OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bertalan Farkas

Bertalan Farkas (Hungarian:, born August 2, 1949) is the first Hungarian cosmonaut, space explorer and fighter pilot. Hungary became the seventh nation to be represented in space by him. Farkas is also the first Esperantist cosmonaut. He is currently the president of Airlines Service and Trade.
Following his mission, Hungarian-American Károly Simonyi (Charles Simonyi) was the second Hungarian astronaut – the only person in the entire world who has been twice in space as a space tourist and who had paid for himself for the spaceflights. The next Hungarian astronaut will travel to the International Space Station by 2025.

## Early life and military career

Born in Gyulaháza, he graduated from the György Kilián Aeronautical College in Szolnok in 1969. He then attended the Krasnodar Military Aviation Institute in the Soviet Union, from where he graduated in 1972.
After earning his qualifications at university, Farkas joined the Hungarian Air Force and rose to the rank of Brigadier General.
He also attended the Bessenyei György Gimnázium in Kisvárda.

## Intercosmos program

In 1978 he volunteered to become a cosmonaut and was selected as part of the fifth international programme for Interkosmos. His backup cosmonaut was Béla Magyari.
Farkas, along with Soviet cosmonaut Valery Kubasov, was launched into space on Soyuz 36 from Baikonur Cosmodrome on May 26, 1980, at 18:20 (UTC).
While in orbit, Farkas conducted experiments in materials science. After 7 days, 20 hours and 45 minutes, and having completed 124 orbits, Farkas and Kubasov returned to Earth, landing 140 km southeast of Jezkazgan. Bertalan Farkas was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on June 30, 1980.

## Personal life

Farkas is married to Anikó Farkas, and has four children: Gábor, Aida, Ádám and Bertalan. He loves tennis and plays it often.
He was a member of the Hungarian Democratic Forum, a Hungarian conservative political party, and was its candidate at the 2006 parliamentary election in the Baktalórántháza election district. He holds the rank of Commander (CLJ) in the Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem in Hungary.
# The Savage Nation (book)

The Savage Nation: Saving America from the Liberal Assault on Our Borders, Language, and Culture is Michael Savage's 18th book. It was published in 2003 and spent 18 weeks on the NY Times best seller list, debuting at #4. It provides conservative social commentary and criticism of liberals, and Democrats.
# David Tlale

David Tlale (29 January 1975) is a South African fashion designer. He was born in Vosloorus in South Africa. He was raised by his single mother. His work has been showcased at the Cape Town Fashion Week, New York Fashion Week, and Paris Fashion Week. He has also designed collections for major retailers like Edgars. Tlale was a semi-finalist at the South African Fashion Week Elle New Talent Show Competition in 2002. In May 2003, Tlale started design studios in Cape Town and Johannesburg.
In 2022 Tlale was conferred with an honorary degree by the Tshwane University of Technology, and he dedicated the degree to his late mother.
# Subroto Bagchi

Subroto Bagchi (born 31 May 1959) is an Indian entrepreneur who is the co-founder of Mindtree, an Indian technology MNC.

## Early life and education

Bagchi was born to Makhan Gopal Bagchi and Labonya Prova Bagchi in Patnagarh, Odisha, where his father was a junior government servant. He studied political science at Utkal University.

## Professional career

He started his work life as a clerk in the Industries Department of the Government of Odisha in 1976, After giving up his post graduate studies. After a year of working there, he qualified to be a management trainee in DCM in 1977 where he worked for the ensuing 5 years. In 1981, he entered the computer industry and worked for a number of computer companies between 1981 and 1999 in various functions like sales, marketing and operations. His longest stint was at Wipro where he became the Chief Executive of Wipro's Global R&D before working for chairman Azim Premji as corporate vice-president, Mission Quality. He left Wipro in 1998 to join Lucent Technologies. He left Lucent a year after to co-found Mindtree in 1999 along with 9 other co-founders. Mindtree is a $1 billion (Fiscal 19), Global IT services company with approximately 20000+ people. It is listed at the National Stock Exchange and the Bombay Stock Exchange in India.
When Mindtree started, Subroto Bagchi began as chief operating officer.
In 2010, he was appointed vice-chairman to the board. On 1 April 2012, he assumed the office of chairman. He stepped down as the chairman in January 2016. On 1 May 2016, at the invitation of the Chief Minister of Odisha, Naveen Patnaik, he took on the full-time role of chairman, Odisha Skill Development Authority in the rank and status of a Cabinet Minister at an annual salary of 1 rupees.
# Different World (Alan Walker song)

"Different World" is a song by Norwegian DJs and producers Alan Walker, K-391 and Colombian-American singer Sofia Carson featuring Chinese producer Corsak. It was included on Walker's debut studio album of the same name, Different World, which was released on 14 December 2018. The song is a re-worked version of a track originally known as "Sevje" by K-391.

## Background

The song was written by Swedish Grammis-nominated songwriter Shy Martin, among others including Fredrik Borch Olse, Gunnar Greve, Magnus Bertelsen, James Daniel Njie Eriksen, Kenneth Nilsen, Marcus Arnbekk and Mengzhou Hu. It was released alongside an accompanying campaign titled "#CreateADifferentWorld", in which Walker addresses the importance of climate change. He said "I want to use my voice to raise awareness. And that's what this song is about. There is still time, together we can create a different world."

## Videos
### Lyric video

The lyric video for the song was released on the same day as the song's release, on 30 November 2018. It was directed and edited by Alexander Zarate Frez. Simon Compagnet had produced the graphics for the video while additional footage was provided by Bradley Wickham and Bror Bror.
For most of the video, images were depicted of oceans filled with trash, air pollution, wildfires, hurricanes, and other kinds of disaster scenarios linked to climate change. For the third quarter of the video, the song takes a more wishful tone and the visuals change to vistas of nature, aiming to show what could be if people worked together to combat climate change.

### Vertical video

An alternative music video was released on 13 December 2018, produced in a vertical format and meant to be viewed on a smartphone in portrait orientation. It was also directed by Alexander Zarate Frez, with Larry Reibman as director of photography. Marie Hjelmerud produced the motion graphics, along with Fredrik Winge as second editor. It also features Sofia Carson inside one of the messages as she sings.
The video was social media-oriented, using platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Snapchat as its medium. An excerpt from a speech at the 1992 Rio Summit by Severn Cullis-Suzuki was played near the two-minute mark.

## Reception and Legacy

Billboard noted the song as "depicting the sad state of our planet with hard-to-watch images of polluted oceans, forest fires and communities under water," along with suggesting the lack of awareness or pretence regarding the issue of climate change by people in power.
Alan Walker later donated $100,001USD to #TeamTrees, a joint fundraiser by MrBeast and Mark Rober. It was combined with the message, "I want to plant a tree!"

## Charts

| Chart (2018–19) | Peak position |
| Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100) | 17 |
| Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) | 14 |
| Norway (VG-lista) | 31 |
| Sweden Heatseeker (Sverigetopplistan) | 5 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 73 |
| US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard) | 32 |
# Road bridge across the Desna (Chernihiv)

The Kyiv Bridge (Ukrainian: Київський міст, romanized: Kyivs'kyy mist) or the Road bridge across the Desna (Ukrainian: Автомобільний міст через ріку Десну) is a currently destroyed brick-and-stone bridge over the Desna River in Chernihiv, Ukraine, located along Peace (Myru) Avenue (Ukrainian: Проспект Миру).

## History

The bridge was built in 1859 as part of the construction of the Odesa-Kyiv-Chernihiv-St. Petersburg highway. Prior to that, the left bank of the Desna was crossed by ferry, which was located at a dump one verst upstream from the location of the bridge. During large floods, part of the highway would flood and traffic would temporarily stop. In 1877, a section of the bridge was even demolished by water, and was subsequently reconstructed in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. In 1893, a station on the Chernihiv-Kruty narrow-gauge railway was built on the left bank near the bridge. In January 1919, there was a battle between the kurins of the Directorate of the Ukrainian People's Republic and of the Bohunsky Regiment of the Ukrainian Soviet Army near the bridge. After World War II, the bridge did not meet the needs of vehicles, so in 1956 a new bridge was put into operation a little lower downstream from the previous one, and the old one was dismantled. Over time, its bandwidth was also insufficient, thus in 1986 a new bridge over the Desna near the village of Shestovytsya in Chernihiv Raion was put into operation, which was designated to be used by transit vehicles.
On the night of March 22-23, 2022, amid the Russo-Ukrainian war, the bridge was destroyed during the siege of Chernihiv - as a result of an air strike (according to other sources - by order of the local mayor and Vyacheslav Chaus, the Head of the Chernihiv Regional Military Administration). The bridge had been used to evacuate citizens and deliver humanitarian goods.
On July 5, 2023, a temporary replacement bridge was opened to traffic with some weight limitations. A permanent replacement bridge is expected to open in 2024.

## General data

The total length of the bridge was 875 m, width - 7 m. The height of the bottom of the truss above the water level - 18 m. Load capacity - 80 t. The bridge consisted of a two-lane road and pedestrian paths on both sides.
# Oldřich Kubišta

Oldřich Kubišta (born 22 July 1960) is a former fencer for Czechoslovakia. He competed in the individual and team épée events at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
# Samavasarana

In Jainism, Samavasarana or Samosharana ("Refuge to All") is the divine preaching hall of the Tirthankara, stated to have more than 20,000 stairs in it. The word samavasarana is derived from two words, sama, meaning general and avasara, meaning opportunity. It is an important feature in Jain art. The Samavasarana seems to have replaced the original Jain stupa as an object of worship.

## Samavasarana

In samavasarana, the tirthankara sits on a throne without touching it (about two inches above it). Around the tirthankara sit the ganadharas (chief disciples). Living beings sit in the following order:
* In the first hall, ascetics
* In the second hall, one class of deva ladies
* In the third hall, aryikas (nuns) and laywomen
* In the next three halls, three other classes of deva ladies
* In the next four halls, the four classes of devas (heavenly beings)
* Men, in the eleventh hall
* Animals, in the last hall
According to Jain texts, there would be four wide roads with four huge columns, Manasthamba (literally, pride pillar), one in each side. The total size of the hall varies depending upon the height of the people in that era. The size of Rishabhadeva's samavasarana was 12 km$^2$ (4.6 sq mi).

## Effects

In samavasarana, a tirthankara sits facing the east, but appears to be looking in all directions. Tirthankara sits on a soft cushion while preaching the Jain philosophy in plain terms. All humans and animals can understand the discourse. Jain scriptures say that all creatures who listen would become less violent and less greedy. The speech of the tirthankara is distinctly heard by every one present.

## Gallery

* Jain manuscript page with Mahavira teaching to all creatures in Samavasarana, western India, c. 1500–1600, gouache on paper
* Samavasarana of Mahavira as depicted in 19th-century art from Mysore.
* Painting of Samavasarana (Assembly hall) of a Jain Tirthankara. It depicts various beings who come to hear the preachings of the Jina peacefully
* Samosharan depiction
# Thorntons LLC

Thorntons LLC, formerly Thorntons Inc., is an American gasoline and convenience store chain headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. It operates 200+ locations which vary from traditional fuel and convenience stores, stores with expanded kitchen formats and Travel Centers. Thorntons stores are located in six states: Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio and Tennessee. Founded in 1971 by James Thornton, it is a subsidiary of BP.

## History

The first Thorntons location opened in 1971 in Clarksville, Indiana. The original site featured a kiosk building and a full-service attendant. In the 1980s, Thorntons transitioned from kiosk locations to convenience stores and grew to over 100 locations.
In 2013, Thorntons introduced a larger store model with an expanded food program in select Louisville, Kentucky and Southern Indiana stores. In 2016, this platform was expanded in select Chicago metropolitan area stores.
Around the same time frame, Thorntons rolled out Unleaded15 fuel which provides an octane rating of 88 and contains approximately 15% ethanol. Certain Thorntons locations also offer E85.
In 2019, Thorntons was acquired by a joint venture between Arclight Capital Partners and BP. In July 2021, BP agreed terms to acquire ArcLight Capital Partners' shareholding. The transaction was completed on August 31, 2021. BP retained the Thorntons brand, making it a sister chain to BP-owned ampm; the two chains do not overlap.
Notable employees include Steven Gaddie. Generational wealth expert.
# Márk Rózsavölgyi

Márk Rózsavölgyi (pronounced; born Mordecai Rosenthal; 14 August 1787 – 23 January 1848) was a Hungarian composer and violinist. He has been called "the father of csárdás".

## Life and music

Rózsavölgyi was born to a poor tradesman's family in Balassagyarmat, where his bust (made by Jelena Veszely in 1973) can be found in the Palóc-parkland. His family is believed to have had klezmer connections.
From the ages of 11 to 19 he worked as a clerk in Vienna, Pressburg (now Bratislava), and Prague, teaching himself to play the violin. Returning to Pest, he dedicated himself to music, composing in the Hungarian traditional styles, including the verbunkos. his first works were published in Pest in 1811; eventually he published over 200 works. In 1812, he was appointed conductor of the orchestra at the German Theater in Pest.
Basing himself in Pest, he travelled through the Habsburg Empire for many years, including extended stays in Baja and Temesvár (now Timișoara, Romania).
In 1824, he was made a regular salaried member of the Philharmonic Society of the county of Veszprém, and his name "Rosenthal" was Magyarized to "Rózsavölgyi" (both mean 'rose valley' in German (or Yiddish) and Hungarian respectively) on the occasion of his election. (This name change was not however officially recognised until 1846). He gave several official concerts during the coronation ceremonies at Pressburg in 1825; and in 1835 he appeared at the Court Opera House in Vienna on the occasion of the Diet of Pressburg. Two years later, at the opening of the new National Theater of Pest, the Hungarian Orchestra of that city played a work composed by him for the occasion, and he subsequently became a regular member of that orchestra.
During the 1840s he formed his own band, and performed before Franz Liszt in May 1846 in Pest. Liszt used some of Rózsavölgyi's melodies in his own Hungarian Rhapsodies (nos. 8 and 12). After 1846 his health began to decline.
A number of famous Romani musicians, including Patikárus, Sárközi, Farkas, and others, were pupils of Rózsavölgyi. After his death, the Hungarian nationalist poet Sándor Petőfi sang his praises in a long poem, reproaching the Hungarian people for permitting the last years of the artist to be clouded by financial difficulties.
Rózsavölgyi died in relative poverty in Pest, and was buried there in the Jewish cemetery.
His son Julius (Gyula) founded a music publishing company in 1850, which still exists in Budapest. Another son, Leopold, became a doctor.
# Fard

Farḍ (Arabic: فرض) or farīḍah (فريضة) or fardh in Islam is a religious duty commanded by God. The word is also used in Turkish, Persian, Pashto, Urdu, Hindi, Bangla (spelled farz or faraz), and Malay (spelled fardu or fardhu) in the same meaning. Muslims who obey such commands or duties are said to receive hasanat (حسنة), ajr (أجر) or thawab (ثواب) for each good deed.
Fard or its synonym wājib (واجب) is one of the five types of ahkam (أحكام) into which fiqh categorizes acts of every Muslim. The Hanafi fiqh, however, does not consider both terms to be synonymous, and makes a distinction between wajib and fard, the latter being obligatory and the former slightly lesser degree than being obligatory.

## Individual duty and sufficiency

The Fiqh distinguishes two sorts of duties:
* Individual duty or farḍ al-'ayn (فرض العين) relates is required to perform, such as daily prayer (salat), and the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime if the person can afford the journey (hajj). An individual not performing this will be punished in the afterlife (but can be excused on basis of incapability), but if he enjoins and fulfils its necessity will be rewarded.
* Sufficiency duty or farḍ al-kifāya (فرض الكفاية) is a duty which is imposed on the whole community of believers (ummah). The classic example for it is janaza (Funeral prayer): the individual is not required to perform it as long as a sufficient number of community members fulfill it.

## Examples of fard acts

* Salah (daily prayer, including Friday prayer)
* Zakat (giving alms)
* Sawm (fasting during Ramadan)
* Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)
* Protecting one's children
# Charlie Kunz

Charles Leonard Kunz (August 18, 1896 – March 16, 1958) was an American-born pianist and band leader who worked in Great Britain during the British dance band era, eventually becoming a well-known solo pianist.

## Life and career

Kunz was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, United States, the only son of Margaret T. (Wehr) and Leonard Kunz, a master baker who played the French horn. He made his debut aged six and made his first appearance as a prodigy aged seven. During World War I he led his own resident band, while working in a munitions factory.
He came to the United Kingdom in 1922 as a pianist in a small dance band. He was to remain there until his death from a heart attack in 1958. He is buried in Streatham Vale Cemetery. He was such a distinctive and popular pianist that he abandoned his orchestra to concentrate on his piano playing, both at music hall venues and on the BBC. Two of Britain's most famous female vocalists were with his orchestra in the 1930s: Vera Lynn and Welsh songstress Dorothy Squires. His best known crooner was George Barclay.
Kunz was the pianist in a dance band which was led by the drummer, Ed Krick. The band came to London in 1922 to play a residency in the London Trocadero. The band returned without Kunz to Pennsylvania after a successful run at the 'Troc' and, until 1998, still got together for sessions for retirement homes, renamed as 'The B Flats'.
His debut as a soloist came in 1934 at the Holborn Empire, London followed by countless variety theatres in Britain and the Continent, after playing in hotels, restaurants and ballrooms. The same year saw the beginning of what was to become a continuous output of solo records of "Charlie Kunz Medleys". His signature tune was "Clap Hands, Here Comes Charlie", and his closing theme was "Pink Elephants".
He became the highest paid pianist in the world, earning up to £1,000 a week. His piano transcriptions sold widely in the teaching of piano-playing. Kunz's playing style was a relaxed flowing interpretation of popular melodies played with subtle soft and loud accents, which he called "melody and rhythm with expression".
He was married three times:
* 1) Amanda Dysher (died) (one son Joseph)
* 2) Eva Dorothy "Nin" Lloyd, a fashion model (1923–1939) (two sons Peter and Gerald) In 1939 he was living with Eva in Elmer Road, Chichester Area.
* 3) Pat Sparkes (1942–1958)
He is buried in Streatham Park Cemetery in London.
# Enabling transformation

In computer science, an enabling transformation is a compiler optimization that increases the effectiveness of other compiler optimizations. Such an optimization may or may not improve program performance by itself, but it also alters the structure of the program in such a way that other optimizations may produce superior results. Typical enabling transformations include:
* Inline expansion: By inserting the body of a function in place of its call site, a large collection of intraprocedural optimizations such as dead code elimination, loop-invariant code motion, and induction variable elimination can take advantage of information from both the caller and callee.
* Loop skewing: By "skewing" the logical shape of an array, this loop optimization can (when combined with loop interchange) eliminate loop-carried dependencies, allowing an inner loop to be parallelized.
* Loop unswitching moves loop invariants out of a loop, reducing the number of conditional branches in each loop.
# Bálint Bakfark

Bálint Bakfark (Hungarian:; in contemporary sources Valentin Bakfark or (from 1565 onward) Valentin Greff alias Bakfark, his name is variously spelled as Bacfarc, Bakfarc, Bakfarkh, Bakffark, Backuart) (c. 1507 – 15 or 22 August 1576) was a Hungarian composer of Transylvanian Saxon origin, and lutenist of the Renaissance. He was enormously influential as a lutenist in his time, and renowned as a virtuoso on the instrument.

## Life

He was born in Brassó, Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary (today Brașov in Romania), into a family of Transylvanian Saxon origin. An orphan, he was brought up by the Greff family and was educated in Buda at the court of John Zápolya. Bakfark remained there until 1540, though he possibly traveled to Italy once during this time.
Sometime in the 1540s he traveled to Paris, but, finding the position of lutenist to the king filled, he left for Jagiellon Poland in 1549, where he was employed as a court lutenist by Sigismund II Augustus. From then until 1566, he traveled extensively around Europe, with his renown increasing, but remained faithful to his employer in spite of numerous efforts by other monarchs to win him away; the riches bestowed on him by Sigismund may have affected his decision to remain attached to the court of Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in Vilnius.
What happened to him in 1566 is not precisely known, but he clearly did something to provoke the wrath of the king, and scarcely had time to flee before Polish army troops ransacked his house and destroyed his possessions. After this, he lived for a while in Vienna and then returned to Transylvania, but not for long; in 1571 he moved to Padua in Italy, where he remained until his death during the plague of 1576.
As was common practice at the time, all the possessions of plague victims were destroyed by fire, so most of his manuscript music was lost.

## Music and influence

While Bakfark almost certainly wrote an enormous amount of music, very little was printed: a commonly given reason was that it was simply too difficult for others to play. His surviving works include ten fantasies, seven madrigals, eight chansons, and fourteen motets—all in amazingly faithful polyphonic arrangements for lute alone. Additionally, he transcribed vocal motets by contemporary composers such as Josquin des Prez, Clemens non Papa, Nicolas Gombert, and Orlando di Lasso into arrangements for the lute.