# Transformation between distributions in time–frequency analysis

In the field of time–frequency analysis, several signal formulations are used to represent the signal in a joint time–frequency domain.
There are several methods and transforms called "time-frequency distributions" (TFDs), whose interconnections were organized by Leon Cohen.
The most useful and popular methods form a class referred to as "quadratic" or bilinear time–frequency distributions. A core member of this class is the Wigner–Ville distribution (WVD), as all other TFDs can be written as a smoothed or convolved versions of the WVD. Another popular member of this class is the spectrogram which is the square of the magnitude of the short-time Fourier transform (STFT). The spectrogram has the advantage of being positive and is easy to interpret, but also has disadvantages, like being irreversible, which means that once the spectrogram of a signal is computed, the original signal can't be extracted from the spectrogram. The theory and methodology for defining a TFD that verifies certain desirable properties is given in the "Theory of Quadratic TFDs".
The scope of this article is to illustrate some elements of the procedure to transform one distribution into another. The method used to transform a distribution is borrowed from the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics, even though the subject matter of this article is "signal processing". Noting that a signal can be recovered from a particular distribution under certain conditions, given a certain TFD ρ$_1$(t,f) representing the signal in a joint time–frequency domain, another, different, TFD ρ$_2$(t,f) of the same signal can be obtained to calculate any other distribution, by simple smoothing or filtering; some of these relationships are shown below. A full treatment of the question can be given in Cohen's book.

## General class

If we use the variable ω = 2πf, then, borrowing the notations used in the field of quantum mechanics, we can show that time–frequency representation, such as Wigner distribution function (WDF) and other bilinear time–frequency distributions, can be expressed as
| $C(t,\omega )={\dfrac {1}{4\pi ^{2}}}\iiint s^{*}\left(u-{\dfrac {1}{2}}\tau \right)s\left(u+{\dfrac {1}{2}}\tau \right)\phi (\theta ,\tau )e^{-j\theta t-j\tau \omega +j\theta u}\,du\,d\tau \,d\theta ,$ | (1) |
where $\phi (\theta ,\tau )$ is a two dimensional function called the kernel, which determines the distribution and its properties (for a signal processing terminology and treatment of this question, the reader is referred to the references already cited in the introduction).
The kernel of the Wigner distribution function (WDF) is one. However, no particular significance should be attached to that, since it is possible to write the general form so that the kernel of any distribution is one, in which case the kernel of the Wigner distribution function (WDF) would be something else.

## Characteristic function formulation

The characteristic function is the double Fourier transform of the distribution. By inspection of Eq. (1), we can obtain that
| $C(t,\omega )={\dfrac {1}{4\pi ^{2}}}\iint M(\theta ,\tau )e^{-j\theta t-j\tau \omega }\,d\theta \,d\tau$ | (2) |
where
| ${\begin{alignedat}{2}M(\theta ,\tau )&=\phi (\theta ,\tau )\int s^{*}\left(u-{\dfrac {1}{2}}\tau \right)s\left(u+{\dfrac {1}{2}}\tau \right)e^{j\theta u}\,du\\&=\phi (\theta ,\tau )A(\theta ,\tau )\\\end{alignedat}}$ | (3) |
and where $A(\theta ,\tau )$ is the symmetrical ambiguity function. The characteristic function may be appropriately called the generalized ambiguity function.

## Transformation between distributions

To obtain that relationship suppose that there are two distributions, $C_{1}$ and $C_{2}$, with corresponding kernels, $\phi _{1}$ and $\phi _{2}$. Their characteristic functions are
| $M_{1}(\phi ,\tau )=\phi _{1}(\theta ,\tau )\int s^{*}\left(u-{\tfrac {\tau }{2}}\right)s\left(u+{\tfrac {\tau }{2}}\right)e^{j\theta u}\,du$ | (4) |
| $M_{2}(\phi ,\tau )=\phi _{2}(\theta ,\tau )\int s^{*}\left(u-{\tfrac {\tau }{2}}\right)s\left(u+{\tfrac {\tau }{2}}\right)e^{j\theta u}\,du$ | (5) |
Divide one equation by the other to obtain
| $M_{1}(\phi ,\tau )={\dfrac {\phi _{1}(\theta ,\tau )}{\phi _{2}(\theta ,\tau )}}M_{2}(\phi ,\tau )$ | (6) |
This is an important relationship because it connects the characteristic functions. For the division to be proper the kernel cannot to be zero in a finite region.
To obtain the relationship between the distributions take the double Fourier transform of both sides and use Eq. (2)
| $C_{1}(t,\omega )={\dfrac {1}{4\pi ^{2}}}\iint {\dfrac {\phi _{1}(\theta ,\tau )}{\phi _{2}(\theta ,\tau )}}M_{2}(\theta ,\tau )e^{-j\theta t-j\tau \omega }\,d\theta \,d\tau$ | (7) |
Now express $M_{2}$ in terms of $C_{2}$ to obtain
| $C_{1}(t,\omega )={\dfrac {1}{4\pi ^{2}}}\iiiint {\dfrac {\phi _{1}(\theta ,\tau )}{\phi _{2}(\theta ,\tau )}}C_{2}(t,\omega ')e^{j\theta (t'-t)+j\tau (\omega '-\omega )}\,d\theta \,d\tau \,dt'\,d\omega '$ | (8) |
This relationship can be written as
| $C_{1}(t,\omega )=\iint g_{12}(t'-t,\omega '-\omega )C_{2}(t,\omega ')\,dt'\,d\omega '$ | (9) |
with
| $g_{12}(t,\omega )={\dfrac {1}{4\pi ^{2}}}\iint {\dfrac {\phi _{1}(\theta ,\tau )}{\phi _{2}(\theta ,\tau )}}e^{j\theta t+j\tau \omega }\,d\theta \,d\tau$ | (10) |

## Relation of the spectrogram to other bilinear representations

Now we specialize to the case where one transform from an arbitrary representation to the spectrogram. In Eq. (9), both $C_{1}$ to be the spectrogram and $C_{2}$ to be arbitrary are set. In addition, to simplify notation, $\phi _{SP}=\phi _{1},\phi =\phi _{2}$, and $g_{SP}=g_{12}$ are set and written as
| $C_{SP}(t,\omega )=\iint g_{SP}\left(t'-t,\omega '-\omega \right)C\left(t,\omega '\right)\,dt'\,d\omega '$ | (11) |
The kernel for the spectrogram with window, $h(t)$, is $A_{h}(-\theta ,\tau )$ and therefore
${\begin{aligned}g_{SP}(t,\omega )&={\dfrac {1}{4\pi ^{2}}}\iint {\dfrac {A_{h}(-\theta ,\tau )}{\phi (\theta ,\tau )}}e^{j\theta t+j\tau \omega }\,d\theta \,d\tau \\&={\dfrac {1}{4\pi ^{2}}}\iiint {\dfrac {1}{\phi (\theta ,\tau )}}h^{*}(u-{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})h(u+{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})e^{j\theta t+j\tau \omega -j\theta u}\,du\,d\tau \,d\theta \\&={\dfrac {1}{4\pi ^{2}}}\iiint h^{*}(u-{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})h(u+{\tfrac {\tau }{2}}){\dfrac {\phi (\theta ,\tau )}{\phi (\theta ,\tau )\phi (-\theta ,\tau )}}e^{-j\theta t+j\tau \omega +j\theta u}\,du\,d\tau \,d\theta \\\end{aligned}}$
If we only consider kernels for which $\phi (-\theta ,\tau )\phi (\theta ,\tau )=1$ holds then $g_{SP}(t,\omega )={\dfrac {1}{4\pi ^{2}}}\iiint h^{*}(u-{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})h(u+{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})\phi (\theta ,\tau )e^{-j\theta t+j\tau \omega +j\theta u}\,du\,d\tau \,d\theta =C_{h}(t,-\omega )$ and therefore $C_{SP}(t,\omega )=\iint C_{s}(t',\omega ')C_{h}(t'-t,\omega '-\omega )\,dt'\,d\omega '$
This was shown by Janssen. When $\phi (-\theta ,\tau )\phi (\theta ,\tau )$ does not equal one, then $C_{SP}(t,\omega )=\iiiint G(t'',\omega '')C_{s}(t',\omega ')C_{h}(t''+t'-t,-\omega ''+\omega -\omega ')\,dt'\,dt''\,d\omega '\,d\omega ''$ where $G(t,\omega )={\dfrac {1}{4\pi ^{2}}}\iint {\dfrac {e^{-j\theta t-j\tau \omega }}{\phi (\theta ,\tau )\phi (-\theta ,\tau )}}\,d\theta \,d\tau$