OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jiang Zelin

Jiang Zelin (Chinese: 江泽林; born October 1959) is a Chinese politician, serving since 2015 as the Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council and chief of staff to Vice Premier Wang Yang. He previously held office as Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Sanya, vice governor of Hainan province, and executive vice governor of Shaanxi province.

## Biography

Jiang was born in 1959 in Anqing, Anhui province. He attended Yangqiao High School, then Jiangsu Polytechnic School (now Jiangsu University) where he specialized in agricultural mechanics. After graduating he entered the Ministry of Agriculture, first working as a technician, before being promoted to engineer and project manager. He eventually earned title of senior engineer. He obtained an economics doctorate from Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 1994.
After completing his graduate degree, he was sent to Hainan province to work, heading up the agriculture department of Sanya, then becoming the city's vice-mayor. In 1998, he became director of the department of water resources of Hainan province, then director of the department of fisheries and oceans. In February 2002 he was promoted to vice governor of Hainan, then in December 2012, a member of the Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee of Hainan, and Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of Sanya. During his stint in Sanya he was selected by the Communist Party to participate in a study-abroad term to Harvard University.
In January 2011, he was again transferred to work in Shaanxi province, entering the CCP leadership ranks there and becoming vice governor. He was instrumental in the development of the Xixian New Area (西咸新区). In June 2011, a new administrative bureau was established to oversee the new development area, and Jiang was named its director. In February 2013 he was again promoted to executive vice governor while retaining his position at Xixian.
In April 2015, Jiang was abruptly transferred to work as Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council, becoming chief of staff to Vice-Premier Wang Yang.
Jiang was an alternate member of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.
# Natalia Kharlampieva

Natalia Ivanovna Kharlampieva (Yakut: Наталья Ивановна Харлампьева) (born 9 January 1952) is a Yakut poet and journalist. She is the editor-in-chief of the first women's magazine published in the Yakut language, Dalbar Hotun.
A native of Magan, Kharlampieva graduated in absentia from Yakutsk State University; she has worked in the airport transit service and in a variety of journalistic posts throughout her career, as well as serving as secretary of the Kobiai district party committee and chairing the Union of Writers of Yakutia. For a time she was editor-in-chief of the Yakut publishing house. She began publishing her writing in 1975, and the following year produced her first volume of poems. She has published around ten collections of her poetry, and her work has appeared in numerous publications; she has received various awards for her work as well. Much of her verse deals with the role of women in Yakut society. Kharlampieva's poetry has been translated into Russian, Kazakh, Tatar, and Ukrainian. In 2016 a collection of her poetry appeared in English as Foremother Asia; it is the first volume of verse from Sakha to be published in English. Kharlampieva has also published literary criticism on the subject of Yakut literature.
# Elemgasem

Elemgasem (after a Tehuelche god of the same name) is an extinct genus of brachyrostran abelisaurid from the Late Cretaceous Portezuelo Formation of Patagonia, Argentina. The genus contains a single species, Elemgasem nubilus. The cladistic position of Elemgasem within Brachyrostra is uncertain, given that phylogenetic analyses recover it as either a sister taxon to Furileusauria or in several positions within this clade.

## Discovery and naming

The Elemgasem holotype specimen, MCF-PVPH-380, was discovered in 2002 in layers of the Sierra del Portezuelo locality of the Portezuelo Formation, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Cutral Có, Neuquén Province, Argentina. The holotype consists of partial axial and appendicular elements, including cervical and caudal vertebrae, right femur, left tibia, right and left fibula, left astragalus-calcaneum, metatarsals, and various pedal phalanges.
In 2022, Baiano et al. described Elemgasem as a new genus and species of brachyrostran abelisaurid. The generic name, "Elemgasem", references a Tehuelche deity of the same name; according to mythology, Elemgasem is the owner of animals and father of the southern viscacha with the power to petrify others and himself, as well as the inhabitant of the mountains and sky. The specific name, "nubilus", means "foggy day" in Latin, in reference to the unusual foggy climate during the expedition that discovered the Elemgasem holotype.

## Pathology

The holotype tail vertebrae of Elemgasem demonstrate spondyloarthropathy (vertebral joint disease), representing the first case this has been observed in a non-tetanuran theropod, and the second case in a non-avian theropod.

## Paleoenvironment

Elemgasem is known from the Portezuelo Formation of Argentina. Named taxa recovered from the formation include the theropod dinosaurs Megaraptor, Patagonykus, Neuquenraptor, Pamparaptor, and Unenlagia, the sauropod dinosaurs Futalognkosaurus, Malarguesaurus, and Baalsaurus, and the azhdarchoid pterosaur Argentinadraco. Other fossils belonging to ornithopod dinosaurs, neornithines, turtles, and crocodiles have also been found in the formation.
# 2013 Southeast Asian floods

The 2013 monsoon season (August 2013 – December 2013) saw large-scale flooding return to Indochina after a calmer 2012 monsoon season. Poverty stricken Cambodia was hardest hit, with some 83 deaths. Countries affected also include Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar. Philippines has seen the annual typhoon related occurrences, which often pummel into Indochina.

## Background

Flooding and/or related typhoon damage is an annual occurrence in all of Southeast Asia. However, deforestation, land subsidence, poor drainage, have exacerbated existing problems, while development of infrastructure such as dams, drainage, and pumps have lessened it elsewhere. Despite a long history of devastation and little spread of news outside the region, more global attention has been paid to Southeast Asian flooding as it has become a manufacturing hub in the global supply chain and major tourist destination.
| Country | Flood/Typhoon Deaths since August | Other | Cities |
| Thailand | 73 | 46 provinces | Prachinburi, Chon Buri, Sa Kaeo |
| Cambodia | 168 | $1 bln damage, 24 provinces | Siem Reap, Banteay Meanchay, Kendal |
| Vietnam | 40 Wutip, 19 Nari related (69 total) | - | Central Vietnam |
| Laos | 20 | - | - |
| Philippines | 23 Utor, 2 Usagi, 30 Wutip, 13 Nari, 6,340 Haiyan (6,408 total) | 1,061 missing, Damage $2.86 billion (2013 USD) | Visayas group of islands, parts of Luzon, parts of Mindanao |
| Myanmar | at least 7 deaths | 300,000 homeless | - |
| Totals | at least 405 deaths | - | - |

## Cambodia

83 people, half of them children were killed and the Preah Khan temple of Angkor Wat complex sustained damage. Death toll updated to 104 Oct.9

## Thailand

Severe flooding occurred in Eastern Thailand, especially in the provinces of Sa Kaeo, Prachin Buri, Chon Buri. Floods unrelated to the monsoon occurred in Phuket. Despite government assurances after the 2011 disaster, flooding has shutdown two factories at an Amata estate. As of Oct 9th, 28 out of 77 Thai provinces had been affected and 39 people had been killed, but the health ministry put the death toll at 51, with more than 3 million people affected since July.

## Myanmar

As of 22 September 2013, the floods had made some 300,000 people homeless.

## Vietnam

Typhoon Wutip killed 40 in Vietnam and removed 200,000 roofs.
# Lambda point

The lambda point is the temperature at which normal fluid helium (helium I) makes the transition to superfluid state (helium II). At pressure of 1 atmosphere, the transition occurs at approximately 2.17 K. The lowest pressure at which He-I and He-II can coexist is the vapor−He-I−He-II triple point at 2.1768 K (−270.9732 °C) and 5.0418 kPa (0.049759 atm), which is the "saturated vapor pressure" at that temperature (pure helium gas in thermal equilibrium over the liquid surface, in a hermetic container). The highest pressure at which He-I and He-II can coexist is the bcc−He-I−He-II triple point with a helium solid at 1.762 K (−271.388 °C), 29.725 atm (3,011.9 kPa).
The point's name derives from the graph (pictured) that results from plotting the specific heat capacity as a function of temperature (for a given pressure in the above range, in the example shown, at 1 atmosphere), which resembles the Greek letter lambda $\lambda$. The specific heat capacity has a sharp peak as the temperature approaches the lambda point. The tip of the peak is so sharp that a critical exponent characterizing the divergence of the heat capacity can be measured precisely only in zero gravity, to provide a uniform density over a substantial volume of fluid. Hence, the heat capacity was measured within 2 nK below the transition in an experiment included in a Space Shuttle payload in 1992.
Although the heat capacity has a peak, it does not tend towards infinity (contrary to what the graph may suggest), but has finite limiting values when approaching the transition from above and below. The behavior of the heat capacity near the peak is described by the formula $C\approx A_{\pm }t^{-\alpha }+B_{\pm }$ where $t=|1-T/T_{c}|$ is the reduced temperature, $T_{c}$ is the Lambda point temperature, $A_{\pm },B_{\pm }$ are constants (different above and below the transition temperature), and α is the critical exponent: $\alpha =-0.0127(3)$. Since this exponent is negative for the superfluid transition, specific heat remains finite.
The quoted experimental value of α is in a significant disagreement with the most precise theoretical determinations coming from high temperature expansion techniques, Monte Carlo methods and the conformal bootstrap.
# New Mexico State Road 77

State Road 77 (NM 77) is a state highway in the US state of New Mexico. Its total length is approximately 12.5 miles (20.1 km). NM 77's western terminus is at NM 209 in Clovis, and the eastern terminus is at FM 2290 at the Texas / New Mexico border.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Curry County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Clovis | 0.000 | 0.000 | NM 209 – Clovis, Tucumcari | Western terminus |
| ​ | 11.875 | 19.111 | NM 108 | |
| ​ | 12.559 | 20.212 | FM 2290 | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# New Mexico State Road 83

State Road 83 (NM 83) is a state highway in the US state of New Mexico. Its total length is approximately 19.9 miles (32.0 km). NM 83's western terminus is at U.S. Route 82 (US 82) / NM 18 in Lovington, and the eastern terminus is at NM 132 north of Hobbs.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Lea County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Lovington | 0.000 | 0.000 | US 82 / NM 18 south | Western terminus, Northern terminus of NM 18 |
| ​ | 19.911 | 32.044 | NM 132 | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# New River Parkway

The New River Parkway, planned to be West Virginia Route 125, is a proposed road that will run alongside the New River in Summers and Raleigh Counties in southern West Virginia. The parkway's planned route will run 10 miles (16 km) from West Virginia Route 20 near Hinton to Interstate 64 at Sandstone; an extension from Hinton to Princeton has also been proposed. As of 2018, construction has only been completed on a segment of the route north of Hinton.
The West Virginia Legislature approved the parkway in 1985, and plans for its route were proposed in 1991. The route between Hinton and Sandstone was finalized in 1998, but a controversy of the buying of land for the highway stalled its construction. In 2011, construction began on the first piece of the route, a 1.3-mile (2.1 km) segment north of Hinton; another segment to the north of the first is under construction as of October 2017.

## Route description

Three segments of the route have been planned, running for a combined 10 miles (16 km) along the New River in Summers and Raleigh Counties. The first section, which has been built, spans 1.3 miles (2.1 km) from West Virginia Route 20 near Hinton north along River Road; the second and third sections continue along the New River into Raleigh County before crossing the river into Summers County at Sandstone, terminating at Interstate 64. According to the New River Turnpike Authority's long-term plans for the highway, it will ultimately reach south from Hinton to the West Virginia Turnpike in Princeton, though a route south of Hinton has not yet been developed.

## History

The Hinton Chamber of Commerce and Jim Carrico, then superintendent of the New River Gorge National River, initially proposed the parkway in the early 1980s to establish a scenic highway along the New River to Sandstone Falls. Planning for the highway begin in 1985 when the West Virginia Legislature authorized the road and established the New River Parkway Authority. The highway was funded in 1987, and the West Virginia Division of Highways released the first plans for the route in 1991. Environmental concerns stalled the project through the 1990s, but in 1998 the Parkway Authority finalized a route along County Route 26. The plans became contentious, however, when local residents learned that all private property between the route and the river would be claimed for the parkway by eminent domain. After a 1999 public hearing, the Division of Highways opted to change the buyout plan in the face of public opposition.
On August 10, 2011, the Division of Highways broke ground on construction of the first segment of the highway north of Hinton. The initial section is being built by Triton Construction of Nitro and is expected to cost $11.32 million. A second section north of the first is being designed and is expected to cost $22 million; the third portion of the parkway, which would complete the route to Sandstone, has not been designed. The Parkway Authority plans to build another part of the route between Hinton and Princeton, though the route of this section has not been planned.
# Digby—Yarmouth

Digby—Yarmouth was a federal electoral district in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1949 to 1953.
This riding was created in 1947 from parts of Digby—Annapolis—Kings and Shelburne—Yarmouth—Clare ridings. It consisted of the counties of Digby and Yarmouth. It was abolished in 1952 when it was redistributed into Digby—Annapolis—Kings and Shelburne—Yarmouth—Clare ridings.
Its only Member of Parliament was Thomas Andrew Murray Kirk of the Liberal Party of Canada.

## Members of Parliament

This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:
| Parliament | Years | Member | Party |
| Digby—Yarmouth Riding created from Digby—Annapolis—Kings and Shelburne—Yarmouth—Clare |||||
| 21st | 1949–1953 | Thomas Andrew Murray Kirk | Liberal |
| Riding dissolved into Digby—Annapolis—Kings and Shelburne—Yarmouth—Clare |||||

## Election results

1949 Canadian federal election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Liberal | Thomas Andrew Murray Kirk | 11,084 |
| | Progressive Conservative | Donald Farish Filleul | 9,505 |
# Fu Zhifang

Fu Zhifang (Chinese: 付志方; born October 1956) is a Chinese politician from Nanyang, Henan. He was an alternate member of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and was once the mayor of Kaifeng and Baoding. He was later Chairman of the Hebei Provincial CPPCC Committee.

## Biography

Fu majored in history at Henan University and joined the Chinese Communist Party in June 1982. Between 1982 and 1986, he held various prefecture-level posts and graduated from the Henan Provincial CCP School.
He was appointed the prefecture secretary for Lushi County in November 1987. By March 1990, he was both the county's secretary and mayor. Amidst his political career, he attained his master's degree Tianjin University in September 1996. He was the mayor and party secretary of Kaifeng from July 1997 to December 1998.
Fu was transferred to Baoding as the party secretary and mayor for the city in December 1998. In August 2010, he was made deputy secretary of Hebei. In January 2012, he was made the CPPCC Chair in Hebei Province.
Fu was an alternate member of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.
# Copper Riot

The Copper Coin Riot, also known as the Moscow Uprising of 1662 (Russian: Медный бунт, Московское восстание 1662 года) was a major riot in Moscow, which took place on 4 August [O.S. 25 July] 1662.

## Background

The riot was preceded by a gradual deterioration of Moscow's economy because of the Livonian War with Poland and Sweden and a sharp rise in taxes. In 1654, the Russian government decided to begin issuing copper money in large quantities and equated them with silver money. The measure caused the devaluation of copper money, which led to price inflation of staple goods and the mass production of counterfeit copper money with the involvement of some top officials. By 1662, Russia had already been experiencing an acute financial crisis.
A few days before the riot, there had already been rumours on the so-called vorovskiye listki (воровские листки, or black lists), which contained the names of those responsible for economic misfortunes. The lists suddenly appeared posted in several areas of Moscow during the night of 25 July. They included the names of the "traitors", such as boyar Miloslavsky, okolnichys Fyodor Rtishchev and Bogdan Khitrovo, diak D.M. Bashmakov, merchants V.G. Shorin, S. Zadorin and others. Those people were accused of causing economic collapse following the introduction of copper money and of having secret ties with Poland.

## Riot

The riot began early on the morning of 25 July and continued until the afternoon. Up to 10,000 people took part in the civil unrest, mostly Muscovites (posads, soldiers, reiters, some of the streltsy from the Moscow garrison, kholops and peasants). After they read out their proclamation, the insurgents made their way to Kolomenskoye to meet with Tsar Alexis I of Russia. They demanded the surrender of "traitors" to the people and the taking of steps to stabilise the economy. The Tsar and the boyars promised to lower the taxes and conduct an investigation in accordance with the demands of the petition and the proclamation presented by the angry crowd. The insurgents believed the Tsar's promises, and rushed back to Moscow, where rioters, meanwhile, had been destroying the residences of the most hated merchants. After meeting halfway between Moscow and Kolomenskoye, both groups of insurgents went back to the tsar’s residence to stand their ground. When they reached Kolomenskoye, a large military force of 6,000 to 10,000 soldiers had already been assembled to counter the rebels.

## Suppression

The Tsar ordered a merciless suppression of the unrest. As a result, up to 1,000 men were killed, hanged or drowned in the Moscow River. Several thousand people were arrested and later exiled after a brutal investigation.

## Aftermath

The Copper Riot had lasted for only a day but caused perplexity and fear for top government officials. In 1663, copper coinage was abolished.
# Western Oblast (1917–18)

Western Oblast was an early oblast of Russian SFSR.
Initially it was based on Vilno, Vitebsk, Mogilev, and Minsk Gubernias of the Russian Empire, capital Minsk. In April 1918, Smolensk Governorate was included and capital moved to Smolensk. In September 1918 it was renamed into Western Commune
The Western Oblast was formalized as part of the RSFSR for by the Administrative Commission of VTsIK on December 23, 1918. But very soon, on January 1, 1919, was superseded by Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia.
# Dasdhunga

Dasdhunga (Nepali: दासढुङ्गा) is a Nepali film based on true events of the mysterious death of leader of CPN-UML Madan Bhandari in Dashdhunga, Trishuli, Nepal. The only witness of the event and the driver of the vehicle was later shot dead at Kirtipur. A dynamic leader, his case remains unsolved to this day due to a lack of evidence. Produced by Apil Bista
# Boston bread riot

The Boston bread riot was the last of a series of three riots by the poor of Boston in Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1710 and 1713, in response to food shortages and high bread prices. The riot ended with minimal casualties.

## Riot

In the early 18th century, the city of Boston had very little arable land, and most grain had to be imported from surrounding towns or from abroad. It was common practice for the larger local grain merchants to hoard grain to drive up local prices, and to sell grain in more lucrative foreign markets such as Europe or the sugar plantations of the West Indies. On top of this, Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) interfered with foreign trade. By 1709, Boston was experiencing a serious food shortage and skyrocketing bread prices.
In April 1710, a group of men broke the rudder of a cargo ship belonging to merchant Andrew Belcher to stop its cargo of wheat from being shipped away and sold abroad. The next day, about 50 men attempted to force the ship's captain ashore, intending to loot the ship of its grain. They were arrested, but popular support for their cause resulted in them being released without charges.
In May 1713, a mob of more than 200 rioted on Boston Common, protesting high bread prices. The mob again attacked Belcher's ships, and this time they "broke into his warehouses looking for corn, and shot the lieutenant governor when he tried to interfere."
# Denis Devlin

Denis Devlin (15 April 1908 – 21 August 1959) was, along with Samuel Beckett, Thomas MacGreevy and Brian Coffey, one of the generation of Irish modernist poets to emerge at the end of the 1920s. He was also a career diplomat.

## Early life and studies

He was born in Greenock, Scotland of Irish parents, and his family returned to live in Dublin in 1918. He studied at Belvedere College and, from 1926, as a seminarian for the Roman Catholic priesthood at Clonliffe College. As part of his studies, he attended a degree course in modern languages at University College Dublin (UCD), where he met and befriended Brian Coffey. Together they published a joint collection, Poems, in 1930.
In 1927, Devlin abandoned the priesthood and left Clonliffe. He graduated with from UCD his BA in 1930 and spent that summer on the Blasket Islands to improve his spoken Irish. Between 1930 and 1933, he studied literature at Munich University and the Sorbonne in Paris, meeting, amongst others, Beckett and Thomas MacGreevy. He then returned to UCD to complete his MA thesis on Montaigne.
His niece Denyse Woods went on to become a writer.

## Diplomatic career and later writings

He joined the Irish Diplomatic Service in 1935 and spent a number of years in Rome as the Irish Ambassador (1958), New York and Washington. During this time he met the French poet Saint-John Perse, and the Americans Allen Tate and Robert Penn Warren. He went on to publish a translation of Exile and Other Poems by St-John Perse, and Tate and Warren edited his posthumous Selected Poems.
Since his death, there have been two Collected Poems published; the first in 1964 was edited by Coffey and the second in 1989 by J.C.C. Mays.
His personal papers are held in University College Dublin Archives.
# Electrochimica Acta

Electrochimica Acta is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of electrochemistry. It is the official publication of the International Society of Electrochemistry and it is published bimonthly. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2013 impact factor of 4.086. The current editor-in-chief is A.R.Hillman (University of Leicester).