OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shocking gum

Shocking gum is a practical joke device that delivers a mild electric shock. The victim is offered what appears to be the last stick of chewing gum from a package; touching or pulling the stick of gum triggers the shock. A few novelty companies have produced "shocking gum" packages since the 1950s, depicting fictitious brands such as Fruit Juicy and JB.
In 2005, the U.S. Marine Corps reported that insurgents in Iraq were using shock chewing gum as a form of torture, forcing prisoners to bite down on the sticks.
Another closely related prank device is the chewing gum bug, in which a fake plastic bug attached to a metal spring instead "snaps" the hand of the person who attempts to take the piece of gum.
# Chop shop (disambiguation)

Chop shop is a slang phrase with various uses including an illegal location or business which disassembles stolen automobiles for the purpose of selling them as parts.
Chop shop may also refer to:
* Chop Shop (TV series), a Canadian docusoap TV series directed by Ziad Touma about a "rock 'n' roll" hairdressers
* Chop Shop (film), a 2007 American film
* Chop Shop (novel), a 2004 novel by American writer Tim Downs
* Chop Shop (musician), also known as Scott Konzelmann, a noise musician
* Chop Shop: London Garage, a sequel to the TV series Bangla Bangers
* Chop Shop Records, a California-based record label
* Chop Shop, a fictional shop in Blue Sky Studios' Robots
# Analog signal

An analog signal (American English) or analogue signal (British and Commonwealth English) is any continuous-time signal representing some other quantity, i.e., analogous to another quantity. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous signal voltage varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves.
In contrast, a digital signal represents the original time-varying quantity as a sampled sequence of quantized values. Digital sampling imposes some bandwidth and dynamic range constraints on the representation and adds quantization noise.
The term analog signal usually refers to electrical signals; however, mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and other systems may also convey or be considered analog signals.

## Representation

An analog signal uses some property of the medium to convey the signal's information. For example, an aneroid barometer uses rotary position as the signal to convey pressure information. In an electrical signal, the voltage, current, or frequency of the signal may be varied to represent the information.
Any information may be conveyed by an analog signal; such a signal may be a measured response to changes in a physical variable, such as sound, light, temperature, position, or pressure. The physical variable is converted to an analog signal by a transducer. For example, sound striking the diaphragm of a microphone induces corresponding fluctuations in the current produced by a coil in an electromagnetic microphone or the voltage produced by a condenser microphone. The voltage or the current is said to be an analog of the sound.

## Noise

An analog signal is subject to electronic noise and distortion introduced by communication channels, recording and signal processing operations, which can progressively degrade the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). As the signal is transmitted, copied, or processed, the unavoidable noise introduced in the signal path will accumulate as a generation loss, progressively and irreversibly degrading the SNR, until in extreme cases, the signal can be overwhelmed. Noise can show up as hiss and intermodulation distortion in audio signals, or snow in video signals. Generation loss is irreversible as there is no reliable method to distinguish the noise from the signal.
Converting an analog signal to digital form introduces a low-level quantization noise into the signal due to finite resolution of digital systems. Once in digital form, the signal can be transmitted, stored, and processed without introducing additional noise or distortion using error detection and correction.
Noise accumulation in analog systems can be minimized by electromagnetic shielding, balanced lines, low-noise amplifiers and high-quality electrical components.
# Natale Schiavoni

Natale Schiavoni (25 April 1777 – 15 April 1858) was an Italian painter and engraver, specializing in history and portraits. Many of his paintings depict seductive nubile women.

## Biography

Schiavoni was born in Chioggia, near Venice, and was claimed by Frederick Mason Perkins to be a distant descendant of Andrea Schiavone, the Renaissance painter. In Venice, he trained with Francesco Maggiotto and later came under the influence of the Neoclassicism.
He was peripatetic, traveling in 1800 to Trieste, and in 1810 to Milan, where he painted Eugène de Beauharnais and the royal family. In Milan, he was able to frequent the studios of Appiani, Longhi, and Sabatelli. In 1816, Schiavoni was invited by the Austrian emperor to Vienna, to become the official portraitist for the court. From there, he returned to Venice in 1821, where he became professor at the Academy of Fine Arts. He resided in the Palazzo Giustinian on the Grand Canal. He died there in 1858.
Among his works are a Penitent Magdalene (1852), in the National Gallery of Berlin; a painting on the same subject at the Vienna Museum; a Bacchante, at the Stadel Gallery in Frankfort; and an Adoration of Shepherds, displayed at the British Museum, London. He was awarded a gold medal at an exhibition in Brussels.
The art historian, Pietro Selvatico [it], later described his works as in coloring, highly skillful, but in shading, inimitably supreme.
His sons Felice (1803–68) and Giovanni (1804–48) were also painters of mythology and history. Among his followers was Antonio Zuccaro (1815–1892). Many of his paintings were engraved by Luigi Boscolo.

## Gallery

* Grand Duke Alexander Nikolaevich, 1838
* Odalisque, 1845, Museo Revoltella, Trieste.
* Dream of a Sixteen Year old, circa 1820.
* The Sleeper, circa 1820.
* Venus
* Flora , Museo civico Luigi Bailo Treviso
# Wheelchair fencing at the 1980 Summer Paralympics

Wheelchair fencing at the 1980 Summer Paralympics consisted of seventeen events.

## Medal summary
### Men's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Épée individual 1C-3 details | Mohamed Benamar France | Terry Willett Great Britain | Massimo Penna Italy |
| Épée individual 4–5 details | Christian Lachaud France | Dieter Leicht West Germany | Arthur Bellance France |
| Épée team details | France (FRA) | Great Britain (GBR) | West Germany (FRG) |
| Foil individual 2–3 details | Hans-Joachim Bohm West Germany | Andre Hennaert France | Mohamed Benamar France |
| Foil individual 4–5 details | Arthur Bellance France | Dieter Leicht West Germany | Aimé Planchon France |
| Foil novice individual details | Giulio Martelli Italy | Alain Siclis France | Jean-Claude Coralie France |
| Foil team details | France (FRA) | West Germany (FRG) | Great Britain (GBR) John Clark Mike Kelly Howard Wardle |
| Sabre individual 2–3 details | Mike Kelly Great Britain | Terry Willett Great Britain | Hans-Joachim Bohm West Germany |
| Sabre individual 4–5 details | Christian Lachaud France | Aimé Planchon France | Ronny Waterbley Belgium |
| Sabre team details | France (FRA) Jean-Claude Coralie Andre Hennaert Christian Lachaud Aimé Planchon | Great Britain (GBR) Mike Kelly Tom Killin Howard Wardle Terry Willett | Italy (ITA) Vittorio Loi Renzo Molinari Germano Pecchenino Oliver Venturi |

### Women's events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Foil individual 2–3 details | Ayala Malchan Israel | Therese Lemoine France | Hemda Levy Israel |
| Foil individual 4–5 details | Josette Bourgain France | Monique Siclis France | Margalit Peretz Israel |
| Foil novice individual details | Osanna Brugnoli Italy | M. den Uyl Netherlands | M. Tichelaar Netherlands |
| Foil team details | France (FRA) Josette Bourgain Therese Lemoine Monique Siclis | Israel (ISR) Hemda Levy Ayala Malchan Margalit Peretz Rachel Tassa | Italy (ITA) Gabriella Bareggie Irene Monaco Rosa Sicari |

### Mixed events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Foil individual 1A details | Paolo D'Agostini Italy | Philip Wouters Belgium | Maggie McLellan Great Britain |
| Foil individual 1B details | Rosa Sicari Italy | Bruno Paganelli Italy | None |
| Foil individual 1C details | Guenter Spiess West Germany | Aldo Licciardi Italy | Jean-Pierre Leroux France |
# Eve Chalom

Eve Chalom (born October 22, 1979) is an American former competitive ice dancer. With Mathew Gates, she is the 1996 Nebelhorn Trophy silver medalist and a two-time (1997, 1999) U.S. national silver medalist.

## Personal life

Chalom was born October 22, 1979, in Detroit, Michigan. She is profoundly hearing impaired, having lost a significant portion of her hearing in both ears in a car accident when she was four years old. After studying elementary education and American sign language at Madonna University in Livonia, Michigan, she went on to receive bachelor's degrees from the University of Michigan in English and Philosophy. She received a master’s degree in Dance Movement Therapy, and was certified as a brain injury specialist and yoga teacher. She also has been a skating coach and performed with the Ice Theater of New York and Ice Semble Chicago. She has a private dance movement therapy practice.

## Career

Chalom teamed up with British skater Mathew Gates in 1992, following a tryout in Boston arranged by Elizabeth Coates. They decided to represent the United States. After winning national titles on the novice level in 1993 and on the junior level in 1995, the duo took bronze at the 1996 U.S. Championships in their first season as seniors.
In the 1996–97 season, Chalom/Gates were awarded silver at the 1996 Nebelhorn Trophy and debuted on the Champions Series (later known as the Grand Prix series). They also won silver at the 1997 U.S. Championships and were assigned to the 1997 World Championships in Lausanne, where they placed 17th.
Chalom/Gates were ineligible for the 1998 Winter Olympics because he was not yet an American citizen. They finished fourth at the 1998 U.S. Championships. They were coached by Coates and Igor Shpilband until the end of the 1997–98 season and then switched to Warren Maxwell and Christopher Dean in Plano, Texas. In their final season together, Chalom/Gates won their second national silver medal and finished 17th at the 1999 World Championships in Helsinki, Finland.
Chalom teaches figure skating and is a dance movement therapist in Chicago.

## Programs

(with Gates)
| Season | Original dance | Free dance |
| 1998–99 | | Symphony No. 25 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Lacrimosa (from Requiem) by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart |

## Results

GP: Champions Series / Grand Prix
(with Gates)
International :
| Event | 92–93 | 93–94 | 94–95 | 95–96 | 96–97 | 97–98 | 98–99 |
| Worlds | | | | | 17th | | 17th |
| GP Cup of Russia | | | | | 8th | 5th | |
| GP Nations Cup | | | | | 9th | 9th | |
| GP NHK Trophy | | | | | | | 7th |
| GP Skate America | | | | | | | 7th |
| GP Skate Canada | | | | | 7th | | |
| Nebelhorn Trophy | | | | 12th | 2nd | | |
| St. Gervais | | | 10th | 8th | | | |
| Basler Cup | | | | 3rd | | | |
| International: Junior ||||||||
| Junior Worlds | | 14th | | | | | |
| National ||||||||
| U.S. Champ. | 1st N | 3rd J | 1st J | 3rd | 2nd | 4th | 2nd |
| Levels – N: Novice; J: Junior ||||||||
# Grapholita compositella

Grapholita compositella, the clover seed moth, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found from Europe to Asia Minor, Mongolia, China and eastern Russia, and in North America.
The wingspan is 8–10 mm. The face and palpi are white. The forewings are dark fuscous. The costa has eight long white strigulae, several ending in leaden-metallic marks.There is a slightly curved broad quadrate whitish median dorsal blotch, with three parallel blackish lines, surmounted by a leaden-metallic mark. The ocellus is represented by a leaden - metallic transverse mark. The hindwings in the male are white, the apex broadly fuscous; in the femalethey are dark fuscous, lighter basally.
There are two generations per year, with adults on wing in May and June and again in August. Males fly during the day, while females fly towards sunset.
The larvae feed on Trifolium species, including Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens. They have also been recorded on Glycine max, Medicago sativa, Melilotus, Lotus corniculatus and other Leguminosae species.
# James McClennon

James William McClennon (16 December 1900 – 1971) was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League for Brentford and Grimsby Town as a full back.

## Career statistics

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | FA Cup | FA Cup | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Brentford | 1925–26 | Third Division South | 24 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 26 | 0 |
| Career Total | Career Total | Career Total | 24 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 26 | 0 |
# Brehov

Brehov (Slovak pronunciation:; Hungarian: Imreg) is a village and municipality in the Trebišov District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1309. A convent of Franciscans friars was founded in 1752.

## Geography

The village lies at an altitude of 130 metres and covers an area of 7.901 km². It has a population of about 640 people.

## Ethnicity

The village is approximately 45% Hungarian and 55% Slovak.

## Facilities

The village has a public library and a football pitch.

## Genealogical resources

The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Kosice, Slovakia"
* Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1752–1902 (parish A)
* Greek Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1772–1895 (parish B)
* Reformated church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1816–1895 (parish B)
# Óscar Pachón

Óscar Mauricio Pachón Melo (born 28 April 1987) is a Colombian professional road cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Continental team Yunnan Lvshan Landscape.

## Major results
### 2008

    6th Overall Doble Sucre Potosí GP Cemento Fancesa

### 2012

    8th Overall Vuelta Ciclista de Chile

### 2013

    1st Stage 5 Vuelta a Antioquia
    2nd Overall Vuelta a la Independencia Nacional

### 2014

    1st Tobago Cycling Classic
    4th Road race, National Road Championships

### 2015

    1st Overall Vuelta a Cundinamarca
       1st Stages 1 & 2
    3rd Overall Vuelta Mexico

### 2016

    1st Stage 2 Tour of Tobago
    4th Overall Vuelta al Tolima
       1st Mountains classification
    4th Tobago Cycling Classic

### 2018

    1st Overall Tour of Tobago
       1st Stages 1 & 5
    4th Overall Vuelta a Cundinamarca
       1st Stage 2

### 2020

    3rd Overall Vuelta al Tolima

### 2022

    1st Overall Tour por la Paz
       1st Stage 3

### 2023

    1st Overall Chengdu Tianfu Greenway International Cycling Race
       1st Mountains classification
    4th Overall Vuelta a la Independencia Nacional
       1st Mountains classification
# Chie Hayakawa

Chie Hayakawa (born August 20, 1976) is a Japanese film director and screenwriter based in Tokyo.

## Personal life and education

Hayakawa graduated from the New York School of Visual Arts in 2001. Her various early short films were screened at the school's gallery and film festivals. She gave birth to two children in New York and returned to Tokyo in 2008.

## Film career

In Tokyo, she enrolled in a one-year film program at a night school whilst working. Her thesis film, Niagara, was selected for the screening at the Cannes Film Festival in 2014, and won the Grand Prix at the Pia Film Festival.
In 2022, her first feature film Plan 75 received Caméra d'Or — Mention Spéciale (also called Caméra d'Or — Mention d'honneur) at the Cannes Film Festival.
# Gerard Horenbout

Gerard Horenbout or Gerard Hourenbout (c. 1465–c. 1541) was a Flemish miniaturist, a late example of the miniature tradition in Early Netherlandish painting. He is "likely and widely accepted" to be the Master of James IV of Scotland, a leading miniaturist of the period, responsible for the Spinola Hours and other major projects of the last flowering of the Flemish miniature tradition.

## Biography

Horenbout lived and worked in Ghent and is best known as a manuscript illustrator. He also made stained glass, tapestries, embroidery designs, ironworks and panel painting. First mentioned in 1487, when he joined the painters Guild of Saint Luke. He was married to Margaret Svanders soon after joining the guild. They had six children, two of whom were the artists Lucas Horenbout and Susanna Hornebolt. There were also sons Eloy and Joris. Lucas, Susanna and at least one more of his sons were trained by Horenbout to be painters.
He had at least two apprentices, one in 1498, and one in 1502. In 1515, he was made painter to Archduchess Margaret of Austria, and also briefly worked at the court of Henry VIII in England. He was visited by Albrecht Dürer in 1521, when Dürer bought an illustrated manuscript made by his daughter Susanna Horenbout. His son Lucas Horenbout was also a well-known painter.
His wife, Margaret Svanders, or van Saunders, died in 1529 and he made the brass plaque found at All Saints' Church in Fulham, London.
He died about 1540 or 1541.

## Works

* Miniatures in the Breviary of Eleanor of Portugal, ca. 1500
* Miniatures in the Hours of James IV of Scotland, between 1502 and 1503
* 16 miniatures in the Sforza Hours for Archduchess Margaret of Austria, between 1517 and 1520 (now in the British Library)
* Miniatures in the Grimani Breviary, before 1520
* Portraits of Lieven Van Pottelsberghe and Livina Van Steelant, c. 1525, in the Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent
Major works attributed to the Master of James IV of Scotland include the Spinola Hours in the Getty Museum, "the most pictorially ambitious and original sixteenth-century Flemish manuscript", the Grimani Breviary in Venice, the Holford Hours in Lisbon (1526, probably his last work), the "Rothschild Prayerbook" (or "Hours"), the "Vatican Hours" and two detached miniatures in the Cloisters Museum. On large projects he often collaborated with other masters. For example, in the Mayer van den Bergh Breviary, he was one of at least 12 artists who contributed to the decoration.
# Elizabeth City Water Plant

Elizabeth City Water Plant is a historic municipal water plant located at Elizabeth City, Pasquotank County, North Carolina. The complex includes the contributing Elizabeth City Water Plant Building, Coagulation Basin (1926), Raw Water Pump House (c. 1935), the Circular Finished Water Reservoir (1926), and the Raw Water Reservoir (c. 1935). The Elizabeth City Water Plant Building is a Mission Revival style brick building sheathed in stucco and built in 1926. It consists of a projecting three-bay three-story central pavilion flanked on each side by identical two-story blocks. It is topped by a broad hipped roof covered by green clay tiles.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.
# Hikmat Muradov

Hikmat Oktay oghlu Muradov (Azerbaijani: Hikmət Oqtay oğlu Muradov) (23 January 1969 in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR – 29 October 1991 in Xanabad, Khojaly, Azerbaijan) was the National Hero of Azerbaijan and warrior during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.

## Early life and education

Muradov was born on 23 January 1969 in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR. From 1976 to 1986 he studied at the secondary school No. 190. That year he entered the Krasnokustk Civil Aviation School. After graduating in 1991 he was appointed a II pilot in An-2 plane in Yevlakh Aviation Company.

### Family

Muradov was single.

## Nagorno Karabakh war

When the First Nagorno-Karabakh War started, Muradov was assigned to the front line. Muradov carried out many flights to Nagorno-Karakabh with his AN-2 plane. He transported equipment, food and ammunition to Azerbaijani soldiers in Khojaly. On October 29, 1991, an AN-2 aircraft operated by Muradov was shot down by Armenian soldiers in Khanabad village of Khojali region returning from Khojali. As a result, the entire crew and all passengers on the plane were tragically killed.

## Honors

Hikmat Oktay oghlu Muradov was posthumously awarded the title of the "National Hero of Azerbaijan" by Presidential Decree No. 337 dated 25 November 1992.
He was buried at a Martyrs' Lane cemetery in Baku.
# Memorial Hospital of South Bend

Memorial Hospital is a short-term acute care hospital located in South Bend, Indiana. The hospital was founded in 1894 with three patient beds. Today, the hospital has 526 beds and is a designated Level II trauma center. The hospital places a large emphasis on innovation, and is the second-largest employer in the St. Joseph County, Indiana area.

## History

Memorial Hospital was founded in a converted home in 1894 as Epworth Hospital and Training School. The hospital quickly outgrew this residence, and a four-story, 50-bed facility opened in 1901. Epworth Hospital continued to expand, and in 1945 it was renamed Memorial Hospital of South Bend. The hospital currently operates under a parent company, Memorial Health System, Inc., which includes Memorial Hospital, Memorial Health Foundation, Memorial Home Care, and Memorial Medical Group. All of these organizations are certified 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations, except for Memorial Home Care, which is a for-profit home health organization.
In March 2011, it was announced that Memorial Hospital was partnering with Elkhart General Hospital to merge the two healthcare systems. In 2012, it was announced that the new name of the combined healthcare system will be Beacon Health System.

## Services

Memorial Hospital is a designated Level II trauma center. Clinical services include inpatient and outpatient surgery, heart and vascular, newborn intensive care, pediatrics, childbirth, children's therapy, cancer, rehabilitation, sleep disorders, sports medicine, radiology, bariatrics, occupational health and clinical research. The hospital also provides patient and family support services, community outreach, and imaging services. In March 2011, Memorial Hospital purchased the inpatient assets of Madison Center, a local mental health facility, adding approximately 90 beds and starting an inpatient psychiatry program for both Adult and Pediatric patients in the new Memorial Epworth Center.

## Innovation

Memorial Hospital places a large significance on innovation. According to the Journal of Healthcare Management, "...hospitals are experiencing many of the same competitive problems that plague other industries, such as the lack of differentiated services, a shrinking operating margin, and shortage of talent." Memorial established a dedicated research and development center to address this. The organization partnered with numerous businesses outside of healthcare including 3M, Dupont, IDEO, Land's End, Motorola, Steelcase, Walmart and Whirlpool to develop standards for managing an in-house innovation program. Results of the organization's efforts include an innovation teaching lab and retail medicine clinics.

## Economic impact

Memorial Health System employs around 3,800 people. This number makes it the second largest employer in the St. Joseph County, Indiana region. According to an economic impact study done by Quantech Research Associates, Memorial employees "...paid more than $5 million in state and local income taxes, in addition to more than $50 million in federal income taxes." The hospital generated $368.5 million in revenues in 2008.
# Caramel (disambiguation)

Caramel is a sweet food.
Caramel may also refer to:
* Caramel color, a food coloring
* Caramel (film), a 2007 film directed by Nadine Labaki
* Caramel (album), by Connan Mockasin, 2013
* "Caramel" (Suzanne Vega song), 1996
* "Caramel" (City High song), 2001
* "Caramel", a 1999 song by Blur from the album 13
* "Caramel", a 2012 song by Booba
* ”Caramel” a 2022 song by 5 Seconds Of Summer from the album 5SOS5
* "Caramel", a 2016 song by Corinne Bailey Rae from the album The Heart Speaks in Whispers
* Caramel Pictures, a film company producing commercials
* Ferenc Molnár, popularly known as Caramel, Hungarian singer.
* Cadbury Caramel, a chocolate bar