OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lopez v. Davis

Lopez v. Davis, 531 U.S. 230 (2001), was a United States Supreme Court case decided in 2001. The case concerned the validity of a Bureau of Prisons regulation which lowered prisoners' sentences for completion of a substance abuse program. The statute however restricted this credit to those who did not engage in a felony aided by a firearm. The Court upheld the regulation over the dissent of three Justices.

## Background

In 1995, the Bureau of Prisons published a rule to implement "early release incentives". Only prisoners who did not commit a "crime of violence" would be eligible for the program. The Bureau defined this to include a drug trafficking conviction which received a sentence increase due to the use of a weapon during the commission of that crime. After split decisions by circuit Courts of Appeal over the vagueness of the regulation, the Bureau published a revised one in 1997. This gave broader discretion to the Director of the Bureau to grant these term reductions.
Christopher A. Lopez applied for the program but was rejected. Lopez had been convicted of possession with intent to distribute while possessing a firearm at the time of his offense. The Bureau of Prisons defined this a "crime of violence".
The United States District Court for the District of South Dakota reversed a decision by the Bureau of Prisons that Lopez would not be subject to term reductions. Finding that underlying convictions that were "nonviolent" should be reconsidered for the program by the Bureau of Prisons, the District Court reasoned Lopez was a candidate for term reductions. The Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reversed, and Lopez appealed.

## Opinion of the Court
### Majority opinion

Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg delivered the opinion of the Court, affirming the Eighth Circuit and finding Lopez ineligible for the program. Justice Ginsburg framed the question as whether the Bureau has "discretion to delineate...those whose current offense is a felony involving a firearm".
Ginsburg argued that the statutory language provided the Director of the Bureau of Prisons the authority to make these sentence distinctions as the text used the word "may" consider rather than "shall". Further, the argument advanced by Lopez would restrict the new 1997 regulation, which was intended to provide broader authority to the Director.
Having held the Bureau's interpretation of the statute as proper, the Court concluded by finding that Lopez was not eligible for the program.

### Stevens' dissent

Justice John Paul Stevens wrote a dissenting opinion, joined by Chief Justice William Rehnquist and Justice Anthony Kennedy. Stevens argued that the phrasing of "may be reduced" was a command by Congress for the Director of Prisons to consider cases where the underlying conviction was not violent. He concluded that the Bureau was free to make these distinctions, so long as it held to Congress's intent which he saw as aiding Lopez's arguments.
# Sphyranthera

Sphyranthera is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae and the only genus of its tribe (Sphyranthereae). It was first described in 1887. The entire genus is endemic to the Andaman & Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal, politically part of India but geographically closer to Myanmar.

## Species

* Sphyranthera airyshawii Chakrab. & Vasudeva Rao - N Andaman Islands
* Sphyranthera lutescens (Kurz) Pax & K.Hoffm. - N Nicobar Islands + C Andaman Islands
# Journal of Electroceramics

The Journal of Electroceramics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1997. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. The editor-in-chief is Harry L. Tuller.
This journal covers research on electrical, optical, and magnetic ceramics, including silicon-electroceramic integration, nanotechnology, ceramic-polymer composites, grain boundary and defect engineering. Invited papers occasionally appear in the journal which provide information that encompasses significant progress and analysis of future trends in the various interdisciplinary sub-fields.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* Academic OneFile
* Chemical Abstracts Service
* ChemWeb
* Compendex
* Current Contents/Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences
* Inspec
* Materials Science Citation Index
* PASCAL
* ProQuest
* Science Citation Index
* Scopus
* TOC Premier
* VINITI Database RAS
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.785.
# Sarkadtanya

Sarkadtanya (formerly Sarkad) is a populated place, now part of Tiszalúc, in the county of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Hungary.
48°02′N 21°02′E﻿ / ﻿48.033°N 21.033°E﻿ / 48.033; 21.033
# Gershon Mendel Garelik

Rabbi Gershon Mendel Garelik (14 May 1932 - 13 February 2021) was a Chabad rabbi in Milan, Italy for more than 60 years. He was also head of Chabad institutions in Italy. He was also an active Beit Din head in that city. He was active in the Rabbinical Center of Europe and was chairman of that organisation's executive committee. He previously served as chairman of the RCE.

## Life

Rabbi Garelik was born in the city of Yalta in Russia. His parents were Chaim Meir and Rivka Garelik.
He learned in the underground Yeshivot (because learning religion was forbidden during the soviet rule) in Russia. In 1947 his family escaped Russia, first they were in the DP camps in Germany until they finally moved to Israel.
In Israel he learnt in the Chabad Yeshivot there under Rebbi Shlomo Chaim Kesselman. in that period of time he also helped the Yemenites settle in Israel, with Torah education saving them from the Christian missionaries.
For the 1956 school year he went to the Central Lubavitch Yeshiva in 770. There he received Semicha.
In the summer of 1958 he married Basya (Posner). The wedding took place in the courtyard of 770 and the Lubavitcher Rebbe was Mesader Kiddushin.
During a visit to New York in 1971 his plane was delayed and walked 10 miles from John F. Kennedy Airport to Crown Heights, Brooklyn to avoid riding in a car on the Shabbat.
# Futterman

Futterman is the surname of:
* Dan Futterman (born 1967), American actor and screenwriter
* Joel Futterman (born 1946), American jazz pianist and curved soprano saxophonist
* Julius Futterman (1907–1981), American electronic engineer, developed the OTL amplifier
* Nika Futterman (born 1969), American voice actress
* Robert A. Futterman (1928–1961), American real estate investor and author
* Robert K. Futterman (born 1958), American executive officer of Robert K. Futterman & Associates
# MBus

MBus or M-Bus may refer to:
* MBus (SPARC), a computer bus designed for communication between high speed system components
* M-Bus, or Meter-Bus, a bus used for remote reading of gas or electricity meters (EN 13757)
* Message Bus (Mbus), an inter-process communication protocol (RFC 3259)
* Master of Business, a college degree
# Seven Trees, San Jose

Seven Trees is a Neighborhood of San Jose, California. It was formerly an unincorporated census-designated place surrounded completely by South San Jose and it was annexed into San Jose on November 23, 2009.

## Geography

Seven Trees is located at 37°17′16″N 121°50′16″W﻿ / ﻿37.28778°N 121.83778°W﻿ / 37.28778; -121.83778 (37.287854, -121.837823).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 0.2 square miles (0.52 km$^2$), all of its land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,666 people, 403 households, and 307 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 9,628.2 inhabitants per square mile (3,717.5/km$^2$). There were 415 housing units at an average density of 2,398.4 per square mile (926.0/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 43.64% White, 1.56% African American, 3.12% Native American, 7.62% Asian, 0.30% Pacific Islander, 36.73% from other races, and 7.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 68.01% of the population.
There were 403 households, out of which 39.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 16.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.8% were non-families. 17.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.13 and the average family size was 4.57.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.4% under the age of 18, 12.7% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.3 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $34,375, and the median income for a family was $43,313. Males had a median income of $33,625 versus $23,375 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,012. About 27.6% of families and 32.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 53.8% of those under age 18 and 8.5% of those age 65 or over.

## Government

In the California State Legislature, Seven Trees is in the 17th Senate District, represented by Democrat John Laird, and in the 27th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Esmeralda Soria.
In the United States House of Representatives, Seven Trees is in California's 19th congressional district, represented by Democrat Jimmy Panetta.
# Kennan Ferguson

Kennan Ferguson (born September 28, 1968) is an American political theorist who writes on contemporary issues concerning pluralism and the quotidian. He is the Director of The Center for 21st Century Studies at The University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, and co-editor of the academic political philosophy journal Theory and Event.

## Research
### The Politics of Everyday Life

The central focus of Ferguson's work has been to democratize political philosophy by locating it in the practices of people. He identifies the political components of such diverse everyday aspects of life as judgment, aesthetics, and the family. He holds that political philosophy should emerge from the actual practices of people, rather than being a set of abstract systems which they should be forced to follow. In his investigations of the role of aesthetic judgment, pets, silence, and cookbooks in people's lives, he shows how love, sensibility, and the ontic overlap with authority, force, and political identity.

### Pluralism

Ferguson celebrates aspects of the political philosophy of pluralism, but not as it is commonly understood in political history. He refers to William James as the founder of political pluralism, but notes the “descent of pluralism” in the 20th Century from a prescriptive aspiration to a descriptive problem.

### Political Science

In 2017, Ferguson criticized the discipline of political science in the United States for its "institutionally naturalized" exclusion of Native American scholars, perspectives, texts, and issues. In response, the Native legal theorist David E. Wilkins responded that he sees "nothing on the horizon to indicate that there will be any substantive alterations in the intellectual pursuits of most political scientists anytime soon."

## Criticism

The political theorist Jodi Dean has argued that Ferguson's approach to politics is "depoliticizing and accommodationist." For Dean, Ferguson's rejection of normative unity as a goal makes politics impossible, in that political actors can rarely unite against exploitation and oppression.

## Books
### as author

* The Politics of Judgment: Aesthetics, Identity, and Political Theory. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Publishers. 2007. ISBN 9780739120873. (Reissue of 1999 book.)
* William James: Politics in the Pluriverse. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. 2007. ISBN 978-1461647188.
* All in the Family: On Community and Incommensurability. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. 2012. ISBN 9780822351900.

### as co-editor

* The Encyclopedia of Political Thought, volumes 1 - 8. New York, New York: Wiley-Blackwell. 2014. ISBN 9781405191296. – with Michael Gibbons (Editor-in-Chief), Diana Coole, and Elizabeth Ellis
* After Capitalism: Horizons of Finance, Culture, and Citizenship. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. 2016. ISBN 9780813584263. – with Patrice Petro
# General Motors E platform

The General Motors E platform or E-body was the automobile platform designation used for a number of personal luxury cars produced from 1963 to 2002. Notably, early E-bodies were produced in both front wheel drive and rear wheel drive configurations, and were the first front wheel drive automobiles produced in the United States since 1937. The initial front-wheel drive E-platform power plant was referred to as the Unitized Power Package (UPP).
E-bodies were re-engineered to a smaller size in 1979, gaining a relationship to the FWD K-platform used in the Cadillac Seville. Later, the cars were made smaller still with the 1986 redesign, along with the K-body. Most 1986–1993 E-bodies were produced at GM's high-tech Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly plant, with the Buick Reatta being built at the Lansing Craft Centre—then known as the Reatta Craft Centre. GM used the E-body designation until the Cadillac Eldorado ceased production in 2002.
The E-body was used as the basis for the V-body Cadillac Allanté luxury coupes. It also provided the front end of the GMC Motorhome and the Jetway 707 limousine.
This body shell designation was used for the following vehicles:
* 1963–1976 Buick Riviera (RWD)
* 1979–1985 Buick Riviera (FWD, longitudinal engine)
* 1986–1993 Buick Riviera (FWD, transverse engine)
* 1988–1991 Buick Reatta (FWD, transverse engine, shortened chassis)
* 1967–1985 Cadillac Eldorado (FWD, longitudinal engine)
* 1986–2002 Cadillac Eldorado (FWD, transverse engine)
* 1966–1985 Oldsmobile Toronado (FWD, longitudinal engine)
* 1986–1992 Oldsmobile Toronado (FWD, transverse engine)
# Lopez v. River Oaks Imaging & Diagnostic Group, Inc.

Lopez v. River Oaks Imaging & Diagnostic Group, 542 F. Supp. 2d 653 (S.D. Tex. 2008), is a federal lawsuit asserting that it is sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 for an employer to refuse employment to a person who does not present him- or herself in a manner that is sufficiently consistent with the stereotypical presentation of that person's sex.

## Background

Izza Lopez was a transgender woman from Texas. Born Raul Lopez Jr., she had lived as a woman for many years.
In September 2005, Lopez applied for a job as a scheduler at River Oaks Imaging & Diagnostic Group, using the name "Izza Lopez" on her résumé and job application. Following an interview Lopez was offered the position, subject to passing a drug screening and a background check. Lopez filled out the necessary paperwork for the checks using the name "Izza (Raul) Lopez". After Lopez had given notice at her current place of employment River Oaks rescinded the job offer. The reason give was her "misrepresentation" of herself as a woman. Lopez filed a discrimination complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which issued a "Notice of Right to Sue". Lopez filed suit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas. Lambda Legal, an LGBT-interest public interest group, filed a discrimination lawsuit on Lopez's behalf. Lambda Legal's transgender law specialist Cole Thaler was lead attorney. Ken Upton, Lambda's senior staff attorney, assisted him.

## Outcome

On April 3, 2008, District Judge Nancy Atlas ruled that "Lopez has stated a legally viable claim of discrimination as a male who failed to conform with traditional male stereotypes". Atlas dismissed River Oaks' motion for summary judgment and partially dismissed Lopez's motion for summary judgment, allowing the suit to proceed. Both parties agreed to mediation and the lawsuit was concluded on May 16.
# Sphyrelata amotella

Sphyrelata amotella is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1864. It is found in Australia (the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and Queensland) and New Zealand.
The larvae damage cork.
# João Tamagnini Barbosa

João Tamagnini de Sousa Barbosa (30 December 1883 – 15 December 1948), commonly known as João Tamagnini Barbosa (Portuguese pronunciation:), or Tamagnini Barbosa, was a Portuguese military officer and politician of the Portuguese First Republic (1910–1926).

## Biography

He served as Minister of Interior, Colonies and Finances during the period known as "New Republic", after the coup d'état of the National Republican Party ("Sidonist Party") and the semi-dictatorial government of President/Prime Minister Sidónio Pais, followed by a brief participation in the provisional government of João do Canto e Castro after the assassination of Sidónio Pais.
He briefly served as prime minister, after João do Canto e Castro, from 23 December 1918 to 27 January 1919.
After the 28 May 1926 revolution that installed the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) regime that would be followed by António de Oliveira Salazar's Estado Novo (New State), he was elected President of the General Assembly of S.L. Benfica on 19 January 1946. Morever, he served as the 18th president of Benfica from 25 January 1947 to 15 December 1948.

## Legacy

The Escola Luso-Chinesa de Tamagnini Barbosa (巴波沙中葡小學) in Macau previously existed, but was later replaced by Zheng Guanying Official School in 2011.
# Flora School

The Flora School, at 82744 Church St. in Flora, Oregon, is a historic Bungalow/craftsman-style former school building that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Built in 1915, it was deemed significant for association with education and the community, and for its architecture. It is a 52-by-80-foot (16 m × 24 m) building that, at the time of its 1996 NRHP nomination, had been vacant since 1977 and then had a weathered condition. It was added to the NRHP in 1997.
# Maeve Quaid

Maeve Quaid is a senior faculty member in the Business Administration program at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario. Quaid was educated at McGill University, the London School of Economics as well as a D.Phil. in Social Sciences from the University of Oxford. She teaches in the areas of Organizational Behaviour and Human Resource Management. She has written various articles and two books, one revealing how organizations devise their pay scales and the other on social policy, specifically on the training programs related to welfare reform. Quaid has written extensively on human resources and recently completed her latest work, entitled: Workfare: Why Good Social Policy Ideas Go Bad.
She also ran in the Canadian federal election in 1993 as a candidate for Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in the electoral district of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce.

## Selected publications

* Quaid, M. (2002) Workfare: Why Good Social Policy Ideas Go Bad, Toronto, University of Toronto Press.
* Quaid, M. (1997, 1993) Job Evaluation: The Myth of Equitable Assessment, Toronto, University of Toronto Press.
# Futsal in the United States

Along with soccer, the sport of futsal in the United States is a rapidly-growing phenomenon. There is currently only the National Futsal Premier League as professional futsal league in the United States, although many regions have their own leagues.
Futsal Across America has created developmental Futsal programs for schools, clubs and communities. The national team has placed runner-up in 1992 and third place in 1989 at the FIFA Futsal World Cup.
# Seven Turns (song)

"Seven Turns" is a song written by Dickey Betts and performed by The Allman Brothers Band. The song reached No. 12 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in 1990. The song appears on their 1990 album, Seven Turns.
# Kennamer

Kennamer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Charles Brents Kennamer (1874–1955), American judge
* Franklin Elmore Kennamer (1879–1960), American judge
* Seaborn Kennamer (1830–1915), American politician
# Catajapyx ewingi

Catajapyx ewingi is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae. It is found in North America.
# Cheyenne (Francesca Michielin song)

"Cheyenne" is a song performed by Italian singer Francesca Michielin and featuring Italian record producer and DJ Charlie Charles. The song was released as a digital download on 15 November 2019 by RCA Records as the lead single from her fourth studio album Feat (stato di natura). The song peaked at number 66 on the Italian Singles Chart and was certified gold in Italy. The song was written by Mahmood, Alessandro Raina and Charlie Charles.

## Background

The song was written by Italian singer-songwriter Mahmood, with Alessandro Raina, Davide Simonetta and Charlie Charles. According to Michielin, she and Mahmood knew each other from time before, they worked together on other songs that were never released, and he knew Michielin's world and the things she wanted to communicate. He then came in contact with her, claiming he had written a song specifically for her. "It's one of the few songs I performed with lyrics that were not written by me", Michielin commented, "but when I read Mahmood's words I understood they perfectly represented me and I could not refuse".
Reviewing the song for Il Giornale, Paolo Giordano described it as "a natural painting, occasionally wild, with ventured vocal exercises, and occasionally tribal, thanks to digital and sharp percussions", with a "very urban sound, which wraps a nostalgic composition with strong chiaroscuro". The song's lyrics describe the illusion of having lived an important love story, a unique moment which disappeared without a clear reason. Of Charles' production, Michielin said "he knew how to produce for the nature of the song: without superstructures, getting straight to the heart like an arrow".

## Music video

An official music video to accompany the release of "Cheyenne" was first released onto YouTube on 21 November 2019. The video was directed by Jacopo Farina.

## Live performances

On 28 November 2019, Michielin sang "Cheyenne" during the sixth live show of the thirteenth season of X Factor. She also performed the song during the 2020 International Workers' Day concert, annually supported by Italian trade unions CGIL, CISL and UIL. As a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was adapted to a televised show without any audience, and Michielin contributed with a set from a panoramic corner in her hometown Bassano del Grappa.

## Charts

| Chart (2019) | Peak position |
| Italy (FIMI) | 66 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Italy (FIMI) | Gold | 35,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| Italy | 15 November 2019 (2019-11-15) | Digital download | RCA Records |
# Flora Schofield

Flora Irwin Schofield (1873–1960) was an American painter. Her work is included in the collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Provincetown Art Association and Museum.
# Blommersia bara

Blommersia bara is a species of frog native to Madagascar. The species was first described in 2023, but had been previously encountered and subsequently mistaken for other species in the past. It is named after the Bara people, who live in the same region as the species.
The species is considered to be relatively common and is known to inhabit streams and swamps. Tadpoles of B. bara develop in vernal pools and adults have been observed to display egg-guarding behavior.

## Description

The size of Blommersia bara individuals has been observed to vary greatly between regions. The snout–vent length of males ranges from 18.2 to 25.7 mm, while those of females range between 22.0 and 26.4 mm.
Blommersia bara vocalization has been recorded multiple times. Advertisement calls have been found to have a dominant frequency that can range from 4,694 to 6,115 Hz. The call can be described as "short" and "simple". Males, in particular, call frequently during wet seasons.