OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tuscan League

The Tuscan League, also known as the League of San Genesio, was formed on 11 November 1197 at Borgo San Genesio by the chief cities, barons and bishops of the March of Tuscany shortly after the death of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor on 27 September 1197.

## History

The league was the work of Pope Celestine III and his two papal legates: Pandulf, cardinal priest of Santi Apostoli, and Bernard, cardinal priest of San Pietro in Vincoli. It was directed against the Holy Roman Emperor in alliance with the papacy. Its members swore not to make any alliances without papal approval, nor to make any peace or truce "with any emperor, king, prince, duke or margrave" without the approval of the rectors of the league. The original signatories were the communes of Lucca, Florence and Siena, the people living under the castles of Prato and San Miniato, and the bishopric of Volterra. The city of Arezzo joined on 2 December; Pisa refused and was placed under interdict by Celestine.
The real objective of the league was to secure for its members control of their respective regions. War was to be made on any city, town, count or bishop who refused to join the league when asked to do so, yet none were allowed to join without recognising their "legitimate" overlords, which in practice usually meant recognising one of the communes as lord. An exception was made for Poggibonsi, since there were many claims on it.
Shortly after the election of 1198, the new pope, Innocent III, condemned the Tuscan League as a dishonorable interference in the affairs of Tuscany, which he now claimed—on the basis of the Liber censuum (1192)—belonged entirely to the temporal jurisdiction of the Roman church. Celestine had not openly claimed authority in imperial or ducal Tuscany, but Innocent was prepared to extend papal claims to cover all of Tuscany. (The Tuscan duchy corresponded to old "Lombard" Tuscany, while papal Tuscany was "Roman", or suburbicarian, Tuscany—a distinction going back to the eighth century.) He thus revoked the interdict on Pisa and persuaded Viterbo and Perugia not to join. He sent Pandulf and Bernard back to try to negotiate the submission of the Tuscan cities and barons to him. Seven months of negotiations failed and Innocent was forced to accept the Tuscan League, even threatening Pisa with a renewed interdict.
# Jeff Robbins

Jeff Lowe Robbins (born January 18, 1969) is an American musician and co-founder of the web development company Lullabot.

## Biography

Robbins was an employee of O'Reilly & Associates in the early 1990s and participated in the development of Global Network Navigator, the first commercial web publication, before founding the web design company Liquid Media in 1994.
Also in 1994, Robbins and drummer Paul Buckley founded Orbit, a Boston-based power trio that released four CDs. Robbins left the technology industry when the band was signed to A&M Records to focus on touring and recording. Robbins' song "Medicine" appeared on the Billboard Modern Rock chart in 1997 and Orbit appeared on that year's Lollapalooza tour. After A&M Records was absorbed by Universal Music Group, Orbit was dropped and Robbins returned to web development.
In 2001, Robbins married Jennifer Niederst Robbins whom he had met at O'Reilly. The two began building websites together launching several high-profile projects including Ringo Starr's website. Around this time Robbins also began a soundtrack music company called SomeMusic, creating music for several television and radio commercials.
In 2004, Robbins began working with Drupal and became an active participant in the project's developer community. In January 2006, he and developer Matt Westgate co-founded Lullabot, a Drupal-focused consultancy. From 2006 to 2012, Robbins hosted The Lullabot Podcast, the first Drupal-focused podcast which introduced many new developers to the platform. Robbins has also spoken at tech conferences including South By Southwest and the Web 2.0 Summit and he has keynoted at many Drupal events including BADCamp, Design For Drupal, Do It With Drupal, and New England Drupal Camp.
In Robbins' current role as CEO for Lullabot, he has grown the company to over 60 employees. Some of Lullabot's most prominent projects include Grammy.com, MarthaStewart.com, WWE.com, the Sony Music artist platform, as well as major projects for Verizon, Turner Broadcasting, the Pac-12, and Intel. Lullabot also runs Drupalize.Me, a video training website with beginner to advanced Drupal training.
Over the years, Robbins has contributed theme music for several podcasts including FLOSS Weekly on the TWiT.tv network, The Linux Journal Insider, The Lullabot Podcast, The Drupalize.Me Podcast, Insert Content Here, and The Creative Process.
# Jeff Richter

Jeff Richter is an American music video director and editor. He has worked for Intuitive Entertainment, MTV Networks, Trans-Siberian Orchestra and is the owner of Earthquake Productions, a production company where he directs and edits his own music videos, concert films and commercials.

## Select videography
### 1989

* "Bed of Nails" (directed by Nigel Dick; editor only) - Alice Cooper

### 1990

* "The More Things Change" - Cinderella

### 1992

* "Foreclosure of a Dream" - Megadeth

### 1994

* "Foreign Sand" - Roger Taylor featuring Yoshiki

### 1996

* "Work It Out" (directed by Nigel Dick; editor only) - Def Leppard

### 1997

* "Break on Through (To the Other Side)" (version 2) - The Doors

### 1998

* "Ain't Goin' to Goa" ('98 Radio Remix) - Alabama 3

### 1999

* "Nobody Can Stop Me" (directed by Gregory Dark; editor only) - Bizzy Bone
* "Blue Monday" (directed by Gregory Dark; editor only) - Orgy
* "Fuck Dying" (directed by Gregory Dark; editor only) - Ice Cube featuring Korn
* "Thug Mentality" (directed by Gregory Dark; editor only) - Krayzie Bone
* "Awful" - Hole
* "Good to Be Alive" (Radio Remix) - DJ Rap
* "Welcome to the Jungle" (Live) - Guns N' Roses
* "The Anthem" - Sway & King Tech featuring RZA, Tech N9ne, Eminem, Xzibit, Pharoahe Monch, Kool G Rap, Jayo Felony, Chino XL and KRS-One

### 2000

* "Whoa!" - Black Rob
* "Into the Void" (co-directed with Walter Stern; also editor) - Nine Inch Nails
* "You Sang to Me" (also editor) - Marc Anthony
* "Quality Control" - Jurassic 5
* "Wifey" - Next
* "The Light" - Pharoahe Monch
* "Oooh." - De La Soul featuring Redman
* "Oh No" - Mos Def, Pharoahe Monch and Nate Dogg
* "After Party" - Koffee Brown

### 2001

* "W.O.E. Is Me (World of Entertainment)" (uncredited) - Jurassic 5
* "It Don't Matter" - Rehab
* "La Rhumba" - RZA as Bobby Digital featuring Method Man, Killa Sin and Beretta 9

### 2002

* "The Knoc" - Knoc-turn'al featuring Missy Elliott and Dr. Dre

### 2003

* "Send the Pain Below" - Chevelle
* "Worms of the Earth" - Finch
* "We Want Peace" - Lenny Kravitz
* "True to Myself" - Ziggy Marley

### 2004

* "She Bangs" - William Hung
* "Saturday Night" - Ozomatli

### 2005

* "Comin' to Your City" - Big & Rich

### 2007

* "Rise Today" (directed by Dale Resteghini; editor only) - Alter Bridge
* "Calling You" (also editor) - Blue October

### 2014

* "Lose Yourself Avicii and Leehom Wang" (directed by Jeff Richter; director editor) - Avicii
# John Kawie

John Kawie (1949) is an American comedian, actor and writer of Lebanese descent.

## Early life and education

Kawie was born in Springfield, Massachusetts. He attended Williston Northampton School.

## Career

Kawie ran the family business "Kawie Tool Supply" for seventeen years supplying the aerospace industry.
In 1990 he sold his company and moved to New York City to become a stand-up comedian. As an Arab-American comic his comedy focused on funny situations related to his heritage. He co-produced a multicultural stand-up show called “Those People” which was featured in Alan King’s 1995 Toyota Comedy Festival in New York City.
Kawie was a regular as a writer and performer on “The David Brenner Radio Show”, and a contributor to Bill Maher’s monologue on Comedy Central’s award winning show “Politically Incorrect”. He was a substitute host for Dick Cavett on his radio show, he also contributed material to Dennis Miller’s show on HBO. He also appeared in television commercials.
At the age of 47, Kawie experienced a serious stroke. While undergoing therapy at the Rusk Institute he was a consultant with Robert De Niro, whose character was a stroke survivor in the Joel Shumacher film “Flawless”.
Kawie was unable to continue as a standup comedian, so he switched to writing a solo show, “Brain Freeze” which is about his experiences during and after his stroke. “Brain Freeze” has been performed Off Broadway and at theaters and hospitals throughout the country. It has received critical acclaim from the national press, the medical community, The Lancet, and several other reviewers. “Brain Freeze” was performed at the 2003 International Fringe Festival in New York City in 2003, and was declared Best Solo Show. In 2010 the performance was recorded live at Gotham Comedy Club in New York City in front of a lively full house, and is available in DVD.
Kawie also writes a humor column called “Life At The Curb” for the American Heart Association’s award-winning magazine “Stroke Connection.” In 2015 he won a FOLIO Eddie Award for Best Column/Blog for Non-Profit Association. (https://web.archive.org/web/20160117201651/http://www.foliomag.com/2015/2015-folio-eddie-digital-award-finalists/7/)
He has been a keynote speaker for hospitals and stroke support groups around the country.
John resides in New York City with his wife and artist Marilyn Manno.
# SCH

SCH or Sch may refer to:
* A Scholar of Trinity College, Dublin
* Sch (trigraph), the German letter for 'sh' as in 'fish'
* Schizophrenia, a psychiatric diagnosis
* SCH Synchronization Channel, a GSM Um radio interface channel
* Schutzhund, a dog sport
* Schedule, in systems of pipe sizes
* Succinylcholine, a neuromuscular blocking drug
* Sch. (Scheinergrade aka Degree Scheiner), an obsolete scale for measuring film speeds established by Julius Scheiner
* .sch (file extension), used for circuit diagram files by several design automation programs
* .sch, a second-level domain
* Sub-Conjunctival hemorrhage

## Music

* SCH (band), an Industrial rock band from Sarajevo
** SCH (album), their 1987 self-titled album
* SCH (rapper), a French rapper

## Abbreviations

* Sydney Congress Hall, a Salvation Army Corps in Sydney, Australia
* Schenectady County Airport, a public airport in Schenectady County, New York
* Singapore Conference Hall
* Singular cardinals hypothesis, a concept in set theory
* Specialist Computer Holdings, parent company of SCC
* Sub-conjunctival haemorrhage
* St. Cloud Hospital, an American hospital in St. Cloud, Minnesota
* Space Center Houston, the official visitors center of Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
* Santander Central Hispano, formerly a brand name of Banco Santander Central Hispano, now Banco Santander
* Sydney Children's Hospital, a children's hospital in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
* System Controller Hub, an Intel chipset component
* Soonchunhyang University, a private university in South Korea
* The category of schemes
# SCH-442,416

SCH-442,416 is a highly selective adenosine A$_{2a}$ subtype receptor antagonist. It is widely used in its $^{11}$C radiolabelled form to map the distribution of A$_{2a}$ receptors in the brain, where they are mainly found in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercle. Given its distribution in the brain, A$_{2a}$ receptors have been investigated for the treatment of various neurological disorders, and SCH-442,416 has shown promise in treatment of depression, Parkinson's disease, and catalepsy.
# Two Minute Warning

Two Minute Warning may refer to:
* Two-minute warning, a timing rule in American football
* Two-Minute Warning, a 1976 action thriller film
* Two Minute Warning (album), a 1985 album by the Angels
* "Two Minute Warning", a 1983 song by Depeche Mode from Construction Time Again
# SNCF Class Z 7300

The SNCF Class Z 7300 electric multiple units were built by Alsthom between 1980 and 1984. They are part of the Z2 family of EMUs. These are Z 7500, Z 9500 and Z 9600.

## Gallery

* Z 7365 entering Manduel-Redessan station in 2011.
* Refurbished Z7319 at Latour-de-Carol station
* This French railway-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Tutufa rubeta

Tutufa rubeta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Bursidae, the frog shells.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 95 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines.
# Tutufa bufo

Tutufa bufo, common name the red-mouth frog shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Bursidae, the frog shells.

## Description

The size of an adult shell varies between 50 mm and 240 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species is distributed in the Indo-West Pacific: Rottnest Island, Coffs Harbour, and Rarawa Beach.
# Line of business

Line of business (LOB) is a general term which refers to a product or a set of related products that serve a particular customer transaction or business need. In some industry sectors, like insurance, "line of business" also has a regulatory and accounting definition to meet a statutory set of insurance policies. It may or may not be a strategically relevant business unit.
"Line of business" often refers to an internal corporate business unit, whereas the term "industry" refers to an external view that includes all competitors competing in a similar market. A line of business will often examine its position within an industry using a Porter five forces analysis (or other industry-analysis method) and other relevant industry information.

## Computer applications

In the context of computing, a "line-of-business application" is one of the set of critical computer applications perceived as vital to running an enterprise. For example:
   "Governance has become the hot topic in SOA over the past year. As companies' SOA usage becomes real, widespread and line-of-business, the requirement to ensure that the systems are properly governed has emerged as the number one concern for SOA adopters."

## Mobile LOB

Mobile LOB refers to LOB applications running on mobile computers or PDAs - usually rugged for use in the field to process transaction at the site of the customer with minimum usage of paper.
Mobile route accounting exemplifies a typical mobile application.
# Lismore College

Lismore College may refer to:
* Lismore High School, New South Wales, Australia
* Trinity Catholic College, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
* Lismore Seminary, Scotland, United Kingdom
* Lismore Comprehensive School, Craigavon, Northern Ireland
# SNRK

SNF-related serine/threonine-protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SNRK gene.
# Two Republics

The Two Republics was an English-language newspaper published in Mexico City from 1867 to 1900.
# John Moyle

John Moyle may refer to:
* John Moyle (politician), 17th-century Cornish parliamentarian
* John Moyle (surgeon) (died 1714), British naval surgeon
* John Moyle (British Army officer) (died 1738), major-general
* John Rowe Moyle (1808–1889), Mormon pioneer
* John Moyle (1908-1960), editor of Radio Television & Hobbies and Australian radio pioneer
# Jelcz PR110D

The Jelcz PR110D is a coach and intercity bus produced by the Polish company Jelcz in Jelcz-Laskowice near Oława in Poland in 1984-1992.

## History of the model in Poland

The predecessor of Jelcz PR110D bus was a French Berliet PR110 TOURISME (1977). The bus was built on its basis in 1984 with several units of the bus named Jelcz PR110D. The letter D means long-distance.

## Specification

The engine was a Mielec SW680 / 164. Initially, it reached 186 horsepower power, however, since 1988 the engine had the power of 202 HP and with the marking SW680 / 165. The mechanical gearbox, which was used, wore the designation S6-90 and had 6 gears. The bus steering mechanism had a ballscrew hydraulic power of type 8065. Jelcz also had a dual-circuit brake that worked on the front axle and rear axle; the emergency brake and parking brake were pneumatic, working in the rear axle. The engine brake was activated pneumatically by cutting off the fuel injection and exhaust flow throttling. Lowering the front wall of the cab resulted in lower drag, and better handling on the road. Under the floor of the bus there is an extensive baggage compartment with a capacity of 6m$^3$ and fuel tank with the capacity to have 250 litres. Jelcz PR110D was 12000 mm long, 2500 mm wide and 3180 mm high.
# Two Men

Two Men may refer to:
* Two Men (1910 film), an American short film directed by Harry Solter
* Two Men (1922 film), an American Western film directed by Robert North Bradbury
* Two Men (1988 film), a Canadian television film directed by Gordon Pinsent
* Two Men (1996 film), a South Korean film directed by Kwungwo Park starring Choi Jae-sung
# John M. Wood (general)

John M. Wood is a retired major general in the United States Air Force. He commanded the Third Air Force at Ramstein Air Base from 2018 until 2020. He has over 4,000 flight hours.

## Air Force career

John Wood graduated with a degree in aeronautical engineering from the University of California, Davis, and commissioned into the United States Air Force in 1989. He attended pilot training at Vance AFB, and remained as a T-38 Talon instructor pilot. He later flew the C-130 Hercules at Dyess AFB, and the KC-10 Extender at Travis AFB. He commanded the 32nd Air Refueling Squadron, the 437th Airlift Wing, and the 87th Air Base Wing. In 2018, he assumed command of the Third Air Force from Lieutenant General Richard M. Clark. On June 24, 2020, he relinquished command to Major General Randall Reed, and became the Director of Strategy, Engagement, and Programs for United States Africa Command until July 2021.

## Effective dates of promotion

| Rank | Date |
| Major general | August 2, 2017 |
| Brigadier general | December 31, 2013 |
| Colonel | September 1, 2007 |
| Lieutenant colonel | April 1, 2004 |
| Major | May 1, 2000 |
| Captain | July 25, 1993 |
| First lieutenant | July 25, 1991 |
| Second lieutenant | April 1, 1989 |
# John Potts (British politician)

John Samuel Potts (12 August 1861 – 28 April 1938) was a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom who served a Member of Parliament (MP) for twelve years between 1922 and 1938.
Born in Bolton, Lancashire, Potts had started work at Durham Colliery at the age of eleven. He was a checkweighman at the Hemsworth Colliery, Yorkshire, for 25 years. At the Barnsley by-election of 1897, Potts supported the Liberal Party candidate Joseph Walton. While chairing a Liberal election meeting during this by-election, Potts said in the presence of Walton that he would favour a labour party at a time when state payment of MPs, and of official election expenses would enable working men to be maintained in Parliament but until then, "the Liberal Party was the working man’s only hope". In 1905, Potts switched sides, and began working with the Independent Labour Party, against both Walton and the leadership of the Yorkshire Miners' Association (YMA). Ten years later, Potts was elected as treasurer of the YMA, and became a member of the executive committee of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain. He kept these positions until he was elected as the Member of Parliament for Barnsley at the 1922 general election, when payment of MPs and election expenses had been enacted. Potts retained the seat at three further elections in the 1920s. When Labour split at the 1931 general election over Ramsay MacDonald's formation of a National Government, he narrowly lost his seat to the National Liberal candidate Richard John Soper.
Potts was comfortably re-elected at the 1935 general election, but died in office in 1938, in Barnsley, aged 76. His illness and death have been connected with the shock he received when the Wharncliffe Woodmoor Pit Disaster occurred two years earlier. His lived on the lane which led to the colliery.
# Jeri Somers

Jeri Kaylene Somers (born 1961) is chair of the Civilian Board of Contract Appeals and is a former nominee for judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims.

## Biography

Somers received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1983 from George Mason University. She received a Juris Doctor in 1986 from the American University Washington College of Law. She began her career as a judge advocate with the United States Air Force, from 1986 to 1991. She continued her service in the United States Air Force Reserves from 1991 to 1993, and in the District of Columbia Air National Guard from 1993 to 2004. Her military service concluded as a military judge with the United States Air Force Reserves from 2004 to 2007, retiring with the rank of lieutenant colonel. She has held a number of civilian positions concurrently with her military service. From 1991 to 1994, she served as a trial attorney in the Commercial Litigation Branch of the United States Department of Justice Civil Division. From 1994 to 2001, she served as an Assistant United States Attorney in the Eastern District of Virginia. From 2001 to 2003, she worked at the law firm of Miller & Chevalier in Washington, D.C. From 2003 to 2007, she served as an administrative judge for the United States Department of Transportation's Board of Contract Appeals. Since 2007, she has served as a judge of the Civilian Board of Contract Appeals. She served as vice chair of the board from 2008 until her appointment as chair on October 1, 2017. She also serves as a faculty member at George Washington University Law School with the title of professorial lecturer in law.

### Publication

Somers has written The Boards of Contract Appeals: A Historical Perspective that discusses the evolution of the various Boards of Contract Appeals and their role in dispute resolution in government procurement and the relationship of the boards with the Federal Circuit.

## Expired nomination to claims court

On May 21, 2014, President Obama nominated Somers to serve as a judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims, to the seat vacated by Judge George W. Miller, who retired from the court. She received a hearing on her nomination on Tuesday, June 24, 2014. On July 17, 2014, her nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote.
On December 16, 2014, her nomination was returned to the President due to the sine die adjournment of the 113th Congress. On January 7, 2015, President Obama renominated her to the same position. On February 26, 2015, her nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote. Her nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress.
# SPA Truck Company

SPA Truck Company (S-P-A) was a manufacturer of trucks, which was owned and operated by Studebaker Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary, Pierce-Arrow of Buffalo, New York. The name SPA was based on Studebaker, Pierce and Arrow. SPA manufactured trucks from 1929 to 1933.
While the Studebaker industrial fortune had been made by building Conestoga wagons, Studebaker had been late in entering the modern truck market, doing so in 1929. While Studebaker plants were running at near capacity, executives planned on using Pierce-Arrow's unused excess capacity to handle truck production demand.
Studebaker attempted to acquire White Motor Company in 1932, a known manufacturer of heavy duty trucks based in Cleveland, Ohio. White backed out of the deal just before March 1933; Studebaker then sold Pierce Arrow to investors, which were forced into bankruptcy and liquidated the firm in 1938.
When Studebaker filed for receivership in March 1933, SPA was liquidated and Studebaker focused its attention on automobiles, producing a modest volume of trucks until the late 1930s.