OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Calvert Jones

Calvert Richard Jones (4 December 1804 – 7 November 1877) was a Welsh mathematician and painter, best known for his seascapes.

## Life and work

Jones belonged to a wealthy Swansea family. He was educated at Eton and Oriel College, Oxford, and was rector of Loughor. He was a friend of both John Dillwyn Llewelyn and Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot, and thus moved in the same circles as Henry Fox Talbot. Jones is credited with having taken the first photograph in Wales, a daguerrotype of Margam Castle, in 1841, but he did not take up photography as a regular occupation. During the 1840s and 1850s, however, he took many photographs of the Swansea area, and travelled with his camera in France, Italy and Malta. He also developed his own technique for taking panoramic photographs by overlapping images.
In 1847 he inherited the Heathfield estate in Swansea, which he developed, naming Mansel Street (which still stands) after his brother. In 1853, he went to live in Brussels, later returning to Britain and settling in Bath. He died in Bath, but was buried in Swansea, at St Mary's Church; the grave was destroyed during World War II.
# Benjamin Bates II

Benjamin Edward Bates II (13 March 1716 – 12 May 1790) was a British physician, art connoisseur, and socialite. Born into wealth, he was a prominent member of society and was selected to become a member of the Sir Francis Dashwood's Hellfire Club, The Monks of Medmenham. He is the great-great-grandfather of Benjamin Bates IV, founder of Bates College.

## Life and career

Details of Bates early life are sketchy. He was born around 12 May 1716, somewhere in the North of England and was to have studied medicine in Edinburgh, though Benedict Nicolson, states that there is no record of a Benjamin Bates graduating in medicine from Edinburgh University at that time. Bates lived in Derby for a time, either as a child or after his studies.
Around 1758 he bought a house at Rickford's Hill, in Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire, and set up as a general practitioner. He was married twice and had one daughter, Lydia. He may have worked as Sir Francis Dashwood's personal physician; he is referred to as such in Jemmy Twitcher, George Martelli's book on John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, and certainly intended to accompany Dashwood in the role of physician on a tour of Europe. Sometime before 1774 Bates moved out to Little Missenden, though he kept his practice in Aylesbury.
Bates lived a life of excess which included joining the Hellfire Club at Medmanham. Membership of the club can only be guessed at, as only patchy, pseudonymous records survive, but despite apparently having become a member in the "second wave", E. Beresford Chancellor places Bates in the ranks of the superiors in his 1925 The Lives of the Rakes: Volume IV, The Hell Fire Club, alongside Sir Francis Dashwood, Sir Thomas Stapleton, Sir John Dashwood, John Wilkes, Charles Churchill, Paul Whitehead, Robert Lloyd, George Bubb-Dodington, George Augustus Selwyn, Sir William Stanhope, the Earl of Sandwich and Sir John D'Aubrey. Long after scandal and ridicule had forced the club into abeyance Bates continued to defend it. Even after the club's suspension he continued to live a life of luxury often purchasing silk in massive volumes to line the interior of his house and other private properties.
Bates was patron of the arts, buying important works by Joseph Wright of Derby (Three Persons Viewing the Gladiator by Candlelight and An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump) and by his close friend, John Hamilton Mortimer (St Paul Preaching to the Ancient Britons). In 1781 he gave up his practice in order to accompany Sir Francis Dashwood (by this time Francis Lord le Despencer) on a tour of the continent. Unfortunately Dashwood died before the trip began and Bates did not receive the huge annuity promised him for his services. Nevertheless, he was still intent on visiting Europe, Rome in particular, and made a tour to Italy in 1787 accompanied by his daughter before his 1790 death.
# Caldwell-Luc surgery

Caldwell-Luc surgery, Caldwell-Luc operation, also known as Caldwell-Luc antrostomy, and Radical antrostomy, is an operation to remove irreversibly damaged mucosa of the maxillary sinus. It is done when maxillary sinusitis is not cured by medication or other non-invasive technique. The approach is mainly from the anterior wall of the maxilla bone. It was introduced by George Caldwell (1893)and Henry Luc (1897). The maxillary sinus is entered from two separate openings, one in the canine fossa to gain access to the antrum and other in the naso antral wall for drainage.

## Medical uses

* Chronic damage of cavity of maxilla bone.
* Removal of foreign bodies.
* Malignancy of sinus.
* Fracture of maxilla and/or orbital floor.
* Abnormal growth of mucous membrane of sinus (polyp).
* Dental cyst.
* For management of hematoma or hemorrhage in the maxillary sinus
* To treat fractures involving floor of the orbit or anterior maxillary sinus wall (transantral repair)

## Contraindications

It is rarely done in children as damage to secondary dentition may occur.

## Complications

* Bleeding after surgery
* Facial asymmetry
* cheek discomfort
* Damage to teeth

## Procedure
### Anaesthesia

The operation may be performed under local anaesthesia but it is commonly carried under general anaesthesia. The use of topical anaesthesia and injection of adrenaline into soft tissue of canine fossa is recommended.

### Technique

First, the incision is made from lateral incisor to the second molar tooth. Then the flap of mucosa and periosteum is elevated and dissected to expose the anterior wall of sinus and then anterior wall is opened in the canine fossa where the bone is relatively thin with the drill. The opening can be enlarged by hayek or kerrison punch forceps to produce hole sufficiently large to provide access for example to allow removal of sinus mucosa or introduction of an endoscope and instruments.
The entire lining of sinus is dissected and removed as the success of the operation in chronic rhinosinusitis. Packing of nasal cavity and sinus is sometime required. Suturing of buccal incision is recommended with absorbable suture material.
The patient should be advised against overenthusiastic blowing of the nose for at least a week.

## History

It was described by George Caldwell in 1893 and Henry Luc in 1897. They describe the operation of maxillary sinus diseases via canine fossa. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is the standard surgery for maxillary sinusitis nowadays.
# Lubang-Verde Passage fault system

The Lubang-Verde Passage fault system is a major strike-slip fault system located offshore between the Batangas and Mindoro Island in the Philippines.

## Background

The fault follows the northwest-southeast alignment of Verde and Lubang islands and is primarily considered a left-lateral fault, meaning the two sides of the fault move horizontally past each other in opposite directions. This geological feature is associated with seismic activity, giving rise to earthquakes of varying magnitudes. Notably, on July 24, 2021, the fault was responsible for the Calatagan earthquake, which registered a magnitude of 6.6. The region's tectonic dynamics, marked by the lateral motion along this fault, contribute to the occurrence of significant seismic events such as the mentioned earthquake.
# Majoros

Majoros is a Hungarian surname that may refer to the following notable people:
* Árpád Majoros (born 1983), Hungarian football midfielder
* Bill Majoros, Canadian rock musician
* István Majoros (born 1974), Hungarian wrestler
* Jozef Majoroš (born 1970), Slovak football coach and former player
* Jozef Majoroš (footballer, born 1978), Slovak football coach
* Majka (rapper) (born Péter Majoros in 1979), Hungarian rapper, songwriter and television host
# BMU Bridge over Wind River

The BMU Bridge over Wind River is a Parker through truss bridge located near Ethete, Wyoming, that carries Wyoming Highway 132 across the Wind River. The bridge was built circa 1935 as one of seven Parker truss bridges commissioned by the Wyoming Highway Department. It was moved to its current location in 1953–54. At 283 feet (86 m) long, the bridge is the longest single-span truss bridge still used in Wyoming.
The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 22, 1985. It was one of several bridges added to the NRHP for their role in the history of Wyoming bridge construction.
# Sons of the Morning

Sons of the Morning is a 1945 verse drama Australian play by Catherine Duncan. It was originally written for radio.
It won first prize in the 1945 Playwrights' Advisory Board competition and was performed in Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane and Perth.
The play was published in 1946, at a time when that was rare for Australian plays.
According to Leslie Rees, "the literary and imaginative tone of the play is high. The problem of reconciling poetry with dramatic tension and the workaday sense of reality is well handled. The parts are all actable... At one remarkable period there were two productions of Sons of the Morning in Sydney, each with a different last scene, each ending didactic, neither entirely satisfying."

## Adaptations

It was adapted for ABC radio in 1957.

## Premise

On Crete during World War Two, two Australian soldiers, Anson and David, seek refuge in a Cretan farmhouse occupied by a farmer and his daughter Christina. David and Christina fall in love. A German pilot crashes nearby and is captured but he is freed by Noulos, Christina's betrothed.
# Cementicle

A cementicle is a small, spherical or ovoid calcified mass embedded within or attached to the cementum layer on the root surface of a tooth, or lying free within the periodontal ligament. They tend to occur in elderly individuals.
There are 3 types:
* Free cementicle – not attached to cementum
* Attached (sessile) cementicle – attached to the cementum surface (also termed exocementosis)
* Embedded (interstitial) cementicle – with advancing age the cementum thickens, and the cementicle may become incorporated into the cementum layer
They may be visible on a radiograph (x-ray). They may appear singly or in groups, and are most commonly found at the tip of the root. Their size is variable, but generally they are small (about 0.2 mm – 0.3 mm in diameter).
Cementicles are usually acellular, and may contain either fibrillar or afibrillar cementum, or a mixture of both. Cementicles are the result of dystrophic calcification, but the reason why this takes place is unclear. Cementicles are thought to form when calcification occurs around a nidus, a precipitating center. Around this nidus they slowly enlarge by further deposition of calcium salts. Examples of how cementicles are thought to form include:
* Calcification due to degenerative changes in the epithelial cell rests of Malassez
* Calcification of thrombosed (blocked) capillaries in the periodontal ligament (i.e. a phlebolith)
* Microtrauma to Sharpey's fibres causes small spicules of cementum or alveolar bone to splinter into the periodontal membrane Some do not consider these as true cementicles.
# Shanghai Experimental School

The Shanghai Experimental School (SES) is a primary and secondary school in Shanghai, China. Its main campus for secondary school is at 300 Dongming Rd in Pudong. Its primary school campus is at 1316 Nanmatou Rd in Pudong.
The Shanghai Experimental School is a research-oriented institution that integrates education, instruction, and scientific experimentation. It allows flexibility in grade placement and skips the 5th and 6th grades of the standard Chinese educational system. It has a unique entrance exam for its middle and high schools, separate from the standard Shanghainese tests. New students are admitted through open examinations organized by the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission. It aims to fully explore the learning potentials of children and adolescents by reforming courses, teaching materials, teaching methods, teaching assessment, re-education programs and other components of Chinese teaching system.
International students may enroll in the school's international division, located at a separate campus in Tianlin Village No. 13 in Xuhui District. The international division has complete English immersion and a proprietary curriculum following western educational methods.
SES is administrated by the Shanghai Education Committee. Its experiments and research are supervised by the Institute of Scientific Research in Education at Shanghai Normal University.
# Shaddai

Shaddai may refer to:
* Possibly the Amorite name of an ancient city in Syria, see Tell eth-Thadeyn
* A term for the God of the Bible, sometimes in the form El Shaddai
* Shaddai (leafhopper), an insect genus in the tribe Alebrini
# Knut T. Giæver

Knut Torvald Giæver (10 June 1926 – 4 March 2015) was a Norwegian publisher.
He was born in Oslo, and was a brother of Jo Giæver Tenfjord. He was assigned director of the book sales club Den norske Bokklubben from 1964 to 1991. During his period the number of club members (including subsidiaries) reached about 600,000. He chaired Norske Siviløkonomers Forening from 1970 to 1974, and has been chairman of the board of Norsk Form, and board member of Nationaltheatret.
He died on 4 March 2015.

## Honours

* King's Medal of Merit in gold (1991)
# Gallan

Gallan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Grellan (died 624), also known as Gallan
* Pat Gallan (born 1965), British police officer
* José María Garza Gallán (1846–1902), Mexican politician
* Alex Allan (born 1951), British civil servant
# Gingrich

Gingrich is a surname. For its origin and history see its spelling variant Gingerich. Notable people with the name include:
* Andre Gingrich (born 1952) is an Austrian ethnologist and anthropologist
* Arnold Gingrich (1903–1976), American magazine editor
* Callista Gingrich (born 1966), American performance and production company president and wife of Newt Gingrich
* Candace Gingrich (born 1966), American activist
* F. Wilbur Gingrich (1901–1993), American biblical scholar
* John E. Gingrich (1897–1960), American United States Navy admiral
* Mauree Gingrich (born 1946), American politician
* Newt Gingrich (born 1943), American politician
# Birmingham EcoPark

The Birmingham EcoPark is an environmental education centre in the Small Heath area of Birmingham, England, operated by the Wildlife Trust for Birmingham and the Black Country. Each year there are thousands of visitors to the site. EcoPark offers opportunities for families, schools and local residents of all ages to get hands on with nature.
# Gilles de Paris

Gilles de Paris (Aegidius Parisiensis, Giles of Paris) (c. 1160 – 1223/1224) was a French poet of the twelfth century. He is best known for his instructional poem Carolinus, written for the future Louis VIII of France around 1200, when Louis was 13 years old.
# Bollodingen

Bollodingen is a former municipality in the Oberaargau administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 it was merged with the municipality of Bettenhausen.

## History

Bollodingen is first mentioned in 1266 as Bolathingen.

## Geography

Bollodingen has an area, as of 2009, of 1.96 km$^2$ (0.76 sq mi). Of this area, 1.18 km$^2$ (0.46 sq mi) or 60.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.59 km$^2$ (0.23 sq mi) or 30.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.18 km$^2$ (0.069 sq mi) or 9.2% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.02 km$^2$ (4.9 acres) or 1.0% is either rivers or lakes.
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 5.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.1%. 30.1% of the total land area is heavily forested. Of the agricultural land, 41.3% is used for growing crops and 18.4% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is in rivers and streams.
The municipality is located in the Önz valley.

## Demographics

Bollodingen has a population (as of 31 December 2010) of 205. As of 2007, 3.0% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 3.6%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (98.6%), with French being second most common ( 0.9%) and English being third ( 0.5%).
In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 52.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (18.3%), the FDP (9.2%) and the local small left-wing parties (8.2%).
The age distribution of the population (as of 2000) is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 26.4% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 59.9% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 13.7%. The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Bollodingen about 84.6% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule).
Bollodingen has an unemployment rate of 0.93%. As of 2005, there were 18 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 8 businesses involved in this sector. 36 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 3 businesses in this sector. 5 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 2 businesses in this sector. The historical population is given in the following table:
| year | population |
| 1764 | 172 |
| 1850 | 274 |
| 1900 | 239 |
| 1950 | 236 |
| 2000 | 212 |
# Maira Bes-Rastrollo

Maira Bes-Rastrollo is a professor of preventive medicine and public health at the University of Navarra whose research on ultra-processed food has been widely covered in the media.
# Cherucode

Cherucode is a place located in India, Kerala State, Malappuram district, in the Province of Porur Panchayath.

## Culture

Cherucode village is a predominantly Muslim populated area. Hindus exist in comparatively smaller numbers. So the culture of the locality is based upon Muslim traditions. Duff Muttu, Kolkali and Aravanamuttu are common folk arts of this locality. There are many libraries attached to mosques giving a rich source of Islamic studies. Most of the books are written in Arabi-Malayalam which is a version of the Malayalam language written in Arabic script. People gather in mosques for the evening prayer and continue to sit there after the prayers discussing social and cultural issues. Business and family issues are also sorted out during these evening meetings. The Hindu minority of this area keeps their rich traditions by celebrating various festivals in their temples. Hindu rituals are done here with a regular devotion like other parts of Kerala.

## Transportation

Cherucode village connects to other parts of India through Manjeri town. National highway No.66 passes through Parappanangadi and the northern stretch connects to Goa and Mumbai. The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum. National Highway No.966 connects to Palakkad and Coimbatore. The nearest airport is at Kozhikode. The nearest major railway station is at Tirur.
# Southern banded newt

The southern banded newt (Ommatotriton vittatus) is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found in Armenia (Lori Province of northern Armenia), Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey. This species has two subspecies - O. v. vittatus (found in Turkey, Syria, and Israel) and O. v. ciliensis (found in Turkey).
The southern banded newt is a medium-sized newt of 90–110 mm total body length. Females are often slightly smaller than males and have about half their weight but both males and females have a similar mean body condition index.

## Habitat

The natural habitat of the species is water bodies of various types in temperate forests and grasslands, including rivers, ponds, and canals, and extending to water in caves, arable land and rural gardens. It has been found in water that has a temperature from 8.7 to 14.6 °C (average 11.4), a pH from 7.5 to 8, a GH (general hardness) from 3-18 (average 11.4), and a KH (carbonate hardness) from 3-18 (average 10.4). Generally they prefer higher altitudes (above 1500m) which have lower temperatures. When temperatures fall below 3.9 °C, they will go into hibernation and aestivating in dry, hot weather.

## Ecology

Their breeding season lasts from early spring to early summer (February to June). During this breeding season they inhabit shallow, slow flowing water with vegetation but otherwise inhabit wooded or areas of loose stones that are close to water. Also during this season, O. vittatus males develop large crests on their back and more vivid colors to attract the females along with using visual displays and movements with their tails and crests. The males are known to have aggressive and territorial behavior; they defend their territories by biting and chasing away other males and maintain a few tens of centimeters to 0.8 m of open space between their territories. Fertilization is internal but non-copulatory and the female will often accept multiple spermatophores (from different males).
# Southern banana salamander

The southern banana salamander (Bolitoglossa occidentalis) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is found in Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, arable land, and plantations. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## Reproduction

Research is currently uncertain as to how specific factors influence the southern banana salamander's breeding cycle. Their climate has been shown to affect the cycle, but it's currently believed that the salamander's microhabitat and nearby environment are a more significant factor.
# Bon Air, Sumner County, Tennessee

Bon Air is an unincorporated community in Sumner County, in the U.S. state of Tennessee.

## History

Bon Air probably refers to "good air".
# Bon Air, Tennessee

Bon Air, Tennessee may refer to:
* Bon Air, Sumner County, Tennessee
* Bon Air, White County, Tennessee
# Make Them Beg for Death

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Kerrang! | 4/5 |
| metalinjection.net | 9/10 |
Make Them Beg for Death is the ninth studio album by American death metal band Dying Fetus, released on September 8, 2023, by Relapse Records.

## Track listing

All music is composed by John Gallagher

## Personnel

Performance and production credits are adapted from the album liner notes.

### Dying Fetus

* John Gallagher – guitars, vocals
* Sean Beasley – bass, vocals
* Trey Williams – drums

### Production

* Steve Wright – production
* Dying Fetus – production
* Mark Lewis – mixing, mastering

### Visual art

* Kendall Johhns – album artwork photography
* Brendan Barone – cover art
* Daniel McBride – artwork, layout

### Studios

* WrightWay Studios in Baltimore, Maryland, US – engineering, mixing

## Charts

| Chart | Peak position |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 114 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 28 |
# Malattaru

Malattaru is branched from Ponnaiyar River and ends in Bay of Bengal.
11°46′N 79°47′E﻿ / ﻿11.767°N 79.783°E﻿ / 11.767; 79.783
* This article related to a river in India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Jonathan Glatzer

Jonathan Glatzer (born 21 October 1969) is an American writer, director, and producer.

## Life and career

Glatzer is a television writer and producer for such shows as, Succession,Better Call Saul, Bloodline, and Bad Sisters Along with his fellow writers, he's received a Primetime Emmy Award, two Peabody Awards, a Golden Globe and a WGA award and has been nominated for two Primetime Emmys, and six WGA awards.
Glatzer's first feature film as director, co-writer and producer was What Goes Up. The film stars Steve Coogan, Olivia Thirlby, Hilary Duff, Molly Shannon and Josh Peck.
Glatzer grew up in North Caldwell, NJ and began his career in theater as a director, staging productions at such venues as the Oxford Playhouse in England, the Shakespeare Theatre Company in Washington, D.C., and the Ensemble Studio Theatre in New York. He attended Colgate University and graduated in 1991. He then attended Columbia University's Film School, where his short Prix Fixe won the school's best film award.