OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# New York City Department of Cultural Affairs

The New York City Department of Cultural Affairs (DCLA) is the department of the government of New York City dedicated to supporting New York City's cultural life. Among its primary missions is ensuring adequate public funding for non-profit cultural organizations throughout the five boroughs. The Department represents and serves non-profit cultural organizations involved in the visual, literary and performing arts; public-oriented science and humanities institutions including zoos, botanical gardens and historic and preservation societies; and creative artists who live and work within the City's five boroughs.
The Office of Cultural Affairs (OCA), which prefigured the contemporary DCLA, was created in 1962 by Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. In 1976, the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs was established as a separate city agency, headed by the Commissioner of Cultural Affairs, who is appointed by the Mayor.
Its programs include Materials for the Arts, a large facility in Long Island City that distributes free reused supplies to arts organizations (in partnership with the New York City Department of Sanitation). Its regulations are compiled in Title 58 of the New York City Rules.

## Commissioners

| | Cultural Affairs Commissioner | Years in Office | Appointed by |
| 1 | H. Claude Shostal | 1976–1977 | Abraham Beame |
| 2 | Henry Geldzahler | 1978–1982 | Ed Koch |
| 3 | Randall Bourscheidt (Acting) | 1982–1983 | Ed Koch |
| 4 | Bess Myerson | 1983–1987 | Ed Koch |
| 5 | Mary Schmidt Campbell | 1987–1991 | Ed Koch |
| 6 | Luis R. Cancel | 1991–1994 | David Dinkins |
| 7 | Schuyler G. Chapin | 1994–2001 | Rudolph Giuliani |
| 8 | Kate Levin | 2002–2013 | Michael Bloomberg |
| 9 | Tom Finkelpearl | 2014–2019 | Bill de Blasio |
| 10 | Gonzalo Casals | 2020–2022 | Bill de Blasio |
| 11 | Laurie Cumbo | 2022–present | Eric Adams |
# David Meier

David Meier (26 June 1891 – 21 April 1986) was a politician from Liechtenstein who served as mayor of Mauren from 1933 to 1948.
He was a member of the Mauren municipal council as a member of the Progressive Citizens' Party. During his time as mayor, the church was renovated and he was the manager of the Maurer drinking water supply from 1931 to 1932.
# Death of Abolfazl Amir-Ataei

Abolfazl Amirataei (Persian: ابوالفضل امیرعطایی; January 4, 2006 – May 26, 2023) was a 16-year-old Iranian teenager who sustained critical injuries during the 2022 protests in Iran (Mahsa Amini protests) and died after approximately eight months of battling his injuries.

## Biography

Abolfazl Amirataei was born on January 4, 2006, and resided in Shahr-e Rey, Iran. He was a High School student in Varamin, specializing in industrial electricity. Beyond his academic pursuits, Abolfazl had a passion for learning languages, enjoyed playing football, and was an avid gamer. He was described as a cheerful, energetic, and sociable individual who had a deep affection for animals, especially dogs.

### Injury During Protests

On September 21, 2022, amid nationwide protests in Shahr-e Rey, Abolfazl was shot in the head at close range by Islamic Republic of Iran security forces using a tear gas canister, causing severe injuries and the loss of half of his skull.
He was immediately transferred to Haft-e Tir Hospital in Tehran, where he underwent multiple surgeries and remained in a coma for several months. During his hospitalization, his family faced pressure from authorities, including demands to sign commitments not to file complaints against security forces in exchange for medical treatment.

### Struggle with Injuries and Passing

After approximately five months in the intensive care unit, Abolfazl was moved home; however, his condition deteriorated, necessitating further surgeries. On May 21, 2023, he showed signs of emerging from the coma, such as moving his fingers and responding to his mother's voice. On May 26, 2023, after about eight months of enduring his injuries, Abolfazl died. His death added to the growing list of young individuals who were killed or injured during the protests in Iran, which began following the death of Mahsa Amini in September 2022.

## Reactions and Legacy

Abolfazl's death elicited widespread reactions both within Iran and internationally. Human rights organizations condemned the Iranian regime's treatment of protesters, particularly minors, and expressed concern over human rights violations in the country. Cases like Abolfazl's underscore the urgent need for reforms and the protection of civil rights in Iran.
# Pozo Alcón

Pozo Alcón is a city located in the province of Jaén, Spain. According to the 2005 census (INE), the city has a population of 5,437 inhabitants.
# Jawory-Podmaście

Jawory-Podmaście is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Goworowo, in Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
# Joseph Allen (Australian politician)

Joseph Francis Allen (6 August 1869 – 23 May 1933) was an Australian politician.

## Life

Born at Perranzabuloe in Cornwall to carpenter William Allen and Salome Williams, he came to Parramatta in 1879 and from 1884 worked as an articled clerk to a Sydney architect, subsequently becoming a civil engineer. After moving to Western Australia in 1894, he married Jean Symington Buntine on 25 September 1900. In 1903 Allen was elected to East Fremantle Municipality, on which he would continue to serve (with a one-year break) until his death. He was mayor from 1909 to 1914. In 1914 he was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Council as a Liberal member. He was Chairman of Committees from 1919 until his defeat in the 1920 election. He continued to be active in what became the Nationalist Party and advocated greater cooperation with the new Country Party; his strident support for electoral pacts led to his resignation as president of the Western Australian Nationalist Party in 1926. He was re-elected mayor of East Fremantle in 1931 but died suddenly in 1933; his body was found in the Swan River, but the coroner ruled no suspicious circumstances. Allen is buried at Fremantle Cemetery.
# Batyr Boromangnaev

Batyr Boromangnaev is a Kalmyk political activist who has served as the chairman of the Kalmykia branch of Yabloko, as well as founding and leading the Congress of the Oirat-Kalmyk People.

## Biography

Boromangnaev has been the Kalmyk representative to the Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum since the Congress of Oriat-Kalmyk people joined it.
On December 11, 2021, Boromangnaev was fined 30,000 Rubles for tweeting that Russia is a state where "human rights and freedoms are not respected but are totally violated." In response he stated that the "court came to the absurd, in my opinion, conclusion that I had offended Putin's personal dignity." He would then be fined 1640 euros for claiming historical parallels between Putin's government and Nazi Germany's practices on March 7, 2022.
Boromangnaev participated in the third meeting of the Congress of the Oirat-Kalmyk People on May 29, 2021, after which the Russian government opened criminal proceedings against him for "participation in an unsanctioned public event."
On February 28, 2023, Boromangnaev was detained in Mongolia and faced deportation to Russia due to an expired passport, with Boromangnaev stating that his passport had expired while he was being detained in Kazakhstan which he passed through en route to Mongolia. Eventually Boromangnaev was allowed to depart the Ulaanbaatar airport for the United States following extensive negotiating by the Free Nations League and various other organizations.
# Thomas Johnson (died 1569)

Thomas Johnson (1519 – July 1569) was an English politician who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) during the reign of Queen Mary I. He represented multiple constituencies, notably Bossiney and St. Albans.

## Early Life and Background

Little is known about Johnson's early life and family background. He was born around 1519, possibly in St. Albans, Hertfordshire. He likely came from the local gentry and established himself as a figure of influence within the region, which led to his later political career.

## Political Career

Thomas Johnson served as a Member of Parliament for two separate constituencies during his career:

### MP for Bossiney (March 1553)

Johnson first entered Parliament in 1553, representing Bossiney, a constituency in Cornwall, during the March 1553 parliamentary session. This session occurred during the early months of the reign of Queen Mary I, who ascended to the throne in 1553.

### MP for St. Albans (October 1553)

In the same year, Johnson was elected to represent St. Albans in the October 1553 parliamentary session, also under Queen Mary’s reign. The political climate during this period was marked by a return to Catholicism, following the establishment of Protestantism under her predecessor, Edward VI.

## Later Life and Death

After his service in Parliament, Thomas Johnson's life after politics is poorly documented. However, records show that he made his will on 11 July 1569. He passed away before the 21st of July, the date on which probate was granted. Johnson was buried on 25 July 1569 in St. Albans Abbey.
# Sânger

Sânger (Hungarian: Mezőszengyel) is a commune in Mureș County, Transylvania, Romania that is composed of seven villages: Bârza (Borza), Cipăieni (until 1996, Chimitelnic; Keménytelke), Dalu (Fodorkút), Pripoare (Pripora), Sânger, Vălișoara (Sárkihíd), and Zăpodea (Zapodia).
Sânger lies on the Transylvanian Plateau, on the banks of Pârâul de Câmpie and it's affluent, Valea Sarchii. It is located in the western part of Mureș County, 9 km (5.6 mi) north of the town of Luduș and 43 km (27 mi) west of the county seat, Târgu Mureș. It is crossed by the single-track 94 km (58 mi) Luduș-Șieu-Măgheruș railway line and by the county road DJ 153G.
In 2002, the commune had a population of 2,530, of which 87% were Romanians, 7% Hungarians, and 6% Roma.

## Natives

* Gheorghe Cipăianu (1878–1957), agronomist and politician
* Teofil Oroian (born 1947), officer and military historian
* Vasile Pop (1789–1842), physician
# Rothschild Martin Maurel

Rothschild Martin Maurel (formerly Banque Martin Maurel) is a French private bank headquartered in Paris, with a significant presence in France, Belgium, and Monaco. Its origins date back to 1825.

## History
### Early history

The Banque Martin Maurel was established in 1964 as a result of a merger of Banque Martin Frères (founded in 1825) and Banque Maurel (founded in 1929) by Robert Maurel. At the time, the bank became a subsidiary of the holding company Compagnie Financière Martin Maurel Société Anonyme.
In 2000, Martin Maurel co-founded the Martin Maurel Sella Banque Privée – Monaco S.A.M. with the Italian Banca Sella Group which as of 2011 held over 1.8 billion Euros in assets. This is in addition to the existing Monaco operations, which have dated back to 1987.

### Acquisition by Rothschild & Co

In June 2016, Rothschild & Co announced plans to acquire Banque Martin Maurel for €240 million ($270 million). At the time Martin Maurel had €10 billion of assets under management in France, most of which part of its private banking business. As a result, Rothschild Matin Maurel became leading independent private bank in France, with combined AUM of €34 billion.
By 2 January 2017, the merger between Banque Martin Maurel and Rothschild & Cie Banque was complete, creating Rothschild Martin Maurel.

### Current Operations

The bank is headquartered at 29 Avenue de Messine in Paris; however, its main office is at another address in Marseille. The bank has branches in Paris, Marseille, Aix-en-Provence, Lyon, Brussels, Neuilly-sur-Seine, and Monaco.
It is a member of the Groupement Européen de Banques.
# 1-bit Ninja

1-bit Ninja is a 2011 platformer game developed and published by Kode80. In the game, the player controls a ninja who must avoid enemies and collect coins throughout thirty levels. The player may adjust the camera to a three-dimensional perspective to reveal hidden platforms. 1-bit Ninja was released on June 23, 2011, for iOS.

## Gameplay

In 1-bit Ninja, the player controls the Ninja, who can jump on enemies to defeat them. While the Ninja can move across the level, they cannot go backwards. The player is required to collect coins in each of the thirty levels. They may turn the camera to unlock a three-dimensional perspective that reveals hidden platforms. With the Tiled Map Editor, players can create their own levels.

## Development and release

1-bit Ninja was developed by Kode80, the studio of Ben Hopkins. He was inspired by his childhood experiences from playing the Game & Watch series. While the game was scheduled to be released at the end of May, 1-Bit Ninja was released for iOS on June 23, 2011. In October 2011, the game was given Game Center support and video exporting. In March 2012, a fifth world was added and a lite version was released, which contains five levels, checkpoints, and replays. In December 2014, the game was released for iOS 8 and iPad. An endless runner sequel titled 1-bit Ninja Remix Rush was released on January 8, 2015, for iOS.

## Reception

Aggregate score :
| Aggregator | Score |
| Metacritic | 80/100 |
Review scores :
| Publication | Score |
| Gamezebo | 100/100 (1-bit Ninja) |
| IGN | 8/10 (1-bit Ninja) 8/10 (Remix Rush) |
| Pocket Gamer | 4/5 (1-bit Ninja) 3.5/5 (Remix Rush) |
| TouchArcade | 4.5/5 (1-bit Ninja) 4/5 (Remix Rush) |
1-bit Ninja received a "generally favorable" rating on Metacritic. The pixelated art style was praised. Jared Nelson of TouchArcade praised the game's graphics for having a "ton of character and style".

### 1-bit Ninja Remix Rush

The difficulty of the gameplay was received negatively. Carter Dotson of TouchArcade found that the challenging gameplay made players decide where they should move the player-character. Time magazine praised the game's ability to combine the "flattest gaming technology" with the third dimension.
# Nomophylax

The nomophylax (Greek: νομοφύλαξ, "guardian of the laws") was a senior Byzantine judicial office of the 11th–15th centuries.

## History

The office of nomophylax was established by Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos (r. 1042–1055) either in 1043, 1045, or 1047 for John Xiphilinos, the future Patriarch of Constantinople. The office held extraordinary authority and was of high distinction: he presided over the law school of the capital, Constantinople, was a member of the Byzantine Senate, held the seat next to the epi ton kriseon, and was accorded an annual salary (roga) of 4 pounds of gold and a silk tunic, not counting various imperial donations and gifts on holidays. The post's authority was further strengthened by precisely specifying the few cases in which an incumbent could be dismissed.
The post did not long survive in its original conception, however, and quickly became associated with ecclesiastical law, enjoying, according to J. Darrouzès, an intermediate position between the civil and ecclesiastical administrations. Thus in the 12th century, it was held by several notable canonists, such as Alexios Aristenos, Neilos Doxapatres, and Theodore Balsamon. In the 14th century, there were both civil and ecclesiastical nomophylakes, with the latter analogous to another ecclesiastical judicial office, the dikaiophylax.
# Pahlavi Crown

The Pahlavi Crown (Persian: تاج پهلوی) was the coronation crown used during the Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979). It is held amongst the Iranian National Jewels by the government of Iran.

## Background

Following the ascension of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1925, Reza Shah ordered a group of Iranian jewelers, under the supervision of Haj Serajeddin Javaheri, to create a new crown to replace the Kiani Crown, which had been used by the Qajar dynasty. Inspiration for the new design was drawn from paintings and historical references to crowns used during the Sasanian era from 224 to 651 AD.
The Pahlavi Crown was commissioned and first used for the coronation of Reza Shah on 25 April 1926. It was used for the last time during the coronation of his son and successor Mohammad Reza Pahlavi on 26 October 1967. The crown is currently on display with the rest of the Iranian National Jewels at the Treasury of National Jewels in Tehran.
Although the Pahlavi Crown was not assembled until the early 20th century, the stones used in its production, as per tradition, were selected from the thousands of loose stones already in the Iranian Imperial Treasury.

## Composition

The frame of the crown is made of gold, silver and red velvet. It has a maximum height of 29.8 cm, a width of 19.8 cm and weighs nearly 2,080 grams. A staggering 3,380 diamonds, totaling 1,144 carats (228.8 g), are set into the object. The largest of these is a 60-carat (12 g) yellow brilliant diamond which is centrally placed in a sunburst of white diamonds.
Found in three rows are 369 nearly identical natural white pearls. The crown also contains five sizable emeralds (totaling 200 carats (40 g)), the largest of which is approximately 100 carats (20 g) and located on the apex of the crown.

## In popular culture

* In Peter O'Donnell's 1981 Modesty Blaise novel The Xanadu Talisman, Modesty and Willie Garvin are pursued by the Moroccan underworld on a quest to recover the Pahlavi Crown.

## Gallery

* Reza Shah wearing the crown at his coronation.
* Mohammad Reza Shah wearing the crown at his coronation.
# T. W. Mercer

Thomas William Mercer (20 July 1884 – 3 March 1947) was an English labour and co-operative movement official and journalist.
Born in Nutfield, Surrey, Mercer worked in a grocery from the age of twelve, then later undertook an apprenticeship as a grocer in Croydon. On completing the apprenticeship, he found work with the Reigate Industrial Society, a local co-operative, rising to become a manager before moving to run the Epsom Co-operative Society, then on to Plymouth, where he ran the local co-operative's education department. While there, he acted as election agent to William Thomas Gay, who stood unsuccessfully in Plymouth Sutton at the 1918 UK general election, and a by-election in 1919.
Later in 1919, Mercer began working at the newly established Co-operative College in Manchester. He stood as a Labour Co-operative candidate in Manchester Moss Side at the 1922 UK general election, and Mossley at the 1924 UK general election, but was not elected. Instead, he became editor of the Co-operative Review, and spent the rest of his working life as a journalist on the Co-operative News and Reynolds News. He was also being active in both the National Amalgamated Union of Shop Assistants, Warehousemen and Clerks and the Amalgamated Union of Co-operative Employees.
In his spare time, Mercer wrote Towards a Co-operative Commonwealth, and served on the committee of the Workers Educational Association.
# Haruna Lee

Haruna Lee, formerly Kristine Haruna Lee, is a Taiwanese Japanese American theatre maker and writer.

## Early life and education

Lee was born in Hong Kong and grew up in Japan. They moved from Japan to the United States when they were eight. They did an undergraduate degree at NYU.

## Career

Inspired by a myth about Sedna, Lee wrote War Lesbian. The musical, composed by Katie Hathaway, who Lee met at New Dramatists, premiered at Dixon Place in 2014, co-presented by Lee's company, harunalee. Lee appeared in the show playing Ellen DeGeneres. In 2016, Lee performed Communing with You with their mother, Aoi Lee. The 30-minute Butoh piece was performed at Brooklyn Arts Exchange. Lee played Jackie in The Offending Gesture at the Connelly Theater in 2016. They played Meryl Streep as Francesca from The Bridges of Madison County in STREEPSHOW! in 2017.
Lee's play, Suicide Forest, premiered in 2019 with Ma-Yi Theater Company and directed by Aya Ogawa. Lee played the schoolgirl, Azusa, in this production. Lee's mother, Aoi, also appeared in the show, which Ma-Yi remounted in 2020.
In 2023, Lee was invited to join the New Dramatists' resident playwright company until 2030.

## Personal life

Lee is half Japanese and half Taiwanese.

## Plays

* Suicide Forest
* plural (love), with Jen Goma and Morgan Green
* Communing with You
* Memory Retrograde
* to the left of the pantry and under the sugar shack
* War Lesbian
* Drunkfish Oceanrant
* Plum de Force
* Troika

## Filmography
### Television

| Year | Television show | Credited as | Notes | Ref. |
| Year | Television show | Writer | Notes | Ref. |
| 2020 | The Flight Attendant | Yes | | |
| 2022 | Pachinko | Yes | Season 2 | |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
| 2020 | Obie Awards | Playwrighting | Suicide Forest | Won | |
| 2021 | Steinberg Playwright Awards | n/a | n/a | Won | |
# Dust Bowl (disambiguation)

The Dust Bowl was a period of severe dust storms during the 1930s Depression Era.
Dust Bowl may also refer to:
* The Dust Bowl (film), a 2012 PBS documentary on the Dust Bowl directed by Ken Burns
* Dustbowl (album), a 1988 album by Head of David
* Dust Bowl (album), by Joe Bonamassa
# Nilnag Lake

Nilnag (lit. 'blue-water lake'; Urdu pronunciation: ; Kashmiri pronunciation:) is a freshwater lake 5 km (3.1 mi) away from Yousmarg in Budgam district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is around 47 km (29 mi) away from Srinagar, the summer capital of the union territory. The lake is famous for its turquoise water. The route from Yousmarg is rather difficult and unmotorable and goes through a dense forest. The lake's crystal-clear blue water gave it its name: nag stands for lake (or a spring) and nil for the blue colour. The location is a great for picnic spot.

## History

The lake was Eric Biscoe's favourite destination. Biscoe (died in 1949), who was the founder of Tyndal Biscoe school in Jammu and Kashmir, wanted to be buried by the lake side. To honour his wishes, his ashes were brought and buried there. Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe in his book states:
   “In his introduction Parwez said that I was bringing back to Kashmir the mortal remains of Mr Eric to be cast into Nil Nag…. Some days later a party of students and staff accompanied us to Buzgu village, where I explained to the villagers Eric's wish and sought their approval. They gave approval and accompanied us to the lake where I paddled out on a couple of logs and shook the ashes into the waters of the lake.”

## Access

Nilnag is easily accessible from Srinagar or Srinagar Airport (SXR), in under 2–3 hours from car or bus. The routes of Nilnag are from Srinagar to Chadoora, and then to Buzgu via Nagam. The total distance is about 47 km (29 mi).

### By road

Nilnag can be reached in from under 2 hours by car or taxi from Srinagar. The roads have recently been reconstructed, however, at certain places, the roads may be uneven. Another route is from Yousmarg to Nilnag, however, it is only pliable by motorbikes.

### By air

The nearest airport is the Sheikh-ul-Alam International Airport (Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir). Nilnag is at a distance of 41 km (25 mi) from the airport, and it takes about 2 hours by car.

## Recent developments

The lake basin is actively going through shallowing owing to siltation, an indicator of which is the emergent vegetation cover "in the lake littorals". In 2017, Yousmarg Development Authority (YDA) undertook dredging of the lake basin. The boundaries were also widened, and huts were built for monitoring.