OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dumbing Us Down

Dumbing Us Down: The Hidden Curriculum of Compulsory Schooling (ISBN 086571231X) is a non-fiction book written by American teacher and political communitarian John Taylor Gatto. It has sold over 200,000 copies and consists of a multitude of speeches given by the author. The book proposes that radical change is needed to the American educational system to turn around the negative socialization that children receive.

## Main thesis

Gatto asserts the following regarding what school does to children in Dumbing Us Down:
* It confuses the students. It presents an incoherent ensemble of information that the child needs to memorize to stay in school. Apart from the tests and trials, this programming is similar to the television; it fills almost all the "free" time of children. One sees and hears something, only to forget it again.
* It teaches them to accept their class affiliation.
* It makes them indifferent.
* It makes them emotionally dependent.
* It makes them intellectually dependent.
* It teaches them a kind of self-confidence that requires constant confirmation by experts (provisional self-esteem).
* It makes it clear to them that they cannot hide, because they are always supervised.
Gatto's thesis contained neither sources nor evidence to support these claims. Wade A. Carpenter, associate professor of education at Berry College, described the work as "one-sided, angry and hyperbolic, [but] not inaccurate"
He also draws a contrast between communities and "networks", with the former being healthy, and schools being examples of the latter. He says networks have become an unhealthy substitute for community in the United States.
Gatto's book aimed to inspire education advocates and the inception of Praxis tests. This testing measured academic competence and knowledge of specific subjects required for teaching. Praxis tests are taken by potential educators as part of certification required by state and professional licensing entities.
# Durand (town), Wisconsin

Durand (/dəˈrænd/ də-RAND) is a town in Pepin County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 710 at the 2020 census. The City of Durand is located within the town.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 19.1 square miles (49.4 km$^2$), of which, 18.5 square miles (47.9 km$^2$) of it is land and 0.6 square miles (1.4 km$^2$) of it (2.89%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 694 people, 237 households, and 190 families residing in the town. The population density was 37.5 people per square mile (14.5/km$^2$). There were 245 housing units at an average density of 13.2 per square mile (5.1/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 99.14% White, 0.58% Native American and 0.29% Asian. 0.00% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 237 households, out of which 46.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.0% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.8% were non-families. 18.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.93 and the average family size was 3.33.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 32.1% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.4 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $49,375, and the median income for a family was $53,636. Males had a median income of $32,135 versus $22,237 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,878. About 3.7% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.6% of those under age 18 and 4.0% of those age 65 or over.
# Durand, Kansas

Durand is an unincorporated community in Woodson County, Kansas, United States.

## Education

The community is served by Woodson USD 366 public school district.
# Durand, Virginia

Durand is an unincorporated community in Greensville County, Virginia, United States. Durand is primarily a farming community along US 58 west of Emporia, and is the home of the Mecklenburg Electrical Cooperative, a local power company.
# Dusky mosaic-tailed rat

The dusky mosaic-tailed rat (Melomys aerosus) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.

## Distribution

This rat species is endemic to Seram Island of the Maluku Islands archipelago, in Indonesia.
It is found from 650–1,830 metres (2,130–6,000 ft). It is currently known from three localities: Mount Manusela in Manusela National Park, Mount Hoaulu, and near Kanikeh.
# Dumitru Mârza

Dumitru Mârza was a Bessarabian politician. He was born in Bădragii Vechi.

## Biography

He served as Member of the Moldavian Parliament (1917–1918).

## Gallery

* Sfatul Țării,10 December 1918
* Moldovan stamp, 1998
* Moldova in Europe
# René Bary

René Bary (died in 1680) was a French historiographer and rhetorician author of La Rhétorique française où pour principale augmentation l'on trouve les secrets de nostre langue published in Paris (1653) for the female audience of the précieuses. Indeed, he wrote many books to speak well and also La Défense de la jalousie in 1642.

## Publications (selection)

* 1642: La Défense de la jalousie
* 1653: La Rhétorique française où pour principale augmentation l'on trouve les secrets de nostre langue
* 1658: Actions publiques sur la rhétorique françoise
* 1660: La fine philosophie, accommodée à l'intelligence des dames
* 1662: L'esprit de cour, ou Les conversations galantes, divisées en cent dialogues... par René Bary
* 1679: Méthode pour bien prononcer un discours et pour le bien animer...
# René Baudichon

René Baudichon (24 March 1878 – 1963) was a French sculptor and medallist. The artist was born in Tours, France, studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in his native town, and graduated from the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris.
He is known for his fine art medals, which are considered a form of exonumia. These include a medal commemorating the sinking of the RMS Lusitania. He also created in 1922 an award-winning hood ornament in the form of a caricature lion for the automobile company Peugeot.
# Iván Pérez (footballer, born 1976)

Iván Pérez Muñoz (born 29 January 1976) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a forward.
He amassed La Liga totals of 64 games and four goals over eight seasons, representing five clubs including Real Madrid and Deportivo.

## Club career

Coming from Real Madrid's youth system, Madrid-born Pérez became a professional in 1994 with the reserves before making his first appearance with the first team the next season. Whilst under contract he had a loan spell with CF Extremadura, leaving in 1997 to sign with Real Betis and later playing briefly in France for FC Girondins de Bordeaux, before joining Deportivo de La Coruña in 1999.
With the Galicians, Pérez was a member of the 1999–2000 championship-winning squad, but only featured in three La Liga matches throughout the campaign, making just five league appearances over the course of three seasons combined. He later had loan stints at CD Numancia and CD Leganés, retiring in 2005 after one year with lowly Girona FC.

## International career

In arguably the finest moment of his career, Pérez scored the only goal in the 1998 UEFA European Under-21 Championship final, as Spain beat Greece.

## Personal life

Pérez was the younger brother of another footballer, Alfonso Pérez. Both began their careers with Real Madrid, and they played together for two seasons at Betis.

## Honours

Spain U21
* UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1998
# Cryptogenic species

A cryptogenic species ("cryptogenic" being derived from Greek "κρυπτός", meaning hidden, and "γένεσις", meaning origin) is a species whose origins are unknown. The cryptogenic species can be an animal or plant, including other kingdoms or domains, such as fungi, algae, bacteria, or even viruses.
In ecology, a cryptogenic species is one which may be either a native species or an introduced species, clear evidence for either origin being absent. An example is the Northern Pacific seastar (Asterias amurensis) in Alaska and Canada.
In palaeontology, a cryptogenic species is one which appears in the fossil record without clear affinities to an earlier species.
# Quercus liebmannii

Quercus liebmannii is a Mexican species of trees in the beech family. It has been found only in the States of Oaxaca and Puebla.
# The Artful Dodger (1959 TV series)

The Artful Dodger is a black-and-white British TV sitcom starring Dave Morris and Gretchen Franklin. It ran for one series in 1959. It was written by Frank Roscoe and Morris.

## Plot

In the radio and television series Club Night, Dave Morris, the comedian, had developed a swaggering, work-shy, know-all character, and The Artful Dodger featured the same character, and his wife Sylvia.

## Cast

* Dave Morris as himself
* Joe Gladwin as Cedric Butterworth
* Gretchen Franklin as Sylvia Morris
* John Barrie as Mr Grimshaw

## Episodes

* Episode One (28 September 1959)
* Episode twice (5 October 1959)
* Episode Three (12 October 1959)
* Episode Four (19 October 1959)
* Episode Five (26 October 1959)
* Episode Six (2 November 1959)
# Thiendorf

Thiendorf is a municipality in the district of Meißen, in Saxony, Germany. It is located near Dresden.

## Municipality subdivisions

On 1 January 2016, the former municipality Tauscha became part of Thiendorf. Thiendorf includes the following subdivisions (the former subdivisions of Tauscha are marked with a star):
* Dobra *
* Kleinnaundorf *
* Lötzschen
* Lüttichau
* Lüttichau/Anbau
* Naundorf bei Ortrand
* Ponickau
* Sacka
* Stölpchen
* Tauscha *
* Thiendorf
* Welxande
* Würschnitz *
* Zschorna *
# International Tinnitus Journal

The International Tinnitus Journal is a peer-reviewed medical journal that was established in 1995. It covers all aspects of tinnitus. Until 2010, the journal was published by the Martha Entenmann Tinnitus Research Center (State University of New York) in cooperation with the Neurootologisches Forschungsinstitut der 4-G-Forschung e.V. (Bad Kissingen, Germany), and edited by Claus-Frenz Claussen, Abraham Shulman, Barbara Goldstein, and Michael Seidman. It is published biannually and is the official journal of the Neurootological and Equilibriometric Society. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Index Medicus/MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, and Chemical Abstracts.
In 2010, the Association of Otorhinolaryngology of the Federal District (Brasília, Brazil) became the new owner of the International Tinnitus Journal and Carlos A. Oliveira (University of Brasília) took over as editor-in-chief. As of 2021, the journal is also listed as being published by Allied Academies, predatory publisher and an OMICS Publishing Group affiliate.
# Richard Jones (died 1736)

Richard Jones (died 1736) was the member of the Parliament of Great Britain for Marlborough for the parliament of 23 January 1712 to 1713 and for Salisbury for the parliament of 1713 to 1715.
# Kuzmanov

Kuzmanov (Bulgarian Cyrillic: Кузманов) is a Bulgarian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Anton Kuzmanov (1918–?), Bulgarian football player
* Dimitar Kuzmanov (born 1993), Bulgarian tennis player
# Rascal (artillery)

The Rascal 155mm Light Self-Propelled Howitzer is a lightweight mobile artillery system developed by Soltam Ltd, Israel.
The small size and weight of the Rascal allows for it to be transported around an active battlefield by means of air, sea, truck, and railway transport. As it is self propelled, it also maintains the ability to change locations on its own, eliminating the need for a third party means of mobility as is necessary for larger artillery.
The vehicle is not based on any existing tank. The hull has a raised drivers compartment at the left front, the engine being behind the driver, and a central compartment for the commander and two gunners.
The 155mm (6.1 in) howitzer is installed on a platform at the rear of the vehicle and is power-operated. The gun may be either 39 or 52 calibers in length.
The Rascal Light carries 40 rounds of ammunition on board. These shells are stored in racks alongside the gun and cartridges in an Armour-protected compartment in the hull.
# Irvine Townhouse

Irvine Townhouse is a municipal building in the High Street, Irvine, North Ayrshire, Scotland. The townhouse, which was the headquarters of Irvine Burgh Council, is a Category B listed building.

## History

The townhouse was commissioned to replace an old 14th century tolbooth which had been built in the middle of the High Street on land granted by King Robert II in 1386. In the early 1850s, civic leaders decided that the old building was an obstruction to road traffic and procured a new townhouse on the site of an old flesh market slightly to the northeast of the original building.
The foundation stone for the new building was laid by the bailie, John Niven, in 1860. It was designed by James Ingram of Kilmarnock in the Italianate style, built by Walter McLachlan in ashlar stone at a cost of £4,000 and officially opened in May 1862. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with seven bays facing onto the High Street; the central bay featured portico with two pairs Doric order columns supporting an entablature; on the first floor there was a balcony and a doorway with a fanlight flanked by two more pairs of Doric order columns supporting a cornice and a balustrade. At roof level there was a four-stage clock tower which was 120 feet (37 m) high. The fourth stage, which consisted of an octagonal roof lantern, supported a weather vane in the form of a sloop which had been recovered from the old tolbooth. Internally, the principal rooms were the council chamber, the courtroom and the library. The foyer featured a tiled floor inlaid with the town's motto Tandem Bona Causa Triumphat (English: Good reason will eventually triumph).
A war memorial in the form of a mercat cross on an octagonal base was installed in front of the town hall in 1920.
Queen Elizabeth II, accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh, visited the townhouse during a tour of North Ayrshire in July 1956. The building continued to serve as the headquarters of Irvine Burgh Council for much of the 20th century but ceased to be the local seat of government when the enlarged and newly formed Cunninghame District Council moved into Cunninghame House in 1976.
The townhouse was subsequently remodelled and integrated into a new community, cultural and leisure centre known as "The Portal", which was designed by LA Architects, built at a cost of £20 million and officially opened in February 2017. The works included the full restoration of the townhouse to enable it to be used by the public as a centre for the study of family history and genealogy. It also involved the conversion of the courtroom into a reception room suitable for hosting weddings and civil partnership ceremonies. The frieze in the former courtroom, bearing the inscription Lyra Triplex cui Diedama Triplex (English: Triple praise for the one with a triple crown), was also restored. The triple crown recalls an inscription in the old tollbooth which commemorated the Union of the Crowns of 1603.
# Doville

Doville (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Manche department in north-western France.
# Iriartella setigera

Iriartella setigera (common name: paxiubinha) is a species of palm found in northern South America. The Nukak people of Colombia use Iriartella setigera to fashion blowguns.
# Irving Carruthers

Irving Hetherington Carruthers (27 October 1884 – 5 July 1974) was a Western Samoan businessman and politician.

## Biography

Carruthers was born in Samoa in 1884, one of five children of Richard and Matua Carruthers. His father was a Scottish solicitor who had immigrated to Samoa from Melbourne in Australia, and worked for Robert Louis Stevenson. He attended the Marist Brothers school in Apia, after which he went into business, leasing a cocoa plantation in Malaedono. He became a member of the committee of the Chamber of Commerce and the Planters Association.
Carruthers married Anne Jennings from Swains Island and had five children. Anne died in the early 1900s. Carruthers later married Vaopunimatagi Seumanautafa in 1919. After his second wife died, he married Moe in 1934, with whom he had three children. In 1929 he established I.H. Carruthers, a cocoa and copra merchant company. The business was later renamed Eveni Carruthers.
Carruthers contested the 1932 elections to the Legislative Council with the support of the Chamber of Commerce and the Planters' Association. He was elected alongside his brother-in-law Alan Cobcroft. He was re-elected in 1935, but did not stand in the 1938 elections.
# Kvalsund ship

The Kvalsund ship (Norwegian: Kvalsundskipet), also known as Kvalsund II, is a late 8th century rowing ship, discovered embedded in a marsh at Kvalsund in Herøy, Møre og Romsdal near Ålesund, Norway, in 1920. It was about 18 m (59 ft) long and was discovered together with a smaller, 9.5 m (31 ft) long rowboat called Kvalsund I. Detailed dendrochronology analysis has placed the construction of the Kvalsund ship at 780-800 AD (originally, it was believed to be older), which is the start of the Viking Age.
The Kvalsund ship is of an earlier and less advanced construction than the Oseberg ship, also found in Norway, which dates to the early ninth century. Being from around the start of the Viking Age and likely part of an offering in a pond or bog, the Kvalsund ship represents an important link between later Viking Age ships and earlier, pre-Viking Age vessels (like the Nydam boat) and rituals. Both the ship and the smaller rowboat that was found with it were deliberately destroyed before being placed in the pond or bog, and no human remains have been found (i.e., the offering does not appear to have been part of a burial). This resembles earlier, pre-Viking Age finds from Denmark, but is unlike typical Viking Age ship burials. The ship featured a detachable rudder on one side that could be removed in shallow water, and its shape suggests it might have had a sail. If so, it would have been of a very simple type, as it lacks some features typical of sailing ships; thus it appears to have been transitional between earlier, pre-Viking Age rowing ships and the later typical Viking ships, sharing some features with both. A mast was found at the smaller Kvalsund I boat, but it is unclear if it belongs to it. The earliest Scandinavian ship confirmed to have had a sail was the Oseberg ship.
# Real Fabrica de Tabacos Partagás

La Real Fabrica de Tabacos Partagás, also known as The Royal Partagás Cigar Factory, is a cigar factory museum in Havana, Cuba. The world-famous habanos cigars are produced in this factory. Across the street from the massive Capitol building in Havana, it was one of Cuba's oldest cigar factories.

## Early history

In 1845, the Real Fabrica de Tabacos Partagás was established by Cantalonian entrepreneur Don Jaime Partagás. The Real Fabrica de Tabacos Partagás was housed in an industrial building in Havana, Cuba. The building stood out amongst its neighbours because of the ornate colorful maroon and cream exterior.
After a thorough fermenting process, tobacco leaves cultivated on Don Jaime's own Vuelta Abajo estates were sorted at the factory and graded for quality. The wrappers were divided into three classes based on their fineness: firsts, second, and thirds. Factory workers sat in long rows of wooden desks hand-rolling piles of loose tobacco leaves into traditional Cuban cigars of various sizes. An early custom of the factory involved an employee serving as a lector, a professional reader brought in to read aloud from books and newspapers.
While Don Jaime Partagás laid the foundation, it expanded into a global enterprise after his mysterious death on one of his tobacco plantations in 1868. After Don Jaime's death, the Partagás & Co. factory was passed on to his son Jose Partagás. On May 6, 1871, Jose Partagás put out a public announcement introducing a patented design and trademark on their cigar boxes in response to the counterfeit cigars manufactured in the United States.
By 1886, the factory employed 425 cigar makers.
Later the factory and brand were sold to banker José A. Bances. In 1899, Bances joined forces with Ramón Cifuentes who eventually took over ownership with another partner in 1900, and the company grew under his stewardship. After Ramon Cifuentes' death, the Cifuentes family acquired the brand and production facility, renaming it Cifuentes y Cía. In 1960, the Castro administration nationalized the factory and its owners left Cuba. Following the Cuban Revolution, the factory was renamed Francisco Pérez Germán Factory.

### Partagas brand

During a stay in Cuba in 1867, W. C. Prime, an editor of the Journal of Commerce, wrote about the early varieties of Partagás factory-made cigars which included Celestiales, Salomones, Napoleones, Imperiales, Embajadores, Cazadores, Rothchilds, Operas, Brevas, the Londres, and the Regalia Britannica.
The Partagás Visible Inmenso was manufactured in the factory and made exclusively for the late King Farouk of Egypt.
In addition to the Partagás brand, the factory produced Bolívar, Ramon Allones, and La Gloria Cubana cigars.

## Sea also

* El Laguito Cigar Factory
# Irving Kolodin

Irving Kolodin (February 21, 1908 – April 29, 1988) was an American music critic and music historian.

## Biography

Irving Kolodin was born in New York City, New York. He wrote for the New York Sun from 1932 to 1950 and for the Saturday Review starting in 1947. He was best known for his popular Guide to Recorded Music. He also wrote program notes for the New York Philharmonic and Metropolitan Opera, and a 762-page "candid history" of the Met up to 1966. He was married to Irma (née Levy) Zeckendorf, former wife of real estate developer William Zeckendorf.
# Ionia Township, Michigan

Ionia Township is a civil township of Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,961 at the 2020 census. The city of Ionia is mostly within the township, but is administratively autonomous.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 34.1 square miles (88 km$^2$), of which 33.7 square miles (87 km$^2$) is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km$^2$) (1.17%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,669 people, 1,335 households, and 1,022 families residing in the township. The population density was 109.0 inhabitants per square mile (42.1/km$^2$). There were 1,441 housing units at an average density of 42.8 per square mile (16.5/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 95.88% White, 0.14% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 2.02% from other races, and 1.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.90% of the population.
There were 1,335 households, out of which 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.6% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.4% were non-families. 18.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.07.
In the township the population was spread out, with 28.8% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.2 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $44,659, and the median income for a family was $47,083. Males had a median income of $35,253 versus $24,333 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,985. About 6.2% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.9% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.