OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Foster v Driscoll

Foster v Driscoll [1929] 1 KB 470 is a decision of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales in relation to illegality under foreign laws and its effect under English contract law.

## Facts

Sir Harry Foster, a British politician, entered into contracts with various parties (including a distiller and a ship broker) to finance an undertaking for the supply of 500 cases of whisky into the United States in breach of prohibition laws. In pursuance of the undertaking bills of exchange were presented for payment but dishonoured. Foster then sought rescission of the contract. Three actions were consolidated and eventually came before the Court of Appeal.

## Decision

The judge at first instance, Wright J, held that the purpose of the enterprise was to smuggle whisky into the United States for profit. Although this was not illegal in England, it was clearly in breach of US laws, and thus he declined to enforce the contracts
In the Court of Appeal Lawrence LJ held "I am clearly of opinion that a partnership formed for the main purpose of deriving profit from the commission of a criminal offence in a foreign and friendly country is illegal". Accordingly the court dismissed all of the claims and counterclaims, without any order as to costs.

## Authority

The case is still cited as good authority for the proposition that a contract to break the laws of a friendly foreign jurisdiction will be unenforceable for illegality even if the contract is otherwise lawful under English law.

## Footnotes

* 1 2 3 "Foster v Driscoll and Others" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
* ↑ Peel, Edwin. Treitel on The Law of Contract (14th ed.). Sweet & Maxwell. 11-060. ISBN 978-041-403739-7.
# Sheridan Township, Logan County, Illinois

Sheridan Township is located in Logan County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 477 and it contained 220 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 35.55 square miles (92.1 km$^2$), all land.
# Cephaloziella elegans

Cephaloziella elegans is a species of liverworts. It is found in the Russian Federation.
# Lithophane ponderosa

Lithophane ponderosa is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Lithophane ponderosa is 9924.1.
# Geodetic (disambiguation)

Geodesy is the Earth science of accurately measuring and understanding Earth's figure.
Geodetic may also refer to:
* Geodetic Hills, mountains in Canada
* Geodetic Glacier, glacier in Antarctica
* Geodetic graph, a type of graph
* Geodetic effect, a prediction of general relativity
# Geastrum leptospermum

Geastrum leptospermum is a species of fungus in the family Geastraceae. It was first described scientifically by American mycologist George F. Atkinson in 1903. The fungus produces small fruit bodies and grows in mosses on tree trunks.

## Description

The inner peridium, or spore sac, is nearly spherical, 2.5–5 millimetres (1⁄8–3⁄16 inch) thick, pale gray to pale tan in color, and dusted with fine whitish particles that also cover the inner surface of the freshly opened rays. The mouth on the apex of the peridium is very small, minutely fibrous, and surrounded by a conical, white disc which is distinctly outlined and radially fibrous (if not deeply grooved). As the fruit body matures, the fibrous layer of the outer peridium splits, star-like, into three to six rays about halfway down or more. The fungus is fornicate, meaning that the rays curve downward so that the base of the fruit body becomes arched up, which elevates the spore sac.
The delicate, fibrous mycelial layer is a distinct, membranous, white cup on the underside, with its margin also rayed by slits, the rays attached to the rays of the plant above. When freshly opened, the inner surface of the rays is covered with a fleshy, pale buff, layer of tissue. This layer, when dry, forms the thin, tan or light brown, smooth and nearly complete membrane over the fibrous layer. The underside of the rays is white and smooth. There is no obvious columella (sterile tissue in the base of the gleba that extends into the gleba).
The spores are spherical and measure 2–3 μm. Under high-power microscopy they appear as having a surface that is roughened by many small points or warts. The capillitium (coarse, thick-walled cells in the gleba) threads are unbranched, and measure about 3 μm thick. Both the spores and the capillitium are whitish to very pale yellow-brown.
# Geodessus

Geodessus is a genus of beetles in the family Dytiscidae, containing the following species:
* Geodessus besucheti Brancucci, 1979
* Geodessus kejvali Balke & Hendrich, 1996
# BN Vocational School

39°56′16.9″N 116°26′10.1″E﻿ / ﻿39.938028°N 116.436139°E﻿ / 39.938028; 116.436139 BN Vocational School is a private, tuition-free vocational school in Beijing, China. The school was established in September 2005. It was founded by Yao Li. BN Vocational is the first tuition-free, not-for-profit, vocational secondary school in China.

## Education

Some of the services that BN Vocational School provides include professional education for impoverished youths including the children of migrant workers, vocational training, and pre-employment training. BN Vocational is the first privately run and funded school in Beijing servicing migrant children of high-school age. It develops the practical skills of the children of the most disadvantaged sector of workers.
Majors include home and property management, plumbing and air-conditioning, and technical maintenance and electrician.

## Recruitment

Prospective students must have completed middle school then passed a customised entrance examination. The examination is centred on Chinese and mathematics. A maximum of 100 students are taken each year.

## Funding

In addition to local funding the school has received international sponsorship. For example, Dell has given computers and Motorola the equipment in the electronics laboratory. Ireland has donated 50,000 yuan to the school. The donation was presented by the then Irish Minister of State Conor Lenihan on 17 March 2006.
# Geastrum lageniforme

Geastrum lageniforme is a species of fungus belonging to the genus Geastrum. It was described as new to science by Italian mycologist Carlo Vittadini. It is found in Africa, Europe, North America, and South America.
# Saxifraga granulata

Saxifraga granulata, commonly called meadow saxifrage, is a species of flowering plant in the family Saxifragaceae. It is native to Europe and Morocco.

## Taxonomy

Saxifraga granulata was first formally described by Linnaeus as part of his original description of Saxifraga in Species Plantarum in 1753. S. granulata is the type species of the genus Saxifraga.
# Joseph Perrault

Joseph Perrault may refer to:
* Joseph Perrault (Lower Canada politician) (1789–1831), politician in Lower Canada
* Joseph-Stanislas Perrault (1846–1907), lawyer and political figure in Quebec
# Geastrum entomophilum

Geastrum entomophilum is an inedible species of mushroom belonging to the genus Geastrum, or earthstar fungi. Found in northeast Brazil in 2008, the species was found with beetles inhabiting the spore sac, likely contributing to spore dissemination.
# Chatara

Chatara is a village, in Sahid Matangini CD block in Tamluk subdivision of Purba Medinipur district in the state of West Bengal, India.

## Geography
### CD block HQ

The headquarters of this CD block are located here.

### Urbanisation

94.08% of the population of Tamluk subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 5.92% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the second lowest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Medinipur district, just above Egra subdivision.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Demographics

As per 2011 Census of India Chatara had a total population of 4,868 of which 2,498 (51%) were males and 2,370 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 551. The total number of literates in Chatara was 3,869 (89.62% of the population over 6 years).

## Transport

Mecheda-Tamluk-Haldia Road passes through Chatara.
# Sherikhel

Sherikhel is a village located in Lakki Marwat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Situated amidst the picturesque landscapes of the region, Sherikhel is home to approximately 300 households and comprises four neighborhoods, locally known as "mohallas." These neighborhoods are LajmirKhel, MangoKhel, DewaniKhel, and ZinoKhel, along with several smaller mohallas or khandans such as AsatKhel and Tasokhel.
The economy of Sherikhel revolves around agriculture, with its fertile lands supporting a variety of crops. One notable crop is "channa," known in English as chickpeas, which holds significance in the local agricultural practices. During the summer season, Sherikhel witnesses the cultivation of "bajra" (pearl millet), used both for animal fodder and grain production.
The people of Sherikhel are primarily engaged in farming and related activities, including livestock farming such as goat rearing. The village has a rich historical background, with legends suggesting its origins tied to Sheri and his brothers, Ghazi Langer and Chowar. These legendary figures are also honored through villages named after them, such as Ghazikhel, Chowarkhel, and Langer Khel.
In terms of education, Sherikhel boasts three active primary schools for boys, one primary school for girls, and a middle-level school for boys. These educational institutions play a vital role in nurturing the young minds of the village and providing them with essential learning opportunities.
Sherikhel is connected to nearby areas such as Titter Khel and Umer Adda through well-established roads, facilitating transportation and connectivity for its residents. The village's blend of agricultural heritage, historical significance, and educational infrastructure contributes to its unique identity within the region of Lakki Marwat. Sherikhel's south hills have natural gas deposits.
# Scalidomia fetialis

Scalidomia fetialis is a moth in the family Tineidae. It is found in West- and Central-Africa and on the Comoros.
This species has a wingspan of 14–16 mm. Its head is pale ochreous mixed with fuscous, the forewings are pale ochreous strigulated with fuscous and a basal patch and an oblique fasciae before the middle.
# Gaston-Antoine Rasneur

Gaston-Antoine Rasneur (1874–1939) was bishop of Tournai from 1924 to 1939.

## Life

Rasneur was born in on 26 February 1874. He was ordained to the priesthood for the diocese of Tournai in 1899 and graduated Doctor of Sacred Theology from the Catholic University of Leuven in 1902. From 1906 to 1911 he was professor of Sacred Scripture at the Major Seminary, Tournai. He was appointed dean of Châtelet in 1911 and served as vicar general from 1921 to 1924. On 6 April 1922 he was awarded a knighthood in the Order of Leopold. He became bishop of Tournai in 1924, serving until his death on 23 November 1939. He played a leading role in Pope Pius XI's condemnation of Action Française in 1926.

## Writings

* "Le Concile de Cologne de 346", Bulletin de la Commission Royale d'Histoire, 72 (1903), pp. 27-59.
# Kinetic triangulation

A kinetic triangulation data structure is a kinetic data structure that maintains a triangulation of a set of moving points. Maintaining a kinetic triangulation is important for applications that involve motion planning, such as video games, virtual reality, dynamic simulations and robotics.

## Choosing a triangulation scheme

The efficiency of a kinetic data structure is defined based on the ratio of the number of internal events to external events, thus good runtime bounds can sometimes be obtained by choosing to use a triangulation scheme that generates a small number of external events. For simple affine motion of the points, the number of discrete changes to the convex hull is estimated by $\Omega (n^{2})$, thus the number of changes to any triangulation is also lower bounded by $\Omega (n^{2})$. Finding any triangulation scheme that has a near-quadratic bound on the number of discrete changes is an important open problem.

### Delaunay triangulation

The Delaunay triangulation seems like a natural candidate, but a tight worst-case analysis of the number of discrete changes that will occur to the Delaunay triangulation (external events) was considered an open problem until 2015; it has now been bounded to be between $\Omega (n^{2})$ and $O(n^{2+\epsilon })$.
There is a kinetic data structure that efficiently maintains the Delaunay triangulation of a set of moving points, in which the ratio of the total number of events to the number of external events is $O(1)$.

### Other triangulations

Kaplan et al. developed a randomized triangulation scheme that experiences an expected number of $O(n^{2}\beta _{s+2}(n)\log ^{2}n)$ external events, where $s$ is the maximum number of times each triple of points can become collinear, $\beta _{s+2}(q)={\frac {\lambda _{s+2}(q)}{q}}$, and $\lambda _{s+2}(q)$ is the maximum length of a Davenport-Schinzel sequence of order s + 2 on n symbols.

### Pseudo-triangulations

There is a kinetic data structure (due to Agarwal et al.) which maintains a pseudo-triangulation in $O(n^{2}2^{\sqrt {\log n\log \log n}})$ events total. All events are external and require $O(\lg n)$ time to process.
# Sic et Non

Sic et Non, an early scholastic text whose title translates from Medieval Latin as "Yes and No", was written by Peter Abelard. In the work, Abelard juxtaposes apparently contradictory quotations from the Church Fathers on many of the traditional topics of Christian theology. In the Prologue, Abelard outlines rules for reconciling these contradictions, the most important of which is noting the multiple significations of a single word. However, Abelard does not himself apply these rules in the body of the Sic et Non, which has led scholars to conclude that the work was meant as an exercise book for students in applying dialectic (logic) to theology.

## Content

In Sic et Non, Abelard presents 158 questions that present a theological assertion and allows its negation.
The first five questions are:
* Must human faith be completed by reason, or not?
* Does faith deal only with unseen things, or not?
* Is there any knowledge of things unseen, or not?
* May one believe only in God alone, or not?
* Is God a single unitary being, or not?
The prologue frames the text as a professor's guide, "Aristotle, the most clear-sighted of all the philosophers, was desirous above all things else to arouse this questioning spirit ...".

## Recensions and dating of the Sic et non

There are eleven surviving full and partial manuscripts of the Sic et non. These are:
* Zürich, Zentralbibliothek, Car. C. 162, fols. 23–38v (siglum Z)
* Tours, Bibliothèque Municipale, 85, fols. 106rb–118v (siglum T)
* Montecassino, Archivio dell'Abbadia, 174, pp. 277–451 (siglum C)
* Einsiedeln, Stiftsbibliothek, 300, pp. 1–74 (siglum E)
* Brescia, Biblioteca Quiriniana, A.V. 21, fols. 14–64v (siglum B)
* Douai, Bibliothèque Municipale, 357, fols. 140–155v (siglum D)
* London, British Library, Royal 11 A v, fols. 73–98v (siglum L)
* München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm. 18926, fols. 14v–105v (siglum M)
* Cambridge, University Library, Kk 3.24, fols. 67v–159 (siglum K)
* Avranches, Bibliothèque Municipale, 12, fols. 132–07 (siglum A)
* Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, 165, pp. 1–355 (siglum k)
There is also one surviving manuscript containing solely q. 117:
* Turin, Biblioteca Nazionale, MS E. v. 9 (749) (siglum S).
An examination of these manuscripts demonstrates the existence of successive drafts of the Sic et non.
* Z is the earliest known recension of the Sic et non, which, according to Constant Mews, dates to 1121. Parallels between Z and Abelard's other works from this period show that Z is not an abbreviation of the TCEBS recension of the Sic et non, as Boyer and McKeon believed.
* TCEB and S belong to the next earliest recension of the Sic et non, which dates to 1121–1126.
* DL belong to an intermediate recension of the Sic et non, which likewise dates to the period 1121–1126.
* MKAk belong to the latest recension of the Sic et non, which dates to the period 1127–1132.
# Bandra Kurla Complex Ground

Bandra Kurla Complex Ground is a cricket ground in Bandra, Maharashtra. The ground normally hosts charity matches and some local matches. It also is home to the Mumbai Cricket Association.

## Overview

In 2007, Mumbai Cricket Association installed a state-of-the-art recreation centre at the ground which forms part of their world class Indoor Cricket Academy. The Club House has top class sporting facilities ranging from an air conditioned badminton hall with two courts - billiards and snookers hall, equipped with two imported billiards tables. Three pitches are for spin, three others for seam bowling while the seventh is a normal wicket.
In 2009, India under-19s for 2010 World Cup in New Zealand also did practice with Mike Young, Australian fielding coach.
The ground has also hosted women's ODI and T20I including two match of World Cup 2013. The Bandra Kurla Complex Ground has also hosted some matches which were part of the 2017 Blind T20 World Cup.
# George Aickin

George Ellis Aickin (1869 – 4 August 1937) was a British Anglican priest in Australia, where he ended his career as Dean of Melbourne 1927–1932.

## Biography

Aickin was born in Liverpool in 1869, educated at Liverpool College and St John’s College, Cambridge, and ordained in 1895. He received an MA from St John's College, Cambridge, in February 1902. After curacies in Wargrave, Ravenhead and Darwen he became the Chaplain at St Aidan’s College, Birkenhead. After an incumbency at Upton he emigrated to Australia. He was Principal of Ridley College, Melbourne, from 1910 to 1918; Archdeacon of Bendigo from 1918 to 1919; Archdeacon of Dandenong from 1919 to 1932; and Dean of Melbourne from 1927 to 1932.
He died on 4 August 1937.
# GooBall

GooBall is a 2005 arcade-style puzzle video game developed by Over The Edge Entertainment (now Unity Technologies) for Mac OS X and published by Ambrosia Software. It is Over The Edge's first game, and runs on an early beta version of the Unity engine, which it was meant to showcase. Though it was highly downloaded, the game was commercially unsuccessful, leading Over The Edge to change its focus from making games, to making the Unity engine.

## Gameplay

The player assumes the role of an alien stranded on Earth. "Goober", as the alien becomes known to the CIA, is stuck inside a life support device made of protoplasm. The gameplay is similar to the Super Monkey Ball series in that the player tilts the environment, which causes Goober to roll around in it, collecting gems and making its way to the end gate within the imparted time. Goober can stick to surfaces by holding down the command key; this ability can be used to climb walls, or to avoid falling off from ledges. Jumping while in sticky mode launches Goober away from the wall, which players can use to reach the end of more advanced levels.

## Reception

Review scores :
| Publication | Score |
| Macworld | |
| Inside Mac Games | 8.5/10 |
Inside Mac Games writer Mark Satterthwaite praised the game's level design, sound effects, and especially its graphics, saying that the game "offers lighting and shader and particle effects more commonly seen in top-of-the-line shooters like Doom 3". He said that "smooth sand and rippling water [...] looks better than anything in Halo or Doom 3", and called it "one of the few truly [graphically] impressive" Mac games at the time. However, he criticized GooBall's camera orientation, and its lack of gamepad support.
Apple games reviewer Brad Cook compared GooBall to Robert A. Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land.
In an October 2005 interview, Over The Edge CEO David Helgason called GooBall a "perfect showcase for Unity". Despite high downloads, the game was not a commercial success, leading Over The Edge to change its focus to engine development.
# Maktub (2011 film)

Maktub is a 2011 Spanish comedy-drama film directed by Paco Arango [es] (in his directorial debut feature). Its cast features Diego Peretti, Aitana Sánchez-Gijón, Goya Toledo, Andoni Hernández, Laura Esquivel, and Jorge Garcia, among others.

## Plot

A couple in marital crisis formed by Manolo and Beatriz meet Antonio, a Canarian boy with cancer full of zest for life, thereby changing Manolo's life forever.

## Cast

* Diego Peretti as Manolo
* Aitana Sánchez-Gijón as Beatriz
* Goya Toledo as Mariluz
* Andoni Hernández as Antonio
* Rosa María Sardá as Guadalupe
* Amparo Baró as Merche
* Mariví Bilbao as Puri
* Arón Piper as Iñaki
* Sara Jiménez [es] as Elena
* Laura Esquivel as Linda
* Enrique Villén as Raimundo
* Oriol Tarrasón [es]
* Fátima Baeza [es]
* Jorge Garcia as Carlos

## Production

The film is a Sonrisas que Hacen Magia Producciones AIE production, with the collaboration of Antena 3. Shooting locations included El Guincho (Garachico).

## Release

Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, the film was released theatrically in Spain on 16 December 2011.

## Critical reception

Jordi Costa [es] of El País wrote that "the worst thing about 'Maktub' is not only its aggressive combination of television aesthetics and sentimentality" "but its thinly disguised status as promotional fiction".
Irene Crespo of Cinemanía rated the film 2 out of 5 stars deeming it to be a "family fable crammed with carols and faith".

## Accolades

| Year | Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result |
| 2012 | 26th Goya Awards | Best New Director | Paco Arango | Nominated |
| 2012 | 26th Goya Awards | Best Supporting Actress | Goya Toledo | Nominated |
| 2012 | 26th Goya Awards | Best Original Song | "Nuestra playa eres tú" by Jorge Pérez Quintero, Borja Jiménez Mérida, Patricio Martín Díaz | Nominated |
| 2013 | 22nd Actors and Actresses Union Awards | Best Film Actress in a Minor Role | Amparo Baró | Won |
| 2013 | 22nd Actors and Actresses Union Awards | Best Film Actress in a Minor Role | Goya Toledo | Nominated |
| 2013 | 22nd Actors and Actresses Union Awards | Best New Actor | Andoni Hernández | Nominated |
# Khori Mahua

Khori Mahua (also spelled Khorimahua or Khuri Mahaua) is a village in the Dhanwar CD block in Khuri Mahua subdivision of Giridih district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.

## Geography
### Location

Khori Mahua is located at 24°27′50″N 86°00′15″E﻿ / ﻿24.4638°N 86.0043°E﻿ / 24.4638; 86.0043.
Khori Mahua is 48 km from Giridih and 6 km from Rajdhanwar.
The headquarters of Khori Mahua subdivision are located at Khori Mahua.

### Area overview

Giridih district is a part of the Chota Nagpur plateau, with rocky soil and extensive forests. Most of the rivers in the district flow from the west to east, except in the northern portion where the rivers flow north and north west. The Pareshnath Hill rises to a height of 4,479 feet (1,365 m). The district has coal and mica mines. It is an overwhelmingly rural district with small pockets of urbanisation.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 Census of India, Khorimahua had a total population of 1,112, of which 602 (54%) were males and 510 (46%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 253. The total number of literate persons in Khorimahua was 706 (82.19% of the population over 6 years).

## Transport

State Highway 13 (Jharkhand) passes through Khori Mahua.