OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Wapello (chief)

Wapello (c. 1787 – March 15, 1842) was a Native American chief of the Meskwaki tribe.

## Early life

Wapello was born in 1787 at Prairie du Chien, Northwest Territory. Short and stout in physical stature, with a kindly visage, Wapello entertained friendly relations with white settlers throughout his life. Under pressure to cede territory to the United States, he signed peace treaties with them at Fort Armstrong at Rock Island, Illinois, on September 3, 1822; at Prairie du Chien on July 15, 1830; at Fort Armstrong on September 21, 1832; at Dubuque, Iowa, on September 28, 1836; and at Washington, D.C., on October 21, 1837. During the Black Hawk War, Wapello supported chief Keokuk. In the 1840s, many Fox were forced west to Kansas.

## Settling in Iowa

In 1829, he led his tribe to Muscatine Slough on the west bank of the Mississippi River and later settled in Iowa. The frontier town of Wapello later developed near here. In 1837, he accompanied the renowned chief Keokuk and United States Indian agent General Joseph M. Street on a tour of northeastern and mid-Atlantic states. During this trip, Wapello made an eloquent speech at Boston, Massachusetts, wherein he expressed friendly sentiments towards white settlers and reaffirmed his desire to continue harmonious relations with them.

## Death and legacy

While on a hunting trip near the Skunk River east of Ottumwa, Iowa, Wapello died on March 15, 1842. He was later buried in accordance with his oft-expressed wish that he be laid to rest alongside his good friend General Street, at the site of the government agency in what is now a small park named Chief Wapello's Memorial Park located southeast of Agency, Iowa.
* Chief Wapello's portrait was painted by Charles Bird King and a lithograph included with the chief's biography in Thomas McKenney and James Hall's History of the Indian Tribes of North America (1836–1844, three volumes).
* Chief Wapello is currently the official corporate identity of Mid-Continent Airlines.
* In Iowa, the city of Wapello and Wapello County are named for him. West of Drakesville, in Davis County, rests Lake Wapello, the enclosing Lake Wapello State Park, and the adjacent former Boy Scout Camp Wapello.
* An annual event called Chief Wapello Days is held in Wapello, Iowa.
* In Illinois, the town of Hanover, was once named for Wapello and contains the Jo Daviess Conservation Foundation's Wapello Land and Water Reserve.
* The USS Wapello (YN-56), a United States Navy net tender in commission from 1941 to 1946, was named for him.
* A large, 450-pound (200 kg) statue of Chief Wapello was installed in his honor atop the Wapello County Courthouse in Ottumwa, Iowa since the building was constructed in 1894. The statue and its mounting base received severe damage during a thunderstorm in June 2012, causing it to fall. After repair, restoration, and upgrade of the base with stainless steel, the statue was returned to the rooftop on March 13, 2014.
# College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University

The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Chinese: 新疆中医药大学; pinyin: Xīnjiāng Zhōngyīyào Dàxué) is a degree awarding college working as a subsidiary of the Xinjiang Medical University, is the only autonomous institution of a higher Chinese medicine study in Urumqi. On May 31, 1985, the State Education Commission sanctioned the amount for the construction of the college building. In 1986, a new hospital building's construction started for the "under construction" college. On April 17, 1987, the Xinjiang government merged the college under the administration of the Xinjiang Medical University.
# Tonkararin Tunnel Structure

The Tonkararin (トンカラリン, Tonkararin) or Tonkararin tunnel structure is a 464.6 m (1,524 ft) long, tunnel-like structure of unknown origin, situated in Nagomi, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. It lies on a plateau called Seibaru Daichi, around which are many kofun or tumuli, such as Eda-Funayama Kofun. It consists of very shallow natural slits of the ground covered with stones and man-made stone-structured underdrains. The name of Tonkararin came from the sound of a stone, when the stone is thrown into the tunnel. Another view is that it came from the Korean language. Korean Tongurami, similar to Tonkararin was a cave connected with religious functions.

## General description

Tonkararin came to the attention of Kumamoto people when Sanpaku Koga noticed and reported them to the Kumamoto Prefecture in August 1974. In October, specialists of the cultural assets of Kumamoto Prefecture started to investigate it and an aqueduct hypothesis and a religion-associated hypothesis were suggested. In May 1975, Seichō Matsumoto, a noted novelist interested in archeology and Japanese ancient history, observed Tonkararin and proposed that it might be connected with Yamatai, leading to the nationwide interest in Tonkararin. In 1975, the aqueduct hypothesis was prevalent. In March 1978, the education committee of Kumamoto Prefecture suggested the aqueduct theory in its report. However, in June 1993, a re-investigation of Tonkararin of the team publicly denied the aqueduct theory. There have been no mythological legends in the neighboring area concerning Tonkararin.

## Structure

** The parts of Tonkararin are explained. A slit is a slit of tuff from volcanic ash, considered to be a slit from rain.
* A-B: A lane which is thought to have been a slit (not included in the whole length)
* B-C: 19.3 m. Underground stone masonry underdrain: tunnel made of stones
* C-D: 37.7 m. The first slit with stone ceiling
* D-E: 57.4 m. Lane
* E-F: 31.0 m. The second slit with stone ceiling
* F-G: 54.6 m. Lane
* G-H: 37.1 m. Underground stone masonry underdrain (tunnel) with 7 stone steps
* H-I: 15.7 m. Underground stone masonry underdrain
* I-J: 58.7 m. Lane
* J-K: 64.8 m. Underground stone masonry underdrain
* K-L: 36.1 m. Underground stone masonry underdrain
* L-M: 32.5 m. Underground stone masonry underdrain
** Total length: 445.1 m.
** Difference in height: 36.37 m.

## Tonkararin Symposium on October 29, 2001 at Nagomi Town

At the symposium, previous views were reviewed. Tatsuo Inoue, Professor Emeritus of Tsukuba University suggested that Tonkararin might be connected with some religious function since rebirth from false death needs entering a cave or purification. Sanpaku Koga, Seiya Tida, Tomoshige Inoue, Tokunao Idemiya and Sachihiro Oota favored the view that Tonkararin was connected with some religious acts.
# Adkins Arboretum

Adkins Arboretum is a 400-acre native garden and arboretum located within Tuckahoe State Park at 12610 Eveland Road, Ridgely, Maryland. The grounds contain five miles of paths through meadows and native plant gardens on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. Its gardens contain a "living collection" of more than 600 species of native shrubs, trees, wildflowers and grasses, used to promote land stewardship practices in the Chesapeake Bay region.

## History

The arboretum was originally established in 1972 to be the Maryland state arboretum on the grounds of Tuckahoe State Park. It first opened in the 1980s as a result of a major donation from Leon Andrus, a native of Queen Anne's County. The arboretum derives its name from the Adkins family, an Eastern Shore family of conservationists who were friends with Andrus. When Andrus died in 1989, he left a bequest to the arboretum's endowment.
Its original mission was to display all of Maryland's forest types; however, in the 1990s, its mission was revised to emphasize the display and study of the Delmarva Peninsula's indigenous plant communities. In 1998, its operations were converted to a public/private partnership, with Maryland granting a 50-year lease to the Friends of Adkins Arboretum. The arboretum is supported by grants and donations.
# Pevonedistat

Pevonedistat (MLN4924) is a selective NEDD8 inhibitor. It is being investigated as a cancer treatment, e.g. for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).

## Target of pevonedistat

NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) is a heterodimeric molecule consisting of amyloid beta precursor protein-binding protein 1 (APPBP1) and ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 3 (UBA3). As reviewed by Xu et al., in a first step NAE binds ATP and NEDD8 and catalyzes the formation of a NEDD8-AMP intermediate. This intermediate binds the adenylation domain of NAE. NEDD8-AMP reacts with the catalytic cysteine in UBA3 during which NEDD8 is transferred to the catalytic cysteine, resulting in a high energy thioester linkage. NAE then binds ATP and NEDD8 to generate a second NEDD8-AMP, forming a fully loaded NAE carrying two activated NEDD8 molecules (i.e., one as a thioester and the other as an adenylate).
Pevonedistat is an AMP mimetic. Pevonedistat forms a stable covalent adduct with NEDD8 in the NAE catalytic pocket of UBA3 by reacting with thioester-linked NEDD8 bound to the enzyme's catalytic cysteine. Unlike the labile NEDD8-AMP intermediate, the NEDD8-pevonedistat adduct cannot be utilized in subsequent reactions necessary for NAE activity.

## Mechanism of action

"Inhibition of NAE prevents activation of cullin-RING ligases (CRLs), which are critical for proteasome-mediated protein degradation." MLN4924 has been shown to disrupt CRL-mediated protein turnover leading to apoptosis in cancer cells by deregulating S-phase DNA synthesis. Essentially, it encourages apoptosis in dividing cells.
In addition to proteasome-mediated protein degradation, activated NEDD8 is needed for at least two pathways of DNA repair: nucleotide excision repair (NER) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) (see NEDD8).
One or more DNA repair genes in seven DNA repair pathways are frequently epigenetically silenced in cancers (see e.g. DNA repair pathways).) This is a likely source of genome instability in cancers. If activation of NEDD8 is inhibited by pevonedistat, cells will then have an additional induced deficiency of NER or NHEJ. Such cells may then die because of deficient DNA repair leading to accumulation of DNA damages. The effect of NEDD8 inhibition may be greater for cancer cells than for normal cells if the cancer cells are already deficient in DNA repair due to prior epigenetic silencing of DNA repair genes active in alternative pathways (see synthetic lethality).

## Clinical trials

In a phase 1 trial to determine dosing in patients with AML and myelodysplastic syndromes "modest clinical activity was observed".
Later, in 2016, pevonedistat demonstrated a significant therapeutic effect in three further Phase I clinical cancer trials. These include pevonedistat trials against relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma or lymphoma, metastatic melanoma, and advanced solid tumors.
These were followed by several phase I and II clinical trials in a variety of advanced cancer types. Currently, pevonedistat is being investigated in combination therapies rather than as a single agent. In 2020, Pevonedistat was denominated by the FDA as a Breakthrough Therapy Designation.
# Packhorse Ford

Packhorse Ford, also known historically as Pack Horse Ford, Blackford's Ford and Boteler's Ford, is a historic crossing point of the Potomac River. It is located about 1 mile (1.6 km) east of downtown Shepherdstown, West Virginia, and south of Sharpsburg, Maryland, USA. The crossing was a Native American crossing site and eventually became a major crossing point in colonial times. During the American Civil War, it was used by military forces involved in the 1862 Battle of Antietam. The site of the ford is marked by a commemorative marker on the West Virginia side of the river, at the junction of River and Trough Roads.
The ford was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.
# Gradye Parsons

Gradye Parsons is an American retired Presbyterian minister and church leader who served as the Stated Clerk of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) from 2008 to 2016. As Stated Clerk, Parsons was the denomination's top ecclesiastical officer, tasked with providing guidance on constitutional matters, overseeing denominational governance, and representing the PC(USA) denomination in its relationships with other Christian bodies and religious organizations.
Parsons succeeded Clifton Kirkpatrick as Stated Clerk and led the church through a period of significant change, including debates on LGBTQ+ inclusion, same-sex marriage, and the divestment from fossil fuels and certain companies involved in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. He was a strong advocate for unity, mission, and justice within the church, consistently emphasizing the importance of engaging with contemporary social and theological challenges while remaining rooted in Reformed traditions.
Prior to his role as Stated Clerk, Parsons served as a pastor, presbytery executive, and in other leadership capacities within the denomination. Since his retirement, Parsons has continued to be active in the church and broader religious community, contributing to discussions on faith, leadership, and social justice.
# Krychaw

Krychaw or Krichev (Belarusian: Крычаў, romanized: Kryčaŭ, IPA:; Russian: Кричев, IPA:, Polish: Krzyczew) is a town in Mogilev Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Krychaw District. It is situated on the Sozh River. In 2009, its population was 27,202. As of 2024, it has a population of 23,264.

## History

Krychaw is first mentioned in chronicles under the year 1136.
The Soviet Air Force Krichev Air Base was located east of Krychaw during the Cold War.
# Indiana State Road 334

State Road 334 in the U.S. state of Indiana was a six-mile (10 km) route in southeastern Boone County.

## Route description

State Road 334 connected Interstate 65 (at exit 130) with U.S. Route 421. Its western terminus was at Indianapolis Road just west of Interstate 65. It passed through the downtown area of Zionsville.

## History

State Road 334 was decommissioned by the Indiana Department of Transportation in the summer of 2011 and turned over to local units of government. The portion within the Town of Whitestown was turned over to it and the portion within the Town of Zionsville was turned over to it. The bridges along the route were turned over to Boone County.

## Major intersections

The entire route was in Boone County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Whitestown | 0.00 | 0.00 | I-65 – Indianapolis, Gary | Western terminus of SR 334; exit number 130 on I-65 |
| Zionsville | 6.26 | 10.07 | US 421 – Indianapolis, Frankfort | Eastern terminus of SR 334 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# K-208 (Kansas highway)

K-208 was a 0.201-mile-long (0.323 km) state highway in the U.S. state of Kansas. K-208's southern terminus was at K-4 in Valley Falls and the northern terminus was at K-16 in Valley Falls. K-208 was first designated as a state highway in 1961, from K-4 to K-16. Then in 1967, K-208 was decommissioned and became locally maintained.

## History

K-208 was first designated as a state highway on July 12, 1961, to a highway connecting K-4 to K-16. In an April 21, 1967 resolution, K-4 and K-16 were realigned in and around Valley Falls to make way for the new Perry Reservoir. Also at this time K-208 was decommissioned as a state highway.

## Major intersections

The entire route was in Valley Falls, Jefferson County.
| mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | K-4 | Southern terminus |
| 0.201 | 0.323 | K-16 | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||
# Samraong (town)

Samraong (Khmer: សំរោង, pronounced), lit. 'The Impenetrable jungle' is the capital of Oddar Meanchey Province in Northwestern Cambodia.
To the north of the city is the border crossing of O Smach into Thailand.

## Gallery

* School, Samraong
* A local market
* Samraong Thum Commune Hall
# Iverian Mountain

Iverian Mountain or Iberian Mountain is a 344-meter (1129 feet) high hill in New Athos, Abkhazia, Georgia. There are ruins of the ancient capital of Abkhazia, Anakopia, on the mountain top. On the mountain northern slope New Athos Cave is located. From the top of Iverian Mountain a scenic view of the Black Sea coast from Bichvinta Cape [ru] to Sokhumi opens.
# Constituency NA-129

NA-129 (Lahore-XII) (Urdu: این اے-۱۲۹، لاهور-۱۲) was a constituency for the National Assembly of Pakistan. After the 2018 delimitations, its areas were divided among NA-132 (Lahore-X) and NA-134 (Lahore-XII).

## Election 2002

General elections were held on 10 Oct 2002. Major(R) Habibullah Warriach of PML-Q won by 39,420 votes.
General election 2002: NA-129 Lahore-XII :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | PML(Q) | Habibullah Waraich | 39,420 | 50.13 |
| | PML(N) | Sardar Arif Rashid | 20,111 | 25.57 |
| | PPP | Dr. Ch. Zahid Akram Nat | 17,314 | 22.02 |
| | Others | Others (four candidates) | 1,794 | 2.28 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 80,988 | 38.29 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 78,639 | 97.10 |
| Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | 2,349 | 2.90 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 19,309 | 24.56 |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 211,530 | |

## Election 2008

General elections were held on 18 Feb 2008. Tariq Shabbir of PPP won by 36,604 votes.
General election 2008: NA-129 Lahore-XII :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | PPP | Tariq Shabir | 36,604 | 39.06 |
| | PML(Q) | Habib Ullah Warraich | 29,058 | 31.01 |
| | PML(N) | Sardar Adil Umar | 25,918 | 27.66 |
| | Others | Others (five candidates) | 2,137 | 2.27 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 96,154 | 47.85 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 93,717 | 97.47 |
| Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | 2,437 | 2.53 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 7,546 | 8.05 |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 200,935 | |

## Election 2013

General elections were held on 11 May 2013. Mian Muhammad Shehbaz Sharif of PML-N won the election against PTI candidates Chauhdary Mansha
General election 2013: NA-129 Lahore-XII :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | PML(N) | Mian Muhammad Shehbaz Sharif | 94,007 | 63.84 |
| | PTI | Muhammad Mansha | 35,781 | 24.30 |
| | PPP | Tariq Shabir | 11,633 | 7.90 |
| | Others | Others (twenty one candidates) | 5,836 | 3.96 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 150,649 | 55.05 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 147,257 | 97.75 |
| Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | 3,392 | 2.25 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 58,226 | 39.54 |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 273,648 | |

## By-Election 2013

By-Election 2013: NA-129 Lahore-XII :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | PML(N) | Shazia Mubashar | 44,894 | 58.60 |
| | PTI | Muhammad Mansha Sindhu | 26,071 | 34.03 |
| | PPP | Muhammad Ashraf Bhatti | 3,800 | 4.96 |
| | Others | Others (twelve candidates) | 1,842 | 2.41 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 77,788 | 28.41 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 76,607 | 98.48 |
| Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | Rejected ballots | 1,181 | 1.52 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 18,823 | 24.57 |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 273,769 | |
# Loyew

Loyew or Loyev (Belarusian: Лоеў, romanized: Lojeŭ, IPA:; Russian: Лоев, IPA:; Polish: Łojów) is an urban-type settlement in Gomel Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Loyew District. In 2018, its population was 6,698. As of 2024, it has a population of 6,075.
The settlement is located along the right coast of the Dnieper River at the confluence with the Sozh.

## History

Loyew arose on the site of an ancient settlement of the Dregoviches within the Principality of Chernigov. The settlement was situated on the route from the Varangians to the Greeks. The first mention of Loyew goes back to 1505 and it was known as Loyewa Hara (Loyew Hill). The name is probably derived from the Abkhaz-Adyghe surname Loo.
The town is known for the Battle of Loyew of July 31, 1649, during the Khmelnytsky Uprising. After the division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1793, it became a part of the Russian Empire. According to the results of the census held in 1897 the town had 4,667 inhabitants, among them 2150 Jews. There were 251 farms, 9 mills, 24 shops, 1 school, 1 post-office, 2 orthodox churches, 1 catholic church and 1 synagogue.
In December 1926, Loyew was included in the Byelorussian SSR and became the center of Loyew District. In 1938, it was granted the status of a city. In 1941–1943, the city lost nearly 1,500 inhabitants. In 1962-1966 it was placed in Rechytsa District.
In the city there are building materials and dairy factories, a pedagogical school and musical school, a house of culture, and some libraries. There is The Church of the Holy Trinity in Loyew.
# Indiana State Road 335

State Road 335 in the U.S. state of Indiana consists of a northern and southern route.

## Route description
### Southern section

The southern route is about five miles (8 km) long. It connects State Road 64, three miles (5 km) east of New Salisbury, with State Road 135 (its parent route) between New Salisbury and Corydon. Halfway along this road is the town of Crandall.

### Northern section

The northern route is a north–south route that connects the rural areas of northwestern Floyd County and southeastern Washington County. Its southern terminus is U.S. Route 150 near Greenville with the northern terminus at Indiana 60 near Pekin. Halfway through the twelve-mile (19 km) route it passes through the tiny town of Martinsburg.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Harrison | Jackson Township | 0.000 | 0.000 | SR 135 – Corydon, New Salisbury | Southern terminus of SR 335 |
| Harrison | Jackson Township | 4.471 | 7.195 | SR 64 – New Salisbury, Georgetown | Northern terminus of the southern section of SR 335 |
| Gap in route ||||||
| Floyd | Greenville Township | 4.472 | 7.197 | US 150 | Southern terminus of the northern section of SR 335 |
| Washington | New Pekin | 14.368 | 23.123 | SR 60 – Salem, Borden | Northern terminus of SR 335 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||||