OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Permissible stress design

Permissible stress design is a design philosophy used by mechanical engineers and civil engineers.
The civil designer ensures that the stresses developed in a structure due to service loads do not exceed the elastic limit. This limit is usually determined by ensuring that stresses remain within the limits through the use of factors of safety.
In structural engineering, the permissible stress design approach has generally been replaced internationally by limit state design (also known as ultimate stress design, or in USA, Load and Resistance Factor Design, LRFD) as far as structural engineering is considered, except for some isolated cases.
In USA structural engineering construction, allowable stress design (ASD) has not yet been completely superseded by limit state design except in the case of Suspension bridges, which changed from allowable stress design to limit state design in the 1960s. Wood, steel, and other materials are still frequently designed using allowable stress design, although LRFD is probably more commonly taught in the USA university system.
In mechanical engineering design such as design of pressure equipment, the method uses the actual loads predicted to be experienced in practice to calculate stress and deflection. Such loads may include pressure thrusts and the weight of materials. The predicted stresses and deflections are compared with allowable values that have a "factor" against various failure mechanisms such as leakage, yield, ultimate load prior to plastic failure, buckling, brittle fracture, fatigue, and vibration/harmonic effects. However, the predicted stresses almost always assumes the material is linear elastic. The "factor" is sometimes called a factor of safety, although this is technically incorrect because the factor includes allowance for matters such as local stresses and manufacturing imperfections that are not specifically calculated; exceeding the allowable values is not considered to be good practice (i.e. is not "safe").
The permissible stress method is also known in some national standards as the working stress method because the predicted stresses are the unfactored stresses expected during operation of the equipment (e.g. AS1210, AS3990).
This mechanical engineering approach differs from an ultimate design approach which factors up the predicted loads for comparison with an ultimate failure limit. One method factors up the predicted load, the other method factors down the failure stress.
# Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art

The Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art (MoCCA) is a not-for-profit arts organization and former museum in New York City devoted to comic books, comic strips and other forms of cartoon art. MoCCA sponsored events ranging from book openings to educational programs in New York City schools, and hosted classes, workshops and lectures. MoCCA was perhaps best known for its annual small-press comic convention, known as MoCCA Fest, first held in 2002.

## History

MoCCA was founded by Lawrence Klein in October 2001. It was located at 594 Broadway in New York City.
On July 9, 2012, MoCCA announced that it would be closing its physical location, effective immediately, due to fundraising difficulties.
On August 2, 2012, MoCCA announced plans to transfer their assets to the Society of Illustrators, providing MoCCA with a street-level location in the Society's Upper East Side building. It was confirmed that MoCCA Fest would continue to exist.

## MoCCA Festival

The MoCCA Festival (or MoCCA Fest) is an annual fundraiser for the museum (and now for the Society of Illustrators). It is New York's largest independent comics showcase, featuring hundreds of creators and publishers on the main floor, typically accompanied with additional rooms devoted to educational panel discussions, slide shows, and interviews. From its inception in 2002 until 2008 it was held at the Puck Building. From 2009 to 2014, it took place at the 69th Regiment Armory. In 2015, the event was split between two locations, with the exhibitors in Center548, and the programming at the High Line Hotel. Plans to convert Center548 to a residential property forced the Society to find new venue. From 2016 through at least 2019, Metropolitan West has hosted the exhibitors with programming taking take place at Ink48.
From 2002 to 2012, the museum presented an award at MoCCA Fest to an artist whose outstanding work elevated the comic art form. Originally known as the MoCCA Art Festival Award, it was renamed the Klein Award in 2009 in honor of MoCCA Founder Lawrence Klein. MoCCA Fest hosted the comics industry's 2004 and 2005 Harvey Awards.

## Exhibits

In 2003, MoCCA opened its art gallery with the debut exhibit "Gag Art!", focusing on single-panel magazine cartoons. Subsequent exhibits included the relationship between New York City and cartoonists, an exhibition of women comic-book artists, retrospectives devoted to Stan Lee and Will Eisner, and "From Richie Rich to Wendy the Good Little Witch: The Art of Harvey Comics". Their The Art of Archie Comics exhibit was promoted with a story in Archie Digest Magazine #260, March 2010. The seven-page story, MoCCA Madness, was written by Arie Kaplan and drawn by Fernando Ruiz. It featured appearances by MoCCA President Ellen Abramowitz and then-Director Karl Erickson, and was subsequently reprinted in Archie: A Celebration of America's Favorite Teenagers by Craig Yoe (IDW, 2011).
# 's-Gravesloot

's-Gravesloot is a former hamlet and municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It was located between Kamerik and Woerden.
's-Gravesloot was a heerlijkheid (manor) owned by the province of Utrecht until 1751, when it was sold to a private owner. When the current municipal system was introduced in the Netherlands in 1812, it became part of Kamerik. When that municipality was split into three parts, 's-Gravesloot became a separate municipality again. In 1857, Kamerik-Mijzijde, Kamerik-Houtdijken, and 's-Gravesloot merged again, to form the new municipality of Kamerik. Kamerik and 's-Gravesloot are now part of Woerden.
The municipality of 's-Gravesloot consisted of a polder with the same name, covered an area of 3.23 km$^2$, and contained the hamlet of 's-Gravesloot. It had a population of about 110.
# Centruroides gracilis

Centruroides gracilis is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae, the bark scorpions. Its common names include Florida bark scorpion, brown bark scorpion, and slender brown scorpion. In Cuba it is known as alacran prieto ("dusky scorpion") and alacran azul ("blue scorpion"). Contrary to one of its common names, it is not actually native to Florida in the United States. It is native to northern parts of the middle Americas, including Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. It is present in other parts as an introduced species, including Cuba, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Jamaica, and Florida in the United States. It is also introduced in parts of Africa, including Cameroon and Gabon, as well as the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands.)
In Florida, it is sympatric with two native Centruroides species, the Hentz striped scorpion (C. hentzi) and the Guiana striped scorpion (C. guianensis). This species is sometimes kept as a pet.

## Description

The female of the species reaches up to 10 centimeters in length, while the male can exceed 15 centimeters. It is variable in color, sometimes with individuals of different colors occurring in one population, or even one litter. It may be reddish, black with reddish chelae, dark brown with yellowish legs and red chelae, or dark brown with reddish and black tail sections.

## Life cycle

The female gives birth to a litter of 25 to 35 young, with litters of 91 recorded. The juveniles ride on the female's back and undergo their first molt at eight days of age. A study of captive scorpions revealed the length of their life cycle. The juveniles progress through instar stages, sometimes dying of complications with the molting process. The female reaches maturity in roughly 300 days, after seven instars, but the males mature at different rates. Some reach sexual maturity in the sixth instar, at about 235 days of age, while some are not mature until the seventh instar, around 281 days old. At mating, the male engages in courtship behavior and produces a spermatophore. Females can reproduce via parthenogenesis, as well. In the laboratory the males had an average life span of about 33 months, while the females lived about 38 months.

## Diet

This scorpion feeds on insects such as roaches. Captive scorpions can be fed termites or crickets.

## Habitat

The scorpion lives under rocks and tree bark. When given the opportunity it will live in the walls of houses and under rubbish piles in yards.

## Predators

Predators of the scorpion include tarantulas, such as Tliltocatl vagans. The tarantula may kill the scorpion, even if the scorpion attacks first.

## Venom

The scorpion is venomous, but much less toxic than others of its genus. Its venom is neurotoxic and cardiotoxic, causing the release of catecholamines. Local effects from the sting can include pain, redness, itching, and swelling. The venom can produce cardiac effects such as arrhythmia, pulmonary edema, tachycardia or bradycardia, and hyper- or hypotension. Other possible symptoms include nausea, vomiting, sweating, diarrhea, shock, convulsions, coma, and potentially death.
# Celebrate Me Home (song)

"Celebrate Me Home" is a song written by Bob James and Kenny Loggins, and recorded by Loggins as the title track of his 1977 debut solo album Celebrate Me Home.

## Release

Though not commercially released as a single, the promotional single reached No. 64 on the Record World Singles Chart. It evolved into one of Loggins' better-known songs, especially as it became a popular staple of radio stations' Christmas music playlists due to its opening line ("Home for the holidays"). It is included on Loggins' Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow and The Essential compilations, as well as his 1993 Outside: From the Redwoods live album. Its Christmastime presence is exemplified by its appearance on Best Buy's Sweet Tracks 2004 set.

## Personnel

* Kenny Loggins – lead and background vocals
* Ralph MacDonald – tambourine
* Bill Eaton – choral arrangement
* Bob James – keyboards
* Harvey Mason – drums
* George Hawkins – bass guitar, background vocals
* Lee Ritenour – electric guitar
* Eric Gale – electric guitar
* Richard Tee – organ

## Other notable versions

The song was also sung by Jill Colucci for Disney Channel's 1990 Celebrate Me Home campaign, which is named after the song. The campaign was mostly featured during the channel's Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall Previews.
Ruben Studdard, winner of American Idol in its second season, recorded a cover of "Celebrate Me Home" to be used as the show's seventh season Top 12 exit song. Produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, Studdard's rendition omitted the song's first-line holiday mention, to give it a more general feel. The Studdard recording was made available for iTunes download on March 12, 2008, as Loggins' original recording also prospered from new downloads.
The song was sampled for Common's "Celebrate" on his 2011 album The Dreamer/The Believer.
The cast of the ABC television series Nashville covered the song on their 2014 album Christmas with Nashville.
LeAnn Rimes covered the song on her 2015 album Today Is Christmas as a duet with Gavin DeGraw. The song was released as a promotional single and peaked at No. 12 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart.
In 2016, Jennifer Nettles covered the song on her album To Celebrate Christmas.
In 2020, the Christian band CAIN, Elizabeth Chan, and Josh Groban released their own covers of the song.
# Revaya

Revaya (Hebrew: רְוָיָה) is a moshav in the Beit She'an Valley in northern Israel. Located about six kilometres south of Beit She'an, near Sde Trumot and west of Israel Highway 90, it falls under the jurisdiction of Valley of Springs Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 459.
The moshav is one of four settlements established as a group: Revaya, Sde Trumot, Tel Teomim, and Rehov.

## History

The moshav was founded in 1952 by the Hapoel Hamizrachi organization and was settled by Jewish immigrants to Israel from Iraq and Morocco. It was originally named "Farwana B", corresponding to the adjacent "Farwana" (Tel Rehov); the name was later changed to Revaya, corresponding to the nearby Revaya spring (the Hebrew word "revaya" means "overflowing" or "saturated").
The moshav accepted some Ethiopian Jews who immigrated to Israel in the 1990s. As of 2000, Revaya encompassed about 2,000 dunams.
# Kerwin Duinmeijer

Kerwin Lucas Duinmeijer (born Kerwin Lucas, though he later took on the surname of his foster parents; 5 June 1968 – 21 August 1983) was a Dutch teenager of Netherlands Antillean descent who was murdered in an act of senseless violence. Though still a point of contention, it has generally been accepted in the past that racism played a major role in his murder.

## Death

Duinmeijer, 15 years old, was stabbed outside a snackbar in the Damstraat, Amsterdam by 16-year-old Nico Bodemeijer, a Dutch skinhead. After being stabbed, Duinmeijer ran to the Dam Square where he tried to take a taxi. The taxi drivers told Duinmeijer to wait for an ambulance, because they are legally not allowed to transport seriously injured passengers. Though that wasn't mentioned in the media around that time, who wrote that the cab driver didn't want blood on his seats. A photographer from Panorama took photos of the dying boy lying on the Dam Square surrounded by onlookers. The ambulance arrived 20 minutes later and Duinmeijer was taken to the hospital. Duinmeijer died from his injuries shortly after the ambulance arrived at the hospital.
Bodemeijer was convicted of the murder, but according to the judge there was not enough evidence to define and see it as an act of racism. Bodemeijer was involuntarily committed in an institution for minors. He was released in 1988 but was jailed once more for another, non-lethal, stabbing, in a bar in 1990. In 1998 he threw a plant pot from an upstairs balcony towards a parking warden placing a wheel clamp on his car, narrowly missing him. This generated some new publicity. According to a Dutch television station, Bodemeijer committed suicide in January 2012.

## Legacy

Duinmeijer was buried at Zorgvlied cemetery. A memorial is held every year on the 20th of August in the Vondelpark, where the statue of Mama Baranka (Mother Earth [Rock]) by the Dutch-Antillean sculptor Nelson Carrilho was raised in Duinmeijer's memory. In 2018 at the place where he was killed.
A street in Diemen was named in honor of Duinmeijer. This street was later renamed Kerwin Lucasstraat.
The song Zwart Wit (Black White) by the Frank Boeijen Groep was inspired by the murder of Kerwin Duinmeijer.
A documentary film by Froukje Bos based on the murder, Kerwin, Sign of the Times (Kerwin, teken van de tijd), was broadcast by NOS-TV and European Broadcasting Union in 1984, receiving the Grand Prix d'Anube and press-award at the International film festival Bratislava 1985 as well as the J.B. Broeksz award 1985 (VARA).
# Mountain Waters Scenic Byway

The Mountain Waters Scenic Byway is a 64.5-mile (103.8 km) National Forest Scenic Byway that traverses through the Nantahala National Forest, in Western North Carolina. It features two river gorges, hardwood forests and countryside vistas.

## Route description

The first part of this 64.5-mile (103.8 km) byway follows the combined route of U.S. 64 and NC 28 from Highlands, North Carolina to Franklin, North Carolina and features views of the Cullasaja Gorge, the Cullasaja River and numerous waterfalls, including:
* Bridal Veil Falls, actually from a tributary creek
* Dry Falls, which visitors can walk behind without getting wet
* Quarry Falls, also known as Bust-Yer-Butt Falls
* Cullasaja Falls, the major cascade of falls
From Franklin, the Mountain Waters Scenic Byway follows SR 1442 to the west, climbing through Wayah Gap (elevation: 4,180 ft) on the way to Nantahala Lake and then to the community of Aquone. From Aquone, SR 1442 follows the Nantahala River to Beechertown, where it joins U.S. 19/74, which the byway follows to its ending point in the community of Lauada. The route from Aquone to Lauada features the Nantahala Gorge.

## Junction list

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Macon | Highlands | 0.0 | 0.0 | US 64 east / NC 28 south – Cashiers, Walhalla | Scenic byway southern terminus |
| Macon | Highlands | 0.3 | 0.48 | NC 106 south (Dillard Road) – Dillard | |
| Macon | Franklin | 17.1 | 27.5 | US 23 north / US 441 north / NC 28 north – Sylva | North end of US 23/US 441/NC 28 overlap |
| Macon | Franklin | 19.3 | 31.1 | US 23 south / US 441 south / US 441 Bus. north – Clayton, Atlanta | South end of US 23/US 441 overlap |
| Macon | ​ | 23.1 | 37.2 | US 64 west – Hayesville, Murphy | West end of US 64 overlap |
| Macon | Beechertown | 51.2 | 82.4 | US 19 south / US 74 west – Andrews, Murphy | South end of US 19 and west end of US 74 overlap |
| Swain | Almond | 63.3 | 101.9 | US 19 north / US 74 east / NC 28 south – Bryson City | North end of US 19, east end of US 74 and south end of NC 28 overlap |
| Swain | Almond | 64.5 | 103.8 | NC 28 north – Robbinsville, Fontana | Scenic byway northern terminus; continuation as NC 28 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus ||||||
# Tasiusaq Heliport (Avannaata)

Tasiusaq Heliport (IATA: TQA, ICAO: BGTA) is a heliport in Tasiusaq, a village in the Upernavik Archipelago of Avannaata municipality in northwestern Greenland. The heliport is considered a helistop, and is served by Air Greenland as part of a government contract.
There is also a heliport with the same name located in the village of Tasiusaq in the Kujalleq municipality in southern Greenland.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Air Greenland (settlement flights) | Innaarsuit, Upernavik |
Air Greenland operates government contract flights to villages in the Upernavik Archipelago. These mostly cargo flights are not featured in the timetable, although they can be pre-booked. Departure times for these flights as specified during booking are by definition approximate, with the settlement service optimized on the fly depending on local demand for a given day.
# Stephan Sieger

Stephan Sieger (born 3 December 1979) is a German footballer currently playing for FC Astoria Walldorf.
# Samoan fantail

The Samoan fantail (Rhipidura nebulosa) is a species of bird in the family Rhipiduridae. It is endemic to Samoa and is found in Upolu and Savaiʻi islands.

## Description

The plumage is mostly dark greyish-brown with white undertail, black tail and light (white or pale smoky) throat. White spot behind the eyes. Like other fantails, Samoan fantail often spreads its long tail like a fan. The usual sounds are a low chirp. Sometimes imitates the voices of other bird species.

## Distribution and habitat

The Samoan fantail is described as common and widespread on Upolu Island and has a limited distribution on the island of Savaiʻi.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. Prefers primary and secondary rainforests, but tolerates man-made landscapes: plantations and gardens.

## Taxonomy

According to IOC there are 2 recognised subspecies. In alphabetical order, these are:
* R. n. altera Mayr, 1931
* R. n. nebulosa Peale, 1849
Samoan fantail (R. nebulosa) forms a superspecies with:
* Brown fantail (R. drownei)
* Makira fantail (R. tenebrosa)
* Rennell fantail (R. rennelliana)
* Streaked fantail (R. verreauxi)
* Kadavu fantail (R. personata)
# Nebraska Highway 13

Nebraska Highway 13 is a highway in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Nebraska that runs predominantly northwest–southeast with a south terminus east of Hadar at an intersection with U.S. Highway 81 and a north terminus two miles (3 km) south of Center, Nebraska at an intersection with Nebraska Highway 84.

## Route description

Nebraska Highway 13 begins at U.S. Highway 81 north of Norfolk. It goes west through farmland into Hadar, then turns northwest through Pierce and Foster. At Plainview, NE 13 meets U.S. Highway 20 and the two highways overlap going west from Plainview. After 5 miles (8.0 km), NE 13 turns northward and meets Nebraska Highway 59 at Creighton. It continues northward and ends south of Center at an intersection with Nebraska Highway 84.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Pierce | Hadar | 0.00 | 0.00 | US 81 (555th Avenue) | |
| Pierce | Pierce | 9.15 | 14.73 | N-98 east (West Main Street) | |
| Pierce | ​ | 13.85 | 22.29 | N-121 north (546th Avenue) | |
| Pierce | Plainview | 26.70 | 42.97 | US 20 east (West Park Avenue) | South end of US 20 overlap |
| Antelope | ​ | 31.38 | 50.50 | US 20 west | North end of US 20 overlap |
| Knox | Creighton | 39.46 | 63.50 | N-59 (Main Street) | |
| Knox | Center | 48.54 | 78.12 | N-84 | |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus ||||||
# Écoute (sculpture)

Écoute is a sculpture by the French artist Henri de Miller (1953-1999) in Paris. It is a giant stone head with cupped hand in front of the Church of St-Eustache. It is near to another sculpture by the same artist; a very large sundial designed by the astronomer Dandrel, in the jardin Nelson-Mandela (formerly the Jardin des Halles), above the Forum des Halles.
# Señorita Panamá 1993

Señorita Panamá 1993, the 11th Señorita Panamá pageant, was held in Teatro Anayansi Centro de Convenciones Atlapa, Panama City, Panama, September 1993, after weeks of events. The winner of the pageant was María Sofía Velásquez.
The pageant was broadcast live on RPC Televisión. About 15 contestants from all over Panamá competed for the prestigious crown. At the conclusion of the final night of competition, outgoing titleholder Giselle González crowned María Sofía Velásquez as the new Señorita Panamá.
Velásquez compete in the 43rd edition of the Miss Universe 1994 pageant, was held Plenary Hall of the Philippine International Convention Center, in Manila, Philippines on May 20, 1994.

## Final result

| Final Results | Contestant |
| Señorita Panamá-Miss Universe 1994 | María Sofía Velásquez Jaimes-Freyre |
| Señorita Panamá-Miss Mundo 1993 | Aracelys Cogley Prestán |
| Señorita Panamá-Miss Hispanidad 1994 | Taisa Reina Jaén |
| 1st Runner-Up | Ana Gabriela Delgado |
| 2nd Runner-Up | Selma Deane Ayarza |

## Contestants

These are the competitors who have been selected this year.
| Represent | Contestant | Age | Height (m) | Hometown |
| 1 | Ana Elida Chow | 18 | 1.68 | Chitré |
| 2 | Ana Gabriela Delgado | 21 | 1.70 | Panama City |
| 3 | María Sofía Velázquez | 23 | 1.70 | Panama City |
| 4 | Michelle Obediente Talley | 19 | 1.71 | Panama City |
| 5 | Dunezkka Salamín | 22 | 1.71 | Panama City |
| 6 | Olga Conte | 24 | 1.72 | Panama City |
| 7 | Martha Vega | 21 | 1.73 | Chiriquí |
| 8 | Mirna Italina Blanco Espino | 22 | 1.73 | Panama City |
| 9 | Taisa Ayari Reina Jaén | 24 | 1.74 | Panama City |
| 10 | Ismenia Velásquez | 21 | 1.75 | Las Tablas |
| 11 | Ingunn Elena Méndez | 19 | 1.76 | Panama City |
| 12 | Yulissa Yumet | 18 | 1.76 | Chorrera |
| 13 | Ana María Jirón Soto-Bernal | 20 | 1.78 | Panama City |
| 14 | Zulema Sucre Menotti | 24 | 1.79 | Panama City |
| 15 | Aracelys Cogley Prestán | 22 | 1.80 | Colón |
| 16 | Selma Deane Ayarza | 19 | 1.83 | Colón |

## Election schedule

* Thursday September Final night, coronation Señorita Panamá 1993

## Candidates Notes

María Sofía Velásquez born in Argentina.

## Historical significance

* Panama Central won Señorita Panamá.