# Lagopus

Lagopus is a genus of birds in the grouse subfamily commonly known as ptarmigans (/ˈtɑːrmɪɡənz/). The genus contains four living species with numerous described subspecies, all living in tundra or cold upland areas.

## Taxonomy and etymology

The genus Lagopus was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) as the type species. The genus name Lagopus is derived from Ancient Greek lagos (λαγος), meaning "hare, rabbit", + pous (πους), "foot", in reference to the feathered feet and toes typical of this cold-adapted group (such as the snowshoe hare). The specific epithets muta and leucura were for a long time misspelt mutus and leucurus, in the erroneous belief that the ending of Lagopus denotes masculine gender. However, as the Ancient Greek term λαγωπους is of feminine gender, and the specific epithet has to agree with that, the feminine muta and leucura are correct.
The English name ptarmigan comes from the Scottish Gaelic name for L. muta, tarmachan ([Scottish Gaelic pronunciation:]), meaning “croaker”, which refers to the bird’s frog-like call. The p- was added due to a mistaken belief in a Greek origin, as if the word were related to the Greek word πτερόν (pterón), 'wing'.

## Description

The four species are all sedentary specialists of cold regions. Willow ptarmigan is a circumpolar boreal forest species, white-tailed ptarmigan is a North American alpine bird, and rock ptarmigan breeds in both Arctic and mountain habitats across Eurasia and North America. With the exception of the red grouse (until recently considered a subspecies of willow ptarmigan), all have a white winter plumage that helps them blend into the snowy background. Even their remiges are white, while these feathers are black in almost all birds (even birds that are predominantly white, such as the Bali myna) because melanin makes them more resilient and thus improves flight performance. The Lagopus grouse apparently found it easier to escape predators by not being seen than by flying away.
These are hardy vegetarian birds, but insects are also taken by the developing young. In all species except for the willow ptarmigan, the female takes all responsibility for nesting and caring for the chicks, as is typical with gamebirds.

## Species

The genus contains four species:
Living species of Lagopus :
| Common and scientific names | Description | Range and status |
| Willow ptarmigan (also willow grouse) Lagopus lagopus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Summer: marbled brown and reddish with black tail and white underparts; winter: most subspecies have white plumage except for black tail. | 10–20 subspecies. Circumarctic range in forest and moorlands of northern Eurasia and North America. Status: Least Concern. |
| Red grouse Lagopus scotica (Latham, 1787) | Reddish brown with black tail all year round | Monotypic. Great Britain and Ireland |
| Rock ptarmigan Lagopus muta (Montin, 1781) | Summer: grey and brown upperparts; winter: white plumage. Distinguish from willow ptarmigan by habitat – higher elevations and more barren ground. | 20–30 subspecies. Arctic and subarctic Eurasia and North America on rocky mountainsides and tundra. Status: Least Concern. |
| White-tailed ptarmigan Lagopus leucura (Richardson, 1831) | Summer: greyish-brown and speckled; winter: white plumage. Males identifiable by reddish eyecombs. The smallest ptarmigan. | Alpine areas above the timberline in North America from Alaska and western Canada to New Mexico. Status: Least Concern. |

### Fossil record

Two prehistoric species and two paleosubspecies are only known from fossils:
* Lagopus atavus (Early Pliocene of Bulgaria? - Late Pliocene)
* Lagopus balcanicus (Late Pliocene of Varshets, Bulgaria)
* Lagopus lagopus noaillensis (Pleistocene of W Europe)
* Lagopus mutus correzensis (Pleistocene of W Europe)