OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# European Pulsar Timing Array

The European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA) is a European collaboration to combine five 100-m class radio-telescopes to observe an array of pulsars with the specific goal of detecting gravitational waves. It is one of several pulsar timing array projects in operation, and one of the four projects comprising the International Pulsar Timing Array, the others being the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array, the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves, and the Indian Pulsar Timing Array.

## Pulsars and high-precision timing

Pulsars are rapidly rotating, highly magnetised neutron stars that emit radio waves from their magnetic poles that are, due to the star's rotation, observed on Earth as a string of pulses. Due to the extremely high density of neutron stars, their rotation periods are very stable, hence the observed arrival time of the pulses are highly regular. These arrival times are called TOAs (time of arrival) and can be used to perform high-precision timing experiments.
The stability of the TOAs from most pulsars is limited due to the presence of red noise, also called "timing noise". However, there is a special class of pulsars, called millisecond pulsars (MSP), that are shown to suffer from little or no timing noise. Keeping track of the TOAs of different MSPs over the sky allows for a high-precision timing experiment to detect gravitational waves.

## Detection of gravitational waves

Gravitational waves (GW) are small disturbances in space-time, caused by the motion of masses, if the third time derivative of the mass quadrupole moment is non-zero. These waves are very weak, such that only the strongest waves, caused by the rapid motion of dense stars or black-holes, have a chance of being detected. A pulsar timing array (PTA) uses an array of MSPs as the endpoints of a Galaxy-scale GW detector. It is sensitive to GWs with a frequency in the nanohertz regime, which corresponds to the regime where the stochastic GW background, caused by the coalescence of super-massive black holes in the early Universe, is predicted to exist. This makes PTAs complementary to other GW detectors such as LIGO, VIRGO and LISA.
The EPTA is one component of a worldwide collaboration for detecting and measuring gravitational waves, the International Pulsar Timing Array, which also includes the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) and the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA).

## Telescopes

The EPTA uses five European telescopes. These are the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, the Effelsberg Radio Telescope, the Lovell Telescope, the Nançay Radio Telescope and the Sardinia Radio Telescope.

## LEAP

Since 2009, the EPTA has made some progress thanks to a project European Research Council funded project known as the Large European Array for Pulsars (LEAP). The aim of this project is to coherently combine the five EPTA telescopes to synthesise the equivalent of a fully steerable 194-m dish. This will improve the accuracy with which the pulsar TOAs can be measured by an order of magnitude, essential for the first detection of gravitational waves within the next decade.
# Europium(III) iodide

Europium(III) iodide is an inorganic compound containing europium and iodine with the chemical formula EuI$_3$.

## Preparation

Europium metal reacts directly with iodine to form europium(III) iodide:
    2 Eu + 3 I$_2$ → 2 EuI$_3$
Hydrated europium(III) iodide can be prepared dissolving europium(III) oxide or europium(III) carbonate in hydroiodic acid:
    Eu$_2$O$_3$ + 6 HI + 6 H$_2$O → 2 EuI$_3$·9H$_2$O
Europium powder reacts with iodine in THF to form a THF adduct of europium(III) iodide:
    2 Eu + 3 I$_2$ + 7 THF → [EuI$_2$(THF)$_5$][EuI$_4$(THF)$_2$]
The adduct can be formulated more simply as EuI$_3$(THF)$_{3.5}$.

## Structure

Europium(III) iodide adopts the bismuth(III) iodide (BiI$_3$) crystal structure type, with octahedral coordination of each Eu$^{3+}$ ion by 6 iodide ions.

## Reactivity

Europium(III) iodide is used as the starting material for two of the main ways of preparing europium(II) iodide:
Reduction with hydrogen gas at 350 °C:
    2 EuI$_3$ + H$_2$ → 2 EuI$_2$ + 2 HI
Thermal decomposition at 200 °C, a disproportionation reaction:
    2 EuI$_3$ → 2 EuI$_2$ + 2 I$_2$
Europium(III) iodide nonahydrate, EuI$_3$·9H$_2$O, thermally decomposes to europium(II) iodide dihydrate, EuI$_2$·H$_2$O.
# Warnes, Bolivia

Warnes is a town in Bolivia, named after Colonel Ignacio Warnes, a military leader in the South American war of independence. It is located 24 kilometers north of Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
# The Virgin in Prayer

The Virgin in Prayer is an oil painting by the Italian artist Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato, painted in c. 1640–1650, and currently displayed at the National Gallery. Its dimensions are 73 by 58 cm (29 by 23 in). The painting is a life-size depiction of the Virgin Mary praying in quiet devotion.

## Description

The plain and dark background contrasts with the Virgin's radiant bowed head and the white headdress covering it, and her hands are gently closed together. Bright light draws the viewer's attention to the luminous blue drapery and the lifelike folds of the fabric. The portrait is designed for its simplicity with just three colours—red, white and blue—without any details to draw attention away from its praying figure. The Virgin is brightly lit and her flawless porcelain-like skin lends a sculptural quality to the painting and makes the audience feel to be in her real presence. The bright light from her blue robe combined with the dark background makes the central figure look more brilliant. The blue garment is painted using an ultramarine pigment made from lapis lazuli, a semi-precious stone mined from north-eastern Afghanistan, which was a costly pigment.
During the 16th-century, the Reformers of the Roman Catholic Church advocated a more personal approach to worship that would result in individual contemplation. By the 17th-century the Virgin alone in a prayer was a common subject in religious painting. Sassoferrato had a dozen copies of this kind of depiction of the Virgin in his studio. The work was greatly inspired by the earlier artists Raphael and Perugino. In this painting Sassoferrato was more inspired by Raphael, whose paintings feature brilliantly elegant coloured robes and sculpted facial features. Another work by Sassoferrato which shows the influence of Raphael is The Virgin and Child Embracing, which focusses on the Virgin's son. Both paintings were acquired by the National Gallery in the mid-19th-century, when Sassofertato's work was receiving renewed interest in the London art world, as well as the art of Raphael.
Sassoferrato specialised in depicting the Virgin in prayer, a subject which had developed in art in the 15th-century, but had grown in popularity in the 16th-century as the Reformers of the Roman Catholic Church advocated a more personal approach to worship that would result in individual contemplation and devotion. Sassoferrato made at least four designs on this theme, from which versions were painted by himself and others by his assistant studio. He capitalised on making these relatively small pictures which appealed to private collectors. He is widely known today as a master of painting the Virgin in prayer.

## Other versions

* Bergamo version
* Venice version
* Stockholm version
* London version
* Strasbourg version
# The Virgin appearing to St. Bernard

The Virgin appearing to St. Bernard is a painting by the Italian artist Pietro Perugino, the main painter of the Umbrian school that was based in Perugia. The panel was executed as an altarpiece for the church of Santa Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi in Florence. It was later acquired in 1829/30 for King Ludwig I of Bavaria from the Capponi in Florence, and eventually made it to the Alte Pinakothek in Munich. The work has been called "one of the high points of European painting in the late 15th century".
The painting shows St Bernard of Clairvaux, deep in his studies, being interrupted by a fully corporeal vision of the Virgin Mary, who appears to him in the clear light of day. Four saints surround them. There is a seemingly effortless, perfect symmetry about the composition, yet there is nothing static or artificial about it in any way. The position of the Virgin and St. Bernard's prie-dieu are both slightly off balance, but not enough to ruin the serene harmony of the picture. The faces of the various figures contribute to this quiet beauty, without showing much individualism or realism. Likewise, the colours are bright and radiant, without being flashy.
# Evergestis perobliqualis

Evergestis perobliqualis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1906. It is found in Tibet, China.
# Evergestis palousalis

Evergestis palousalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1974. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alberta, British Columbia, California, Colorado, Nevada, Oregon and Utah.
# Retrofit EP

Retrofit EP is the fifth EP by Spahn Ranch, released on March 3, 1998 by Cleopatra Records.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Jon Worley of Aiding & Abetting commended Retrofit EP for packaging remixes that sound different from their original source. AllMusic critic Mike Pfeiffer gave the gave two and a half out of five stars and said "it's arguably Spahn Ranch's most dance-oriented effort yet." Sonic Boom called the album "a fine collection of Trance, Dub, Drum'n'Bass, and Jungle mixes of classic Spahn Ranch tunes."

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Athan Maroulis

## Personnel

Adapted from the Retrofit EP liner notes.
Spahn Ranch
* Matt Green – sampler, keyboards, production and mixing (8)
* Harry Lewis – percussion
* Athan Maroulis – lead vocals
Additional performers
* David Parkinson (as David Glass) – percussion (8)
Production and design
* T.J. Barrial – photography
* Atelier³ D Thom Bissett – design
* Eric Fahlborg – mastering

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| United States | 1998 | Cleopatra | LP | |
| United States | 1998 | Cleopatra | CD | CLP 0195 |
| Germany | 1998 | Out of Line/Sub/Mission | CD | OUT 019, cd WHIP038 |
# The Unquiet Night

The Unquiet Night (Hungarian: Zavaros éjszaka) is a 1940 Hungarian drama film directed by Frigyes Bán and starring Klári Tolnay, Gábor Rajnay and Tivadar Bilicsi. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director István Básthy.

## Cast

* Klári Tolnay as Buday Klári
* Gábor Rajnay as Buday bankár, Klári apja
* Tivadar Bilicsi as Hajnally Ödön, Klári võlegénye
* Jenö Pataky as Lendvay Gábor, újságíró
* Zoltán Makláry as Kiss Benõ
* Valéria Hidvéghy as Manci
* Zoltán Várkonyi as Betörõ
* Ferenc Pethes as Házmester
* Béla Fáy as Rendõr
* Kató Szederkényi as Trafikos hölgy
* Marcsa Simon
* Ilona Kökény
* Gyula Kompóthy
* Gyula Abay
* Rezsõ Acsay
# Evelyn Andrus

Evelyn Andrus (1909-1972) was a Canadian photographer. She was the first woman to hold the position of president of the Toronto Camera Club.

## Biography

Andrus was born in 1909 in Hamilton, Ontario She attended the University of Toronto. She became a portrait photographer in Hamilton.
She was active in the Toronto Camera Club (TCC), specifically serving as the chair of the education program and teaching portrait classes. In 1952, Andrus became TCC's first female president.
In addition to the TCC Andrus was a member of the Commercial and Press Photographers' Association of Canada, the Royal Photographic Society (RPS), and the Photographic Society of America (PSA). She eventually became director for the Eastern Canada Zone for the PSA. Andrus contributed articles to the TCC newsletter "Focus". She was the first Canadian woman to be made an associate of the RPS, with the recognition based on the quality of her color photography.
Her photographic career ended with the onset of arthritis. Andrus died in Hamilton in 1972.
# Evelyn Arys

Evelyn Arys (born 21 July 1990) is a Belgian former racing cyclist, who rode professionally in 2009, and from 2012 to 2016. She won the Belgian National Road Race Championships in 2011.

## Major results
### 2008

    2nd Team pursuit, UEC European Junior Track Championships
    4th Road race, UCI Junior World Championships
    UEC European Junior Road Championships
       8th Time trial
       9th Road race

### 2010

    3rd Road race, National Road Championships

### 2011

    1st Road race, National Road Championships

### 2012

    1st Road race, UEC European Under-23 Road Championships
    1st Stage 2 (TTT) Trophée d'Or Féminin
    7th Erondegemse Pijl
    9th Halle-Buizingen
    10th GP Stad Roeselare

### 2013

    9th Classica Citta di Padova

### 2015

    5th Diamond Tour
# Iwashiro Province

Iwashiro Province (岩代国, Iwashiro-no kuni) is an old province in the area of Fukushima Prefecture. It was sometimes called Ganshū (岩州).
The province occupies the western half of the central part of Fukushima Prefecture; the eastern half is Iwaki Province. More precisely, Date and Adachi districts in the north belong to Iwashiro and Higashishirakawa and Nishishirakawa districts in the south belong to Iwaki. The border between the two provinces is the Abukuma River. The former ichinomiya of the province is Isasumi Shrine.

## Timeline

* On December 7, 1868, the province was formed out from Mutsu Province. As of 1872, the population was 427,933.

## Historical districts

Iwashiro Province consisted of ten districts:
* Fukushima Prefecture
** Aizu Region, Fukushima
*** Aizu District (会津郡)
**** Kitaaizu District (北会津郡) - dissolved
**** Minamiaizu District (南会津郡)
*** Kawanuma District (河沼郡)
*** Ōnuma District (大沼郡)
*** Yama District (耶麻郡)
** Nakadōri Region, Fukushima
*** Adachi District (安達郡)
*** Asaka District (安積郡) - dissolved
*** Date District (伊達郡)
*** Iwase District (岩瀬郡)
*** Shinobu District (信夫郡) - dissolved
# The Valley of Kashmir

The Valley of Kashmir (1895) is a book on Kashmir by the English writer Sir Walter Roper Lawrence. The author served in the Indian Civil Service in British India during which he was appointed as a Settlement Commissioner of Kashmir.
The Valley of Kashmir is the summary of Lawrence's visit to Kashmir. He travelled to almost every corner of the Valley and developed a close affinity with the people who figure prominently in the work. The book describes the geography, culture in brief and the hardships faced by the Kashmiri people under the rule of Dogras. The book was first published in 1895 by H. Frowde in London.
# Reta Beebe

Reta F. Beebe (born October 10, 1936 in Baca County, Colorado) is an American astronomer, author, and popularizer of astronomy. She is an expert on the planets Jupiter and Saturn, and the author of Jupiter: The Giant Planet. She is a professor emeritus in the Astronomy Department at New Mexico State University and 2010 winner of the NASA Exceptional Public Service medal.
Beebe spent many years helping to plan and manage NASA missions, including the Voyager program missions to the giant planets. Her specific research interest was the atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. She designed experiments to the study and measure the clouds and winds of the giant planets. She worked interpreting the Galileo and Cassini data and used the Hubble Space Telescope to obtain additional atmospheric data on Jupiter and Saturn. She was a member of the Shoemaker/Levy team at the Space Telescope Science Institute in 1994 when the comet struck Jupiter. Formerly, she chaired the Committee for Planetary and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX), which is the principal space committee of the United States National Research Council. More recently she was involved with organizing the data about the giant planets in NASA's Planetary Data System. She is in charge of the Atmospheres Discipline Node of that program. Her planetary data archiving skills have also been employed by the European Space Agency. She serves on the steering committee of the International Planetary Data Alliance.

## Awards

* 1989 Westhafer Award for Excellence in Teaching, Research, or Creative Activity from New Mexico State University
* 1998 Dennis W. Darnall Faculty Achievement Award from New Mexico State University
* 2003 Harold Masursky Award from the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society
* 2010 NASA Exceptional Public Service medal
* 2020 Elected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society
# Everything Is Alive

Everything Is Alive may refer to:
* Everything Is Alive (podcast), a podcast produced by Radiotopia
* Everything Is Alive (album), a 2023 album by Slowdive
* Everything Is Alive, a 2011 album by Hank Roberts
# Everything Is Alive (podcast)

Everything Is Alive is a podcast produced by Radiotopia and hosted by Ian Chillag. The show consists of bi-weekly fictional unscripted interviews with inanimate objects.

## Background

The show is an unscripted fictional interview podcast that is based in a real world setting. The podcast is a form of improv comedy. The podcast is hosted by Ian Chillag and features a new guest each episode. Chillag has worked as a producer on Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! and Fresh Air with Terry Gross. The podcast released episodes bi-weekly on Tuesdays and each season contained 10 episodes each. The podcast debuted in 2018 and each episode is about 20 minutes in length. The podcast is produced by Radiotopia and follows the network's trend of focusing on non-human subjects in their shows. In each episode of the podcast Chillag interviews an inanimate object played by the show's guest. The first episode features an interview with Louis Kornfeld as a can of soda. There are not environmental sounds in the interviews. The show contains bizarre facts that are true such as a tangent in the episode featuring a can of soda about radioactive soda called Radithor.

## Reception

The A.V. Club included the podcast on their list of the podcasts that defined the 2010s and noted that the show helped introduce audiences to fiction podcasts while also pushing the boundaries of podcasting in general. Harsh Pareek wrote in Firstpost that the podcast is "hilarious, heartfelt and often weird". Nicholas Quah called the show a "unique, quirky, and smart little package with a unexpectedly moving edge." Sarah Larson compared the show to Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist while Harriet Fitch Little compared the show to The Young Ones and Modern Toss.

### Awards

| Award | Date | Category | Result |
| Webby Awards | 2019 | Best interview or talk show podcast | Won |
| Webby Awards | 2019 | People's Voice Winner | Won |
| DiscoverPods Awards | 2018 | Best new podcast | Finalist |
# J. C. T. Kotelawala

James Cornelius Thomas "Jack" Kotelawala (16 December 1910 – 1992) was a Ceylonese lawyer and politician.

## Early life and education

Kotelawala was born on 16 December 1910, in Hindagoda (Badulla District, Uva), the son of James Kotelawala, and the nephew of Sir Henry Kotelawala. He was educated at Uva College, Badulla and at Trinity College, Kandy before studying at the Ceylon Law College and qualified as a Proctor.

## Political career

He was recruited to the Youth League by Terence de Zylva and participated in the Suriya-Mal Movement in Kandy. Kotelawala was a founding member of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party in 1935, serving as the joint secretary and as a member of the Executive Committee between 1935 and 1940. He was appointed the party's general secretary between 1940 and 1942. He was jailed in 1942 for three years. Kotelawala served as the president of the Uva Motor Workers’ Union and the vice president of the All-Ceylon Estate Workers Union.
He was elected to parliament at the 1st parliamentary election held between 23 August 1947 and 20 September 1947, representing the LSSP, as the second member for the Badulla electorate. The first member, S. M. Subbaiah, representing the Ceylon India Congress received 27,121 votes (50% of the total vote) and Kotelawala 16,654 votes (31% of the total vote). The Badulla electoral district was one of five multi-member constituencies, with two members, the others were Ambalangoda-Balapitiya, Balangoda, Colombo Central and Kadugannawa.
He successfully retained his seat at the 2nd parliamentary election, held between 24 May 1952 and 30 May 1952, where he secured the position of first member, polling 12,450 votes (31% of the total vote), which was only 403 votes ahead of S. A. Peeris, who was elected as the second member for the Badulla electorate.
At the 3rd parliamentary elections, Kotelawala received 20,908 votes (46% of the total vote) over 6,000 votes in front of the United National Party candidate, S. A. Peeris, who polled 32.6% of the total vote.
Kotelawala lost the seat to the UNP candidate, B. H. Bandara, at the 4th parliamentary election held on 19 March 1960, when the electorate was changed to a single-member constituency. He lost by 276 votes, with Bandara polling 4,775 votes (37% of the total vote) against Kotewala's 4,499 votes (35% of the total vote). He chose not to contest the subsequent parliamentary election held on 20 July 1960.
He was expelled from the LSSP in 1969, when he was appointed as the Ambassador to the Soviet Union. He served as the chairman of the Ceylon Transport Board between 1975 and 1977.
Kotelawala joined the Sri Lanka Mahajana Party and served as its president between 1984 and 1992. He was the author of Amataka Novana Satahan [Memorable Events], which was published in Samasamaja Jayanthi Kalapaya [Samasamaja Jubilee Issue] (1960).
# Evidence (1988 film)

Evidence (announced as Puthumazhatthullikal) is a 1988 Indian Malayalam-language film directed by actor Raghavan, starring Seema, Shankar. The film is the remake of Tamil fim Udhaya Geetham.

## Cast

* Shankar as Prince
* Seema as Alphonsa John Jacob
* Vani Viswanath as Dalia
* Raghavan as Father Dominic
* Sudheer as Thomas
* Vincent as Asst. Jail Superintendent
* Radha Ravi as Rajashekhar
* Captain Raju as Damu
* Adoor Bhasi as Advocate Chidambaram
* Prathapachandran as John Jacob
* Janardanan as D I G
* P. Sreekumar as Sharath
* Bobby Kottarakkara as a convict
* M Chandran Nair
* K.G. Menon
* Sugandhi