OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Counting efficiency

In the measurement of ionising radiation the counting efficiency is the ratio between the number of particles or photons counted with a radiation counter and the number of particles or photons of the same type and energy emitted by the radiation source.

## Factors

Several factors affect the counting efficiency:
* The distance from the source of radiation
* The absorption or scattering of particles by the medium (such as air) between the source and the surface of the detector
* The detector efficiency in counting all radiation photons and particles that reach the surface of the detector
The accompanying diagram shows this graphically.

## Scintillation counters
### Radiation protection instruments

Large area scintillation counters used for surface radioactive contamination measurements use plate or planar radioactive sources as calibration standards. The Surface Emission Rate (SER), not the source activity, is used as a measure of the rate of particles emitted from the source of radiation. The SER is the true emission rate from the surface, which is usually different to the activity. This difference is due to self-shielding within the active layer of the source which will reduce the SER, or backscatter which will reflect particles off the backing plate of the active layer and will increase the SER. Beta particle plate sources usually have a significant backscatter, whereas alpha plate sources usually have no backscatter, but are easily self-attenuated if the active layer is made too thick.

### Liquid scintillation counters

Counting efficiency varies for different isotopes, sample compositions and scintillation counters. Poor counting efficiency can be caused by an extremely low energy to light conversion rate, (scintillation efficiency) which, even optimally, will be a small value. It has been calculated that only some 4% of the energy from a β emission event is converted to light by even the most efficient scintillation cocktails.

## Gaseous counters

Proportional counters and end-window Geiger-Muller tubes have a very high efficiency for all ionising particles that reach the fill gas. Nearly every initial ionising event in the gas will result in Townsend avalanches, and thereby an output signal. However the overall detector efficiency is largely affected by attenuation due to the window or tube body through which particles have to pass.
In the case of gamma photons the detection efficiency is more dependent upon the fill gas and gamma energy. Low energy photons will interact more with the fill gas than high energy photons.
# Dread Dominion

Dread Dominion (1994) is an original novel written by Stephen Marley and based on the long-running British science fiction comic strip Judge Dredd. It is Marley's second Judge Dredd novel.

## Synopsis

37 years ago Judge Joe Dredd arrested his brother Judge Rico Dredd for corruption. But in a parallel universe he killed him instead, and the Joe Dredd from that universe turned evil. Now the twisted judges from Dreadworld are invading Mega-City One and the whole world is at stake. Meanwhile, corrupt judges in the Special Judicial Squad are trying to assassinate Judge Hershey.

## Continuity

At the time Dread Dominion was published in 1994, its detailed description of events in Mega-City One's history adhered with complete accuracy to what had until then been published in 2000 AD and the Judge Dredd Megazine. However in 2000 the story Blood Cadets in 2000 AD #1186–1188 (written by John Wagner) depicted a different version of how Joe Dredd arrested Rico.
# Italian destroyer Audace

Audace was the name of at least three ships of the Italian Navy and may refer to:
* Italian destroyer Audace (1913), an Audace-class destroyer launched in 1913 and sunk in a collision in 1916.
* Italian destroyer Audace (1916), a destroyer ordered for Japan from Yarrow as Kawakaze transferred to Italy while building renamed Intrepido then Audace. Seized by Germany 1943, renamed TA20 and sunk in 1944.
* Italian destroyer Audace (D 551), an Audace-class destroyer launched in 1971 and decommissioned in 2006.
# Erland Kiøsterud

Erland Kiøsterud (born 10 November 1953) is a Norwegian novelist.
He made his literary debut in 1973 with the novel Sår som aldri gror. His next novel, Jord! (1977) was made into a film in 1988.
He received the Gyldendal's Endowment in 1986, and was awarded the Riksmål Society Literature Prize in 2005.
See the latest film The Ecocentric Human about him and ecology at https://vimeo.com/490469169
# Eugen Burg

Eugen Burg (6 January 1871 – 17 April 1944) was a German actor. His daughter was Hansi Burg. Burg was a close friend of the actor Hans Albers.
Burg was born Eugen Hirschburg into a Jewish family, but later converted to Protestantism. He was banished from the film industry when the Nazi Party came to power in Germany. He later died in Theresienstadt concentration camp.

## Selected filmography

* Robert and Bertram (1915)
* In the Castle by the Lake (1918)
* The Secret of Wera Baranska (1919)
* The Secret of the Scaffold (1919)
* A Night in Paradise (1919)
* Colonel Chabert (1920)
* The Black Panther (1921)
* Violet (1921)
* Fridericus Rex (1922)
* Circus People (1922)
* Marie Antoinette, the Love of a King (1922)
* The Island of Tears (1923)
* Old Heidelberg (1923)
* The Wonderful Adventure (1924)
* Gobseck (1924)
* The Third Squadron (1926)
* Wrath of the Seas (1926)
* Fadette (1926)
* Eyes Open, Harry! (1926)
* The Circus of Life (1926)
* A Modern Dubarry (1927)
* Rinaldo Rinaldini (1927)
* Dancing Vienna (1927)
* The Gypsy Baron (1927)
* His Greatest Bluff (1927)
* The Hunt for the Bride (1927)
* Queen of the Boulevards (1927)
* The Mistress (1927)
* Panic (1928)
* It Attracted Three Fellows (1928)
* Who Invented Divorce? (1928)
* Man Against Man (1928)
* Girls, Beware! (1928)
* The First Kiss (1928)
* The Adjutant of the Czar (1929)
* Dawn (1929)
* Ludwig II, King of Bavaria (1929)
* Yes, Yes, Women Are My Weakness (1929)
* The Copper (1930)
* The Ring of the Empress (1930)
* 1914 (1931)
* Mary (1931)
* My Leopold (1931)
* Elisabeth of Austria (1931)
* Der Herzog von Reichstadt (1931)
* The Daredevil (1931)
* Holzapfel Knows Everything (1932)
* Impossible Love (1932)
* The Pride of Company Three (1932)
* The Victor (1932)
* The White Demon (1932)
# Protactinium(IV) oxide

Protactinium(IV) oxide is a chemical compound with the formula PaO$_2$. The black oxide is formed by reducing Pa$_2$O$_5$ with hydrogen at 1 550 °C. Protactinium(IV) oxide does not dissolve in H$_2$SO$_4$, HNO$_3$, or HCl solutions, but reacts with HF.$^{:195}$
As protactinium(IV) oxide, like other protactinium compounds, is radioactive, toxic and very rare, it has no known technological use.
# Kibwezi East Constituency

Kibwezi East is a constituency in Kenya. It is one of six constituencies in Makueni County.
# Kibworth Harcourt Mill

Kibworth Harcourt Mill is a post mill in Kibworth Harcourt, Leicestershire, England. It dates from the early 18th century; it is a Grade II* listed building, and a scheduled monument. It is the only surviving post mill in Leicestershire, and is owned by the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings.

## History and description

It is the only surviving postmill from more than 200 once in use in Leicestershire.The main post of the mill is inscribed "Daniel Hutchinson, Miller, 1711". The timber-framed body of the mill has weatherboarding, and there is a brick roundhouse protecting the trestle. Inside there is wooden machinery and two sets of millstones, one of French Burr, the other of Derbyshire Peak stone.
The mill was in use until 1912, and by the 1930s it was in poor condition. The owners, Merton College, Oxford, transferred ownership of the mill in 1930 to the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB), and remedial work was carried out.

### Repairs

In 2017, during an inspection of the mill, one of the sails collapsed, and for safety reasons the remaining sails were removed. Major repairs were made from 2020 to 2021 by SPAB. This included repairing the oak trestle by scarfing new oak sections to the sound timber, replacing the exterior weatherboarding, and repairing the brickwork of the roundhouse with lime mortar. The machinery was repaired and new sails were fitted: two common sails and two spring sails.
SPAB commissioned Triskele Heritage to make a study of the graffiti in the mill, and this took place in May 2021. There are 264 examples, most of which are names and dates of millers and visitors. About 18% are apotropaic symbols, intended to ward off evil spirits; James Wright, the archaeologist carrying out the study, said: "These marks are significant as they show real belief in Satan and demons lasted much later than is sometimes thought." All the graffiti was preserved.
After the repairs, the mill was removed from Historic England's Heritage at Risk Register, and it was operational for the first time since the 1930s.
# Demos (novel)

Demos: A Story of English Socialism is a novel by the English author George Gissing. It is a story of the moral and intellectual corruption of a working-class Socialist who inherits a fortune. It was written between late 1885 and March 1886 and first published in April 1886 by Smith, Elder & Co.

## Plot summary

It tells the story of a young, lower-class, Radical working-man, Richard Mutimer, who unexpectedly inherits a large fortune. He becomes the leader of a socialist movement and decides to use his inheritance to set up a cooperative factory. However, his new wealth and power serve to highlight the defects of character that he brings from his working-class origin and he begins to treat his workers harshly, as well as abandoning the girl of his own station to whom he had been engaged.
Later in life, Mutimer marries an upper-middle-class woman (who does not love him) and stands for Parliament. However, his downfall begins when his wife, Adela, finds a later version of the will that had enriched Mutimer. As this could deprive him of his inheritance, he wants to destroy it but Adela will not permit this and the money goes to the rightful heir. The cooperative factory is shut down and the couple move to London, to live in relative poverty.
Mutimer starts another populist movement but is killed by a stone thrown at him by a demonstrator during a meeting at which his followers turn against him.
# Psalmi a Vidici ad Hebraicam veritatem castigati

Psalmi da Vidici ad Hebraicam veritatem castigati is a printed psaltery authored by Thomas Cajetan and printed in Venice in 1530. It contains fragments of the Old Testament and specifically praises God and his laws. Most of it is made up of psalms attributed to King David, which were to be read in accordance with the rules of the ecclesiastical liturgy.
Its author was a general of the Dominican order and a Vatican diplomat, famous for polemics and for confronting opponents of the Catholic religion in the context of the imminent Protestant Reformation. In the preamble, Cayetano affirms that he prefers to study a Bible translated directly from Hebrew.
The copy that is conserved by the Center for the Study of Mexican History stands out because on its cover one can see the legend "es del obispo de mexico fray Juan de Zumárraga" (it is the bishop of Mexico Fray Juan de Zumárraga's) and inside are marginal annotations in a calligraphic style considered to date from the 16th century, probably written by the first archbishop of Mexico. This copy came to be under the protection of the Discalced Carmelites at their headquarters in Querétaro, which is also noted on the cover.
# Hyperbolic point

In mathematics, a hyperbolic point is a certain kind of point, one of:
* A point in a hyperbolic geometry
* A point of negative Gaussian curvature on a smooth surface
* A hyperbolic equilibrium point of a dynamical system
# Pseudocrossotus

Pseudocrossotus is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:
* Pseudocrossotus albomaculatus (Breuning, 1938)
* Pseudocrossotus pujoli (Teocchi, 1991)
# Pseudocatharylla kibwezica

Pseudocatharylla kibwezica is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Stanisław Błeszyński in 1964. It is found in Kenya.
# Pseudocatharylla inclaralis

Pseudocatharylla inclaralis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1863. It is found in China (Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong, Shandong) and Japan.
# Pseudocatharylla mariposella

Pseudocatharylla mariposella is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Stanisław Błeszyński in 1964. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia.
# Puthimari College

Puthimari College, established in 1981, is a general degree college situated at Soneswar, in Kamrup district, Assam. This college is affiliated to the Gauhati University. This college offers different bachelor's degree courses in arts. There are nine departments and 1267 students in the college. Besides, it offers distance BA courses under K K Handique University and MA courses under IDOL, Gauhati University. The college has an NCC and an NSS unit.
The College was re-accredited "B" grade in NAAC Re-accreditation in 2012. The College is situated at Soneswar area near the bank of the Puthimari river in the district of Kamrup (R). It is only 36 km from the north of Guwahati, the capital city of Assam. 31 No National Highway connects the college by a PWD road at Baihata. Late Dulal Chandra Mahanta was the founder principal of the college. Dr. Nityananda Kalita is the present principal.
# Ralph Hendrickse

Ralph George Hendrickse FRCP, FRCPE (1926–2010) was a South African physician, specialising in tropical paediatric medicine.
Hendrickse was born in Cape Town on 5 November 1926, the son of Johanna Theresa Hendrickse née Dennis, and William George Hendrickse, a schoolteacher, and – being of mixed race – raised in the segregated ghetto of Wynberg.
He graduated from the University of Cape Town, becoming senior registrar at the University College Hospital at Ibadan, Nigeria, as in 1955. He was promoted to senior lecturer, senior consultant paediatrician from 1957, and professor and head of paediatrics from 1962 to 1969.
In 1964 he also became director of the Institute of Child Health at Ibadan.
He was a senior lecturer at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine from 1969, becoming professor and head of the Department of Tropical Paediatrics in 1974, and dean from 1988 to 1991, when he retired and became emeritus.

## Personal life

In 1948 Hendrickse married Begum Abdurahman, the daughter of Abdullah Abdurahman. She predeceased him.
Hendrickse died in his home at Heswall on 6 May 2010. A seminar in his honour was held at Liverpool in November of the same year.
# Reza Razavi

Reza Razavi is an Iranian professor of paediatric cardiovascular science, vice-president and vice-principal of research at the King's College London, the director of research at King's Health Partners, and the director of the King's Wellcome Trust EPSRC Centre For Medical Engineering.

## Career

Professor Rezavi obtained a degree in medicine at St. Bartholomew's Medical School, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Barts Health NHS Trust based in 1988, and later trained in the area of Paediatrics and Paediatric Cardiology. He was appointed as the Head of Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering between Jan 2007 and March 2017, as an Assistant Principal (Research & Innovation) between 2015 and 2017, and as a non-executive director on the Board of Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust during 2016.
His research focuses in the area of cardiovascular diseases using imaging and biomedical engineering. It includes, but not limited to, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) concerning congenital heart disease, electrophysiology and heart failure, image-guided intervention, X-ray and MRI based guided cardiac catheterisation, and methodological advancements for quicker cardiac imaging. He, along with his group, performed the first MRI-guided cardiac catheterisation in humans, and helped to establish the Trust's cardiovascular MRI service and developed the world's first cardiovascular MRI cardiac catheterisation programme.

## Memberships

2001–Present: Society of Cardiac MR Congenital Heart Disease Committee.
2001–Present: The British Society of Cardiac MR affiliated to the British Cardiac Society. He is a past chair of the British Society for Cardiovascular MRI.
Present: Governance Committer Academic Board member at the King's College London.

## Journal services

2001–Present: Heart
2001–Present: European Heart Journal
2001–Present: Circulation (Baltimore)

## Publications

Professor Reza Rezavi published his first research paper during the year 2000 titled "Pulmonary arterial thrombosis in a neonate with homozygous deficiency of antithrombin III: successful outcome following pulmonary thrombectomy and infusions of antithrombin III concentrate".
His most cited article is the "Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation in humans: results in 59 consecutive patients" with over 450 citations.
Till today, Reza has published over 300 documents with more than 8,600 citations recorded by Scopus, and over 20,000 citations recorded by Google.
# Interstate (duo)

Interstate is a Los Angeles–based electronic music production duo made up of Mike Burns and Mark Lewis.
In 2005 they were signed to a 3-track deal to Netherlands-based label Armada Music. Their breakthrough single "I Found U" was later featured on Paul Oakenfold's Grammy nominated Creamfields compilation. They have had releases on Vandit Records as well as System Recordings in the US.

## Career

In 2000, a mutual friend of Burns introduced the two, and their first experiment together, "Infrared", landed on Paul Oakenfold's Underground Sound of America E.P.
In 2005 they released 'I found U,' the first of three singles on Armada Music. That same year Interstate also teamed up with Markus Schulz, co-producing "Peaches N Cream," a featured track off Schulz' debut artist album. The following year, they released their second single on Armada called "Remember Me." Both tracks feature vocalist Colleen Kelly.
Collectively their releases have been licensed to over 80 trance music compilations, including Paul Oakenfold's Grammy nominated Creamfields album.
Their more recent release "Love Freak" was signed to a worldwide Revlon campaign featuring Jessica Biel, while their newest work "Gforce" has been licensed for a worldwide Campaign for Dell Computers new laptop for DJs.

## Discography
### Original Tracks

* Junkie (N-Vision Remix) [Vandit, 2010]
* Junkie (2010 Mix) [Vandit, 2010]
* Junkie (Heatbeat Remix) [Vandit, 2010]
* Waiting (Verdugo Brothers Remix) [Unreleased]
* Love Freak (Original Mix) [System Recordings, 2010]
* Love Freak (Moldan & Isma-Ae remix) [System Recordings, 2010]
* Love Freak (Interstate vs. Cerf and Mitiska Remix) [System Recordings, 2010]
* Love Freak (DJ Reza & Kid Krazzy Remix) [System Recordings, 2010]
* Love Freak (Jan Van Lier Remix) [System Recordings, 2010]
* Love Freak (George Acosta Remix) [System Recordings, 2010]
* Love Freak (IV Legend Remix) [System Recordings, 2010]
* Remember Me (Original Mix) [Armada, 2006]
* Remember Me (Terry Bones Remix) [Armada, 2006]
* Remember Me (Shawn Mitiska & Tyler Michaud Remix) [Armada 2006]
* Remember Me (Carlo Lio & Nathan Barato Remix) [Unreleased]
* I Found You (Original Mix) [Armada, 2005]
* I Found You (Harry Lemon Remix) [Armada 2005]
* I Found You (Perry O'Neil Remix) [Armada 2005]
* I Found You (Armin Van Buuren Intro Edit)
* Release [Unreleased – featured on band's MySpace at one time]

### Remixes

* Yanni: Strong In Love (Interstate Remix) [Unreleased]
* Casey Desmond- Rendezvous (Interstate Remix) [Unreleased]
* Keo Nozari- Close Enough (Interstate Remix) [Armada, 2007]
* Jan Johnston- Transparent (Interstate Remix) [2005]
# International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation (1933)

The International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation (1933) was an international sanitary convention, drawn up in 1932 and signed at The Hague on 12 April 1933 (without a conference) and came into force on 1 August 1935 to protect communities against diseases liable to be imported by aircraft and to protect air crew against diseases due to flying. It contained a number of regulations consisting of measures to prevent the spread of plague, cholera, yellow fever, typhus and smallpox. It was formally ratified by around ten countries. Service aircraft were included in March 1939. Intelligence on infectious disease at ports was provided to health authorities by the health organisation at the League of Nations. It was amended in Washington on 15 December 1944, to form the International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation (1944), which came into force on 15 January 1945.
After the amendment of the Convention in 1944, in addition to Personal, Aircraft and Maritime Declarations of Health, the Convention covered five certificates:
* International Certificate of Inoculation Against Cholera.
* International Certificate of Inoculation Against Yellow Fever.
* International Certificate of Immunity Against Yellow Fever.
* International Certificate of Inoculation Against Typhus Fever.
* International Certificate of Vaccination Against Smallpox.
The old International Certificates of Inoculation and Vaccination remained valid until they expired, after which they were replaced by the International Certificate of Vaccination (Carte Jaune).
# Edward Frizzell

Edward Frizzell, CBE, QPM, OStJ (6 December 1918 – 25 May 1987) was HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary for Scotland from 1979 to 1983.
After wartime service with the RAF he joined the Paisley Burgh Police rising to the rank of Detective Chief Inspector. Joining the Renfrew and Bute Constabulary as a Chief Superintendent in 1968 he rose to be its Assistant Chief Constable. In 1970 he was appointed Chief Constable of the Stirling and Clackmannan Force; and in 1975 of the newly formed Central Scotland Police Service.
# Dread Dragon Droom

Dread Dragon Droom (popularly known as Droom) is an educational game designed and published by HUMMEC (Humberside Microelectronics in Education Centre) in 1985.
The game was used widely in schools throughout the United Kingdom in the 1980s and was one of the first examples of British educational software designed specifically for schools. HUMMEC was the educational support centre of the then local education authorities of Humberside. Humberside was part of a consortium of LEAs (the others being Barnsley, Sheffield, Doncaster, Rotherham and, for a time, Wakefield) which established a regional support centre called RESOURCE, based in Doncaster.

## Plot

The plot of the game is classic fairy-tale fantasy: the princess Arminda has been captured by the Dreaded Dragon Droom, and held in his dungeon, while her suitor Prince Henry has been turned into a frog. The user has to rescue Arminda, aided by a witch, a wizard, fairies and the ever-helpful Little Bit on the way. The game is divided into a number of chapters, each containing a particular puzzle (mathematical, verbal, or logical). Chapters can be practised individually, or the game can be completed from the beginning.
Although the tightly-structured format and educational purpose of the game meant that it was highly linear, the game is notable for its variety of puzzles, colourful graphics and playful storyline.

## Development

This software was written and created by Derek Allen, who was one of the pioneers of ICT in Education. After "Droom" he went on to write various software packages including "Albert's House", "Pond" and "Rainbow Stories", all marketed through RESOURCE. Derek Allen also wrote sequels to the program: "Dragon Droom's Revenge" and "Stardust" (early versions were known simply as "Dust"). Many of his programs continued to be available for PC from Resource Education, which had become a private company based in Derbyshire. It closed in mid-2015.
# Vid Debeljak

Vid Debeljak (born 17 November 1994) is a Slovenian male canoeist who won eight medals at individual senior level at the Wildwater Canoeing World Championships and European Wildwater Championships.