OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Saint-Cyr River (Ottawa River tributary)

The Saint-Cyr River /ˌseɪntˈsɪər/ is a tributary of the eastern shore of the Ottawa River. The Saint-Cyr River flows into the Municipality Rapides-des-Joachims, then from Sheenboro into the Regional County Municipality (MRC) Pontiac Regional County Municipality, in Outaouais administrative region, in Quebec, in Canada.

## Geography

* north side: Poussière River, Dontenwill Lake, Bronson Lake;
* east side: Boom River, Marie-Jeanne Creek;
* south side: Ottawa River;
* west side: Penniseault Creek.
"Lac la Truite" (English: Troot Lake) (length: 2.4 km, altitude: 355 m) is the headwaters of the Saint-Cyr River.
From "Lac la Truite", the Saint-Cyr River flows over:
* 2.6 km to the southwest, to the outlet (coming from the north-west) of Fontaine Lake (altitude: 314 m);
* 2.0 km southerly to the outlet (from the east) of Nuage Lake (elevation: 312 m);
* 3.3 km to the southwest, to the outlet (coming from the west) of Braun Lake (altitude: 300 m);
* 2.2 km southerly to the Bory Lake outlet (from the northwest) (elevation 288 m);
* 360 m to the south, to the mouth of the outlet (coming from the southeast) of Lac Sérien (altitude: 267 m;
* 2.5 km to the southwest, to the outlet (coming from the north) of Bonpland Lake (altitude: 301 m);
* 2.3 km southerly to the north shore of Aberdeen Lake;
* 1.2 km crossing Aberdeen Lake to the south (length: 0.4 km, altitude: 212 m);
* 5.0 km to the south, to the mouth of the Boom river (coming from the north) which in particular drains the "Lac de la Touche" (altitude: 168 m);
* 1.0 km southeast across rapids to the outlet (from the north-east) of Walls Lake (elevation 190 m) and Lac des Amis (elevation 274 m);
* 2.6 km (or 1.4 km direct line) southerly passing west of the James Little Little Ecological Reserve and zigzagging to the mouth.

## Toponymy

The former name of the river was "Boom West Brook", as opposed to the branch being referred to as "Boom Creek" in this hydrographic slope.
The toponym "Saint-Cyr River" was formalized on December 5, 1968, at the Commission de toponymie du Québec.

## Sources

* ↑ "Atlas of Canada". atlas.nrcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
* ↑ Commission de toponymie du Quebec - Bank of Place Names - Toponym: "Saint-Cyr River"
# Johan Gottlieb Gahn

Johan Gottlieb Gahn (19 August 1745 – 8 December 1818) was a Swedish chemist and metallurgist who isolated manganese in 1774.
Gahn studied in Uppsala from 1762 to 1770 and became acquainted with chemists Torbern Bergman and Carl Wilhelm Scheele. 1770 he settled in Falun, where he introduced improvements in copper smelting, and participated in building up several factories, including those for vitriol, sulfur and red paint.
He was the chemist for the Swedish Board of Mines from 1773 to 1817. He was very reluctant to publish his scientific findings himself, but freely communicated them to Bergman and Scheele. One of Gahn's discoveries was that manganese dioxide could be reduced to manganese metal using carbon, becoming the first to isolate this element in its metal form.
In 1784, Gahn was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He also had a managerial career in Swedish mining.
# Johan Bellemans

Johan Bellemans is a Belgian former Olympic sailor and physician who became known for the announcement of "discovery" of the anterolateral ligament, already discovered by French doctor Paul Segond in 1879 . He discovered it along with Steven Claes in 2013, after a 134-year period of study for a missing part.
In 2002 he also discovered the reason for limited flexion that is frequently noted after knee replacement surgery, and the concept of posterior condylar offset was originated by him.
In 2014 he introduced the theory of constitutional alignment, which fundamentally changed modern thinking in knee surgery.
He also was influential in the development of the fourth generation artificial knees, and developed the bicruciate stabilised Journey Knee system.
Currently he works as an orthopedic surgeon in a regional hospital in Genk, Belgium after his highly mediatized resigning in both Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and UZ Leuven.
In 1992 he represented Belgium at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Together with his brother Dirk Bellemans he participated in the 470 competition, and ended in 18th position.
# Saint-Lambert, Calvados

Saint-Lambert (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

## Geography

The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.
The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, La Prévotière, Le Bisson, Le Jardin, La Vardière, La Bondinière, La Loge and Saint-Lambert.
The River Orne plus three streams The Herbion, The Hamelet and The Val Fournet are the four watercourses running through the commune.
vteNeighbouring communes :
Cauville & Culey-le-Patry
Condé-en-Normandie
Saint-Lambert
Saint-Rémy
Bonnœil
La Villette
Clécy :
# List of Grand Slam champions

List of Grand Slam champions can refer to:
* List of Grand Slam men's singles champions
* List of Grand Slam women's singles champions
* List of Grand Slam men's doubles champions
* List of Grand Slam women's doubles champions
* List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions
# Johannes Flintoe

Johannes Flintoe (1786/87, Copenhagen - 27 January 1870, Copenhagen) was a Danish-born painter of Norwegian ancestry. He is known for his landscapes, costume studies and historical scenes. His works play a significant role in the transition to romantic nationalism.

## Biography

His family (originally "Flinthoug") came from Hurum and his father was a metal caster. At the age of thirteen, he was apprenticed to a master decorative painter named Pader Faxøe. Faxøe later became Flintoe's foster father. In 1802, he began studies at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, which he completed in 1805. During this time, he also took private lessons in decorative and theatrical painting. From 1807 to 1808, he served in the Napoleonic Wars and developed rheumatism, which would create health issues for the rest of his life.
In 1811, he was named a master painter in the Copenhagen guild and moved to Christiania (Oslo), to join his brother Jacob, who had become established there as a master mason. He worked as a decorator until he took a teaching position at the newly created Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry in 1819. During his tenure there, he travelled extensively throughout Norway, visiting Telemark, Hardanger, Trøndelag and other scenic locations, painting local costumes as well as landscapes.
He also accompanied Gerhard Munthe on a mapping expedition to Aurland and, together with Wilhelm Maximilian Carpelan, made some of the first drawings of the Jotunheimen mountains. One of his most popular works is the "Fugleværelset" (Bird Room), a waiting room at the Royal Palace, painted to give the illusion that one is looking at landscapes and the sky from an open pavilion. From 1842 to 1851, he was on the board of the National Gallery.
Many of his sketches and paintings were published from 1838 to 1840 with text by Maurits Hansen. Among his best-known students were Hans Gude and Johan Frederik Eckersberg. In 1851, he returned to Copenhagen and lived on a pension. By 1866, his health had deteriorated to the point that he had to be cared for by the wife of a former student. He died in 1870.

## Selected works

* Folk costumes from Telemark.
* Jostedalen in Sogn og Fjordane.
* A Customs station
* A panel from the Fugleværelset.
# Johannes Fleischer

Johannes Fleischer (29 March 1539 – 4 March 1593) was a Silesian humanist, Lutheran clergyman, and natural philosopher whose only published work was an examination of the formation of rainbows published in 1571 and was among the first to identify that both reflection and refraction were involved, although it drew on the earlier works of Vitello.
Fleischer was born in a wealthy family in Breslau where he studied at the Goldberg Gymnasium before going to Wittenberg. He studied under Philip Melancthon and matriculated in 1557 after which he continued to study Hebrew and theology apart from some astronomy. He received a doctorate in theology in 1589 and began to teach, first at the Goldberg Gymnasium and then at Breslau at the school of St. Elizabeth's Church while also holding clergy positions there and later at St. Maria Magdalena's Church. He published his De iridibus doctrina Aristotelis et Vitellionis (1571) in which he clarified the mechanisms of reflection and refraction involved although not within the same rain drop. He however continued with older traditions on the idea that colours were mixtures of brightness and darkness. He also held that secondary rainbows were caused by multiple layers of drops and that the colours were in the same order.
# Johann Jakob Schmauss

Johann Jakob Schmauss (10 March 1690 - 8 April 1757) was a German jurist, historian, and university professor.

## Biography

Johann Jakob Schmauss was born in Landau. After attending school in Durlach and Stuttgart, he studied at the University of Strasbourg and the University of Halle, where he fell under the influence of Christian Thomasius and Nicolaus Hieronymus Gundling. He obtained his Habilitation in 1712, qualifying him to hold lectures in history. At this time Schmauss began regularly publishing journals. Without limiting his literary activities, in 1721 he joined the service of the Margrave of Baden-Durlach, first as a councilor. In 1722 he published Corpus juris publici Germanici academicum, the first clear guide to imperial public law; the study went through seven editions by 1794. On 29 April 1734, Schmauss held the chair of Natural Law (historiarum et juris naturae et gentium) in Göttingen. After he accepted a call to return to Halle, where he held an equivalent post, and briefly taught at Leipzig, but in 1744, he returned again to his previous position at Göttingen, where he remained until his death.

## Works
### In Latin

* Corpus juris publici Germanici academicum, Leipzig, 1722.
* Corpus iuris gentium academicum. Leipzig: Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch. 1730.
* Dissertationes juris naturalis quibus principia nom systematis hujus juris ex ipsis naturœ humanœ instinctibus extruendi proponuntur, Göttingen, 1742, in-8°.
* Compendium juris publici, 1746.

### In German

* Einleitung zu der Staats-Wissenschafft (in Latin). Vol. 1. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Gleditsch. 1741.
* Einleitung zu der Staats-Wissenschafft (in Latin). Vol. 2. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Gleditsch. 1747.
* Neues Systema des Rechts der Natur (in Latin). Göttingen: Abram Vandenhoects Wittwe. 1754.
* Unpartheyische Prufung des neuen Systematis des Rechts der Natur (in Latin). Frankfurt am Main. 1755.
* J. J. Schmaußens akademische Reden und Vorlesungen über das Teutsche Staatsrecht, 1766 (posthumous).

### In French

* Nouveau système du droit de la nature, 1745, in-8°, 1754.
# Johann Jakob Scheffmacher

Johann Jakob Scheffmacher (27 April 1668 – 18 August 1733) was an Alsatian Jesuit theologian.

## Life

Scheffmacher was born at Kientzheim, Alsace. In 1715, while teaching theology in the Catholic University of Strasburg, he was appointed to the chair of apologetics, founded in the cathedral of that city by Louis XIV. He was rector of the university (1728–31). He died, aged 64, at Strasbourg.

## Works

His best-known writings are in the form of letters, with the aim of setting forth points of Catholic doctrine to Protestants. These letters have been collected in two separate volumes and published under the titles: "Lettres d'un Docteur Allemand", 14th ed. (Strasburg, 1789), "Lettres d'un Théologien", 13th ed. (Strasburg, 1750).
Another well-known work of the author is "Controverskatechismus (Cologne, 1723) which was later published under the title, "Licht in den Finsternissen". The oldest known French edition of this work entitled "Catéchisme de Controverse" is dated Strasburg, 1751, though it is not certain whether the book was originally published in French or in German. There is an English translation entitled, "A Controversial Catechism" (Baltimore). A new German edition was published at Strasburg in 1892.
# Saint-Marcel, Indre

Saint-Marcel (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Indre department in central France.

## Geography

The commune is traversed by the river Bouzanne.
# Black (code)

The Black Code (more formally, Military Intelligence Code No. 11) was a secret code used by US military attachés in the early period of World War II. The nickname derived from the color of the superencipherment tables/codebook binding. The code was compromised by Axis intelligence, the information leak costing a great many British lives.

## Theft of the Black Code

Unknown to the U.S. government, details of the Black code were stolen from the U.S. embassy in Italy by Italian spies in September 1941. Embassy worker Loris Gherardi took copies of the embassy keys. These were passed on to the Italian Military Intelligence Service, who were able to break in, copy, and replace the documents.
The Italians did not pass on the full code to the Chiffrierabteilung, their German counterparts, only providing limited information such as decoded American messages. However, the limited information still assisted the Germans in their own independent efforts and they too were able to crack the Black Code. Beginning in mid-December 1941 Germany was able to read the reports of Bonner Fellers, U.S. military attaché in Cairo.
Fellers' radiograms provided detailed information about troop movements and equipment to the Axis. The information was extensive and timely to the Axis powers. Information from Fellers' messages alerted the Axis to British convoy operations in the Mediterranean Sea, including efforts to resupply the garrison of Malta. Beginning in January 1942 information about the numbers and condition of British forces was provided to General Erwin Rommel, the German commander in Africa. He could thus plan his operations with reliable knowledge about the opposing forces. The Germans referred to Fellers as "die gute Quelle" (the good source). Rommel referred to him as "the little fellow".
In June 1942 the British informed Washington that the "Cairo Code" was compromised and the U.S. Army Signals Intelligence Service promptly sent a SIGABA machine to Cairo. The leak ended on June 29, when Fellers switched to the new U.S. code system. But some, like Colonel Alfred McCormack, were unconvinced and suspected that the British were reading the dispatches in the American "Black" code, not the Germans. McCormack finally concluded that was not the case, but considerable ill feeling had been aroused (Churchill had told Roosevelt in February 1942 that he had stopped British work on American diplomatic codes, a warning to tighten them up). Meanwhile, the Allies benefited from reports by Japanese attachés in Germany and by Ambassador Hiroshi Ōshima.
# Saint Sidronius

Saint Sidronius (died c. 270) was a Roman martyr. His life is confused with a French saint of the same name. His feast date is 8 September or 11 July.

## Church

The village of Saint-Cydroine in the commune of Laroche-Saint-Cydroine near Sens in Yonne, France, is named after the saint. It is said that Sidronius was martyred here by the Romans, and a spring here with miraculous powers was a place of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages. The Saint Cydroine Church is an 11th- or 12th-century Romanesque church with an octagonal tower in the village dedicated to the saint. It was founded by the abbey of La Charité-sur-Loire.

## Monks of Ramsgate account

The Monks of Ramsgate wrote in their Book of Saints (1921),
   SIDRONIUS (St.) M. (July 11) (3rd cent.) A Martyr of this name suffered in Rome under the Emperor Aurelian (A.D. 270 about). His relics were in the middle ages translated into Flanders. Another St. Sidronius is venerated at Sens in France. The history of the one and of the other is confused, and the particulars drawn from tradition are unreliable.

## Baring-Gould's account

Sabine Baring-Gould (1834–1924) wrote in his Lives of the Saints (1897),
   [Roman, Gallican, and Belgian Martyrologies. Authority : The apocryphal Acts composed in Flanders in 1062]
   In 1062, Adela, wife of Baldwin the Pius, count of Flanders, translated the bones of S. Sidronius from Rome to Messines, south of Ypern, in Flanders. About this time, Acts of the Saint were fabricated : they are full of absurdities, and do not deserve further notice. The church of Sens, in France, however, claimed also to possess the relics of this martyr.

## Butler's account

The hagiographer Alban Butler ( 1710–1773) wrote in his Lives of the Primitive Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints, under April 9,
   St. Sidronius, M.
   HE was crowned at Rome in the persecution of Aurelian; his principal festival is kept on the 11th of July. Baldwin IV., surnamed of Lille and the Pious, founded the collegiate churches of canons at Harlebeck, near Courtray, at Aire, and at Lille, in which last he was buried. His widow, Adela, after his death in 1067, went to Rome, received the religious veil from the hands of Pope Alexander II., and, bringing back with her the relics of St. Sidronius, enriched with them the Benedictin nunnery of Meessene, two leagues from Ipres, which he had founded, and in which she died. See Miræi, Annales Belgici, p. 609. Adela, the foundress, is honoured among the saints in this famous monastery on the 8th of January. See Gramaye, p. 182. Lubin in Martyr. Rom.
# Saint Silvan

Saint Silvan was a Christian martyr possibly from the fourth century and buried in St Blaise's Church in Dubrovnik since the mid of the 19th century. Saint Silvan, of whom not much is known, is commemorated on 30 July.

## Description

According to William Frederick Wingfield, the skeleton of St. Silvanus was given together with a wax figure by Pope Pius IX to the city of Dubrovnik. The figure shows a young man with an embroidered cross on the front of his garment, indicating that he may have been a priest or possibly even a higher ranking cleric.

## Identification

A number of Silvans have been canonized as saints, and it is unclear which Saint Silvan is entombed at the Church of Saint Blaise. Most sources claim that the Saint Silvan at Dubrovnik was martyred in the 4th century — a gruesome wound on his neck suggests the manner of his martyrdom — which may indicate he was Saint Silvanus, Bishop of Emesa, Phoenicia, martyred c. 311. Other saints named Silvan died in various ways (e.g., thrown off a cliff or of natural causes) or at an age suggesting they cannot be the Saint Silvan at Dubrovnik. Still others are believed to be buried elsewhere.
# Josef Kouba

Josef Kouba (21 March 1880 – 15 February 1951) was a Czechoslovak composer. His work was part of the music event in the art competition at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
# Blaker Mills, West Virginia

Blaker Mills is an unincorporated community in Greenbrier County, West Virginia, United States. Blaker Mills is located on West Virginia Route 12, northwest of Alderson.
The community was named for the local Blaker family.
# Blakes Hotel

Blakes Hotel is a 5-star hotel in London, and considered one of the world's first boutique hotels. It is at 33 Roland Gardens in South Kensington. It was established by London hotelier and designer Anouska Hempel, and contains eclectic artifacts collected by Hempel during her international travels. Known for protecting its clients's privacy from the paparazzi, it often accommodates celebrities. Regular guests have included Princess Margaret; Sarah Ferguson, Duchess of York; actresses Gwyneth Paltrow and Lindsay Lohan; and supermodel Kate Moss..
The hotel is also home to a Mediterranean-style restaurant and an exclusive lounge named Blakes Below, which debuted in 2016.
The film was mentioned as a plot point in Sofia Coppola's 2020 film On the Rocks.

## Interior

The hotel's 45 rooms were designed with varied influences; Asian, Moroccan and Colonial styles are conspicuous.
The single rooms contain French double beds with blacks and whites in an eclectic style. The double rooms are styled as Indenture or Provençal design, including antique swan beds. The Director's Double has European king-sized beds which are either French gilded antique swan or four-poster. The Luxury Suites, decorated in various styles, have European king-sized four-poster beds with extra high ceilings and their own balconies with French windows. The Library Suite has hidden cupboards behind fake bookshelves, silk wall hangings, and a double-height four-poster bed.
# Joseph Dugan

Joseph H. Dugan Sr. (March 1, 1925 – July 3, 2007) led L.B. Foster Company as President and chief executive officer from 1986 to 1990, during the time that the company re-established itself as a leading manufacturer and distributor of industrial products serving the infrastructure markets. Prior to joining LB Foster, Dugan was chief financial officer of Todd Shipyards Corporation from 1976 to 1985; Treasurer of Fairchild Corporation from 1969 to 1986; and he held senior finance positions at the Stratos Division of Fairchild, Soundscriber Corporation and Airpax Electronics Corporation. Dugan served as a member of the board of directors of LB Foster, Todd Shipyards and several investment funds of the U.S. Trust Corporation.
Dugan served in the US Navy during World War II as a Chief Petty Officer aboard the USS Memphis in the Southern Atlantic Theater and following the war attended Villanova University, graduating with a BS Degree in Economics in 1950.
Dugan obtained his Master of Business Administration from the State University of New York in 1967. Dugan retired from LB Foster in 1990 and spent over 15 years volunteering his time and talents for Christian organizations located throughout Northern New Jersey. He was active in the Most Blessed Sacrament Roman Catholic Church, the Diocese of Paterson and the Archdiocese of Newark, New Jersey. Dugan died at his home on July 3, 2007.
* Father: Joseph L. Dugan, former mayor of Osceola Mills
* Mother: Oral Ruth Dugan (Maiden Name: Williams)
* Spouse: Florence C. Dugan
* Children: Joseph, Michael, Francis, Patricia, and John
# Joseph Dugas

Joseph Dugas may refer to:
* Joseph Dugas (merchant) (1714–1779), merchant, privateer and militia officer of Acadian descent
* Joseph Louis Euclide Dugas (1861–1943), farmer and political figure in Quebec
# Sainte-Montaine

Sainte-Montaine (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.

## Geography

An area of streams, lakes, forestry and farming comprising a small village and two hamlets situated some 28 miles (45 km) north of Bourges at the junction of the D79, D180 and D13 roads. The small river Boute-Vive rises in the commune.

## Personalities

* Marguerite Audoux (1863- 1937), French novelist, lived here in her youth.

## Sights

* The church, dating from the fifteenth century.
* The feudal motte.
* The chapel of Belle Fontaine.