# Doabi dialect

Doabi (Standard:; Doabi:), also known as Bist Doabi or Jalandhari, is an eastern dialect of the Punjabi language. The dialect is named after the region in which it originated, Doaba or Bist Doab, between the Beas and Sutlej. Its occurrence in parts of Pakistani Punjab owes to post-1947 migration of Punjabi Muslim populace from East Punjab. The region it is now spoken includes: the Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala, Una and Nawanshahr districts of Indian Punjab, including the areas known as the Dona and Manjki; and the Toba Tek Singh and Faisalabad districts of Pakistani Punjab; and some areas of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.
The sub dialects of Doabi include Dona and Manjki.

## Phonology
### Consonants

Consonantal Inventory of Punjabi :
| | | Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Velar | Glottal |
| Plosive/Affricate | Tenuis | p | t̪ | t͡ʃ | ʈ | k | |
| Plosive/Affricate | Aspirated | pʰ* | t̪ʰ | t͡ʃʰ* | ʈʰ | kʰ | |
| Plosive/Affricate | Voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ* | ɖ | g | |
| Fricative | Fricative | f | s*, z* | ʃ | | x* | |
| Approximant | Approximant | ʋ | | j* | | ɣ* | ɦ |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | | ɳ* | | |
| Lateral | Lateral | | l | | ɭ* | | |
| Tap/Flap | Tap/Flap | | ɾ | | ɽ | | |
Spirantisation of /pʰ/ and /t͡ʃʰ/ is quite common in Punjabi, but this is less apparent in Doaba. Similarly, other Persian-borrowed phonemes are also pronounced in a more indigenous manner. /z, x, ɣ,/ are pronounced /d͡ʒ ,kʰ, g/ respectively. Another surprising aspect is that /j/ is almost always pronounced as /d͡ʒ/.
Debuccalisation of /s/, to /ɦ/ in between vowels also occurs.
In the modern generation, /ɳ/ and /ɭ/ are pronounced as /n/ and /l/. Except, some youngsters end up replacing /n/ and /l/ with /ɳ/ and /ɭ/ completely, rather than preferring the alveolar counterparts. /ɳ/ and /ɭ/ are also often realised as nasal and lateral flaps.
Doabi's fortition /ʋ/ at the start of a word to [b] as in /'ʋə̀ɖ:a:/ (big) to ['bə̀ɖ:a:] .
They also use [o] elsewhere in a word instead of /ʋ/ as in /'kʰʋa:b/ (dream) to ['kʰoa:b]. A distinctive feature of Doabi is the use of w. Where /ʋ/ appears in the middle of a word in Standard Punjabi, Doabis use [w] so that /ɦəʋa:/ (wind) becomes [ɦəwa:].
Also, the vowel /ʊ/ is pronounced [o]. Accordingly, /'kʰʊʃ/ (happy) becomes ['kʰoʃ] or /'kʊʈ/ (to beat - noun form) becomes ['koʈ]. In Doabi, any word beginning with stressed /ɪ/ is pronounced [e]. For example, the word /'kʰɪt͡ʃ/ (to pull - noun form) is pronounced as ['kʰet͡ʃ] or the word /'ʋɪt͡ʃ/ (in [something]) is pronounced as ['bet͡ʃ].
The Doabi dialect in its eastern part blends with the Malwai dialect of Ludhiana District, and in its Northern side, it shares the linguistic features of Pahari. Some of the linguistic features of the Doabi dialect that separate it from other Punjabi dialects are as below:
| Consonant | Doabi word | English translation |
| p ⟨ਪ/پ⟩ | /pəl/ | ‘moment’ (ਪਲ/پل) |
| pʰ ⟨ਫ/پھ⟩ | /pʰəl/ | ‘fruit’ (ਫਲ/پھل) |
| b ⟨ਬ/ب⟩ | /baːləɳ / | ‘firewood’(ਬਾਲਣ/بالݨ) |
| t̪ ⟨ਤ/ت⟩ | /taːɾ/ | ‘wire’ (ਤਾਰ/تار) |
| t̪ʰ ⟨ਥ/تھ⟩ | /tʰaːl/ | ‘round tray’(ਥਾਲ/تھال) |
| d̪ ⟨ਦ/د⟩ | /daːl/ | ‘pulse’ (ਦਾਲ/دال) |
| ʈ ⟨ਟ/ٹ⟩ | /ʈaːl/ | ‘pile’ (ਟਾਲ/ٹال) |
| ʈʰ ⟨ਠ/ٹھ⟩ | /ʈʰiːk/ | ‘correct’ (ਠੀਕ/ٹھیک) |
| ɖ ⟨ਡ/ڈ⟩ | /ɖaːk/ | ‘mail’ (ਡਾਕ/ڈاک) |
| t͡ʃʰ ⟨ਛ/چھ⟩ | /t͡ʃʰa:p/ | ‘imprint’ (ਛਾਪ/چھپ) |
| d͡ʒ ⟨ਜ/ج⟩ | /d͡ʒoːk/ | leech (ਜੋਕ/جوک) |
| k ⟨ਕ/ک⟩ | /kaːɡ/ | ‘crow’ (ਕਾਗ/کاگ) |
| kʰ ⟨ਖ/کھ⟩ | /kʰoːl/ | ‘open’ (ਖੋਲ/کھول) |
| ɡ ⟨ਗ/گ⟩ | /ɡaːɭ/ | ‘abuse’ (ਗਾਲ਼/گالؕ) |
| m ⟨ਮ/م⟩ | /moːɾ/ | ‘peacock’ (ਮੋਰ/مور) |
| n ⟨ਬ/ن⟩ | /nəɾ/ | ‘male’ (ਬੰਦਾ/نر) |
| ɳ* ⟨ਣ/ݨ⟩ | /ɦoɳ / | ‘now’ (ਹੁਣ/ہݨ) |
| l ⟨ਲ/ل⟩ | /laːl/ | ‘red’ (ਰੱਤਾ/رتہ) |
| ɭ* ⟨ਲ਼/لؕ⟩ | /koːɭ / | ‘near’ (ਕੋਲ਼/کولؕ) |
| (s ⟨ਸ/س⟩) | /soɳ / | ‘hear’ (ਸੁਣ/سݨ) |
| (ʃ ⟨ਸ਼/ش⟩) | /ʃeːɾ/ | ‘lion’ (ਸ਼ੇਰ/شیر) |
| (z ⟨ਜ਼/ز⟩) | /zoːɾ/ | ‘strength’ (ਜ਼ੋਰ/زور) |
| (f ⟨ਫ਼/ف⟩) | /fa:sla:/ | ‘distance’ (ਫ਼ਾਸਲਾ/فاصلہ) |
| ɦ ⟨ਹ/ح/ہ⟩ | /ɦoːɾ/ | ‘more’ (ਹੋਰ/ہور) |
| ɾ ⟨ਰ/ر⟩ | /ɾoːɡ/ | ‘disease’ (ਰੋਗ/روگ) |
| ɽ* ⟨ੜ/ڑ⟩ | /piːɽ/ | ‘pain’ (ਪੀੜ/پِیڑ) |
* does not occur word initially

### Vowels

Doabi has ten vowels. These are /ə, ɪ, ʊ, aː, ɛː, eː, iː, ɔː, oː, uː/
For example:
| Vowel | Word | Translation |
| /ə/ ਅ | ਅੱਖ /əkʰ.kʰ/ | 'eye' |
| /ʊ/ ਉ | ਉਠ /oʈʰ/ | ‘awake’ |
| /ɪ/ ਇ | ਇੱਟ /eʈ:/ | ‘brick’ |
| /aː/ ਆ | ਆਸ /aːs/ | ‘hope’ |
| /ɛː/ ਐ | ਐਨਕ /ɛːnək/ | spectacles’ |
| /uː/ ਊ | ਊਠ /uːʈʰ/ | ‘camel’ |
| /eː/ ਏ | ਸ਼ੇਰ /ʃeːɾ/ | ‘lion’ |
| /oː/ ਓ | ਮੋਰ /moːɾ/ | ‘peacock’ |
| /ɔː/ ਔ | /ɦɔːl/ | ‘fear’ |
| /iː/ ਈ | ਤੀਰ /tiːɾ/ | ‘arrow’ |
One of the most distinctive feature of Doabi is how its short close vowels are pronounced. Phonemically, they are:
* /ʊ/
* /ɪ/
But are phonetically :
* [o]
* [e]

#### Nasalisation

Nasalisation in Punjabi is phonemic.

## Suprasegmental Features
### Tone

Three tones are used in Doabi; low, mid and high. For example;
| Tone | Doabi word | English translation |
| Falling | ਭਾ pà | ‘rate’ |
| Neutral | ਪਾ pa | ‘put’ |
| Rising | ਪਾਹ pá | ‘harsh’ |
This tonogenesis occurred from the loss of breathy voiced consonants. Word-initially, they became voiceless plosives, but remained voiced word-medially and finally. This loss of phonemes led to tone to distinguish between similar morphemes.
When the consonant (that was breathy-voiced) is word initial, the vowel that follows has a falling tone. When the consonant is medial or word-final, it has a rising tone.
Loss of word-final /ɦ/ also led to a rising tone in the preceding vowel.
Stress, however can change what tone on what syllable is present.

### Stress

Stress in Doabi is realized in two ways, syntagmatically and paradigmatically.
Syntagmatically, stress-shift results in change of meaning. This kind of stress is often orthographically unmarked, and may shift any tone present in a word to the stressed syllable.
For example:
| Doabi word | English translation |
| ਘੜਾ /'kə̀ɽa:/ | ‘pitcher’ |
| ਘੜਾ /kə'ɽà:/ | ‘to shape, sculpt, mold’ |
Paradigmatically, Doabi has stressed and unstressed syllables;
| Unstressed | Doabi word | English translation |
| s | satt | ‘essence’ |
| | sirnawa | ‘address’ |
| Stressed | Doabi word | English translation |
| s | sat | ‘seven’ |
| tt | patta | ‘leaf’ |

### Some basic vocabulary items

| Doabi word | English translation |
| ਪੇਅ /peːə/ | ‘father’ |
| ਭੈਣ /pɛːɳ/ | ‘sister’ |
| ਭਰਾ /pəɾɑː/ | ‘brother’ |
| ਸੇਂਅ /sẽə/ | ‘apple’ |
| ਝੋੱਨਾ /t͡ʃoːn.nɑː/ | ‘paddy’ |
| ਬੱਡਾ /bəɖ.ɖɑː/ | ‘elder’ |

### Fortition of /ʋ/ word-initially

Doabi's drop the letter "v" at the start of a word and use the letter "b" as in "vàdda" (big) to "bàdda". They also use the letter "o" elsewhere in a word instead of a "v" as in "Khvab" (dream) to "Khoaab". A distinctive feature of Doabi is the use of the "w" sound. Where "v" appears in the middle of a word in standard Punjabi, Doabis use "w" so that "hava" (wind) becomes "hawa". Also, the vowel "u" is pronounced with an "o". Accordingly, "khush" (happy) becomes "khosh" or "kuht" (to beat) becomes "koht". In Doabi, any word beginning with "i" is pronounced with "e". For example, the word "khich" (to pull) is pronounced as "khech" or the word "vich" (inside) is pronounced as "bech".
Doabis do not use "z" and therefore substitute "j". This is common in the Punjabi language as "z" is not indigenous to the area.

## Grammar
### Sentence structure

Doabi's end sentences with "aa" (present tense) and "sigey" (past —tense), instead of "han" (present tense) and "san" or "si" (past tense). "Aiddan", "Jiddan", "Kiddan" are all commonly used adverbs in Doabi as opposed to the "Aistaran/Enj," "Jistaran/Jivven," and "Kistaran/Kivven," used in Punjabi's prestige dialect, Majhi.
Present Tense: Usage of aa (sing.) and aa (plu.)
Examples:
| Phrase | Doabi | Standard Punjabi |
| He is doing | Oh kardā ā ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਆ اوہ کردا آ | Oh kardā ɛ̀/e* ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ/ਏ* اوہ کردا ہے/اے |
| They are doing | Oh karde (y)ā ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਆ اوہ کردے آ | Oh karde han ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ اوہ کردے ہِن |
| | *spoken forms |
Past Tense: Uninflected sī, or number- and gender-inflected sīgā/sīgī/sīge/sīgīā, in Doabi
Examples:
| Phrase | Doabi | Standard Punjabi |
| He was doing | oh kardā sī/sīgā ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ اوہ کردا سی/سیگا | oh kardā sī ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ اوہ کردا سی |
| They were doing | oh karde sī/sīge ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ /ਸੀਗੇ اوہ کردے سی/سیگے | oh karde san ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਨ (also ਸਣ in spoken Majhi) اوہ کردے سن |
| You (sing. m.) were doing | tũ kardā sī/sīgā ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ توں کردا سی/سیگا | tũ kardā sɛ̃ ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੈਂ توں کردا سیں |
| You (pl.) were doing | tusī̃ karde sī/sīge ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ تسی کردے سی/سیگے | tusī̃ karde so ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੋ تسی کردے سو |
| I (m.) was doing | mɛ̃ kardā sī/sīgā ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ میں کردا سی/سیگا | mɛ̃ kardā sã ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸਾਂ میں کردا ساں |
| We were doing | āppā karde sī/sīge ਆਪਾਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ آپاں کردے سی/سیگے | asī̃ karde sã ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਾਂ اسیں کردےساں |

## Vocabulary

| Doabi | English | Standard Punjabi |
| ਹੋਊਗਾ "hō'ūgā" | Will Happen | "hōvēgā" |
| "bāɽa" | Cow shed | "havelī" |
| ਧੌਣ "dhauṇ" | Neck | "gardan" |
| "pāḷā " | Cold weather | "thand" |
| "konjī" | Key | "chābbī" |
| "gaṭhe" | Onions | "ganḍē" |
| "niāṇe" | Children | "bacche" |
| "dekhṇa" | To See | "vekhṇā" |
| "kardā sī | To Be Doing | "kar ría ɛ̀" |
| "gábbe" | Middle | "vichkār" |
| "līre/talle" | Clothes | "kappaṛe" |
| "lītā" | Bought | "Kharīdi'ā" |

## Orthograpy

Doabi uses the Gurmukhi script.
Tone that occurs from the loss of breathy voiced consonants is shown through the following characters in orthography:
* ਘ
* ਝ
* ਢ
* ਧ
* ਭ
* ੜ੍ਹ