OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology

KIT- Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology is an Autonomous Institution located in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The college has been approved by the All India Council for Technical Education, affiliated to Anna University, Chennai and accredited by NBA and accredited with 'A' grade by NAAC.
The Kalaignar Karunanidhi Institute of Technology was established by Vijayalakshmi Palanisamy Charitable Trust in the year of 2008 in Coimbatore. The colleges offers 12 undergraduate and 7 postgraduate courses.
KIT, being one of the best Engineering Colleges in Coimbatore, strives to make a mark in the field of engineering and technology globally. Set in a calm and congenial locale, the college stands nestled in a spacious campus set in a vast area of 5 lakhs sq.ft with five storied buildings. KIT with its magnificent ambience, modern high-tech facilities and universal recognition has been accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade & NBA. The college offers 26 wide range of programmes including 12 U.G, 7 P.G & 7 Research Programmes.
All the eligible departments of the institution are accredited by NBA (AERO, CSE, ECE, EEE, MECH & MBA) among these departments CSE,ECE, EEE are accredited by NBA (Tier-I). KIT has strong industry connects with more than 200 industries such as C-DAC, INTEL, COINDIA, CODESSIA, TANCAM-Dassault Systemes, National Instruments, ALTAIR, etc. The advanced laboratories and the Centres of Excellence promote experiential learning among the students to make them industry ready engineers. These centres enrich the technical profile of the students through various certificate courses. Industrial visits and Internships are arranged periodically to make students industry ready.

## Courses offered

Under Graduate Courses
* B.Tech. Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
* B.E. Aeronautical Engineering
* B.Tech. Agricultural Engineering
* B.Tech. Biotechnology
* B.E. Biomedical Engineering
* B.E. Computer Science and Engineering
* B.E. CSE (Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning)
* B.Tech. Computer Science and Business Systems
* B.E. Electronics and Communications Engineering
* B.E. Electrical and Electronics Engineering
* B.E. Electronics Engineering (VLSI Design and Technology)
* B.E. Mechanical Engineering
Post Graduate Courses
* M.E. Applied Electronics
* M.E. Computer Science and Engineering
* M.E. Power Systems Engineering
* M.E. Engineering Design
* M.E. VLSI Design
* MBA – Master of Business Administration
* MCA – Master of Computer Applications
Research Programmes:
* Ph.D. in CSE
* Ph.D. in ECE
* Ph.D. in EEE
* Ph.D. in Mech
* Ph.D. in Chemistry
* Ph.D in Physics
* Ph.D in Biotechnology

## Rankings

The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked it in the 201-300 band among engineering colleges in 2024.

## Gallery

* KIT
* KIT Hostel
* KIT Lecture hall
* KIT Library
* KIT Auditorium
* KIT
# Caroline Craig

Caroline Craig (born 30 April 1975 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) is an Australian actress, based in Melbourne. Caroline completed a BA at Melbourne University before graduating from NIDA (National Institute of Dramatic Art) in 1999.

## Career
### Television

Caroline first appeared as series regular Sergeant Tess Gallagher in Channel Seven's drama series Blue Heelers (2000 - 2003). In 2008 she appeared as Detective Jacqui James in Underbelly, and has since narrated the Underbelly series for Channel Nine. Most recently she played the role of Matron Grace Wilson in the ABC1 mini series ANZAC Girls, which screened in 2014.

### Stage

Since graduating from NIDA, Caroline has worked for Melbourne Theatre Company, Sydney Theatre Company, State Theatre Company of South Australia, Bell Shakespeare Company, Malthouse Theatre, Melbourne and Griffin Theatre Company. Caroline has also directed a number of independent theatre productions including S-27 for Griffin Independent. In 2013 Caroline performed in Yes, Prime Minister, touring Australia and New Zealand.

## Filmography

Television :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2000– 2003 | Blue Heelers | Sgt. Teresa "Tess" Gallagher | 139 episodes |
| 2005 | The Heartbreak Tour | Jack | TV movie |
| 2007 | Bastard Boys | Tali Bernard | TV mini-series |
| 2006– 2007 | Orange Roughies | Chloe Meachem | 8 episodes |
| 2007 | Little Deaths | Vanessa | |
| 2008– 2013 | Underbelly | Jacqui James / Narrator | 34+ episodes |
| 2010 | Sleuth 101 | Bridget Wilmott | Episode 4 |
| 2010 | ICU | Narrator | TV series |
| 2011 | Underbelly Files: Tell Them Lucifer was Here | Jacqui James / Narrator | |
| 2011 | Rescue Special Ops | Sheree O'Brien | Episode 12 |
| 2012 | Dangerous Remedy | Barbara Wainer | TV movie |
| 2014 | ANZAC Girls | Matron Grace Wilson | 6 episodes |
| 2019 | The Hunting | Stephanie | Episode 4 |
| 2023 | Missing Persons Investigation | Narrator | TV series |

### Film appearances

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2022 | Assets | Bravo | Short film |
| 2021 | Roborovski | Anita | Short film |
| 2020 | Bloody Hell | Mother | |
| 2019 | 151 Ludlow | Clarance | Short |
| 2011 | Glossy | Various | Short |
| 2005 | The Opposite of Velocity | Karen | Short |
# Blue Labyrinth (novel)

Blue Labyrinth is a thriller novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child. The book was released on November 11, 2014, by Grand Central Publishing. This is the fourteenth book in the Special Agent Pendergast series.

## Reception

The Washington Post said the book was "sophisticated," but had "the most convoluted plot [they've] ever encountered." Publishers Weekly negatively compared the book to previous books in the series, and said that it "suffers from unimaginative explanations for the two crimes." Kirkus Reviews positively reviewed the book, calling it "Great character-driven crime fiction."
# Nomandla Bloem

Sylvia Nomandla Bloem is a South African politician who served as the Northern Cape MEC for Transport and Safety Liaison from June 2020 until June 2024 2024 and as a member of the Northern Cape Provincial Legislature from May 2019 until May 2024. From May 2019 to June 2020, she served as the Northern Cape MEC for Land Reform, Agriculture and Nature Conservation and Environmental Affairs. Bloem is a member of the African National Congress.

## Provincial government

Bloem was not elected to the Northern Cape Provincial Legislature in the 2019 election, as she was placed 19th on the ANC's list and the party won only 18 seats. However, speaker Kenny Mmoiemang opted against serving in the legislature to go to parliament and the ANC chose Bloem to fill his seat. She was sworn in along with the other newly elected members on 22 May 2019.
On 28 May, premier Zamani Saul appointed Bloem Member of the Executive Council for the newly created Land Reform, Agriculture and Nature Conservation and Environmental Affairs portfolio. She was sworn in on the same day.
Bloem served in the position until her appointment as the MEC for Transport and Safety Liaison in June 2020. She succeeded Nontobeko Vilakazi, while Mase Manopole succeeded her as the MEC for Land Reform, Agriculture and Nature Conservation and Environmental Affairs.
Bloem was not re-elected to the Provincial Legislature in the 2024 provincial election, having been ranked low on the ANC's provincial electoral list.
# The Lost Domain (film)

The Lost Domain (French: Le domaine perdu) is a 2005 French film directed by Chilean filmmaker Raúl Ruiz.

## Cast

* François Cluzet as Antoine
* Grégoire Colin as Max
* Julie Delarme as Hélène Renaud
* Marianne Denicourt as Ivonne
* Édith Scob as Madame Chantal
# Dipannita Sharma

Dipannita Sharma is an Indian actress and model.

## Career

Sharma came into the limelight after making it to the final five of the Miss India 1998 contest. She also won 'Miss Photogenic' title in the same contest. She has walked the ramp for all major designers in the country and for international design houses such as Valentino & Fendi in India. She was the worldwide face of the press campaign for Breguet watches and jewellery for 5 years. She has endorsed and been the face of several skin care brands in India such as Garnier, Nivea and Dettol soap. She has also hosted television shows, been a judge on a fashion based show on MTV - MTV making the cut and acted in the lead role on a show called Life Nahi Hai Laddoo before making her film debut with the 2002 Bollywood film 16 December.

## Personal life

Dipannita was born in the Oil India Limited colony town of Duliajan in Assam. Her father was a doctor in the O.I.L. Hospital. She studied in the Holy Child School Guwahati till her ninth standard, and pursued the rest of her school academics from St. Mary's school, Naharkatia. She later graduated in History from Indraprastha College for Women, Delhi.
Dipannita is married to Delhi entrepreneur Dilsher Singh Atwal, a third generation businessman, and who is into his family business of mining, and lives in Mumbai, India. Her younger sister is a television actress Arunima Sharma who is best known for her role as Rano in the soap opera Kasamh Se.

## Filmography
### Films

| Year | Title | Role | Other notes |
| 2002 | 16 December | Sheeba | Nominated - Zee Cine Awards and Star Screen Awards for Best Debut Female |
| 2002 | Dil Vil Pyar Vyar | Payal Singh | |
| 2004 | Asambhav | Kinjal | |
| 2005 | My Brother…Nikhil | Leena Gomes | |
| 2005 | Koi Aap Sa | Preeti | |
| 2005 | 99.9 FM | Sonali | |
| 2011 | Ladies vs Ricky Bahl | Raina Parulekar | Nominated — Zee Cine Awards 2012 Best Supporting Actor Female |
| 2012 | Jodi Breakers | Maggie | |
| 2014 | Pizza | | |
| 2015 | Take It Easy | Rama | |
| 2017 | Coffee with D | Neha | |
| 2017 | Xhoixobote Dhemalite | | First Assamese film |
| 2019 | War | Dr. Mallika Singhal | |
| 2020 | Pepper Chicken | RJ Vaidehi | |
| 2021 | Raat Baaki Hai | Vaani Chopra | ZEE5 film |
| 2023 | Neeyat | Noor Suri | |
| 2024 | Kooki | S.P. Mandira Singh | |

### Shows/Short films/Web series

| Serial | Channel |
| Har Dil Jo Love Karega | Zoom |
| Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week | STAR World |
| Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 1 | Colors TV |
| MTV Making The Cut | MTV India |
| Piya Kay Ghar Jana Hai | Ary Digital |
| Untag | Voot |
| Bewafaa sii Wafaa | ALTBalaji |
| Six | Disney+ Hotstar |
| Saving Chintu | Disney+ Hotstar |
| Mismatched | Netflix |

## Music videos

| Title | Year | Performer(s) | Album |
| Dil Kare | 2001 | Artist -Sukhbir | Dil Kare (2001) |
| Hai Re Hai Mera Ghungta (Remix) | 2004 | Music- Lesle Lewis, Video Directed by Indrajit Nattoji | Colonial Cousins |
| Thoda Sa Thehro (Remix) | 2008 | Music- Kalyanji–Anandji, Remix by Dj Megha Kawale |
# Barry Crago

Barry Crago is a Wyoming politician.

## Career

Crago served as Deputy County Attorney for Johnson County, Wyoming from 2008 to 2011. In 2013, Crago began to serve in this position again, and has been serving in this position ever since. On August 18, 2020, when incumbent, state representative Richard Tass, sought re-election, Crago defeated Tass in the Republican primary. On November 3, 2020, Crago was elected to the Wyoming House of Representatives seat which represents the 40th district, uncontested. On January 4, 2021, Crago was sworn into this position, and he currently holds this office.
# 1929 in South Africa

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
The following lists events that happened during 1929 in South Africa.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: King George V.
* Governor-General and High Commissioner for Southern Africa: The Earl of Athlone.
* Prime Minister: James Barry Munnik Hertzog.
* Chief Justice: William Henry Solomon then Jacob de Villiers.

## Events
### June

* 14 – The National Party under J.B.M. Hertzog wins the South African general election with an outright majority for a second consecutive term.

### July

* 24 – Union Airways Pty. Ltd. is founded, to be nationalised as South African Airways on 1 February 1934.

### August

* 26 – Union Airways commences operations.

## Births

* 23 May – Joe Modise, anti-apartheid activist. (d. 2001)
* 2 July – Daphne Hasenjäger, South African athlete.
* 21 August – Ahmed Kathrada, anti-apartheid activist. (d. 2017)
* 19 October – Lewis Wolpert, South African-born British biologist (d. 2021)
* 25 December – Arthur Goldreich, South African-Israeli abstract painter and anti-apartheid activist. (d. 2011)

## Deaths

* 20 March – Ferdinand Foch, the First World War commander-in-chief of the Allied forces in France after whom Fochville was named. (b. 1851)
* 30 October – Sir Joseph Robinson, 1st Baronet, mining magnate and Randlord

## Railways
### Railway lines opened

* 3 April – Cape – Hermon to Porterville, 36 miles 10 chains (58.1 kilometres).
* 10 April – Cape – Ceres to Prince Alfred Hamlet, 6 miles 25 chains (10.2 kilometres).
* 16 April – Free State – Wesselsbron to Bultfontein, 35 miles 45 chains (57.2 kilometres).
* 31 July – Free State – Arlington to Lindley, 12 miles 26 chains (19.8 kilometres).
* 12 August – Transvaal – Boshoek to Middelwit, 58 miles 35 chains (94.0 kilometres).
* 31 August – Transvaal – Messina to Beitbridge, 10 miles 30 chains (16.7 kilometres).
* 14 November – Transvaal – Derwent to Stoffberg, 37 miles 73 chains (61.0 kilometres).
* 1 December – South West Africa – Seeis to Witvlei, 66 miles 41 chains (107.0 kilometres).

### Locomotives

Six new steam locomotive types, four Cape gauge and one narrow gauge, enter service on the South African Railways (SAR):
* Fourteen purpose-built Class S 0-8-0 shunting steam locomotives.
* Thirty-six Class 19A 4-8-2 Mountain type steam locomotives.
* Five Class GDA 2-6-2+2-6-2 Double Prairie type Garratt articulated branchline locomotives.
* The first two of eight Class GL 4-8-2+2-8-4 Double Mountain type Garratt locomotives on the Durban-Cato Ridge section in Natal.
* A single self-contained steam Clayton Railmotor for low-volume passenger service.
* A single narrow gauge 0-6-0 tank locomotive, built to the same design as the German South West African Class Hc of 1907, on the Otavi Railway in South West Africa.
# Hauterive-la-Fresse

Hauterive-la-Fresse (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It was merged into the new commune Pays-de-Montbenoît on 1 January 2025.
# 2011 in South Africa

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
The following lists events that happened during 2011 in South Africa.

## Incumbents

* President – Jacob Zuma
* Deputy President – Kgalema Motlanthe
* Chief Justice – Sandile Ngcobo then Mogoeng Mogoeng

### Cabinet

The Cabinet, together with the President and the Deputy President, forms part of the Executive.

### Provincial Premiers

* Eastern Cape Province: Noxolo Kiviet
* Free State Province: Ace Magashule
* Gauteng Province: Nomvula Mokonyane
* KwaZulu-Natal Province: Zweli Mkhize
* Limpopo Province: Cassel Mathale
* Mpumalanga Province: David Mabuza
* North West Province: Thandi Modise
* Northern Cape Province: Hazel Jenkins
* Western Cape Province: Helen Zille

## Events
### February

* 9 – A generator fails catastrophically while performing overspeed testing at Duvha Power Station.

### May

* 18 – Municipal elections take place.

### October

* 7 – The 14th Dalai Lama is unable to attend the 80th birthday celebration of fellow Nobel Peace Prize laureate Desmond Tutu, having again been refused a visa to enter South Africa.

## Deaths

* 29 January – Fanus Rautenbach, Afrikaans radio and media personality. (b. 1928)
* 18 February – Lucas Maree, South African singer. (b. 1952)
* 12 March – Hubert du Plessis, South African composer and pianist. (b. 1922)
* 16 March – Carel Boshoff, South African politician, founder of Orania. (b. 1927)
* 24 March – Henry Gordon Makgothi, teacher, defiance campaigner and 1956 treason trialist. (b. 1928)
* 2 June – Albertina Sisulu, anti–apartheid activist, widow of Walter Sisulu. (b. 1918)
* 15 June – Zack du Plessis, Afrikaans actor. (b. 1949)
* 22 June – Kader Asmal, politician. (b. 1934)
* 11 July – King Maxhob'ayakhawuleza Sandile, Rarabe King. (b. 1956)
* 13 July – Al Debbo, South African actor, comedian and singer. (b. 1924)
* 18 July – Magnus Malan, Minister of Defence. (b. 1930)
* 11 September – Deon du Plessis, newsman. (b. 1952)
* 26 October – Dick Lord, South African Air Force and Fleet Air Arm fighter pilot. (b. 1936)
* 22 December – Zithulele Sinqe, long distance athlete. (b, 1963)
* 25 December – John Christoffel Kannemeyer, writer, authority on Afrikaans literature. (b. 1939).
* 29 December – Amichand Rajbansi, leader of the Minority Front in the South African Parliament. (b. 1942).

## Railways
### Locomotives

* January – Transnet Rail Engineering at Koedoespoort takes delivery of the first two of ten imported Class 43-000 General Electric type C30ACi diesel-electric locomotives for Transnet Freight Rail.
* July – The first of the 133 locally built Class 43-000 locomotives rolls out at the Koedoespoort shops in Pretoria.
# 2014 in the Solomon Islands

The following lists events that happened during 2014 in the Solomon Islands.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Elizabeth II
* Governor-General: Frank Kabui
* Prime Minister: Gordon Darcy Lilo (until December 9), Manasseh Sogavare (starting December 9)

## Events
### April

* April 4 - Heavy rainfall from a tropical low causes flooding at Honiara leading to at least 16 deaths and thousands of people being evacuated.
* A 7.7 magnitude earthquake occurs on April 13 204 miles southeast of Honiara, although no fatalities or property damage was recorded.

### August

* August 13 - The Solomon Islands recognise Kosovo.

### November

* November 19 - Independents win a majority of seats in the National Parliament of the Solomon Islands.
# Fantôme Brewery

Fantôme (Brasserie Fantôme) is a small brewery in Soy, Wallonia, Belgium. Founded in 1988 by Dany Prignon, it produces saisons, a type of farmhouse ale.

## General

The brewery occupies a stone farmhouse on the main road through the village of Soy in the Marche-en-Famenne district of Luxembourg province.
Founded in 1988, Brasserie Fantôme has gained international attention and a cult following among lovers of craft beers. Owned and run by Dany Prignon, Fantôme is known for its unique variations on the saison style of farmhouse ale, often involving the use of herbs, spices or fruit juice. Ironically, while their complex, earthy, and herbal flavors have caused them to be sought out by connoisseurs outside Belgium, Fantôme's products are difficult to find and not well known in the country of their origin.
The name of the brewery stems from a legend of the nearby town of La Roche-en-Ardenne, which asserts that the ghost of the long-dead Countess Berthe de La Roche can still be seen walking amidst the ruins of the town's castle.

## Production

The brewery's equipment, much of which was obtained from the original brewhouse of the Brasserie d'Achouffe, is capable of producing 750 liter batch at a time, which is matured in cylindro-conical fermenters and aged for several weeks before being hand bottled and labeled on the premises. Beer is made about once per week, with many of the specialties being produced only once per year. Fantôme's products are available only in corked and capped 750ml bottles of green glass and on tap.

## Beers

* Fantôme Saison (8.0% ABV), their flagship product, a fruity, strong take on the Saison style. Described as "Intense — maybe too intense — flavors of orange, peach and strawberry; a lot going on."
* Saison d' Erezee (varies from 6.0% - 9.0% ABV) A quarterly product named for the season (Printemps - Été - Automne - Hiver) that varies in its formulation each year
* Fantôme Chocolat (8.0% ABV), made with chocolate
* Fantôme Speciale Noel (10.0% ABV), a Christmas beer with a spicy character
* Fantôme Brise-BonBons! (8.0% ABV), a particularly hoppy beer
* Fantôme Pissenlit (8.0% ABV) made with dandelions, literally "wet the bed" in French. Described as "highly spicy with touches of pepper and slight grass and floral notes, a touch of lemon-lime citrus."
* Fantôme Black Ghost (8.0% ABV) A dark beer whose formulation has changed over time.
* Fantôme Strange Ghost (8.0% ABV)
* Fantôme La Dalmatienne (8.0% ABV) An amber-colored winter offering.
* Fantôme BBB Babillard (8.0% ABV) Produced based on the results of a members' poll from a popular online beer enthusiast forum.
In addition to those listed above, there are many special and one-time products made at the whim of the brewmaster. Custom beers have been made on commission for bars, such as the Circus Fantôme created for the now-closed Beer Circus in Croydon, UK, or on behalf of charity, like the Fantôme Santé.
# Khoro (clan)

Khoro is a clan of Ahirs of Haryana in India. Rewari was once under Khoro Ahir rulers. Dr. Hameeda Khoro is a famous politician of Sindh.
# List of cathedrals in Japan

This is the list of cathedrals in Japan sorted by denomination.

## Roman Catholic

Cathedrals of the Catholic Church in Japan:
* Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Tamatsukuri Church) in Osaka
* Cathedral of Christ the King (Niigata Church) in Niigata
* Cathedral of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Kainan Church) in Naha
* Cathedral of Our Lady of Victory (Daimyomachi Church) in Fukuoka
* Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption (Memorial Cathedral of World Peace) (Noboricho Church) in Hiroshima
* Cathedral of the Sacred Heart (Yamate Church) in Yokohama
* Cathedral of St. Mary of the Immaculate Conception (Sekiguchi) in Tokyo
* Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul (Nunoike Church) in Nagoya
* Cathedral of St. Theresa of the Child Jesus (Urawa Church) in Urawa
* Immaculate Conception Cathedral (Urakami Church) in Nagasaki
* Kitaichijo Cathedral Church in Sapporo
* Motoderakoji Cathedral Church in Sendai
* Sakuramachi Cathedral Church in Takamatsu
* St. Francis Xavier Cathedral (Oita Church) in Oita
* St. Francis Xavier Cathedral, Kagoshima
* St. Francis Xavier Cathedral, Kyoto (Kawaramachi Church)

## Eastern Orthodox

Japanese Orthodox cathedrals:
* Holy Annunciation Cathedral in Kyoto
* Holy Annunciation Cathedral in Sendai
* Holy Resurrection Cathedral in Chiyoda, Tokyo

## Anglican

Cathedrals of the Anglican Church in Japan:
* Christ Church Cathedral in Sapporo
* Christ Church Cathedral, Sendai
* St. Matthew's Cathedral, Maebashi
* St. Andrew's Cathedral, Tokyo
* St Andrew's Cathedral in Yokohama
* St. Matthew's Cathedral in Nagoya
* Cathedral Church of St. Agnes in Kyoto
* Kawaguchi Christ Church Cathedral in Osaka
* St. Michael's Cathedral in Kobe
* St. Paul's Cathedral in Fukuoka
* Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul in Naha
* St. Matthias' Cathedral in Maebashi
# Robert Bruce (trader)

Robert Bruce (1789–1824) was a Scottish arms trader and mercenary soldier on the north-east frontier of India. He took steps towards the introduction of tea plantations in Assam in the 1820s.

## Life

In early life, Bruce was a naval officer. In 1823 a despatch described Bruce as Indian-born. This was doubted, however, by Edward Albert Gait, who mentioned his brother, Charles Alexander Bruce, and his 1809 voyage to India. According to the Dictionary of Indian Biography, Charles Alexander Bruce was born in Assam, at Jorhat. Robert Bruce was resident at Jogighopa.
In 1821, during the Burmese invasions of Assam, Bruce involved himself in the affairs of the Ahom Kingdom. Having helped the deposed Purandar Singha muster and equip an army in the Dooars, with the help of the East India Company, he led it into Ahom in May of that year, against Chandrakanta Singha. Suffering a defeat, he was taken prisoner. He then agreed to support Chandrakanta Singha, against the Burmese forces of the Konbaung dynasty, who was regrouping in the Goalpara district. With guns and ammunition supplied through Bruce, Chandrakanta Singha took back Guwahati at the beginning of 1822.
Robert Bruce is buried in the cemetery in Tezpur town.

## Tea in Assam

Bruce learned from Maniram Dewan that the Singpho people grew tea, which was then not generally known. In 1823, while trading at Garhgaon, he encountered a Singpho chief, who was willing to supply him with botanical tea samples. The chief was Bisa Gam. Bruce died soon after, in 1824.
The samples found their way to Charles Alexander Bruce, and then to David Scom.