OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Atlas wild ass

The Atlas wild ass (Equus africanus atlanticus), also known as Algerian wild ass, is a purported extinct subspecies of the African wild ass that was once found across North Africa and parts of the Sahara.
It was last represented in a villa mural ca. 300 AD in Bona, Algeria, and may have become extinct as a result of Roman sport hunting.

## Taxonomy

Purported bones have been found in a number of rock shelters across Morocco and Algeria by paleontologists including Alfred Romer (1928, 1935) and Camille Arambourg (1931). While the existence of numerous prehistoric rock art depictions, and Roman mosaics leave no doubt about the former existence of African wild asses in North Africa, it has been claimed that the original bones that were used to describe the subspecies atlanticus actually belonged to a fossil zebra. Therefore, the name E. a. atlanticus would be "unavailable" to the Atlas wild ass.
It was also hypothesized that the appearance of Nubian and Somali wild asses were clinal and that they appeared different as an artifact of the recent extinction of intermediate-looking populations. This would make the living African wild ass a monotypic species with no subspecies, and at least question the existence of extinct subspecies like the Atlas wild ass. However, genetic studies have shown since that Nubian and Somali wild asses are different enough to warrant subspecies status. Additionally, domestic donkeys carry two different haplotypes, one shared with the Nubian wild ass, and another of unknown origin that is not found in the Somali wild ass. The presence of the extinct Atlas wild ass in the Ancient Mediterranean makes it a plausible source for the second haplotype.

## Description

Ancient art consistently depicts the African wild asses of North Africa as similar to, but darker colored than, the Nubian and Somali wild ass subspecies. The general color was gray, with marked black and white stripes on the legs, and a black shoulder cross (sometimes doubled). In comparison, the Nubian wild ass is gray with shoulder cross but no stripes, and the Somali wild ass is sandy with black stripes, but no shoulder cross. One or both features appear occasionally in domestic donkeys. Wild and primitive domestic asses are indistinguishable from their bones, which complicates their identification in archaeological sites.

## Range and ecology

The Atlas wild ass was found in the region around the Atlas Mountains, across modern day Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. It might also have occurred in rocky areas of the Saharan Desert, but not in sands which are avoided by wild asses. However, the 20th century reports of wild asses from northern Chad and the Hoggar Massif in the central Sahara are doubtful.
# Ozias Bowen

Ozias Bowen (July 21, 1805 – September 26, 1871) was a Republican politician in the U.S. State of Ohio who was an Ohio Supreme Court Judge 1856–1858.

## Biography

Bowen was born at Augusta, Oneida County, New York. He lived in Fredonia, New York, until age 15, when he was moved to Ashtabula County, Ohio. He studied law in Canton, Ohio, was admitted to the bar there, and began practice at Marion, Ohio.
Bowen taught school and was a merchant as well as a lawyer. On February 7, 1838, the Legislature elected him Presiding Judge of the Second Judicial Circuit for seven years, to which he was re-elected. In this capacity, Judge Bowen was most famous for delivering a decision on August 27, 1839, that freed a fugitive slave named Bill Mitchell, sparking a battle between proslavery and anti-slavery forces known as The Marion Riot.
In 1856, Charles Cleveland Convers resigned from the Ohio Supreme Court due to poor health. Governor Chase appointed Bowen to the judgeship. He was elected later that year with a plurality in a three-way race over Democrat Carrington W. Seal and American Party nominee Samuel Brush to the remainder of the term.
He was a presidential elector for Lincoln/Johnson in 1864. He died September 26, 1871, at Marion Ohio.

## Personal life

Bowen's Marion, Ohio residence is owned by the Marion County Historical Association and operates it as the Stengel-True Museum.
Bowen married Lydia Baker, daughter of Eber Baker on February 17, 1833, in Marion. She died shortly after the birth of her eighth child. Bowen married Eliza M. McIntire on March 15, 1848, in Marion. She had two children. Following Eliza's death, he later married Emmalie M. Wilson on April 20, 1871, in Branch, Michigan. They had no children.
Judge Bowen's second home in Marion, Ohio is owned by the Marion County Historical Association. Bowen's first home in Marion on East Center Street is the oldest standing house on its original foundation in the city of Marion.
# John A. Corwin

John A. Corwin (October 10, 1818 – August 11, 1863) was a Democratic politician and jurist from Ohio, United States. He was elected to the Ohio Supreme Court and ran unsuccessfully for the United States House of Representatives.

## Biography

Corwin was born in Urbana, Champaign County, Ohio on October 26, 1818. His parents were Moses B. and Margaret Corwin. Moses Corwin first began practicing law in Champaign County and was the cousin of Thomas Corwin, Governor, Senator and Secretary of the Treasury.
After he finished school, Corwin ran a newspaper called the Rattler in about 1837 and studied law under his father. He was admitted to the bar at age 21 and established a law practice with his father in Urbana. They had clients throughout central Ohio, and John A. became a highly regarded criminal defense attorney. He started like his famous relatives as a Whig but switched to the Democratic Party in about 1840.
Moses Corwin had been in the Ohio House of Representatives and ran for Ohio's 4th congressional district as the Whig nominee in 1848. John A. decided to run as a Democrat against his father, and they had debates before immense crowds throughout the district. Moses won in the solidly Whig district. In 1850, John A. challenged Whig Benjamin Stanton in the same district and again lost convincingly.
In 1851, Ohio adopted a new constitution that made seats on the Ohio Supreme Court elective. The first election was in October 1851. Corwin was nominated by the Democrats, and the Democrats won all five seats. The new court was seated February 9, 1852, and the judges drew lots for a length of their first term, so re-elections would be staggered. Corwin drew a four-year term. In 1854, he challenged George E. Pugh for the Democratic nomination for United States Senate but lost. He did not serve his whole term but resigned on October 28, 1854.
After he resigned, Corwin returned to Urbana to practice law, spent 1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, in practice with another former justice, Robert B. Warden, and returned to Urbana in 1858. In 1860, he supported the southern faction of the Democratic Party that nominated John C. Breckinridge but joined the 13th Ohio Infantry for three months service as a Captain on April 20, 1861, resigning before his three months were up.
Corwin suffered from tuberculosis for six months before he died at his Urbana home on August 11, 1863. He was buried at the cemetery in Urbana.
Corwin married Mary Vance, and they had one son.
# Patrick F. Fischer

Patrick F. Fischer (born December 30, 1957) is a justice of the Ohio Supreme Court. He was first elected in 2016 and re-elected in 2022.

## Early life and education

Fischer was born in 1957. He is a 1976 graduate of St. Xavier High School and received his undergraduate and law degrees from Harvard University.

## Career

Fischer's legal career began as a clerk for Judge William Bertelsman. Afterwards he joined the law firm of Keating Muething & Klekamp, where he became a partner after four years and continued to work until becoming a judge.
Fischer served as the president of the Cincinnati Bar Association for 2006 and 2007, and also made an unsuccessful bid for Cincinnati City Council in 2007. In 2010 he joined the Ohio First District Court of Appeals and was reelected in 2012. He then served as president of the Ohio State Bar Association for the 2012–2013 term.
Fischer was appointed by Chief Justice Thomas Moyer of the Supreme Court of Ohio to serve as co-chair of a task force seeking to improve Ohio's judicial system. He was also on the Ohio Supreme Court's Commission on Professionalism. He has also served on the Ohio Constitutional Modernization Commission as vice-chair of the commission's committee on the judicial branch.

### Ohio Supreme Court

Fischer sought nomination as a Republican candidate for the Ohio Supreme Court. He won election in November 2016, and was re-elected in November 2022. His current term runs from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2028. In April 2018, he voted in favor of rejecting a challenge to the state's death penalty law, upholding that judges, not just juries, can impose death sentences. In October 2018, he spoke at the Ohio Supreme Court's Student to Lawyer Symposium in Columbus.

## Personal life

Fischer and his wife, Jane, live with their dog in Cincinnati. His daughter is also an attorney in Ohio. Fischer is a member of St. Francis Xavier Church in Cincinnati, where he is a lector. He is also a Eucharistic minister.
# Jacob F. Burket

Jacob Fillmore Burket (March 25, 1837 – October 9, 1906) was a Republican politician in the U.S. State of Ohio who was an Ohio Supreme Court Judge 1893–1904.

## Biography

Burket was born in Perry County, Ohio, on a farm near Somerset. In 1839, his family moved to Hancock County, where he worked on a farm and attended country schools. At age seventeen, he was apprenticed to his brother-in-law in Findlay to learn the carpenter's trade. In 1855, he began teaching school, and in 1859, graduated from an academy in Republic in Seneca County.
Burket was admitted to the bar July 1, 1861, and commenced practice at Ottawa, Ohio. He moved to Findlay in 1862, and practiced there until elected to the Supreme Court.
In 1892, the Ohio Legislature increased the membership of the Supreme Court from five members to six. Burket was nominated by the Republicans to the new seat, and defeated Democrat Thomas Beer by fewer than 2000 votes of 800,000 cast. He served a five-year term and was re-elected in 1897, this time to a six-year term. He served until February 1904.
Judge Burket was married to Pamy D. Walters of Adrian, Michigan, in 1859. They had six children. From 1873 to 1887, Burket was attorney and director of the First National Bank of Findlay. Burket was a Lutheran and member of the Odd Fellows, serving as Ohio Grand Master in 1883. He was a presidential elector for Garfield/Arthur in 1880. He died October 9, 1906, in Findlay from Bright's disease, and is buried in Maple Grove Cemetery in Findlay.
# Interstate 220

Interstate 220 (I-220) is the designation for two Interstate Highways in the United States, both related to Interstate 20:
* Interstate 220 (Mississippi), a bypass of Jackson, Mississippi
* Interstate 220 (Louisiana), a loop in Shreveport, Louisiana
# Interstate 275

Interstate 275 (I-275) may refer to:
* Interstate 275 (Ohio–Indiana–Kentucky), a full beltway around Cincinnati, OH; Covington, KY; Lawrenceburg, IN - construction started in 1968
* Interstate 275 (Florida), a loop through Tampa, St. Petersburg, and Bradenton in Florida
* Interstate 275 (Michigan), a western bypass of Detroit, Michigan
* Interstate 275 (Tennessee), a connection to downtown Knoxville, Tennessee, from the north
# Vincenc Morstadt

Vincenc Morstadt (17 April 1802 – 19 February 1875) was a painter, illustrator and lawyer from the Austrian Empire. He was mainly a landscape painter, vedutist and author of many graphic prints and albums.

## Life

Morstadt was born on 17 April 1802 in Kolín. He was born to a family of German origin. His grandfather came from Baden, got married in Kolín, and after serving as a military surgeon in the Theresian army, he settled there. Vincenc's father was a baker and wine merchant in Kolín. At the age of eleven, Vincenc came to Prague to study at the Piarist gymnasium in New Town. He continued his studies at the Faculty of Law of Charles University. After his graduation in 1834–1850 he worked at the regional court in Loket. His earliest graphic works are of the landscape in this region - Loket, Karlovy Vary and the surrounding area, such as the Svatoš Rocks. Morstadt's drawings soon attracted the attention of editors of Prague magazines. First they were published in Hyllos, edited by Václav Radomil Kramer and Jan Hýbl, and later as separate sheets. He continued his clerical career at the courts in Trutnov and Hradec Králové. At the end of his life he lived in Prague on Tomášská Street in the Lesser Quarter. He maintained contacts with historians František Palacký, Václav Vladivoj Tomek and other leading patriots.
He died on 19 February 1875 in Prague, at the age of 72. Morstadtova Street in Prague is named in his honour.

## Art

He specialised as a landscape painter and vedutist – he mainly captured important buildings, streets and public spaces of Czech towns and cities, and liked to fill them with various characters – burghers, craftsmen or merchants. Most of his works were created during his court practice, originally as pencil drawings, which he usually left to printmakers or lithographers to execute using etching and colouring techniques. Gradually these prints were combined into albums. From 1867 he devoted himself exclusively to painting.

## Gallery

* Hradec Králové
* Hradčany and Lesser Quarter
* A view of Prague Castle from Vyšehrad
* A view of Petřín from Nebozízek
* St. Vitus Cathedral
* Bridge over Deer Moat to Chotek's Gardens
* Western facade of St Vitus Cathedral (1825)
# Robert N. Gorman

Robert Nestor Gorman (September 27, 1896 – July 1, 1962) was an American judge in Ohio. He was appointed to a seat as a justice of the Ohio Supreme Court in 1937.

## Biography

Robert N. Gorman was born in the village of Hartwell, Ohio in 1896. He attended the Hartwell School and the private Franklin School. He entered the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1914 to study journalism, and transferred to Harvard University in 1916, where he earned an A.B. in 1918.
In the fall of 1918, Gorman entered the Harvard Law School, but had studies interrupted by enlistment in the United States Navy in December, 1918. He was stationed in Boston, Massachusetts, and earned a law degree in 1920, before being honorably discharged in 1921.
After graduation, Gorman returned to Cincinnati, passed the bar exam, and joined the law firm of Peck, Shaffer & Williams. He served as solicitor for the villages of Cleves and Elmwood Place. Gorman drafted the home-rule provision of the revised city charter for Cincinnati.
In 1930, Gorman was elected Prosecutor for Hamilton County, and served a two-year term. He also was a bar examiner for admission to the Ohio Bar. Governor George White appointed him to complete an unexpired term on the Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas in 1934, and he ran for and was elected to a six-year term in 1936, with the term beginning January 1937.
In October, 1937, Governor Martin L. Davey appointed Gorman to a seat on the Ohio Supreme Court caused by the death of Thomas A. Jones. He lost a bid for election to a full six-year term in November, 1938.
Gorman returned to private practice in 1939 in Cincinnati. He served on the board of trustees of The Ohio State University for ten years, until his retirement in 1961. He was president of the board at different times.
In 1958, Gorman ran in the Democratic primary for nomination for Governor, but lost to Michael DiSalle in the May primary.
Gorman married Mary Hartman on December 10, 1926. They had two sons. Gorman died from cancer July 1, 1962 at his home in Wyoming, Ohio, and was interred at Spring Grove Cemetery on July 3.
# Edward S. Matthias

Edward Shiloh Matthias (April 6, 1873 – November 2, 1953) was a Republican lawyer from the U.S. state of Ohio who served the longest term in state history as a judge on the Ohio Supreme Court, more than 38 years.

## Biography

Edward S. Matthias was born in Gilboa, Ohio, to Albert Coates Matthias, who had fought with the 65th Ohio Infantry Regiment in the American Civil War, and Eleanor Parsons Harris, whose family had immigrated to Ohio from Dorset, England, and whose four brothers fought in the Civil War.
He attended the local schools of Gilboa, and Crawfis College of Putnam County, Ohio. He received bachelor's and doctor of laws degrees from Ohio Northern University College of Law.
Edward Matthias served during the Spanish–American War as Captain of Company D (Van Wert) of the 2nd Ohio U.S. Volunteer Infantry, serving with the regiment at Camp George H. Thomas at Chickamauga, and was very active in the United Spanish War Veterans, being State Commander of Ohio from 1928 to 1929, and National Commander from 1930 to 1931.
Matthias was admitted to the bar in 1895, and was a member of the firm Blachly & Matthias in Van Wert, Ohio, until 1904. He was City Solicitor of Van Wert 1896–1900. He was elected Judge of the Ohio Courts of Common Pleas of the third judicial circuit in 1904, and re-elected in 1910. He was elected to the Ohio Supreme Court in 1914, and re-elected in 1920, 1926, 1932, 1938, 1944 and 1950. Matthias heard more than 30,000 cases as a judge, and wrote more than 1000 opinions as a member of the Supreme Court.
Matthias was a Knight of Pythias, Mason and member of B.P.O.E. He married Mary F. Crouch of Van Wert April 23, 1898, and had five children. He was on the Board of Trustees of Ohio Northern University, and a member of the Broad Street Presbyterian Church in Columbus, Ohio, and Delta Theta Phi fraternity.
Edward S. Matthias died November 2, 1953, in an accidental fall at his Columbus home while doing home repairs, and was buried at Greenlawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio. John H. Lamneck was appointed to the court until the next election, November, 1954. John M. Matthias, Edward's son, won election over Lamneck in 1954 to the remaining two years of his fathers term, and was re-elected in 1956, 1962 and 1968.
# John W. Okey

John Waterman Okey (January 3, 1827 – July 25, 1885) was a judge and legal author in the U.S. State of Ohio who was an Ohio Supreme Court Judge 1878–1885. He was a member of the Democratic Party
Okey was born in Monroe County, Ohio near Woodsfield. He attended the Monroe Academy. He studied law at Woodsfield, and became Probate Judge and Judge of Common Pleas.
In 1865, Okey moved to Cincinnati, and with Judge Gholson he wrote Gholson and Okey's Digest of Ohio Reports. He also authored Okey and Miller's Municipal Law with S. A. Miller.
In 1877, Okey defeated Republican William Wartenbee Johnson for election to the Ohio Supreme Court. In 1882, he defeated John H. Doyle for re-election. He died July 25, 1885. He was buried at Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Okey was married to Mary J. Bloor in Woodsfield in 1849. They raised two sons and two daughters.
# Reynolds R. Kinkade

Reynolds Robert Kinkade was a Republican jurist from the U.S. state of Ohio. He sat on the Ohio Supreme Court from 1925 to 1933.

## Biography

Kinkade was born to Eleazer and Hannah Lyons Kinkade of Keokuk County, Iowa on March 3, 1854. He was admitted to the Ohio Bar in 1878. He practiced law in Toledo, Ohio and Marquette, Michigan from 1878 to 1899.
From 1899 to 1908, Kinkade was a judge of the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas. In 1908 he became a judge of the Lucas County Circuit Court until 1912, when that court became the Ohio District Court of Appeals. He continued on this court until 1924.
In 1924, Kinkade won election to the Ohio Supreme Court for a six year term, defeating Democrat Harry L. Conn. He was re-elected in 1930, and served until he resigned May 15, 1933. He resigned due to ill health, and died at Cleveland, Ohio, May 25, 1935. His funeral was at First Congregational Church in Toledo, with burial at Woodlawn Cemetery.
Kinkade married Addie George on June 15, 1881. They had two children.
# Christian Rønnenkamp

Christian Rønnenkamp (20 December 1785 – 27 December 1867) was a Danish businessman, landowner and philanthropist. He constructed the listed property at Amaliegade 4 in Copenhagen and owned the estates of Næsbyholm and Bavelse from 1835.

## Early life and education

Rønnenkamp was born in Flensburg in Schleswig-Holstein. He was the son of merchant and hospital superintendent Nicolaj Christian Rønnenkamp (1757–1832) by his first wife Catharina (Tine) Rønnenkamp née Todsen (1763–1787). He was the brother of Hanna Rönnenkamp Müller (1783–1868).

## Career in Copenhagen

He moved to Copenhagen when he was 15 years old where he first became a merchant's apprentice. Rønnenkamp subsequently established his own grocery business on Store Kongensgade. He later established himself as a wholesaler and expanded his business with a sugar refinery in c. 1819. He moved his business to the corner of Sankt Annæ Plads and Amaliegade after acquiring the former St. Croix House in auction in late 1828. St. Croix Sugar House was likely established by the Baltic Sea Guinea Trading Company (Østersøisk-guineisk Handelsselskab).
Rønnenkamp constructed the building at present-day Amaliegade 4 located in the Frederiksstaden Quarter of central Copenhagen between 1828 and 1829. He sold sugar from the premises and also expanded the activities to comprise refining and sale of salt.

## Næsbyholm and Bavelse

Rønnenkamp purchased the estates of Næsbyholm and Bavelse from the Danish government in 1835. From then on he spent most of his time running his estates. He implemented agricultural reforms and refurbished many of the buildings.

## Titles

Rønnenkamp was awarded the title Council of State (etatsråd) in 1852 and Chamberlain (kammerherre) in 1858. In 1856, he was made a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog.

## Family and legacy

On 19 January 1822, Rønnenkamp married Jessy Caroline Howden in Helsingør (1796–1872). The couple had no children. They created a number of charities and grants. These included a home for 16 men and women from their two estates in Næsby (Den Rønnenkampske Stiftelse), a home for old seamen in Flensburg, a grant for purchase of paintings and sculptures and Christiansdal kloster with residences for 24 women. Rønnenkamp's widow left an additional DKK 500,000 to Christiansdal kloster.
Rønnenkamp left the estates at Næstbyholm and Bavelse to his sister Hanna's grandson, Peter Christian Müller (1854–1930), who adopted the surname Howden-Rønnenkamp.
# Interstate 475

Interstate 475 may refer to:
* Interstate 475 (Georgia), a bypass of Macon, Georgia
* Interstate 475 (Michigan), a bypass of Flint, Michigan
* Interstate 475 (Ohio), a bypass of Toledo, Ohio
* Interstate 475 (Tennessee), a proposed Interstate Highway that was cancelled in the Knoxville area
# Interstate 490

Interstate 490 may refer to the following Interstate Highways in the United States:
* Interstate 490 (New York) in Rochester, New York
* Interstate 490 (Ohio) in Cleveland, Ohio
* Interstate 490 (Illinois) currently being built west of Chicago
# Interstate 495

Interstate 495 (I-495) is the designation for the following five Interstate Highways in the United States, all of which are related to I-95:
* The Capital Beltway, a beltway around Washington, D.C., running through Virginia, Maryland, and a sliver of Washington, D.C.
* Interstate 495 (Delaware), a bypass of Wilmington, Delaware that runs through Delaware and partially enters Pennsylvania
* Interstate 495 (New York), a spur from New York City to Long Island, commonly known as the Long Island Expressway (LIE)
* Interstate 495 (Massachusetts), a partial beltway around Boston
* Interstate 495 (Maine), an unsigned connector in Portland, Maine, commonly known as the Falmouth Spur
The following roads once were named I-495:
* New Jersey Route 495, a western continuation of New York's I-495
* New York State Route 495, the approach to the Lincoln Tunnel in Manhattan
* Interstate 87 (North Carolina), a part of the US 64 connector from Raleigh to Rocky Mount, North Carolina; it was signed as I-495 from 2014 to 2017
* Interstate 476, originally planned as I-495 from Woodlyn to Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania