OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chanuman district

Chanuman (Thai: ชานุมาน, pronounced; Northeastern Thai: ชานุมาน, pronounced) is the northeasternmost district (amphoe) of Amnat Charoen province, northeastern Thailand (Isan).

## History

Mueang Chanuman Monthon was established in 1879. As it was a subordinate mueang of Ubon Ratchathani, it became a district of Ubon Ratchathani Province during the Thesaphiban administrative reform. Later the city fell into an economic crisis and people migrated to other regions. In 1912 Prince Sapphasitthiprasong downgraded it to a minor district (king amphoe) and made it a subordinate of Khemarat District. It was upgraded to a district again in 1958. In 1993 it was one of the districts that formed the new province, Amnat Charoen.

### Etymology

The district's name came from folklore from both sides of the Mekong: Yak Sa Lue Khue or Yak Ku, a villain ogre who ran out of energy and knelt on the ground, causing holes of various sizes and shapes on the district's land.
The term Chanuman, refers to 'ogre's knee'.

## Geography

Chanuman is 85 km (52 mi) from Mueang Amnat Charoen district and 680 km (422 mi) from Bangkok.
Neighboring districts are (from the southeast clockwise): Khemarat of Ubon Ratchathani province; Pathum Ratchawongsa and Senangkhanikhom of Amnat Charoen Province; Loeng Nok Tha of Yasothon province; and Don Tan of Mukdahan province. To the east across the Mekong River is Salavan province of Laos.
The important water resource is the Mekong. It is the only district of the province that is on the Mekong and is a border town.

## Administration

The district is divided into five sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 59 villages (mubans). Chanuman is a township (thesaban tambon) which covers parts of tambon Chanuman. There are a further five tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai name | Villages | Pop. |
| 1. | Chanuman | ชานุมาน | 15 | 9,552 |
| 2. | Khok San | โคกสาร | 9 | 5,640 |
| 3. | Kham Khuean Kaeo | คำเขื่อนแก้ว | 11 | 8,633 |
| 4. | Khok Kong | โคกก่ง | 13 | 6,199 |
| 5. | Pa Ko | ป่าก่อ | 11 | 7,653 |

## Local tradition

The parade of Yak Ku, who is the origin of the district's name. which comprise quite a number of locals painting their faces like Yak Ku and competing among others humorously. It is a new festival to promote tourism.

## Notable people

* Angkhanang Khunchai: luk thung singer
* Am Cholticha: luk thung singer
# Nikhom Nam Un district

Nikhom Nam Un (Thai: นิคมน้ำอูน, pronounced; Northeastern Thai: นิคมน้ำอูน, pronounced) is a district (amphoe) in the western part of Sakon Nakhon province, northeast Thailand.

## Geography

Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Waritchaphum, Phanna Nikhom and Kut Bak of Sakon Nakhon Province, and Wang Sam Mo of Udon Thani province.

## History

In 1969 the Nam Un Dam was built in Phang Khon district, north of Nikhom Nam Un. The people living on the flooded land of districts Phang Khon, Waritchaphum, and Phanna Nikhom moved to the district.
On 16 June 1975 the minor district (king amphoe) was established, when the two tambons Nikhom Nam Un and Nong Pling were split off from Waritchaphum District. The minor district was upgraded to a full district on 4 July 1994.

## Administration

The district is divided into four sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 32 villages (mubans). There are no municipal (thesaban) areas, and four tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai name | Villages | Pop. |
| 1. | Nikhom Nam Un | นิคมน้ำอูน | 10 | 4,793 |
| 2. | Nong Pling | หนองปลิง | 8 | 3,457 |
| 3. | Nong Bua | หนองบัว | 7 | 1,691 |
| 4. | Suwannakham | สุวรรณคาม | 7 | 3,755 |
# Nikhom Kham Soi district

Nikhom Kham Soi (Thai: นิคมคำสร้อย, pronounced; Northeastern Thai: นิคมคำสร้อย, pronounced) is a district (amphoe) of Mukdahan province, northeastern Thailand.

## Geography

Neighboring districts are (from the west clockwise) Nong Sung, Mueang Mukdahan and Don Tan of Mukdahan Province, and Loeng Nok Tha of Yasothon province.

## History

The minor district (king amphoe) was established on 2 June 1975, when the five tambons Nikhom Kham Soi, Na Kok, Na Udom, Nong Waeng, and Kok Daeng were split off from Mukdahan district. It was upgraded to a full district on 25 March 1979. When Mukdahan Province was created in 1982, Nikhom Kham Soi was one of the districts forming the new province.

## Administration

The district is divided into seven sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 79 villages (mubans). Nikhom Kham Soi is a township (thesaban tambon) which covers parts of the tambon Nikhom Kham Soi, Na Kok, and Chok Chai. There are a further seven tambon administrative organization (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai name | Villages | Pop. |
| 1. | Nikhom Kham Soi | นิคมคำสร้อย | 14 | 8,541 |
| 2. | Na Kok | นากอก | 13 | 5,278 |
| 3. | Nong Waeng | หนองแวง | 11 | 7,574 |
| 4. | Kok Daeng | กกแดง | 13 | 5,119 |
| 5. | Na Udom | นาอุดม | 12 | 8,273 |
| 6. | Chok Chai | โชคชัย | 9 | 4,367 |
| 7. | Rom Klao | ร่มเกล้า | 7 | 3,073 |
# Si Somdet district

Si Somdet (Thai: ศรีสมเด็จ, pronounced; Northeastern Thai: ศรีสมเด็จ, pronounced) is a district (amphoe) in Roi Et province, Thailand.

## Geography

Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise): Mueang Roi Et and Chaturaphak Phiman of Roi Et Province; Wapi Pathum, Kae Dam, and Mueang Maha Sarakham of Maha Sarakham province.

## History

The district was created on 1 April 1987, when the five tambons, Pho Thong, Si Somdet, Mueang Plueai, Nong Yai, and Suan Chik were split off from Mueang Roi Et district. It was upgraded to a full district on 4 July 1994.

## Administration

The district is divided into eight sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 82 villages (mubans). There are no municipal (thesaban) areas; there are eight tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai name | Villages | Pop. |
| 1. | Pho Thong | โพธิ์ทอง | 7 | 2,877 |
| 2. | Si Somdet | ศรีสมเด็จ | 13 | 6,079 |
| 3. | Mueang Plueai | เมืองเปลือย | 8 | 3,075 |
| 4. | Nong Yai | หนองใหญ่ | 10 | 3,883 |
| 5. | Suan Chik | สวนจิก | 14 | 5,447 |
| 6. | Phosai | โพธิ์สัย | 10 | 8,043 |
| 7. | Nong Waeng Khuang | หนองแวงควง | 12 | 4,926 |
| 8. | Ban Bak | บ้านบาก | 8 | 2,831 |
# Bastian Pedersen

Bastian Pedersen (born 28 April 2006) is an international speedway rider from Denmark.

## Speedway career

In 2023, Pedersen rode for Holsted Tigers during the 2023 Danish speedway season and for KS Toruń (U24) during the 2023 Polish speedway season.
Pedersen came to prominence when he represented the Denmark national speedway team during the European Team Speedway Championship in 2024 and was part of the team that won the silver medal.
Also in 2024, Pedersen qualified for the final series of the 2024 SGP2 (the World U21 Championship) and won the bronze medal at the 2024 European Under 23 Team Speedway Championship. After winning the Danish U21 title, his season ended with him starring in the super final, when his team Holsted finished runner-up in the Danish Speedway League during the 2024 Danish speedway season. Pedersen won the silver medal at the 2024 U19 European Championship.
# Cheikh Tidiane Gaye

Cheikh Tidiane Gaye (born 1971 in Thiès, Senegal) Senegalese-Italian writer, essayist, poet and peace activist.

## Biography

He lives in Italy in the province of Monza and Brianza in Arcore and is also the literary founder of poetry and fiction of the City of Arcore. Participates in numerous meetings and cultural activities regarding African literature and immigration literature. He distinguished himself in numerous fields, leaving contributions as a poet, novelist. A well-known figure in Italian-language migrant literature, he has published several books of short stories and some of his poetic works are bilingual.
He is known as a follower of the singers of African orality and is the first African to translate the great poet of Negritude and the first president of the Republic of Senegal into Italian: Léopold Sédar Senghor. In the 2011 municipal elections in Milan, he was a candidate in support of the center left in the Milan Civica X Pisapia Sindaco Civic List.
In 2018 he founded the publishing house Kanaga Edizioni. In 2023 he was elected President of the Léopold Sédar Senghor International Academy. He is an ordinary member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts. He is also President of the International Prize Léopold Sédar Senghor who started the 2015 edition. He received the appointment of Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters of the French Republic.

## International membership

* Member of the Academy of Science and Arts of Europe, Salsburg, Austria, 2024.
* Appointment of Wiki Academician Wikipoesia Academy – Encyclopedia of Italian poetry – April 2024.
* Knight of Academic Merit awarded by the Academy of Arts and Philosophical Sciences, Bari, 2023.
* Member of the Academy of Science, Arts and Literature of Europe, Paris, France, 2023.
* Honorary member of Academy Internacional "Mihai Eminescu", Romania, 2023.
* Associate Member of the Academia Hispanoamericano de Buenas Letras – October 2023.
* Honorary member of Academy of Arts and Philosofical Science, Bari, Italy,2022.
* Full member of the Tomitana Romania Academy – 2022.
* Nomination in academic capacity and honorary member of Asociaţiei Oamenilor de Ştiinţă, Cultură şi Artă Moldavia 2019.
# Changhan district

Changhan (Thai: จังหาร, pronounced; Northeastern Thai: จังหาร, pronounced) is a district (amphoe) in the northwestern part of Roi Et province, northeastern Thailand.

## Geography

Neighboring districts are (from the east clockwise): Chiang Khwan and Mueang Roi Et of Roi Et Province; Mueang Maha Sarakham of Maha Sarakham province; Khong Chai and Kamalasai of Kalasin province.

## History

The minor district (king amphoe) Changhan was established on 1 April 1989, when five tambon were split off from Mueang Roi Et district. Tambon Yang Nai was split from tambon Pa Fa in July 1989, and Phakwaen from Muang Lat in July 1990. On 8 September 1995 the minor district was upgraded to a full district.

## Administration

The district is divided into eight sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 110 villages (mubans). There are no municipal (thesaban) areas; there are eight tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
| No. | Name | Thai name | Villages | Pop. |
| 1. | Din Dam | ดินดำ | 17 | 7,560 |
| 2. | Pa Fa | ปาฝา | 12 | 5,462 |
| 3. | Muang Lat | ม่วงลาด | 12 | 5,682 |
| 4. | Changhan | จังหาร | 19 | 7,089 |
| 5. | Dong Sing | ดงสิงห์ | 18 | 9,458 |
| 6. | Yang Yai | ยางใหญ่ | 10 | 4,228 |
| 7. | Phak Waen | ผักแว่น | 13 | 5,036 |
| 8. | Saen Chat | แสนชาติ | 9 | 3,317 |
# Alvaro Piaggio

Alvaro Piaggio is a senior policy analyst at the Human Rights Foundation (HRF), where he heads the group's research and campaigns in the Americas. He also runs the Responsible Finance program, which educates would-be investors on the dangers of investing in nations with authoritarian governments.
Piaggio has a business and economics background with experience in human rights and pro-democracy in Latin America. He has penned several articles on a wide range of topics, from the War on Drugs to the threat of authoritarian regimes to world order.
# Lefor, North Dakota

Lefor is an unincorporated community in southern Stark County, North Dakota, United States. It lies southeast of the city of Dickinson, the county seat of Stark County. Its elevation is 2,592 feet (790 m). Lefor's post office closed November 2, 2002, but the town still has its own ZIP code of 58641.
Lefor has the highest percentage of residents of Hungarian origin of any zip code in the United States. Most are descended from pioneers -- who were actually ethnically German -- from the Banat region who were invited to the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Lefor is part of the Dickinson Micropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

The Dakota Territory was acquired in the early nineteenth century, and the United States government began settling the area despite resistance from displaced natives.
Lefor was settled primarily by German-Hungarian immigrants from the Banat region who claimed land under the Homestead Act beginning in the 1890s. Most were immigrating due to harsh economic policies imposed by the Hungarian State, as well as its policy of forced assimilation into Hungarian culture. However, farmers found the land in North Dakota even more difficult to farm than the land in the Banat
Construction of the St. Elizabeth Parish construction began in 1898.
A bank was built in 1913 and ceased operations by 1934; today, all that remains is a free-standing vault.

## Climate

This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lefor has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.
# Phin

The phin (Thai: พิณ, pronounced) (Lao: ພິນ, pronounced) is a type of lute with a pear-shaped body, originating in the Isan region of Thailand and played mostly by ethnic Laotians in Thailand and Laos. It has frets on the neck over which two or three metal strings run that are plucked by a pick held in the right hand while playing. It is often played together with the khene mouth organ in mor lam styled music, as well as luk thung.
# Vespula

Vespula is a small genus of social wasps, widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Along with members of their sister genus Dolichovespula, they are collectively known by the common name yellowjackets (or yellow jackets) in North America. Vespula species have a shorter oculomalar space (shown in the figure below right) and a more pronounced tendency to nest underground than Dolichovespula.

## Notable species

* While most species of this genus inhabit North America, four Vespula species inhabit Europe, namely V. austriaca, V. germanica, V. rufa, and V. vulgaris.
* Two common European species, the German wasp (V. germanica) and the common wasp (V. vulgaris), have established in other countries; both species are now found in New Zealand, Australia, and South America, while the former has also been introduced in South America, and the latter in Southern Africa.
* The eastern yellowjacket (V. maculifrons) and western yellowjacket (V. pensylvanica) are native to North America.

## Species

* Vespula acadica (Sladen, 1918) – forest yellowjacket
* Vespula akrei Landolt, 2010
* Vespula alascensis Packard, 1870 – common yellowjacket
* Vespula arisana (Sonan, 1929) – Taiwan yellowjacket
* Vespula atropilosa (Sladen, 1918) – prairie yellowjacket
* Vespula austriaca (Panzer, 1799) – red cuckoo wasp
* Vespula consobrina (Saussure, 1854) – blackjacket
* Vespula flaviceps (Smith, 1870)
* Vespula flavopilosa Jacobson, 1978 – downy yellowjacket
* Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793) – German wasp, German yellowjacket
* Vespula inexspectata Eck, 1991 – volcano yellowjacket
* Vespula infernalis (Saussure, 1854) – cuckoo yellowjacket
* Vespula ingrica Birula, 1931
* Vespula intermedia (Buysson, 1904–05) – northern red-banded yellowjacket
* Vespula kingdonwardi Archer, 1981
* Vespula koreensis (Rad., 1887)
* Vespula maculifrons (Buysson, 1905) – eastern yellowjacket
* Vespula nursei Archer, 1981
* Vespula orbata (Buysson 1902)
* Vespula pensylvanica (Saussure, 1857) – western yellowjacket
* Vespula rufa (Linnaeus, 1758) – red wasp
* Vespula shidai Ish., Yam., Wagn., 1980
* Vespula squamosa (Drury, 1770) – southern yellowjacket
* Vespula structor (Smith, 1870)
* Vespula sulphurea (Saussure, 1854) – California yellowjacket
* Vespula vidua (Saussure, 1854) – long yellowjacket or widow yellowjacket
* Vespula vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758) – common wasp
See also:
* Paravespula, a subgenus of Vespula

## Venom

The venom of Vespula is mostly composed of antigen 5, hyaluronidase, and phospholipase.

### Immunology

A high degree of similarity occurs between immunogenic fractions of different Vespula species. Rabbit serum antibodies are unable to distinguish between them.
# Battle of Çıldır

The Battle of Çıldır was fought in 1578 during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590).

## Background

The peace between the Ottoman Empire and Persian (Safavid) Empire after the treaty of Amasya continued from 1555 to 1578. When Murat III of the Ottoman Empire ascended to the throne in 1574, Tahmasp I of Persia sent presents to Murat III. But before the Persian delegation left Istanbul, the Ottoman capital, Tahmasp died (1576). The new shah was Ismail II who changed the peaceful policy towards Ottomans and began hostilities in the border area. Meanwhile, the governor of Lorestan, a part of Persia, took refuge in Ottoman lands, an event which further created tension between the two empires. İsmail II soon died and during the interregnum following his death, the Ottoman Porte decided to declare war. The war continued during the reign of Mohammed Khodabanda in Persia.

## Battle

After initial combat in so-called Cambaz Çukuru, the main battle was around a small fort named Çıldır in north-eastern Anatolia. The commander of the Ottoman army was Lala Mustafa Pasha and the commander of the Persian army was Mohammad Khan Tokhmaq Ustajlu who had represented Persia in Istanbul after Murad III's accession. Tokhmak Khan also had a Georgian army under his command, Georgia being a Persian vassal (and its royal families being related by marriage). Tokhmak Khan tried to encircle the Ottoman army and was about to succeed when Ottoman commander Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha intervened and defeated him.

## Aftermath

Although Persians tried to attack Ottoman supply units after the battle, they were forced to retreat and when a bridge was wrecked during this retreat they lost further troops. These defeats left the Caucasus to Ottoman conquest. Lala Mustafa Pasha soon conquered Tiflis, the Georgian capital. The next step was the conquest of Derbent (present Republic of Dagestan in Russia). By this conquest Ottomans were able to reach the Caspian Sea.
# Sarbhaja

A Sarbhaja (Bengali: সরভাজা pronounced) is a milk based sweet originating from West Bengal, which is one of the famous Bengali sweets. The sweet's name comes from sar, the surface creamy layer of milk which is its main ingredient, and the word Bhaja refers to the frying of the sar. The Sarbhaja uses cow's milk and ghee is used for frying. It is fried until golden brown in color. This sweet made from milk is famous throughout Bengal.
Although the sweet gained popularity in the first decade of the 20th century, its earliest mention is in the 15th century Chaitanya Charitamrita. In 1902, Adharchandra Das opened a sweet shop in Krishnanagar, and the shop became famous for its Sarpuria and Sarbhaja. As per the Hindu custom, it is customary to take sweets for the members of the household on Vijaya or other festive occasions; the Krishnanagarik or Krishnanagarians have a tradition of taking Sarbhaja as a sweet.

## Ingredients and preparation

Traditional Sarbhaja is usually made from milk, ghee, and sugar (powdered). Depending on the recipe, some other ingredients may be added to these ingredients such as cinnamon, cardamom.
Sar is made using traditional techniques from pure cow's milk, the Ghoshes—businessman of milk products—of Krishnanagar mainly supply the milk. Fresh milk is thoroughly boiled in a semi-flat iron koṛāi (pan) using dry cow dung cake flame. Half an hour is required to form a rich foam on the boiling milk surface, during which the ladle or wooden stick is stirred in the boiling milk. The low heat of red burn dry dung cake make the milk to condense and a thick foamy layer of milk fat accumulates on the surface; it is called sar. The sars used in Sarbhaja are usually 7 to 9 inches in diameter. About 400 milliliters of milk is required to produce a 9-inch diameter sar. The sar is collected from the karai and placed on a piece of cotton cloth to cool; about 2 to 3 hours are required for cooling. Sarbhaja preparation requires another dairy product called kheer, which is made by boiling milk. To make kheer, fresh cow's milk is boiled for half an hour and stirred continuously with a ladle to obtain concentrated form of mnilk called kheer in pest form. Sugar is added while boiling the milk.
The sars and kheer prepared from milk are arranged in successive layers. In this process kheer is spread over a piece of sar and covered with another layer of sar, thus keeping 3-5 layers of sar and kheer. This layered sar and kheer material known as kacha Sarbhaja (raw Sarbhaja). Kacha Sarbhaja is cut into square shape pieces with the help of a knife. Kacha Sarbhaja pieces are fried until they turn light golden-brown in color, using pure ghee for frying. After frying, the fried pieces of Sarbhaja need to be cooled. The pieces of hot Sarbhaja are cooled on a wooden plate.
# Yordanka Blagoeva

Yordanka Blagoeva (Bulgarian: Йорданка Благоева; born 19 January 1947) is a former Bulgarian high jumper. She competed at the 1968, 1972, 1976 and 1980 Olympics and finished in 17th, 2nd (silver medal), 3rd (bronze medal) and 16th place, respectively. She won the high jump at the 1965 Summer Universiade and 1973 European Athletics Indoor Championships. On 24 September 1972 she became the first Bulgarian athlete to break a world record. Next year she also set a new indoor high jump record, and was ranked as the best high jumper in Europe.
In 1972 Blagova graduated from a Sports Academy. She later served as president of Bulgarian aerobics federation.
She is considered to be one of Bulgaria's top athletes. In 2017, when she was aged 70, the documentary film Beyond the Jump was made to cover her life and career.
# Drumkee

Drumkee is a townland in the southeast of County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is directly south of the area presently known as Coalisland and east, and slightly north, of Dungannon. It is situated in the historic barony of Dungannon Middle and the civil parish of Killyman and covers an area of 285 acres. The barony's tax records dated 1666 list two families living in Drumkee.
The name derives from the Irish: Druim Chaoich (Ridge of the Blind Man) or Druim Ceath (ridge of western aspect).

## Population

The population of the townland declined during the 19th century:
| Year | 1841 | 1851 | 1861 | 1871 | 1881 | 1891 |
| Population | 350 | 184 | 168 | 145 | 127 | 111 |
| Houses | 70 | 39 | 38 | 31 | 29 | 28 |
Drumkee presently has a population of around 150, and many of its inhabitants are relations. Surnames which appear on the 1666 list include McRory and Condson. By the mid-19th century, the name Hunter appears in Drumkee burial records. The surname Mullan appears in a 1910 directory of the area.
# The Third Nail

The Third Nail is a drama crime film directed by Kevin Lewis and starring Huntley Ritter, Krista Allen, Charles S. Dutton and Chloë Grace Moretz. It was released on February 8, 2008.

## Plot

A young man is erroneously sentenced to life in prison for killing two children. He is released after DNA evidence proves his innocence. After his release, a vengeful prison gang abducts and claims to murder his daughter.

## Cast

* Huntley Ritter as Trey Deonte
* Krista Allen as Hannah
* Charles S. Dutton as Sydney Washington
* Chloë Grace Moretz as Hailey Deonte
* Jake Muxworthy as Cory Hall
* Lisette Bross as Special Agent Jamison
* Kirsty Hinchcliffe as Kristie Deonte
* Robin Raven as Dana