OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Andreas Kordellas

Andreas Kordellas (30 November 1836 – 1909) was a Greek mineralogist and mining engineer.

## Biography

On 30 November 1836, Andreas Kordellas was born in İzmir (known in Greek as Smyrna), then under the Ottoman Empire. His father was a merchant originally from Ampelakia on the island of Salamis. In 1852, Kordellas began study at an industrial school in Zittau, Saxony; in 1855, he transferred to the Bergakademie Freiberg, but also took classes in philosophy at the University of Bonn and in mining in Liège, Belgium. He graduated in 1858.
Kordellas briefly returned to Smyrna in 1860, but left for Athens in the same year. There, he found employment at the state Ministry of Finance. He drafted mining legislation alongside Panayiotis G. Vouyoukas and Ioannis Soutsos. He was appointed the foreman of the Naxos emery mines from 1861 to 1863. He was also employed to manage water supply for the city of Athens. In 1865, he left the Ministry of Finance to become the Director of Works for a private mining company, Hilarion Roux & Cie; the company was the first modern enterprise to exploit the ancient Mines of Laurion. He had investigated the mines in December 1860 while under state employ and wrote a report on the state of the mines in the region, seeing great promise in the re-smelting of slag at the site. He simultaneously served as the director of works for another mining company, I. V. Serpieris & Co., from 1865 to 1873. In 1887 he became the director of the Greek Metal Works Company of Lavrion.
Kordellas published various papers on mineralogy and geology. He was a member of the Greek organizing committee for the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris, France, for which he wrote a paper advertising Greece's mineral wealth. He was a professor of mineralogy and geology at the Hellenic Military Academy from 1882 to 1894, and the inaugural president of the Hellenic Polytechnic Association from 1899. He died in Athens in 1909. During the 1990s, archaeologists named an ancient ergasterion (silver processing workshop) found at Laurion the Kordellas Ergasterion in his honor.
# Hekla 3 eruption

The Hekla 3 eruption (H-3) c. 1000 BC is considered the most severe eruption of Hekla during the Holocene. It threw about 7.3 km$^3$ of volcanic rock into the atmosphere, placing its Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) at 5. This would have caused a volcanic winter, cooling temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere for several years afterwards.
An eighteen-year span of global cooling that is recorded in Irish bog oaks has been attributed to H-3. The eruption is detectable in Greenland ice cores, the bristlecone pine sequence, and the Irish oak sequence of extremely narrow growth rings. Andy Baker's team of researchers dated it to 1021 BC ±130.
A "high chronology" (earlier) interpretation of the above results is preferred by Baker, based also on growth of stalagmites. In Sutherland, northwest Scotland, a spurt of four years of doubled annual luminescent growth banding of calcite in a stalagmite is datable to 1135 BC ±130.
A rival, "low-chronology" interpretation of the eruption has been made by Andrew Dugmore: 2879 BP (929 BC ±34). In 1999, Dugmore suggested a non-volcanic explanation for the Scottish results. In 2000 skepticism concerning conclusions about connecting Hekla 3 and Hekla 4 (probably 2310 BC ±20) with paleoenvironmental events and archaeologically attested abandonment of settlement sites in northern Scotland was expressed by John P. Grattan and David D. Gilbertson. Some Egyptologists have firmly dated the eruption to 1159 BC, and blamed it for famines under Ramesses III during the wider Bronze Age collapse. Dugmore has rebutted this dating. Other scholars have held off on this dispute, preferring the neutral and vague "3000 BP".
# WSND-FM

WSND-FM (88.9 MHz) is a non-commercial FM radio station licensed to Notre Dame, Indiana. It is owned by the University of Notre Dame and serves the South Bend – Mishawaka metropolitan area and other parts of Michigan and Indiana known as "Michiana". The station airs classical music during the day. In the evening, WSND-FM features other genres of music including jazz, folk, big bands, blues, Broadway showtunes and Celtic music.
WSND-FM's studios and offices are in the Duncan Student Center at Notre Dame. The transmitter is off Ironwood Road in the southern section of South Bend. Extended newscasts are heard at 7:30 am, 8:30 am, 12:30 pm, 4:30 pm, and 5:30 pm Monday through Friday, and at 12 pm on weekends. The PBS Newshour airs weeknights at 7 p.m.

## History

Notre Dame University had been operating a student run carrier current radio station, only heard around the campus, since the 1940s. It also owned WNDU (1490 AM), 92.9 WNDU-FM, and WNDU-TV (channel 16), which were commercial operations staffed by broadcasting professionals. (The WNDU radio stations were sold in 1998, and WNDU-TV was sold in 2005.)
The university wanted to put a student-run radio station on the air to help train students in broadcasting. On September 17, 1962, WSND-FM signed on the air as a 10 watt educational station licensed to the University of Notre Dame. It was operated by students during the university's Fall and Spring semesters and signed off during the summer and other school breaks.
In 1971, WSND-FM expanded its schedule and improved its signal coverage. A new 3,430 watt transmitter was installed, which covered the South Bend area and surrounding communities including parts of lower Michigan. WSND-FM added to its staff to include area volunteers who helped keep the station operating during summer breaks and other times when classes were not being held. Today, WSND-FM continues to be operated with a complementary mix of students and volunteers. In 2012, chief operator Edwin Jaroszewski celebrated his 40th year with the station.
In the mid-1980s, under the stewardship of Eliot Coe, who was Jazz Director from 1984 to 1986, the station pioneered an eclectic mix of jazz music. An evening program known as "Nocturne Nightflight" features rock, techno, metal and other current genres. "An Hour of Stories" is a weekly program featuring folktales, and "Explorations in Piano Literature" is a weekly excursion into canonical keyboard music research.
# Pham Huu Tiep

Pham Huu Tiep (Vietnamese: Phạm Hữu Tiệp) is a Vietnamese American mathematician specializing in group theory and representation theory. He is currently a Joshua Barlaz Distinguished Professor of Mathematics at Rutgers University.
Pham Tiep graduated from Chu Văn An High School, and received a silver medal at the IMO in London in 1979. He received his Ph.D. at Moscow University in 1988 under supervision of Alexei Kostrikin. He gave an invited talk at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Rio de Janeiro in 2018. He is a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society, a Clay Institute Senior Scholar, and a Simons Fellow.
Pham Tiep was the fifth Vietnamese mathematician invited to speak at the International Congress of Mathematicians, following Frédéric Pham (1970), Duong Hong Phong (1994), Ngô Bảo Châu (2006,2010) and Van H. Vu (2014).
Tiep was a member of the 2010 collaboration which completed the proof of Ore's conjecture.
In a September 2024 paper, Tiep, along with Gunter Malle, Gabriel Navarro and Amanda Schaeffer Fry, proved Brauer's height zero conjecture on the modular representation theory of Brauer blocks and their defect groups.
Also in 2024, Tiep, along with Michael Larsen and others, derived uniform character bounds for various finite classical groups, leading to substantial progress on Thompson's conjecture that each finite non-abelian simple group $G=C^{2}$ for some conjugacy class $C\subseteq G$.

## Selected papers

* 2018: "Character bounds for finite groups of Lie type", Acta Math. 221 (2018), 1 - 57 (with Roman Bezrukavnikov, Martin Liebeck, and Aner Shalev)
* 2016: Tiep, Pham HUU (2016). "The $\alpha$-invariant and Thompson's conjecture". Forum of Mathematics, Pi. 4. doi:10.1017/fmp.2016.3. ISSN 2050-5086. e5, 28 pages
* 2013: "Characters of relative p'-degree over normal subgroups", Ann. of Math. 178 (2013), 1135 - 1171 (with Gabriel Navarro)
* 2011: "Waring problem for finite simple groups", Ann. of Math. 174 (2011), 1885 - 1950 (with Michael Larsen and Aner Shalev)
* 2011: "A reduction theorem for the Alperin weight conjecture", Invent. Math. 184 (2011), 529 - 565 (with Gabriel Navarro)
* 2010: "The Ore conjecture", Journal of the European Mathematical Society (with Martin Liebeck, EA O'Brien, Aner Shalev)
* 2008: "Symmetric powers and a problem of Kollar and Larsen", Invent. Math. 174 (2008), 505 - 554 (with Robert M. Guralnick)
# Chicomuceltec language

Chicomuceltec (also Chikomuselteko or Chicomucelteco; archaically, Cotoque) is a Mayan language formerly spoken in the region defined by the municipios of Chicomuselo, Mazapa de Madero, and Amatenango de la Frontera in Chiapas, Mexico, as well as some nearby areas of Guatemala. By the 1970s–80s it had become extinct, with recent reports in Mayanist literature finding that there are no living native speakers. Communities of contemporary Chicomucelteco descendants, numbering approximately 1500 people in Mexico and 100 in Guatemala are Spanish speakers.
Chicomuceltec was formerly sometimes called Cakchiquel Mam, although it is only distantly related to the Cakchiquel or Mam, being much closer to Wastek (Huastec).

## History and genealogy

The Chicomuceltec language was first documented in modern linguistic literature as a distinct language in the late 19th century, where it appeared in an account published by linguist Karl Sapper of his travels in northern Mesoamerica 1888–95.
Chicomuceltec's relationship with Wastek was established in the late 1930s (Kroeber 1939), which concluded via word-list comparisons with other Mayan languages that it bore a higher degree of affinity with Wastek than other Mayan language branches.

### Historical documentation

A two-page document dated to 1775 which was retrieved from the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris is the oldest-known testament of the Chicomuceltec language. Taking the form of a Roman Catholic confession, the manuscript contains eight sentences written in Chicomuceltec. It also mentions that the language was then referred to as "Cotoque".

## Geographical distribution

The geographical distribution of Wastek and Chicomuceltec in relation to the rest of the Mayan languages —with Wastek centered on the northern Gulf Coast region away from the others lying south and east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec— led Kroeber to also propose that Chicomuceltec was either a remnant population left behind after the Huastec people's migration north from the Chiapas highlands region, or alternatively represented a return of a Huastec subgroup to their earlier homelands.

## Decline and extinction

By the early 20th century it was clear the language was in decline, and when in 1926 Franz Termer visited the community of Chicomucelo, he reported finding only three individuals (all over 60 years of age) who could speak Chicomuceltec, out of a township of approximately 2,500. The Chicomuceltec speakers themselves conducted their day-to-day conversations in Spanish.
# Puerto Rico Highway 33

Puerto Rico Highway 33 (PR-33) is an urban road in Caguas, Puerto Rico. This road goes from the junction of PR-1 with PR-189 to Bulevar Cristóbal Colón, west of downtown, and it is known as Avenida José Mercado.

## Major intersections

The entire route is located in Caguas barrio-pueblo, Caguas.
| km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| 2.20 | 1.37 | PR-183 east (Calle Eduardo Georgetti) – San Lorenzo | Clockwise terminus of PR-33; one-way street |
| 1.9 | 1.2 | PR-Bulevar Cristóbal Colón – Caguas | |
| 1.6– 1.5 | 0.99– 0.93 | PR-1 (Avenida José Gautier Benítez) – Caguas, Cayey | |
| 1.2 | 0.75 | PR-Bulevar Cristóbal Colón – Caguas | |
| 0.6 | 0.37 | PR-156 (Calle Ramón Emeterio Betances) – Caguas, Aguas Buenas | |
| 0.0 | 0.0 | PR-1 / PR-189 east (Avenida José Villares) – Caguas, San Juan, Gurabo, Humacao | Counterclockwise terminus of PR-33 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||
# Trần Nam Trung

Trần Nam Trung (born Trần Khuy) (1912–2009) was a colonel-general in the People's Army of Vietnam active during the First Indochina War and Vietnam War. He was the unique Defence Minister of Republic of South Vietnam.

## Early years

Trần Nam Trung was born Trần Khuy in a peasant family in Mộ Đức district, Quảng Ngãi province of the Annam Protectorate, French Indochina in 1912. He joined the Communist Party of Annam in 1927, then the Indochinese Communist Party in 1931.

## Career

After Ba Tơ uprising [vi], Trần Nam Trung was appointed to Secretary of the Quảng Ngãi–Bình Định Provincial Party Committee. After August uprising, he held the position of political commissar of War Zone 5 [vi] and Buôn Hồ–An Khê front.
Since 1976, Trần Nam Trung left military, was appointed to Chief of Government Inspectorate and kept the position till he retired in 1982. He was promoted to Major General in 1962, and Colonel General in 1974.
# Hyles euphorbiae

Hyles euphorbiae, the spurge hawk-moth, is a European moth of the family Sphingidae. This hawk moth is used as an agent of biological pest control against the noxious weed leafy spurge (Euphorbia virgata), but usually only in conjunction with other agents. The larvae consume the leaves and bracts of the plant. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.

## Description

The Spurge Hawk-Moth - Fore wings grey, with an almost square olive-brown blotch; at the base another olive-brown blotch near the middle, and a long oblique band of the same colour, commencing in a point at the extreme apex of the wing, and gradually growing wider until it reaches the margin, where it is very broad: hind wings pink, with a black blotch at the base, and a black band half-way between this black blotch and the margin, and a snowy-white blotch at the anal angle: thorax and body olive-brown, with a white line on each side of the thorax just at the base of the wings; this line runs on each side along the head just above the eye, and the two meet at the nose; the body has on each side at the base two square black spots and two square white spots, and beyond them, nearer the apex, and also on each side, are three white lines.
The caterpillar is smooth and black, with innumerable whitish dots; there are also eleven large spots of the same colour arrayed in a row on each side of the back, and beneath these as many spots of the same size and of a bright coral-red colour; the head is of the same coral-red colour, and a line of the same colour runs all along the back, from the head to the horn; the horn is red at the base and black at the tip. It feeds on sea-spurge.
The chrysalis is pale brown and delicately lined and dotted with black in the manner of network; it buries itself in the loose dry sand on the sea coast.
The eggs are covered with liquid gum, which enables them to stick on the small leaves of the spurge. In a fortnight these hatch and produce little black caterpillars; the white and red spots appear as the caterpillar increases in size, and in a few weeks it becomes a most beautiful object, and so conspicuous as to attract the sea-gulls and terns, which devour them in numbers. We have never had the pleasure of finding either the caterpillar or perfect moth. Our description of the caterpillar is taken from the Entomological Magazine.
* Egg
* Larva
* Male, dorsal side
* Male, ventral side
* Female, dorsal side
* Female, ventral side

## Subspecies

* Hyles euphorbiae euphorbiae
* Hyles euphorbiae conspicua (Rothschild & Jordan, 1903) (Middle East)
# Rudrón Valley

The Rudrón Valley (Spanish: Valle del Rudrón) is a valley of the province of Burgos, in the autonomous community of Castilla y León, Spain, that borders the autonomous community of Cantabria.
From a structural standpoint, the relief is organized around a large morphostructural unit: an extensive moorland. The River Rudrón divides and separates both sides of moorland. The River Rudrón divides and separates both sides of moorland creating Rudrón Valley, leaving on the left the moor of La Lora and right the moor of Masa.
* Wikimapia- Valle del Rudrón

## Geographical description

The River Rudrón through a process of epigenesis has excavated and drilled sedimentary limestones that extensive moorland, moorland that forms the watershed of this river. The River Rudrón rises in the land of the Tozo, specifically in the town of San Mames of Abar where it is called the River Urón. Collect water from some rivers of Tozo.
The valley is interrupted by having a special feature, become underground river between Basconcillos of Tozo and the Barrio Panizares and where the river rises a second time. After millions of years the product of this erosion has generated the River Rudrón slopes and steep slopes, sometimes spectaculars. In the valley bottom lands dominated limestone, clay of Quaternary.
This erosion has also generated numerous springs, streams, fountains and creeks to break the different aquifers, in some cases spectacular as the Blue Pit (Spanish: 'Pozo Azul'). The Blue Pit is one of the most visited places of Rudrón Valley.
In this valley villages are located:
* Barrio Panizares
* Hoyos del Tozo
* Moradillo del Castillo
* Santa Coloma del Rudrón
* Bañuelos del Rudrón
* Tablada del Rudrón
* Tubilla del Agua
* Covanera
* San Felices del Rudrón
* Valdelateja
# Mefenorex

Mefenorex (Rondimen, Pondinil, Anexate) is a stimulant drug which was used as an appetite suppressant. It is an amphetamine derivative which was developed in the 1970s and used for the treatment of obesity. Mefenorex produces amphetamine as a metabolite, and has been withdrawn in many countries despite having only mild stimulant effects and relatively little abuse potential.
# Oklahoma State Highway 110

State Highway 110 (abbreviated SH-110) is a two-lane road maintained by the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is 9.99 miles (16.08 km) long, connecting SH-7 at its northern end to Dougherty at its southern end. Along the way, it serves the western side of the Lake of the Arbuckles and the Chickasaw National Recreation Area. It has no spur routes.
What is now SH-110 was established as SH-7C in the late 1940s. SH-110 was established along a route ending closer to Sulphur, which replaced SH-7C. When the Lake of the Arbuckles was created and inundated the highway, the SH-110 designation was applied to the former SH-7C instead.

## Route description

SH-110 begins at Broad Street in the town of Dougherty. The entirety of the route, between the town and SH-7 near Davis, is a winding, hilly route through the Arbuckle Mountains. From the town, the highway runs northeast, then turns north to parallel Rock Creek, the outlet from the Lake of the Arbuckles. As the highway approaches the lake, it spawns the access road to Camp Goddard, a youth camp on the shore of the lake. SH-110 then turns to the northwest. It then eventually assumes a due north course and ends at SH-7 on the eastern fringe of Davis.

## History

The road that is now SH-110 is first shown as part of the state highway system on the 1948 official state map. The highway was originally known as State Highway 7C and was all gravel. The route roughly followed that of the present day. In 1955, SH-7C was removed from the state highway system. The new road to Dougherty was SH-110, which traveled northeast out of town and ended at SH-7 just west of Sulphur In 1957, this route was paved.
In 1965, SH-110 was decommissioned, due to the construction of Lake of the Arbuckles, the basin of which SH-110 ran through. This left Dougherty once again without direct access to the state highway system. In 1967, SH-110 was restored as a state highway along the SH-7C route. The highway was fully paved by 1968.

## Junction list

The entire route is in Murray County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Dougherty | 0.00 | 0.00 | Broad St. | Southern terminus |
| Davis | 9.99 | 16.08 | SH-7 | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Hilary Needler Trophy

The Hilary Needler Trophy is a conditions flat horse race in Great Britain open to fillies aged two years only. It is run at Beverley over a distance of 5 furlongs (1,006 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in late May or early June.
The race was awarded Listed status in 2001 but was downgraded in 2011.
The race was first run in 1965. The sponsor, Mrs Hilary Needler, died in 2012.

## Winners since 1980

* ↑ The 2020 running was cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
# Yuganta: The End of an Epoch

Yuganta: The End of an Epoch is a book written by anthropologist Irawati Karve. It is a critical analysis of the Mahabharata. The book was written in Marathi originally and was translated in English by W. Norman Brown. It was translated into Nepali by Sujit Mainali and was published in October 2020 by Kathmandu-based publishing house Book Hill.

## Summary

This book is a study of the main protagonists of the Mahabharata. These character studies treat the protagonists of the book as historical figures rather than as mythical characters. In this book the author has attempted to interpret many of the events of the Mahabharata in a socio-political context. According to Karve's analysis, the Mahabharata is not really a myth, but is an account of historical events that actually took place many thousands of years ago, in the nation of India. In this context, the author provides the readers with in-depth insight into the political and social situations that were prevalent during that period in Indian history.

## Award

The book won Sahitya Academy Award in 1968.
# Julien Rybacki

Julien Rybacki (born 24 September 1995) is a German footballer currently playing for TVD Velbert.
# Saussurea laniceps

Saussurea laniceps (common name cotton-headed snow lotus, simplified Chinese: 绵头雪兔子; traditional Chinese: 綿頭雪兔子; lit. 'cotton head(ed) snow rabbit') is a rare snow lotus found only in the Himalayas including Nepal southwest China (in Sikkim in India and in Sichuan, Tibet and Yunnan in China). It might also occur in northern Burma. It grows above about 3,200 m (10,500 ft) altitude on alpine scree slopes. It is reputed to have medicinal properties according to traditional Chinese medicine. Among the snow lotus, Saussurea laniceps is proven to be more effective for its anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects.

## Description and life cycle

Saussurea laniceps is herbaceous plant that grows 15–45 cm (5.9–17.7 in) tall. It is perennial and monocarpic: individual plants grow slowly (for 7–10 years or more) and die after flowering. Reproductive plants produce a single enlarged inflorescence with 6–36 flower heads. Producing seed requires pollinators. Saussurea laniceps is pollinated by two generalist bumblebee species, Bombus rufofasticatus and Bombus festivus, that appear to specialize on Saussurea laniceps when it is flowering. Its reproductive success does not appear to be limited by pollen availability.

## Exploitation and its consequences

The whole plant is used medicinally, and the species is threatened in many regions by over-exploitation.
Preferential collection of the larger plants of the species for medicinal use and souvenirs appears to be causing selection to favour shorter plants in areas that are heavily harvested. Plants in an area that is protected are about 9 cm taller than plants in the harvest areas. Another closely related plant that is not as desirable to collectors, Saussurea medusa, shows no height differences between the protected area and the harvest area. The height differences in the plant may have unknown effects such as reduction of seed production due to shorter stalks but no studies have been done to ascertain the effects.