# List of heads of state and government deposed by foreign powers in the 20th and 21st century

This is a list of heads of state and governments deposed by a foreign power. The list is chronological.

## List

| Head of State or Government | Country | Title | Deposed by | Date | Operation | Notes |
| Emilio Aguinaldo | Philippines | President of Philippines | United States | 23 March 1901 | Philippine–American War | |
| Paul Kruger | South African Republic | State President | United Kingdom | 31 May 1902 | Second Boer War | The Orange Free State and the South African Republic were forced to surrender their sovereignty in the Treaty of Vereeniging to become colonies of the British Empire, but were promised an autonomous civilian government, and the colonies later merged with Cape Colony and Natal to form the Union of South Africa in 1910. Kruger had lived in exile from 7 May 1900 onward. |
| Schalk Willem Burger | South African Republic | Acting State President | United Kingdom | 31 May 1902 | Second Boer War | The Orange Free State and the South African Republic were forced to surrender their sovereignty in the Treaty of Vereeniging to become colonies of the British Empire, but were promised an autonomous civilian government, and the colonies later merged with Cape Colony and Natal to form the Union of South Africa in 1910. Kruger had lived in exile from 7 May 1900 onward. |
| Christiaan de Wet | Orange Free State | State President | United Kingdom | 31 May 1902 | Second Boer War | The Orange Free State and the South African Republic were forced to surrender their sovereignty in the Treaty of Vereeniging to become colonies of the British Empire, but were promised an autonomous civilian government, and the colonies later merged with Cape Colony and Natal to form the Union of South Africa in 1910. Kruger had lived in exile from 7 May 1900 onward. |
| Gojong of Korea | Korea | Emperor | Japan | 19 July 1907 | Occupation of Korea | |
| Sunjong of Korea | Korea | Emperor | Japan | 29 August 1910 | Occupation of Korea | |
| Ferdinand I of Bulgaria | Bulgaria | Tsar | Serbia | 30 September 1918 | Vardar Offensive | Bulgaria reached the verge of revolution from the Agrarian Union due to the breakdown of the Bulgarian Army, and became the first state in the Central Powers of World War I to surrender to the Allied Powers. After the Armistice of Salonica, Tsar Ferdinand I abdicated in favor his son Boris III and the Agrarian Union's leader Aleksandar Stamboliyski became Prime Minister. |
| Ferdinand I of Bulgaria | Bulgaria | Tsar | France | 30 September 1918 | Vardar Offensive | Bulgaria reached the verge of revolution from the Agrarian Union due to the breakdown of the Bulgarian Army, and became the first state in the Central Powers of World War I to surrender to the Allied Powers. After the Armistice of Salonica, Tsar Ferdinand I abdicated in favor his son Boris III and the Agrarian Union's leader Aleksandar Stamboliyski became Prime Minister. |
| Ferdinand I of Bulgaria | Bulgaria | Tsar | United Kingdom | 30 September 1918 | Vardar Offensive | Bulgaria reached the verge of revolution from the Agrarian Union due to the breakdown of the Bulgarian Army, and became the first state in the Central Powers of World War I to surrender to the Allied Powers. After the Armistice of Salonica, Tsar Ferdinand I abdicated in favor his son Boris III and the Agrarian Union's leader Aleksandar Stamboliyski became Prime Minister. |
| Ferdinand I of Bulgaria | Bulgaria | Tsar | Greece | 30 September 1918 | Vardar Offensive | Bulgaria reached the verge of revolution from the Agrarian Union due to the breakdown of the Bulgarian Army, and became the first state in the Central Powers of World War I to surrender to the Allied Powers. After the Armistice of Salonica, Tsar Ferdinand I abdicated in favor his son Boris III and the Agrarian Union's leader Aleksandar Stamboliyski became Prime Minister. |
| Ferdinand I of Bulgaria | Bulgaria | Tsar | Italy | 30 September 1918 | Vardar Offensive | Bulgaria reached the verge of revolution from the Agrarian Union due to the breakdown of the Bulgarian Army, and became the first state in the Central Powers of World War I to surrender to the Allied Powers. After the Armistice of Salonica, Tsar Ferdinand I abdicated in favor his son Boris III and the Agrarian Union's leader Aleksandar Stamboliyski became Prime Minister. |
| Talaat Pasha | Ottoman Empire | Grand Vizier | British Empire | 2 November 1918 | Middle Eastern theatre of World War I | Pasha was a member of the Committee of Union and Progress controlling the politics of the late Ottoman Empire, and fled the country due to its loss of World War I and after the Armistice of Mudros. Backlash against the unpopular terms of the Treaty of Sèvres later lead to the fall of Sultan Mehmed VI and the Empire's replacement by the Republic of Turkey. |
| Talaat Pasha | Ottoman Empire | Grand Vizier | Armenia | 2 November 1918 | Middle Eastern theatre of World War I | Pasha was a member of the Committee of Union and Progress controlling the politics of the late Ottoman Empire, and fled the country due to its loss of World War I and after the Armistice of Mudros. Backlash against the unpopular terms of the Treaty of Sèvres later lead to the fall of Sultan Mehmed VI and the Empire's replacement by the Republic of Turkey. |
| Talaat Pasha | Ottoman Empire | Grand Vizier | France | 2 November 1918 | Middle Eastern theatre of World War I | Pasha was a member of the Committee of Union and Progress controlling the politics of the late Ottoman Empire, and fled the country due to its loss of World War I and after the Armistice of Mudros. Backlash against the unpopular terms of the Treaty of Sèvres later lead to the fall of Sultan Mehmed VI and the Empire's replacement by the Republic of Turkey. |
| Talaat Pasha | Ottoman Empire | Grand Vizier | Italy | 2 November 1918 | Middle Eastern theatre of World War I | Pasha was a member of the Committee of Union and Progress controlling the politics of the late Ottoman Empire, and fled the country due to its loss of World War I and after the Armistice of Mudros. Backlash against the unpopular terms of the Treaty of Sèvres later lead to the fall of Sultan Mehmed VI and the Empire's replacement by the Republic of Turkey. |
| Talaat Pasha | Ottoman Empire | Grand Vizier | Hejaz | 2 November 1918 | Middle Eastern theatre of World War I | Pasha was a member of the Committee of Union and Progress controlling the politics of the late Ottoman Empire, and fled the country due to its loss of World War I and after the Armistice of Mudros. Backlash against the unpopular terms of the Treaty of Sèvres later lead to the fall of Sultan Mehmed VI and the Empire's replacement by the Republic of Turkey. |
| Charles I of Austria | Austria-Hungary | Emperor/ King | Italy | 11 November 1918 | Battle of Vittorio Veneto | The battle resulted in a rout of the Austro-Hungarian Army, which agreed to the Armistice of Villa Giusti., Despite Charles's attempts to alleviate famine and grant a federalist constitution, he was unable to stop the declaration of the Republic of German-Austria and abdicated. Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne in Hungary would later be blocked by the Allied Powers and Miklos Horthy. |
| Charles I of Austria | Austria-Hungary | Emperor/ King | United Kingdom | 11 November 1918 | Battle of Vittorio Veneto | The battle resulted in a rout of the Austro-Hungarian Army, which agreed to the Armistice of Villa Giusti., Despite Charles's attempts to alleviate famine and grant a federalist constitution, he was unable to stop the declaration of the Republic of German-Austria and abdicated. Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne in Hungary would later be blocked by the Allied Powers and Miklos Horthy. |
| Charles I of Austria | Austria-Hungary | Emperor/ King | France | 11 November 1918 | Battle of Vittorio Veneto | The battle resulted in a rout of the Austro-Hungarian Army, which agreed to the Armistice of Villa Giusti., Despite Charles's attempts to alleviate famine and grant a federalist constitution, he was unable to stop the declaration of the Republic of German-Austria and abdicated. Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne in Hungary would later be blocked by the Allied Powers and Miklos Horthy. |
| Charles I of Austria | Austria-Hungary | Emperor/ King | United States | 11 November 1918 | Battle of Vittorio Veneto | The battle resulted in a rout of the Austro-Hungarian Army, which agreed to the Armistice of Villa Giusti., Despite Charles's attempts to alleviate famine and grant a federalist constitution, he was unable to stop the declaration of the Republic of German-Austria and abdicated. Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne in Hungary would later be blocked by the Allied Powers and Miklos Horthy. |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | Germany | Emperor | United Kingdom | 28 November 1918 | Hundred Days Offensive | Wilhelm II abdicated due to pressures from the war and the German Revolution. He lived in the Netherlands, which refused the Allies' extradition request for a war crimes trial under the Treaty of Versailles, until the end of his life. |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | Germany | Emperor | France | 28 November 1918 | Hundred Days Offensive | Wilhelm II abdicated due to pressures from the war and the German Revolution. He lived in the Netherlands, which refused the Allies' extradition request for a war crimes trial under the Treaty of Versailles, until the end of his life. |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | Germany | Emperor | Belgium | 28 November 1918 | Hundred Days Offensive | Wilhelm II abdicated due to pressures from the war and the German Revolution. He lived in the Netherlands, which refused the Allies' extradition request for a war crimes trial under the Treaty of Versailles, until the end of his life. |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | Germany | Emperor | Canada | 28 November 1918 | Hundred Days Offensive | Wilhelm II abdicated due to pressures from the war and the German Revolution. He lived in the Netherlands, which refused the Allies' extradition request for a war crimes trial under the Treaty of Versailles, until the end of his life. |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | Germany | Emperor | Italy | 28 November 1918 | Hundred Days Offensive | Wilhelm II abdicated due to pressures from the war and the German Revolution. He lived in the Netherlands, which refused the Allies' extradition request for a war crimes trial under the Treaty of Versailles, until the end of his life. |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | Germany | Emperor | United States | 28 November 1918 | Hundred Days Offensive | Wilhelm II abdicated due to pressures from the war and the German Revolution. He lived in the Netherlands, which refused the Allies' extradition request for a war crimes trial under the Treaty of Versailles, until the end of his life. |
| Mammad Hasan Hajinski | Azerbaijan | Prime Minister | Russian Soviet Republic | 28 May 1920 | Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan | Later formed into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic |
| Simon Vratsian | Armenia | Prime Minister | Russian Soviet Republic | 2 December 1920 | Red Army invasion of Armenia | Later formed into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic |
| Noe Zhordania | Georgia | Prime Minister | Russian Soviet Republic | 18 March 1921 | Red Army invasion of Georgia | Later formed into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic |
| Haile Selassie I | Ethiopia | Emperor | Fascist Italy | 2 May 1936 | Occupation of Ethiopia | Selassie would be restored to power in the East African Campaign of World War II after a period of exile in Bath, United Kingdom. |
| Kurt Schuschnigg | Austria | Chancellor | Nazi Germany | 11 March 1938 | Anschluss | |
| Edvard Beneš | Czechoslovakia | President | Nazi Germany | 5 October 1938 | German occupation of Czechoslovakia | |
| Jan Syrový | Czechoslovakia | Prime Minister | Nazi Germany | 1 December 1938 | German occupation of Czechoslovakia | |
| Zog I of Albania | Albania | King | Fascist Italy | 7 April 1939 | Occupation of Albania | |
| Avgustyn Voloshyn | Carpatho-Ukraine | President | Hungary | 18 March 1939 | Annexation of Czechoslovakia | |
| Władysław Sikorski | Poland | Prime Minister | Nazi Germany | 28 September 1939 | Invasion of Poland | Sikorski and Raczkiewicz would later lead the Polish government-in-exile headquartered at various times in Paris, Angers, and London. They would be prevented from returning after World War II due to the Allies' recognition of the Provisional Government of National Unity. |
| Władysław Raczkiewicz | Poland | President | Nazi Germany | 28 September 1939 | Invasion of Poland | Sikorski and Raczkiewicz would later lead the Polish government-in-exile headquartered at various times in Paris, Angers, and London. They would be prevented from returning after World War II due to the Allies' recognition of the Provisional Government of National Unity. |
| Władysław Raczkiewicz | Poland | President | Soviet Union | 28 September 1939 | Invasion of Poland | Sikorski and Raczkiewicz would later lead the Polish government-in-exile headquartered at various times in Paris, Angers, and London. They would be prevented from returning after World War II due to the Allies' recognition of the Provisional Government of National Unity. |
| Władysław Raczkiewicz | Poland | President | Slovakia | 28 September 1939 | Invasion of Poland | Sikorski and Raczkiewicz would later lead the Polish government-in-exile headquartered at various times in Paris, Angers, and London. They would be prevented from returning after World War II due to the Allies' recognition of the Provisional Government of National Unity. |
| Kārlis Ulmanis | Latvia | President | Soviet Union | July 21, 1940 | Occupation of the Baltic states | |
| Antanas Smetona | Lithuania | President | Soviet Union | July 21, 1940 | Occupation of the Baltic states | |
| Konstantin Päts | Estonia | Prime Minister | Soviet Union | July 21, 1940 | Occupation of the Baltic states | |
| Jüri Uluots | Estonia | President | Soviet Union | July 21, 1940 | Occupation of the Baltic states | |
| Johan Nygaardsvold | Norway | Prime Minister | Nazi Germany | 9 April 1940 | Operation Weserübung | Prime Minister Nygaardsvold and King Haakon VII would continue to lead the Norwegian government-in-exile, and would be restored to power after the Liberation of Finnmark and Operation Doomsday. |
| Haakon VII | Norway | King | Nazi Germany | 9 April 1940 | Operation Weserübung | Prime Minister Nygaardsvold and King Haakon VII would continue to lead the Norwegian government-in-exile, and would be restored to power after the Liberation of Finnmark and Operation Doomsday. |
| Charlotte | Luxembourg | Grand Duchess | Nazi Germany | 10 May 1940 | Occupation of Luxembourg | Grand Duchess Charlotte and Prime Minister Dupong continued to lead the Luxembourg government in exile in 27 Wilton Crescent in London, and would be restored at the end of the war. |
| Pierre Dupong | Luxembourg | Prime Minister | Nazi Germany | 10 May 1940 | Occupation of Luxembourg | Grand Duchess Charlotte and Prime Minister Dupong continued to lead the Luxembourg government in exile in 27 Wilton Crescent in London, and would be restored at the end of the war. |
| Dirk Jan de Geer | Netherlands | Prime Minister | Nazi Germany | 15 May 1940 | Occupation of the Netherlands | Prime Minister Jan de Geer and Queen Wilhelmina lead the Dutch government in exile in London and would be restored at the end of the war. |
| Wilhelmina | Netherlands | Queen | Nazi Germany | 15 May 1940 | Occupation of the Netherlands | Prime Minister Jan de Geer and Queen Wilhelmina lead the Dutch government in exile in London and would be restored at the end of the war. |
| Hubert Pierlot | Belgium | Prime Minister | Nazi Germany | 24 May 1940 | Invasion of Belgium | Prime Minister Pierlot continued to lead the Belgian government in exile in Eaton Square, London, and would be restored by the liberation of Belgium. |
| Albert Lebrun | French Third Republic | President | Nazi Germany | 22 June 1940 | Battle of France | |
| Paul Reynaud | French Third Republic | Prime Minister | Fascist Italy | 22 June 1940 | Battle of France | |
| Emmanouil Tsouderos | Greece | Prime Minister | Nazi Germany | 24 May 1941 | Occupation of Greece | King George II continued to be recognized by the Greek government-in-exile, and was restored to power after the withdrawal of the Germans, the Greek Civil War, and the 1946 referendum restoring the monarchy. |
| George II | Greece | King | Fascist Italy | 24 May 1941 | Occupation of Greece | King George II continued to be recognized by the Greek government-in-exile, and was restored to power after the withdrawal of the Germans, the Greek Civil War, and the 1946 referendum restoring the monarchy. |
| Rashid Ali al-Gaylani | Iraq | Prime Minister | United Kingdom  Mandatory Palestine  British India | 2 May 1941 | Anglo-Iraqi War | |
| Peter II | Yugoslavia | King | Nazi Germany | 13 April 1941 | Occupation of Yugoslavia | King Peter II would continue to lead the Yugoslav government-in-exile headquartered at Claridge's Hotel, London, but would be prevented from returning due to the Allies' recognition of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. |
| Dušan Simović | Yugoslavia | Prime Minister | Fascist Italy | 13 April 1941 | Occupation of Yugoslavia | King Peter II would continue to lead the Yugoslav government-in-exile headquartered at Claridge's Hotel, London, but would be prevented from returning due to the Allies' recognition of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia. |
| Reza Shah Pahlavi | Iran | Shah | Soviet Union | 16 September 1941 | Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran | Reza Shah's son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi would come to power after the 1953 Iranian coup d'état. |
| Reza Shah Pahlavi | Iran | Shah | United Kingdom | 16 September 1941 | Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran | Reza Shah's son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi would come to power after the 1953 Iranian coup d'état. |
| Reza Shah Pahlavi | Iran | Shah | Australia | 16 September 1941 | Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran | Reza Shah's son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi would come to power after the 1953 Iranian coup d'état. |
| Philippe Pétain | Vichy France | Chief of State | United States | June–July 1944 | Operation Overlord | Petain fled to Sigmaringen and formed a government-in-exile before being captured by Provisional Government of the French Republic forces and being convicted for collaboration with the Axis Powers. On the account of his service to the country during World War I, de Gaulle commuted the sentence to life in prison. Laval was taken in custody by German forces in August 1944 after refusing to continue to serve the remnants of Vichy France and later fled to Spain, where he asked Franco for asylum. Franco suggested he should move on to a different neutral country, but Laval preferred to stay in Spain, from where he was handed over to the Allies in 1945. Back in France, he was tried and executed. |
| Philippe Pétain | Vichy France | Chief of State | United Kingdom | June–July 1944 | Operation Overlord | Petain fled to Sigmaringen and formed a government-in-exile before being captured by Provisional Government of the French Republic forces and being convicted for collaboration with the Axis Powers. On the account of his service to the country during World War I, de Gaulle commuted the sentence to life in prison. Laval was taken in custody by German forces in August 1944 after refusing to continue to serve the remnants of Vichy France and later fled to Spain, where he asked Franco for asylum. Franco suggested he should move on to a different neutral country, but Laval preferred to stay in Spain, from where he was handed over to the Allies in 1945. Back in France, he was tried and executed. |
| Philippe Pétain | Vichy France | Chief of State | Canada | June–July 1944 | Operation Overlord | Petain fled to Sigmaringen and formed a government-in-exile before being captured by Provisional Government of the French Republic forces and being convicted for collaboration with the Axis Powers. On the account of his service to the country during World War I, de Gaulle commuted the sentence to life in prison. Laval was taken in custody by German forces in August 1944 after refusing to continue to serve the remnants of Vichy France and later fled to Spain, where he asked Franco for asylum. Franco suggested he should move on to a different neutral country, but Laval preferred to stay in Spain, from where he was handed over to the Allies in 1945. Back in France, he was tried and executed. |
| Philippe Pétain | Vichy France | Chief of State | Poland | June–July 1944 | Operation Overlord | Petain fled to Sigmaringen and formed a government-in-exile before being captured by Provisional Government of the French Republic forces and being convicted for collaboration with the Axis Powers. On the account of his service to the country during World War I, de Gaulle commuted the sentence to life in prison. Laval was taken in custody by German forces in August 1944 after refusing to continue to serve the remnants of Vichy France and later fled to Spain, where he asked Franco for asylum. Franco suggested he should move on to a different neutral country, but Laval preferred to stay in Spain, from where he was handed over to the Allies in 1945. Back in France, he was tried and executed. |
| Philippe Pétain | Vichy France | Chief of State | Australia | June–July 1944 | Operation Overlord | Petain fled to Sigmaringen and formed a government-in-exile before being captured by Provisional Government of the French Republic forces and being convicted for collaboration with the Axis Powers. On the account of his service to the country during World War I, de Gaulle commuted the sentence to life in prison. Laval was taken in custody by German forces in August 1944 after refusing to continue to serve the remnants of Vichy France and later fled to Spain, where he asked Franco for asylum. Franco suggested he should move on to a different neutral country, but Laval preferred to stay in Spain, from where he was handed over to the Allies in 1945. Back in France, he was tried and executed. |
| Pierre Laval | Vichy France | Prime Minister | New Zealand | June–July 1944 | Operation Overlord | Petain fled to Sigmaringen and formed a government-in-exile before being captured by Provisional Government of the French Republic forces and being convicted for collaboration with the Axis Powers. On the account of his service to the country during World War I, de Gaulle commuted the sentence to life in prison. Laval was taken in custody by German forces in August 1944 after refusing to continue to serve the remnants of Vichy France and later fled to Spain, where he asked Franco for asylum. Franco suggested he should move on to a different neutral country, but Laval preferred to stay in Spain, from where he was handed over to the Allies in 1945. Back in France, he was tried and executed. |
| Pierre Laval | Vichy France | Prime Minister | Greece | June–July 1944 | Operation Overlord | Petain fled to Sigmaringen and formed a government-in-exile before being captured by Provisional Government of the French Republic forces and being convicted for collaboration with the Axis Powers. On the account of his service to the country during World War I, de Gaulle commuted the sentence to life in prison. Laval was taken in custody by German forces in August 1944 after refusing to continue to serve the remnants of Vichy France and later fled to Spain, where he asked Franco for asylum. Franco suggested he should move on to a different neutral country, but Laval preferred to stay in Spain, from where he was handed over to the Allies in 1945. Back in France, he was tried and executed. |
| Pierre Laval | Vichy France | Prime Minister | Luxembourg | June–July 1944 | Operation Overlord | Petain fled to Sigmaringen and formed a government-in-exile before being captured by Provisional Government of the French Republic forces and being convicted for collaboration with the Axis Powers. On the account of his service to the country during World War I, de Gaulle commuted the sentence to life in prison. Laval was taken in custody by German forces in August 1944 after refusing to continue to serve the remnants of Vichy France and later fled to Spain, where he asked Franco for asylum. Franco suggested he should move on to a different neutral country, but Laval preferred to stay in Spain, from where he was handed over to the Allies in 1945. Back in France, he was tried and executed. |
| Pierre Laval | Vichy France | Prime Minister | Netherlands | June–July 1944 | Operation Overlord | Petain fled to Sigmaringen and formed a government-in-exile before being captured by Provisional Government of the French Republic forces and being convicted for collaboration with the Axis Powers. On the account of his service to the country during World War I, de Gaulle commuted the sentence to life in prison. Laval was taken in custody by German forces in August 1944 after refusing to continue to serve the remnants of Vichy France and later fled to Spain, where he asked Franco for asylum. Franco suggested he should move on to a different neutral country, but Laval preferred to stay in Spain, from where he was handed over to the Allies in 1945. Back in France, he was tried and executed. |
| Pierre Laval | Vichy France | Prime Minister | Norway | June–July 1944 | Operation Overlord | Petain fled to Sigmaringen and formed a government-in-exile before being captured by Provisional Government of the French Republic forces and being convicted for collaboration with the Axis Powers. On the account of his service to the country during World War I, de Gaulle commuted the sentence to life in prison. Laval was taken in custody by German forces in August 1944 after refusing to continue to serve the remnants of Vichy France and later fled to Spain, where he asked Franco for asylum. Franco suggested he should move on to a different neutral country, but Laval preferred to stay in Spain, from where he was handed over to the Allies in 1945. Back in France, he was tried and executed. |
| Konstantin Muraviev | Bulgaria | Prime Minister | Soviet Union | 9 September 1944 | 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état | Muraviev was only in charge of the country for a week, from 2 to 9 September and despite trying to cut ties with the Axis, he stopped short of declaring war on Germany until after 5 September, when the USSR used this as a reason to declare war on Bulgaria and install their own government. |
| Miklós Horthy | Hungary | Regent | Nazi Germany | 15 October 1944 | Operation Panzerfaust | After receiving word that Hungary's Regent, Admiral Miklós Horthy, was secretly negotiating his country's surrender to the advancing Red Army, he sent commando leader Otto Skorzeny of the Waffen-SS to capture Horthy and topple his government |
| Benito Mussolini | Italian Social Republic | Duce | United States | 1 May 1945 | Italian Campaign | Benito Mussolini had previously been voted out of office by the Grand Council of Fascism in the Kingdom of Italy and dismissed and arrested on the orders of King Victor Emmanuel III and Pietro Badoglio. |
| Benito Mussolini | Italian Social Republic | Duce | United Kingdom | 1 May 1945 | Italian Campaign | Benito Mussolini had previously been voted out of office by the Grand Council of Fascism in the Kingdom of Italy and dismissed and arrested on the orders of King Victor Emmanuel III and Pietro Badoglio. |
| Benito Mussolini | Italian Social Republic | Duce | France | 1 May 1945 | Italian Campaign | Benito Mussolini had previously been voted out of office by the Grand Council of Fascism in the Kingdom of Italy and dismissed and arrested on the orders of King Victor Emmanuel III and Pietro Badoglio. |
| Benito Mussolini | Italian Social Republic | Duce | Canada | 1 May 1945 | Italian Campaign | Benito Mussolini had previously been voted out of office by the Grand Council of Fascism in the Kingdom of Italy and dismissed and arrested on the orders of King Victor Emmanuel III and Pietro Badoglio. |
| Ferenc Szálasi | Hungary | Leader of the Nation | Soviet Union | 7 May 1945 | Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive | |
| Ferenc Szálasi | Hungary | Leader of the Nation | Bulgaria | 7 May 1945 | Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive | |
| Ferenc Szálasi | Hungary | Leader of the Nation | Yugoslavia | 7 May 1945 | Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive | |
| Ante Pavelić | Croatia | Poglavnik | Soviet Union | 7 May 1945 | Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive | After the capitulation of Germany, Pavelić fled first to Italy and then to South America, where he lived until 1957, when he was shot several times by a Serbian patriot. He moved to Spain, where he lived a couple of years later due to the wounds from the assassination attempt |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | United States | 8 May 1945 | Western Allied invasion of Germany | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | United Kingdom | 8 May 1945 | Western Allied invasion of Germany | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | France | 8 May 1945 | Western Allied invasion of Germany | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | Canada | 8 May 1945 | Western Allied invasion of Germany | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | Australia | 8 May 1945 | Western Allied invasion of Germany | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | New Zealand | 8 May 1945 | Western Allied invasion of Germany | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | Belgium | 8 May 1945 | Western Allied invasion of Germany | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | Netherlands | 8 May 1945 | Western Allied invasion of Germany | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | Luxembourg | 8 May 1945 | Western Allied invasion of Germany | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | Norway | 8 May 1945 | Western Allied invasion of Germany | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | Denmark | 8 May 1945 | Western Allied invasion of Germany | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | Soviet Union | 8 May 1945 | Eastern Front | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | Poland | 8 May 1945 | Eastern Front | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | Czechoslovakia | 8 May 1945 | Eastern Front | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | Romania | 8 May 1945 | Eastern Front | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | Bulgaria | 8 May 1945 | Eastern Front | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | Yugoslavia | 8 May 1945 | Eastern Front | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Karl Dönitz | Nazi Germany | President | Finland | 8 May 1945 | Lapland War | Dönitz's predecessor Adolf Hitler had committed suicide eight days earlier to avoid surrender. After the war, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and was for nearly seven decades the only head of state to be convicted by an international tribunal |
| Vidkun Quisling | Norway | Minister President | Soviet Union | 9 May 1945 | Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive | Quisling had served as a puppet head of state under the Reichskommissariat Norwegen. As the Allies were advancing through Norway, Quisling surrendered himself in to the police and was later tried and executed. The word "quisling" became a byword for "collaborator" or "traitor" in several languages since his death |
| Vidkun Quisling | Norway | Minister President | Finland | 9 May 1945 | Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive | Quisling had served as a puppet head of state under the Reichskommissariat Norwegen. As the Allies were advancing through Norway, Quisling surrendered himself in to the police and was later tried and executed. The word "quisling" became a byword for "collaborator" or "traitor" in several languages since his death |
| Vidkun Quisling | Norway | Minister President | United Kingdom | 9 May 1945 | Operation Doomsday | Quisling had served as a puppet head of state under the Reichskommissariat Norwegen. As the Allies were advancing through Norway, Quisling surrendered himself in to the police and was later tried and executed. The word "quisling" became a byword for "collaborator" or "traitor" in several languages since his death |
| Aisin-Gioro Puyi | Manchukuo | Emperor | Soviet Union | 15 August 1945 | Soviet invasion of Manchuria | The Japanese puppet-state of Manchukuo capitulated five days after the Japanese surrender, with Pu Yi imprisoned first by the Soviet and then handed over to China, where he was released in 1959 following a general amnesty. Zhang Jinghui was similarly handed over to China in 1950, dying in prison in 1959, while Demchugdongrub fled to Mongolia before being handed to the Chinese and released 13 years later |
| Zhang Jinghui | Manchukuo | Prime Minister | Soviet Union | 15 August 1945 | Soviet invasion of Manchuria | The Japanese puppet-state of Manchukuo capitulated five days after the Japanese surrender, with Pu Yi imprisoned first by the Soviet and then handed over to China, where he was released in 1959 following a general amnesty. Zhang Jinghui was similarly handed over to China in 1950, dying in prison in 1959, while Demchugdongrub fled to Mongolia before being handed to the Chinese and released 13 years later |
| Demchugdongrub | Mengjiang | Chairman of the Military Government | Soviet Union | 15 August 1945 | Soviet invasion of Manchuria | The Japanese puppet-state of Manchukuo capitulated five days after the Japanese surrender, with Pu Yi imprisoned first by the Soviet and then handed over to China, where he was released in 1959 following a general amnesty. Zhang Jinghui was similarly handed over to China in 1950, dying in prison in 1959, while Demchugdongrub fled to Mongolia before being handed to the Chinese and released 13 years later |
| Michael I of Romania | Romania | King | Soviet Union | 30 December 1947 | Soviet occupation of Romania | Michael was forced to abdicate by Soviet occupation forces and the Romanian Communist Party and left the country. He settled in Switzerland before being allowed back in Romania in 1997 |
| Edvard Beneš | Third Czechoslovak Republic | President | Soviet Union | 12 February 1948 | 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état | Already ill, Beneš died a few months after the coup |
| Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII | Hyderabad State | Nizam | India | 17 September 1948 | Operation Polo | Occurred when Hyderabad, a former princely state in British India, attempted to remain independent during the political integration of India. |
| Mohammad Mosaddegh | Iran | Prime Minister | United Kingdom | 19 August 1953 | 1953 Iranian coup d'état | Mosaddegh was removed from power during a coup meant to strengthen the monarchical rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, orchestrated by the United Kingdom and the United States |
| Mohammad Mosaddegh | Iran | Prime Minister | United States | 19 August 1953 | 1953 Iranian coup d'état | Mosaddegh was removed from power during a coup meant to strengthen the monarchical rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, orchestrated by the United Kingdom and the United States |
| Imre Nagy | Hungary | Chairman of the Council of Ministers | Soviet Union | 4 November 1956 | Hungarian Revolution | The outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution saw Nagy elevated to the position of Prime Minister on 24 October 1956, being removed by the invading Red Army just ten days later. In June of the same year he was tried and executed for treason |
| Tenzin Gyatso | Tibet | Dalai Lama | China | 30 March 1959 | Tibetan uprising | Following the unsuccessful uprising of 1959, the Dalai Lama was forced to flee to India, where set up a government-in-exile |
| Francisco Caamaño | Dominican Republic | President | United States | 3 September 1965 | U.S. invasion of the Dominican Republic | Caamaño was one of the leaders in the movement to restore the democratically elected president Juan Bosch, who had been overthrown in a military coup d'état in September, 1963. He briefly became President before being removed by an invasion launched by the United States, who were fearing another Communist state in the Caribbean |
| Alexander Dubček | Czechoslovakia | Chairman of the Federal Assembly | Soviet Union | 21 August 1968 | Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia | Dubček attempted to reform the communist government during the Prague Spring but was forced to resign following the Warsaw Pact invasion in August 1968. He later returned to the same position after the Velvet Revolution of 1989 |
| Alexander Dubček | Czechoslovakia | Chairman of the Federal Assembly | Poland | 21 August 1968 | Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia | Dubček attempted to reform the communist government during the Prague Spring but was forced to resign following the Warsaw Pact invasion in August 1968. He later returned to the same position after the Velvet Revolution of 1989 |
| Alexander Dubček | Czechoslovakia | Chairman of the Federal Assembly | Hungary | 21 August 1968 | Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia | Dubček attempted to reform the communist government during the Prague Spring but was forced to resign following the Warsaw Pact invasion in August 1968. He later returned to the same position after the Velvet Revolution of 1989 |
| Alexander Dubček | Czechoslovakia | Chairman of the Federal Assembly | Bulgaria | 21 August 1968 | Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia | Dubček attempted to reform the communist government during the Prague Spring but was forced to resign following the Warsaw Pact invasion in August 1968. He later returned to the same position after the Velvet Revolution of 1989 |
| Alexander Dubček | Czechoslovakia | Chairman of the Federal Assembly | East Germany | 21 August 1968 | Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia | Dubček attempted to reform the communist government during the Prague Spring but was forced to resign following the Warsaw Pact invasion in August 1968. He later returned to the same position after the Velvet Revolution of 1989 |
| Philip Effiong | Biafra | President | Nigeria | 12 January 1970 | Nigerian Civil War | Effiong was only head of state for four days before surrendering to Nigeria. Biafra never received diplomatic recognition from the international community. |
| Makarios III | Cyprus | President | Greece | 15 July 1974 | Cypriot coup d'état | The coup was arranged by the Greek Army in Cyprus, the Cypriot National Guard and the Greek military junta of 1967–1974. The plotters ousted President Makarios III and replaced him with pro-Enosis (Greek irridentist) nationalist Nikos Sampson as dictator. The Sampson regime was described as a puppet state, whose ultimate aim was the annexation of the island by Greece |
| Dương Văn Minh | South Vietnam | President | North Vietnam | 30 April 1975 | Fall of Saigon | The capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by the People's Army of Vietnam marked the end of the Vietnam War and the start of a transition period to the formal reunification of Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam |
| Vũ Văn Mẫu | South Vietnam | Prime Minister | North Vietnam | 30 April 1975 | Fall of Saigon | The capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by the People's Army of Vietnam marked the end of the Vietnam War and the start of a transition period to the formal reunification of Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam |
| Francisco Xavier do Amaral | East Timor | President | Indonesia | 7 December 1975 | Indonesian invasion of East Timor | Occurred several days after East Timor gained independence from the Portuguese colonial empire. |
| Pol Pot | Kampuchea | Prime Minister | Vietnam | 7 January 1979 | Cambodian–Vietnamese War | Pol Pot was removed from office by the Vietnamese invasion, but he remained leader of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea until 1981 and General Secretary of the Khmer Rouge until 1985. |
| Khieu Samphan | Kampuchea | President of the State Presidium | Vietnam | 7 January 1979 | Cambodian–Vietnamese War | Pol Pot was removed from office by the Vietnamese invasion, but he remained leader of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea until 1981 and General Secretary of the Khmer Rouge until 1985. |
| Idi Amin | Uganda | President | Tanzania | 11 April 1979 | Fall of Kampala | Amin's reign came to an end when he was ousted by an invading force consisting on Tanzanian troops and the Ugandan National Libation Front recruited from among Ugandan exiles |
| Jean-Bédel Bokassa | Central African Empire | Emperor | France | 20 September 1979 | Operation Barracuda | Emperor Bokassa I was removed during bloodless coup orchestrated by David Dacko and supported by France while Bokassa was abroad in Libya |
| Hafizullah Amin | Afghanistan | Chairman of the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council | Soviet Union | 27 December 1979 | Operation Storm-333 | After just three months in office, Amin was removed by a Russian-backed coup and was soon after killed by Soviet troops |
| Rex Hunt | Falkland Islands | Governor | Argentina | 2 April 1982 | Occupation of the Falkland Islands | Hunt surrendered after the islands were overrun and was restored after Argentina was defeated by Britain in the Falklands War. |
| Hudson Austin | Grenada | Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council | United States | 25 October 1983 | Operation Urgent Fury | General Austin was in charge of the coup that ousted and executed prime minister Maurice Bishop. Just six days later the United States army invaded and swiftly removed Austin from power |
| Manuel Noriega | Panama | Maximum Leader of National Liberation | United States | 20 December 1989 | Operation Just Cause | In 1988, Noriega was indicted by federal grand juries in Miami and Tampa on charges of racketeering, drug smuggling, and money laundering. Following the 1989 United States invasion of Panama, he was captured and flown to the United States, where he was tried on the Miami indictment. |
| Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah | Kuwait | Emir | Iraq | 2 August 1990 | Invasion of Kuwait | Emir Jaber and Prime Minister Saad continued to lead the Kuwaiti Government in exile in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia, and were restored by after a U.S.-lead coalition defeated Iraq in the Gulf War. |
| Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah | Kuwait | Prime Minister | Iraq | 2 August 1990 | Invasion of Kuwait | Emir Jaber and Prime Minister Saad continued to lead the Kuwaiti Government in exile in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia, and were restored by after a U.S.-lead coalition defeated Iraq in the Gulf War. |
| Raoul Cédras | Haiti | Leader of the Military Junta | United States | 10 October 1994 | Operation Uphold Democracy | Cédras surrendered before the planned invasion actually commenced. |
| Raoul Cédras | Haiti | Leader of the Military Junta | Argentina | 10 October 1994 | Operation Uphold Democracy | Cédras surrendered before the planned invasion actually commenced. |
| Raoul Cédras | Haiti | Leader of the Military Junta | Poland | 10 October 1994 | Operation Uphold Democracy | Cédras surrendered before the planned invasion actually commenced. |
| Mullah Omar | Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | Leader | United States | 13 November 2001 | United States invasion of Afghanistan | Omar had not been widely recognized as the leader of the country due to international recognition of the Northern Alliance but had controlled the majority of the country. He continued as the leader of the Taliban and its insurgency during the War in Afghanistan until his death in 2013. |
| Mullah Omar | Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | Leader | United Kingdom | 13 November 2001 | United States invasion of Afghanistan | Omar had not been widely recognized as the leader of the country due to international recognition of the Northern Alliance but had controlled the majority of the country. He continued as the leader of the Taliban and its insurgency during the War in Afghanistan until his death in 2013. |
| Mullah Omar | Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | Leader | Canada | 13 November 2001 | United States invasion of Afghanistan | Omar had not been widely recognized as the leader of the country due to international recognition of the Northern Alliance but had controlled the majority of the country. He continued as the leader of the Taliban and its insurgency during the War in Afghanistan until his death in 2013. |
| Mullah Omar | Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | Leader | Australia | 13 November 2001 | United States invasion of Afghanistan | Omar had not been widely recognized as the leader of the country due to international recognition of the Northern Alliance but had controlled the majority of the country. He continued as the leader of the Taliban and its insurgency during the War in Afghanistan until his death in 2013. |
| Saddam Hussein | Iraq | President | United States | 29 April 2003 | Invasion of Iraq | Baathist Iraq had been required to disclose its weapons of mass destruction programs after the Persian Gulf War, but had repeatedly evaded disarmament inspectors during the 1990s. The U.N. Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 1441 in 2002 requiring Iraq to comply with UNMOVIC inspectors under the leadership of Hans Blix. The United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain advocated a resolution declaring Iraq in non-compliance with the inspections but were opposed by France, Germany, and Russia. The United States instead decided to act outside of the United Nations framework to assemble a "coalition of the willing" and delivered a 48-hour ultimatum to Saddam to step down by March 19, 2003. The subsequent invasion took control of Iraq by May 1, 2003, and Saddam Hussein was captured in Operation Red Dawn on December 13, 2003, although no weapons of mass destruction were recovered. He was tried and convicted for crimes against humanity by the Iraqi Special Tribunal and executed by hanging in 2006. |
| Saddam Hussein | Iraq | President | United Kingdom | 29 April 2003 | Invasion of Iraq | Baathist Iraq had been required to disclose its weapons of mass destruction programs after the Persian Gulf War, but had repeatedly evaded disarmament inspectors during the 1990s. The U.N. Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 1441 in 2002 requiring Iraq to comply with UNMOVIC inspectors under the leadership of Hans Blix. The United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain advocated a resolution declaring Iraq in non-compliance with the inspections but were opposed by France, Germany, and Russia. The United States instead decided to act outside of the United Nations framework to assemble a "coalition of the willing" and delivered a 48-hour ultimatum to Saddam to step down by March 19, 2003. The subsequent invasion took control of Iraq by May 1, 2003, and Saddam Hussein was captured in Operation Red Dawn on December 13, 2003, although no weapons of mass destruction were recovered. He was tried and convicted for crimes against humanity by the Iraqi Special Tribunal and executed by hanging in 2006. |
| Saddam Hussein | Iraq | President | Australia | 29 April 2003 | Invasion of Iraq | Baathist Iraq had been required to disclose its weapons of mass destruction programs after the Persian Gulf War, but had repeatedly evaded disarmament inspectors during the 1990s. The U.N. Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 1441 in 2002 requiring Iraq to comply with UNMOVIC inspectors under the leadership of Hans Blix. The United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain advocated a resolution declaring Iraq in non-compliance with the inspections but were opposed by France, Germany, and Russia. The United States instead decided to act outside of the United Nations framework to assemble a "coalition of the willing" and delivered a 48-hour ultimatum to Saddam to step down by March 19, 2003. The subsequent invasion took control of Iraq by May 1, 2003, and Saddam Hussein was captured in Operation Red Dawn on December 13, 2003, although no weapons of mass destruction were recovered. He was tried and convicted for crimes against humanity by the Iraqi Special Tribunal and executed by hanging in 2006. |
| Saddam Hussein | Iraq | President | Poland | 29 April 2003 | Invasion of Iraq | Baathist Iraq had been required to disclose its weapons of mass destruction programs after the Persian Gulf War, but had repeatedly evaded disarmament inspectors during the 1990s. The U.N. Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 1441 in 2002 requiring Iraq to comply with UNMOVIC inspectors under the leadership of Hans Blix. The United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain advocated a resolution declaring Iraq in non-compliance with the inspections but were opposed by France, Germany, and Russia. The United States instead decided to act outside of the United Nations framework to assemble a "coalition of the willing" and delivered a 48-hour ultimatum to Saddam to step down by March 19, 2003. The subsequent invasion took control of Iraq by May 1, 2003, and Saddam Hussein was captured in Operation Red Dawn on December 13, 2003, although no weapons of mass destruction were recovered. He was tried and convicted for crimes against humanity by the Iraqi Special Tribunal and executed by hanging in 2006. |
| Muammar Gaddafi | Libya | Leader | NATO  Belgium  Bulgaria  Canada  Denmark  France  Greece  Italy  Netherlands  Norway  Romania  Spain  Sweden  Turkey  United Kingdom  United States | 20 October 2011 | Operation Unified Protector | Protests against Gaddafi in Libya began during the Arab Spring and were coordinated by the National Transitional Council, which escalated into civil war following violent repression from the government. Libya received sanctions from the United States and the European Union, while the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against Gaddafi. The U.N. Security Council authorized a no-fly zone over Libya after the Battle of Ajdabiya, and the NATO-led coalition launched air strikes against the Libyan Air Force. After Gaddafi loyalists gained the upper hand the air strikes intensified in what some interpreted as a move towards decapitation strikes while France, Italy, and the United Kingdom sent military advisors to the National Transitional Council. Eventually the TNC gained the upper hand in the conflict, captured the capital city of Tripoli, and achieved diplomatic recognition from the United Nations. Gaddafi was forced to flee and was killed by rebels in Sirte. |
| Muammar Gaddafi | Libya | Leader | Jordan | 20 October 2011 | 2011 military intervention in Libya | Protests against Gaddafi in Libya began during the Arab Spring and were coordinated by the National Transitional Council, which escalated into civil war following violent repression from the government. Libya received sanctions from the United States and the European Union, while the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against Gaddafi. The U.N. Security Council authorized a no-fly zone over Libya after the Battle of Ajdabiya, and the NATO-led coalition launched air strikes against the Libyan Air Force. After Gaddafi loyalists gained the upper hand the air strikes intensified in what some interpreted as a move towards decapitation strikes while France, Italy, and the United Kingdom sent military advisors to the National Transitional Council. Eventually the TNC gained the upper hand in the conflict, captured the capital city of Tripoli, and achieved diplomatic recognition from the United Nations. Gaddafi was forced to flee and was killed by rebels in Sirte. |
| Muammar Gaddafi | Libya | Leader | Qatar | 20 October 2011 | 2011 military intervention in Libya | Protests against Gaddafi in Libya began during the Arab Spring and were coordinated by the National Transitional Council, which escalated into civil war following violent repression from the government. Libya received sanctions from the United States and the European Union, while the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against Gaddafi. The U.N. Security Council authorized a no-fly zone over Libya after the Battle of Ajdabiya, and the NATO-led coalition launched air strikes against the Libyan Air Force. After Gaddafi loyalists gained the upper hand the air strikes intensified in what some interpreted as a move towards decapitation strikes while France, Italy, and the United Kingdom sent military advisors to the National Transitional Council. Eventually the TNC gained the upper hand in the conflict, captured the capital city of Tripoli, and achieved diplomatic recognition from the United Nations. Gaddafi was forced to flee and was killed by rebels in Sirte. |
| Muammar Gaddafi | Libya | Leader | Sweden | 20 October 2011 | 2011 military intervention in Libya | Protests against Gaddafi in Libya began during the Arab Spring and were coordinated by the National Transitional Council, which escalated into civil war following violent repression from the government. Libya received sanctions from the United States and the European Union, while the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against Gaddafi. The U.N. Security Council authorized a no-fly zone over Libya after the Battle of Ajdabiya, and the NATO-led coalition launched air strikes against the Libyan Air Force. After Gaddafi loyalists gained the upper hand the air strikes intensified in what some interpreted as a move towards decapitation strikes while France, Italy, and the United Kingdom sent military advisors to the National Transitional Council. Eventually the TNC gained the upper hand in the conflict, captured the capital city of Tripoli, and achieved diplomatic recognition from the United Nations. Gaddafi was forced to flee and was killed by rebels in Sirte. |
| Muammar Gaddafi | Libya | Leader | United Arab Emirates | 20 October 2011 | 2011 military intervention in Libya | Protests against Gaddafi in Libya began during the Arab Spring and were coordinated by the National Transitional Council, which escalated into civil war following violent repression from the government. Libya received sanctions from the United States and the European Union, while the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against Gaddafi. The U.N. Security Council authorized a no-fly zone over Libya after the Battle of Ajdabiya, and the NATO-led coalition launched air strikes against the Libyan Air Force. After Gaddafi loyalists gained the upper hand the air strikes intensified in what some interpreted as a move towards decapitation strikes while France, Italy, and the United Kingdom sent military advisors to the National Transitional Council. Eventually the TNC gained the upper hand in the conflict, captured the capital city of Tripoli, and achieved diplomatic recognition from the United Nations. Gaddafi was forced to flee and was killed by rebels in Sirte. |
| Yahya Jammeh | Gambia | President | Senegal | 21 January 2017 | ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia | Adama Barrow had won the 2016 Gambian presidential election, but Jammeh had refused to step down. |
| Yahya Jammeh | Gambia | President | Nigeria | 21 January 2017 | ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia | Adama Barrow had won the 2016 Gambian presidential election, but Jammeh had refused to step down. |
| Yahya Jammeh | Gambia | President | Ghana | 21 January 2017 | ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia | Adama Barrow had won the 2016 Gambian presidential election, but Jammeh had refused to step down. |
| Yahya Jammeh | Gambia | President | Mali | 21 January 2017 | ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia | Adama Barrow had won the 2016 Gambian presidential election, but Jammeh had refused to step down. |
| Yahya Jammeh | Gambia | President | Togo | 21 January 2017 | ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia | Adama Barrow had won the 2016 Gambian presidential election, but Jammeh had refused to step down. |