OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# List of M Countdown Chart winners (2008)

The M Countdown Chart is a record chart on the South Korean Mnet television music program M Countdown. Every week, the show awards the best-performing single on the chart in the country during its live broadcast.
In 2008, 17 songs ranked number one on the chart and 14 acts received first-place trophies. Six songs collected trophies for three consecutive weeks and achieved a triple crown: "Circus" by MC Mong, "Look Only At Me" by Taeyang, "So Hot" by Wonder Girls, "U-Go-Girl" by Lee Hyori, "Haru Haru" by Big Bang, and "Mirotic" by TVXQ. Girls' Generation acquired the highest point total of the year on the February 28 broadcast, with a score of 965 for "Kissing You".

## Chart history

Key :
| | Triple Crown |
| | Highest score of the year |
| — | No show was held |
| Episode | Date | Artist | Song | Points |
| 89 | January 17 | Big Bang | "Last Farewell" | 939 |
| 90 | January 31 | SeeYa | "Sad Footsteps" | 914 |
| 91 | February 14 | Girls' Generation | "Kissing You" | 927 |
| 92 | February 28 | Girls' Generation | "Kissing You" | 965 |
| 93 | March 13 | Jewelry | "One More Time" | 924 |
| 94 | March 27 | Gummy | "I'm Sorry" | 916 |
| 95 | April 10 | Girls' Generation | "Baby Baby" | 919 |
| 96 | April 24 | Lee Seung-gi | "I'll Give You My Everything" | 949 |
| 97 | May 8 | MC Mong | "Circus" | 912 |
| 98 | May 22 | MC Mong | "Circus" | 943 |
| 99 | June 12 | MC Mong | "Circus" | 923 |
| 100 | June 19 | Taeyang | "Look Only At Me" | 936 |
| 101 | June 26 | Taeyang | "Look Only At Me" | 951 |
| 102 | July 3 | Taeyang | "Look Only At Me" | 942 |
| 103 | July 10 | Wonder Girls | "So Hot" | 939 |
| 104 | July 17 | Wonder Girls | "So Hot" | 945 |
| 105 | July 24 | Wonder Girls | "So Hot" | 944 |
| 106 | July 31 | Lee Hyori | "U-Go-Girl" | 944 |
| 107 | August 14 | Lee Hyori | "U-Go-Girl" | 939 |
| 108 | August 21 | Lee Hyori | "U-Go-Girl" | 936 |
| 109 | August 28 | Big Bang | "Haru Haru" | 950 |
| 110 | September 4 | Big Bang | "Haru Haru" | 955 |
| 111 | September 11 | Big Bang | "Haru Haru" | 946 |
| 112 | September 18 | Shinee | "Love Like Oxygen" | 921 |
| 113 | September 25 | Big Bang | "Haru Haru" | 960 |
| 114 | October 2 | F.T. Island | "After Love" | 939 |
| 115 | October 9 | TVXQ | "Mirotic" | 950 |
| 116 | October 23 | TVXQ | "Mirotic" | 952 |
| 117 | October 30 | TVXQ | "Mirotic" | 963 |
| 118 | November 6 | Rain | "Rainism" | 933 |
| 119 | November 27 | Rain | "Rainism" | 939 |
| 120 | December 4 | Big Bang | "Sunset Glow" | 949 |
# Saint Charles, Georgia

Saint Charles is an unincorporated community in Coweta County, in the U.S. state of Georgia.

## History

A post office called Saint Charles was established in 1891, and remained in operation until 1934. The Georgia General Assembly incorporated Saint Charles as a town in 1893. The town's municipal charter was repealed in 1995.
# Black Rock Dam (Schuylkill River)

The Black Rock Dam is a low head dam in the Schuylkill River. Originally constructed as a stone filled, timber crib dam in the early 19th century by the Schuylkill Navigation Company, the dam was one of dozens built to create a slack water pools for the Schuylkill Navigation System. The dam is a contributing property of the "Schuylkill Navigation Canal, Oakes Reach Section" registered historic district. The dam is located between Phoenixville and Mont Clare in southeastern Pennsylvania, USA.
The original dam structure is L-shaped. There is the usual perpendicular crossing creating the low head spillway. However the majority of the structure is a long forebay for the canal, parallel to the left bank. The forebay has two spillways and ends with the structure of Lock 60. Lock 60 is the guard lock of the Oakes Canal portion of the Navigation. In 1828 a lock was added to the right side of the dam as part of the Chester County Canal addition to the Navigation, which provided water power and later transport to Phoenixville. In 1869 this canal was ruined by a flood.
In 1902 three hydroelectric generators were added to the forebay by the Reading Traction Company to power a local trolley. The generators have been removed, but the dam is still owned by power company, Exelon.
In the later 20th century, the perpendicular section was extended across the end of the forebay, creating a straight bank to bank dam and capping the forebay.
In 2008, as part of a project to restore the migratory American shad to the Schuylkill, a fish ladder was added to the dam on the Chester County side. During construction, remnants of the Chester County Canal feeder lock were uncovered and documented by an archeologist.
# Josafá Menezes da Silva

Josafá Menezes da Silva (born 2 January 1959) is a Brazilian prelate of the Catholic Church and holds the position of metropolitan archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Aracaju. His prior positions include auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia from 2005 to 2010, bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Barreiras from 2010 to 2019, and metropolitan archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vitória da Conquista from 2019 to 2024.

## Early life and education

Josafá Menezes da Silva was born in Salinas da Margarida, State of Bahia, Brazil. He completed his philosophical studies at the Catholic University of São Salvador da Bahia and theological studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University. Ordained on 14 March 1989 by Lucas Moreira Neves, O.P., he became a priest within the metropolitan archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia. From 1989 to 2003, he served in various capacities including pastor of São João parish in Salvador, deputy rector at the propedeutical seminary of Santa Terezinha de Lisieux, assistant archdiocesan bursar, coordinator of the archdiocesan Theological Commission, and professor at several institutions. He earned a postgraduate degree in theology and a doctorate in Christian anthropology from the Pontifical Lateran University.

## Episcopal service

Appointed on 12 January 2005 as titular bishop of Gummi in Byzacena and auxiliary of São Salvador da Bahia, Josafá Menezes da Silva was ordained on 10 March by Gerardo Majella Agnelo. On 15 December 2010, he was named bishop of Barreiras. He served as metropolitan archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vitória da Conquista starting on 9 October 2019. On 13 March 2024, Pope Francis appointed him metropolitan archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Aracaju, succeeding Dom. Frei. João José da Costa, O. Carm., following his resignation.
# Johannes Floors

Johannes Floors (born 8 February 1995) is a German para-athlete. A bilateral lower limb amputee, Floors competes in sprint events, competing in the T43 classification.

## Career

He has won medals at both European and World Championship level and was part of the German Athletics at the 2016 Summer Paralympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay team that won gold at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio.

## Personal life

Floors was born in Bissendorf, Germany, in 1995. He was born without his right foot and part of his lower shin.
# Jordi Cervelló

Jordi Cervelló i Garriga (18 October 1935 – 2 September 2022) was a Catalan composer.
Cervelló was born in Barcelona on 18 October 1935. He studied violin with Joan Massià and composition with Josep M. Roma. Later he went to Rome, Milan, Siena and Salzburg. He has done important work as a professor at Badalona Conservatory from 1982 to 1996 and as author of the Treatise on the Fundamental Principles of Violin Technique. He was a critic at El País newspaper. In 2006 he received the Cross of St. George and in 2010 the National Music Prize from the Catalan Government. He died from pneumonia on 2 September 2022, at the age of 86.
The personal papers of Jordi Cervelló are preserved in the Biblioteca de Catalunya.
# Johann Jakob Rebstein

Johann Jakob Rebstein (1840–1907) was a Swiss mathematician and surveyor.

## Early life

Rebstein was born on 4 May 1840 in Töss, Switzerland, to his father, a baker and his mother, a doctor.$^{:131}$

## Education and career

Rebstein attended post-secondary school in Winterthur, and after graduating in 1860, went on to study for a year at Collège de France.$^{:131}$ He was professor of mathematics and physics in Zürich from 1877 to 1898. He was awarded his doctorate in 1895 from the Humboldt University of Berlin for his work Bestimmung aller reellen Minimalflächen, die eine Schaar ebener Curven enthalten, denen auf der Gauss'schen Kugel die Meridiane entsprechen. He is best known for his work in surveying, and for introducing the traverse method in Switzerland. Throughout his career, Rebstein was appointed as surveying expert for a number of cantons, including Thurgau (1863–1881), St. Gallen (1881–1894), Zürich (1886–1892), and Luzern (1894–1907).$^{:131}$
In 1868 he was elected to the Swiss Concordat of Geometers, and served as its president from 1887 until his death in 1907.$^{:132}$
In 1905 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Zürich, for "outstanding contributions to actuarial sciences".
Rebstein was a member of the organizing committee for the first meeting of the International Congress of Mathematicians.$^{:79}$

## Death

Rebstein suffered from kidney disease for the last several years of his life, and died in 1907 in Zürich.$^{:133}$

## Publications

Rebstein's publications included:$^{:132}$
* Lehrbuch über praktische Geometrie mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Theodolitmessung (1868)
* Die Kartographie der Schweiz, dargestellt in ihrer historischen Entwicklung (1883)
* Mitteilungen über die Stadtvermessung von Zürich1 (1892)
# Johann Jakob Scherer

Johann Jakob Scherer (10 November 1825 – 23 December 1878) was a Swiss politician.
He was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on 12 July 1872 and died in office on 23 December 1878. He was affiliated to the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland.
During his time in office he held the following departments:
* Department of Finance (1872–1873)
* Department of Railway and Trade (1873–1874)
* Political Department (1875)
* Military Department (1876–1878)
He was President of the Confederation in 1875.
# Johannes Jacob Wecker

Johannes Jacob Wecker (1528–1586) was a Swiss physician and philosopher.
He worked as a doctor from 1566 and wrote a number of works about medicine, some of which were in both French and Latin. Doubtless fleeing accusations of sorcery, Wecker moved to Basel after having published Les Secrets de Wecker. For a number of years, he worked as a professor of logic at the local university.
He published Antidotarum generale, a work about alchemy. His work is known for the elaborate bibliography on chemistry-alchemy. He also reported the first known case of diphallia.
Wecker married the poet and culinary writer Anna Weckerin. Two years after the death of her husband, she arranged for the publication in Basel of Wecker's Antidotarium Speciale, ex. opt. authorum … scriptis fideliter congestum et amplius triente actum.

## Works

* Medicae Syntaxes, medicinam universam ordine pulcherrimo complectentes . Basileae, 1562 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
* Antidotarium speciale . Cum duobus elenchis . Episcopius, [s.l.] 1574 Digital edition / 1581 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
* Medicinae utriusque syntaxes . Episcopius, [S.l.] 1582 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
* Kunstbuch Des Wolerfarnen Herren Alexii Pedemontani/ von mancherleyen nutzlichen unnd bewerten Secreten oder Künsten / jetzt newlich auß Welscher und Lateinischer Sprach in Teutsch gebracht/ durch Doctor Hanß Jacob Wecker/ Stattartzet zu Colmar. - Basel : König, 1616. Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf (in German)
* Antidotarium generale et speciale. - Basileae : König / Genath, (Nunc vero ... auctum; adiectis ind. 1617 Digital edition) / (Nunc vero supra priores editiones omnes multis novis et optimis formulis, maxima vero extractis auctum; adiectis indicibus locupletissim 1642 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf)
# Johannes Narssius

Johannes Narssius (9 November 1580 – 1637) was a Dutch physician and Neo-Latin poet, initially a Remonstrant minister.

## Life

He was born Johan van Naars(s)en in Dordrecht on 9 November 1580, and studied philosophy and theology at the University of Leiden. He may have lived in the house of Gerardus Vossius in 1602. A disciple of Jacobus Arminius, his theological beliefs came into question in 1605. In one of the early Leiden debates involving Arminius, he responded to Johannes Kuchlinus.
Narssius was a subscriber to the Confessio orthodoxa of Conrad Vorstius, successor to Arminius at Leiden, and was strongly reprimanded for that by the Synod of Harderwijk. He was pastor at Grave and then Zaltbommel, but lost his posts because of his combative Remonstrant approach. He reportedly travelled to England to present Arminian documents to Archbishop George Abbot, meeting a very hostile reception. After the general exile of Remonstrants from the Netherland he was at the Arminian colony of Friedrichstadt in Holstein.
He spent time in Poland, and Sweden, where he was court poet. In Riga he knew Rütger Hemsing (1604–1643), another physician-poet, and an associate of Galileo. He corresponded with Ole Worm on archaeology. Under the name Hans van der Ast he took letters from Frederick V, Elector Palatine in Germany to his wife Elizabeth of Bohemia, who was in The Hague.
Returning to the Netherlands, he took a position with the Dutch East India Company. He travelled to the Indies, where he died.

## Works

Narssius belonged to the "Dordrecht School" of Latin poets, which included also the Remonstrant Samuel Naeranus. He is remembered for Gustavidos sive de bello Sueco-austriaco libri tres 1632) and Gustavidos liber quartus (1634), published in Hamburg, which were Latin epic poems. He also wrote a tragedy Gustavus saucius (1629 and 1632) on Gustavus Adolphus, for whom he was physician and historiographer, from 1625 or 1626.
Other poetical works were:
* Prosopopoeia Hamburgi (1623)
* Poëmata septentrionalia aliaque nonulla miscellanea (1624)
* Fides et humanitas Polonica erga delegatos regios Suedorum (Riga, 1625)
* Riga devicta ab Augustissimo principe Gustavo Adolpho (Riga, 1625)
* Meva Pomerelliae obsidione Polonorum liberata ductu augustissimi Sueciae &c. regis Gustavi Adolphi (Stockholm, 1627)
An epitaph of his was collected in Robert Monro, Monro his Expedition with the Worthy Scots Regiment. It was for John Sinclair, third son of George Sinclair, 5th Earl of Caithness, killed at Newmarke in the Palatinate, in 1632.
# Joseph Barton

Joseph Barton may refer to:
* Joe Barton (born 1949), American politician
* Joseph Barton (cricketer) (1860–1945), English cricketer
* Joe Barton (soccer) (born 1981), American soccer player
* Joey Barton (born 1982), English footballer
* Joseph Barton, character in Eden (Steve Carter play)
* Joe Barton (screenwriter) (born 1985), British television writer
# Joseph Basil Roper

Joseph Basil Roper was a Roman Catholic priest in Australia. He was the Roman Catholic Bishop of Toowoomba in Queensland.

## Early life

Roper was born on 9 March 1888 at Dennington near Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia. There he attended St Ann's College, run by the Sisters of Mercy and then transferred to the Christian Brothers' College in 1902 which had been established for boys in that year.

## Religious life

In 1906, Roper commenced his training for the priesthood at St Patrick's Seminary in Manly, Sydney, New South Wales, where he was one of their most brilliant students. On 30 November 1911 Roper was ordained a Roman Catholic priest at St Mary's Cathedral in Sydney and commenced his service in the Diocese of Ballarat, Victoria.
On 13 July 1938 he was appointed as Bishop of Toowoomba in Queensland, being consecrated on 18 October 1938 at St Patrick's Cathedral in Ballarat in a service led by the Archbishop of Melbourne, Daniel Mannix. He was then enthroned at St Patrick's Cathedral in Toowoomba on 20 November 1938 in a service led by Archbishop of Brisbane, James Duhig.
As bishop, he was characterised for his efforts to get to know people. He increased the number of parishes in the diocese from 19 to 32.

## Later life

In October 1952, Roper announced his retirement due to his failing health not being able to cope with the demands of his role, but continued in an administrative capacity until he was replaced. He was then appointed as Titular Bishop of Elusa. He retired to Ararat in Victoria, where he died on 28 July 1964.
# Saint-Sylvain, Seine-Maritime

Saint-Sylvain (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.

## Geography

A small farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 24 miles (39 km) west of Dieppe at the junction of the D68 and the D105 roads. Huge chalk cliffs rise up from the pebbly beach and overlook the English Channel, forming the northern border of the commune's territory.

## Heraldry

| Arms of Saint-Sylvain | The arms of Saint-Martin-Sylvain are blazoned : Azure, a chevron Or semy of trefoils between 2 lances and a man's head argent, and on a chief argent a lion between 2 hammers gules. |

## Places of interest

* The church of St.Silvain, dating from the thirteenth century.
* A sixteenth-century stone cross.
* The thirteenth-century château of Anglesqueville-les-Mur.
# Saint-Sylvestre-Pragoulin

Saint-Sylvestre-Pragoulin (French pronunciation:; Auvergnat: Sent Salvèstre e Pratgolin) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.
# Saint-Sylvain, Corrèze

Saint-Sylvain (French pronunciation: ; Limousin: Sent Silvan) is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France.
# Josef Kovařík

Josef Kovařík (born April 27, 1966) was a Czechoslovakian nordic combined skier who competed from 1991 to 1993. He finished sixth in the 3 × 10 km team event at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville.
Kovařík's only career victories were in two 15 km individual events in 1991 and 1993.
# Black water (drink)

Black water is a type of bottled alkaline water containing fulvic acid (FvA) and other mineral or vitamin additives. The water is named for its dark and opaque appearance, owing to the addition of the FvA. It has gained popularity as a health trend and status symbol.

## History

Fulvic acid has been used historically in ayurveda. It is the active component in shilajit, which is traditionally consumed by people from Nepal and northern India.
The concept of black water was first created by a Canadian family around 2008. The drink was concocted as a mix of fulvic acid with spring water to be taken as a health supplement. It was brought to the mainstream market in 2011 after the formation of the company Blk. The company grew through viral marketing by product placement on The Real Housewives, and later using influencers to sell the product on platforms such as TikTok.
In 2011, Blk was sued by Canadian firm Creative Thinkers over the trademark for "Blackwater". Creative Thinkers claimed they invented the process for creating black water in 2009.

## Health benefits

Black water companies market health benefits such as anti-aging, reducing blood sugar, and promoting gut health. However, the health benefits of consuming FvA through black water are not well studied. While there are purported to be benefits to the immune system, intaking too much FvA may also be toxic. In low doses, it is thought to be safe to consume. Black water is reported to be tasteless, or only have a slight aftertaste.
# Sainte-Même

Sainte-Même (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.
# Saint-Étienne-en-Bresse

Saint-Étienne-en-Bresse (French pronunciation:, literally Saint-Étienne in Bresse) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
# Jhiri, Rajgarh

Jhiri is a village in Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh, India. The village is noted for the usage of Sanskrit by the local population.

## Demographics

Per the 2011 Census of India, Jhiri has a total population of 976; of whom 472 are male and 504 female.
# Brasside Pond

Brasside Pond is a Site of Special Scientific Interest just north of the city of Durham, England. The site occupies an area of former clay pits sandwiched between the River Wear to the south and Frankland Prison to the north and is split into two parts by a disused railway line.
North of the railway, adjacent to the prison, are two large ponds, the result of flooding of the old clay workings. These are one of the largest expanses of unpolluted open water, reservoirs excepted, in County Durham and are the most important breeding site for wildfowl in the county.
The portion south of the old railway is a mix of small ponds and fen, surrounded by acid grassland.
# Tresignana

Tresignana is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Ferrara in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna. It was established on 1 January 2019 with the merger of the municipalities of Formignana and Tresigallo.
# Faves.com

Faves was a social bookmarking and networking software that installs a single browser button for users to "fave" a webpage, making a link to the page part of their Faves profile. Until October 2007, Faves was called Blue Dot. As of January 2012, the service has migrated to fave.net, and later on migrated to MaxiConnect.com and is no longer active on faves.com which says "Faves is evolving to social couponing."

## Features

While offering a service similar to the better-known del.icio.us, Faves had a wider range of functionality that encouraged interaction with "friends" in rating the content of linked webpages. When a registered user visited their Faves home page, they saw a summary of the bookmarks, called "Faves" by the company, that had been most recently shared by their friends.
In addition to features shared with other bookmarking and social bookmarking services, Faves provided an in-page dialog for saving a Fave, thumbnails generated from the page, dynamic voting, and topic-based auto-generated favorites pages.

## History

Blue Dot Inc. was co-founded in 2004 by Mohit Srivastava and Sumit Sen using $1.5 million from angel investors, and the website bluedot.us was launched in June 2006. Blue Dot hoped to profit on of sales from "dotted" websites from its affiliate marketing program, and was part of the technology resurgence in the Washington Puget Sound area.
Early on, Blue Dot actively sought interaction with early adopters in "pizza and soft drink" focus groups on campus that have been criticized by some academics.
In 2007, the service was renamed Faves. In December 2007, the web site still listed the company name as Blue dot, Inc.
In June 2011, Faves.com, the software, database, and email list was sold to SocialAdr, LLC.
In July 2011, only the domain Faves.com, was sold to Cut Media, LLC.