OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ministry of Justice (Guinea-Bissau)

The Ministry of Justice of Guinea-Bissau has duties such as overseeing the administration and human resources of the judiciary and the Public Prosecutor, publishing and disseminating legal information to the public, and combating organized crime and drug trafficking that might threaten the safety of the country's citizens and impact the justice system.

## List of ministers (Post-1974 upon achieving independence)

* Fidelis Almeida Cabral (1974-1983) [referred to as the Commissioner of Justice]
* Filinto de Barros (1983-1984) [referred to as the Commissioner of Justice]
* Paulo Correia (1985-1986) [referred to as the Minister of Justice & Local Government]
* Vasco Cabral (1986-1987)
* Nicandro Pereira Barreto (1988-1990)
* Mario Cabral (1990-1991)
* Joao Aurigema Cruz Pinto (1992)
* Mamadu Aliu Djalo Pires (1992-1994)
* Daniel Ferreira (1994-1999)
* Carlos Domingos Gomes (2000)
* Antonieta Rosa Gomes (2000-2001) [1st female]
* Dionisio Cabi (2001)
* Carlos Pinto Pereira (2002)
* Vesa Gomes Naluak (2002-2003)
* Raimundo Perreira (2004-2006)
* Namuano Dias Gomes (2006-2007)
* Carmelita Barbosa Rodrigues Pires (2007-2009)
* Mamadu Djalo Pires (2009-2011)
* Adelino Mano Queta (2011-2012)
* Mamadu Saido Balde (2012-2013)
* Carmelita Pires (2014-2017)
* Rui Sanha (2017–2018)
* Mamadú Iaia Djaló (2018–2019)
* Ruth Monteiro (2019–)
# Navatkuli

Navatkuli (Tamil: நாவற்குழி, romanized: Nāvaṟkuḻi) is a town in Jaffna District, Northern Province, Sri Lanka. It is located about 6.5 km from Jaffna.
Navatkuli consists of three grama niladhari divisions in the Thenmaradchi Divisional Secretariat: Navatkuli West, Navatkuli East, and Kaithady Navatkuli.

## Demographics

In 2007, the population of Navatkuli West was 1,362 (652 male & 710 female; 873 adults and 489 children); the population of Navatkuli East was 1,060 (484 male & 576 female; 705 adults and 355 children), and the population of Kaithady Navatkuli was 810 (398 male & 412 female; 529 adults and 281 children). The entire population of Navatkuli East and Kaithady Navatkuli, as well as all but 216 people in Navatkuli West, was displaced at the time due to the Sri Lankan Civil War.
9°39′N 80°05′E﻿ / ﻿9.650°N 80.083°E﻿ / 9.650; 80.083
# Amarna letter EA 39

Amarna letter EA 39, titled: "Duty-Free", is a fairly short letter from the King of Alashiya (modern Cyprus). Almost half the letter, Para I, is a shortened greeting formula. The letter is requesting the Pharaoh to let messengers pass freely, as they are also being represented as merchants; this also applies to their shipping.
The Amarna letters, about 300, numbered up to EA 382, are a mid 14th century BC, about 1350 BC and 20–25 years later, correspondence. The initial corpus of letters were found at Akhenaten's city Akhetaten, in the floor of the Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh; others were later found, adding to the body of letters.

## The letter
### EA 39: "Duty-Free"

EA 39, letter number six of seven, from Alashiya. (Not a linear, line-by-line translation.)
Obverse (see here: )
    (Lines 1-9)–Say to the king of Egypt, my [brother]er: Message of the king of Alašiya, your brother. For me all goes well, and for you may all go well. For your household, your chief wives, your sons$^1$ your wives, your chariots, your many horses, and in Egypt-(Mizri), your country, may all go very well.
    Paragraph II
    (10-13)–My brother, let my messengers go promptly and safely so that I may hear my brother's greeting.
    Paragraph III
    (14-20)–these men are my merchants. My brother, let them go safely and prom[pt]ly. No one making a claim in your name is to approach my merchants of my ship.$^2$
    Reverse (see here: )
    –(uninscribed reverse, with a single line of written ink hieratic text)–(complete EA 39, minor lacunae, lines 1-20)
# Ibrahim Hamed

Ibrahim Hamed (إبراهيم حامد) is a Hamas military commander in the West Bank who ordered suicide bombing attacks during the Second Intifada which he claimed is due to Israeli attacks on Palestinians until he was apprehended by Israeli YAMAM unit on 23 May 2006. Israeli authorities accused him of being responsible for 96 civilian deaths.
Ibrahim Hamed is serving 45 life sentences in Israeli prison for orchestrating many suicide attacks in Israel that killed dozens of civilians.
It appears that Hamed was interned under consecutive 6-month administrative detention orders by the Israeli government.
Israel tried Hamed in military court, and on 27 June 2012 he was convicted of killing 46 people.
In January 2025, the release of Hamed was agreed upon as part of a three-phase Israel–Hamas war ceasefire, aimed at securing the release of Israeli hostages held in Gaza by Hamas.

## Attacks attributed to Ibrahim Hamed

* According to Israeli security sources on 1 December 2001, Hamed dispatched two suicide bombers who blew up in Zion Square and Ben Yehuda St. in Jerusalem killing 11 people and injuring dozens.
* On 9 March 2002, a Hamas suicide bomber dispatched by Hamed blew himself up at Café Moment bombing in Jerusalem killing 12 people.
* Six people were killed in a suicide attack planned by Hamed at the Sheffield Club in Rishon LeZion on 7 March that same year.
* Hebrew University massacre: A bomb planted in a cafeteria at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem killed nine students on 31 July 2002.
* Café Hillel bombing: 9 September 2003 in Jerusalem.
* Tzrifin bus stop attack 9 September 2003.
# Adams v. Milwaukee

Adams v. Milwaukee, 228 U.S. 572 (1913), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the local ordinance ordering the confiscation of tainted milk was constitutional.

## Case summary

Plaintiff Adams, a milk producer, challenged the City of Milwaukee, the defendant, for its ordinance that regulated the sale of milk. The ordinance required testing on milk from outside the city for tuberculosis and other contagious diseases, as well as proper labeling. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the ordinance, finding it to be a proper exercise of defendant's police power to protect public health. The Court dismissed Plaintiff's claims, finding that the ordinance was not arbitrary discrimination and that the enforcement measures were reasonable and necessary.

## Significance

Even during the Lochner era, when the Court was anxious to protect economic due process as a fundamental right, the Court consistently upheld the regulation of dairy in cases like Adams.
# Ashton v. Cameron County Water Improvement District No. 1

Ashton v. Cameron County Water Improvement District No. 1, 298 U.S. 513 (1936), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that an insolvent state agency cannot declare bankruptcy. More particularly, Congress's powers under the Bankruptcy Clause cannot extend to state agencies in violation of federalism principles, and bankruptcy courts cannot establish jurisdiction over the state agencies where those principles have been violated. The modern municipal bankruptcy statute, Chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Code, is constitutional.

## Description

Cameron County Water Improvement District No. 1 was a public corporation managed by the state of Texas that constructed canals initially funded with debt raised by government bonds. The Great Depression severely limited Cameron County farmers' ability to pay taxes intended to fund the District's obligations. Within some years, the District accrued a debt of hundreds of thousands of dollars, and it had liabilities in the tens of millions. With the consent of Texas, the District declared bankruptcy under the Municipal Bankruptcy Act of 1934, a New Deal amendment to the Bankruptcy Act of 1898. The District presented a compromise plan to rectify the debt at a considerable loss to creditors.
Large owners of the District's debt objected to the bankruptcy, claiming bankruptcy courts had no jurisdiction over state entities. The trial court agreed with the creditors, but the Circuit Court of Appeals reversed because the Bankruptcy Clause gives Congress the power to enact uniform bankruptcy rules.
In a majority opinion by Justice James C. McReynolds, the Supreme Court reversed the Circuit Court and held the bankruptcy courts could not have jurisdiction over state entities. In McReynolds's view, allowing a state corporation to use the bankruptcy process would have been tantamount to allowing the government to break a contract without proper compensation to the creditors. McReynolds made a federalism argument that it could not be a valid exercise of the Bankruptcy Clause because it was inappropriate to use the federal system's bankruptcy power to interfere with and change the conditions of state agencies.

## Significance

The Court decided Ashton towards the end of the Lochner era and in direct opposition to the New Deal's reforms to the bankruptcy system. In response to Ashton and similar cases, President Franklin D. Roosevelt began threatening to pack the court with new justices who would approve the reforms. After the so-called "switch in time that saved nine," the Supreme Court de-emphasized the economic analyses that motivated Ashton.

## Aftermath

Congress passed a revised Municipal Bankruptcy Act in 1937. The Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality in United States v. Bekins. Today, municipal bankruptcies are handled under Chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Code.
# Kozi Wierch

Kozi Wierch is a mountain situated in the High Tatras mountain range in Poland, between the Gąsienicowa Valley and the Valley of Five Polish Lakes. At 2291 meters, it's the highest peak located entirely on Polish territory.
Kozi Wierch is also the highest point of the Orla Perć tourist trail, which is considered one of the most dangerous and difficult trails in the Tatras.
# Shevchenkivskyi District, Kyiv

The Shevchenkivskyi District is an urban district of the city of Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. It was originally established on 4 April 1937, although in 2001 its area was increased following an annexation of the former Radianskyi and Starokyivskyi districts.
The district is historically significant, as it was here on the Old Kyiv mount where the apostle Saint Andrew erected the cross, also the famous Golden Gate of Kyiv, the main entrance to the medieval city of Kyiv is located in the district, as are the three major churches of the city: Saint Sophia, Saint Michael and Saint Andrew. Furthermore, in this district the first parliament of Ukraine met at the Ukrainian Club Building and declared Independence in 1917.

## Population
### Language

Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:

## Attractions

The district also has the local opera house and several universities, such as Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv and Kyiv National Economic University. It also houses the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine on the Volodymyrska Street. Kyiv Zoo, local zoo, is also located here. The other no less important landmarks of the district are historical monuments such as churches and cathedrals: Sophiivs'kyi Cathedral, Volodymyrs'kyi Cathedral, Mykhaylivs’kyi Zolotoverkhyi Monastery, and others. Also place where the Orange Revolution took place, Maydan Nezalezhnosti is in the district and is adjacent to Khreshchatyk street. Other attractions located in the district are Peremohy Square, Besarabskyi Market, Babyn Yar and Kyiv TV Tower.

## Location

Main streets are: Khreshchatyk street, Volodymyrska Street, Prospect Beresteiskyi (Shevchenko Boulevard), Dehtiarivska Street, Olena Teliha Street, Melnykov Street, and others. The district borders with Podil to the north; Pecherskyi District, Holosiivskyi District, and Solomianskyi District to the south; and Sviatoshynskyi District to the west.
In June 2008 the Kyiv City Council renamed Kominterna Street (located in this district) to Symon Petliura Street to commemorate the occasion of his 130th birthday anniversary.
In February 2023 Prospect Peremohy was renamed to Prospect Beresteiska by the Kyiv City Council.

## Neighborhoods

* Old Kyiv
* Kudryavets
* Soldatska slobidka
* Tatarka
* Lukyanivka
* Shuliavka
* Syrets
* Nyvky
Shuliavska (Shuliavka) includes Ivan Bahrianyi Park (until 2023 called Pushkin Park) and Kyiv Zoo to the north, south of which is the Kyiv Polytechnic, while the Kosmopolit Mall (Cosmo Multimall) and the Shuliavska Metro station lie at its western end. To its northwest lies Nyvky, and Syrets to its north and Lukyanivska in the north-east. It is traversed by Prospect Beresteiskyi one of the major arterial roads of Kyiv.
# Finley v. United States

Finley v. United States, 490 U.S. 545 (1989), was a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States addressing the jurisdictional requirements of the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA). In response to the Finley decision, the United States Congress enacted a new statute on supplemental jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1367.

## Background

In 1983, Barbara Finley's husband and two of their children were flying into San Diego, California. As the plane approached San Diego, it flew into electric transmissions, causing the plane to crash. None of the passengers survived.
Finley sued in state court, alleging that San Diego Gas and Electric Company had been negligent in illuminating the transmission lines, and that the city of San Diego had been negligent in maintaining the runway lights. Finley subsequently learned that the Federal Aviation Administration was responsible for the runway lights, so she brought a new lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California. Finley's complaint asserted that the federal district court had jurisdiction under the Federal Tort Claims Act. Later, Finley amended her federal complaint to re-assert her claims against the state-court defendants. There was no independent basis for jurisdiction over those parties.
The District Court granted Finley's motion based on a supplemental jurisdiction theory like that of United Mine Workers of America v. Gibbs. The Supreme Court granted certiorari to determine whether the FTCA permits supplemental party jurisdiction.

## Decision

Justice Scalia, quoting Chief Justice Marshall, stated that "two things are necessary to create jurisdiction, whether original or appellate. The Constitution must have given to the court the capacity to take it, and an act of Congress must have supplied it." In his majority opinion, Scalia argued that the Supreme Court must consistently adhere to a textualist interpretation of statutes to provide Congress with an understanding of how its laws will be enforced. The majority distinguished United Mine Workers, asserting that it viewed Congress' delegation of jurisdiction more narrowly.
Justices Stevens and Blackmun both dissented, arguing that pendent-party jurisdiction allows federal courts to fashion more complete relief in a more efficient manner.

## Aftermath

In 1990, Congress passed 28 U.S.C. § 1367 (part of the Civil Justice Reform Act) in response to Finley.
# Harvard College v. Amory

Harvard College v. Amory 26 Mass (9 Pick) 446 (1830) is a US trusts law case, which repeated the famous formulation of the "prudent man rule", that people in charge of other people's money must exercise due care and skill, and look after the money as if it were their own.

## Facts

John McLean died on 23 October 1823, and in his will he left $35,000, some personal property and a house to his wife, Ann McLean. He also left $50,000 to Jonathan Amory and Francis Amory in trust to loan or invest "in safe and productive stock, either in the public funds, bank shares, or other stock, according to their best judgment and discretion." The proceeds from the investments were to be paid to his wife, in quarterly or semi annual payments. On her death, half the value of the fund was to go to the President and Fellows of Harvard College, to "be exclusively and forever appropriated to the support of a professor of ancient and modern history, at that college." The other money was to go to the Trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital.
The trust deed also said "not doubting that they will faithfully and conscientiously discharge and execute the trusts hereby reposed in them, and being desirous of relieving them from the burden of procuring sureties for large sums - I do request and direct that they may not be required to give any other than their own bonds respectively, without sureties, conditioned for the performance and execution of the said trusts; and I do order and direct, that they shall not be held responsible for the acts, doings, and defaults of each other, but shall simply be accountable respectively each for his own acts, doings, and defaults, as such trustees.
Francis Amory, the surviving trustee, tendered his resignation in 1828. Harvard College and the Massachusetts Hospital sued him, because the accounts showed a loss of money on the investments. They had invested the money in incorporated manufacturing and insurance companies, including the Boston Manufacturing Company, and the Merrimack Manufacturing Company. The college and the Hospital alleged that this choice of investments was speculative and negligent.

## Judgment

On appeal, the court held that Mr Amory was not liable for the losses. Justice Samuel Putnam wrote the opinion, saying,
   All that can be required of a trustee is, that he shall conduct himself faithfully and exercise a sound discretion. He is to observe how men of prudence, discretion and intelligence manage their own affairs, not in regard to speculation, but in regard to the permanent disposition of their funds, considering the probable income as well as the probable safety of the capital to be invested… Do what you will, the capital is at hazard.
# Postal Service v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Ass'ns

Postal Service v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Ass'ns, 453 U.S. 114 (1981), is a U.S. Supreme Court case which "upheld the constitutionality of a statute that prohibited the deposit of unstamped 'mailable matter' in a mailbox approved by the United States Postal Service."

## Background

The Council of Greenburgh Civic Associations, a group of civic organizations based in Westchester County, New York, had a history of placing unstamped pamphlets in private mailboxes. In June 1976, the White Plains postmaster notified one member, the Saw Mill Civic Association, that their actions violated 18 U.S.C § 1725. The Postmaster then warned the CGCA that repeated violations would incur $300 fines.
Citing the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, the CGCA sued the USPS for injunctive relief in February 1977. The District Court for the Southern District of New York dismissed the complaint for failure to state a claim. However, the United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit remanded the case on the basis that the dismissal prevented the CGCA from demonstrating alleged constitutional handicaps.

## Opinion of the Court

In a 7-2 majority opinion delivered by Justice William Rehnquist, the Supreme Court upheld 18 U.S.C § 1725. The Court cited Adderley v. Florida and Greer v. Spock to show that "[The] First Amendment does not guarantee access to property simply because it is owned or controlled by the government."

### Brennan's Concurrence

Justice William J. Brennan Jr. concurred with the Court's judgment, but partially disagreed with the reasoning. He opined that the majority opinion largely glossed over the question of government property as a public forum. Nevertheless, he viewed the law as "a reasonable time, place, and manner regulation."

### White's Concurrencee

Justice Byron White concurred with the judgment on the basis that the CGCA did not argue for using the mail for free delivery. He elaborates that for those who pay the postage, the mail serves as a public forum for the written word.

### Marshall's Dissent

Justice Thurgood Marshall dissented by claiming that the code in question was unconstitutionally vague, as previous decisions regarding protection against mail fraud or privacy invasions, included language specifically proscribing such acts. He further postulated that distribution of letters and handbills served as a political medium for disadvantaged groups.

### Stevens' Dissent

Justice John P. Stevens agreed with Marshall's proposal for a less drastic solution, but differed in reasoning in that he viewed the mailbox as private property.
# Dynamic Greece

Dynamic Greece (Greek: Δυναμική Ελλάδα) is a citizens movement founded in 2012. However, according to their website, their latest Archive was in August 2015.
Dynamic Greece is part of the Olive Tree electoral alliance formed to contest the 2014 European election. The Olive Tree electoral alliance managed to receive 8.0% of the vote, electing 2 MEPs to the S&D group.
# Kentucky Route 338

Kentucky Route 338 (KY 338) is a 32.228-mile-long (51.866 km) state highway in Kentucky. It begins at KY 20 in Northern Boone County. It goes through Burlington, Kentucky where it intersects with KY 18. It then goes to a small town called Rabbit Hash, Kentucky where it intersects with KY 536 and again with KY 18. After it leaves Rabbit Hash, it runs by Big Bone Lick State Park before intersecting with U.S. Route 42 (US 42) and US 127 near Union. It turns left onto US 42 and US 127, and then leaves the concurrency about mile north. KY 338 then travels to Richwood, where it has access to Interstate 75 (I-75) and I-71 it ends about 1/4 mile east of the interstate at US 25.

## Major Junctions

The entire route is in Boone County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Richwood | 0.000 | 0.000 | US 25 (Dixie Highway) | Southern terminus |
| Richwood | 0.188 | 0.303 | I-71 / I-75 north | Exit 175 from northbound I-71/I-75 and ramp to northbound I-71/I-75 |
| Richwood | 0.360 | 0.579 | I-71 / I-75 south | Exit 175 from southbound I-71/I-75 and ramp to southbound I-71/I-75 |
| Richwood | 2.092 | 3.367 | KY 2951 south (Chambers Road) | |
| Beaverlick | 4.613 | 7.424 | US 42 / US 127 north | South end of US 42/US 127 overlap |
| Beaverlick | 5.161 | 8.306 | US 42 / US 127 south / KY 1292 east (Beaver Road) | North end of US 42/US 127 overlap. Western terminus of KY 1292 |
| Big Bone | 7.600 | 12.231 | KY 1925 south (Boat Dock Road) | Big Bone Lick State Park |
| ​ | 10.643 | 17.128 | KY 2852 north (Riddles Run Road) | |
| Rabbit Hash | 16.192 | 26.058 | KY 536 east (Rabbit Hash Hill Road) | Western terminus of KY 536. Rabbit Hash Hill Road continues slightly further west into Rabbit Hash. |
| ​ | 16.837 | 27.097 | KY 18 east (McVille Road) | Western terminus of KY 18 |
| Burlington | 26.516 | 42.673 | KY 18 (Burlington Pike) | Union Square |
| Idlewild | 32.228 | 51.866 | KY 20 (Petersburg Road) | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus |||||