# Quebec Winter Carnival

The Quebec Winter Carnival (French: Carnaval de Québec), commonly known in both English and French as Carnaval, is a pre-Lenten festival held in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. After being held intermittently since 1894, the Carnaval de Québec has been celebrated annually since 1955. That year, Bonhomme Carnaval, the mascot of the festival, made his first appearance. Up to one million people attended the Carnaval de Québec in 2006, making it, at the time, the largest winter festival in the world (since overtaken by the Harbin Festival). It is, however, the largest winter festival in the Western Hemisphere.

## Activities and attractions

The most famous attractions of this winter festival are the night-time and daytime parades led by mascot Bonhomme Carnaval. The parades wind through the upper city, decorated for the occasion with lights and ice sculptures.
Numerous public and private parties, shows and balls are held across the city, some of them outside in the bitter cold, a testimony to the Québécois' fabled joie de vivre.
Other major events include:
* A masquerade ball with up to 400 participants at the grand ballroom of the Château Frontenac
* The opening and closing ceremonies taking place at the Ice Palace before thousands of participants, Bonhomme and the mayor of Quebec
* Outdoor sport events (snowboarding, ice canoe, snowshoes, hockey, dog-sledding, etc., some of them part of World Championship tournaments) inside and outside the city
* Free outdoor public banquets (brunch, breakfast, etc.)
* The Canadian, Québécois, International and Student artist snow sculpture contests on the Plains of Abraham, the main setting of the carnival. The Plains are a public city park and stay open for leisure activities, including snowshoeing and cross-country skiing trails, during carnival time. Part of the Plains around the Citadel is transformed into an outdoor winter amusement park with various family-themed activities, including the display of the three main snow-sculpting contests (Canada's provinces, Quebec's regions, International) and the traditional bikini snow bath event (bain de neige).
Outdoor dance parties are held at the Ice Palaces.
* Kiosks and other outlets in the city sell the Bonhomme effigy tag that grants admission into most of the events, although some are free outside the main site.
* Most commercial main streets are decorated and some bars and restaurants set up a winter patio in front of their establishments.
* Bonhomme – short for bonhomme de neige ("snowman") is the official ambassador of the festivities, the castle lord of the Ice Palace. Bonhomme is described as a seven-foot-tall, four-hundred pound snowman sporting a red cap, black buttons and a ceinture fléchée that gives acknowledgement to French-Canadian and Métis style clothing.
* It is traditional to drink Caribou, a hot alcoholic beverage, to keep warm.
* The public auction is a fundraising event in aid of the carnival. This features many goods and services donated for silent auction and live auction.

## Feasts and restaurants

* The Business Leaders' Luncheon, organized by the Québec City Chamber of Commerce
* The 'Restaurant Partners' Campaign is a 179-day promotion during which Québec City restaurants offer customers a special menu for a fixed price throughout the carnival (including appetizer, soup, or salad, a main course, and a dessert).

## Races and tournaments

* A sleigh race in which drivers and their horses take part in a single- and double-harness race on the Plains of Abraham
* An ice canoe race on the St. Lawrence river
* The Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament, founded in 1960 by Gérard Bolduc, Paul Dumont and others, was part of the program until 1977.
* The Snowboard World Cup in Quebec City (not part of the carnival official program).

## Themes
### 1970s

* In 1972, the theme was "Un carnaval pour tout le monde" (A Carnival for Everyone).

### 1990s

* In 1990, the theme was "Au cœur du monde" (At the Heart of the World).
* In 1991, the theme was "Pour apprivoiser l'hiver" (To Tame Winter).

### 2000s

* In 2005, the theme was "Le carnaval s'enflamme" (The Carnival Catches Fire).
* In 2006, the theme was "Le carnaval surprend" (The Carnival Astonishes).
* In 2007, the theme was "Le carnaval vous met au défi" (The Carnival Defies You).
* In 2008, the theme was "Le carnaval donne le ton" (The Carnival Gives the Rhythm) .
* In 2009, the theme was "Le carnaval vous entraîne dans la mascarade" (The Carnival Teaches You Masquarade).

## Queens and duchesses

Duchesses were present at the Carnaval de Québec from 1955 to 1996. After a period of 17 years, they returned for the 2014 to 2018 carnivals. Originally, the duchess would represent a local organization, but as of 1957 they represented different sectors of Québec. On May 23, 2018, it was announced that the duchesses would no longer be a part of the Carnaval de Québec.

## Statistics
### Visitors

* In 1964, 260 000 people visited Québec to celebrate the Carnaval de Québec.
* In 1994, Quebec had more than 500 000 visitors, with over 20% coming from outside of Quebec, the majority of them from the United States or Europe.
* In 2008, an estimated 1.2 million tourists visited Quebec to attend the Carnaval de Québec in celebration of the city's 400th anniversary.

## Gallery

* Ice sculpture (2005)
* Family venue (2006)
* Ice Palace (2009)
* Parade in Montreal (2011)
* Canoe race (2011)
* Ice Palace (2011)
* Toboggan at Terrasse Dufferin