OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thermodynamic relations across normal shocks

"Normal shocks" are a fundamental type of shock wave. The waves, which are perpendicular to the flow, are called "normal" shocks. Normal shocks only happen when the flow is supersonic. At those speeds, no obstacle is identified before the speed of sound which makes the molecule return after sensing the obstacle. While returning, the molecule becomes coalescent at certain point. This thin film of molecules act as normal shocks.

## Thermodynamic relation across normal shocks
### Mach number

The Mach number in the upstream is given by ${M_{1}}$ and the mach number in the downstream is given by ${M_{2}}$
| ${M_{2}^{2}={\frac {{\frac {2}{\gamma -1}}+M_{1}^{2}}{{\frac {2\gamma }{\gamma -1}}M_{1}^{2}-1}}}={\frac {(\gamma -1)M_{1}^{2}+2}{2\gamma M_{1}^{2}-(\gamma -1)}}.$ | (1) |
Note that the Mach numbers are given in the reference frame of the shock.

### Static pressure

| ${{\frac {P_{2}}{P_{1}}}={\frac {2\gamma }{\gamma +1}}M_{1}^{2}-{\frac {\gamma -1}{\gamma +1}}}$ | (2) |

### Static temperature

| ${{\frac {T_{2}}{T_{1}}}={\frac {\left(1+{\frac {\gamma -1}{2}}M_{1}^{2}\right)\left({\frac {2\gamma }{\gamma -1}}M_{1}^{2}-1\right)}{{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {\left(\gamma +1\right)^{2}}{\left(\gamma -1\right)}}M_{1}^{2}}}}={\frac {\left[2\gamma M_{1}^{2}-(\gamma -1)\right]\cdot \left[(\gamma -1)M_{1}^{2}+2\right]}{(\gamma +1)^{2}M_{1}^{2}}}$ | (3) |

### Stagnation pressure

| ${\frac {P_{02}}{P_{01}}}=\left({\frac {{\frac {\gamma +1}{2}}M_{1}^{2}}{1+{\frac {\gamma -1}{2}}M_{1}^{2}}}\right)^{\frac {\gamma }{\left(\gamma -1\right)}}\left({\frac {2\gamma }{\gamma +1}}M_{1}^{2}-{\frac {\gamma -1}{\gamma +1}}\right)^{\frac {-1}{\left(\gamma -1\right)}}=\left[{\frac {(\gamma +1)M_{1}^{2}}{(\gamma -1)M_{1}^{2}+2}}\right]^{\frac {\gamma }{\gamma -1}}\cdot \left[{\frac {\gamma +1}{2\gamma M_{1}^{2}-(\gamma -1)}}\right]^{\frac {1}{\gamma -1}}$ | (4) |

### Entropy change

| ${{\frac {\Delta S}{R}}={\frac {\gamma }{\gamma -1}}\ln \left({\frac {2}{\left(\gamma +1\right)M_{1}^{2}}}+{\frac {\gamma -1}{\gamma +1}}\right)+{\frac {1}{\gamma -1}}\ln \left({\frac {2\gamma }{\gamma +1}}M_{1}^{2}-{\frac {\gamma -1}{\gamma +1}}\right)}$ | (5) |

## Reference list

* Yaha, S.M (2010). Fundamentals of compressible flow (4th ed.). New age international publishers. ISBN 9788122426687.
# Thermodynamic solar panel

A thermodynamic solar panel is a type of air source heat pump. Instead of a large fan to take energy from the air, it has a flat plate collector. This means the system gains energy from the sun as well as the ambient air. Thermodynamic water heaters use a compressor to transfer the collected heat from the panel to the hot water system using refrigerant fluid that circulates in a closed cycle.

## Renewable Heat Incentive

In the UK, thermodynamic solar panels cannot be used to claim the Renewable Heat Incentive. This is due to the lack of technical standards for the testing and installation. The UK Microgeneration Certification Scheme is working to develop a testing standard, either based on MIS 3001 or MIS 3005 or a brand new scheme document if appropriate.

## Performance

Lab testing has been carried out by Das Wärmepumpen-Testzentrum Buchs (WPZ) in Buchs Switzerland on an Energi Eco 200esm/i thermodynamic solar panel system. This showed a Coefficient of performance of 2.8 or 2.9 (depending on tank volume).
In the UK, the first independent test is under-way at Narec Distributed Energy. So far data is available for January to April 2014. As with the Carnot cycle, the achievable efficiency is strongly dependent on the temperatures on both side of the system.
# Themes (Clannad album)

Themes is a compilation album released in 1992 (US: 1995) by the Irish music group Clannad.

## 1992 Track listing

* "Both Sides Now" – 4:47
* "Robin (The Hooded Man)" – 2:50
* "Rí na Cruinne" – 4:02
* "Ancient Forest" – 3:00
* "Atlantic Realm" – 3:47
* "Theme from Harry's Game" – 2:29
* "Herne" – 5:10
* "A Dream in the Night" – 3:09
* "Lady Marian" – 3:23
* "The Pirates/The Soldier Boy" – 2:16
* "Voyager" – 3:19
* "Drifting" – 1:53

## 1995 US Track listing

* "Both Sides Now" – 4:47
* "Robin (The Hooded Man)" – 2:50
* "Rí na Cruinne" – 4:02
* "Ancient Forest" – 3:00
* "Atlantic Realm" – 3:47
* "Theme from Harry's Game" – 2:29
* "Herne" – 5:10
* "A Dream in the Night" – 3:09
* "Lady Marian" – 3:23
* "The Pirates/The Soldier Boy" – 2:16
* "I Will Find You" – 5:17
* "In a Lifetime" (a duet with Bono) – 3:10
* "Theme from The Dolphin Connection" – 3:17
# Thelma Cudlipp

Thelma Somerville Cudlipp (14 October 1891 – 2 April 1983) was an American artist and book illustrator.

## Early life

Thelma was born in Richmond, Virginia on 14 October 1891. She was the daughter of Frederick Dallas Cudlipp and Annie (née Ericsson) Cudlipp. Her mother died in Bermuda on 24 June 1915.
After her father died in Virginia in 1903, then in her teens, she came to New York City to study art. Her mother was an assistant editor on The Delineator in 1909 when Theodore Dreiser was managing editor. Dreiser became infatuated with Thelma, but her mother was strongly opposed to Dreiser's involvement with her daughter,which was platonic, because Dreiser was married and 20 years her senior. Thelma's mother succeeded in breaking up the relationship by sending Thelma to England and by reporting it to the directors of the Butterick Publishing Company, which cost Dreiser his job.

## Artistic career

In England, Cudlipp continued her training in art, winning but not accepting a Royal Academy scholarship. When she returned to the U.S., she took lessons from Kenneth Hayes Miller, one of Dreiser's friends. She became well known as an illustrator for various newspapers and magazines, such as Harper's, The Century Magazine, McClure's, and The Saturday Evening Post. In addition to her own work, she developed an interest in pre-Columbian sculpture, which she collected and promoted through lectures. She later developed a friendship with Dreiser, but it was not of a romantic nature. They exchanged letters with each other until Dreiser's death.
In 1932, Thelma had an exhibition of her paintings at the Marie Sterner Galleries. In 1933, she was "declared the winner of the popular prize of $25" for her painting, entitled Victorian Place, in the annual exhibition of the Newport Art Association.

## Personal life

In 1918, she married Edwin Prescott Grosvenor (1875–1930), a successful attorney with Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, and cousin of former president William Howard Taft. Edwin was the son of Edwin A. Grosvenor and brother of Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, who married Elsie May Bell (daughter of Alexander Graham Bell). Together, they were the parents of two daughters: Anne Somerville Grosvenor (1919–2001), who married Dwight Edwards Robinson Jr. in 1945., and Louise Taft Grosvenor (1921–1987), who married Montana politician Sumner Gerard.
After her husband's death in 1930, she married Charles Seymour Whitman in 1933. Whitman had been governor of New York from 1915 to 1918. He died in 1947.
She died on 2 April 1983 in Greenwich, Connecticut. She was buried at Washington Cemetery on the Green in Litchfield County, Connecticut.
# Rhyzodiastes myopicus

Rhyzodiastes myopicus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Rhysodinae. It was described by Gilbert John Arrow in 1942. It is found in the Malay Peninsula.
# Theatre of the Virtues of the Venerable Stanislaus Hosius

Theatre of the Virtues of the Venerable Stanislaus Hosius is a collection of 105 drawings by the engraver Tomasz Treter, depicting the life of Stanislaus Hosius.
Stanislaus Hosius was Bishop of Warmia and a cardinal, Royal Secretary and one of an important figures of the European Counter-Reformation. The manuscript belonged to the library of the Zamoyski family. During World War II it was sent from Warsaw to Goerbitsch by Germans. From there, the Russians transported it to Moscow. The manuscript returned to Poland in 1947. It found its way, along with other items from the library of the Zamoyski family, to the National Library of Poland. From May 2024, the manuscript is presented at a permanent exhibition in the Palace of the Commonwealth.
The manuscript was created at the end of the 16th century. It consists 120 leaves measuring 21x15,5 cm. The manuscript contains 105 drawings depicting the life of Hosius (partly allegorically), odes in honor of Hosius and two colorful watercolors with figures of Polish nobility. The drawings formed the basis for copperplate engravings also made by Treter.
* Portrait of Stanislaus Hosius
* Thomb of Hosius
* Polish nobleman
# Rhyzobius

    Rhizobius is a genus in the fungi kingdom (see Disease resistance in fruit and vegetables), as well as an obsolete name for the aphid genus Pemphigus.
Rhyzobius is a genus in the lady beetle family (Coccinellidae). It belongs to tribe Coccidulini of subfamily Coccidulinae, which is sometimes subsumed in the Coccinellinae as a tribe with the Coccidulini downranked to subtribe.
The genus was established by J.F. Stephens in 1832. Often misspelled as "Rhizobius", that is actually an older name, now suppressed, for a genus of wooly aphids. The misspelling was first made in the original description in 1832; however, Stephens had used the name in 1829 already (as nomen nudum) and written it "Rhyzobius", so this spelling is used now. Louis Agassiz in 1846 argued that Stephens intended to write "Rhizobius" all along and formally proposed to change the name thus, but this is considered unwarranted.
Species of Rhyzobius can be found almost anywhere on Earth. Rhyzobius lophanthae is used for biological pest control in Australia, namely scale insects (Coccoidea).

## Species

106 species are recognised in the most recent worldwide revision, including:
* Rhyzobius bassus Normand, 1938$^g$
* Rhyzobius bielawskii Tomaszewska, 2010$^g$
* Rhyzobius bipartitus Fuente, 1918$^g$
* Rhyzobius chrysomeloides (Herbst, 1792)$^g$
* Rhyzobius fagus (Broun, 1880)$^g$
* Rhyzobius forestieri (Mulsant, 1853)$^{icgb}$
* Rhyzobius litura (Fabricius, 1787)$^g$
* Rhyzobius lophanthae (Blaisdell, 1892)$^{icgb}$ (purple scale predator)
* Rhyzobius nigripennis Fauvel, 1903$^g$
* Rhyzobius oculatissimus Wollaston, 1857$^g$
* Rhyzobius pulchellus (Montrouzier, 1861)$^g$
* Rhyzobius ventralis (Erichson, 1842)$^{icg}$
* Rhyzobius wanati Tomaszewska, 2010$^g$
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net

## Footnotes

* ↑ Fürsch (2007)
* ↑ New (2002), Fürsch (2007)
* ↑ Tomaszewska, W. 2010: Rhyzobius Stephens, 1829 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a revision of the world species. Fauna mundi, 2 ISSN 2081-4615 ISBN 978-83-930773-0-4
* ↑ "Rhyzobius Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
* ↑ "Browse Rhyzobius". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
* ↑ "Rhyzobius". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
* ↑ "Rhyzobius Genus Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
# Rhishard Llewellyn Jones

Rhishard Llewellyn Jones (12 June 1865 – 3 March 1932) was a Welsh professor of physics who worked at the Presidency College Madras and also served as a director of the Madras Observatory. His students included C. V. Raman.
Jones was born in Pempompren, Cardiganshire and was educated at Talybout and at Ardwyn House School, Aberystwyth before entering Corpus Christi College, Cambridge where he graduated 23rd wrangler in 1887. He worked at Dulwich College and joined as a professor of physics at the Presidency College, Madras in 1889. He received an MA in 1893. At Madras he also served as Government Meteorologist from 1899. Jones was elected Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1895, while a brother of his contributed to the Astronomical Society of Wales.
# Jackie Sawiris

Jackie Sawiris is a Jordanian/Egyptian actress, writer and film-maker who is best known for playing the Arabian genie Majida in Knightmare from 1993 to 1994. Other notable performances include playing Roz in Eyes Wide Shut (1999).

## Acting career

Her character in Knightmare was Sawiris's breakthrough role, she appeared in the show for 2 years until the series ended in 1994, replacing actor David Learner who played the wood elf Pickle. Her role in the series was to provide some comic relief, Majida would often summon the Dungeoneers in herself and in Episode 1 of Season 7 she changes the original horned Helmet of Justice for a new one (complete with a visor), much to the annoyance of Treguard (Hugo Myatt).
Selected other film and TV Credits include 45 Minutes to Ramallah (2013), Incendies (2010), 10 Days to War (2008), The Bill (1998), The Big Swap (1998), Emmerdale (4 episodes in 1998), the video game Krazy Ivan (1995) and Death Machine (1994).

## Producer/director

Since 1988 Sawiris has worked behind the camera as a director and producer on many Film & TV Productions. She was assistant director (1st AD/2nd Unit) on The Mummy Returns (2001). She was also a production secretary on 12 episodes of The Wire in 2003.
She is currently working on a selection of projects and films, some written, directed and starring herself.

## Filmography
### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1993–1994 | Knightmare | Majida | 25 episodes |
| 1998 | Emmerdale | Beth Williams | 4 episodes |
| 1998 | The Bill | Maria Joliffe | 2 episodes |
| 2003 | The Wire | TV Reporter | Episode: "Bad Dreams" |
| 2006 | The Holy Family | Mary of Clopas | Television film |
| 2008 | 10 Days to War | Somaiya | Episode: "You Are Welcome Here" |
| 2008 | The Shooting of Thomas Hurndall | Taysir's Mother | Television film |

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1991 | New York Vampire | Miranda | |
| 1994 | Death Machine | Waitress | |
| 1997 | Table 5 | Ramona | |
| 1998 | The Big Swap | Sydney | |
| 1999 | Eyes Wide Shut | Roz | |
| 2010 | Incendies | Mére | |
| 2010 | SenseLess | Kalthoum | Short film |
| 2011 | Kelling Brae | Ellen Marchant | |
| 2013 | 45 Minutes to Ramallah | Mama | |

### Video games

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1996 | Krazy Ivan | Fatima | |
# FSIV

FSIV may refer to:
* FastStone Image Viewer
* Fast Supply Intervention Vessel, a type of platform supply vessel
# FSI International

FSI International, Inc. (FSI) is an American manufacturing company based in Chaska, Minnesota, that supplies processing equipment used to manufacture microelectronics, including semiconductor devices.

## History

The company's history began with the establishment of Fluoroware, Inc. in 1966, a company that made fixtures to hold the silicon wafers in place during the various processes involved in producing semiconductor devices. When asked to design a drying apparatus, the principals of Fluoroware agreed to do so and established FSI International in 1973 to market this new product.
The company's offerings expanded to meet the market need for equipment used in the fabrication of microelectronics. In the 1990s, the company relocated from its original facility overlooking Hazeltine Lake to a larger site nearby.
In 1999, FSI International announced an agreement to acquire YieldUP International Corp. In October 2012, Tokyo Electron acquired FSI International, Inc. and renamed the division TEL FSI.

## Products

FSI International supplied wafer cleaning equipment, using wet, cryogenic or other chemistry techniques. The company also sold microlithography systems using photoresist processes. The company provides upgrade, replacement and other support services. The five main series of equipment produced by the company are: ZETA, MERCURY, ORION, ANTARES, and POLARIS, and in earlier years, the company also produced the SATURN and NEPTUNE processing systems. Some of the products of the company are spray cleaning systems, single wafer cleaning systems, cryogenic processing systems, and immersion cleaning systems.
# FC Chartres

Football Club de Chartres was a French association football club, based in Chartres.

## History

The club was founded in 1989 as the result of a merger between Vélo Sport Chartrain and Sporting Club de Chartres. They are based in the town of Chartres and their home stadium is the Stade des Grands Pres. In May 2018, the club merged with Chartres Horizon to form C'Chartres Football.

## Famous players

* Enzo Millot (youth)
* Adrien Truffert (youth)
# Rhizopogon truncatus

Rhizopogon truncatus is an ectomycorrhizal fungus in the family Rhizopogonaceae. It was described by American mycologist David Hunt Linder in 1924.
# Rhizopogon villosulus

Rhizopogon villosulus is an ectomycorrhizal fungus used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture. It was first described scientifically by mycologist Sanford Myron Zeller in 1941.
# Rhyncolus cylindricollis

Rhyncolus cylindricollis is a species of true weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae.
# Rhyncolus cercocarpus

Rhyncolus cercocarpus is a species of true weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.
# Rhyncolus macrops

Rhyncolus macrops is a species of true weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.
# Rhanterium

Rhanterium is a genus of dwarf-shrubs in the tribe Inuleae within the family Asteraceae growing in the deserts of the Middle East and northern Africa.

## Species

* Rhanterium adpressum Coss. & Durieu - Morocco, Algeria
* Rhanterium epapposum Oliv. - Saudi Arabia, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan
* Rhanterium suaveolens Desf. - Algeria, Libya, Tunisia
# Rhandy Piñango

Rhandy Piñango (born 29 November 1971) is a Venezuelan telenovela, film and theater actor.

## Biography

Piñango was born in Caracas at the Maternidad Concepción Palacios hospital, being the only son to parents José de Jesús Piñango and Mariela Pinto.
When he was a teenager, Piñango became attracted to drama and acting. After finishing his high school education at the Liceo Leopoldo Aguerrevere, he enrolled in acting classes at RCTV's acting school Luz Columba, under the instruction of professor Nelson Ortega. His first television role was in the telenovela La Llaman Mariamor in 1996.
After acting in various RCTV telenovelas, Piñango moved to Venevisión in 2005 to participate in the telenovela El amor las vuelve locas. In 2011, he played the role of a villain in the telenovela El árbol de Gabriel.

## Filmography

Films and television :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1996 | La llaman Mariamor | | Television debut |
| 2000 | Mis 3 hermanas | | |
| 2003 | La mujer de Judas | Calixto Romero / Calixto | |
| 2004 | Amor del bueno | Luis | |
| 2005 | El amor las vuelve locas | | |
| 2006 | El rey de los huevones | Mario | Film debut |
| 2007 | Aunque mal paguen | Ignacio | |
| 2009 | Los misterios del amor | Vladimir Quintana | |
| 2009 | Tomasa Tequiero | Augusto | |
| 2011 | El arbol de Gabriel | Ricardo Arismendi | |
| 2014 | Corazón esmeralda | Jaime Batista | 107 episodes |

## Theater

* Historias de Cerro Arriba
* Cada Batman Tiene su Robin
* O Todos o Ninguno
* Los Peces del Acuario
* Romero y Julieta
* Apartamento de Soltero
# Jack Holmes

Jack Holmes may refer to:
* Jack Holmes (rugby league, born 1904) (1904–1931), Australian rugby league footballer of the 1920s and 1930s
* Jack Holmes (rugby league, born 1994), rugby league footballer of the 2010s
* Jack Holmes (cricketer) (1899–1950), English cricketer
* Jack Holmes (American football) (born 1953), NFL player
* Jack Holmes (footballer), English footballer
# Jack Jones (footballer, born 1888)

John Clark Jones (5 March 1888 – 18 June 1960) was an Australian rules footballer who played with University in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He played for University in 1908 and 1909 before moving to Western Australia to play for the North Fremantle Football Club. He returned to Victoria in 1913 and played one more season with University.

## Sources

* ↑ "Great Scot". Scotch College. September 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
* ↑ "Football. The Australian Game". The West Australian. Perth. 16 April 1910. p. 13. Retrieved 2 February 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
* Holmesby, Russell & Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.
* Jack Jones's playing statistics from AFL Tables
* This Australian rules football biography of a person born in 1888 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Fa'ataupati

The Fa'ataupati is a dance indigenous to Samoans. In English it is simply the "Samoan Slap Dance". It was developed in Samoa in the 19th century and is only performed by males.

## History

The word pati in Fa'ataupati means "to clap", Fa'ataupati means to 'forcefully clap or to slap'.
Dances in Samoa would reflect on everyday life activities. In the 19th century there was an invasion of mosquitoes to the Kingdom, which later on became another part of everyday life, and it was there that the Fa'ataupati was created from when a man would forcefully slap his body. This dance mimics a person slapping the mosquitoes off their body when bitten.
From then on it became part of the Samoan culture.

## Performance

The Fa'ataupati is traditionally performed by a group of men and requires strength and stability. The men would clap and slap in sync with each other. This dance is the only dance in Samoa that does not require any instrument, as the slapping of the bodies, the clapping of the hands and stomping of the feet create the music for this dance. It is the only all-male dance in Samoa.
The Fa'ataupati is rarely performed alone. This dance requires a lot of coconut oil rubbed on the skin, as the slapping can sometimes leave marks on one's body. Regardless, it has never stopped the Samoan males having fun, and also having the opportunity to express themselves in a dance that is specifically for them.
In other cultures this dance would be seen as a "war dance".

## Use in Mainstream New Zealand Dance

Fa'ataupati has been used by one of New Zealand's leading contemporary dance companies; Black Grace, in their dances Minoi and Minoi 2.
# Thienemann

Thienemann is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* August Thienemann (1882–1960), German limnologist, zoologist and ecologist
* August Wilhelm Thienemann (1830–1884), German priest and ornithologist
* Johannes Thienemann (1863–1938), German ornithologist
* Ludwig Thienemann (1793–1858), German physician and naturalist
* Otto Thienemann [de] (late 19th c.), Austrian architect. Modified Lutheran City Church and designed the Thienemannhof and Café Museum buildings in Vienna
# Jack Sharpe

Jack Sharpe may refer to:
* Jack Sharpe (musician) (1930–1994), English jazz saxophonist and bandleader
* Jack Sharpe (songwriter) (1909–1996), American songwriter, music publishing executive and author
* Jack Sharpe (footballer) (1866–1936), English footballer
* St George Henry Rathbone who wrote under this pseudonym.
# FAAH (disambiguation)

FAAH is an abbreviation, acronym, or initialism that may refer to:
* Fatty acid amide hydrolase, a protein found in cell membranes
* FightAIDS@Home, a distributed computing project
* Foil Arms and Hog, an Irish comedy troupe
# István Krepuska

István Krepuska (8 August 1899 — 14 March 1978) was a Hungarian ice hockey player. He played for the Hungarian national team at the 1928 Winter Olympics and several World Championships.
# Jesus College

Jesus College may refer to:
* Jesus College, Cambridge
* Jesus College, Oxford
# Itamintho

Itamintho is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Itamintho erro Townsend, 1931

## Distribution

Brazil.