OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mahua (snack)

Mahua (Chinese: 麻花) or Fried Dough Twist is a Chinese dough twist that is fried in peanut oil. It has a shiny and golden look. It is prepared in various ways with different flavors, which range from sweet to spicy, and usually has a dense and crisp texture. The origin of Mahua can be traced back to thousands of years ago. Many places have a tradition of eating Mahua, and Mahua is considered a signature food of the northern Chinese city of Tianjin.

## Origin

According to legend, Mahua originated two thousand years ago. At that time, people celebrated a three-day festival in which they were not allowed to use fire. The lack of access to fire meant that people were unable to cook during the festival. In order to eat, people needed to prepare food that did not spoil easily, before the festival. Thus, the original form of Mahua, which is fried dough with honey, was invented. Because the original Mahua could be kept fresh for a long time, it was a good snack for the festival.
In another tale of the origin of Mahua, Mahua was created to curse the hateful scorpion. At that time, the wild scorpions were bothering people. For revenge, people twisted wheat dough into the shape of the scorpion's tail, then fried and ate it.

## Tianjin Guifaxiang 18th Street Mahua

The most famous Mahua brand is "Guifaxiang 18th Street Fried Dough Twists" from Tianjin, because the shop originated from the 18th Street of the old town. In Tianjin, people normally eat Mahua which have sweet or salty flavor. The most common ingredients used in Tianjin Mahua are flour, sesame, walnut, peanuts and sweet-scented osmanthus.
The Guifaxiang Mahua store was founded on the western side of Tianjin's Haihe River in 1927 by Laoba Liu. The name of "Guifaxiang" implies the meaning of "sweet-scented osmanthus' seeds' aroma, be diligent and be lucky"(桂子飘香，发愤图强，吉祥如意). Because the store is on the 18th Street, the Mahua is called "Guifaxiang 18th Street Mahua". The owner Laoba was a talented baker and he had invented a way to put assorted fillings into the Mahua to improve its appearance and taste. All people loved the snack. gradually, "Guifaxiang 18th street Mahua" had become one of the most famous snacks of Tianjin and it became famous around the country.
The company "Guifaxiang" has built a Museum of Mahua for visitors to learn about the history of Mahua and tour the factory line.

## Chen-Mahua in Chongqing

Chen-Mahua is a kind of Mahua that is famous in Chongqing and has been popular in Chongqing since the Qing Dynasty. It is originated in Ciqikou. Chen-Mahua is normally made in ten flavors, which are original taste, black sesame, pepper salt, black rice, corn, rock sugar glutinous rice, spicy, seaweed, chocolate, and honey. The spicy flavor Mahua is a signature Mahua of Chongqing.

## Mahua in Panama

The snack is extremely popular in Panama, where it has been adopted as a national dish and is referred to as mafá. It was brought over by Chinese immigrants during the nineteenth century.
There is also a savory variant which is green and gets its flavor and color from powdered algae.
# Hans Rupe

Johan Hermann Wilhelm Rupe (October 9, 1866, in Basel – January 12, 1951) was a professor of organic chemistry at the University of Basel. His main field of interest was terpenes and camphor as well as optical activity.

## Life

Rupe was born on October 9, 1866, in Basel to Johannes Rupe and Mathilde Rupe (born Fischer) and went to school in Basel. He passed his Maturität in 1885 and then went on to study in Basel under Julius Piccard. He continued his studies at the University of Strasbourg under Rudolf Fittig and then in 1887 in Munich under Adolf von Baeyer. Rupe received his PhD in 1889 at Munich for his dissertation Über die Reduktionsprodukte der Dichloromuconsäure.
In 1894 he went to Mulhouse to become head of the "Chemieschule" in the organic division. Rupe habilitated in 1895 in Basel, where he moved in 1899. In 1903, he became an associate professor for organic chemistry at the University of Basel. He worked with the chemistry Professor Rudolf Nietzki, who retired in 1911. In 1911 or 1912 , he was promoted to full professor for organic chemistry (while his colleague Friedrich Fichter became professor for inorganic chemistry). During his time as a professor, he supervised nearly 150 students and published over 250 scientific articles.
In 1907, he married Margrit Hagenback, daughter of Eduard Hagenbach-Bischoff with whom he had three children. His wife died in 1926 and in 1933 his youngest son died. In 1936 he married Marguerite Lutz.
Rupe retired in 1937 and died on January 12, 1951.

## Honors

* foreign member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (1932).
* president and co-founder of the Schweizerischen Chemischen Gesellschaft
* editor of Helvetica Chimica Acta.
* discoverer of a named reaction, the Rupe rearrangement

## Publications

* Ungesättigte Aldehyde aus Acetylen‐alkoholen, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 9, 672, 1926.
* Anleitung zum Experimentieren in der Vorlesung über organische Chemie, Braunschweig, 1. Aufl. 1909, 2. Aufl. 1930.
* Adolf von Baeyer als Lehrer und Forscher. Erinnerungen aus seinem Privatlaboratorium. Stuttgart 1932.
# Epidendrum chlorocorymbos

Epidendrum chlorocorymbos is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native from central Mexico through Central America to Colombia. It was first described by Rudolf Schlechter in 1922.

## Distribution

Epidendrum chlorocorymbos is native to Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama.
# Iris Oifigiúil

Iris Oifigiúil (Irish pronunciation:; "Official Journal") is the official gazette of the government of Ireland. It replaced The Dublin Gazette, the gazette of the Dublin Castle administration, on 31 January 1922. The Belfast Gazette was established for the same purpose in the newly created Northern Ireland on 7 June 1921.
Iris Oifigiúil is sometimes referred to as the Irish State Gazette in English and has been issued twice weekly on Tuesdays and Fridays since 1922. Prima facie evidence on notices of government business are published in the newspaper; these include orders, rules, and proclamations.
The paper is published as a hard copy by the Office of Public Works. Since 2002, most contents are also published in the online edition. An exception is notices of naturalization: these are required under the Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act 1956 but online publication was stopped in 2016 on data privacy grounds. At the same time, the search functionality was removed from the website.
# As the Veneer of Democracy Starts to Fade

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
As the Veneer of Democracy Starts to Fade is the second album by British singer Mark Stewart, released in 1985 through Mute Records.

## Reception

John Leland at Spin said the album was "removed from the realm of music and in an electronic theater of guerrilla news reportage. Despite a steady beat provided by the Maffia, the album sounds less like dance music than the end of the world. Its a scary mess of random sounds, spoken words, and tiny snippets of music, processed and distorted to a grating, electric edge."

## Accolades

| Year | Publication | Country | Accolade | Rank | Ref. |
| 1985 | Rockerilla | Italy | "Albums of the Year" | 18 | |

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Mark Stewart

## Personnel
### Mark Stewart and the Maffia

* Mark Stewart – vocals, production
* Keith LeBlanc – drums
* Skip McDonald – guitar
* Adrian Sherwood – keyboards, production
* Doug Wimbish – bass

### Additional musicians and production

* Jill Mumford – design
* Tim Young – mastering

## Charts

| Chart (1985) | Peak position |
| UK Indie Chart | 3 |
# Theo van Hoytema

Theodorus van Hoytema, or Hoijtema (18 December 1863 — 28 August 1917) was a Dutch lithographer, illustrator and graphic designer, known for his book covers and calendars; especially those depicting birds.

## Biography

His father was Secretary-General of the Department of Finance. He was the youngest of eight children. Both of his parents died during the 1870s, so he and some siblings moved to Klein Stadwijk, a village in Voorschoten. There, he received his first drawing lessons from his eldest sister. He attended the Stedelijk Gymnasium Leiden and, together with two of his older brothers, passed an exam that enabled them to find work at a financial firm. Theo, however, was not satisfied with office life and decided to become an artist.
He began by taking drawing classes at the Royal Academy of Art. While there, he drew and painted the stuffed animals at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie in Leiden. As a result, his uncle Adriaan van Oordt, Director of Brill Publishers, was able to get him his first commissions doing scientific illustrations. From 1889 to 1890, he became interested in lithography. That same year, he took up temporary residence in a garden house at Binckhorst Castle. The following year, after the success of his first picture book about birds (Hoe de vogels aan een koning kwamen), he was married and moved to Loosduinen. The marriage was, however, short-lived and childless, ending in divorce in 1902.
In 1892, he became a member of the Haagsche Kunstkring and joined Arti et Amicitiae in 1893. That same year, he produced an illustrated edition of The Ugly Duckling by Hans Christian Andersen, followed by several more bird-themed picture books.
He continued to move, restlessly, first to Voorburg then, in 1897, to Hilversum. For a time, he stayed with family members in London. His health became fragile and he was hospitalized for much of 1904 and 1905. He also spent a short time at a psychiatric sanatorium. When released, he went to live with a sister in The Hague and remained there, under her care, for the rest of his life.
Despite his illness, it was during this period that he created the calendars that made him famous. His designs also formed the basis for pottery and furniture. He and his wife were the models for the main characters in Leo en Gerda (1911), a novel by Aegidius Willem Timmerman [nl] about the generation of artists who began their careers in the 1880s. A street was named after him in 1923, and a monument was placed there in 2009.

## Selected works

* Peacock (calendar illustration)
* Swans in the River
* Return of the Stork
* Dead Bird under the Branches
# Ballyferriter

Baile an Fheirtéaraigh (Irish, meaning 'Ferriter's Townland') unofficially anglicised as Ballyferriter, or also known as An Buailtín, is a Gaeltacht village in County Kerry, Ireland. It is in the west of the Corca Dhuibhne (Dingle) peninsula and according to the 2002 census, about 75% of the town's population speak the Irish language on a daily basis. The village is named after the Norman-Irish Feiritéar family who settled in Ard na Caithne in the late medieval period. The last Chief of the Name was the seventeenth-century Bard and leader Piaras Feiritéar who was executed. The older Irish name for the village An B[h]uailtín ("the little dairy place") is still used locally.
The village lies at the base of Croaghmarhin Hill near Cuan Ard na Caithne (formerly also called Smerwick Harbour) on the Dingle Peninsula, on the R559 regional road which loops around the west of the peninsula, beginning and ending in Dingle Town. It has three pubs and one hotel. It also has a school, church, museum, Músaem Chorca Dhuibhne, the offices of the local co-op (Comharchumann Forbartha Chorca Dhuibhne) and a Garda station.
The village is busier throughout the summer due to an influx of Irish students, when both teenagers and adults attend Irish language courses in the local national school and other venues in the village as part of the local Irish colleges. University College Cork also owns a house there that facilitates a year-long study course for students at a higher level.
Between Ballyferriter and Smerwick Harbour is Dún an Óir (the Fort of Gold), an Iron Age promontory fort, which was the location of the Siege of Smerwick, a massacre in 1580. A 600-strong Spanish and Italian papal invasion force which had come as part of the Second Desmond Rebellion of James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald were besieged and massacred by the English crown forces of Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton.
Under a place-names order in 2004, the Minister for the Gaeltacht, Éamon Ó Cuív declared that the Irish place-name (Baile an Fheirtéaraigh) must be used on maps and signage.
# MEDNIK syndrome

MEDNIK syndrome (OMIM#609313), also known as "syndrome de Kamouraska" (syndrome from Kamouraska), is a genetic disorder that is caused by mutations to the AP1S1 gene. Transmission of the disease is believed to be autosomal recessive. Symptoms of the syndrome are intellectual disability, enteropathy, deafness, neuropathy, ichthyosis, and keratoderma (MEDNIK). People with MEDNIK syndrome often have a high forehead, upslanting palpebral fissures, a depressed nasal bridge, low-set ears, growth retardation, and brain atrophy apparent upon imaging. The disorder was discovered by Patrick Cossette and his research team from the Université de Montréal. MEDNIK syndrome was initially reported in a few French-Canadian families near Quebec who all shared common ancestors.
MEDNIK syndrome has been shown to create a defect in copper metabolism. Before MEDNIK, the only two inherited copper metabolism disorders known were Menkes disease and Wilson's disease. Menkes and Wilson's disease are both caused by mutations in copper ATPases that are distinct for each disease. Both ATPases, ATP7A (Menkes) and ATP7B (Wilson's) are located in the trans-Golgi network and are responsible for transporting copper to cuproenzymes synthesized within the secretory compartments. Patients with MEDNIK syndrome have been shown to display combined clinical and biochemical signs of both Menkes and Wilson's diseases.
The transport of copper, recycling of copper ATPases, and copper detoxification are reliant on proper intracellular copper trafficking. The defect in the AP1S1 gene causes improper function and trafficking of copper ATPases resulting in less retention in the trans-Golgi and excess copper in the plasma membrane.

## Cause

The mutation that causes the MEDNIK syndrome occurs in the gene, AP1S1, which codes for the smallest subunit of the AP1 adaptor complex. The AP-1 complex is one of five Adaptor Protein complexes that are found in eukaryotic cells. AP complexes mediate trafficking linking clathrin or other coat proteins to receptors in coated vesicles, selectively sorting cargo between cell membrane, trans-Golgi network, and endosomal compartments. The AP-1 complex is found in the trans-Golgi network and is responsible for controlling AP-1-coated vesicles and the trafficking of the ATPase's ATP7A and ATP7B. A mutation in AP1S1 causes abnormal intracellular copper trafficking which subsequently affects copper-dependent enzymes leading to the symptoms of MEDNIK disease.

## Management

There is currently no cure or treatments tailored directly toward MEDNIK syndrome. However, symptoms can be treated on an individual basis. Treatments can include: diuretics, steroids, pain medications, antidepressants, hydrotherapy, anti-inflammatories, and antibiotics.
# Findabair

Findabair or Finnabair (Modern Irish: Fionnabhair, pronounced) was a daughter of Ailill and Queen Medb of Connacht in Irish mythology. The meaning of the name is "white phantom" (etymologically cognate with Gwenhwyfar, the original Welsh form of Guinevere). The Dindsenchas also mention a Findabair who is the daughter of Lugaid Laigde.
Though not considered a main character in the Táin, Finnabair occupies a crucial role in the epic. During the war of the Táin, her hand is offered to a succession of warriors in exchange for their sparring with Cú Chulainn. Ultimately her beauty and charms serve as the driving force behind the deaths of hundreds of men, even compelling Fer Diad to fight Cú Chulainn, his beloved foster-brother and best friend, in the single combat which leads to his death by Cú Chulainn's Gáe Bulg.
In the Táin Bó Cúailnge, Finnabair's husband Fráech (whose story is told in the Táin Bo Fraích) is killed by Cú Chulainn in a river. Afterwards, Medb repeatedly offers her daughter to prospective warriors, first to Nad Crantail, then to Láríne Mac Nóis, in a truce with Cú Chulainn with the condition that he not attack her army by night in exchange for his provision each day with a warrior with whom to engage in one-on-one combat. Finnabair is offered to Cú Chulainn when no warrior can be found. After he accepts, she is taken to him by a fool dressed as the king, not by Ailill himself. Upon discovering this, Cú Chulainn kills the fool and puts a pillar through him and a pillar through Finnabair's tunic, thus leaving two stones in that location, called the Fool's Stone and Finnabair's Stone.$^{:100}$
Finnabair is subsequently offered to Fer Diad, "saying that he was her only darling, her chosen lover from among all the men in the world."$^{:123}$ The slaying of Fer Diad on Finnabair's account is greatly lamented by Cú Chulainn, and spurs him to speak many poems about him: “And Medb’s daughter Finnabair,/ that beautiful bait you hoped/ would be yours? You might as well/try to tie sand with a rope.”$^{:155}$ Her last and perhaps genuine love interest, Rochad Mac Faithemain, joined the forces of Ulster before the last great battle. To persuade him to not fight against Connacht, Medb uses her daughter's affection to strike a truce. Finnabair spends the night with Rochad, and eventually news of this reaches the 7 Kings of Munster, all of whom were also offered Finnabair for their allegiance. They take their complaints to Ailill's sons, which results in a battle and the eventual slaying of 700 men. Upon hearing how she has been used and had so many men die on her account, Finnabair drops dead of shame. "Hence the name Finnabair Sléibe, Finnabair of the Mountain."$^{:174}$
In the Táin Bo Fráich, Findabair loved Fráech but he would not pay her dowry, until bribed by Medb, he agreed to take her in return for his help in battle against Ulster in the Táin Bó Cuailnge (Cattle Raid of Cooley).
# Maigh Seóla

Maigh Seóla (Irish pronunciation:), also known as Hy Briuin Seola, was the territory that included land along the east shore of Lough Corrib in County Galway, Ireland. It was bounded to the east by the Uí Maine vassal kingdom of Soghain and extended roughly from what is now Clarinbridge in the south to Knockmaa Hill in the north. Its rulers belonged to the Uí Briúin Seóla and are sometimes found in the annals under the title "King of Uí Briúin" and "King of South Connacht". The earliest identifiable kings belonged to the line that became the Clann Cosgraigh. However in later times the line which would become the Muintir Murchada, under the O'Flaherty chiefs, monopolized the kingship.
The Muintir Murchada were based at Loch Cime (later called Lough Hackett) until forced west of Lough Corrib during the de Burgo led English invasion of Connacht in the 13th century. According to the 17th-century historian Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh, Maigh Seóla was considered part of Iar Connacht prior to the 13th-century Anglo-Norman invasion of Connacht. After the de Burgo / Burke family became established in Maigh Seola the territorial term Iar Connacht was only used to denote the territory of the O'Flahertys west of Lough Corrib and Lough Mask.
In English, the plain of Maigh Seóla is also known as Moyola.

## Kings of Maigh Seóla

* Donn mac Cumasgach, died 752
* Connmhach Mór mac Coscraigh, died 846
* Maelan mac Cathmogha, died 848
* Murchadh mac Maenach, died 891
* Cléirchén mac Murchadh, died 908
* Urchadh mac Murchadh, died 943
* Donnchadh mac Urchadh, died 959
* Murchad mac Flann mac Glethneachan, died 973
* Ruaidhrí mac Coscraigh, died 992
* Maelcairearda, died 993
* Brian mac Maelruanaidh, died 1003
* Muireadhach ua Flaithbheartach, died 1034
* Murchadh an Chapail Ua Flaithbheartaigh, died 1036
* Cathal mac Ruaidhri, died 1043
* Amhalgaidh mac Cathal, died 1075

## Annalistic references

From the Annals of the Four Masters:
* M990.7 - The wind sunk the island of Loch Cimbe suddenly, with its dreach and rampart, i.e. thirty feet.
# Emmenmatt railway station

Emmenmatt railway station (German: Bahnhof Emmenmatt) is a railway station in the municipality of Lauperswil, in the Swiss canton of Bern. It is an intermediate stop on the standard gauge Bern–Lucerne line of Swiss Federal Railways.

## Services

As of the December 2024 timetable change, the following services stop at Emmenmatt:
* Bern S-Bahn: S2: half-hourly service between Laupen BE and Langnau.
# Loeches

Loeches is a municipality of the Community of Madrid, Spain.
# Mechanics' Hall (New York City)

Mechanics' Hall was a meeting hall and theatre seating 2,500 people located at 472 Broadway in New York City, United States. It had a brown façade. Built by the Mechanics' Society for their monthly meetings in 1847, it was also used for banquets, luncheons, and speeches held by other groups.
The building eventually became a playhouse. During this time, it was variously known as the Abbey Theatre, Butler's American Theatre, and other names. The blackface minstrel troupe Buckley's Serenaders saw great success there until 1846. Christy's Minstrels became the resident minstrel company in February 1847 and bought the building later that year. They remained until July 1854, when the troupe disbanded. Bryants Minstrels played at Mechanics' Hall for the first time in 1857, leaving after May 1866, when the house was taken over for a season by minstrel showman Charles "Charlie" White.
In 1867, showman Robert Butler took over management of Mechanics' Hall following a fire that destroyed his former theater at 444 Broadway. Butler's luck was no better in the new venue as Mechanics' Hall was also destroyed by fire later that year.
# Saucereye porgy

The saucereye porgy (Calamus calamus) is an ocean-going species of fish in the family Sparidae. In Bermuda, they are also known as the goat's head porgy. In Jamaica, they are known as the Porgi grunt and the sugareye porgy. They may also be known simply by the name Porgy in several other Caribbean islands. Saucereye porgies are considered to be minor gamefishes and when caught are marketed both fresh and frozen.

## Taxonomy and naming

The Saucereye porgy was first described by the French zoologist, Achille Valenciennes in a 22-volume work entitled Histoire naturelle des poissons (Natural History of Fishes), which was a collaboration with fellow zoologist, Georges Cuvier. It was first described as Pagellus calamus, being placed in the genus Pagellus. It was since moved into Calamus, this name means "quill", in an allusion to what William Swainson described as “the second anal-fin spine, hollow, shaped as a pen" when he proposed the genus Calamus.

## Description

Saucereye porgies can grow up to 56 cm in length, but normally they are 30 to 45 cm long. Though some sources state that they can weigh up to 3 lbs, the largest record is only half that: 1.5 lbs. The cheek area is blue with yellow spots; there is also a dark blue smudge behind the upper gill opening.
* C. calamus in its natural habitat: A reef setting near Isla Juventud, Cuba.
* C. calamus swimming over flats in Cozumel, Mexico.

## Distribution and habitat

Saucereyes are found only in the western Atlantic Ocean—from North Carolina, east to Bermuda, and south to Brazil. They are most common around the cities of Key West and Havana. Adults are commonly found around coral reefs, where they are easily approached by divers, while juveniles are common to beds of sea grass (mainly Thalassia). Saucereyes feed on a variety of animals, such as mollusks, sea worms, brittle stars, hermit crabs, crabs and sea urchins.

## Relationship with humans

The Saurcereye porgy is mostly eaten by people in the West Indies, where it is most often caught. These fishes are also considered to be of minor commercial importance to the region, despite the occasional danger of ciguatera poisoning during red tide events. They are usually marketed fresh or frozen.