as the main street of the village of Lineboro. MD 86 crosses over the North Branch of Gunpowder Falls and heads across CSX's Hanover Subdivision railroad line at-grade while passing through the Lineboro Historic District. The state highway reaches its northern terminus at the Pennsylvania state line, where Lineboro Road continues northeast as PA 516 toward Glen Rock.

## History

The first 1-mile (1.6 km) concrete section of MD 86 was constructed from Manchester in 1925. A second section was completed in 1928. MD 86 was completed as a concrete road through Lineboro to the Pennsylvania state line in 1929 and 1930. Around 2008, in conjunction with the construction of residential subdivisions, the MD 30–MD 86 intersection was modified to prohibit left turns from MD 30 to MD 86 to improve traffic flow on MD 30. The possibility of turning the intersection into a right-in/right-out intersection allowing access to and from MD 86 only from northbound MD 30 was considered but postponed for further study. The right-in/right-out configuration may be implemented in the future, which would require both directions of traffic between MD 86 and southbound MD 30 to use Hallie Avenue as a connector.

## Junction list

The entire route is in Carroll County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Manchester | 0.00 | 0.00 | MD 30 (Hanover Pike) – Hanover | Southern terminus; no direct access from southbound MD 30 to northbound MD 86 |
| Lineboro | 4.00 | 6.44 | PA 516 north (Lineboro Road) – Glen Rock | Pennsylvania state line; northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Incomplete access |||||
# Benjamin Hardin

Benjamin Hardin (February 29, 1784 – September 24, 1852) was a United States representative from Kentucky. Martin Davis Hardin was his cousin.

## Biography

Hardin was born at the Georges Creek settlement on the Monongahela River, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania and then moved with his parents to Washington County, Kentucky in 1788. He attended the schools of Nelson and Washington Counties, Kentucky before studying law. Admitted to the bar in 1806, he commenced practice in Elizabethtown and Bardstown, Nelson County, Kentucky, and then settled in Bardstown, Kentucky in 1808. He owned slaves.
Hardin was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1810, 1811, 1824, and 1825 and served in the Kentucky Senate 1828–1832. He was elected as a Republican to the Fourteenth Congress (March 4, 1815 – March 3, 1817) and reelected as a Republican to the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Congresses (March 4, 1819 – March 3, 1823). He was elected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth Congresses (March 4, 1833 – March 3, 1837).
After leaving Congress, Hardin served as the Secretary of State of Kentucky 1844–1847. He served as a member of the Kentucky constitutional convention in 1849.

## Death and interment

Hardin died in Bardstown, Kentucky in 1852 and was buried in the family burying ground near Springfield, Kentucky.
# Lehman's laws of software evolution

In software engineering, the laws of software evolution refer to a series of laws that Lehman and Belady formulated starting in 1974 with respect to software evolution. The laws describe a balance between forces driving new developments on one hand, and forces that slow down progress on the other hand. Over the past decades the laws have been revised and extended several times.

## Context

Observing that most software is subject to change in the course of its existence, the authors set out to determine laws that these changes will typically obey, or must obey for the software to survive.
In his 1980 article, Lehman qualified the application of such laws by distinguishing between three categories of software:
* An S-program is written according to an exact specification of what that program can do. For example, a program to find solutions to the eight queens puzzle would be an S-program. These programs are mostly static and shouldn't evolve much.
* A P-program is written to implement certain procedures that completely determine what the program can do (the example mentioned is a program to play chess)
* An E-program is written to perform some real-world activity; how it should behave is strongly linked to the environment in which it runs, and such a program needs to adapt to varying requirements and circumstances in that environment
The laws are said to apply only to the last category of systems.

## The laws

All told, eight laws were formulated:
* (1974) "Continuing Change" — an E-type system must be continually adapted or it becomes progressively less satisfactory.
* (1974) "Increasing Complexity" — as an E-type system evolves, its complexity increases unless work is done to maintain or reduce it.
* (1974) "Self Regulation" — E-type system evolution processes are self-regulating with the distribution of product and process measures close to normal.
* (1978) "Conservation of Organisational Stability (invariant work rate)" — the average effective global activity rate in an evolving E-type system is invariant over the product's lifetime.
* (1978) "Conservation of Familiarity" — as an E-type system evolves, all associated with it, developers, sales personnel and users, for example, must maintain mastery of its content and behaviour to achieve satisfactory evolution. Excessive growth diminishes that mastery. Hence the average incremental growth remains invariant as the system evolves.
* (1991) "Continuing Growth" — the functional content of an E-type system must be continually increased to maintain user satisfaction over its lifetime.
* (1996) "Declining Quality" — the quality of an E-type system will appear to be declining unless it is rigorously maintained and adapted to operational environment changes.
* (1996) "Feedback System" (first stated 1974, formalised as law 1996) — E-type evolution processes constitute multi-level, multi-loop, multi-agent feedback systems and must be treated as such to achieve significant improvement over any reasonable base.
# Soli (Mina song)

"Soli" is a song recorded by Italian singer Mina. The song was written by Franco Castellano, Giuseppe Moccia and Bruno Canfora as the final theme of the TV program Studio Uno. Released as a single, the song entered the top 10 of the Italian chart. The song "Un bacio è troppo poco" was used as the B-side. None of the songs were included on any of Mina's studio albums.
In 1965, Mina recorded "Soli" in Turkish as "Neden yildizlar" with adapted lyrics by Sezen Cumhur Önal.

## Track listing
### 7" single

    A. "Soli" – 3:00
    B. "Un bacio è troppo poco" (Antonio Amurri, Bruno Canfora) – 3:14

## Charts

Chart performance for "Soli" :
| Chart (1965) | Peak position |
| Argentina (CAPIF) | 3 |
| Italy (Musica e dischi) | 9 |
| Spain (GEFIIF) | 12 |
Chart performance for "Un bacio è troppo poco" :
| Chart (1965) | Peak position |
| Italy (Musica e dischi) | 9 |
# Massachusetts Route 120

Route 120 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The highway runs 2.32 miles (3.73 km) from the Rhode Island state line east to U.S. Route 1 (US 1) within North Attleborough in western Bristol County. Route 120 connects North Attleborough with Cumberland, Rhode Island.

## Route description

Route 120 begins at the Rhode Island state line in the town of North Attleborough. The highway continues west as Rhode Island Route 120 into the town of Cumberland. The route heads east as two-lane Hickory Road, which crosses the Sevenmile River. Route 120's name changes to Hoppin Hill Road at the town road of that name, then it crosses the Hoppin Hill Reservoir. The highway reaches its eastern terminus at a four-way intersection with South Washington Street and East Washington Street south of downtown North Attleborough. US 1 heads south on South Washington Street and northeast on East Washington Street to bypass the town center, and South Washington Street north of the intersection is a town road through the town center.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in North Attleborough, Bristol County.
| mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | Route 120 west – Cumberland | Continuation into Rhode Island |
| 2.32 | 3.73 | US 1 (Washington Street) – Attleboro, Boston, Providence, RI | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||
# Solid surface material

Solid surface material, also known as solid surface composite, is a man-made material usually composed of a combination of alumina trihydrate (ATH), acrylic, epoxy or polyester resins and pigments. It is most frequently used for seamless countertop installations.
A solid surface material was first introduced by DuPont in 1967 under the name of Corian. Since the expiration of their patent other manufacturers have entered the market with their own branded products. These include Hi-Macs by LX Hausys, Hanex Solid Surface by Hyundai L&C, Staron by Lotte Chemical and Velstone.

## History and characteristics

DuPont created and marketed the first solid surface material in 1967, trademarked as Corian. The product was invented by DuPont biochemist Don Slocum that year, and was patented in 1968. Corian consists of a blend of alumina trihydrate, acrylic resin and various pigments. Originally marketed as a countertop material for both residential and commercial applications, it has since been used in many other applications including furniture.
Other companies introduced competing products of greater or lesser similarity. Competitors included Gibraltar, Fountainhead, Avonite, Hanex, HiMacs, Staron and Surrell. Some of these brands used different resins such as polyester which have different performance characteristics and some are no longer on the market. Solid surface materials are usually approximately 70% aluminum trihydrate.
Solid surface materials are available in a wide variety of colors and patterns. Some of the patterns emulate granite and marble, while other patterns are original. The most common thickness is 1/2" (13 mm) although other thicknesses are available for other applications, such as tub and shower surrounds.
These products are non-porous, sanitary, moderately heat resistant and repairable. Versions of solid surface materials based on acrylic resins can be thermoformed into components of various curved shapes.

## Fabrication and installation

Standards for properly working with solid surface materials are well established within the construction industry. These include procedures for creating inconspicuous seams, built-up decorative edges and various styles of backsplashes, and for installing sinks, including integral solid surface sinks. The use of power tools with solid surface materials generates airborne dust, but any effect on health from exposure is poorly understood; one death from pulmonary fibrosis was reported in 2014 in association with long-term exposure.
# Heshana Qaghan

Heshana Qaghan or Heshana Khagan (Chinese: 曷娑那可汗, (Pinyin): hésuōnà kěhàn, (Wade-Giles): ho-so-na k'o-han, Middle Chinese (Guangyun) or 曷薩那可汗/曷萨那可汗, hésànà kěhàn, ho-sa-na k'o-han; at one point known as Chuluo Kehan (處羅可汗/处罗可汗) and Nijue Chuluo Khagan (泥厥處羅可汗/泥厥处罗可汗), personal name Ashina Daman (阿史那達漫/阿史那达漫, āshǐnà dámàn, a-shih-na ta-man) - was the second khagan of the Western Turkic Khaganate. He was the son of Niri Qaghan. He appeared as Čôl χâɣân in The Provincial Capitals of Iran.

## Reign

Not much is known about his reign. He appointed lesser khagans.
He was said to be collecting excessive taxes from the Tiele, leading to resentment among the tribes of the Tiele. Khagan thus suspected the Tiele chieftains and, on one occasion, gathered some 100 Tiele chieftains and slaughtered them. Tiele thereafter rebelled and supported Geleng (歌楞), the chieftain of the Qibi (契苾), as the Yiwuzhenmohe Khan (易勿真莫賀可汗). They also supported Yishibo as Yiedie Khan, as a subordinate khan under Geleng. About 605 Tiele rebels drove him from Dzungaria to the Ili River area.
Pei Ju suggested forming an alliance with khagan's subordinate Sheguy, who had been requesting to marry a Sui princess. Emperor Yang agreed and subsequently, Sheguy attacked khagan, defeating him and forcing him to flee to Gaochang. Emperor Yang then sent Pei to Gaochang to persuade Daman to come to Sui. Khagan refused at first. However, after being threatened that his mother would be killed, he had to agree. He subsequently stayed in China and did not return to his own land. Emperor Yang, pleased with this development, awarded Pei with a sable coat and jewels that Daman offered as tribute.
In 611, he was created Heshana Khagan (曷薩那可汗) by imperial decree and was married to a Chinese princess.
By 619, he was no longer in control of his khaganate and was at Chang'an, the capital of China's Tang dynasty, when Emperor Gaozu of Tang, giving in to Shibi khagan's pressure, had him delivered to Eastern Turk emissaries to be executed.
He was survived by two sons who were in service of the Tang dynasty thereafter.
# LaCale London

LaCale London (born August 5, 1997) is an American professional football nose tackle for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Western Illinois and was signed by the Chicago Bears as an undrafted free agent in 2020.

## Early years

LaCale London was born on August 5, 1997, in Peoria, Illinois. He attended Peoria High School there, earning all-conference and defensive player of the year honors. After graduating, London spent one year at Iowa Central Community College, playing in six games as a freshman and recording 32 tackles. He also made six quarterback sacks.

## College career

London later transferred to Western Illinois University, playing in all eleven games in 2018. He recorded 23 tackles and 3.5 sacks, earning him a place on the Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVCF) All-Newcomer team. As a senior in 2019, London started all twelve games and tied for second in the MVCF with three forced fumbles. He totaled 45 tackles, earning him second-team All-MVCF honors by Phil Steele.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables :
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press |
| 6 ft 3+5⁄8 in (1.92 m) | 297 lb (135 kg) | 32+1⁄2 in (0.83 m) | 9+3⁄8 in (0.24 m) | 5.16 s | 1.71 s | 2.72 s | 4.85 s | 34.0 in (0.86 m) | 9 ft 4 in (2.84 m) | 25 reps |
| All values from Pro Day |||||||||||

### Chicago Bears

After going unselected in the 2020 NFL draft, London was signed by the Chicago Bears as an undrafted free agent. He was released at roster cuts but later re-signed to the practice squad. He spent the entire 2020 season on the practice squad, and did not see any playing time.
London was placed on injured reserve to start the 2021 season, but was released with an injury settlement on September 8. He was re-signed to the practice squad on November 2, and activated in December. He made his NFL debut on December 20, playing on one snap in a loss versus the Minnesota Vikings. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Bears on January 11, 2022. He was waived on August 23, 2022.

### St. Louis BattleHawks

On November 17, 2022, London was drafted by the St. Louis BattleHawks of the XFL. After posting two forced fumbles in a win over the Seattle Sea Dragons, he was named the XFL Defensive Player of the Week. He was released from his contract on May 15, 2023.

### Atlanta Falcons

On May 16, 2023, London signed with the Atlanta Falcons. He was waived on August 29, 2023, and re-signed to the practice squad. On October 24, 2023, the Falcons signed London to the active roster. He was placed on injured reserve on November 1. He was activated on December 16.
London was waived by the Falcons on August 27, 2024, and re-signed to the practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract on January 17, 2025.
# Thomas William Lockwood

Thomas William Lockwood (Q2 1863 - 21 December 1939) was an English-born international rugby union forward who played club rugby for Newport and international rugby for Wales. Lockwood also played regional rugby for both Cheshire and Middlesex. His father was notable architect Thomas Lockwood.

## Rugby career

Lockwood began his rugby career playing in England, and represented both Richmond and Birkenhead Park, the later of which he captained. On moving to Wales, Lockwood joined first class Welsh team, Newport. While playing for Newport, Lockwood was selected to represent the Welsh team, playing three games for the country, all during the 1887 Home Nations Championship. His first game, played alongside fellow Newport team mates Tom Clapp, Charlie Newman and brothers Bob and Arthur Gould, saw Wales draw against England. Lockwood was reselected for the match against Scotland, which saw Wales thoroughly beaten; Scotland running in 14 tries without reply. In his final international match Wales beat Ireland at Birkenhead Park.
In 1889, Lockwood was back in England and was part of the Middlesex County team who faced the first international touring side, the New Zealand Natives. Lockwood played the New Zealanders a second time, but on this occasion he represented London Welsh. The game was played at the Athletic Ground in Richmond, with the Māoris winning 2-1, the Welsh try coming from future Wales international Abel Davies.

### International matches played

Wales
* England 1887
* Ireland 1887
* Scotland 1887
# HR 3562

HR 3562 (HD 76566) is a visual binary consisting of a bluish-white hued variable star and a Sun-like secondary star in the southern constellation of Vela. It has the variable-star designation IY Velorum (abbreviated to IY Vel). With an apparent magnitude of 6.26, the brighter primary is near the limit for naked eye visibility. The fainter companion has an apparent magnitude of 12.639 and can be observed with a telescope with an aperture of 76 mm or wider. It is located approximately 373 parsecs (1,220 ly) distant according to Gaia EDR3 parallax measurements, and is receding away from the Solar System at a heliocentric radial velocity of 22.0 km/s.

## HR 3562A

This is a hot, luminous B-type subgiant (spectral type B3IV) with a mass of 5.644 M$_☉$ and a radius of 5.648 R$_☉$. It radiates 832 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 16,982 K (16,709 °C; 30,108 °F), almost three times hotter than the Sun (5,772 K). It is thought to be very young at around 36-38 million years old.
In 1982, Burki et al. reported that the star showed pulsations with multiple periods, namely 1.97 days, 1.73 days, and 1.66 days, all with amplitudes of several mmag that produce a combined peak-to-peak amplitude of about 0.04 mag. As such, they categorized the star as a multiperiodic slowly pulsating B-type star (SPB). In 1986, however, Balona & Laing were only able to confirm one major period of 2.22 days. Due to the small projected rotational velocity, they classified it as a rotating ellipsoidal variable instead, which would have been indicative of a close binary with an orbital period of 4.44 days. Further observations were conducted by Balona, who, in 1994, changed his position and concluded that the star was indeed a SPB, having discovered that the 2.22 day period he previously found was actually the mean of three distinct periods at 1.9566 days, 2.1072 days, and 2.4563 days. It shows similarities to HR 2680, another SPB.

## HR 3562B

HR 3562 was first discovered to be a double star by John Herschel in 1836. In 2001, it was confirmed that this was a physical binary system rather than an optical double i.e., a pair of unrelated stars closely aligned by chance. The pair are spaced 10,024 AU (0.15850 ly) apart, based on the separation of 35.0 arcseconds. This secondary is a post-T Tauri star, currently in the main sequence, with a Sun-like mass (0.98-1.01 M$_☉$) and a slightly cooler temperature of 5,613 K (5,340 °C; 9,644 °F), emitting 64% the Sun's luminosity. The star is aged about 50-110 million years.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Calculated from absolute magnitude.
# Pedda tandrapad

Pedda thandrapadu is a village in Rajoli mandal, Alampure taluq and jogulamba gadwal district, Telangana state, India. area population of 350000 people.pincode 509135
# Massachusetts Route 124

Route 124 is a 6.8-mile-long (10.9 km) north–south state highway located in the towns of Harwich and Brewster in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. Its southern terminus is at Route 28 in Harwich and its northern terminus is at Route 6A in Brewster.

## Route description

Route 124 begins at the intersection of Route 28, overlapping Route 39. It leaves Route 39 next to the First Parish Church in downtown Harwich. After 1.3 miles (2.1 km), the road passes the Mid-Cape Highway at Exit 82 off the Mid-Cape Highway. The road crosses into Brewster just north of a pass between Seymour Pond, Hinckley's Pond, and Long Pond, 1.5 miles (2.41 km) north of the Mid-Cape Highway. After 0.5 miles (0.80 km) the Cape Cod Rail Trail bike path crosses over and follows alongside the road for another 1.5 miles (2.41 km). The road crosses Route 137 after 2 miles (3.22 km). After less than 0.5 miles (0.80 km), the road ends at Route 6A and Harwich Road.

## History

Route 124 was formerly designated Route 24, prior to the completion of the initial stretch of the current Route 24 freeway in 1951. When the freeway was given the Route 24 designation, the existing Route 24 was renumbered to 124.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Barnstable County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Harwich | 0.000 | 0.000 | Route 28 – Harwichport Route 39 begins | Southern terminus; southern terminus of Route 39 |
| Harwich | 1.673 | 2.692 | Route 39 north – South Harwich, Harwichport | Northern end of Route 39 concurrency |
| Harwich | 2.618– 2.851 | 4.213– 4.588 | US 6 (Mid-Cape Highway) – Orleans, Provincetown, Hyannis, New Bedford | Exit 82 on US 6; partial cloverleaf interchange |
| Brewster | 6.405 | 10.308 | Route 137 – East Harwich, South Chatham | |
| Brewster | 6.800 | 10.944 | Route 6A – Barnstable, Provincetown | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus |||||