OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tetraquark

In particle physics, a tetraquark is an exotic meson composed of four valence quarks. A tetraquark state has long been suspected to be allowed by quantum chromodynamics, the modern theory of strong interactions. A tetraquark state is an example of an exotic hadron that lies outside the conventional quark model classification. A number of different types of tetraquark have been observed.

## History and discoveries

Several tetraquark candidates have been reported by particle physics experiments in the 21st century. The quark contents of these states are almost all qqQQ, where q represents a light (up, down or strange) quark, Q represents a heavy (charm or bottom) quark, and antiquarks are denoted with an overline. The existence and stability of tetraquark states with the qqQQ (or qqQQ) have been discussed by theoretical physicists for a long time, however these are yet to be reported by experiments.

### Timeline

In 2003, a particle temporarily called X(3872), by the Belle experiment in Japan, was proposed to be a tetraquark candidate, as originally theorized. The name X is a temporary name, indicating that there are still some questions about its properties to be tested. The number following is the mass of the particle in MeV/c$^2$.
In 2004, the D$_{sJ}$(2632) state seen in Fermilab's SELEX was suggested as a possible tetraquark candidate.
In 2007, Belle announced the observation of the Z(4430) state, a c c d u tetraquark candidate. There are also indications that the Y(4660), also discovered by Belle in 2007, could be a tetraquark state.
In 2009, Fermilab announced that they have discovered a particle temporarily called Y(4140), which may also be a tetraquark.
In 2010, two physicists from DESY and a physicist from Quaid-i-Azam University re-analyzed former experimental data and announced that, in connection with the ϒ (5S) meson (a form of bottomonium), a well-defined tetraquark resonance exists.
In June 2013, the BES III experiment in China and the Belle experiment in Japan independently reported on Z$_c$(3900), the first confirmed four-quark state.
In 2014, the Large Hadron Collider experiment LHCb confirmed the existence of the Z(4430) state with a significance of over 13.9 σ.
In February 2016, the DØ experiment reported evidence of a narrow tetraquark candidate, named X(5568), decaying to B$^0$ $_s$ π$^±$ . In December 2017, DØ also reported observing the X(5568) using a different B$^0$ $_s$ final state. However, it was not observed in searches by the LHCb, CMS, CDF, or ATLAS experiments.
In June 2016, LHCb announced the discovery of three additional tetraquark candidates, called X(4274), X(4500) and X(4700).
In 2020, LHCb announced the discovery of a c c c c tetraquark: X(6900). In 2022, ATLAS also observed X(6900), and in 2023, CMS reported an observation of three such states, X(6600), X(6900), and X(7300).
In 2021, LHCb announced the discovery of four additional tetraquarks, including ccus.
In 2022, LHCb announced the discovery of csud and csud.
# Trhový Štěpánov

Trhový Štěpánov (until 1912 Štěpánov; German: Markt Stiepanau) is a town in Benešov District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,500 inhabitants.

## Administrative division

Trhový Štěpánov consists of six municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
* Trhový Štěpánov (966)
* Dalkovice (74)
* Dubějovice (97)
* Sedmpány (84)
* Štěpánovská Lhota (15)
* Střechov nad Sázavou (108)

## Etymology

The name Štěpánov is derived from the personal name Štěpán, meaning "Štěpán's (court/castle)". Sometimes the attribute trhový (meaning "market's") was added to distinguish it from other places with the same name. From 1912, the town is officially named Trhový Štěpánov.

## Geography

Trhový Štěpánov is located about 24 kilometres (15 mi) east of Benešov and 51 km (32 mi) southeast of Prague. It lies in the Vlašim Uplands. The highest point is at 517 m (1,696 ft) above sea level.

## History

The first written mention of Štěpánov is from 1108. It was probably founded before 995. The settlement was promoted to a town in 1290.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 2,536 | — |
| 1880 | 2,597 | +2.4% |
| 1890 | 2,538 | −2.3% |
| 1900 | 2,399 | −5.5% |
| 1910 | 2,323 | −3.2% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 2,271 | −2.2% |
| 1930 | 2,103 | −7.4% |
| 1950 | 1,721 | −18.2% |
| 1961 | 1,681 | −2.3% |
| 1970 | 1,610 | −4.2% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 1,406 | −12.7% |
| 1991 | 1,260 | −10.4% |
| 2001 | 1,262 | +0.2% |
| 2011 | 1,347 | +6.7% |
| 2021 | 1,344 | −0.2% |
Source: Censuses :

## Transport

The D1 motorway from Prague to Brno passes around the town.

## Sights

The main landmark of the town is the Church of Saint Bartholomew. It is a Gothic church from the 13th or 14th century, with Baroque modifications from around 1704. In 1856–1859, the wooden part of the tower was replaced by a brick in the pseudo-Gothic style.
# Bobai campaign

The Bobai campaign (博白战役) was a campaign fought between the nationalists and the communists during the Chinese Civil War in the post-World War II era and resulted in communist victory. The campaign was part of Guangxi campaign.
Order of battle
* Nationalists:
** III Corps
*** 7th Army
*** 48th Army
*** 126th Army
* Communists:
** 43rd Army
** 14th Army
** 15th Army
After the nationalist offensive in the southern front had been defeated by the advance communist, Bai Chongxi ordered the nationalist III Corps and XI Corps to immediately retreat. The communist forces at the southern front consisted of units of the communist II Field Army and Fourth Field Army begun the pursuit on November 27, 1949. To boost morale, the nationalist commander-in-chief Zhang Gan (张淦) decided to be the last to retreat and his III Corps headquarters remained behind in the town of Bobai (博白), but this was detected by the attack communists in the afternoon of December 30, 1949. Two regiments of the communist 43rd Army was immediately dispatched to attack the town and reached the town by 8:00 PM on the same day. After breaching the defense of the town at the northern and eastern gates, the attacking communists managed to besiege the surviving nationalists at their corps headquarters located in the library building. After fierce street fights, the battle ended on 10:30 PM on December 30, 1949, with communist victory, and Zhang Gan (张淦), the nationalist commander-in-chief of the III Corps was captured alive with most of his staff. Meantime, the forces of the communist IV Corps from regions of Hua (化) county, and Zhangjiang (漳江) had badly mauled the 48th Army of the nationalist III Corps and then also approached the town of Bobai (博白).
While the communists were attacking the besieged the town of Bobai (博白), the nationalist commander-in-chief Zhang Gan (张淦) ordered the 7th Army, 48th Army and 126th Army of the III Corps to counterattack toward the town. In the early morning of December 1, 1949, the three nationalist armies had approached the town of Bobai (博白), but as the nationalists learned that their corps headquarters had been annihilated and their commander-in-chief was captured alive by the enemy, the nationalist morale collapsed. Taking the advantage of the situation, the communist 43rd Army, 14th Army and 15th Army immediately launched an offensive against the three nationalist armies, and by 3:00 pm, the campaign concluded with the most of nationalists killed or captured.
The communist victory of the Bobai campaign (博白战役) resulted in the near total annihilation of the nationalist III Corps, with the exception of a portion of nationalist 126th Army successfully retreating westward. The loss of the nationalist III Corps resulted in the further weakening of the nationalist defense in Guangxi while the communist victory of the Guangxi campaign was further guaranteed.
# Dipanwita Dutta

Dipanwita Dutta is an Indian physicist and professor known for her contributions to the field of High Energy Nuclear Physics, particularly in the study of Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). She currently serves as the Associate Dean at the Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) and as a Scientific Officer at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). As of September 2024, she holds the record of being highly cited researcher in India with an h-index of 244 and more than 286,000 citations.

## Career

Dutta began her career at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), where she has been a pivotal figure in the field of High Energy Nuclear Physics. Her research primarily focuses on the properties of Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), a state of matter believed to have existed shortly after the Big Bang.
At BARC, Dutta has been involved in numerous experiments and collaborations. She has played a significant role in experiments conducted at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Her contributions include the observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the CMS experiment at the LHC and the precise determination of the mass of the Higgs boson.
In addition to her research, Dutta holds the position of Associate Dean at the Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), a deemed university established by the Department of Atomic Energy. In this role, she oversees various academic and administrative functions, while continuing to mentor young scientists and contribute to the scientific community.
Dutta’s work has been widely recognised and cited in the scientific community. She has received numerous awards and honours, including the BARC Scientific Excellence Award and the HBNI Distinguished Faculty Award.
She was listed among the Top 2% Scientists in the world by the Alper Dodger (AD) Scientific Index 2023.
# Connecticut Route 87

Route 87 is a Connecticut state highway running from Franklin to Andover, generally in a southeast–northwest direction. The route is part of the road connecting the towns of Norwich, Lebanon, Columbia, and Andover. Route 87 is a two-lane rural collector road for its entire length.

## Route description

Route 87 begins as Norwich-Lebanon Road at an intersection with Route 32 in the southeast corner of the town of Franklin, just northwest of the Yantic neighborhood of Norwich. It heads northwest across the Susquetonscut Brook and railroad tracks, briefly crossing into Bozrah (for 0.18 miles), before re-entering Franklin. The road runs for another 3.5 miles (5.6 km) in the southwest part of Franklin then enters the town of Lebanon, where the road name becomes Trumbull Highway. Route 87 heads directly into the town center where it has a junction with Route 207. About a mile further, Route 289 splits off heading north towards Willimantic while Route 87 continues northwest towards Columbia. At the Columbia town center, it intersects with Route 66. North of the town center, Route 87 skirts the north shore of Columbia Lake before crossing into the town of Andover. Route 87 ends about half a mile from the town line at an intersection with US 6. Westbound US 6 continues directly into the Andover town center.
Route 87, over its entire length, is one of the last remaining sections of the Jonathan Trumbull Highway.

## History

The road between Norwich and Bolton Notch, through the town centers of Lebanon, Columbia, Andover, and Bolton, was chartered as a turnpike in October 1795, and was called the Hartford, New London, Windham, and Tolland County Turnpike. The toll road was in operation for about 40 years.
In 1922, when Connecticut first numbered its state highways, the route of the old turnpike was designated as State Highway 168. Modern Route 87 was established in 1932 as a renumbering of old State Highway 168 and originally ended in Bolton like the old turnpike, approximately at the current intersection of US 6 and US 44. In 1934, the Bolton Notch to Andover portion became part of U.S. Route 6A (later to become US 6) and Route 87 was truncated to its current northern end.

## Junction list

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| New London | Franklin | 0.00 | 0.00 | Route 32 – Norwich, Willimantic | Southern terminus |
| New London | Lebanon | 6.54 | 10.53 | Route 207 – North Franklin, Hebron | |
| New London | Lebanon | 7.46 | 12.01 | Route 289 north – Willimantic | Southern terminus of Route 289 |
| Tolland | Columbia | 13.29 | 21.39 | Route 66 – Willimantic, Hebron | |
| Tolland | Andover | 16.62 | 26.75 | US 6 – Willimantic, Bolton | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||||
# Arkansas Highway 311

Highway 311 (AR 311, Ark. 311, and Hwy. 311) is a north–south state highway in Carroll County, Arkansas. The route of 22.74 miles (36.60 km) runs from Industrial Park Drive in Green Forest north across US 62 through rural Carroll County to Highway 21 in Blue Eye.

## Route description

AR 311 begins in Green Forest at Industrial Park Drive. The route runs north and forms a concurrency with US 62 west for 0.4 miles (0.64 km) before turning north. Highway 311 begins to wind through rural areas in Carroll County, including Farewell, before terminating at AR 21 in Blue Eye.

## History

The route was designated a state highway under the jurisdiction of the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD) between 1961 and 1963. The route is entirely two–lane undivided.

## Major intersections

Mile markers reset at concurrencies. The entire route is in Carroll County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Green Forest | 0.00 | 0.00 | Industrial Park Drive | southern terminus |
| Green Forest | 0.42 | 0.68 | US 62 east (Main Street) – Harrison | |
| US 62 concurrency west, 0.4 miles (0.64 km) |||
| Green Forest | 0.00 | 0.00 | US 62 west (Main Street) – Eureka Springs | |
| Blue Eye | 22.32 | 35.92 | AR 21 (Main Street) – Oak Grove, Berryville | northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Jimmy McStay (footballer, born 1922)

James Gerald McStay (4 August 1922 – 2007) was a professional footballer who played as a winger.
# J. F. Powers

James Farl Powers (July 8, 1917 – June 12, 1999) was an American novelist and short story writer who often drew his inspiration from developments in the Catholic Church, and was known for his studies of Catholic priests in the Midwest. Although not a priest himself, he is known for having captured a "clerical idiom" in postwar North America. His first novel, Morte d'Urban, won the 1963 National Book Award for Fiction.

## Early life

Powers was born in Jacksonville, Illinois to a devout Catholic family. He graduated from Quincy College Academy, a Franciscan high school. He took English and philosophy courses at Wright Junior College and at Northwestern University in Chicago, but did not earn a degree. He had various jobs, such as insurance salesman, sales clerk, editor and bookstore clerk.

## Career

Powers was a conscientious objector during World War II, and went to prison for it. Later he worked as a hospital orderly. His first writing experiment began as a spiritual exercise during a religious retreat.
His work has long been admired for its gentle satire and its astonishing ability to recreate with a few words the insular but gradually changing world of post-World War II American Catholicism. Evelyn Waugh, Flannery O'Connor, and Walker Percy praised his work, and Frank O'Connor spoke of him as "among the greatest living storytellers".
Prince of Darkness and Other Stories appeared in 1947. His story "The Valiant Woman" received the O. Henry Award in 1947. The Presence of Grace (1956) was also a collection of short stories. His first novel was Morte d'Urban (1962), which won the 1963 National Book Award for Fiction. Look How the Fish Live appeared in 1975 and Wheat that Springeth Green in 1988.
Powers lived in Ireland for thirteen years. After moving back and forth from Ireland, he settled with his family in Collegeville, Minnesota, where he taught creative writing and English literature at Saint John's University.
Following his death in 1999, the New York Review reissued his novels and published The Stories of J. F. Powers in 2000. The Southern Illinois University Special Collections Research Center has collected the records or Manuscript Collections Created by Powers.

## Family life

Powers met and married Betty Wahl after reviewing a sample of Wahl's fiction. Sister Mariella Gable, OSB, a member of the College of Saint Benedict English faculty, sent him the sample and Powers asked to meet the writer. Powers and Wahl were married in 1946 after Wahl's graduation. They had five children, including the artists Mary and Jane.

## Published works

* 1947 — Prince of Darkness and Other Stories
* 1949 — Cross Country. St. Paul, Home of the Saints
* 1956 — The Presence of Grace
* 1962 — Morte d'Urban — novel
* 1963 — Lions, Harts, Leaping Does, and Other Stories
* 1975 — Look How the Fish Live
* 1988 — Wheat that Springeth Green — novel
* 1991 — The Old Bird, A Love Story
* 1999 — The Stories of J. F. Powers
* 2013 — Suitable Accommodations: An Autobiographical Story of Family Life: The Letters of J. F. Powers, 1942-1963 (edited by Katherine A. Powers)
# Jhalawar Road railway station

Jhalawar Road railway station is a small railway station in Jhalawar district, Rajasthan. Its code is JHW. It serves Jhalawar city. The station consists of three platforms. The platforms are not well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation. The station is 38 km from Jhalawar city before construction of line to Jhalawar city this station was main rail route.

## Major trains

* Kota Vadodara Passenger (unreserved)
* Bandra Terminus- Dehradun Express
* Firozpur Janata Express
* Mathura Ratlam Passenger (unreserved)
* Phulera Ratlam Fast Passenger
* Ratlam- Kota Passenger (unreserved)
# Exmouth and Exeter East (UK Parliament constituency)

Exmouth and Exeter East is a constituency of the House of Commons in the UK Parliament. It was first contested in the 2024 general election and is currently represented by David Reed of the Conservative Party.
The constituency name refers to the seaside Devon town of Exmouth and the eastern suburbs of the city of Exeter.

## Boundaries

The constituency was created in the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies and is composed of the following wards:
* The District of East Devon wards of Broadclyst, Budleigh & Raleigh, Clyst Valley, Cranbrook, Exe Valley, Exmouth Brixington, Exmouth Halsdon, Exmouth Littleham, Exmouth Town, Exmouth Withycombe Raleigh, Whimple & Rockbeare, and Woodbury & Lympstone.
* The City of Exeter wards of Pinhoe, St Loyes, and Topsham.
It comprises the following:
* Approximately three quarters of the abolished East Devon constituency, including the towns of Budleigh Salterton, Cranbrook, Exmouth and Topsham, and the surrounding rural areas
* The City of Exeter suburb of Pinhoe from Exeter
* The Exe Valley ward from Central Devon.

## Elections
### Elections in the 2020s

General election 2024: Exmouth and Exeter East :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Conservative | David Reed | 14,728 | 28.7 | −21.1 |
| | Labour | Helen Dallimore | 14,607 | 28.5 | +18.0 |
| | Liberal Democrats | Paul Arnott | 11,387 | 22.2 | +19.2 |
| | Reform UK | Garry Sutherland | 7,085 | 13.8 | +13.5 |
| | Green | Olly Davey | 2,331 | 4.5 | +2.8 |
| | Independent | Dan Wilson | 590 | 1.1 | N/A |
| | Independent | Peter Faithfull | 454 | 0.9 | +0.4 |
| | Climate | Mark Baldwin | 134 | 0.3 | N/A |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 121 | 0.2 | −15.6 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 51,478 | 64.4 | −10.5 |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 79,983 | | |
| | Conservative hold | Conservative hold | Swing | −19.6 | |

### Elections in the 2010s

2019 notional result :
| Party | Party | Vote | % |
| | Conservative | 27,828 | 49.8 |
| | Others | 19,294 | 34.4 |
| | Labour | 5,878 | 10.5 |
| | Liberal Democrats | 1,691 | 3.0 |
| | Green | 970 | 1.7 |
| | Brexit Party | 171 | 0.3 |
| Turnout | Turnout | 55,832 | 74.9 |
| Electorate | Electorate | 74,502 |
# Jingju Theater Company of Beijing

The Jingju Theater Company of Beijing, formerly known as the Peking Opera Theater Company of Beijing, also known as the Beijing Peking Opera Company, is a theater company based in Beijing, and the largest jingju (Peking opera) performing group in China. Its main venue is the Chang'an Grand Theater, and productions are often aired nationally on CCTV-11. Unestablished performers also hone their skills in smaller theaters.
In 2021, the company has 462 regular employees.

## History

The current company was founded in 1979, but its direct predecessor, the Peking Opera Theater Troupe of Beijing (simplified Chinese: 北京京剧团; traditional Chinese: 北京京劇團; pinyin: Běijīng Jīngjù Tuán), was founded in 1955. The troupe's staging of Hai Rui Dismissed from Office is often considered as a catalyst for the start of the Cultural Revolution.
The company's box-office gross per performance remained below ¥20,000 before 2010. After Li Enjie (李恩杰) took over, many market-oriented strategies have been implemented, such as contests, with the goal of cultivating more stars that appeal to the younger base. Shows staged in smaller theaters, such as those directed by the 1985-born Li Zhuoqun (李卓群), have also been successful among younger people. Revenues have been improving. In both 2017 and 2018, total gross revenue was reportedly close to ¥40 million. In early 2019, several shows grossed ¥200,000 per performance.
# Florentine flask

A florentine flask, also known as florentine receiver, florentine separator or essencier (from the French), other shapes called florentine vase or florentine vessel, is an oil–water separator fed with condensed vapors of a steam distillation in a fragrance extraction process.

## Description

When the raw material is heated with steam from boiling water, volatile fragrant compounds and steam leave the still. The vapours are cooled in the condenser and become liquid. The liquid runs into the florentine receiver where the water and essential oil phases separate.
The essential oils phase separates from water because the oils have a different density than water, and are not water-soluble.
There are two main types of florentines in use. One separates essential oils of lower density than water, for example lavender oil, accumulating in a layer floating on the water. This kind of florentine has to be airtight to reduce the loss of volatile substances. The other type is intended for oils that are denser than water, where the oil accumulates beneath the water phase, for instance cinnamon, wintergreen, vetiver, patchouli or cloves. The floating water phase avoids the loss of volatile compounds from the oil. There are also florentines that are able to accommodate oils that are denser or less dense than water.
The separated water is a herbal distillate and can be fed back into the still or may in some cases be sold as herbal water. Because small droplets of oil are entrained with the water flowing out of the florentine, the yield can sometimes be increased by using more than one florentine in series.
For laboratory use, a small glass florentine without a base is called a florentine vase, as it has a slight resemblance to a small amphora. Larger glass receivers with base are called florentine flasks or essenciers.
Glass is normally only used up to 15 liter vessels; above this size, glass is too fragile, so that metal is used for larger capacities.