OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sandhawalia

Sandhawalia is a Jat clan of present-day India and Pakistan.

## History

The members of one particular Sandhanwalia Jat Sikh family occupied important positions in the Sikh Confederacy. The progenitor of this family was Choudhary Chanda Singh, who settled at the Sandhu wala village in present-day Pakistan, and consequently, came to be known as Sandhanwalia. His sons migrated to Rajasansi. The names of some of the Sandhawalia brothers included Lehna Singh, Basawa Singh, Budh Singh, Attar Singh, and Jaimal Singh.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh ruler of Punjab, has been described as "Jats" in records. This has led to the view that he belonged to the Jat. According to W. H. McLeod, however, it is more likely that he belonged to the Jat Clan got as the Sandhanwalias. Author Preminder Singh Sandhawalia believes that Ranjit Singh shared lineage with the Sandhawalias, although he did not share a direct line of descent with them.
After the assassination of Nau Nihal Singh, the Sandhawalia clan supported Chand Kaur to become the ruler. But, when Sher Singh forced Chand Kaur to abdicate the throne, Sandhawalias felt cheated and refused to accept his rule. Sandhawalias were banished from the Khalsa empire and fled to Calcutta in British India.
Sikh chieftain Ajit Singh Sandhawalia, who had served as Prime Minister first for Ranjit Singh then for Sher Singh's brother Kharak Singh and Karak Singh's son Nau Nihal, assassinated on 15 September 1843 Sher Singh, Maharaja of Sikh Empire, his son and heir apparent Pratap Singh and Sher Singh's wazir (prime minister) Dhian Singh. Sher Singh was killed as he was asked to inspect a new shotgun brought by Sandhawalia. Sandhawalia then pulled the trigger and later beheaded the wounded Sher Singh with his sword.
# Nevada State Route 342

State Route 342 (SR 342) is a short state highway in Nevada, United States. It is a loop route of State Route 341, running north through the communities of Silver City and Gold Hill before returning to State Route 341 near Virginia City. This highway is a historic route, dating back to the Comstock Lode of the 1860s. The highway loosely parallels, and crosses, the route of the Virginia and Truckee Railroad. Prior to renumbering in the 1970s this route was known as State Route 80.

## Route description

SR 342 is the original and shorter of the two routes between Silver City and Virginia City. However, trucks are required to use newer alignment (SR 341) due to 15% grades and hairpin curves. The route begins just south of Gold Hill, at the junction with SR 341. Both routes have Virginia City listed as the first control city, however all trucks are directed to use SR 341 instead of SR 342. The highway runs through narrow Gold Canyon for its entire length. This highway serves as the main street of Gold Hill and Silver City. While in Silver City the highway crosses the Virginia and Truckee Railroad, now a heritage railroad that once served as a primary route to transport silver from the mines in Virginia City.

## History

This highway was the principal highway between Virginia City and Carson City and has been in use since the Comstock Lode of the 1860s. The highway has appeared on Nevada highway maps since at least as far back as 1919 and was first numbered part of Nevada State Route 17 (modern State Route 341) sometime in the 1920s. The 1937 edition of the official Nevada Highway Map was the first to show both routes between Virginia City and Silver City, with both routes numbered 17. The 1949 edition showed separate numbers for the two routes, with the older route now numbered 80. It retained the 80 designation at least to 1979, before being renumbered route 342.

## Major intersections

Mileposts in Nevada reset at county lines; the start and end mileposts are given in the county column.
| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations |
| Lyon 0.00–0.84 | Silver City | 0.000 | 0.000 | SR 341 – Virginia City, Dayton, Carson City |
| Storey 0.00–2.943 | Virginia City | 2.943 | 4.736 | SR 341 – Silver City, Reno |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||||
# Frank E. Mann

Frank E. Mann (May 1, 1920 – April 25, 2007) was a politician from the state of Virginia. He served as mayor of Alexandria from 1961 to 1967 as a Democrat and again from 1976 to 1979 as an independent. He was also a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1970 to 1975.

## Early life

Frank Mann was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on May 1, 1920, and moved to Washington, D.C., as a boy. His mother was a descendant of Alexandria's historic Lee family. He graduated from McKinley Technology High School and was a 1941 graduate of George Washington University. During World War II, he served with the Seabees in the Navy and won a Bronze Star. He married Patricia Horne in 1940 and that marriage later ended in divorce. He later married Anita Rowland Izo of Alexandria in 1975 whom he was married to until his death. At the time of his death he had a daughter from his first marriage, Patty Lee Briggs of Laurel; two stepchildren, Amy Izo Fang of Arlington and Eric Izo of New York; seven grandchildren; and two great-grandchildren.

## Politics

Mann was elected mayor of Alexandria, Virginia, in 1961, and served nine years, but not consecutively. During his first two terms as mayor, Mann refused a salary, instead giving it to city employees seeking specialized training.
He left his position as mayor in 1967, and ran for the Virginia House of Delegates in 1969. He was elected to succeed Marion Galland and spent five years in the Virginia General Assembly (a part-time position) alongside conservative Democrat James McIlhany Thomson, during which the district's numbering changed.
Mann ran for mayor again in 1976 as an Independent. He defeated Democrat Melvin Bergheim and served until 1979, when he was defeated for reelection by Charles E. Beatley (whom he had succeeded) by a nearly two to one margin. Mann never held elected office again.

## Death

Mann died on April 25, 2007, of prostate cancer at his home in Old Town Alexandria. He was survived by his wife of thirty two years, Anita Rowland Mann, and three children and step-children.
# Nevada State Route 3C

State Route 3C (SR 3C) was the former route number for Walker Road, an unimproved road that ran from the California state line southwest of Hawthorne (where it becomes Bodie Road) to SR 208 south of Yerington.
SR 3C was commissioned in the mid-1940s. The route underwent no significant changes until 1973, when the southern terminus was moved 8 miles (13 km) north to Lucky Boy Road in Mineral County. SR 3C was decommissioned by 1982.
# Nevada State Route 400

State Route 400 (SR 400) is a state highway in central Pershing County, Nevada. It connects the rural town of Unionville to Mill City. The route originally extended further south under its prior designation as State Route 50.

## Route description

The route starts at the beginning of pavement on Unionville Road, about 3 miles (4.8 km) east of the rural townsite of Unionville in Buena Vista Valley at Kyle Hot Springs Road. From there, SR 400 heads northward over Buena Vista Creek as it heads northward towards Coyote Ranch. The route parallels the Humboldt Range on its trek northward through the desert. The highway crosses over Star Creek and passes through the Dun Glen Flat as it heads into Mill City. State Route 400 comes to an end at the Mill City Interchange on Interstate 80 and U.S. Route 95.

## History

The route's history begins as far back as 1933, when it appeared on official Nevada maps as a county road, diverging from old U.S. Route 40 beginning in Mill City and heading southerly past the current terminus through the town of Rochester, then westerly to reconnect to US 40. By 1935, the county road had been designated State Route 50 by the state. The route, as it existed in 1936, was an unpaved road approximately 42 miles (68 km) long. By 1941, SR 50 had been rerouted slightly to bypass Rochester to the north, connecting west to Oreana more directly and shaving 3 miles (4.8 km) off the route's length. The northern end of the route, composing the current limits of the highway, was paved by 1959.
SR 50 underwent no other major changes for several more years. However, the route would be affected by the 1976 renumbering of Nevada's state highway system that began on July 1, 1976. The paved portion of the route would become the present-day State Route 400, a designation first seen on state highway maps in 1978. The remainder of former State Route 50 was removed from the state highway system, except for a small section of the southwest end near Interstate 80 which was designated State Route 858 before also being removed from the system.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Pershing County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations |
| Unionville | 0.00 | 0.00 | Kyle Hot Springs Road |
| Mill City | 16.56 | 26.65 | I-80 / US 95 – Lovelock, Winnemucca |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Nevada State Route 487

State Route 487 (SR 487) is a north–south state highway in White Pine County, Nevada. The route follows Baker Road from the Utah–Nevada state line southeast of Baker to U.S. Route 6 and U.S. Route 50 (US 6 and US 50). The route was previously known as State Route 73 prior to 1976. SR 487 is designated as a Nevada Scenic Byway.

## Route description

SR 487 begins as at the Utah state line northwest of Garrison, Utah as the continuation of Utah State Route 21, which serves the towns of Milford and Beaver. From there, the route heads northwesterly on Baker Road through the desert terrain. The highway comes upon the town of Baker, near which there are pockets of farmland. In Baker, the route intersects Lehman Caves Road (SR 488), which is the gateway to Great Basin National Park. Leaving the town, SR 487 continues northwesterly through more desert lands. The route ends at the intersection of US 6/US 50, approximately seven miles (11 km) west of the Nevada–Utah state line.

## History

Baker Road first appears on official Nevada state highway maps as far back as 1937. Although the state's tourist maps did not show Baker Road carrying the State Route 73 designation until 1942, other state maps show the route number existing on the highway by 1937. The route was upgraded to a gravel road by 1948, and was fully paved by 1949.
SR 73 was eliminated from the state highway system as part of a mass renumbering of Nevada's state routes. The State Route 487 designation was assigned to the former alignment of SR 73 on July 1, 1976. The resulting change in the highway number was first seen on the 1978–79 edition of the official highway map. Since its re-designation as SR 487, there has not been any major changes to Baker Road.
The Nevada Department of Transportation designated State Route 487 as a Nevada Scenic Byway on March 27, 2000, simultaneously with SR 488 and the portion of US 6/US 50 near the highway's northern terminus.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in White Pine County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| ​ | 0.00 | 0.00 | SR-21 – Milford | Continuation beyond southern terminus into Utah |
| Baker | 5.49 | 8.84 | SR 488 (Lehman Caves Road) | serves Great Basin National Park |
| ​ | 11.01 | 17.72 | US 6 / US 50 – Ely, Delta | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Nevada State Route 531

State Route 531 (SR 531) was a state highway in Carson City, Nevada. It followed a portion of College Parkway in the northern part of the city. Created by 1995, the highway was turned over to city control in 2011.

## Route description

SR 531 began at the intersection of College Parkway and North Carson Street in northern Carson City. From there, the route traveled east along College Parkway as a four-lane thoroughfare serving mostly residential areas. After about a mile (1.6 km), the highway passed under an interchange with U.S. Route 395. College Parkway continued eastward from here to a junction with Lompa Lane, near the Carson City Airport. SR 531 ended at this intersection, but College Parkway continued east as State Route 525.

## History

State Route 531 was added to the Nevada highway network on February 7, 1995.
The SR 531 designation previously extended further east on College Parkway to Airport Road, giving the highway a total length of 1.95 miles (3.14 km). By 2006, the section east of Lompa Lane had been reassigned to SR 525.
As early as 2009, a proposal was being considered by Carson City and the Nevada Department of Transportation transfer ownership and control of some state roadways to the city. In exchange, the transportation department would reduce the city's payments toward construction of the Carson City Freeway by $5 million. Portions of College Parkway were among the streets being considered in this plan. State control of SR 531 was relinquished to Carson City on July 11, 2011.

## Major intersections

This table shows major intersections at the time SR 531 was removed from the state highway system. The entire route was in Carson City.
| mi | km | Destinations |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | US 395 Bus. (N. Carson Street) |
| | | US 395 – Reno, Minden |
| 1.65 | 2.66 | Lompa Lane |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||
# Nevada State Route 54

State Route 54 was a state highway in the U.S. state of Nevada, running west from U.S. Route 93 north of Panaca into Cathedral Gorge State Park. It was defined by 1935 and survived until the 1976 renumbering. Former SR 54 is now State Park Road LN12, owned by the state park but maintained by the Nevada Department of Transportation.
# Nevada State Route 715

State Route 715 is a 2.135-mile-long (3.436 km) state highway in Churchill County, Nevada. It runs north from SR 117 to U.S. Route 50 west of Fallon.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Churchill County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations |
| ​ | 0.000 | 0.000 | SR 117 |
| ​ | 2.135 | 3.436 | US 50 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Nevada State Route 796

State Route 796 (SR 796) is a state highway in Humboldt County, Nevada serving the Winnemucca area.

## Route description

State Route 796 begins at the main entrance to the Winnemucca Municipal Airport southwest of downtown Winnemucca in Grass Valley. From there, the highway travels northwest, crossing over Union Pacific Railroad tracks and ending at an Interstate 80 frontage road.

## History

SR 796 became a state highway on May 1, 1997.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Humboldt County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations |
| ​ | 0.00 | 0.00 | Winnemucca Municipal Airport |
| ​ | 1.33 | 2.14 | Frontage Road – Winnemucca |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Nevada State Route 82

Former State Route 82 (SR 82), also known as Belmont Road, is a road in Nye and Eureka counties in the U.S. state of Nevada, extending from State Route 376 (former State Route 8A) north of Tonopah northeast to U.S. Route 50 west of Eureka via Belmont. The southern portion from SR 376 to Belmont is paved, but the northern segment is unimproved.
Although still commonly referred to as State Route 82, the highway is not maintained by the Nevada Department of Transportation. It was eliminated as a state route as part of a Nevada state route renumbering project that began in 1976. The highway last appeared as a state route in the 1980 edition of the official Nevada Highway Map.
# Nevada State Route 828

State Route 828 (SR 828), also known as Farm District Road, is a 7.736-mile-long (12.450 km) state highway and old alignment of U.S. Route 50 Alternate (US 50 Alt.; Lincoln Highway) between Fernley and Hazen.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Lyon County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Fernley | 0.000 | 0.000 | I-80 BL / US 50 Alt. / US 95 Alt. to I-80 – Reno, Elko, Yerington, Fallon | Roundabout; western terminus; former US 95 on US 50 Alt. east and US 95 Alt. north; former US 95 Alt. south on US 50 Alt. east |
| ​ | 7.736 | 12.450 | US 50 Alt. – Fernley, Fallon | Eastern terminus; former US 95/US 95 Alt. |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Nevada State Route 856

State Route 856 (SR 856) is a state highway in Pershing County, Nevada serving Lovelock. The western portion of the route is also signed as Interstate 80 Business.

## Route description

State Route 856 begins as a continuation of Cornell Avenue (I-80 Bus.) at the intersection of Upper Valley Road (State Route 396) and 14th Street in northwestern Lovelock. The highway heads northeast as Airport Road, crossing over Upper Valley Road, an irrigation canal, and the Union Pacific Railroad tracks towards a half-interchange with Interstate 80 and U.S. Route 95. The route then continues east, crossing the Humboldt River and passing south of the now-abandoned Lovelock Airpark, reaching its terminus near the intersection of Reservoir Road.
Cornell Avenue, as a historic routing of U.S. Route 40–95, is designated as Interstate 80 Business through Lovelock. SR 856 carries the business loop from the northern end of Lovelock back to I-80, since Cornell Avenue does not intersect the interstate.

## History

Airport Road appears on maps as early as 1954, although it was not assigned a state highway number at the time. The road was assigned to State Route 856 on July 1, 1976.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Pershing County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Lovelock | 0.00 | 0.00 | I-80 BL west (Cornell Avenue) / SR 396 (Upper Valley Road) / 14th Street | West end of I-80 Business overlap |
| ​ | | | I-80 east / US 95 north – Winnemucca | East end of I-80 Business; I-80 exit 107; No access from I-80 eastbound or to I-80 westbound |
| ​ | 1.39 | 2.24 | Reservoir Road / Airport Road | |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus |||||
# Nevada State Route 860

State Route 860 (SR 860) is a state highway in southern Pershing County, Nevada. It runs 1.9 miles (3.1 km) from a cattle guard at Derby Field to a frontage road along Interstate 80 (FR PE01/Old U.S. Route 40). Between its two termini, SR 860 intersects with the southern terminus of SR 397.

## Major junctions

The entire route is in Pershing County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| ​ | 0.00 | 0.00 | Derby Field Road | |
| ​ | | | SR 397 (Westergard Road) | Southern terminus of SR 397 |
| ​ | 1.866 | 3.003 | Frontage Road | |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# George Carter I

George Carter I (1777—1846), son of Robert "Councillor" Carter the III and Frances Ann Tasker Carter was an American plantation owner most famous for building Oatlands Plantation, an estate located in Leesburg, Virginia. Although he unsuccessfully opposed his father's emancipation of slaves in the early 19th century, Carter owned slaves and became one of the wealthiest individuals in Virginia's Loudoun County.

## Early life

George's father Robert Carter III was a major planter and politician in colonial Virginia, famous both for his vast property interests as well as for serving on the Virginia Governor's Council, then supporting the patriot cause during the American Revolutionary War. Following the conflict, he became notorious within his class as an outspoken critic of slavery as well as for his phased manumission of 452 slaves during his lifetime. Meanwhile, rather than send George to his own alma mater, William & Mary, Robert sent George to the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (now Brown University), writing to its president James Manning that his sole motivation for doing so was Virginia's devotion to slavery, and that "On this consideration only, I do not intend that these two sons shall return to this State till each of them arrive at the age of 21 years."
After six years in Rhode Island, George began studying law at the University of Pennsylvania, also in a state trying to phase out slavery. However, he left shortly thereafter, returning to Virginia in 1798 at the age of 21 to take up management of the 3400 acres of land his father owned in Loudoun County.

## Building Oatlands Plantation

George began constructing Oatlands Plantation in 1804, and would continue to build on this estate throughout his life. George's father Robert, who also died in 1804, had begun emancipating slaves in 1791, a process which proved to be a long and drawn out legal affair, overseen by an executor, as well opposed by Robert's neighbors and family. In 1805, George Carter filed suit in an attempt to stop the remaining emancipations of Carter slaves, but the Virginia Court of Appeals ruled against George in 1808. George needed slaves for his work at Oatlands and thus set about buying more to replace those being emancipated. Census records indicate that in 1800, Oatlands had 10 slaves, and by 1860, 128 slaves.

## Personal life

George did not marry until 1835, at age 58, when he wed Elizabeth Osborne Carter, widow of Joseph Lewis Jr. George had earlier suggested in an 1816 letter that in one of his "vicious and corrupt" habits he had "been too open, and not used dissumulation enough, and have rendered myself liable to be animadverted upon - but in this I comfort myself in knowing that I have no mulatto children."
# Frank Taberski

Frank Taberski (1889–1941) was a professional pocket billiards player from Schenectady, New York. Nicknamed "The Gray Fox," he won 14 world titles.

## Biography

Taberski was born in 1889, and first made a living by selling milk door to door. He began practicing pool at 13 years of age, playing 30 minutes a day when his working hours were over.
In 1915, at age 26, he turned pro after attending the New York City pocket billiards championship.
In 1916 he became world champion by defeating Johnny Layton.
Also in 1916 he retained his title by defeating Ralph Greenleaf.
In 1917 he retained his title again by defeating James Maturo.
By 1918 he had won 10 consecutive challenge matches. Following those victories, Taberski temporarily retired that same year.
He returned to pocket billiards in 1925 and regained the world title from Greenleaf who held it over 10 challenge matches in a row.
His highest straight pool run is 238.
Taberski died in 1941. He was 52.
His son Harold Taberski was also a pool player.
Taberski was inducted into the Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame in 1975.

## Titles & achievements

* 1916 World Straight Pool Championship
* 1916 World Straight Pool Championship
* 1916 World Straight Pool Championship
* 1917 World Straight Pool Championship
* 1917 World Straight Pool Championship
* 1917 World Straight Pool Championship
* 1917 World Straight Pool Championship
* 1917 World Straight Pool Championship
* 1917 World Straight Pool Championship
* 1918 World Straight Pool Championship
* 1921 14.1 Record High Run. 200 Consecutive Balls
* 1925 National Straight Pool Championship
* 1927 NBAA World Straight Pool Championship
* 1927 NBAA World Straight Pool Championship
* 1928 NBAA World Straight Pool Championship
* 1928 NBAA World Straight Pool Championship
* 1975 Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame