OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# First light (astronomy)

In astronomy, first light is the first use of a telescope (or, in general, a new instrument) to take an astronomical image after it has been constructed. This is often not the first viewing using the telescope; optical tests will probably have been performed to adjust the components.

## Characteristics

The first light image is normally of little scientific interest and is of poor quality, since the various telescope elements are yet to be adjusted for optimum efficiency. Despite this, a first light is always a moment of great excitement, both for the people who design and build the telescope and for the astronomical community, who may have anticipated the moment for many years while the telescope was under construction. A well-known and spectacular astronomical object is usually chosen as a subject.

## Historical examples

The famous 5.08-metre (200 in) Hale Telescope of Palomar Observatory saw first light on 26 January 1949, targeting NGC 2261 under the direction of American astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble. The image was published in many magazines and is available on Caltech Archives.
The Isaac Newton Telescope had two first lights: one in England in 1965 with its original mirror, and another in 1984 at La Palma island. The second first light was done with a video camera that showed the Crab Pulsar flashing.
Elation at first light images by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1990 soon gave way to initial disappointment when a flaw prevented adjustments for proper operation. The expected first light image quality was finally achieved after a 1993 servicing mission by Space Shuttle Endeavour.
The Large Binocular Telescope had its first light with a single primary mirror on 12 October 2005, which was a view of NGC 891. The second primary mirror was installed in January 2006 and became fully operational in January 2008.
The 10.4-metre (1,040 cm) Gran Telescopio Canarias had a first light image of Tycho 1205081 on 14 July 2007.
The IRIS solar space observatory achieved first light on 17 July 2013. The PI noted:
   "The quality of images and spectra we are receiving from IRIS is amazing. This is just what we were hoping for ..."
On 4 February 2022, the first light viewed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) was from the star HD 84406 for the purpose of testing and aligning the focus of the telescope's 18 mirrors. On 11 February 2022. The New York Times reported that "first light" images from the James Webb Space Telescope were released - as well as a related NASA alignment video (2/11/2022; 3:00). On 6 July 2022, NASA released a test image from the JWST's Fine Guidance Sensor. NASA released the first official JWST image on 11 July 2022. Later, in an official ceremony, the first collection of five JWST science images were released on Tuesday, 12 July 2022 (NASA-TV live; 10:30 am/et/usa).

## Gallery

* Very Large Telescope's wide field imager VIMOS takes its first light image of NGC 5364.
* Hubble Space Telescope's first light with its impaired WFPC, 1990
* First light of the Tarantula Nebula by TRAPPIST
* First light of WISPR on the Parker Solar Probe, September 2018
# Australasian (disambiguation)

Australasian refers to Australasia, a region that comprises Australia, New Zealand and some neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean.
Australasian may also refer to:

## Ships

* SS Australasian, a 19th-century steamship liner owned by Cunard Line
* SS Australasian, the name of two steamships owned by Allan Line Royal Mail Steamers
* SS Australasian (1884), later SS Scham
# Australasia (disambiguation)

Australasia is a region that comprises Australia, New Zealand and some neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean.
Australasia may also refer to:
* Australasia (album), by Pelican, 2003
* SS Australasia, an American Great Lakes freighter 1884–1896
# Santa Rosa Municipality, Beni

Santa Rosa or Santa Rosa de(l) Yacuma is a municipality of the José Ballivián Province in the Beni Department of Bolivia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Santa Rosa de Yacuma.
# Flag of Mengjiang

The flag used by the Mengjiang United Autonomous Government consists of a horizontal colour pattern of yellow, blue, white, red, white, blue and again yellow.
The colors on the flag were used to represent major ethnic groups in Mengjiang: blue for the Mongols; red for the Japanese; yellow for the Han and white for the "Hui" (the name given to the Muslims at that time).
South Chahar, North Shanxi and the Mongol Military Government each had their respective flags before merged with the Mengjiang United Autonomous Government.
* Flag of the Mongol Military Government (1936-1937)
* Flag of the Mongol United Autonomous Government (1937-1939)
* Flag of the South Chahar Autonomous Government (1938-1939)
* Flag of the North Shanxi Autonomous Government (1938-1939)
The colors on the flag of Mengjiang is similar to the Five Races Under One Union flag formerly used by the Republic of China. The flag is also similar in both colour and pattern to the flag used by the Young China Party.
# Bohemian Caverns

The Bohemian Caverns, founded in 1926, was a restaurant and jazz nightclub located on the NE Corner of the intersection of 11th Street and U Street NW in Washington, D.C.
The club started out as Club Caverns - a small establishment in the basement of a drugstore - famous for its floor and variety shows. The club was frequented by many of Washington's elite at the time who would come to see such musical artists as Duke Ellington and Cab Calloway.
In the 1950s, the club's name was changed to Crystal Caverns and then to Bohemian Caverns. In 1959, promoter Tony Taylor and Angelo Alvino bought the club and transformed it into the premier jazz venue in Washington, D.C. Taylor booked many of the leading jazz musicians of the 1960s including Bill Evans, Miles Davis, Thelonious Monk, Shirley Horn, John Coltrane, Eric Dolphy, Bobby Timmons, Nina Simone, and Charles Mingus. In 1964, Ramsey Lewis recorded the critically and commercially successful album, The Ramsey Lewis Trio at the Bohemian Caverns.
By 1968, the club began to lose business. The financial strains and the civil disturbances following the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. led Taylor and Alvino to close the club in September 1968. Thirty years later, as a re-development of the U Street area was underway, the club was purchased by Amir Afshar and re-opened.
Beginning in 2006, Bohemian Caverns was under the direction of club manager Omrao Brown.
After a vehicle-into-building crash forced the operators to halt operations for six weeks, Bohemian Caverns went out of business and vacated the building at the end of March 2016.
In 2019 Alain Kalantar brought life into the historical building that is now housing lounge bar and restaurant Harlot DC on the first floor and Mama ‘San in the basement which formerly housed the Bohemian Caverns jazz club.
Alain Kalantar, said the for Harlot DC is a to "bring the Bohemian Caverns Vibes and live performers into a true European lounge, something that would be a cool neighborhood bar: very cozy, very welcoming. Something that would welcome a mature audience, lunch, brunch happy hour and cool, late-night atmosphere.”
# Santa Maria del Pianto, Rome

Santa Maria del Pianto is a Roman Catholic church in the Rione Regola, with entrances on the South at Piazza delle Cinque Scole/ Via di Santa Maria de' Calderari and on the north on Via di Santa Maria del Pianto. It is presently affiliated with Oblates of the Virgin Mary.

## History and description

The church was once called San Salvatore or Santa Maria de Cacaberis, and it was the church sponsored by the guild of boilerworkers and metalworkers. The word Cacabus means "metal basin" in Latin. The present name was taken from the street on which it lies. In 1546, a miracle was said to occur when an image of a virgin, painted above a door nearby, was said to have shed tears during a street crime, and supposedly spoke to the offender.
In 1608-1612, the present church, with its dome, was built by Nicolò Sebregondi, who failed to complete a façade, leaving the entrances only as a doors with labeled lintels. The church housed an archconfraternity and was involved in attempts to proselytize in the Roman Ghetto. The church had a processional standard banner painted by Lazzaro Baldi. The main altar still shelters the miraculous 15th century icon, flanked by alabaster columns. In the choir are two paintings by Agostino Ciampelli.
# Santa Maria del Popolo, Leonessa

Santa Maria del Popolo (Saint Mary of the People) is a Romanesque-style, Roman Catholic church located on Corso di San Giuseppe between via Sbarra and via Recta in the town of Leonessa, province of Rieti, region of Lazio, central Italy.

## History

The first documentation of the church is from 1334. Once called Chiesa del Sesto di Croce, as it was enlarged it became known as the parish church of the town, and from the 15th-century forward it was known as Santa Maria del Popolo or dei Preti. It became a collegiate church in the 17th-century.
The facade is made of asymmetric stone bricks, and has a flat sail-like bell feature asymmetrically placed on the roof. Above the portal is a high oculus. The portal has a rounded, slightly peaked Romanesque arch with a tympanum housing a simple, but charming sculpted relief of the Virgin and child in her lap flanked by two figures. The doorway is flanked by decorative columns. Inscriptions on the facade cite a reconstruction in 1452, and a refurbishment in 1598.
The interior has three naves, with heavy pilasters flanking the central nave. The semicircular apse is elevated relative to the rest of the church. The church suffered from recent earthquakes and in the 21st century underwent restoration.
# John Short (Scottish politician)

John Short, of Glenfalloch, was a Scottish politician.

## Biography

He was provost of Stirling from 1644 to 1647 and from 1649 to 1652, and represented the burgh in Parliament from 1646 to 1647 and from 1648 to 1651, and at Conventions of Burghs in 1649 and 1650. He died in 1652.
# Too Bad (album)

Too Bad is the eighth studio album by dancehall artist Buju Banton, released on September 12, 2006.

## Background and composition

Musically the album marks a comeback to straight hardcore dancehall music for Banton, that follows his departure to a more roots reggae direction. Critics defined the musical choice as "provocative" and a "screw you world" move following the controversy around his 1992 homophobic track "Boom Bye Bye" rearing its head again. He's dealt with the controversy for years, but the 2005 cancellations of some European shows seem to have been the "casus belli" for him, sparking in him the inspiration for Too Bad. According to Robert Christgau Banton on the album "skillfully skirts the crude sexism and gangsta-influenced posturing that are today's ragga norm. But that's not to say he's got a bunch of crossover smashes here -- fact is, he doesn't even have one".

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Robert Christgau | |
David Jeffries of AllMusic commented on the album's musical direction saying that "So much dancehall will probably alienate the massive fanbase Banton earned with the versatile efforts 'Til Shiloh or Unchained Spirit, but longtime fans who miss the fire of his early work are going to go ape for this one." Robert Christgau said that "Banton's never released such a headlong album."

## Track listing

* "Your Night Tonight"
* "Try Offa Yah"
* "Nothing"
* "Too Bad"
* "Waistline"
* "Jig"
* "Me & Ounu"
* "'Til It Bend"
* "Hey Boy"
* "Go Slow"
* "Driver"
* "Girl U Know"
* "Lonely Night"
* "Who Have It"
* "Better Day Coming"
* "Don & Dupes" (featuring Pinchers)
* "Fast Lane"

## Charts

| Chart (2006) | Peak position |
| US Reggae Albums (Billboard) | 6 |
# Vasant Velingkar

Vasant C. Velingkar was an Indian politician, freedom fighter and goldsmith who was a former member of the Goa Legislative Assembly, representing the Marcaim Assembly constituency from 1963 to March 1964. He was a member of the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party.

## Career

Velingkar contested in the 1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election from the Marcaim Assembly constituency on the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party (MGP) ticket and emerged victorious by defeating Indian National Congress candidate by 5,800 votes. He served for about three months and later resigned his office on 31 March 1964 for Dayanand Bandodkar. Following this a by-election was held within the constituency which resulted in Bandodkar taking charge of the Marcaim constituency, enabling him to later run for the chief ministerial seat in Goa.
Velingkar then unsuccessfully contested in the 1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election from the same constituency on the Janata Party ticket, he lost to MGP candidate Krishna Bandodkar by a margin of 4,606 votes. He along with his associates were also active in the Goa liberation movement.
# Avcıköy, İspir

Avcıköy is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of İspir, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 68 (2022).
# Avco Records

Avco Records was a record label started by music producers/composers Hugo Peretti and Luigi Creatore together with film and TV producer Joseph E. Levine in 1968 as Avco Embassy Records.

## History

Hugo and Luigi had previously worked together from the late 1950s for a number of labels, including Mercury, Roulette, and RCA Victor, where they were involved with acts such as Elvis Presley, the Tokens, and Sam Cooke. Levine was the head of Avco Embassy Pictures following a long career in the film industry.
Avco's best-known artists were the R&B/soul groups the Stylistics, who had a series of major hits in the pop and R&B charts mainly produced by Thom Bell, and Little Anthony & the Imperials. One of the most memorable albums recorded for Avco was 1975's Disco Baby by top producer/arranger/writer Van McCoy. This featured the classic disco hit "The Hustle", a million-seller that topped both the Billboard Hot 100 and the R&B chart, as well as charts worldwide (#3 in the UK). The release was the company's only Number 1 success in the US, although the Stylistics' "You Make Me Feel Brand New" stayed at #2 for two weeks in the Hot 100 in 1974. In the UK, the same group's "Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)" was a #1 hit in mid-1975.
Early on, the other artists released on the label covered a wide range of music. Of the many soul acts on their roster, they included Donnie Elbert, the Softones, Maxine Brown, Chocolate Syrup, Limmie & the Family Cookin'. Pop song stylist turned actress and talk show hostess Della Reese had a disco-styled outing on the label with "If It Feels Good".
The label was named simply Avco Records when the 'Embassy' part was dropped in 1971. In 1976, with Avco deciding to exit the record business, Hugo & Luigi bought out the label & renamed it to H&L Records. In 1978, H&L Records filed for bankruptcy, soon after opening their own new studios in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. In 1984, Amherst Records of Buffalo, New York, acquired the Avco/H&L Records catalog.
# Botryosphaeria obtusa

Botryosphaeria obtusa is a plant pathogen that causes frogeye leaf spot, black rot and cankers on many plant species. On the leaf it is referred to as frogeye leaf spot; this phase typically affects tree and shrubs. In fruit such as the apple, cranberry and quince, it is referred to as black rot, and in twigs and trunks it causes cankers.

## Symptoms

Black rot
Botryosphaeria obtusa enters the fruit through wounds. These can be made by insects, birds or growth cracks. At first a brown spot, near the calyx, appears on the fruit. The spot on the fruit then enlarges and black/brown rings appear on the fruit. The fruit holds its shape, however, unlike other fruit diseases. The fruit will then wither up and can remain on the tree for another year before falling off. During this time pycnidia appear on the surface of the rotted fruit.
Frogeye leaf spot
In leaves the fungus begins by causing purple specks on infected leaves. These then enlarge to cause large spots on the leaf, developing a brown color. The spots appear to have rings of brown with a purple margin, thus giving it its frogeye appearance. The spots can then produce pycnidia which can separate this species of fungus from other possible leaf fungi.
Canker
On twigs, branches and trunks B. obtusa can infect where there has been a winter injury or fire blight cankers. Slightly sunken reddish/brown spots appear on the infected areas of bark. These then enlarge to form cankers, which can then enlarge slightly more each year. The bark usually dies and can, after time, be pulled away from the tree. In older cankers the pycnidia appear on the bark.
Black dead arm disease of grapevine
Botryosphaeria obtusa is the pathogen of black dead arm disease of grapevine. It has been shown to be able to oxidise wood δ-resveratrol into delta-viniferin.

## Treatment and control

The most effective treatment is to prune out the infected areas on trees, to ensure transfer between trees does not occur. Fruit that is infected can stay on the tree for over a year, and therefore remaining fruit should be removed to avoid another source of inoculation for other trees. The trimmed branches or dead fruit should then be burned or disposed of immediately as the organism can survive on the dead tissue for a long period of time. Infection of leaves and fruit can be avoided by spraying them with a fungicide. The treatment for the fungicide should be also kept up to date via the manufacturer's instructions.
# Jokajdon callizonus

Jokajdon callizonus is a species of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Charopidae. This species is endemic to Micronesia.
# Jokajdon tumidulus

Jokajdon tumidulus is a species of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Charopidae. This species is endemic to Micronesia.
# Bostrychus microphthalmus

Bostrychus microphthalmus is a species of fish from the family Butidae. It is endemic to Maros karst in southern Sulawesi, Indonesia. It was the first documented cave-dwelling fish in Sulawesi, but since then the brotula Diancistrus typhlops has been described from nearby Muna Island, and an additional apparently undescribed eleotrid is known from Sulawesi's Maros karst.
The specific name of B. microphthalmus refers to the small eyes of this fish.

## Description

Bostrychus microphthalmus grow to 7.5 cm (3.0 in) SL. The head is flat on top and the trunk region is elongate. It differs from other Bostrychus species by having reduced eyes covered with skin and reduced head canal development, body pigment, and head squamation.

## Habitat

The species is a cave dweller that is usually found in backwaters, lying on clay bottom.
# Axel Kober

Axel Kober (born 10 February 1970) is a German conductor. Since 2009 he has been the music director of the Deutsche Oper am Rhein.
Kober was born in Kronach and studied conducting under Peter Falk and Günther Wich at the Hochschule für Musik Würzburg. His first professional engagement was with the Mecklenburg State Theatre in 1994. From 1998 to 2003 he was the chief conductor of the Theater Dortmund, where he conducted several rarely performed operas, including the German premiere of Charpentier's Julien. Following a 4-year stint at the National Theatre Mannheim (2003–2007) where he served as its chief conductor, and two years as music director of the Leipzig Opera (2007–2009), he was appointed music director of the Deutsche Oper am Rhein. In 2013, the bicentenary of Wagner's birth, Kober made his debut at the Bayreuth Festival conducting Tannhäuser and conducted it again at the 2014 festival.
# Awakino River

Awakino River may refer to several Rivers in New Zealand:
* Awakino River (Waikato), a tributary of the Tasman Sea
* Awakino River (Northland), a tributary of the Wairoa River
* Awakino River (Canterbury), a tributary of the Waitaki River; see rivers of New Zealand
* Awakino River East Branch, a tributary of the Awakino River in the Canterbury region; see Little Awakino River
* Awakino River West Branch, a tributary of the Awakino River in the Canterbury region; see Little Awakino River
* Little Awakino River, a tributary of the Waitaki River
# Sarries

Sarries may refer to:
* Saracens F.C., a rugby club in London, England
* Part of the Sarriés – Sartze municipality in Navarre, Spain
# Autovía CO-32

The Autovía CO-32 is the western bypass of Córdoba City. It connects the A-4 and A-45 with the N-437. It has a length of 6.55 kilometres (4.07 mi), and it is managed by the Government of Spain.
# Jonas Motiejūnas (rower)

Jonas Motiejūnas (Russian name: Йонас Матеюнас; born 21 September 1940) is a Soviet rower from Lithuania. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo with the men's coxed four where they came seventh.
# Sarajevo bid for the 2010 Winter Olympics

Sarajevo 2010 (Cyrillic: Сарајево 2010) was an unsuccessful bid by Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Olympic Committee of Bosnia and Herzegovina to host the 2010 Winter Olympics. It was one of eight candidates, but failed to be short-listed. Sarajevo was the only candidate to previously have hosted the games, having held the 1984 Winter Olympics.

## Venues and infrastructure

Although the city previously hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics, many of the venues were damaged in the Siege of Sarajevo. The proposal estimated the host costs at US$705 million. The Olympics would be extremely compact, with all venues located within 20 kilometers (12 mi) of the city center. Koševo Stadium was proposed as the Olympic Stadium, while Stadion Grbavica was to be used for medal ceremonies. Zetra Ice Rink was proposed rebuilt to host speed skating, while the existing Zetra Ice Hall would be upgraded to host short-track speed skating and figure skating. The existing Skenderija II Hall would be used for ice hockey. The existing sliding center at Trebević was proposed for bobsled, skeleton and luge, while Alpine skiing was proposed at Bjelašnica (men) and Jahorina (women). While the Alpine skiing venues exist, a new snowboarding venue was proposed at Bjelašnica and a freestyle skiing venue at Jahorina.

## Evaluation

The bid was regarded as the poorest by GamesBids, who stated that the attempt was more used to bring hope to the city's people than a realistic bid to host the games. Particularly the region's infrastructure—decimated during the war—does not even hold the same standard as in 1984. GamesBids also cited the country's poverty and questioned the country's ability to fund the games. However, it noted the city's high public support. The International Olympic Committee chose to not shortlist the application.
# Sarajevo days in Belgrade

Sarajevo days in Belgrade (Serbo-Croatian:Dani Sarajeva/Дани Сарајева) a multi-day cultural event that is organized annually in the Serbian capital Belgrade in memory of the Siege of Sarajevo. The festival was launched in 2007 by NGOs from Belgrade and Sarajevo, led by the regional Youth Initiative for Human Rights, with the goal of fostering closer cultural ties between the two cities.
Since its inception, the Yugoslav Drama Theatre has participated in the organization of the festival.