OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bitonic tour

In computational geometry, a bitonic tour of a set of point sites in the Euclidean plane is a closed polygonal chain that has each site as one of its vertices, such that any vertical line crosses the chain at most twice.

## Optimal bitonic tours

The optimal bitonic tour is a bitonic tour of minimum total length. It is a standard exercise in dynamic programming to devise a polynomial time algorithm that constructs the optimal bitonic tour. Although the usual method for solving it in this way takes time $O(n^{2})$, a faster algorithm with time $O(n\log ^{2}n)$ is known.
The problem of constructing optimal bitonic tours is often credited to Jon L. Bentley, who published in 1990 an experimental comparison of many heuristics for the traveling salesman problem; however, Bentley's experiments do not include bitonic tours. The first publication that describes the bitonic tour problem appears to be a different 1990 publication, the first edition of the textbook Introduction to Algorithms by Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, and Ron Rivest, which lists Bentley as the originator of the problem.

## Properties

The optimal bitonic tour has no self-crossings, because any two edges that cross can be replaced by an uncrossed pair of edges with shorter total length due to the triangle inequality. Therefore, it forms a polygonalization of the input.
When compared to other tours that might not be bitonic, the optimal bitonic tour is the one that minimizes the total amount of horizontal motion, with ties broken by Euclidean distance.
For points in the plane with distinct integer $x$-coordinates and with real-number $y$-coordinates that lie within an interval of length $2{\sqrt {2}}$ or less, the optimal bitonic tour is an optimal traveling salesperson tour.

## Other optimization criteria

The same dynamic programming algorithm that finds the optimal bitonic tour may be used to solve other variants of the traveling salesman problem that minimize lexicographic combinations of motion in a fixed number of coordinate directions.
At the 5th International Olympiad in Informatics, in Mendoza, Argentina in 1993, one of the contest problems involved bitonic tours: the contestants were to devise an algorithm that took as input a set of sites and a collection of allowed edges between sites and construct a bitonic tour using those edges that included as many sites as possible. As with the optimal bitonic tour, this problem may be solved by dynamic programming.
# Jean-Pierre Pujol

Jean-Pierre Pujol (30 June 1941 – 8 November 2017) was a French politician and teacher.
He was born in Condom, Gers and worked as a schoolteacher before entering politics. Pujol was mayor of Nogaro between 1989 and 2008. He was elected to the National Assembly and served from 2001 to 2002, succeeding Claude Desbons, who had died in office. Pujol was named an alternate assemblyman for Philippe Martin in 2002 and 2007. Pujol won election to the Gers General Council in 1994 and stepped down in 2015. Between 2013 and 2014, Pujol was council president.
Pujol died at the age of 76 on 8 November 2017, at a hospital in Mont-de-Marsan.
# The Starship Trap

The Starship Trap is a Star Trek: The Original Series novel written by Mel Gilden.

## Plot

While traveling to an important diplomatic meeting, the USS Enterprise is attacked by a Klingon warship. Managing to secure a truce, Kirk discovers the Klingon captain thought he was gaining revenge for vanishing Klingon ships. Kirk and his crew soon learn that ships from all over known space are vanishing. They race to stop the phenomenon before interstellar war breaks out.
# Tribute to Masami Okui: Buddy

Tribute to Masami Okui ~Buddy~ is a tribute album for Japanese singer Masami Okui. It was released on June 25, 2008.

## Information

* To commemorate 15th anniversary since Masami Okui's debut in 1993, various anime song artists sing cover version of her previous works.

## Track listing

* Trust
** Performed by: Minami Kuribayashi
** From 11th album God Speed
* Rondo -revolution- (輪舞 -revolution-)
** Performed by: Chihara Minori
** From 3rd album Ma-KING
* Jounetsu (情熱)
** Performed by: Aki Misato
** From 7th album Devotion
* Introduction
** Performed by: Masaaki Endoh
** From 9th album ReBirth
* Olive
** Performed by: Yoko Ishida
** From 10th album Dragonfly
* Iiwake (いいわけ)
** Performed by: Suara
** From 11th album Crossroad
* Otomegokoro Mugen (乙女心無限)
** Performed by: Tomoe Ohmi
** From 12th album Evolution
* Koishimasho nebarimasho (恋しましょ ねばりましょ)
** Performed by: Haruko Momoi
** From 4th album Do-Can
* Wasuregusa (ワスレグサ)
** Performed by: Hironobu Kageyama
** From 13th album Masami Life
* Happy Place
** Performed by: Chihiro Yonekura
** From 11th album Crossroad

## Sources

Official website: Makusonia
# Thomas Morgan (navy chaplain)

Thomas Morgan (6 December 1769 – 22 November 1851) was a Welsh navy chaplain who saw action during the French Revolutionary Wars and was involved in the Spithead mutiny before serving as chaplain of the naval dockyard at Portsmouth.

## Life

Morgan was born on 6 December 1769 and educated at Christ College, Brecon. He then studied at the University of Oxford, firstly at Wadham College and then at Jesus College, and graduated in 1790. He later obtained his DD degree (1824). He was ordained and joined the Royal Navy as a navy chaplain. During the French Revolutionary Wars, Morgan was injured during the naval battle of the Glorious First of June in 1794. Four years later, he was serving at Spithead during the Spithead mutiny. Sympathetic to the men's grievances, he helped to restore order. Morgan served as chaplain and secretary to Admiral Sir Charles Cotton from 1799 to 1807, then served as a chaplain in naval hospitals before his final posting as chaplain at Portsmouth naval dockyard. He was also a priest of various parishes: Talley and Llansadwrn in Carmarthenshire, Llanfaches in Monmouthshire and Kings Langley, Hertfordshire. He died on 22 November 1851 in Portsmouth.
# Lindholmsdockan

Lindholmsdockan is a dry dock and is located in Gothenburg, Sweden. It opened in 1875 and is being used as a small marina.
# Lindhorst

Lindhorst is a municipality in the district of Schaumburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately 8 km northeast of Stadthagen, and 35 km east of Minden.
Lindhorst is also the seat of the Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Lindhorst.
# Limbatochlamys

Limbatochlamys is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae described by Rothschild in 1894.

## Species

* Limbatochlamys rosthorni Rothschild, 1894
* Limbatochlamys pararosthorni Han & Xue, 2005
* Limbatochlamys parvisis Han & Xue, 2005
# Jennifer Guidi

Jennifer Guidi (born 1972) is an American painter.

## Early life and education

Guidi enrolled at Boston University, where she studied painting and printmaking, She primarily painted portraits, both of herself and of friends. After receiving her BFA in 1994, Guidi earned an MFA from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 1998 and relocated to Los Angeles in 2001.

## Career

In 2005, she staged her first solo exhibition at ACME. in Los Angeles, where she presented eleven intimately-scaled oil paintings on linen that drew comparisons to the paintings of Sam Francis and Fairfield Porter. At this time, Guidi was making representational paintings of landscapes, plants, and insects.
During a 2012 trip to Marrakech, she became fascinated by the rich patterning of Moroccan rugs, specifically the intricate stitching found on their rarely seen verso sides. She then began to paint from photographs of these woven surfaces, ultimately producing a series of abstract oil and sand paintings titled Field Paintings, which debuted in a solo exhibition at LAXART in 2014. Featuring rows of minuscule, tactile impressions, these paintings marked a shift from representation to abstraction, as well as the introduction of sand into Guidi's work.
In 2017, Guidi presented her first solo museum exhibition at the Villa Croce Museum of Contemporary Art in Genoa, Italy. The exhibition consisted of large-scale sand and acrylic paintings, which were painted in the seven colors of the light spectrum and occupied the frescoed interior walls of the neoclassical Italian villa. Methodically-produced meditations on light and color, Guidi's most recent paintings feature mandala-like compositions and have been compared to the works of Agnes Martin, Georgia O'Keeffe, and the Light and Space artists.
Guidi's work can be found in the public collections of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Dallas Museum of Art, Hammer Museum, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Marciano Art Foundation, and the Rubell Family Collection.

## Museum exhibitions

* 2023: “Jennifer Guidi. And so it is.,” Orange County Museum of Art, Costa Mesa, California
* 2022: “Jennifer Guidi. Full Moon,” Long Museum, West Bund, Shanghai, China
* 2017: “Visible Light / Luce Visible,” Museo d’Arte Contemporanea Villa Croce, Genoa, Italy
# John Craven (businessman)

Sir John Anthony Craven (23 October 1940 – 30 March 2022) was a British financier who was chairman of Deutsche Morgan Grenfell Group plc, and a director of Deutsche Bank and Reuters.

## Early life

Craven was born in Leominster on 23 October 1940. He was educated at Michaelhouse and read law at Jesus College, Cambridge. He was a member of the Canadian and Ontario Institutes of Chartered Accountants.

## Career

In 1967, Craven joined SG Warburg & Co Ltd, becoming an executive director in 1969 under the tutelage of Siegmund Warburg. He became Group Chief Executive of White Weld & Co Ltd (subsequently Credit Suisse First Boston) from 1975 to 1978 and a vice-chairman of SG Warburg & Co Ltd in 1979. In 1981 he founded Phoenix Securities Ltd which was acquired by Morgan Grenfell Group plc in 1987 when he took on the role of Group Chief Executive of Morgan Grenfell Group plc, succeeding Christopher Reeves. He sat on the board of managing directors of Deutsche Bank from 1990 until 1996.
Craven was chairman of Morgan Grenfell Group plc from 1989, a post he retained when the group was renamed as Deutsche Morgan Grenfell Group plc in 1996. He was a non-executive director of Rothmans International plc and a member of the Supervisory Board, Société Générale de Surveillance SA, Geneva. He was also a Trustee of the Cambridge University Foundation.
Craven was knighted in the 1996 Birthday Honours for his services to banking, as "one of the leading City financiers of the past 30 years".
Craven died on 30 March 2022, at the age of 81.
# Turbonilla montserratae

Turbonilla montserratae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Description

The shell grows to a length of 3.6 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off the Solomons, Fiji and New Caledonia.
# Jenny Gregory

Jennifer Anne Gregory AM (born 1946) is an Australian academic and historian. Her research and writing focuses on the history of Western Australia. As of September 2020 she is professor emerita at the University of Western Australia.
Gregory was born Jennifer Anne Gleeson in Melbourne, Victoria in 1946. Her father had been a World War II fighter pilot in the Royal Australian Air Force. He met her mother, a nursing sister, when recuperating from a crash landing. The family moved to Sydney in 1952, where she attended Ascham School. On finishing school she began studies at the National Art School but, following the family's move to Perth in 1965, she enrolled in Perth Technical College. In 1966 she joined the public service and was encouraged to enrol in a tertiary degree. Marriage to Ross Gregory in 1969 and the birth of two children delayed the completion of her bachelor's degree. She graduated from the University of Western Australia (UWA) in 1982 as Bachelor of Arts and with a Ph.D (Manufacture of Middle Class Suburbia) in 1989. From 2009 to 2015 she was head of school (humanities) at UWA.

## Awards and recognition

In 2001 Gregory was awarded a Centenary Medal for "service to the community as President of the National Trust of Western Australia", while in the 2010 Australia Day Honours she was appointed Member of the Order of Australia for "service to the community as a historian and academic and through the promotion and preservation of local and regional history in Western Australia".

## Works

* Western Australia between the wars, 1919–1939, University of Western Australia Press, 1990, ISBN 0864220979
* Building a Tradition: A history of Scotch College, Perth 1897–1996, University of Western Australia Press, 1996 ISBN 1875560890
* Claremont: A history, co-written by Geoffrey Bolton, University of Western Australia Press, 1999 ISBN 1876268387
* City of Light: A History of Perth Since the Fifties, City of Perth, 2003, ISBN 9780959463255
* Jenny Gregory; Janice Gothard, eds. (2009). Historical Encyclopedia of Western Australia (PDF). Crawley: UWA Publishing. ISBN 978-1-921401-15-2. OCLC 405500003. OL 45266821M. Wikidata Q5773872.
# Russian ship Vladimir Monomakh

At least two ships of the Imperial Russian, Soviet or Russian Navy have been named Vladimir Monomakh after Vladimir II Monomakh.
* Russian cruiser Vladimir Monomakh - Armoured cruiser launched in 1882 and sunk at the Battle of Tsushima in 1905.
* Russian submarine Vladimir Monomakh - a Borei-class submarine launched in 2012.
# Linepithema gallardoi

Linepithema gallardoi is a species of ant in the genus Linepithema. Described by Juan Brèthes in 1914, the species is endemic to South America.
# Line 3 (Nanning Metro)

Line 3 of the Nanning Metro is a rapid transit line in Nanning. The line opened on 6 June 2019. The line is 27.9 km long with 23 stations.

## Opening timeline

| Segment | Commencement | Length | Station(s) | Name |
| Keyuan Dadao — Pingliang Overpass | 6 June 2019 | 27.9 km (17.34 mi) | 22 | |
| Donggouling | 10 September 2020 | Infill station | 1 | |

## Stations

| Station name | Station name | Station name | Transfer | Distance km | Distance km | Location |
| English | Chinese | Zhuang | Transfer | Distance km | Distance km | Location |
| Keyuan Dadao | 科园大道 | Daihloh Gohyenz | | | | Xixiangtang |
| Chuangye Lu | 创业路 | Roen Cangyez | | | | Xixiangtang |
| Anji Coach Station | 安吉客运站 | Camh Yinhhek Anhgiz | 2 | | | Xixiangtang |
| Beihubei Lu | 北湖北路 | Roen Baek Bwzhuz | | | | Xixiangtang |
| Xiufeng Lu | 秀峰路 | Roen Siufungh | | | | Xixiangtang |
| Yongwu Lu | 邕武路 | Roen Yunghvuj | | | | Xixiangtang / Xingning |
| Dajicun | 大鸡村 | Dagihcunh | | | | Xingning |
| Xinggui Lu | 兴桂路 | Roen Hinghgvei | | | | Xingning |
| Xiaojicun | 小鸡村 | Siujgihcunh | 5 | | | Xingning |
| Donggouling | 东沟岭 | Dungruhlingj | | | | Xingning |
| Changgang Lu | 长堽路 | Roen Cangzgangh | | | | Xingning |
| Dongge Lu | 东葛路 | Roen Dunghgoz | | | | Qingxiu |
| Binhu Lu | 滨湖路 | Roen Binhhuz | | | | Qingxiu |
| Jinhu Square | 金湖广场 | Ginhhuz Gvangjcangz | 1 | | | Qingxiu |
| Langxi | 埌西 | Langsih | | | | Qingxiu |
| Qingzhu Overpass | 青竹立交 | Cinghcuz Lizgyauh | | | | Qingxiu |
| Qingxiushan | 青秀山 | Cinghsiusanh | | | | Qingxiu |
| Nanning Museum | 市博物馆 | Si Bozvuzgvanj | | | | Liangqing |
| Advanced Business Park | 总部基地 | Cungjbu Gihdi | 4 | | | Liangqing |
| Guangxi Planning Exhibition Hall | 广西规划馆 | Gvangjsih Gveihva’gvanj | | | | Liangqing |
| Qingge Lu | 庆歌路 | Roen Ginggoh | | | | Liangqing |
| Wuxianghu | 五象湖 | Vujsienghuz | | | | Liangqing |
| Pingliang Overpass | 平良立交 | Bingzliengz Lizgyauh | 2 | | | Liangqing |
# John Bruce Harris

John Bruce Harris (April 9, 1903 – October 1, 1983) was an educator, general merchant and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Torch River from 1944 to 1948 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member.
He was born in Smith Falls, Ontario to parents Thomas Harris and Mary Jane Jones, and was educated in Melfort, Saskatchewan, Prince Albert and Saskatoon. In 1932, Harris married Hilda Mae Carson. He taught school for 20 years. Harris lived in Choiceland where he managed the Co-op store. After retiring from politics, he returned to teaching school. In 1952, he moved to Tompkins to manage the Co-op store there, then suddenly returned to teaching in Choiceland; then, in 1960, departed for Edmonton, Alberta – where he taught until the early 1970s.
# Turzyn

Turzyn may refer to the following places:
* Turzyn, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
* Turzyn, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Turzyn, Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland)
* Turzyn, Szczecin
# John Ernest Grabe

John Ernest Grabe (10 July 1666 – 3 November 1711), Anglican divine, was born at Königsberg, where his father, Martin Sylvester Grabe, was professor of theology and history.

## Life

In his theological studies Grabe succeeded in persuading himself of the schismatical character of the Reformation, and accordingly he presented to the Lutheran consistory of Samland in Prussia a memorial in which he compared the position of the evangelical Protestant churches with that of the Novatians and other ancient schismatics. He had resolved to join the Church of Rome when a commission of Lutheran divines pointed out flaws in his written argument and called his attention to the English Church as apparently possessing that apostolic succession and manifesting that fidelity to ancient institutions which he desired.
He came to England, settled in Oxford, and made heavy use of the Bodleian Library. He was ordained in 1700, and became chaplain of Christ Church. His inclination was towards the party of the Nonjurors. The learned labours to which the remainder of his life was devoted were rewarded with an Oxford degree (DD) and a royal pension.
He died on 3 November 1711. He was buried in St Pancras Old Church, London on 9 November 1711. His name is listed on the Burdett Coutts Memorial as one of the important graves lost. In 1726 a monument by Francis Bird was erected to him by Edward Harley, Earl of Oxford, in Westminster Abbey.
Some account of Grabe's life is given in Robert Nelson's Life of George Bull, and by George Hickes in a discourse prefixed to the pamphlet against William Whiston's Collection of Testimonies against the True Deity of the Son and of the Holy Ghost. Dr George Smalridge (who also granted him his degree) wrote a biography of Grabe.

## Works

His works, which show him to have been learned and laborious but somewhat deficient in critical acumen, include a Spicilegium SS. Patrum et haereticorum (1698-1699), which was designed to cover the first three centuries of the Christian church, but was not continued beyond the close of the second. A second edition of this work was published in 1714.
He brought out editions of:
* Justin Martyr, Apologia prima (1700)
* Irenaeus, Adversus omnes haereses (1702)
* Bishop Bull's Latin works (1703).
* Septuaginta interpretum. tomus 1. Oxford 1707
His edition of the Septuagint was based on the Codex Alexandrinus; it appeared in four volumes (1707–1720), and was completed by Francis Lee and by George Wigan.
# John Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar

Johann Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (21 February 1594 in Altenburg – 6 December 1626 in Sankt Martin, Hungary), was a duke of Saxe-Weimar.

## Biography

Born as the eldest son of Johann, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Dorothea Maria of Anhalt, during his first years, Johann Ernst had a tutor and arms master, Matt of Johan. His father died on 18 July 1605, leaving the duchy under the governance of a regent. In 1608 he began his studies at the age of 14 at the University of Jena accompanied by his younger brothers, Wilhelm and Frederick. While at the university, his guardian appointed a companion and supervisor over the three princes, who later became Field Marshal Kaspar of Teutleben and the Preceptor Frederick Hortleder. In 1613–1614, Johann and his brothers, with his guardians, took a tour of France, Great Britain and the Netherlands as part of their studies.
In 1615 Johann Ernst reached adulthood and took control of his duchy and the guardianship of his under-age younger brothers.
On 24 August 1617 in the Schloss Hornstein (now Wilhelmsburg Castle), during his mother's funeral, Johann Ernst created The Fruitbearing Society (Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft), a German literary society. The young duke participated as an initial member.
During his government, Johann Ernst promoted the reforms of Wolfgang Ratke in Köthen. He also supported the similar school reforms of Johannes Kromayer and Johann Weidner in Weimar, starting on 1618 in Jena and Weimar with the annulment of tax decrees.
In 1620 Johann Ernst served under Frederick V, Elector Palatine, the famous Winter King. After his defeat in the Battle of White Mountain on 8 November 1620, the duke refused to submit to the Emperor without conditions. As a punishment, he lost his estates and the guardianship of his brothers.
Now fully against the Habsburgs, he fought in the Netherlands and performed duties as a ride master. Later, he took a commission as a Danish lieutenant general of the cavalry and fought in the Thirty Years' War in Westphalia and Lower Saxony. As such he participated in the conquest of the Schlesiens. Afterwards he went to fight for Count Ernst von Mansfeld for one of his estates in Hungary. There Johann Ernst died, at the age of 32 years, in the Hungarian location of Sankt Martin, as a result of war wounds.