OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Iodoresiniferatoxin

Iodoresiniferatoxin (I-RTX) is a strong competitive antagonist of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor. I-RTX is derived from resiniferatoxin (RTX).

## Sources

I-RTX can be prepared from RTX by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Iodide substitutes the 5-position.

## Chemistry

Iodination of RTX at the 5-position changes the toxin from an TRPV1-receptor agonist into an TRPV1-receptor antagonist, with only a little lower affinity for TRPV1 than RTX.
As RTX, I-RTX belongs to the daphnane family of molecules.
The substance is soluble in DMSO and in ethanol.
Binding of I-RTX is dependent upon temperature and pH value, as has been shown in research with HEK 293 cells expressing TRPV1. The optimal pH value is around 7.8 to 8.0 and binding increases markedly with temperature up to 37 °C and then decreases at higher temperatures.

## Target

Initially, iodoresiniferatoxin was thought to be a competitive antagonist of the TRPV1 receptor with high affinity (K$_d$ = 4.3 ± 0.9 nM to HEK 293/VR1 and K$_d$ = 4.2 ± 1.0 nM to rat spinal cord membranes), but recent research indicated also partial transient agonistic characteristics in the thermoregulatory system in mice, especially in higher concentrations ranging from 1 to 30 μM.
The TRPV1 receptor encodes a protein of 838 amino acids forming a calcium-permeable channel that is activated by capsaicin but also by noxious heat and low extracellular pH. TRPV1 receptors are expressed in many systems in the central and peripheral nervous system, and have a particularly important role in signal conduction in afferent pain pathways.

## Mode of action

The proposed molecular mode of action of TRPV1 antagonists is blocking of the channel pore. Several studies using either capsaicin, pH values < 6 or heat as the agonist have shown that I-RTX works as a strong competitive TRPV1 antagonist in vitro.
Recent studies also revealed partial TRPV1-agonist-like effects of I-RTX in the thermoregulatory system in mice, increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. It also exerts weak, partial agonism on recombinant TRPV1 in vitro. This agonistic effect could be due to metabolization whereby I-RTX would be deiodinated, converting it into RTX with its respective characteristics. In vivo, I-RTX showed analgesic activity in the capsaicin pain test. I-RTX thus is able to block TRPV1 mediated nociceptive and neurogenic inflammatory responses.

## Toxicity

In mice, I-RTX induces dose-dependent hypothermia in vivo. A statistically significant difference was reported at doses > 0.1 μmol/kg. The maximal effect was found with a dose of 1 μmol/kg, 60 to 100 minutes after administration. No lethality has been reported in this study.

## Therapeutic use

Clinical research is done on the use of I-RTX as an analgesic agent, although several drawbacks have been mentioned: complex chemical structure, high costs of production, and relatively unfavourable pharmacokinetic characteristics.
# Cithna margaritifera

Cithna margaritifera is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Liotiidae.
# Missouri Route 91

Route 91 is a short highway in southeastern Missouri. Its northern terminus is at Route 51 in Bollinger County; its southern terminus is at U.S. Route 61 in Morley. The last 22 miles (35 km) southbound run east, not south.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Scott | Morley | 0.000 | 0.000 | Route C (Harding Street) / Stephenson Street | Eastern terminus |
| Scott | Morley | 0.663 | 1.067 | US 61 north – Benton | Eastern end of US 61 overlap |
| Scott | Morley | 1.194 | 1.922 | US 61 south – Sikeston | Western end of US 61 overlap |
| Scott | ​ | 6.578 | 10.586 | Route CC north | |
| Stoddard | ​ | 9.891 | 15.918 | Route P south | |
| Stoddard | ​ | 10.843 | 17.450 | Route P north – Painton | |
| Stoddard | Bell City | 12.259 | 19.729 | Route N south | |
| Stoddard | ​ | 17.420 | 28.035 | Route 25 south – Bloomfield | Southern end of Route 25 overlap |
| Stoddard | ​ | 20.077 | 32.311 | Route OO east | |
| Stoddard | Advance | 22.435 | 36.106 | Route O | |
| Stoddard | Advance | 22.637 | 36.431 | Route 25 north – Delta | Northern end of Route 25 overlap |
| Stoddard | Advance | 20.077 | 32.311 | Route C west – Arab | |
| Bollinger | ​ | 28.102 | 45.226 | Route T east – Glennon | |
| Bollinger | ​ | 28.765 | 46.293 | Route 51 – Zalma, Marble Hill | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus ||||||
# New Mexico State Road 494

State Road 494 (NM 494) is a 1.9-mile-long (3.1 km) state highway in the US state of New Mexico. NM 494's southern terminus is a continuation of Banner Mine Road at the southern city border of Lordsburg, and the northern terminus is at U.S. Route 70 (US 70) and Interstate 10 Business (I-10 Bus.) in Lordsburg.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Lordsburg, Hidalgo County.
| mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | US 70 / I-10 BL | Northern terminus |
| 0.590 | 0.950 | I-10 | I-10 exit 22 |
| 1.918 | 3.087 | Banner Mine Road | Southern terminus, continues south as Banner Mine Road at southern city line |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||
# North Dakota Highway 48

North Dakota Highway 48 (ND 48) is a north–south state highway in the U.S. state of North Dakota. The southern segments southern terminus is at ND 25 in Center, and the northern terminus is at ND 200 west of Fort Clark. The northern segments southern terminus is at ND 200 east of Riverdale, and the northern terminus is at U.S. Route 83 (US 83) in Coleharbor.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Oliver | ​ | 0.000 | 0.000 | ND 25 | Beginning of southern section |
| Oliver–Mercer county line | Buford | 9.261 | 14.904 | ND 200A | End of southern section |
| Gap in route ||||||
| McLean | ​ | 0.000 | 0.000 | ND 200 | Beginning of northern section |
| McLean | Coleharbor | 2.906 | 4.677 | US 83 | End of northern section |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||||
# Teika, Riga

Teika is a neighbourhood in the Vidzeme Suburb of Riga, the capital of Latvia.
Teika is the only neighbourhood in Riga which was planned and partly built in the 1920s and 1930s during interwar Latvia. Built up areas consists mainly from 1- to 2-storey family houses, but there are also 5-storey apartment houses, especially around Brīvības street and Zemitāns Square. Teika was planned as a very modern district for those times and today is known for its Functionalist architecture which was widely practiced there.

## Gallery

* Monument to Jorģis Zemitāns in Zemitāns Square
* Piebalgas street in Teika
* Functionalist residential house on Āraišu street.
* Functionalist mansion on Lielvārdes street.
* Modern residential and office building complex Jaunā Teika (New Teika).
# Sean Olsson

Sean Olsson (born 2 March 1967) is a British bobsledder who competed during the 1990s. He won a bronze medal in the four-man event at Nagano in 1998. He continued competing after Nagano albeit having less success, and eventually moved to coaching
# Ike Maphotho

Isaac Lesiba Maphotho (26 February 1931 – 13 July 2019) was a South African anti-apartheid activist, revolutionary leader, African National Congress (ANC) stalwart and Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) veteran. Maphotho had previously served as a Member of the Limpopo Provincial Legislature.

## Early life

Isaac Lesiba Maphotho was born in Ga-Makgato in the then Transvaal province on 26 February 1931. He fulfilled his Standard 6 (Grade 8) education at the Uitkyk Secondary School in 1952. Maphotho soon relocated to Pretoria later in the same year in order to seek employment. He was employed by the Pretoria City Council, working in the now-defunct Department of Native Affairs.

## Career

He later became a member of the ANC and consequent party organiser in the areas of Benoni and Atteridgeville. He was one of the initial recruits of the Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) organisation, which was founded in December 1961. Maphotho became involved in underground activities of the ANC prior to him leaving the country to go to Dar es Salaam, Tanzania on 28 February 1961. The ANC deployed him to the Beirut International School in 1962. He returned to Dar es Salaam in 1963 and was soon sent for military training in the now-dissolved Soviet Union.
Maphotho served as the commander of the Luthuli Detachment. After fulfilling his training in 1965, he was deployed to the Kongwa Camp in Tanzania, from which he was a commander until 1967, and was promoted to the post of Chief Logistics Officer of the Detachment. The Rhodesian security personnel arrested him on 6 April 1968. He was sentenced to death on 9 August 1968 and imprisoned at the Khami Maximum Prison. He was released by the Zimbabwe Government of Prime Minister Robert Mugabe on 14 May 1980.
During the 1980s, he travelled to various countries during his tenure as a leader of the ANC to muster international support for the ANC against the apartheid government. Maphotho returned to South Africa in 1992. He served in the Limpopo Provincial Government and as a Member of the Limpopo Provincial Legislature. He helped initiate the Limpopo Premier's Bursary Fund. President Thabo Mbeki awarded him the Order of Luthuli in Silver in 2006.

## Death and legacy

Maphotho died of natural causes during the early hours of 13 July 2019 at his home in Bendor, Polokwane. National Spokesperson of the ANC, Pule Mabe, confirmed his death. He was 88 years old at the time of his death. President Cyril Ramaphosa declared on 17 July 2019 that a state funeral would be held for Maphotho. His funeral was held on 21 July 2019. President Ramaphosa delivered the eulogy. He is the first person to be buried at the newly-established Heroes Acre section of the Silicon Cemetery in Polokwane.
The ANC Polokwane branch is named after Maphotho.
# Marxism and Problems of Linguistics

"Marxism and Problems of Linguistics" (Russian: Марксизм и вопросы языкознания, romanized: Marksizm i voprosy yazykoznaniya) is an article written by Joseph Stalin, most of which was first published on 20 June 1950, in the newspaper Pravda (the "answers" attached at the end came later, in July and August), and was in the same year published as a pamphlet in large numbers.
The article appeared in the context of the last wave of publications by followers of Nikolai Marr who supported the Japhetic theory, attacking the "old" linguistics, that had started in Pravda on 9 May 1950. Yet, instead of supporting Marr's linguistic theories, Stalin brought the campaign into a full turn, decisively ending the acceptability of Marr's theories in Soviet science. The "discussion" in the paper lingered a little while longer but did not bring much new, due to the impossibility of arguing with Stalin, and the field of Soviet linguistics was effectively shifted. The next year, the Academy of Sciences published a hardbound volume of commentaries named "Session of the Department of Social Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR devoted to the anniversary of the publication of 'Marxism and Problems of Linguistics'", running a print of 10,000.
After the publication of this article, Marr's theories were largely abandoned by Soviet linguists, and an emphasis on Russian language research was promoted instead.
# Fujimigaoka Station

Fujimigaoka Station (富士見ヶ丘駅, Fujimigaoka-eki), i.e. Fuji View Hill Station, is a railway station on the Keio Inokashira Line in Suginami, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Keio Corporation.

## Lines

Fujimigaoka Station is served by the 12.7 km Keio Inokashira Line from Shibuya in Tokyo to Kichijōji. Located between Takaido and Kugayama, it is 9.4 km from the Shibuya terminus.

## Service pattern

Only all-stations "Local" services stop at this station. During the daytime, there are eight services per hour in either direction.

## Layout

The station consists of a single ground-level island platform serving two tracks. The station has an above-track station building. Construction of the current station building began in March 2010, and was completed in December of the same year. There are elevators and escalators between the station building concourse and platform, and to the ground level at the north and south exits (though there is no escalator between the station building and ground level at the south exit).
The underground passage that was previously used to connect to the old station building until December 2010 has been maintained as a free passageway for pedestrians to cross the tracks on the south side.
To the west of the station lies Fujimigaoka Depot (富士見ヶ丘検車区, Fujimigaoka kensha-ku). Also to the west of the station is an interchange between the two lines of tracks allowing trains to move from the Shibuya-bound tracks to Kichijoji-bound tracks and vice versa. Because trains are stabled at the depot overnight, there are some morning trains which run from this station to Shibuya.
The toilets are on the second floor, inside the ticket gates. These include multi-purpose toilets.

### Platforms

| 1 | IN Keio Inokashira Line | for Kugayama and Kichijōji |
| 2 | IN Keio Inokashira Line | for Shimo-Kitazawa, Meidaimae, and Shibuya |

## History

The station opened on 1 August 1933.
From 22 February 2013, station numbering was introduced on Keio lines, with Fujimigaoka Station becoming "IN13".

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2011, the station was used by an average of 13,370 passengers daily.
The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below.
| Fiscal year | Daily average |
| 1999 | 13,911 |
| 2010 | 13,468 |
| 2011 | 13,370 |
# Janki Lal Bhand

Janki Lal Bhand (born 1943), popularly known as Monkey Man and बहरूपिया बाबा is an Indian Saang artist and impressionist (Bahrupiya) from Rajasthan. He received Padma Shri Award, the fourth highest Indian civilian honour in 2024.

## Early life

Bhand was born on 1 January 1943 in Chittorgarh, Kingdom of Mewar. He does not have any Institutional degree.
In 1963, he moved to Bhilwara and started working as a labourer in a textile mill, he eventually left the job to continue his passion of entertaining people.

## Career

Bhand has been entertaining people for more than 65 years and has performed across more than 10 countries.
He is known as “Monkey Man” internationally and “बहरूपिया बाबा “ in India.

## Personal life

Bhand belongs to the Bhand community of Rajasthan, which is included in the list of scheduled castes in Rajasthan.
His family has been in the same profession (Behrapuriya) since last three generations.
He has a son named Laadu Lal Bhand.
# Al Hollingsworth (baseball)

Albert Wayne "Boots" Hollingsworth (February 25, 1908 – April 28, 1996) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher with the Cincinnati Reds, Philadelphia Phillies, Brooklyn Dodgers, Washington Senators, St. Louis Browns and the Chicago White Sox between 1935 and 1946. Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Hollingsworth batted and threw left-handed. He was listed as 6 feet (1.83 m) tall and 174 pounds (79 kg). Hollingsworth earned his nickname when, as a first baseman early in his career, he made an error in the field. He became a full-time pitcher during the 1933 season, his sixth in pro ball.
Hollingsworth was a member of the 1944 Browns, the only St. Louis–based team to win an American League pennant. Ironically, 1944 was Hollingsworth's worst regular season among the four full years he spent as a Brown; he won only five of 12 decisions, posted a poor 4.47 earned run average, and surrendered 108 hits and 37 bases on balls in 922⁄3 innings pitched, with only 22 strikeouts. He appeared in Game 4 of the "All-St. Louis" 1944 World Series, allowing one run in four innings pitched in relief of starting pitcher Sig Jakucki. He had two stellar seasons for the Browns, however, in 1942 and 1945, each time compiling winning records with an ERA of under 3.00.
Hollingsworth was also involved in a noteworthy trade earlier in his career when, on June 13, 1938, he was sent by Cincinnati to the Philadelphia Phillies along with catcher Spud Davis and $50,000 in cash for right-handed pitcher Bucky Walters. Walters would win 160 of 267 decisions during his Cincinnati pitching career, and help lead the Reds to the 1939 and 1940 National League pennants, and the 1940 World Series championship.
Hollingsworth appeared in 315 Major League games pitched, 185 as a starting pitcher. In 1,5201⁄3 innings, he allowed 1,642 hits and 587 bases on balls, with 608 strikeouts, seven shutouts and 15 saves. His professional playing career lasted for 20 consecutive seasons, including minor league service. He then had a lengthy post-playing career as a manager in the St. Louis Cardinals and Cleveland Indians organizations, the pitching coach for the Cardinals from April 29, 1957, through 1958, and a scout for the Redbirds, Washington Senators, Houston Astros and Oakland Athletics.
As a hitter, Hollingsworth posted a .196 batting average (103-for-525) with 53 runs, 2 home runs, 32 RBIs and 23 bases on balls. Defensively, he recorded a .966 fielding percentage.
Hollingsworth died April 28, 1996, in Austin, Texas, aged 88.
# New Mexico State Road 500

State Road 500 (NM 500) is a 12.347-mile-long (19.871 km) state highway in the US state of New Mexico. NM 500's western terminus is at NM 45 in Albuquerque, and the eastern terminus is at Interstate 25 (I-25) and U.S. Route 85 (US 85) in Albuquerque. From I-25, NM 500 continues east as Rio Bravo Boulevard to University Boulevard.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Albuquerque, Bernalillo County.
| mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | NM 45 | Western terminus |
| | | Isleta Boulevard | Former routing of NM 314 |
| | | Second Street | Routing of former NM 303 |
| | | NM 47 | |
| 12.347 | 19.871 | I-25 / US 85 | Eastern terminus, I-25 exit 220, continues west to University Boulevard as Rio Bravo Boulevard |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||
# Arie Livne Jewish Cultural Center

The Arie Livne Jewish cultural center is a cultural center in the town of Banja Luka in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Inaugurated in 2014, it is the only such facility built after the Second World War in the Balkans. The cultural center is used for the affirmation of Jewish culture, history and tradition. It includes a religious centre - the Ilona Weiss synagogue - as well as shops, coffee bars, and private spaces.

## Overview

The synagogue is part of the Jewish cultural centre is named after the mother of Arie Livne, Ilona Weiss, who during World War II was murdered in Auschwitz. This is one of the two synagogues in the territory of the Republic of Srpska, the other being located in Doboj.
The first Days of Israel and Jewish culture were organised at the Arie Livne Jewish cultural center in 2015.
The Jewish cultural center is named after Arie Livne, friend of Republika Srpska's President Milorad Dodik, who named him as Representative of Republika Srpska in Israel. In 2017 it was revealed that the office is registered as a private company in Israel, despite having received nearly one million Bosnian Marks in public subsidies. Livne was later declared as persona non grata in Israel, and Dodik threatened to cut off all relations between Republika Srpska and Israel because of this.
# Airfinity

Airfinity Ltd is a UK-based data and analytics company. It specialises in monitoring and forecasting trends in the global disease and public health industries.

## History

Airfinity was co-founded in 2015 by Rasmus Bech Hansen and Sacha Carton and is one of the 515 companies in which the UK government's Future Fund retains equity.
In 2020, the company became one of the most quoted data companies in the media for its COVID-19 reports, having been described as doing "the best modelling of the pandemic data" by professor Sir John Bell.
In July 2022, Airfinity's analysis on COVID-19 vaccines estimated AstraZeneca's vaccine Vaxzevria saved 6.3m lives worldwide in its first year of usage and Pfizer/BioNTech's Comirnarty saved 5.9 million lives in the same time period.
On 25 December 2022, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention announced it would no longer be sharing data on COVID-19 infections. After this, Airfinity became the leading source of COVID-19 infection and death estimates in China.
Based on regional modelling, Airfinity estimated between 1.3 and 2.1 million people would die in the first wave of infections. The firm's epidemiological forecast predicted cases would peak at 4.8 million a day and deaths would peak at 9,000 a day.
In April 2023, The Rhodes Trust hosted a policy summit where experts discussed learnings from the pandemic. Speakers included Sir John Bell, Sir Tony Blair, George Fu Gao, Richard Hatchett, and Andrew Pollard. During the summit, Airfinity's CEO Rasmus Bech Hansen presented the company's forecast on the likelihood of another pandemic, which suggested that there was a 27.5% of a COVID-like pandemic occurring in the next decade.
# Jafta Masemola

Jafta Kgalabi Masemola OLS (12 December 1931 – 17 April 1990), also known as The Tiger of Azania and Bra Jeff, was a South African anti-apartheid activist, teacher, and founder of the armed wing of the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). He is the only person to spend 27 years in South African prison [Robben Island] during the apartheid era in South Africa, and was released in October 1989, shortly before the legalization of the PAC and the African National Congress by F. W. de Klerk. He served the longest sentence of any political prisoner in Robben Island prison in South Africa.
Masemola was a teacher in Atteridgeville township in Pretoria in the 1950s.
Together with Robert Sobukwe, Masemola co-founded PAC in 1959 in Soweto. Subsequently, he worked for PAC's youth organization in Atteridgeville and then headed PAC's military wing, Poqo.
In 1962 Masemola was arrested and convicted on the charge of smuggling individuals out of the country for military training and blowing up power lines. He was imprisoned at Robben Island.
He was released from the prison on 15 October 1989 together with ANC members Ahmed Kathrada, Raymond Mhlaba, Wilton Mkwayi, Andrew Mlangeni, Oscar Mpetha, Elias Motsoaledi and Walter Sisulu.
Masemola was killed in a car accident shortly after his release in 1990.