# Tifal language

Tifal is an Ok language spoken in Papua New Guinea. Dialects are Tifal (Tifalmin), Urap (Urapmin) and Atbal (Atbalmin).

## Geography

The Tifal language is bounded by Papuan and Irian Jaya speakers to the south and west, the Telefomin valley in the east, and the Sepik river to the north.

## Orthography

| Phonemic | ɑ | ɑː | b | d | eː | f | i | iː | k | l | m | n | ŋ | o | oː | s | t | u | uː | w | j |
| Lowercase | a | aa | b, p | d | e | f | i | ii | k | l | m | n | ng | o | oo | s | t | u | uu | w | y |
| Uppercase | A | Aa | B | D | E | F | I | Ii | K | L | M | N | | O | Oo | S | T | U | Uu | W | Y |

## Phonology
### Consonants

Consonants :
| | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar |
| Plosive | b | t d | | k |
| Nasal | m | n | | ŋ |
| Fricative | f | s | | |
| Semivowel | w | | j | |
| Liquid | | l | | |
    /b/ is realized as [pʰ] word finally, as [p] in syllable-coda position before a consonant, and [b] elsewhere.
    /t/ is realized as [t] in syllable coda before a consonant and [tʰ] elsewhere.
    /d/ is realized as [ɾ] intervocalically, e.g. /didab/: [dɪˈɾʌpʰ] 'water container'.
    /k/ is [ɣ] intervocalically, [k] in syllable coda before consonants, and [kʰ] elsewhere.
    /s/ is realized as [ʂ] before /u/.
    /l/ is alveolar adjacent to back vowels and alveodental elsewhere. One dialect realizes /l/ as [r] intervocalically.

### Vowels

Vowels :
| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i iː | | u uː |
| Mid | eː | | o oː |
| Open | | ɑ ɑː | |
/o/ and /oː/ rarely contrast.
Vowel allophones :
| Phoneme | Condition | Allophone | Realization elsewhere |
| /i/ | word-initially and finally | [i] | [ɪ] |
| /a/ | word-initially and finally | [a] | [ʌ] |
| /u/ | word-initially and finally | [u] | [ʊ] |
| /eː/ | in open syllables, before /m/, and between /j/ and /p/ | [eː] | [ɛː] |
| /o/ | before /n/ or /ŋ/; between /t/ and /k/ | [ɔ] | [o] |

### Phonotactics

Syllable structure is (C)V(ː)(C). The expression kwiin takan 'oh my!' may be an exception.
/d/ only occurs word-initially. /f/ only occurs syllable-initially. /ŋ/ is always syllable-final.
Initial /l/ only occurs in some dialects. Initial /kw/ occurs in two dialects, and may usually be interpreted as C+V.
/w/ and /j/ occur syllable-initially. Only one dialect allows syllable-coda /j/.

### Stress

In inflected words stress lies on the last syllable of the verb stem. If there are long vowels stress falls on the first syllable in the word. If all vowels are short, stress falls on the last syllable. If it is closed stress falls on the first syllable.

## Grammar
### Nouns

Nouns are not inflected but may mark possession. Body parts and kinship terms are obligatorily possessed, and some kinship terms require affixing. On other nouns possession is optional, except for proper names which are never possessed.

### Pronouns

Pronoun stems :
| Person | Person | Person | Basic | Emphatic |
| 1 | singular | singular | ni-/na- | nala-/nalal-/-nila |
| 1 | plural | plural | nuu-/no- | nuulu-/nulul- |
| 2 | singular | m | kab- | kaltab-/kalab- |
| 2 | singular | f | kub- | kultub-/kulub- |
| 2 | plural | plural | kib- | kiltib- |
| 3 | singular | m | a- | ala-/alal-/al- |
| 3 | singular | f | u- | ulu-/ulul-/ul- |
| 3 | plural | plural | ib-/i- | iltib-/ilib-/ilal-/il- |
Non-emphatic pronouns :
| Suffix meaning: | Poss. | Subj. | Definitive | Inst. | First | with, and, also |
| Suffix: | -mi~ni | -i~-di | -yo | ta | -siik/-siin | soo/soono |
Emphatic pronouns :
| Suffix meaning: | Poss. | Inst. | 'only' | 'like, simile' |
| Suffix: | -mi~ni | ta | -kal | tab |

## Verbs

Tifal has a rich aspectual system. Verbs may be separated into four groups based on how they transform from continuative to punctiliar aspect. Some only have vowel and/or simple stem changes, some have suppletive stems, some change compound-final stems, and some which have allomorphs which add -(a)laa-min (or rarely -daa-laa-min) to the stem.
Verbs also can be divided based on transitivity. Some require direct objects, some with optional objects, some with optional locational objects, and a few intransitive verbs.
Order of verb suffixes :
| verb | ben. | ben. | -laa | tense | person | mood | statement-final marker |

### Tense and aspect

Most final verbs mark tense, mood, and person, but most verbs can mark aspect and not tense and still be a final verb.
Tense-aspect suffixes :
| | Continuative | Punctiliar |
| pres | -b/m$^1$ | -d |
| yesterday past | $^1$-m-som/-a-som | -b |
| dist. past | -a-s | -a-s |
| very remote past | -bis | -s |
| abilitative | $^1$-m-am | $^1$-d-am |
| near future | $^1$-m-okom | $^1$-d-okom |
| dist. future | $^1$-m-okob | $^1$-d-okob |
* "initial consonant of the customary or class changing marker is retained"
Tifal sentences are contain inflected verb-root-chains, often with a final fully conjugated verb. One must inflect for the amount of time between one verb in the chain and the next.

### Deixis

Marking spatial relation between verbs and their objects is obligatory. "up" must be clarified as either "upslope" or "upstream", "down" as "downslope" or "downstream", and "across" as "across land" or "across a river".

### Kinship

Tifal has dyadic kinship terms (terms referring to the relationship two or more people have to each other), which are present in less than 10 languages and not prevalent in Papua New Guinea. However, they are a salient feature of the Ok languages. Related terms are found in Oksapmin, Mian, and Telefol.