# Toad of Toad Hall

Toad of Toad Hall is a play written by A. A. Milne – the first of several dramatisations of Kenneth Grahame's 1908 novel The Wind in the Willows – with incidental music by Harold Fraser-Simson. It was originally produced by William Armstrong at the Playhouse Theatre, Liverpool, on 21 December 1929. It was given in the West End the following year, and has been revived frequently by many theatrical companies.

## Background and first productions

For his stage version of Grahame's book, the humorist and playwright A. A. Milne concentrated on the adventures of Mr Toad, which make up about half of the original book, because they lent themselves most easily to being staged. He loved Grahame's book, which was one of the reasons why he decided to adapt it. He wrote in the introduction to the published play:
The first production was at the Playhouse Theatre, Liverpool, on 21 December 1929, under the direction of William Armstrong. The first London productions were at the Lyric Theatre on 17 December 1930 and the Savoy Theatre on 22 December 1931, directed by Frank Cellier.

### Original casts

| | Liverpool, 1929 | Lyric, 1930 | Savoy, 1931 |
| Nurse | Mamie Hunt | Mona Jenkins | Mona Jenkins |
| Marigold | Katrina Kaufmann | Wendy Toye | Nova Pilbeam |
| The Mole | Alan Webb | Richard Goolden | Richard Goolden |
| The Water Rat | Lloyd Pearson | Ivor Barnard | A. Cameron Hall |
| Mr Badger | Wyndham Goldie | Eric Stanley | Eric Stanley |
| Toad | Leslie Kyle | Frederick Burtwell | Frederick Burtwell |
| Alfred | Peter Mather | R. Halliday Mason | R. Halliday Mason |
| Back Legs of Alfred | Martin Hyde | Frank Snell | Frank Snell |
| Chief Weasel | Nelson Welch | Ronald Alpe | Robert Hughes |
| Chief Stoat | John Guinness | William McGuigan | Leslie Stroud |
| Chief Ferret | John Robinson | Alfred Fairhurst | Neal Alston |
| First Field-Mouse | Sally Lockhart | Gordon Tucker | Jim Neal |
| Second Field-Mouse | Audrey Wilson | Robert Sinclair | Jim Soloman |
| Policeman | Herbert Bickerstaff | Alban Blakelock | Alban Blakelock |
| Gaoler | Basil Nairn | Alfred Fairhurst | Robert Hughes |
| Judge | James Harcourt | Alfred Clark | Tom Reynolds |
| Usher | Alfred Sangster | Humphrey Morton | Beeson King |
| Turkey | Lorraine Cromarty | Gordon Tucker | Jim Soloman |
| Duck | Trevor Reid | Robert Sinclair | Jim Neal |
| Phoebe | Joan Harker | Joan Harker | Wendy Toye |
| Washerwoman | Marjorie Fielding | Dorothy Fane | Dorothy Fane |
| Mama Rabbit | Elizabeth Ripley | Phyllis Coulthard | Phyllis Coulthard |
| Harold Rabbit | Doris Forrest | Marcus Haig | Jim Ned |
| Lucy Rabbit | Kathleen Boutcher | Daphne Allen | Daphne Allen |
| Barge-Woman | Pauline Lacey | Frances Waring | Muriel Johnston |
    Sources: The Stage (1929); The Era (1930); and playscript (1931).

## Synopsis

The play comprises a prologue, four acts and an epilogue:
* Prologue and Act 1
   * Down by the Willows
          The play is framed by scenes featuring two characters not in Grahame's book: a 12-year-old girl, Marigold, and her nurse, sitting near a river. Marigold tells her nurse about the riverbank animals, and the scene fades into the main action. Marigold and the nurse are not seen again until the epilogue of the play. Mole emerges from his underground home, and meets Rat and Badger for the first time. They are joined by Toad, who persuades Mole and Rat to join him on a holiday in his new horse-drawn caravan, pulled by the querulous horse Alfred. Unseen, the weasels, ferrets and stoats curse Toad, whom they hate. The caravan is in collision with a motor-car, and Toad becomes instantly obsessed with becoming a motorist. Mole and Rat lead him homewards.
* Act II
       1. The Wild Wood
          In deep snow, Toad, who has once again crashed his car (his eighth), walks fearfully through the wood, harried by the weasels and their allies. When he has gone, Mole stumbles on, lost, and is rescued by Rat, who has been looking for him. They find themselves at the entrance to Badger's house and ring the bell.
       2. Badger's House
          Safely inside Badger's underground house, Mole and Rat refresh themselves, and discuss with Badger the excesses Toad has been committing, squandering his fortune on expensive cars and crashing them. Toad now finds Badger's house, and seeks refuge. Badger lectures him about his foolish ways, but Toad is unrepentant. Badger says that Toad must stay with him until his motor-mania has worn off, and Toad is locked into the guest-bedroom.
       3. The Same. Some Weeks Later
          In the absence of Badger and Mole, Toad tricks Rat into letting him escape from his confinement at Badger's house and he flees, singing a gleeful and boastful song to himself.
* Act III
       1. The Court-House
          Toad is on trial for stealing a motor-car, driving recklessly, and, most seriously, being grossly impertinent to a police officer. He is found guilty and sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment.
       2. The Dungeon
          Phoebe, the jailer's daughter, takes pity on Toad, and helps him escape by disguising him as a washerwoman.
       3. The Canal Bank
          Toad shakes off the pursuing forces of law and order, and hitches a ride on a canal barge. He quarrels with the barge-woman, steals her horse and rides off.
* Act IV
       1. Rat's House By The River
          Toad makes his way to Rat's house, where he learns to his horror that his grand residence, Toad Hall, has been occupied by the weasels, ferrets and stoats. When Mole and Badger enter, the four discuss how to drive the occupiers out.
       2. The Underground Passage
          In a secret underground passage the four friends prepare to enter Toad Hall and catch the occupiers unawares.
       3. The Banqueting-Room at Toad Hall
          The Chief Weasel's birthday party is in progress. Badger leads the attack and the enemy is quickly routed. Toad sings a song about his homecoming and gradually the other characters of the play – including the weasels, Mole, Rat, the judge, Alfred, the barge-woman, Phoebe, and last of all Badger – join in dancing in a circle round the triumphant Toad.
* Epilogue
       The Wind in the Willows
          The scene at Toad Hall fades away and the setting is as it was for the prologue. Marigold is asleep; a badger, a water-rat, a mole and finally a toad pass the slumbering child, before the nurse tells her it is time to wake up and come home.

## Music

Although not a musical, the play contains ten musical numbers composed by Harold Fraser-Simson:

## Critical response

Reviewing the Liverpool premiere, The Stage commented that Milne had succeeded brilliantly in putting Grahame's characters on the stage, but thought the play might be over the heads of a children's audience, having "so much in it to appeal to the adult mind". The other principal theatrical paper, The Era, thought that there might be "a certain amount of doubt whether Mr Milne has succeeded in bringing the peculiar and indefinable atmosphere of Kenneth Grahame's little classic in the realms of fantasy, The Wind in the Willows, on to the stage. But perhaps he never attempted to do so. What he has actually done has been to provide an entertainment brimful of delight, for childish hearts".

## Revivals

The play was revived in the West End each year from 1932 to 1935, and was next seen there in 1954, in a production first seen at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, with Leo McKern as Toad, William Squire as Rat, Edward Atienza as Mole and Brewster Mason as Badger.
In the 1960s and 1970s there were annual West End revivals during the Christmas season, with Goolden returning to the part of Mole in every year except one. Among the actors appearing in the play in London and elsewhere were, in the title role Michael Bates, Hywel Bennett, Derek Godfrey, Nicky Henson, Michael Hordern, Paul Scofield, Ian Wallace, Michael Williams, Peter Woodthorpe and Patrick Wymark. Alan Badel and Clive Revill were among those seen as Rat; Badgers included Michael Blakemore, Mark Dignam, John Justin and John Woodvine. Performers seen in other roles in the play included Beverley Cross, Judi Dench, Ian McKellen, Rita Tushingham and Brett Usher. In the 1980s and subsequently the play has been frequently revived in London, the British provinces and in North America.

## Adaptations

The BBC has broadcast several adaptations of the play. A 1942 radio version featured Goolden and Burtwell reprising their roles from the first London production, Fred Yule was Badger and Vernon Harris was Rat. Michael Barry's television version of the play was broadcast live on eight occasions between 1946 and 1950 with varying casts, the only principal common to all eight being Kenneth More as Badger. A 1953 television version featured Gerald Campion as Toad and Patrick Troughton as Badger.
A serialised radio adaptation of the play was broadcast on Children's Hour in 1948; Norman Shelley played Toad, Goolden was Mole and Leslie French Rat. A 1973 radio version featured Goolden with Derek Smith as Toad, Bernard Cribbins as Rat, Cyril Luckham as Badger and Hugh Paddick as the Judge. This version was broadcast again in 1973, 1976, 1979, 1981 and 1990.