OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nový Knín

Nový Knín is a town in Příbram District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,100 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

## Administrative division

Nový Knín consists of five municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Nový Knín (1,321)
* Chramiště (31)
* Kozí Hory (82)
* Libčice (206)
* Sudovice (367)

## Etymology

The initial name of the settlement was probably Kněnín and was derived from the Czech word kněžna (i.e. 'princess'). The form was then shortened to Knín. Two settlements were originally distinguished – Starý Knín ('old Knín') and Nový Knín ('new Knín'), but they gradually merged.

## Geography

Nový Knín is located about 23 kilometres (14 mi) northeast of Příbram and 25 km (16 mi) south of Prague. It lies in the Benešov Uplands. The highest point is the hill Besídka at 516 m (1,693 ft) above sea level. The Kocába River flows through the town.

## History

The first written mention of Nový Knín is from 1186, when members of the Přemyslid dynasty, dukes Frederick and Conrad II agreed and signed here the final annexation of Moravia to Bohemia. In the 14th century, Nový Knín became the centre of gold mining in the area and became a prospering mining town. A school, brewery and vineyard were established here. Gold mining was suspended during the Hussite Wars. It was later renewed several times, but always on a significantly smaller scale than in the 14th century.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 2,419 | — |
| 1880 | 2,487 | +2.8% |
| 1890 | 2,401 | −3.5% |
| 1900 | 2,327 | −3.1% |
| 1910 | 2,381 | +2.3% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 2,336 | −1.9% |
| 1930 | 2,237 | −4.2% |
| 1950 | 1,780 | −20.4% |
| 1961 | 1,945 | +9.3% |
| 1970 | 1,917 | −1.4% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 1,867 | −2.6% |
| 1991 | 1,716 | −8.1% |
| 2001 | 1,731 | +0.9% |
| 2011 | 1,952 | +12.8% |
| 2021 | 2,007 | +2.8% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality.

## Sights

The landmark of Nový Knín is the Church of Saint Nicholas. It was originally a Romanesque church from the second half of the 12th century, first documented in 1186. In 1773–1774, it was baroque rebuilt, but several romanesque elements have been preserved.
The so-called Mincovna (meaning "mint") is a historical Renaissance building from the 16th century, with an Empire style façade from 1810. The building is linked to gold mining in the region. It originally served as the seat of a royal official, today it houses the Museum of Gold.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Nový Knín is twinned with:
* Ledro, Italy
# Mirjam Liimask

Mirjam Liimask (born 25 October 1983) is an Estonian retired hurdler. She became the European U23 champion in 2005.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Estonia ||||||
| 2002 | European Indoor Championships | Vienna, Austria | 21st (h) | 60 m | 7.53 |
| 2002 | European Indoor Championships | Vienna, Austria | 16th (h) | 60 m hurdles | 8.33 |
| 2002 | World Junior Championships | Kingston, Jamaica | 7th | 100 m hurdles | 13.80 w (wind: +3.4 m/s) |
| 2002 | European Championships | Munich, Germany | 33rd (h) | 100 m hurdles | 13.75 |
| 2003 | European U23 Championships | Bydgoszcz, Poland | 11th (sf) | 100m hurdles | 13.41 (wind: +1.0 m/s) |
| 2003 | Universiade | Daegu, South Korea | 6th | 100m hurdles | 13.59 |
| 2005 | European Indoor Championships | Madrid, Spain | 18th (h) | 60 m hurdles | 8.25 |
| 2005 | European U23 Championships | Erfurt, Germany | 1st | 100m hurdles | 12.93 (wind: +0.9 m/s) NR |
| 2005 | Universiade | İzmir, Turkey | 1st | 100 m hurdles | 12.96 |
| 2006 | European Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 28th (h) | 100 m hurdles | 13.54 |
| 2007 | Universiade | Bangkok, Thailand | 31st (qf) | 100 m | 12.31 |
| 2007 | Universiade | Bangkok, Thailand | 18th (h) | 100 m hurdles | 13.77 |
# Prenuptial Agreement (album)

Prenuptial Agreement is the sixth studio album by American rapper J. Stalin. It was released on January 12, 2010 via SMC Recordings. Production was handled by Adam "Swerve" Trujillo, the Mekanix, Mike Rizmo, Cinematik, DJ Fresh, Jallah Keys, Joe Millionaire, Kareem K, SK, Sneaky Mike, Traxamillion and Troy "Tha Rolla" Sanders. It features guest appearances from Shady Nate, 211, E Da Singa, Lil' Blood, E-40, Dubb 20, Glasses Malone, Jallah Keys, Jay Jonah, Lil' Kev, Lil Retro, Matt Blaque, Messy Marv, Mistah F.A.B., Philthy Rich, San Quinn, SK, Stevie Joe, The Jacka and Too $hort. The album peaked at #71 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and at #18 on the Heatseekers Albums chart.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| HipHopDX | 3/5 |
| Pitchfork | 7.9/10 |
Prenuptial Agreement was met with generally favorable reviews from critics. At Album of the Year, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 70 based on three reviews.
# Hey (Lil Jon song)

"Hey" is a song by American rapper Lil Jon featuring 3OH!3. It was released as the second single from his debut solo album, Crunk Rock. It was also featured on the Jersey Shore soundtrack.

## Critical reception

Dave Herrera of Westword stated, "As it stands, it's a nice enough electro track. Regardless, gotta hand it to the dudes. They sure know how to write a hook. And if this record resonates like we think it will, 3OH!3 will walking on Streets of Gold in no time."

## Music video

The video was filmed in Hollywood and directed by David Rousseau. It was released on August 26, 2010. The video revolves around a girls-only pool party, featuring the Jersey Shore cast with track artists Lil Jon and 3OH!3. Bandmember Nathaniel Motte explained: "The concept of the 'Hey' video is assemble the largest amount of hot chicks you can and throw a pool party … which is kinda crazy because we're never invited to those kind of parties."

## Chart performance

"Hey" debuted at number 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 upon the release of the album and moved up to number 62 the next week, before falling off the Hot 100. It also debuted at number 46 on the Hot Digital Songs chart and reached number 33 in its second week.
# Frances Scudamore, Duchess of Norfolk

Frances Scudamore (1750–1820) was the second wife of Charles Howard, who became the 11th Duke of Norfolk in 1786. She spent her married life confined to Holme Lacy in a mentally deranged condition.

## Life

She was born the only daughter and heiress of Charles FitzRoy-Scudamore of Holme Lacy in Herefordshire, an illegitimate son of Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton, and his wife Frances, the divorced wife of the Duke of Beaufort.
She married Charles Howard, the only son and heir of the 10th Duke of Norfolk on 6 April 1771 in London. She inherited the Holme Lacy estate on the death of her father in 1782. Her husband succeeded his father as the 11th Duke of Norfolk on 31 August 1786, inheriting a number of large estates, including Arundel Castle, Worksop Manor, Greystoke Castle and Sheffield Manor.
Unfortunately, Frances exhibited signs of mental instability from the time of her marriage and spent the rest of her life confined to Holme Lacy. They had no children. Her husband spent his time elsewhere with a series of mistresses, dying in 1815.
She died a widow in 1820 and was buried at St Cuthberts church, Holme Lacy. Having had no legitimate heirs from either of his marriages the Duke's lands and titles had passed to his cousin Bernard. Holme Lacy, however, became the subject of a prolonged legal battle, which was finally decided in favour of Sir Edwin Stanhope, 2nd Baronet, who adopted the additional surname of Scudamore.
# Joe Hutter

Joseph I. Hutter (August 31, 1937 – April 18, 2015) was an American politician who was a member of the Iowa House of Representatives from 2003 to 2007. He represented the 82nd district.
He was born in Dubuque, Iowa, to Irvin and Marie Hutter (née Ryan). He served in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1958, then moved to Bettendorf, where he worked as a police officer until he retired in 1994. Hutter was appointed to the board of Hawk-i, on which he served until his death in 2015.
# Song of Enlightenment

The Song of Enlightenment (traditional Chinese: 證道歌; simplified Chinese: 证道歌; pinyin: Zhèngdào gē; Wade–Giles: Cheng-dao ke; Japanese: Shōdōka; Korean: 증도가; lit. 'prove Way song'), also translated as Song of Awakening, Song of Freedom and Song of Actualizing the Way, is a Chan discourse written some time in the first half of the 8th century C.E. and usually attributed to Yongjia Xuanjue. The true authorship of the work is a matter of debate, with a number of elements in the writing suggesting either the text has been substantially changed over time or Yongjia was an unlikely author. According to Jinhua Jia, the Zhengdao ge likely originated within the Hongzhou School. The first commentaries appeared in the 11th century during the Song Dynasty. The first English commentary on the work was written by Charles Luk. The Song deals with the methods of and attitudes towards daily Zen practice. A central theme is the contrast between dharma-nature, or reality as it is, versus buddha-nature, or self-nature. It also emphasizes practice over sutra-study. It has been considered a central Zen text from the Song Dynasty to the present day. It was apparently so highly esteemed that Dahui Zonggao reported that it was translated from Chinese to Sanskrit so it could be studied elsewhere. Today it is often memorized by Zen practitioners in East Asian countries.

## See Also

* Essence of Zen Buddhism - the only other extant surviving work by Yongjia Xuanjue
# Ouběnice

Ouběnice is a municipality and village in Příbram District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Ouběnice consists of two municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Ouběnice (199)
* Ostrov (35)
# Chloroacetic acid

Chloroacetic acid, industrially known as monochloroacetic acid (MCA), is the organochlorine compound with the formula ClCH$_2$CO$_2$H. This carboxylic acid is a useful building block in organic synthesis. It is a colorless solid. Related compounds are dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid.

## Production

Chloroacetic acid was first prepared (in impure form) by the French chemist Félix LeBlanc (1813–1886) in 1843 by chlorinating acetic acid in the presence of sunlight, and in 1857 (in pure form) by the German chemist Reinhold Hoffmann (1831–1919) by refluxing glacial acetic acid in the presence of chlorine and sunlight, and then by the French chemist Charles Adolphe Wurtz by hydrolysis of chloroacetyl chloride (ClCH$_2$COCl), also in 1857.
Chloroacetic acid is prepared industrially by two routes. The predominant method involves chlorination of acetic acid, with acetic anhydride as a catalyst:
    H$_3$C−COOH + Cl$_2$ → ClH$_2$C−COOH + HCl
This route suffers from the production of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid as impurities, which are difficult to separate by distillation:
    H$_3$C−COOH + 2 Cl$_2$ → Cl$_2$HC−COOH + 2 HCl
    H$_3$C−COOH + 3 Cl$_2$ → Cl$_3$C−COOH + 3 HCl
The second method entails hydrolysis of trichloroethylene:
    ClHC=CCl$_2$ + 2 H$_2$O → ClH$_2$C−COOH + 2 HCl
The hydrolysis is conducted at 130–140 °C in a concentrated (at least 75%) solution of sulfuric acid. This method produces a highly pure product, unlike the halogenation route. However, the significant quantities of HCl released have led to the increased popularity of the halogenation route. Approximately 420,000 tonnes are produced globally per year.

## Uses and reactions

Most reactions take advantage of the high reactivity of the C−Cl bond.
In its largest-scale application, chloroacetic acid is used to prepare the thickening agent carboxymethyl cellulose and carboxymethyl starch.
Chloroacetic acid is also used in the production of phenoxy herbicides by etherification with chlorophenols. In this way 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) are produced. It is the precursor to the herbicide glyphosate and dimethoate. Chloroacetic acid is converted to chloroacetyl chloride, a precursor to adrenaline (epinephrine). Displacement of chloride by sulfide gives thioglycolic acid, which is used as a stabilizer in PVC and a component in some cosmetics.
Illustrative of its usefulness in organic chemistry is the O-alkylation of salicylaldehyde with chloroacetic acid, followed by decarboxylation of the resulting ether, producing benzofuran.

## Safety

Like other chloroacetic acids and related halocarbons, chloroacetic acid is a hazardous alkylating agent. The LD$_{50}$ for rats is 76 mg/kg.
It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.
# Harold Wood railway station

Harold Wood railway station is on the Great Eastern Main Line in east London, serving Harold Wood in the London Borough of Havering. It is 14 miles 76 chains (24.1 km) down the line from London Liverpool Street and is situated between Gidea Park and Brentwood. Its three-letter station code is HRO and it is in Travelcard zone 6.
The station is currently managed and served by the Elizabeth line.

## History

Harold Wood station was opened on 1 December 1868 by the Great Eastern Railway in the north of the parish of Hornchurch. It was located on its main line from Bishopsgate in London to the east of England and consisted of two staggered platforms of wooden construction, the down platform accessed from Station Road and the up platform from Oak Road. Goods facilities consisted of two sidings on the north side of the line opposite the up platform, and there was also a long siding serving a brickworks. A signal box was provided at the up end of the down platform controlling the signals, access to the goods facilities, and a trailing crossover.
Two additional tracks were built to the north of the original lines in 1934 under London and North Eastern Railway ownership. The original tracks are normally used today by express services which do not call at Harold Wood. At this time the current station building was constructed on the overbridge at Gubbins Lane, and new platforms of precast concrete construction located slightly further east nearer to the new station building. The signal box was removed as part of these works, with control of the new colour light signals shared between Gidea Park and Brentwood.

## Services

All services at Harold Wood are operated by the Elizabeth line using Class 345 EMUs.
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
* 8 tph to London Paddington of which 2 continue to Heathrow Terminal 5
* 8 tph to Shenfield
On Sundays, the service is reduced to 4 tph in each direction between Shenfield and London Paddington with 2 tph continuing to run to and from Heathrow Terminal 5.
| Preceding station | Elizabeth line | Following station |
| Gidea Park towards Heathrow Terminal 5 | Elizabeth line | Brentwood towards Shenfield |

## Connections

London Buses routes 256, 294, 346 and 496 serve the station.
# Alliance for Democracy and Federation – African Democratic Rally

The Alliance for Democracy and Federation–African Democratic Rally (French: Alliance pour la Démocratie et la Fédération–Rassemblement Démocratique Africain) is a liberal political alliance in Burkina Faso, consisting of the Alliance for Democracy and Federation and the former ruling party African Democratic Rally.
Gilbert Noël Ouédraogo has been the President of the ADF-RDA since 29 June 2003; he served in President Blaise Compaoré's cabinet as Minister of Transport. His father, former Prime Minister Gérard Kango Ouédraogo, was designated as Honorary President for Life of the ADF-RDA in May 1998.
In the parliamentary election held on 5 May 2002, the Alliance won 12.7% of the popular vote and 17 out of 111 seats. In the May 2007 parliamentary election, the party won 14 seats. The ADF-RDA supported President Compaoré in the 2005 presidential election and again in the 2010 presidential election.
The party stands for pluralism, equality, justice and liberty for all. It supports freedom of expression, calls for tolerance and the rule of law, condemns human rights abuses, and supports liberal economic views. It lists education, employment and individual enterprise as constituting the pillars of economic development. The party welcomes Burkinabè from all backgrounds, ‘regardless of religious or philosophical beliefs, race and sex’, aiming to consolidate national unity and democracy.
ADF-RDA is a member of international liberal associations, including the Africa Liberal Network and Liberal International.
# Gustavus Swan

Gustavus Swan (also known as Gustave) (July 15, 1787 – February 6, 1860) was a lawyer and banker from the U.S. state of Ohio who was appointed to fill a vacancy on the Ohio Supreme Court in 1829-1830.

## Biography

Swan was born in Sharon, New Hampshire in 1787 to John and Sarah Swan. He attended local schools and private academies in the area, trading bookkeeping for tuition and board. He worked as an assistant in a bank while studying law at night. In 1810, he moved to Ohio.
Swan lived in Marietta for a year and worked in a law office before being admitted to the bar in 1811. He moved to Franklinton, in hopes it would become the state capital. In 1814, he moved to Columbus. He also served in the Fourth Brigade of the Second Division of the Ohio Militia during the War of 1812.
Swan was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1812 and 1817 for one year terms. In between, he had a law practice, doing title work on claims in the Virginia Military District. He also was Franklin County prosecuting attorney 1821-1823.
On October 1, 1823, Ohio Governor Jeremiah Morrow appointed Swan as president judge of the Court of Common Pleas for the sixth circuit, to fill a vacancy caused by the death of the sitting judge. He was appointed to a full seven-year term in February 1824 by the legislature.
Swan resigned from the sixth circuit on July 9, 1829, when Governor Allen Trimble appointed him to fill the vacancy on the Ohio Supreme Court caused by the death of Charles Robert Sherman. He served until February 1830, when the legislature appointed a permanent replacement. He then continued in private practice in Columbus until 1844, when he retired from law.
May 21, 1840, Governor Wilson Shannon appointed Swan a Canal Fund Commissioner. He was re-appointed in 1842.
From 1823 to 1842, Swan served as president of the Franklin Bank of Columbus. In 1845, the General Assembly appointed him to the Board of Control of the Bank of Ohio. He was appointed the first president of the State Bank of Ohio and held that position until 1854.
Swan married Amelia Aldrich in Hillsboro, New Hampshire in 1819. They had four children. Swan died in Columbus February 6, 1860.
# Said Djauharsjah Jenie

Said Djauharsjah Jenie (22 August 1950, Surakarta – July 11, 2008, Bandung) was an Indonesian scientist and teacher. He was the head of The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (AAAT) from 2006 until his death in 2008. He was a member of the Board of Commissioners PT. Indonesian Aerospace.
Said Jenie was one of the key figures behind the success of the maiden flight of aircraft N-250, the first commercial aircraft entirely designed and made in Indonesia. He worked as an educator in the Department of Aerospace Engineering ITB (ITB) as Professor Prodi Engineering Flight. Said was a researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and NASA in United States.
Said Jenie died in Bandung Hospital on July 11, 2008, due to heart disease. He was buried in Family Cemetery Sewu, Bantul, Yogyakarta.

## Family

Jenie married Sadarijah with whom he had two daughters, Asih Nurul Sadarijah and Gita Ismailia Isbandiyah. Said Jenie was the son of Jenie Nahar Minangkabau and Isbandiyah.

## Education

He studied mechanical engineering at Bandung Institute of Technology, graduating in 1969. He holds a master's degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Technical University of Delft, Netherlands (1978). He holds a doctorate in astrodynamics in Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States (1982)

## Career

* Chief of Flight Test Center N-250 (1995)
* Deputy Head of BPPT Design Build Industry Technology and Engineering (1998)
* Member of the Board of Commissioners of PT. Indonesian Aerospace (2002)
* Head of the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (2006)
* Head of Sumo Community

## Awards

* ASEAN Engineering Awards (1994)
* Bintang Jasa Utama (2007)
# Utah State Route 88

State Route 88 (SR-88) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Utah, connecting Ouray to US-40/US-191.

## Route description

SR-88 begins at the south end of the Green River bridge near Ouray, within the Uintah Basin. It heads northwards, gradually climbing through the valley of that river, passing east of Pelican Lake, and onto a more rugged plateau just beyond the intersection with 4500 South (which carried SR-88 until 1969). The route's north end is at US-40/US-191 on this plateau.

## History

The state legislature defined State Route 88 in 1935, connecting Ouray to SR-6 (US-40) at Fort Duchesne. State Route 209 was created in 1941, heading north from SR-88 near Leota to US-40 east of Fort Duchesne. In 1969, SR-88 was realigned to follow SR-209, with the old alignment to Fort Duchesne becoming a county road.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Uintah County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Ouray | 0.000 | 0.000 | Seep Ridge Road (south) - East Tavaputs Plateau | Southern terminus |
| Ouray | 0.002– 0.081 | 0.0032– 0.130 | Green River | Green River |
| ​ | 9.980 | 16.061 | East 5500 South (west) - Randlett, Fort Duchesene | Former routing of SR-88 |
| ​ | 16.996 | 27.352 | US 40 / US 191 – Fort Duchesne, Roosevelt, Vernal | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Svaté Pole

Svaté Pole is a municipality and village in Příbram District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Svaté Pole consists of two municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Svaté Pole (362)
* Budínek (166)

## Etymology

The name literally means 'holy field', but in earlier times the meaning of this expression was 'cemetery'.

## Geography

Svaté Pole is located about 12 kilometres (7 mi) northeast of Příbram and 34 km (21 mi) southwest of Prague. It lies in an agricultural landscape in the Benešov Uplands. There are several fishponds in the municipal territory; the largest of them is Svatopolský.

## History

The first written mention of Svaté Pole is from 1352.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 339 | — |
| 1880 | 373 | +10.0% |
| 1890 | 352 | −5.6% |
| 1900 | 381 | +8.2% |
| 1910 | 379 | −0.5% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 342 | −9.8% |
| 1930 | 307 | −10.2% |
| 1950 | 257 | −16.3% |
| 1961 | 269 | +4.7% |
| 1970 | 274 | +1.9% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 266 | −2.9% |
| 1991 | 290 | +9.0% |
| 2001 | 326 | +12.4% |
| 2011 | 358 | +9.8% |
| 2021 | 528 | +47.5% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

The D4 motorway from Prague to Písek passes through the municipality.

## Sights

The main landmark of Svaté Pole is the Church of Saint Elizabeth of Thuringia. It was originally a medieval Gothic church, rebuilt in the Baroque style in 1710–1721. The reconstruction was inspired by the Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in Rome.