OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ferdinand Mainzer

Ferdinand Mainzer (16 January 1871 – 3 January 1943) was a German-Jewish gynaecologist and historical author.
Born 16 January 1871, Mainzer wrote his doctoral dissertation on wandering spleen. In the 1890s he worked at the Berlin clinic of the gynecologist Leopold Landau.
Mainzer had artistic connections and historical interests. He married Gertrud Sabersky, a student of the artist Walter Leistikow, and his own portrait was painted by Lovis Corinth in 1899. After a hand injury meant that he could no longer perform surgery, he turned to writing about antiquity. He was interested in numismatics, and a friend of the numismatist Edward Gans. His biography of Julius Caesar was translated into French and English, and widely reviewed. The book inspired Thornton Wilder to write his own novel about Caesar, The Ides of March.
Mainzer was a close friend of the Catholic priest Friedrich von Erxleben, who was a member of the Solf Circle of intellectuals involved in the resistance against Nazism. Mainzer and his family were helped to escape to England by the daughter of Wilhelm and Hanna Solf, the Countess So'oa'emalelagi "Lagi" von Ballestrem-Solf, who escorted them with their jewellery hidden in the lining of her clothes.
Mainzer died 3 January 1943 in Los Angeles. His daughter Lucie Manén married Otto John in 1949. He also had a son Max Mainzer (1902–1987) who married Eva Perlis (1908–2006). In May 2021, a portrait of Ferdinand Mainzer by Lovis Corinth was accepted for the nation in lieu of a UK inheritance tax bill. Corinth also painted a portrait of Max entitled Max Mainzer with a Siberian Greyhound (1912).

## Works

* Wandermilz und Splenektomie, München: J. F. Lehmann, 1892
* 'Das Dekadrachmon von Athen', Zeitschrift für Numismatik, vol. 36 (1926), pp. 37–54
* Siciliana aus griechisch-römischer Zeit, Berlin: Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1930.
* Clodia: Politik und Liebe auf dem Palatin, Berlin: Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1931.
* Der Kampf um Caesars Erbe, Leipzig: E.P. Tal, 1934. Translated by Eden and Cedar Paul as Caesar's mantle; the end of the Roman republic, New York: Viking, 1936.
# Fernando González (disambiguation)

Fernando González is a professional tennis player from Chile.
Fernando González may also refer to:

## Sports

* Fernando González (athlete), Paralympic athlete from Cuba
* Fernando González (baseball) (born 1950), Major League Baseball player from Puerto Rico
* Fernando Gonzalez (fighter) (born 1983), American mixed martial artist
* Fernando González (footballer, born 1988), Argentine left-back
* Fernando González (footballer, born 1989), Puerto Rican midfielder
* Fernando González (footballer, born 1994), Mexican defensive midfielder
* Fernando González (footballer, born 1997), Mexican midfielder
* Fernando González (footballer, born 2001), Mexican midfielder
* Fernando González (judoka) (born 1969), judoka from Spain
* Fernando González (swimmer) (born 1950), Ecuadorian swimmer
* Fernando González (volleyball) (born 1989), Venezuelan volleyball player
* Nando González (1921–1988), Spanish former footballer
* Mariano Fernando González (born 1980), Argentine football defender

## Other fields

* Fernán González of Castile (died 970), count
* Fernando González, one of the Cuban Five
* Fernando González (writer) (1895–1964), Colombian philosopher
* Fernando González de Bariodero (died 1556), bishop of Nicaragua
* Fernando González Casellas (1925–1998), Argentine composer of classical music
* Fernando González de la Cuesta (died 1561), Catholic prelate
* Fernando González de Marañón (died 1219), grand master of the Order of Santiago
* Fernando González de Traba (fl. 1159–1165), medieval Spanish nobleman
* Fernando González Fernández (died 1419), Spanish Franciscan and diplomat
* Fernando González Gortázar (born 1942), Mexican architect
* Fernando González Laxe (born 1952), Spanish politician
* Fernando González Pacheco (1932–2014), Spanish-Colombian journalist
* Fernando González Roa (1880–1936), Mexican diplomat
# Warren Whatley

Warren C. Whatley is an American economist who is emeritus professor of economics at the University of Michigan. He is a former president of the National Economic Association.

## Education and early life

Whatley graduated from Shaw University in 1972 and received his PhD from Stanford University in 1982. In 1983, the Economic History Association awarded him the Allan Nevins Prize for the Best Dissertation in U.S. or Canadian Economic History the previous year.

## Career

Whatley taught at the University of Michigan from 1981 to 2016. He was a professor of both economics and AfroAmerican and African Studies.

### Selected publications

* Whatley, Warren C. "Labor for the picking: The New Deal in the South." Journal of Economic History (1983): 905–929.
* Whatley, Warren C. "African-American Strikebreaking from the Civil War to the New Deal." Social Science History 17, no. 4 (1993): 525–558.
* Whatley, Warren C. "Southern agrarian labor contracts as impediments to cotton mechanization." Journal of Economic History (1987): 45–70.
* Whatley, Warren, and Rob Gillezeau. "The impact of the transatlantic slave trade on ethnic stratification in Africa." American Economic Review 101, no. 3 (2011): 571–76.
* Whatley, Warren C. "A history of mechanization in the cotton South: The institutional hypothesis." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 100, no. 4 (1985): 1191–1215.
# Saaduddin Alauya

Saaduddin A. Alauya is a Maranao lawyer, Aleem or Ulama, elected vice-governor of Lanao del Sur in the Philippines in 1989 and has served the province of Lanao del Sur as an acting governor from 1992 to 1995. He was appointed as chairman of the Code of Commission on Muslim Laws in Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao in March 1994. He then appointed by Former President Fidel V. Ramos as Jurisconsult in Islamic Law (also Shari’ah Law) of the Philippines serving from August 1996 to August 2015.
Part of a series on :
Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) :
Ritual
Shahada
Salah
Raka'ah
Qibla
Turbah
Sunnah prayer (TarawihTahajjud)
Witr
Nafl prayer
Sawm
Zakat
Hajj
Ihram (clothing
Mut'ah)
Tawaf
Umrah (and Hajj) :
Political
Islamic leadership
Caliphate
Majlis-ash-Shura
Imamate
Wilayat al-faqih
Bay'ah
Dhimmi
Aman :
Family
Marriage
Contract
Mahr
Misyar
Halala
Urfi
Mut‘ah
Polygyny
Divorce
Khula
Zihar
Iddah
Kafa'ah
Adoption
Breastfeeding
Sexual
Awrah
Abortion
Baligh
Haya
Hygiene
Rape
Zina
Masturbation :
Criminal
Hudud
Blasphemy
Maisir  (gambling)
Zina  (illicit sex)
Hirabah  (unlawful warfare and banditry)
Fasad  ("mischief")
Mofsed-e-filarz  ("spreading corruption")
Fitna  ("sedition")
Rajm  (stoning)
Tazir  (discretionary)
Qisas  (retaliation)
Diya  (compensation) :
Etiquette
Adab
Gender segregation (Purdah)
Mahram
Honorifics
Toilet :
Economic
History
Zakat
Jizya
Nisab
Khums
Sadaqah (Waqf)
Bayt al-mal
Banking
Riba
Murabaha
Takaful
Sukuk
Inheritance :
Hygiene
Sexual
Toilet
Taharah
Ihram
Wudu
Masah
Ghusl
Tayammum
Miswak
Najis
Istinja
Dietary
Dhabihah
Alcohol
Pork
Comparison with kashrut :
Military
Jihad
Hudna
Istijarah (asylum)
Prisoners of war :
Islamic studies :
vte :
In 1983, he was teaching Islamic studies and laws at Mindanao State University - Main Campus until he resigned in November 1987. He is the author of several books on Islamic law particularly Muslim inheritance law, Quizzer in Muslim personal law, Fundamentals of Islamic jurisprudence, Islamic penal law, and Islamic procedure and evidence.
# Jim Christy

Jim Christy (born 1951) is an American government employee, who retired from his position as the Director of Futures Exploration (FX) for the Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center in 2013. FX was in charge of establishing strategic relationships between the US Government and private agencies and academia. Christy was the Director of the Defense Cyber Crime Institute from 2003 to 2006, and Director of Operations of the Defense Computer Forensics Laboratory from 2001 to 2003.
Christy was chief of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) computer crime investigations unit from 1989 to 1996. As the founder of the world's largest digital forensics shop, he is notable for his involvement in high priority government computer security.
Christy joined the Air Force when he was 19. He later became a computer operator at the Pentagon, and got a job as a computer crime investigator at AFOSI in 1986.
In 1986 Christy investigated the notorious Hanover Hackers, a band of West German digital delinquents who stole information from United States Defense Department computers and sold it to the Soviet KGB. It was his first hacker case as an AFOSI agent. In 1991, Christy founded the Pentagon's first digital forensics lab for the Air Force. In 1998, the Air Force Lab became the Department of Defense Computer Forensics Laboratory, supporting all of the investigative agencies of the Department of Defense.
In 2016, Jim Christy was asked by Tom Colbert to join his DB Cooper Cold Case Team. Christy put together a team to go undercover online to help Colbert's team prove the real identity of DB Cooper that he identified in the History Channel's documentary aired in July 2016.
# Roy Grantham

Roy Aubrey Grantham CBE (12 December 1926 – 25 October 2013) was a United Kingdom trade union leader who was the last general secretary of the Association of Professional, Executive, Clerical and Computer Staff (APEX) which was involved in the Grunwick dispute in the 1970s.
He was born in Birmingham and attended King Edward VI Grammar School, Aston before being conscripted to work in a coal mine as a Bevin Boy. He then worked for the Inland Revenue which he left to become a full-time union organizer for the Clerical and Administrative Workers Union in 1959. In 1963 he became the assistant secretary and in 1970 the general secretary. He was also member of the TUC General Council for 11 years.
Grantham was considered a moderate leader and during a bitter dispute at the Grunwick film processing plant he faced criticism from other trade unionists for not asking other unions to cut off power and supplies, but he explained that it would be illegal to do so. He also expressed concern that picketing by other unions such at the Yorkshire miners led by Arthur Scargill would not help.
Grantham then became the president of the Confederation of Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions and the Labour government appointed him a director of Chrysler UK, but he resigned in 1981 when the company closed its Linwood plant in Scotland. In 1985 he was elected chairman of the TUC employment committee. He was pro-European and did not support nationalisation of the banks but supported nationalisation in other sectors. He was appointed a CBE in the 1990 New Year Honours.
# Royan Engel

Royan Engel (born 1943 or 1944) is an American former singer and actress who became a business executive.

## Early years

Engel is the daughter of actor Roy Engel. She attended John Marshall High School and graduated from California State College at Los Angeles. After her college graduation, Engel worked for the Los Angeles City Parks Department. In 1963, Engle was parade marshal for the San Fernando Valley Rodeo.

## Career

Engel's father's connections were assets during her time as an actress and a singer. She said that he "knew everyone in Los Angeles and everyone owed him at least one favor and I collected them all." His connections and her lyric soprano voice helped her to sing lead for national performing companies, and she performed on film, in nightclubs, and on television.
Her work as an entertainer took her into trade shows when she was selected to be featured at events with titles that included Queen of the 4th International Sports, Vacation and Travel Show in 1963. She also worked as a narrator and demonstrator at a trade show in San Francisco. She talked to people behind the scenes at such events and began to notice that some of the ideas she suggested were being implemented.
That realization led to her using a spare bedroom in her Glendale home to start her own business, a one-woman operation whose work won several prizes for clients for having the best exhibits in their trade shows. Her efforts received a boost when some men in New York provided "$2,000, an office and a phone and said 'See what you can do'".
Engel founded Stratagem Enterprises Inc., a company that produces trade shows and industrial exhibits. As president of the company, in 1975, she headed a staff of 22 people. With offices in New York and San Francisco, in the early 1970s the company was grossing more than $1 million a year. Its clients included ALCOA, Chicago Mercantile Exchange, and Pfizer Pharmaceuticals. Stratagem's approach is to provide a complete package to represent a product at a trade show. After she sees a product, her company designs and builds the exhibit, scripts a demonstration, and operates a hospitality suite. It also produces films for the demonstrations if they are needed.
Engel compares her trade-show work to show business, with the difference being that the former sells an act, while the latter sells a product.

## Personal life

Engel is an equestrienne and a dog trainer who has won blue ribbons with her springer spaniel.
# Trewynnard

Trewynnard may refer to:
* William Trewynnard, Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Helston in 1542.
* James Trewynnard, Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Liskeard 1529, Newport, Cornwall 1547 and Penryn November 1554.
# Leptonotis boucheti

Leptonotis boucheti is a species of small limpet-like sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Hipponicidae, the hoof snails.
# Leptonia

Leptonia is a subgenus of fungi in the genus Entoloma. Called pinkgills in English, basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are agaricoid, mostly (but not always) mycenoid (like species of Mycena) with slender stems. All have salmon-pink basidiospores which colour the gills at maturity and are angular (polyhedral) under a microscope. Recent DNA evidence has shown that at least 12 species belong in Leptonia in temperate Europe and Asia.

## Taxonomy

Leptonia was introduced in 1821 by the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries as a "tribe" of Agaricus comprising small, slender agarics with convex to flat caps and pink spores. In 1871 German mycologist Paul Kummer raised the tribe to genus level.
Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that Leptonia, as previously defined, was paraphyletic (an artificial grouping). By excluding species unrelated to the type, however, Leptonia has been redefined as a monophyletic (natural) grouping. In this new sense, Leptonia has so far been treated as a subgenus of Entoloma.
The redefined Leptonia is substantially smaller than before and excludes Entoloma cyanulum, Entoloma serrulatum, and related species (now placed in subgenus Cyanula), Entoloma cocles and related species (now placed in subgenus Griseorubida), and Entoloma watsonii and related species (now placed in subgenus Rhamphocystotae).
# Leptonoma

Leptonoma is a moth genus, belonging to the family Tineidae. It contains only one species, Leptonoma citrozona, which is found in Malawi.
# Janice Parks

Janice Parks (born 8 October 1967) is a Puerto Rican softball player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
# Jirshab

Jirshab is a village in south-western Yemen. It is located in the Abyan Governorate.
# Trichodes

Trichodes is a genus of checkered beetle belonging to the family Cleridae, subfamily Clerinae.

## Species

These 64 species belong to the genus Trichodes:
* Trichodes affinis Chevrolat, 1843
* Trichodes albanicus Winkler & Zirovnicky, 1980$^g$
* Trichodes alberi Escherich, 1894$^g$
* Trichodes alvearius (Fabricius, 1792)$^g$
* Trichodes ammios (Fabricius, 1787)$^g$
* Trichodes apiarius (Linnaeus, 1758)- Bee Beetle
* Trichodes apivorus Germar
* Trichodes aulicus Klug$^g$
* Trichodes axillaris Fischer, 1842
* Trichodes bibalteatus LeConte, 1858$^{icgb}$
* Trichodes bicinctus Green, 1917$^{icgb}$
* Trichodes bimaculatus LeConte, 1874$^{icg}$
* Trichodes calamistratus Corporaal$^g$
* Trichodes crabroniformis (Fabricius, 1787)$^g$
* Trichodes creticus Brodsky, 1982$^g$
* Trichodes cyprius Reitter, 1893$^g$
* Trichodes dilatipennis Reitter, 1894$^g$
* Trichodes ephippiger Chevrolat, 1874$^g$
* Trichodes favarius (Illiger, 1802)$^g$
* Trichodes flavocinctus Spinola, 1844$^g$
* Trichodes ganglbaueri Escherich, 1893$^g$
* Trichodes graecus Winkler & Zirovnicky, 1980$^g$
* Trichodes heydeni Escherich, 1892$^g$
* Trichodes inermis Reitter, 1894$^g$
* Trichodes insignis Fischer von Waldheim, 1829$^g$
* Trichodes ircutensis (Laxmann, 1770)
* Trichodes jelineki Brodsky & Winkler, 1988$^g$
* Trichodes laminatus Chevrolat, 1843$^g$
* Trichodes lepidus Walker$^g$
* Trichodes leucopsideus (Olivier, 1795)$^g$
* Trichodes longicollis Gerstmeier, 1985$^g$
* Trichodes longissimus (Abeille, 1881)$^g$
* Trichodes martini Fairmaire$^g$
* Trichodes nobilis Klug, 1842$^g$
* Trichodes nuttalli (Kirby, 1818)$^{icgb}$ (red-blue checkered beetle, Nuttal's shaggy beetle)
* Trichodes oberthueri Chanipenois, 1900
* Trichodes octopunctatus (Fabricius, 1787)$^g$
* Trichodes olivieri (Chevrolat, 1843)$^g$
* Trichodes oregonensis Barr, 1952$^{icg}$
* Trichodes oresterus Wolcott, 1910$^{icgb}$
* Trichodes ornatus Say, 1823$^{icgb}$ (ornate checkered beetle)
* Trichodes penicillatus Schenkling$^g$
* Trichodes peninsularis Horn, 1894$^{icgb}$
* Trichodes persicus Kraatz, 1894$^g$
* Trichodes pseudaulicus Corporaal$^g$
* Trichodes pulcherrimus Escherich, 1892$^g$
* Trichodes punctatus Fischer von Waldheim, 1829$^g$
* Trichodes quadriguttatus Adams, 1817$^g$
* Trichodes rectilinea Reitter, 1894$^g$
* Trichodes reichei Mulsant & Rey, 1863$^g$
* Trichodes sexpustulatus Chevrolat, 1874$^g$
* Trichodes similis Kraatz, 1894$^g$
* Trichodes simulator Horn, 1880$^{icgb}$
* Trichodes sipylus (Linnaeus, 1758)$^g$
* Trichodes suspectus Escherich, 1892$^g$
* Trichodes suturalis Seidlitz, 1891$^g$
* Trichodes syriacus Spinola, 1844
* Trichodes talyshensis Zaitzev, 1915$^g$
* Trichodes tugelanus Gorham$^g$
* Trichodes turkestanicus Kraatz, 1882$^g$
* Trichodes umbellatarum (Olivier, 1795)$^g$
* Trichodes winkleri Zirovnicky, 1976$^g$
* Trichodes zaharae Chevrolat, 1861$^g$
* Trichodes zebra Faldermann, 1835$^g$
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
# Tribulation or the Misfortunes of a Cobbler

Tribulation or the Misfortunes of a Cobbler is a 1908 French short silent film by Georges Méliès.
Méliès himself appears in the film as the Roman, alongside two of his frequent collaborators: Fernande Albany as the merchant, and Manuel as the farrier. A 1981 guide to Méliès's work speculated that Manuel may have also directed the film, noting that it matches his usual staging style. The film's special effects are created with stage machinery, pyrotechnics, substitution splices, multiple exposures, and dissolves.
The film was sold by Méliès's Star Film Company, but no French release, French-language title, or catalogue number has been located for it. The film has been known to scholarship since at least 1979, when John Frazer described it in a book on Méliès; however, Frazer misidentified it as a different Méliès film, The New Lord of the Village.
# Jan Kalenec

Jan Kalenec (1490–1546) was a Prague cutler who took up the leadership of the Amosites, a radical branch of the Czech Brethren after the death of their elderly figurehead Amos. They were known as the malá stránka, "small party" or "minor unity," of the brethren.
# Tribute to Caesar

Tribute to Caesar may refer to:
* Render unto Caesar, an episode in the New Testament
** Tribute to Caesar (Manfredi), a painting of that episode
* Tribute to Caesar (del Sarto and Allori), 1520s and 1582 fresco
# Tribute to Lester

Tribute to Lester is an album by the Art Ensemble of Chicago recorded in September 2001 and released on ECM in August 2003—their first release on the label since The Third Decade (1984). The ensemble, now a trio, features reed player Roscoe Mitchell and rhythm section Malachi Favors Maghostut and Don Moye. The album was recorded following Joseph Jarman's temporary retirement from the group and the death of founding member Lester Bowie, to whom it is dedicated.

## Reception

The AllMusic review by Richard S. Ginell awarded the album 4 stars, noting that, "the group receives probably the most stunning, precisely etched recorded sound of its existence. Yet despite the retrospective nature of some of the selections, there is no overt nostalgia or compromise in the AEC's aesthetic stance, probably figuring that Bowie would have wanted it that way."
Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |

## Personnel
### Art Ensemble of Chicago

* Roscoe Mitchell – saxophones, clarinets, flute, percussion instruments
* Malachi Favors Maghostut – bass, percussion instruments
* Don Moye – drums, percussion
# Isa-Beaujon cabinet

The Isa-Beaujon cabinet was the 7th cabinet of the Netherlands Antilles.

## Composition

The cabinet was composed as follows:
Main office-holders :
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
| Minister of General Affairs | Ramez Jorge Isa | DP-cur | 12 February 1971 |
| Minister of General Affairs | Otto R.A. Beaujon | DP-cur | 27 May 1971 |
| Minister of General Affairs | Ramez Jorge Isa | DP-cur | 15 November 1972 |
| Minister of Justice | Ernesto Petronia | PPA | 12 February 1971 |
| Minister of Justice | Hubert R. Dennert | PPA | 7 July 1971 |
| Minister of Finance | Francisco Jose Tromp | PPA | 12 February 1971 |
| Minister of Finance | Hubert R. Dennert | PPA | 16 May 1973 |
| Minister of Education and Cultural Affairs | Otto R.A Beaujon | DP-cur | 12 February 1971 |
| Minister of Education and Cultural Affairs | Ricardo Elhage | DP-cur | 7 July 1971 |
| Minister of Labor and Social Affairs | Frank J. Pijpers | DP-cur | 12 February 1971 |
| Minister of Labor and Social Affairs | Rufus F. McWilliams | PNP | 7 July 1971 |
| Minister of Public Health and Social Welfare | Otto R.A Beaujon | DP-cur | 12 February 1971 |
| Minister of Public Health and Social Welfare | Lucinda da Costa Gomez-Matheeuws | PNP | 7 July 1971 |
| Minister of Welfare | Hubert R. Dennert | PPA | 12 February 1971 |
| Minister of Welfare | Frank J. Pijpers | DP-cur | 7 July 1971 |
| Minister of Economic Affairs | D. Guzman Croes | AVP | 12 February 1971 |
| Minister of Traffic and Communications | Leo A.I. Chance | PPA | 12 February 1971 |
    $^{Note}$ Francisco Jose Tromp was appointed Lieutenant governor of Aruba.
# Thomas R. Ahlersmeyer

Thomas R. Ahlersmeyer (born April 23, 1954) is a Lutheran educator and minister with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod in the United States. From 2005 to 2009, he was the president of Concordia University, Ann Arbor, Michigan and was previously interim president. He presently serves as senior pastor of Holy Cross Lutheran Church and School in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Previous to Ann Arbor, Ahlersmeyer was the executive director of the Cleveland Lutheran High Schools.
# John Gordon (priest)

John Gordon (1726-1793) was an Anglican priest in the Eighteenth century.
He was educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge and ordained in 1752. He was Rector of Henstead, Suffolk from 1758 to 1793; Prebend of Aylesbury 1766 to 1769; Chaplain to the Bishop of Lincoln from 1765 to 1775; Archdeacon of Buckingham from 1766 to 1769; and Archdeacon of Lincoln from 1769 to 1793; and Precentor of Lincoln Cathedral from 1775 to 1793.
He died on 5 January 1793.