# Robert Chapman (philosopher)

Robert Chapman is an English philosopher, teacher and writer, best known for their work on neurodiversity studies and the philosophy of disability. They are the first assistant professor of critical neurodiversity studies, and as of 2024, work at the Institute for Medical Humanities at Durham University.

## Early life and education

Chapman was born in 1989 or 1990. During their childhood, they lived in low-income housing in London and, later, elsewhere in England. They struggled with learning problems and dropped out of school at age 15. After living with friends, Chapman became homeless for a time. Due to struggling outside in winter conditions, Chapman entered the foster care system.
During the 2000s, Chapman studied philosophy at the University of Southampton. In 2013, after learning they are autistic, they completed their master's degree and began their doctorate at the University of Essex with a focus on neurodiversity as a theory, developing a concept of autistic thriving. In 2018, they defended their thesis, Autism, Neurodiversity and the Good Life, which was funded by the Shirley Foundation.

## Career

Chapman has worked at the University of Bristol, King's College London, the University of Essex, and Sheffield Hallam University. In 2023, they were invited as a Visiting Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities at the University of Edinburgh. In September of that year, they joined the Institute for Medical Humanities at Durham University as an assistant professor of Critical Neurodiversity Studies.
Prior to obtaining their doctorate, Chapman worked in a number of manual labor and factory jobs. Following their doctorate, they worked at Bristol University as a temporary lecturer, then as a research fellow. From 2019 to 2021, they were a Vice Chancellor's Research Fellow at the University of Bristol, where they studied neurodiversity and well-being. Since 2021, Chapman then served as a senior lecturer in education at Sheffield Hallam University. In 2023, they became world's first assistant professor of critical neurodiversity studies, at Durham University. Outside of academic activity, Chapman has also written articles for Psychology Today and Boston Review.
In 2023, Chapman published their first book, Empire of Normality: Neurodiversity and Capitalism, which focuses on developing a Marxist perspective on neurodiversity.

## Positions
### Neurodiversity

Chapman defines the neurodiversity movement as a social justice movement that aims to change the way mental disability and neurodevelopmental conditions are observed with the goal of being perceived in a socio-ecological approach to disability. They make frequent references to authors such as Nick Walker and Judy Singer and those authors' proposals for conceptualizing neurodiversity. Chapman argues that, historically, neurodiversity as a movement has had a political approach based on identity, which, from their perspective, is a liberal view.
Chapman argues that the correct interpretation of the concept of neurodiversity contributes to the further development of its theoretical and practical side, and that its multiple definitions are evolving over time. Much of their work has been on the fundamental concepts of neurodiversity as they pertain to philosophy of science, most notably their development of an ecological model of mental functioning and analysis of the metaphysics of diagnosis. They have also discussed the relationship of neurodiversity to explanatory models of disability, such as the social model of disability and the value-neutral model proposed by philosopher Elizabeth Barnes.
Gerald Roche has argued that Chapman's definition of neurodivergent Marxism is “an intersectional approach to analysing how capitalism produces and maintains multiple forms of oppression, to ensure that new sites of extraction can be constantly identified and exploited in the endless pursuit of capital accumulation.” Awais Aftab has said that Chapman's work “has had a substantial impact on my own thinking, and their writings have consistently forced me, and many others, to rethink long-standing assumptions related to pathology and medical care.” Julie Dind stated in a review of the book Neurodiversity Studies: A New Critical Paradigm, which included Chapman's writings, that one of their essays successfully challenges the tragic perspective on autism promoted by medicine. In 2023, Tiago Abreu argued that Chapman's work manages to provide an effective state-of-the-art and historical contextualization of neurodiversity.

### Psychiatry

In various articles and especially in their book Empire of Normality: Neurodiversity and Capitalism, Chapman has criticized how psychiatrists and the field of psychiatry deal with the issue of mental health and disability. In this book, they build on existing work that urges the need for alternatives to psychiatry and clinical psychology, led by and for neurodivergent people alongside those who identify as mad, psychiatric survivors, and disabled. They also note radical psychiatrists who have influenced their approach, such as Franco Basaglia and Franz Fanon.
Chapman has also critiqued the libertarian right Szaszian tradition, which follows the work of Thomas Szasz, in anti-psychiatry and critical psychiatry. In 2022, Chapman said that “a lot of critical psychiatry today is about emphasizing how people with mental health diagnoses are not 'really' disabled–not like 'really' disabled people–because mental health is a political issue rather than a medical issue. For me, however, all issues concerning health and disability are political issues; so, that is a false binary". Chapman has also emphasized how Szasz saw himself as a proponent of Hayekian neoliberalism.
John Cromby, for Mad in the UK, responded critically to Chapman's approach in Empire of Normality, arguing that the work “misrepresents antipsychiatry” in terms of historical context and use of the term, and argued that it “tends towards idealism.” Sam Fellowes for Philosophy of Medicine described Chapman's discussion of anti-psychiatry as “nuanced and helpful”, providing a balanced view of anti-psychiatry which distinguishes between different ideologies in the tradition, and acknowledges that even those the author opposes raised important issues.

## Personal life

Chapman is non-binary and uses they/them pronouns.

## Books

* Chapman, Robert (20 November 2023). Empire of Normality: Neurodiversity and Capitalism. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-4866-7.