OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Blakers–Massey theorem

In mathematics, the first Blakers–Massey theorem, named after Albert Blakers and William S. Massey, gave vanishing conditions for certain triad homotopy groups of spaces.

## Description of the result

This connectivity result may be expressed more precisely, as follows. Suppose X is a topological space which is the pushout of the diagram
    $A{\xleftarrow {\ f\ }}C{\xrightarrow {\ g\ }}B$,
where f is an m-connected map and g is n-connected. Then the map of pairs
    $(A,C)\rightarrow (X,B)$
induces an isomorphism in relative homotopy groups in degrees $k\leq (m+n-1)$ and a surjection in the next degree.
However the third paper of Blakers and Massey in this area determines the critical, i.e., first non-zero, triad homotopy group as a tensor product, under a number of assumptions, including some simple connectivity. This condition and some dimension conditions were relaxed in work of Ronald Brown and Jean-Louis Loday. The algebraic result implies the connectivity result, since a tensor product is zero if one of the factors is zero. In the non simply connected case, one has to use the nonabelian tensor product of Brown and Loday.
The triad connectivity result can be expressed in a number of other ways, for example, it says that the pushout square above behaves like a homotopy pullback up to dimension $m+n$.

## Generalization to higher toposes

The generalization of the connectivity part of the theorem from traditional homotopy theory to any other infinity-topos with an infinity-site of definition was given by Charles Rezk in 2010.

## Fully formal proof

In 2013 a fairly short, fully formal proof using homotopy type theory as a mathematical foundation and an Agda variant as a proof assistant was announced by Peter LeFanu Lumsdaine; this became Theorem 8.10.2 of Homotopy Type Theory – Univalent Foundations of Mathematics. This induces an internal proof for any infinity-topos (i.e. without reference to a site of definition); in particular, it gives a new proof of the original result.
# Joaquín Domingo

Joaquín Domingo Sánchez (16 August 1917 – 27 February 1981) was a Spanish artistic and carom billiards player, who won multiple world and European championships. He won the Artistic Billiards World Championship on three occasions and the European Billiards Artistic Championship on a further three occasions. He won the European Balkline 71/2 Championship [de] in 1949 [de], the CEB European Three-cushion Championship in 1948 and the 1954 European Billiard Pentathlon Championship [de]. He ended his career at the age of 58 with a bronze medal at the 1975 World Cup in Belgium. In total, Domingo was able to win 32 medals at world and European championships, plus 67 Spanish titles.
# Johnston Hall

Johnston Hall may refer to:

## in the United States

* Johnston Hall-Seabury Divinity School, Faribault, Minnesota, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
* Johnston Hall (University of Missouri), a historic University of Missouri dormitory
* Johnston Hall (Elon College, North Carolina), listed on the NRHP
* Johnston Hall (Milwaukee, Wisconsin), listed on the NRHP
* Johnston Hall (Moravian College), Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
# Jackson Township, St. Clair County, Missouri

Jackson Township is an inactive township in St. Clair County, Missouri, United States.
Jackson Township was erected in 1841, taking its name from President Andrew Jackson.
# Blind Owl

Blind Owl may refer to:
* The Blind Owl, a 1936 Persian novel by Sadegh Hedayat
** The Blind Owl (film) (La chouette aveugle), 1987 film of the novel by Sadegh Hedayat, directed by Raúl Ruiz
* The Blind Owl Band, American bluegrass-rock-country-folk band formed in 2011
* "Blind Owl", a song by Badfinger on the 1973 album Ass
* Alan Wilson (musician) (1943–1970), American musician, leader, singer, and primary
# List of gelechiid genera: D

The large moth family Gelechiidae contains the following genera:

## List of gelechiid genera

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* Dactylethrella
* Daltopora
* Darlia
* Decatopseustis
* Deltophora
* Dendrophilia
* Dentivalva
* Desmaucha
* Diastaltica
* Dichomeris
* Dicranucha
* Diprotochaeta
* Dirhinosia
* Dissoptila
* Distinxia
* Dolerotricha
* Dorycnopa
* Drepanoterma
* Dubitationis
# Blaze (dinghy)

The Blaze was designed in the mid-1990s by Ian Howlett, one time International 14 designer and associated with Americas Cup design work and John Caig, winner of Fireball Worlds. It is a powerful winged single-hander with well-developed 10 m$^2$ sail. Unusually in recent performance designs both foils are pivoting enabling the centreboard to be adjusted from the wing as well making it particularly suitable for estuaries and shallow lakes.

## Development

The Blaze was originally built by Ian Howlett and John Caig, and marketed by Topper International from 1996. At the outset the Blaze incorporated equalisation with lighter weight helms being allowed wider rack widths but carrying compensating lead weights. After a few years the class membership voted to abandon equalisation. In 2000 an active class association ran a sail development program to produce a more responsive sail, dropping some of the excessive leech of the original that proved 'difficult' in any real breeze for many helms. The slight loss in area was countered by a more efficient sail and balanced handling characteristics, and the class rapidly adopted the sail with numbers raced and sold rising very rapidly. In 2006 Topper moved out of performance composite boats and the manufacturing and marketing rights transferred to Cirrus Raceboats who have refined the boat further and work with Rondar to produce the current boat. As of November 2007 there are just under 250 registered boats.
Since 2012 White Formula have been producing the Blaze. White Formula were the original builders, building all Topper International boats.

## Area

The Blaze class is concentrated in the UK but there are boats in many other countries.
# Kennamer Cove, Alabama

Kennamer Cove is an unincorporated community and cove in Marshall County, Alabama, United States. Kennamer Cove is located on the side of Gunters Mountain, and was first settled circa 1814 by the Kennamer family. Many of the inhabitants of the cove joined the Union Army during the American Civil War. Kennamer Cove is known regionally for hosting one of the largest family reunions in Alabama. Cathedral Caverns State Park and Kennamer Cave, a cave owned and preserved by the Southeastern Cave Conservancy Inc., are both located in Kennamer Cove.
A post office was operated in Kennamer Cove from 1870 to 1909.

## Notable people

* Charles Brents Kennamer, United States federal judge on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama and the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama from 1931 to 1936
* Franklin Elmore Kennamer, United States federal judge on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma, serving from 1925 to 1960
* Frank O. Slater, Seaman 2nd Class of the United States Navy, killed in action aboard USS San Francisco (CA-38) off Savo Island during World War II, and subsequently awarded the Navy Cross
# Bashkeer Aligmani

Bashkeer Alighmani literally means German Towel or more precisely German Hand Towel. It is usually a cotton cloth measuring about 30 cm by 90 cm with black background and very colorful flowery design. It is worn as a head cover for women of some towns in Hauran, specifically Ar Ramtha in North Jordan. It is thought to have been brought back from Germany in the 1970s when many Ramthan used to import used Mercedes-Benz cars from Germany.
* This clothing-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This Jordan-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Joseph Duguay

Joseph Duguay (April 27, 1816 – August 2, 1891) was a Quebec merchant and political figure. He represented Yamaska in the House of Commons of Canada from 1873 to 1874 as a Conservative member.
He was born in Baie-du-Febvre, Lower Canada, the son of Antoine Duguay and Marie Chassé. In 1844, he married Anne-Scholastique-Olive Beauchemin. Duguay served as a captain in the local militia. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the Quebec assembly in 1871.
His son Joseph Nestor later became a member of the Quebec assembly.
# Janusz Józefowicz

Janusz Józefowicz (born 3 July 1959, Świecie) is a Polish director, choreographer, actor and dancer. He is the director and choreographer of the musical Metro.

## Education

Józefowicz is a graduate of the State Higher School of Theatre, Warsaw (now the Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art). His graduate production, Misbehaving, was created in 1984. The show was performed at the Ateneum Theatre and the Teatr Rampa [pl], where Józefowicz later became head choreographer.
Józefowicz studied dance at the Vocal and Dance School in Koszecin, and in Prague, under the dance professor Frank Towen [cs]. In 1990, Józefowicz received a six-week choreography scholarship from the United States government.

## Career

Józefowicz is the director and choreographer of the musical Metro. Metro had its Polish premiere on 30 January 1991 at the Dramatyczny Theatre, Warsaw, and began its Broadway run in 1992 at the Minskoff Theatre. The musical continues to be performed at the Studio Buffo Theatre, which Józefowicz became the artistic director of in 1992.
Józefowicz was the director or choreographer of several other musicals, including adaptations of Peter Pan, Romeo and Juliet, Madame Tutli-Putli, Witches of Eastwick, Prophet, Halka, Zemsta nietoperza [pl], Krakowiacy i Górale [pl] and Dama od Maxima. In December 2011, Józefowicz directed the musical Polita, in which 3D images were used for the first time in live theatre. His most recent undertaking was directing and providing choreography to Roger Waters’ opera Ca Ira.

## Awards

* Golden Mask (1999/2000) – best director in all kinds of theater.
* Silver medal of Gloria Artis (2014)
* The Legend of the Musical (2014) – for laying the foundations of modern musical history in Russia
# Ashin (disambiguation)

Ashin is the stage name of the Taiwanese singer Chen Hsin-hung. Ashin may also refer to
* Ashin, an honorific used for monks and nobles in Burmese names
* Ashin, Iran, a village
* Ashin-e Sofla, a village in Iran
* Ashin-e Olya, a village in Iran
* Astan-e Karud, a village in Iran
# Sergio Lauricella

Sergio Lauricella (June 19, 1921 – May 2, 2008) was an Italian composer and music educator. He was born in Naples. In 1948 he won a bronze medal in the art competitions of the Olympic Games for his "Toccata per Pianoforte" ("Toccata for piano"). From 1979 through 1991 he was the director of the Genoa Conservatory.
# C21H27N3O

The molecular formula C$_{21}$H$_{27}$N$_3$O (molar mass: 337.47 g/mol) may refer to:
* ETH-LAD
* Lysergic acid 3-pentyl amide
* N1-Methyl-lysergic acid diethylamide
# Salinan traditional narratives

Salinan traditional narratives include myths, legends, tales, and oral histories preserved by the Salinan people of the central California coast.
Salinan oral literature, as documented primarily by J. Alden Mason, shows its closest links with that of other central California groups, such as the Yokuts.(See also Traditional narratives (Native California).)

## Sources for Salinan narratives

* Gifford, Edward Winslow, and Gwendoline Harris Block. 1930. California Indian Nights. Arthur H. Clark, Glendale, California. (One previously published narrative, pp. 193-194.)
* Margolin, Malcolm. 1993. The Way We Lived: California Indian Stories, Songs, and Reminiscences. First edition 1981. Heyday Books, Berkeley, California. (One myth, p. 135-137, from Mason 1918.)
* Mason, J. Alden. 1912. "The Ethnology of the Salinan Indians". University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 10:97-240. Berkeley. (Narratives collected by H. W. Henshaw in 1884 and by the author in 1910, including Earth Diver, with comparative discussion, pp. 186-197.)
* Mason, J. Alden. 1918. "The Language of the Salinan Indians". University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 14:1-154. Berkeley. (Narratives in the Antoniano and Migueleño languages, including Earth Diver, Theft of Fire, and Bear and Fawns, pp. 60-93, 100-101-105-116.)
# Trinity Group (geologic group)

The Trinity Group is a group (sequence of rock strata) in the Lower Cretaceous lithostratigraphy of Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana and Oklahoma. It is named for the Trinity River of Texas.
A stratigraphic column at the Mount Bonnell Fault location starts with the Lower Cretaceous Trinity Group overlain by the Edwards Group. Upper Cretaceous formations follow, starting with the Del Rio Clay, Buda Limestone, and then the Eagle Ford Group. Formations within the Trinity Group include the Hammett Formation, Cow Creek Formation, Hensel Formation, and Lower and Upper Glen Rose Formation. The Hammett and the lower portion of the Upper Glen Rose act as confining units (or aquitard) for the Middle Trinity Aquifer. The Upper Glen Rose contains the Upper Trinity Aquifer, which appears to have intra-aquifer groundwater flow with the Edwards Aquifer as water levels are at the same elevation.

## Vertebrate fauna
### Crocodylomorphs

Crocodylomorphs reported from the Trinity Group :
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes |
| Pachycheilosuchus | P. trinquei | | Glen Rose Formation | | A neosuchian related to Eusuchia. Had procoelous vertebrae. |
| Paluxysuchus | P. newmani | | Twin Mountains Formation | | A neosuchian related to Eusuchia |

### Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs reported from the Trinity Group :
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes |
| Acrocanthosaurus | A. atokensis | Twin Mountains Formation | A carcharodontosaurid |
| Arkansaurus | A. fridayi | | An ornithomimosaur |
| Astrophocaudia | A. slaughteri | Paluxy Formation | A member of Somphospondyli |
| Cedarosaurus | C. weiskopfae | Paluxy Formation | A brachiosaurid |
| Paluxysaurus | P. jonesi | Twin Mountains Formation | Junior synonym of Sauroposeidon proteles |
| Sauroposeidon | S. proteles | Twin Mountains Formation | A member of Somphospondyli |
| Tenontosaurus | T. dossi | Twin Mountains Formation | An iguanodont |
| Convolosaurus | C. marri | Twin Mountains Formation | A basal ornithopod |

### Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs reported from the Trinity Group :
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes |
| Radiodactylus | R. langstoni | | Glen Rose Formation | | An azhdarchoid pterosaur |
# Toluono Lama

Toluono Lama (died February 1982) was a Western Samoan politician. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly from 1973 to 1976.

## Biography

During the colonial era, Lama was a member of the anti-colonial Mau movement. In 1950 he was appointed to the committee on local government by High Commissioner Guy Powles, and later served as a member of the Local Government Board. He was elected to the 1960 Constitutional Assembly that drew up the independence constitution, and was one of its signatories. Following independence, he became a judge in the Lands and Titles Court.
He contested the Palauli East seat in the 1970 elections, losing to Tupua Siliva. However, he was elected unopposed from the constituency in the 1973 elections. During the parliamentary term, he was an opponent of the government. He did not contest the 1976 elections, but subsequently became an advisor to new Prime Minister Tupuola Efi.
He died in New Zealand in February 1982 after travelling to the country for medical treatment.
# Salix argyracea

Salix argyracea is a large shrub from the genus of willow (Salix) with up to 10 centimeters long leaf blades with a felty hairy and shiny underside. The natural range of the species is in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and China.

## Description

Salix argyracea is a shrub up to 5 meters high with a gray bark. The branches are yellowish to brown, glabrous, and initially finely tomentose. The buds are brown, egg-shaped, initially finely tomentose and hairy. The stipules are lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and deciduous. The leaveshave an approximately 5 to 10 millimeter long, tomentose-haired petiole. The leaf blade is 3 to 10 centimeters long, 1.5 to 2 centimeters wide, obovate, oblong-obovate, rarely oblong-lanceolate or broad-lanceolate, short acuminate, with a wedge-shaped leaf base and a glandular serrate edge. The upper side of the leaf is green and glabrous, the underside with densely tomentose hairs and shiny. Eight to 18 pairs of nerves are formed on the side of the brownish midrib.
As male inflorescences 2 centimeters long, almost sedentary catkins are formed. The bracts are ovate, with a pointed or slightly blunt tip, black, and long gray hairs. Male flowers have an adaxially located nectar gland . The two stamens are ingrown and bare, the anthers are rounded and blunt. Female catkins are 2 to 4 centimeters long with short stalked stems. The bracts resemble those of the male kitten. Female flowers have an adaxially located nectar gland. The ovary is ovoid-conical, almost sessile and densely hairy graufilzig. The stylusis about 1 millimeter long and brown, the stigma is about as long as the style and has lobes that stand apart. Salix argyracea flowers from May to June before the leaves shoot, the fruits ripen from July to August.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 76.

## Occurrence and location requirements

The natural range is in forest edges and in spruce forests in the mountains in the south of Kazakhstan, in Kyrgyzstan and in the autonomous region of Xinjiang in China.

## Systematics

Salix argyracea is a species from the genus of willows ( Salix ) in the willow family (Salicaceae). There it is assigned to the Argyraceae section. It was in 1905 by Egbert Ludwigowitsch Wolf scientifically for the first time described. The generic name Salix comes from Latin and was already used by the Romans for various types of willow. The specific epithet argyracea is derived from Greek argyros for " silver ", and with the Latin ending -aceus means something like "silver gray".

## Literature

* Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , pp. 253 (English).
* Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (reprint from 1996).
# Joseph R. Fogarty

Joseph R. Fogarty (born January 12, 1931) is an American attorney who served as a Commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission from 1976 to 1983.
# Sajószöged

Sajószöged is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County in northeastern Hungary.
# List of rivers of South Ossetia

42°14′19.00″N 43°58′35.68″E﻿ / ﻿42.2386111°N 43.9765778°E﻿ / 42.2386111; 43.9765778 There are many mountain rivers in the territory of South Ossetia. The majority of them belong to the Kura drainage basin which flows into the Caspian Sea, the remainder are part of the Rioni River catchment which flows into the Black Sea. The Rachinsky and Lihsky ridges act as the watershed separating the drainage basins into these two seas.
List of rivers in order from the mouth:
← Left tributary → Right tributary
Kura
    ← Ksani
    ← Lehura
    ← Medzhuda
    ← Greater Liakhvi River
       ← Malaya Liahva
       → Patsa
       ← Tlidon
    ← Prone Vostochnaya
       ← canal Saltanis-Arhi
       ← Taliani
       ← Tilian
    ← Ptsa
       → Suramula
          ← Charathevi
       ← Prone
          ← Prone Srednyaya
          → Prone Zapadnaya
             → Lopanistskali
Rioni River
    ← Kvirila
    ← Dzhodzhora
       → Kvedrula
          − lake Koz (Kvedi)
             − Kvedikom
    ← Garula
       → Kozidon
       ← Liktsonandon
    ← Chanchahi
# Lars Fredrik Beckstrøm

Lars Fredrik Beckstrøm (born January 22, 1960, in Oslo) is a Norwegian musician who is mostly known for playing bass in the Norwegian rock band deLillos, but has also recorded several albums under the name Beckstrøm. He has written many of the band's well known songs such as "Nittenåttifire" and "Balladen om Kåre og Nelly", which he on albums and concerts sings himself. As a solo artist "Svigermor" from 1997 is his biggest hit.
He is also a member of Dog Age and "The Humble Servants".

## Discography

* Tett i tett (1992)
* Lykkens kalosjer (1997)
* Helium (2003)
* Drøm videre! (2006)
* Døgenikt (2008)
# Beijing–Shanhaiguan railway

The Beijing–Shanhaiguan railway, abbreviated as the Jingshan Railway (simplified Chinese: 京山铁路; traditional Chinese: 京山鐵路; pinyin: Jīngshān tiělù) or the Jingyu Railway (simplified Chinese: 京榆铁路; traditional Chinese: 京榆鐵路; pinyin: Jīngyú tiělù), is a branch railway that runs from the capital city of Beijing to the Shanhaiguan District of Qinhuangdao via Tianjin. It contains a total of 22 stations.

## Cities

The railway passes through the following cities:
* Beijing (北京市)
* Hebei: Langfang (廊坊市), Tangshan (唐山市), Qinhuangdao (秦皇岛)
* Tianjin

## Connecting railways

In Beijing, the railway leaves Beijing railway station and branches off to form other railways, including the Beijing–Kowloon, Beijing–Guangzhou, and Fengtai–Shacheng railways.
In Tianjin, it intersects with the Tianjin–Jizhou railway, the Tianjin–Bazhou railway, the Tianjin–Pukou railway, and the Tianjin North Ring railway. After it re-enters Hebei Province, the railroad will intersect with the Qidaoqiao–Luan County railway at Tangshan, as well as the Tangshan–Zunhua railway. Afterwards, it meets with the Beijing–Qinhuangdao railway and follows a parallel path until the two finally come together with the Datong–Qinhuangdao railway at Qinhuangdao.
# Francis Beattie

Francis Beattie may refer to:
* Francis Beattie (British politician) (1885–1945), British politician
* Francis Beattie (Queensland politician) (1829–1886), Australian politician in Queensland
# Blessing (name)

Blessing is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:
Surname:
* Donald Blessing, American Olympic coxswain
* Karl Blessing, German banker
* Lee Blessing, American playwright
* Lou Blessing (born 1948), American politician
* Martin Blessing, German banker
* Tom Blessing IV, American film and television producer
Given name:
* Blessing Afrifah (born 2003), Israeli Olympic sprinter
* Blessing Chebundo, Zimbabwean politician
* Blessing Chinedu, Nigerian football player
* Blessing Kaku, Nigerian football player
* Blessing Mahwire, Zimbabwean cricketer
* Blessing Makunike, Zimbabwean football player
* Blessing Oborududu (born 1989), Nigerian wrestler
* Blessing Okagbare, Nigerian athlete
* Blessing Okardi, Nigerian football player
* Blessing Ufodiama (born 1981), Nigerian-American triple jumper