# Demographics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Demographics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, during its existence from 1945 until 1991, include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects. During its last census in 1991, Yugoslavia enumerated 23,528,230 people. Serbs had a plurality, followed by Croats, Bosniaks, Albanians, Slovenes and Macedonians.

## Ethnic groups

Ethnic groups in Yugoslavia (1991)
This is data from the last four Yugoslav censuses (1961, 1971, 1981, and 1991). Ethnic groups that were considered to be constitutive (explicitly mentioned in the constitution, and not considered minority or immigrant) appear in bold text.
| Nationality | 1961 | % | 1971 | % | 1981 | % | 1991 | % |
| Serbs | 7,806,152 | 42.1% | 8,143,246 | 39.7% | 8,140,507 | 36.3% | 8,526,872 | 36.2% |
| Croats | 4,293,809 | 23.2% | 4,526,782 | 22.1% | 4,428,043 | 19.7% | 4,636,700 | 19.7% |
| Slav Muslims | 972,960 | 5.3% | 1,729,932 | 8.4% | 1,999,890 | 8.9% | 2,353,002 | 10.0% |
| Albanians | 914,733 | 4.9% | 1,309,523 | 6.4% | 1,730,878 | 7.7% | 2,178,393 | 9.3% |
| Slovenes | 1,589,211 | 8.6% | 1,678,032 | 8.2% | 1,753,571 | 7.8% | 1,760,460 | 7.5% |
| Macedonians | 1,045,516 | 5.7% | 1,194,784 | 5.8% | 1,341,598 | 6.0% | 1,372,272 | 5.8% |
| Yugoslavs | 317,124 | 1.7% | 273,077 | 1.3% | 1,209,024 | 5.4% | 710,394 | 3.0% |
| Montenegrins | 513,832 | 2.8% | 508,843 | 2.5% | 579,043 | 2.6% | 539,262 | 2.3% |
| Hungarians | 504,369 | 2.7% | 477,374 | 2.3% | 426,867 | 1.9% | 378,997 | 1.6% |
| Romani | | | 78,485 | 0.4% | 148,604 | 0.7% | n/a | n/a |
| Turks | | | 127,920 | 0.6% | 101,328 | 0.5% | n/a | n/a |
| Slovaks | | | 83,656 | 0.4% | 80,300 | 0.4% | n/a | n/a |
| Romanians | | | 58,570 | 0.3% | 54,721 | 0.2% | n/a | n/a |
| Bulgarians | | | 58,627 | 0.3% | 36,642 | 0.2% | n/a | n/a |
| Vlachs | | | 21,990 | 0.1% | 32,071 | 0.1% | n/a | n/a |
| Rusyns | | | 24,640 | 0.1% | 23,320 | 0.1% | n/a | n/a |
| Czechs | | | 24,620 | 0.1% | 19,609 | 0.1% | n/a | n/a |
| Italians | | | 21,791 | 0.1% | 15,116 | 0.1% | n/a | n/a |
| Ukrainians | | | 13,972 | 0.1% | 12,716 | 0.1% | n/a | n/a |
| Germans | | | 12,875 | 0.1% | ? | ? | n/a | n/a |
| Russians | | | 7,427 | | ? | ? | n/a | n/a |
| Jews | | | 4,811 | | ? | ? | n/a | n/a |
| Poles | | | 4,033 | | ? | ? | n/a | n/a |
| Greeks | | | 1,564 | | ? | ? | n/a | n/a |
| other/not determined | 591,585 | 3.2% | 136,398 | 0.6% | 302,254 | 1.5% | n/a | n/a |
| Total | 18,549,291 | 100.00% | 20,522,972 | 100.0% | 22,438,331 | 100.00% | 23,528,230 | 100.0% |

## Republics by population

Population of Yugoslavia by republics and provinces in 1991 :
| Serbia | Serbia | 40.9% | 40.9% |
| Serbia proper | Serbia proper | 24.0% | 24.0% |
| Croatia | Croatia | 20.6% | 20.6% |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 18.8% | 18.8% |
| Macedonia | Macedonia | 8.8% | 8.8% |
| Vojvodina | Vojvodina | 8.6% | 8.6% |
| Kosovo | Kosovo | 8.4% | 8.4% |
| Slovenia | Slovenia | 8.2% | 8.2% |
| Montenegro | Montenegro | 2.6% | 2.6% |
The population data are from the 1991 census.
| Rank | Republic/Province | Population 1991 | % |
| 1 | Serbia | 9,791,475 | 40.9% |
| --- | Serbia proper | 5,824,126 | 24.0% |
| 2 | Croatia | 4,784,265 | 20.6% |
| 3 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 4,364,574 | 18.8% |
| 4 | Macedonia | 2,033,964 | 8.8% |
| --- | Vojvodina | 2,012,605 | 8.6% |
| --- | Kosovo | 1,954,744 | 8.4% |
| 5 | Slovenia | 1,962,606 | 8.2% |
| 6 | Montenegro | 615,276 | 2.6% |
| | Yugoslavia | 23,528,230 | 100% |

## Republics by population density

Population density of Yugoslavia by republics and provinces in 1991 :
| Kosovo | Kosovo | 183.1 | 183.1 |
| Serbia | Serbia | 114.0 | 114.0 |
| Serbia proper | Serbia proper | 99.4 | 99.4 |
| Slovenia | Slovenia | 94.5 | 94.5 |
| Vojvodina | Vojvodina | 92.8 | 92.8 |
| Yugoslavia | Yugoslavia | 92.6 | 92.6 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 85.6 | 85.6 |
| Croatia | Croatia | 84.6 | 84.6 |
| Macedonia | Macedonia | 79.1 | 79.1 |
| Montenegro | Montenegro | 44.5 | 44.5 |
| Rank | Republic/Province | Population | Area (km$^2$) | Density |
| --- | Kosovo | 1,954,744 | 10,887 | 183.1 |
| 1 | SR Serbia | 9,791,475 | 88,361 | 114.0 |
| --- | Serbia proper | 5,824,126 | 55,968 | 99.4 |
| 2 | Slovenia | 1,962,606 | 20,251 | 94.5 |
| --- | Vojvodina | 2,012,605 | 21,506 | 92.8 |
| 3 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 4,364,574 | 51,129 | 85.6 |
| 4 | Croatia | 4,784,265 | 56,538 | 84.6 |
| 5 | Macedonia | 2,033,964 | 25,713 | 79.1 |
| 6 | Montenegro | 615,276 | 13,810 | 44.5 |
| | Yugoslavia | 23,528,230 | 255,804 | 92.6 |

## Largest cities

According to the 1991 census, there were 19 cities in Yugoslavia with more than 100,000 inhabitants. The population of these cities has developed as follows:
Population of the largest cities in Yugoslavia (in thousands) :
| City | 1921 | 1953 | 1981 | 1991 |
| Belgrade | 111,7 | 470,2 | 1.145,0 | 1.168,0 |
| Zagreb | 108,3 | 350,8 | 768,7 | 933,9 |
| Skopje | 41,1 | 119,0 | 405,9 | - |
| Sarajevo | 60,1 | 111,7 | - | 415,6 |
| Ljubljana | 53,3 | 111,2 | - | - |
| Split | 25,0 | 61,2 | 169,3 | 189,4 |
| Novi Sad | 39,2 | 83,2 | 169,8 | 179,6 |
| Niš | 25,1 | 60,7 | 161,0 | 175,4 |
| Rijeka | * | 75,3 | 158,3 | 168,0 |
| Kragujevac | 15,7 | 40,6 | 87,0 | 147,3 |
| Zenica | 7,6 | 22,6 | - | 145,6 |
| Banja Luka | 18,0 | 30,4 | 123,8 | 142,6 |
| Tuzla | 14,2 | 25,0 | 65,0 | 131,9 |
| Mostar | 18,2 | 25,9 | - | 126,1 |
| Titograd | 8,7 | 13,6 | 95,8 | 117,8 |
| Priština | 14,3 | 24,1 | 69,5 | 108,1 |
| Maribor | 30,6 | 70,8 | 104,7 | - |
| Osijek | 34,4 | 57,4 | 104,2 | 104,8 |
| Subotica | 101,9 | 59,8 | 100,2 | 100,4 |
In addition to demographic changes, the incorporation of suburbs is also responsible for the changes in the number of inhabitants. Rijeka (Fiume) was still part of Italy in 1921.

## Vital statistics
### Vital statistics 1947–1991

| Vital statistics | Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rate | Female fertile population (15–49 years) |
| 1947 | 15,679,000 | 416,799 | 199,902 | 216,897 | 26.6 | 12.7 | 13.8 | | |
| 1948 | 15,901,032 | 446,634 | 214,015 | 232,619 | 28.1 | 13.5 | 14.6 | | |
| 1949 | 16,133,000 | 483,663 | 217,180 | 266,483 | 30.0 | 13.5 | 16.5 | | |
| 1950 | 16,339,860 | 492,993 | 212,165 | 280,828 | 30.2 | 13.0 | 17.2 | 3.77 | 4,411,195 |
| 1951 | 16,578,223 | 446,254 | 234,689 | 211,565 | 26.9 | 14.2 | 12.8 | 3.32 | 4,455,670 |
| 1952 | 16,793,498 | 498,172 | 197,520 | 300,652 | 29.7 | 11.8 | 17.9 | 3.65 | 4,500,131 |
| 1953 | 17,048,601 | 484,139 | 211,790 | 272,349 | 28.4 | 12.4 | 16.0 | 3.41 | 4,544,601 |
| 1954 | 17,284,632 | 493,567 | 187,521 | 306,046 | 28.6 | 10.8 | 17.7 | 3.40 | 4,600,326 |
| 1955 | 17,522,438 | 471,394 | 199,982 | 271,412 | 26.9 | 11.4 | 15.5 | 3.18 | 4,656,054 |
| 1956 | 17,690,580 | 460,235 | 198,497 | 261,738 | 26.0 | 11.2 | 14.8 | 3.04 | 4,711,776 |
| 1957 | 17,865,515 | 426,701 | 190,334 | 236,367 | 23.9 | 10.7 | 13.2 | 2.77 | 4,745,520 |
| 1958 | 18,034,999 | 432,399 | 166,801 | 265,598 | 24.0 | 9.2 | 14.7 | 2.79 | 4,749,438 |
| 1959 | 18,226,203 | 424,276 | 180,747 | 243,529 | 23.3 | 9.9 | 13.4 | 2.76 | 4,708,379 |
| 1960 | 18,402,257 | 432,595 | 182,693 | 249,902 | 23.5 | 9.9 | 13.6 | 2.83 | 4,689,628 |
| 1961 | 18,592,567 | 422,180 | 167,447 | 254,733 | 22.7 | 9.0 | 13.7 | 2.78 | 4,670,880 |
| 1962 | 18,815,935 | 413,093 | 186,843 | 226,250 | 22.0 | 9.9 | 12.0 | 2.68 | 4,766,916 |
| 1963 | 19,036,409 | 407,406 | 169,744 | 237,662 | 21.4 | 8.9 | 12.5 | 2.64 | 4,804,648 |
| 1964 | 19,260,364 | 401,104 | 181,255 | 219,849 | 20.8 | 9.4 | 11.4 | 2.62 | 4,861,010 |
| 1965 | 19,489,605 | 408,158 | 170,549 | 237,609 | 20.9 | 8.8 | 12.2 | 2.69 | 4,938,773 |
| 1966 | 19,739,122 | 399,802 | 159,570 | 240,232 | 20.3 | 8.1 | 12.2 | 2.64 | 5,043,670 |
| 1967 | 19,960,120 | 389,640 | 174,060 | 215,580 | 19.5 | 8.7 | 10.8 | 2.55 | 5,176,374 |
| 1968 | 20,121,246 | 382,543 | 174,800 | 207,743 | 19.0 | 8.7 | 10.3 | 2.47 | 5,291,934 |
| 1969 | 20,251,498 | 382,764 | 188,693 | 194,071 | 18.9 | 9.3 | 9.6 | 2.43 | 5,421,866 |
| 1970 | 20,386,272 | 363,278 | 181,843 | 181,435 | 17.8 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 2.27 | 5,492,906 |
| 1971 | 20,579,890 | 375,762 | 179,113 | 196,649 | 18.3 | 8.7 | 9.6 | 2.38 | 5,458,432 |
| 1972 | 20,797,221 | 380,743 | 190,578 | 190,165 | 18.3 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 2.36 | 5,518,843 |
| 1973 | 21,008,154 | 379,051 | 180,997 | 198,054 | 18.0 | 8.6 | 9.4 | 2.31 | 5,575,065 |
| 1974 | 21,223,359 | 382,947 | 177,691 | 205,256 | 18.0 | 8.4 | 9.7 | 2.29 | 5,596,395 |
| 1975 | 21,441,297 | 388,037 | 184,907 | 203,130 | 18.1 | 8.6 | 9.5 | 2.28 | 5,651,830 |
| 1976 | 21,674,043 | 392,364 | 182,965 | 209,399 | 18.1 | 8.4 | 9.7 | 2.26 | 5,684,130 |
| 1977 | 21,900,681 | 384,637 | 182,803 | 201,834 | 17.6 | 8.3 | 9.2 | 2.19 | 5,706,563 |
| 1978 | 22,121,687 | 381,387 | 191,087 | 190,300 | 17.2 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 2.16 | 5,720,058 |
| 1979 | 22,297,376 | 378,803 | 190,304 | 188,499 | 17.0 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 2.13 | 5,748,224 |
| 1980 | 22,359,500 | 382,120 | 197,369 | 184,751 | 17.1 | 8.8 | 8.3 | 2.14 | 5,776,387 |
| 1981 | 22,499,154 | 369,047 | 201,201 | 167,846 | 16.4 | 8.9 | 7.5 | 2.09 | 5,706,892 |
| 1982 | 22,646,153 | 378,814 | 203,272 | 175,542 | 16.7 | 9.0 | 7.8 | 2.14 | 5,686,451 |
| 1983 | 22,800,697 | 374,610 | 218,980 | 155,630 | 16.4 | 9.6 | 6.8 | 2.11 | 5,704,798 |
| 1984 | 22,954,868 | 377,362 | 214,725 | 162,637 | 16.4 | 9.4 | 7.1 | 2.11 | 5,729,944 |
| 1985 | 23,121,383 | 366,629 | 212,883 | 153,746 | 15.9 | 9.2 | 6.6 | 2.05 | 5,764,187 |
| 1986 | 23,259,342 | 359,626 | 213,149 | 146,477 | 15.5 | 9.2 | 6.3 | 2.00 | 5,830,545 |
| 1987 | 23,393,494 | 359,338 | 214,666 | 144,672 | 15.4 | 9.2 | 6.2 | 2.00 | 5,820,653 |
| 1988 | 23,526,195 | 356,268 | 213,466 | 142,802 | 15.1 | 9.1 | 6.1 | 1.98 | 5,838,991 |
| 1989 | 23,594,157 | 336,394 | 215,483 | 120,911 | 14.3 | 9.1 | 5.1 | 1.88 | 5,895,545 |
| 1990 | 23,657,623 | 335,152 | 212,148 | 123,004 | 14.2 | 9.0 | 5.2 | 1.87 | 5,922,912 |
| 1991 | 23,532,279 | 325,922 | 221,929 | 103,993 | 13.8 | 9.4 | 4.4 | 1.94 | 5,669,046 |
| | Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rate | Female fertile population (15–49 years) |

### Marriages and divorces 1947–1991

| | Average population | Marriages | Divorces | Crude marriage rate (per 1000) | Crude divorce rate (per 1000) | Divorces per 1000 marriages |
| 1947 | 15,679,000 | 205,835 | 20,915 | 13.1 | 1.3 | 101.6 |
| 1948 | 15,901,032 | 203,822 | 24,586 | 12.8 | 1.5 | 120.6 |
| 1949 | 16,133,000 | 184,078 | 16,985 | 11.4 | 1.1 | 92.3 |
| 1950 | 16,339,860 | 185,965 | 17,879 | 11.4 | 1.1 | 96.1 |
| 1951 | 16,578,223 | 170,133 | 15,538 | 10.3 | 0.9 | 91.3 |
| 1952 | 16,793,498 | 176,055 | 12,359 | 10.5 | 0.7 | 70.2 |
| 1953 | 17,048,601 | 167,940 | 16,020 | 9.9 | 0.9 | 95.4 |
| 1954 | 17,284,632 | 171,547 | 16,053 | 9.9 | 0.9 | 93.6 |
| 1955 | 17,522,438 | 162,711 | 19,389 | 9.3 | 1.1 | 119.2 |
| 1956 | 17,690,580 | 156,379 | 19,336 | 8.8 | 1.1 | 123.6 |
| 1957 | 17,865,515 | 154,970 | 20,421 | 8.7 | 1.1 | 131.8 |
| 1958 | 18,034,999 | 170,242 | 21,856 | 9.4 | 1.2 | 128.4 |
| 1959 | 18,226,203 | 163,572 | 21,483 | 9.0 | 1.2 | 131.3 |
| 1960 | 18,402,257 | 168,120 | 22,085 | 9.1 | 1.2 | 131.4 |
| 1961 | 18,592,567 | 168,510 | 21,532 | 9.1 | 1.2 | 127.8 |
| 1962 | 18,815,935 | 162,672 | 21,198 | 8.6 | 1.1 | 130.3 |
| 1963 | 19,036,409 | 157,909 | 21,328 | 8.3 | 1.1 | 135.1 |
| 1964 | 19,260,364 | 166,998 | 21,405 | 8.7 | 1.1 | 128.2 |
| 1965 | 19,489,605 | 174,301 | 21,649 | 8.9 | 1.1 | 124.2 |
| 1966 | 19,739,122 | 168,789 | 23,042 | 8.6 | 1.2 | 136.5 |
| 1967 | 19,960,120 | 169,282 | 20,840 | 8.5 | 1.0 | 123.1 |
| 1968 | 20,121,246 | 170,470 | 20,984 | 8.5 | 1.0 | 123.1 |
| 1969 | 20,251,498 | 174,507 | 20,178 | 8.6 | 1.0 | 115.6 |
| 1970 | 20,386,272 | 182,704 | 20,473 | 9.0 | 1.0 | 112.1 |
| 1971 | 20,579,890 | 183,916 | 21,347 | 8.9 | 1.0 | 116.1 |
| 1972 | 20,797,221 | 186,156 | 22,040 | 9.0 | 1.1 | 118.4 |
| 1973 | 21,008,154 | 183,665 | 23,221 | 8.7 | 1.1 | 126.4 |
| 1974 | 21,223,359 | 181,192 | 24,802 | 8.5 | 1.2 | 136.9 |
| 1975 | 21,441,297 | 180,046 | 25,137 | 8.4 | 1.2 | 139.6 |
| 1976 | 21,674,043 | 174,918 | 24,431 | 8.1 | 1.1 | 139.7 |
| 1977 | 21,900,681 | 178,783 | 22,990 | 8.2 | 1.0 | 128.6 |
| 1978 | 22,121,687 | 178,819 | 24,180 | 8.1 | 1.1 | 135.2 |
| 1979 | 22,297,376 | 176,310 | 21,952 | 7.9 | 1.0 | 124.5 |
| 1980 | 22,359,500 | 171,439 | 22,583 | 7.7 | 1.0 | 131.7 |
| 1981 | 22,499,154 | 173,036 | 22,557 | 7.7 | 1.0 | 130.4 |
| 1982 | 22,646,153 | 172,359 | 22,715 | 7.6 | 1.0 | 131.8 |
| 1983 | 22,800,697 | 171,906 | 22,127 | 7.5 | 1.0 | 128.7 |
| 1984 | 22,954,868 | 167,789 | 22,260 | 7.3 | 1.0 | 132.7 |
| 1985 | 23,121,383 | 163,022 | 23,952 | 7.1 | 1.0 | 146.9 |
| 1986 | 23,259,342 | 160,277 | 22,557 | 6.9 | 1.0 | 140.7 |
| 1987 | 23,393,494 | 163,469 | 22,907 | 7.0 | 1.0 | 140.1 |
| 1988 | 23,526,195 | 160,419 | 23,127 | 6.8 | 1.0 | 144.2 |
| 1989 | 23,594,157 | 158,544 | 22,761 | 6.7 | 1.0 | 143.6 |
| 1990 | 23,657,623 | 146,975 | 20,551 | 6.2 | 0.9 | 139.8 |
| 1991 | 23,532,279 | 134,826 | 17,551 | 5.7 | 0.7 | 130.2 |
| | Average population | Marriages | Divorces | Crude marriage rate (per 1000) | Crude divorce rate (per 1000) | Divorces per 1000 marriages |

## History of national minorities in SFR Yugoslavia
### 1940s and 1950s

The SFRY recognised "nations" (narodi) and "nationalities" (narodnosti) separately; the former included the constituent Slavic peoples, while the latter included other Slavic and non-Slavic ethnic groups such as Bulgarians and Slovaks (Slavic); and Hungarians and Albanians (non-Slavic). About a total of 26 known ethnic groups were known to live in Yugoslavia, including non-European originated Romani people.
Some of the largest non-Slavic ethnic minorities – Hungarians of Serbia, Germans (predominantly Danube Swabians), Kosovar Albanians and Istrian Italians – had been considered "troublesome" by Yugoslav authorities already in the first, interwar Yugoslavia, in part for supporting their ethnic interests and nation states as opposed to pan-Slavic ambitions during World War I.
Minority rights of non-Slavs were neither guaranteed nor upheld, but rather stifled if they had proved "anti-Yugoslavian". Education in Hungarian and German was limited, a number of Hungarian and German cultural societies had been banned in the Kingdom until the late 1930s, when the country drifted towards pro-axis positions. Nonetheless, local Germans collaborated with the Nazi occupation forces during World War II, and ethnic Hungarians generally welcomed the return of Bačka region to Hungary. The Yugoslav communist partisan movement was unpopular among those minorities, with the German Ernst Thälmann unit existing merely on paper and the Hungarian Petőfi unit numbering mere hundred men. After the occupation forces were pushed out of Yugoslavia, tens of thousands of Germans, Hungarians and Italians were either imprisoned in labor camps (such as Goli Otok prison) or executed in summary executions.
After World War II, around 250,000 Germans and Italians were expelled or fled from the country, fearing reprisals, their property confiscated, in the events known as the expulsion of Germans after World War II and Istrian–Dalmatian exodus, the latter in the newly annexed areas in Istria and Rijeka, as well as from Dalmatia. Hundreds (several thousands, according to some estimates) were summarily killed in the process. The same befell Hungarians, who faced mass murders in Vojvodina. Modern estimates vary about 35 000 - 40 000 Hungarians killed. After the war, however, free education in the native languages of the minorities were guaranteed by the Communist constitution.
During the era of Tito–Stalin split, many Hungarians (who in 1953 made up around 25% of the population in Vojvodina) were sympathetic towards the Hungarian People's Republic, and the words of Radio Budapest spread among the villagers.
In 1950s, various ethnic stereotypes about specific nations in the country were commonly recounted and circulated in the media. Bulgarians were reported to be a "poor and backward minority", while in contrast, Czechs and Slovaks were "industrious and valuable minorities" for Yugoslavia. Some Czechs and Slovaks also emigrated after the war, but a "large number" of them returned after communists seized power in Czechoslovakia in 1948.