OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Durg district

Durg district is a district situated in Chhattisgarh, India. The district headquarters is Durg. The district covers an area of 2,238 km². As of 2011 it is the second most populous district of Chhattisgarh (out of 18), after Raipur.
The district is home to two important religious sites. The principal Hindu temple, the Ganga Maiyaat Jhalmala, Jain shrine of Uwasaggaharam Parshwa Teerth at Nagpura (near Durg), attract pilgrims from all over India. The Langurveer Mandir is one and only Hindu Temple Devoted to God Langoorveer in India situated in Durg.
The town of Bhilai is home to the Bhilai Steel Plant.
The present collector of Durg is Richa Prakash Choudhary.

## Geography

Durg is surrounded by the following districts:
1. Bemetara to the north
2. Balod to the south.
3. Raipur to the east.
4. Dhamtari to the south east
5. Rajnandgaon to the west.

### Municipal corporation

* Durg Municipal Corporation
* Bhilai Municipal Corporation
* Bhilai Charoda Municipal Corporation
* Risali Municipal Corporation

### Municipal council

* Jamul
* Ahiwara
* Kumhari

### Nagar panchayat

* Patan
* Dhamdha
* Utai

### Cities in Durg

* Durg
* Bhilai

### Towns in Durg

* Ahiwara
* Anda
* Dhamdha
* Jamul
* Kumhari
* Mahamaya
* Patan
* Utai

## Demographics

Religions in Durg district (2011) :
| Religion | Religion | Percent | Percent |
| Hinduism | Hinduism | 91.41% | 91.41% |
| Islam | Islam | 4.02% | 4.02% |
| Sikhism | Sikhism | 1.26% | 1.26% |
| Christianity | Christianity | 1.25% | 1.25% |
| Buddhism | Buddhism | 0.91% | 0.91% |
| Jainism | Jainism | 0.72% | 0.72% |
| Other or not stated | Other or not stated | 0.43% | 0.43% |
| Distribution of religions |||||
According to the 2011 census, Durg district has a population of 3,343,872, roughly equal to the nation of Uruguay or the US state of Connecticut. This gives it a ranking of 100th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 319 inhabitants per square kilometre (830/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 18.95%. Durg has a sex ratio of 988 females for every 1,000 males, and a literacy rate of 79.69%. After bifurcation, the district had a population of 1,721,948, of which 1,104,700 (64.15%) live in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 14.26% and 5.88% of the population respectively.

### Languages

Languages of Durg district (2011)
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 58.89% of the population in the district spoke Chhattisgarhi, 25.02% Hindi, 2.82% Telugu, 2.68% Odia, 2.24% Marathi, 2.08% Bhojpuri, 1.29% Bengali and 1.25% Punjabi as their first language.
Vernaculars spoken include Chhattisgarhi and written in the Devanagari script.
# Ministry of Liberation War Affairs (Bangladesh)

The Ministry of Liberation War Affairs (Bengali: মুক্তিযুদ্ধ বিষয়ক মন্ত্রণালয়, abbreviated as MoLWA) is the ministry responsible for the preservation of war memorials and the welfare of Freedom Fighters.

## History

In 2016, the Bangladeshi cabinet rejected a proposal of the ministry to raise the retirement age of freedom fighters. Mozammel Haque called for a review of ties with Pakistan.

## Directorate

* Bangladesh Freedom Fighter Welfare Trust
* National Freedom Fighter Council
# Western citril

The western citril (Crithagra frontalis), also known as the yellow-browed citril, is a species of finch in the family Fringillidae. It is found in central Africa.
The western citril was formerly placed in the genus Serinus but phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic. The genus was therefore split and a number of species including the western citril were moved to the resurrected genus Crithagra.
# Magnús Gissurarson

Magnús Gissurarson (c. 1175–1236; Modern Icelandic:; Old Norse: Magnús Gizurarson) was an Icelandic Roman Catholic clergyman, who became the eighth bishop of Iceland from 1216 to 1237. He served in the diocese of Skálholt.
Magnús Gissurarson was married and had two sons.
# Illinois Route 149

Illinois Route 149 is an east–west state road in southern Illinois. It runs from Illinois Route 3 near Grimsby east to Illinois Route 34 in Thompsonville. This is a distance of 45.92 miles (73.90 km).

## Route description

Illinois 149 runs east–west through downtown Murphysboro and to the north of Carbondale. It also runs to the north of Herrin. West of Carbondale, Illinois 149 overlaps Illinois Routes 13 and 127. Through West Frankfort, Illinois 149 doubles as "Main Street."

## History

SBI Route 149 originally ran from Hurst to Thompsonville. On April 1, 1963, IL 149 was extended 21 miles (34 km) east over IL 144.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Jackson | ​ | 0.0 | 0.0 | IL 3 / Great River Road (National Route) / Lincoln Heritage Trail (Southern Branch) – Cairo, Chester | |
| Jackson | Murphysboro | 8.1 | 13.0 | IL 127 south (5th Street) – Jonesboro, Cairo | West end of IL 127 overlap |
| Jackson | Murphysboro | 8.3 | 13.4 | IL 13 east (Walnut Street) – Carbondale | West end of IL 13 overlap |
| Jackson | Murphysboro | 9.2 | 14.8 | IL 13 west (2nd Street) / IL 127 north – Pinckneyville | East end of IL 13 / IL 127 overlap |
| Jackson | De Soto | 15.3 | 24.6 | US 51 (Chestnut Street) – DuQuoin, Carbondale | |
| Franklin | ​ | 25.9 | 41.7 | IL 184 north (Main Street) – Mulkeytown | |
| Franklin | Zeigler | 29.0 | 46.7 | IL 148 – Christopher, Herrin | |
| Franklin | West Frankfort | 35.5 | 57.1 | I-57 – Mount Vernon, Cairo | Exit 65 (I-57) |
| Franklin | West Frankfort | 36.2 | 58.3 | IL 37 / Lincoln Heritage Trail (Southern Branch) (Logan Street) – Benton, Johnston City | |
| Franklin | Thompsonville | 45.92 | 73.90 | IL 34 (Shawneetown Road) – Benton, Harrisburg | |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus ||||||
# Oscar W. Newman

Oscar W. Newman (April 14, 1867 – February 19, 1928) was a jurist from Portsmouth, Ohio, United States who was elected as a Democrat to a seat on the Ohio Supreme Court from 1913 to 1918.

## Biography

Oscar W. Newman was born to George O. and Clay B. Moore Newman of Portsmouth, Scioto County, Ohio on April 14, 1867. He graduated from Portsmouth High School in 1884. He studied at Kenyon College for three years, and then studied law in his father's office before admission to the bar in 1889, when he joined his father's law practice.
In September, 1893, Newman joined Albert C. Thompson in a law partnership at Portsmouth that lasted until 1898, when Thompson was appointed to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio. Newman then practiced alone. Newman married Thompson's daughter, Charl Thompson, on June 6, 1894. They had one daughter named Katherine L. Newman.
Newman ran unsuccessfully as the Democratic nominee for Common Pleas Court in 1904, and for the Ohio Fourth District Court of Appeals in 1910.
Newman's only election win came in 1912, when he ran for the Ohio Supreme Court and won a six-year term, January 1, 1913 to January 1, 1919. He ran for re-election in 1918, and lost .
Newman remained in Columbus in 1919, and opened a private practice. He was assigned by U.S. District Court Judge Benson W. Hough as a special commissioner to review filings in a utility rate case in Columbus.
Newman died after suffering a heart attack at the Columbus Athletic Club on February 19, 1928. Funeral services were at his home in Columbus, with burial at Greenlawn Cemetery in Portsmouth.
# Glossa (journal)

Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics is a peer-reviewed open access academic journal covering general linguistics. It was established in 2016. The journal is published by the Open Library of Humanities and the editors-in-chief are Johan Rooryck (Leiden University) and Lyn Tieu (University of Toronto)

## History

In October 2015, the editors and editorial board of Lingua resigned en masse to protest their inability to come to an agreement with Elsevier regarding fair pricing models for open access publishing. They subsequently started a new journal, while Elsevier continued publishing Lingua with new editors and a new editorial board. The original editorial board of Lingua was supported in their protest by the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities, the Association of Research Libraries, the American Association of State Colleges and Universities, the American Council on Education, the Canadian Association of Research Libraries, the Confederation of Open Access Repositories, Educause, and the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition. In 2016, the journal was hosted by Ubiquity Press and funded by the Vereniging van Universiteiten and the Dutch Research Council. In 2021, the journal switched for the Open Library of Humanities.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* Arts & Humanities Citation Index
* Current Contents/Arts & Humanities
* Current Contents/Social and Behavioral Sciences
* Linguistic Bibliography
* Linguistics & Language Behavior Abstracts
* Modern Language Association
* Scopus
* Social Sciences Citation Index
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 1.0.
# Ladder graph

In the mathematical field of graph theory, the ladder graph L$_n$ is a planar, undirected graph with 2n vertices and 3n – 2 edges.
The ladder graph can be obtained as the Cartesian product of two path graphs, one of which has only one edge: L$_{n,1}$ = P$_n$ × P$_2$.

## Properties

By construction, the ladder graph L$_n$ is isomorphic to the grid graph G$_{2,n}$ and looks like a ladder with n rungs. It is Hamiltonian with girth 4 (if n>1) and chromatic index 3 (if n>2).
The chromatic number of the ladder graph is 2 and its chromatic polynomial is $(x-1)x(x^{2}-3x+3)^{(n-1)}$.
* The chromatic number of the ladder graph is 2.

## Ladder rung graph

Sometimes the term "ladder graph" is used for the n × P$_2$ ladder rung graph, which is the graph union of n copies of the path graph P$_2$.

## Circular ladder graph

The circular ladder graph CL$_n$ is constructible by connecting the four 2-degree vertices in a straight way, or by the Cartesian product of a cycle of length n ≥ 3 and an edge. In symbols, CL$_n$ = C$_n$ × P$_2$. It has 2n nodes and 3n edges. Like the ladder graph, it is connected, planar and Hamiltonian, but it is bipartite if and only if n is even.
Circular ladder graph are the polyhedral graphs of prisms, so they are more commonly called prism graphs.
Circular ladder graphs:
| CL3 | CL4 | CL5 | CL6 | CL7 | CL8 |

## Möbius ladder

Connecting the four 2-degree vertices crosswise creates a cubic graph called a Möbius ladder.
# Gabriel Palacka

Gabriel Palacka (born 7. November 1960 in Komárno) is a Slovak politician, long term MP of the National Council, who shortly served as the Minister of Transportation from 1998 to 1999.

## Early life

Palacka studied computing at the Comenius University and the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava. In the early 1990s, he worked as a consultant in advisory firm MESA 10 and pursued additional studies at the Georgetown University.

## Political career

In 1994 he became an MP of the National Council on the list of Christian Democratic Movement.In 1994 he shortly served as state secretary at the Ministry of Privatization in the technocratic government of Jozef Moravčík. In 1998 he became the Minister of Transport but had to soon resign due to corruption allegations associated with privatization of Slovak Telekom, auctioning of GSM 1800 licenses and the operations of Slovak Airlines. He remained an MP until the end of his term in 2002. In 2003 he retired from politics to take a job at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
# Illinois Route 150

Illinois Route 150 (IL 150) is a 24.19-mile-long (38.93 km) east–west state road in southern Illinois. It runs from the Chester Bridge, a truss bridge over the Mississippi River to Route 51 in the state of Missouri, to IL 154 in rural Perry County well west of Pinckneyville.

## Route description

Illinois 150 generally runs southwest to northeast, but is marked as an east–west route. From the Chester Bridge, it runs northeast through Chester, briefly overlapping Illinois Route 3. A longer concurrency takes place further northeast at Illinois Route 4. East of Percy, Illinois 150 turns north to Illinois 154. In Chester, it is named State Street.

## History

SBI Route 150 originally ran from the US 51/60/62 bridges south of Cairo north to Hamel (located northeast of Saint Louis, Missouri) on what is now Illinois Route 3, the portion of Illinois 150 from Chester to Steeleville, and Illinois Route 4.
In 1937, the changes from Illinois 150 to Illinois 3 and 4 took place (the change to Illinois 4 initially was a change to Illinois Route 43). Illinois 150 then was extended east and west (replacing what was then Illinois Route 151) to its current length.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Mississippi River | Mississippi River | 0.00 | 0.00 | Route 51 south – Perryville | Continuation into Missouri |
| Chester Bridge; Missouri–Illinois state line ||
| Randolph | Chester | 1.18 | 1.90 | IL 3 south | Western end of IL 3 overlap |
| Randolph | Chester | 1.29 | 2.08 | IL 3 north | Eastern end of IL 3 overlap |
| Randolph | ​ | 12.08 | 19.44 | IL 4 north | Western end of IL 4 overlap |
| Randolph–Perry county line | ​ | 18.31 | 29.47 | IL 4 south | Eastern end of IL 4 overlap |
| Perry | Cutler Precinct | 24.19 | 38.93 | IL 154 | |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus ||||||
# The Treasure of Alpheus Winterborn

The Treasure of Alpheus Winterborn is a 1978 children's mystery novel written by John Bellairs and illustrated by Judith Gwyn Brown. The book was adapted for television in 1980 by CBS.

## Plot summary

Anthony Monday and his family live in the fictional town of Hoosac, Minnesota in the 1950s. While not poor, the family has been suffering from financial difficulties. To make matters worse, Anthony's father suffers a series of heart-attacks, keeping him from working and further straining the family's resources.
Desperate to help with expenses, Anthony accepts a part-time job from Myra Eells, the elderly librarian of Hoosac Public Library. Working at the library allows Anthony to earn a little money, as well learn more about Alpheus Winterborn, the wealthy and eccentric man who built the library.
Winterborn was rumored to have found something on an archeological dig many years before, and hidden it for safekeeping inside the library. Despite being told that no one actually believes the tale to be true, Anthony cannot resist becoming intrigued.
During his chores around the building, Anthony ultimately finds a clue hinting that the treasure does exist and, if the clues written by Winterborn himself are followed correctly, they will lead the one to the prize. Anthony knows that finding the treasure will result in money that can help with family finances. But soon Anthony runs afoul of the greedy bank vice-president, Hugo Philpotts, a descendant of the Winterborn family. The two commence dueling searches for the treasure.
Eventually, during a fierce storm, Anthony finds the treasure: A golden statue worth hundreds of thousands of dollars. He sells the statue, giving half of the money to Ms. Eells and keeping half for himself.

## Television adaptation

In 1980, as part of the series CBS Children's Mystery Theatre, the story was adapted for television.
# Scirpophaga magnella

Scirpophaga magnella is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Joseph de Joannis in 1930. It is found in China (Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xizang), Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.
The wingspan is 25–40 mm for males and 32–49 mm for females.
The larvae feed on Tripidium bengalense (synonyms Saccharum bengalense and Erianthus munja).
# SS Vyner Brooke

SS Vyner Brooke was a Scottish-built steamship that was both the royal yacht of Sarawak and a merchant ship frequently used between Singapore and Kuching. She was named after the 3rd Rajah of Sarawak, Sir Charles Vyner Brooke. At the outbreak of war with Japan, the Royal Navy requisitioned and armed her. Japanese aircraft sank her in 1942.

## Description

The naval architect FG Ritchie, of Ritchie & Bisset, Singapore, designed the ship, and Ramage & Ferguson of Leith built her. The Ranee of Sarawak launched her on 10 November 1927, and she was completed in February 1928. The ship sailed from Leith for Singapore on 17 April 1928.
Her registered length was 240.7 ft (73.4 m), her beam was 41.3 ft (12.6 m), her depth was 16.1 ft (4.9 m), and her draught was 16 ft 2+3⁄4 in (4.95 m). Her tonnages were 1,670 GRT and 713 NRT. Cargo was handled by two three-ton cranes at each hatch, and one 20-ton derrick.
Vyner Brooke was flush-decked, with 'tween decks, all sheathed in 2.5-inch (6.4 cm) steel, with six watertight bulkheads. The main deck was as clear as possible of structures, for deck passenger use with accommodations forward for crew and aft for stewards, clerks and ship's boys. The refrigeration plant, designed to keep the cold store two degrees below freezing, was on the main deck. First class cabins amidships on the upper deck provided berths for 44 passengers, with a 40 ft × 24 ft (12.2 m × 7.3 m) saloon forward of the cabins. A staircase at the after end of the saloon led to a shade deck and two de luxe cabins and a private sitting room. The ship was equipped with wireless telegraphy. She carried lifeboats, rafts and lifebelts for 650 people and could carry at least 200 deck passengers.
She had six corrugated furnaces with a combined grate area of 124 square feet (12 m$^2$) that heated two single-ended Barclay, Curle & Co. boilers with a combined heating surface of 4,390 square feet (408 m$^2$). These fed steam at 180 lb$_f$/in$^2$ to a three-cylinder triple expansion steam engine built by Ramage and Ferguson. The engine was rated at 297 NHP and drove twin screws.

## Royal Navy requisition

When Japan entered World War II the Royal Navy requisitioned Vyner Brooke. She was painted grey, and armed with a four-inch deck gun forward, two Lewis guns aft, and depth charges, and commissioned as HMS Vyner Brooke. Her Australian and British officers were mostly Malay Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve, and were asked to remain aboard. The ship's company, under the command of her peacetime captain, Richard E Borton, was augmented by reservists, some survivors of HMS Prince of Wales and Repulse, and European and Malay professional seafarers.

## Sinking and massacre

On 14 February 1942, while evacuating nurses and wounded servicemen away from Singapore she was bombed by Japanese aircraft and sunk. Some of the survivors who reached Bangka Island east of Sumatra in the Dutch East Indies were massacred by the Imperial Japanese Army. Others were imprisoned in Palembang and Muntok POW camps.
# BP-5 Compact Food

BP-5 Compact Food (also known as a BP-5 biscuit) is a high-calorie, vitamin fortified, compact, compressed and dry emergency food (food ration bar), often used by relief agencies for the emergency feeding of refugees and internally displaced persons.

## Description

BP-5 is available in packs of two biscuit bars. Each box of nine packs contains 500 g of food, with approximately 2,300 calories per box. Its shelf life is five years. The food is produced by Compact AS, based in Norway, and purchased by agencies through UNICEF.

## Ingredients

Ingredients include baked wheat flour, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, sugar, soy protein concentrate, malt extract, minerals, amino acids, and vitamins.

## Usage

BP-5 is used for disaster relief and disaster preparedness, and for emergency food rations in refugee camps, particularly for malnourished children. It is eaten directly, or mixed with water to make a porridge.
Typically, an adult is given 250 g per day. Although this is a calorie deficit, it provides the recommended protein and basic vitamin requirements. Because it is easily digestible, neutral tasting, and contains no dairy or meat products the food may be widely used, even for people with severe malnourishment.
One study found that its portability made it susceptible to cheating and black-market trade and recommended to switch to "blended foods" as and when practical, blended foods here referring to porridge mixes.
BP-5, along with Plumpy'nut (a peanut-butter supplement) was fed to visitors to a small mobile refugee camp created by Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) to travel to major world cities to raise awareness.
# Ashes to Ashes (novel)

Ashes to Ashes is a 1999 crime/thriller novel written by Tami Hoag. It is the first novel in the Kovac/Liska Series.

## Synopsis

A serial killer known as "The Cremator" is killing sex workers in Minneapolis parks and setting their bodies on fire. When one of his victims turns out to be the daughter of a local billionaire, and a homeless teenager claims to have witnessed the burning, it brings together former FBI agent Kate Conlan (now working as a victim-witness advocate) and the Bureau's top serial-killer profiler, John Quinn.

## Reception

Kirkus Reviews praised Hoag's ability to "juggle a complex plot" but warned that the graphic violence may not appeal to some readers. Publishers Weekly noted the crisp dialog and engaging love scenes, and praised her for "granting a humanizing dignity to the victims' corpses".
Booklist also reviewed Ashes to Ashes.
# Pusaka

Pusaka is a Sanskrit-based word meaning treasure or heirloom.
Within Javanese Kejawen culture and other Austronesian cultures affected by it, known as the Malays, but most specifically the inhabitants of modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia (Minangs), Balinese, Bataks, Bugis, Manado, Minang, Moro, Pampangan, Tagalog and many others, pusaka specifically refers to family heirlooms inherited from ancestors, which must be treasured and protected. These pusaka may have individual names, honorific titles and supernatural attributes and qualities. The possessor of the pusaka may be positively or negatively affected by the pusaka, depending on the will or spirit of the item.
The Javanese warrior-king Pangeran Sambernyawa's keris was a pusaka so powerful that merely pointing at the distant Chinese, Dutch or other enemies, would snatch their souls and leave them dead on the battlefield. Allegedly, former Indonesian President Suharto held possession of this powerful pusaka and had Indonesia scoured for the many pusaka lost to time, including, according to rumours, the mask of Gadjah Mada, several tombak (pikes and lances) and many keris, to affirm his legitimacy as a modern pseudo-king.
# Erginus

Erginus /ˈɜːrdʒɪnəs/ (Ancient Greek: Ἐργῖνος) was the name of the following figures:
* Erginus, king of Minyans and son of Clymenus.
* Erginus, one of the Argonauts.
* Erginus, a defender of Thebes in the war of the Seven against Thebes, killed by Hippomedon.
* Erginus, a descendant of Diomedes, who was instructed by Temenus to steal the Palladium from Argos and did so together with Leagrus (Leager), a friend of Temenus.
* Erginus, teacher of Isocrates
# Interstate 880

Interstate 880 may refer to:
* Interstate 880 (California), an auxiliary Interstate Highway that travels from San Jose to Oakland, California
** Interstate 880 (California 1964–1981), a former auxiliary Interstate Highway in Sacramento, California
* Interstate 880 (Iowa), an auxiliary Interstate Highway in Pottawattamie County, Iowa