OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Battle of Kosmidion

The Battle of Kosmidion (Turkish: Eyüp Muharebesi) occurred on 15 June 1410, during the Ottoman Interregnum, and was fought between the forces of the rival brothers, Musa Çelebi and Süleyman Çelebi, at Kosmidion (modern Eyüp) just outside the land walls of Constantinople.

## Battle

The Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos was allied with Süleyman, whose army was encamped inside Constantinople. Manuel also prepared ships to help evacuate Süleyman's army in case of a defeat, but Musa managed to set them on fire before the battle began.
The battle was a victory for Süleyman Çelebi, chiefly due to the defection of many of Musa's vassals, who had previously served Süleyman. Among the defectors was Vuk Lazarević, the brothers' half-uncle. Laonikos Chalkokondyles claims that Vuk's brother Stefan also defected due to the pressure of Süleyman's ally, the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, but the chronicler Constantine of Kostenets reports that he fought alongside Musa in the battle, only to seek refuge with Palaiologos after the battle was lost. The battle initially went well for Musa, with Süleyman's army suffering heavy losses, until Süleyman with a few hundred men attacked Musa's camp. Both sides suffered heavy losses in the fighting.

## Aftermath

After the battle, Musa retreated to the area around Yambol and Chernomen in Bulgaria, while Süleyman recaptured the Ottoman capital of Edirne. One of his lieutenants, Aliaz, was able to capture Vuk Lazarević at Plovdiv. Musa had Vuk executed for his betrayal.
# Malcolm Henry Ellis

Malcolm Henry Ellis, CMG (21 August 1890 – 18 January 1969) was an Australian journalist, historian and critic. He usually wrote as M. H. Ellis. His wife, Jean Ellis, founded the Penguin Club of Australia in 1937. His younger brother Ulrich Ellis was also a journalist and historian.

## Life

Ellis won praise during World War II for his column, "The Service Man", which appeared under the pseudonym "Ek Dum". Using radio reports and his knowledge of terrain, he described military campaigns in a realistic manner so that it was assumed he was present.
In the 1930s and '40s he wrote a series of anti-communist tracts (The Red Road (1932), Socialisation in Ten Years (1947) and The Garden Path (1949)) which warned of the growing influence of communism in the Australian labour movement, and of the nationalisation of banks.
Due to his staunch criticism of the writing of Manning Clark, who in Ellis's view was a Communist fellow traveller, he almost subverted the launching of the Australian Dictionary of Biography. "History without facts", his excoriating and now legendary review in the Sydney Bulletin of the first volume of Clark's A History of Australia, is for many the main legacy of his otherwise extensive works, which include biographies of key early Australian colonial figures, Francis Greenway, John Macarthur and Lachlan Macquarie.

## Private life

Ellis married Melicent Jane (Jean) Ellis in 1914. She had intended to be a nurse. Their first child was born in 1915. His wife was a excellent public speaker and in 1937 she and a friend founded the Penguin Club of Australia which taught women to have confidence when speaking in public. They divorced in 1939. In 1946 he married Gwendoline Mary Wheeler in Sydney.

## Awards

* 1942: awarded the S. H. Prior prize by The Bulletin for his John Murtagh Macrossan lectures at the University of Queensland on Macquarie
* 1956: appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (C.M.G.)
* 21 October 1966: honorary doctorate conferred by the University of Newcastle. The vice-chancellor, Professor James Auchmuty, praised him for contributing more than any other historian to 'knowledge of our country in the first half century of its existence'

## Books

* A Handbook for Nationalists (1918)
* The Long Lead (1927)
* Express to Hindustan (1929)
* The Red Road: The Story of the Capture of the Lang Party by Communists, Instructed from Moscow (1932)
* The Beef Shorthorn in Australia (1932)
* The Defence of Australia (1933)
* Socialisation in Ten Years (1947)
* Lachlan Macquarie: His Life, Adventures and Times (1947)
* Francis Greenway: His Life and Times (1949)
* The Garden Path: The Story of the Saturation of the Australian Labour Movement by Communism (1949)
* John Macarthur (1955)
* The Torch: A Picture of Legacy (1957)
* Metal Manufacturers Limited: A Golden Jubilee History, 1916-1966 (1966)
* A Saga of Coal: The Newcastle Wallsend Coal Company's Centenary Volume (1969)
# 1934 All-SEC football team

The 1934 All-SEC football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) chosen by various selectors for the 1934 college football season. The Alabama Crimson Tide and Tulane Green Wave shared the conference title. The Crimson Tide defeated the Stanford Indians 29 to 13 in the Rose Bowl, and was selected national champions by Dunkel, Williamson and Football Thesaurus. Alabama halfback Dixie Howell was voted SEC Player of the Year.

## All-SEC selections
### Ends

* Don Hutson, Alabama (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-1, UP-1)
* Bennie Fenton, Auburn (AP-1, UP-1)
* Joe Rupert, Kentucky (AP-3, UP-2)
* Bear Bryant, Alabama (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-2)
* Gene Rose, Tennessee (AP-2)
* Louis Pounders, Tennessee (UP-2)
* Willie Geny, Vanderbilt (AP-3)

### Tackles

* Justin Rukas, LSU (AP-1, UP-1)
* Bill Lee, Alabama (AP-1, UP-1)
* W. Williams, Georgia Tech (AP-2, UP-2)
* Howard Bailey, Tennessee (AP-2, UP-2)
* William Stark, Florida (AP-3)
* Ranny Throgmorton, Vanderbilt (AP-3)

### Guards

* Charlie Marr, Alabama (AP-1, UP-1)
* Murray Warmath, Tennessee (AP-1, UP-2)
* John Brown, Georgia (AP-2, UP-1)
* Hessier, Tulane (AP-2)
* Ralph Hatley, Tennessee (UP-2)
* Brown, LSU (AP-3)
* Welch, Auburn (AP-3)

### Centers

* Homer Robinson, Tulane (AP-1, UP-1)
* Walter Gilbert, Auburn (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-3, UP-2)
* McKnight, Georgia (AP-2)

### Quarterbacks

* Charles Vaughan, Tennessee (AP-2, UP-1)
* Rand Dixon, Vanderbilt (AP-2)
* C. H. Roberts, Georgia Tech (UP-2)
* Riley Smith, Alabama (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-3)

### Halfbacks

* Abe Mickal, LSU (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-1, UP-1)
* Dixie Howell, Alabama (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-1, UP-1)
* Bert Johnson, Kentucky (AP-1, UP-2)
* Wally Brown, Florida (AP-2)
* Phil Dickens, Tennessee (UP-2)
* Jesse Fatherree, LSU (AP-3)
* C. H. Roberts, Georgia Tech (AP-3)

### Fullbacks

* Claude Simons, Jr., Tulane (AP-1, UP-1)
* Joe Demyanovich, Alabama (AP-2, UP-2)
* Chapman, Georgia (AP-3)

## Key

AP = compiled by the Associated Press from coaches and sportswriters.
UP = United Press
Bold = Consensus first-team selection by both AP and UP
# 2001 Estonian presidential election

Estonia's 2001 presidential election took place from August 27 to September 21, 2001. After three rounds of voting in the Riigikogu and two rounds of voting in the electoral college, Arnold Rüütel was elected President.

## Voting in the Riigikogu

The first round in the Riigikogu took place at the extraordinary session on 27 August at 12.00. All members of the Riigikogu received ballots and 91 people took part. The number of blank ballots was 13. Peeter Kreitzberg received 40 votes and Andres Tarand 38 votes. As no two-thirds majority of the members of the Riigikogu voted in favor of any candidate, a second ballot was held on 28 August. New candidates were nominated before the second round.
In the second round, 99 members of the Riigikogu received ballots. 91 people took part. There was 1 invalid and 19 blank ballots. Peeter Kreitzberg received 36 votes and Peeter Tulviste received 35 votes.
As no candidate achieved the required two-thirds majority, a third round was held on the same day. 99 members of the Riigikogu received ballots, 90 members of the Riigikogu took part in the voting and there were 24 blank ballots. Peeter Kreitzberg received 33 votes and Peeter Tulviste received 33 votes.

### Election results at the parliament

| Candidate | First round | Second round | Third round |
| Peeter Tulviste | - | 35 | 33 |
| Peeter Kreitzberg | 40 | 36 | 33 |
| Andres Tarand | 38 | - | - |
| Invalid/blank votes | 13 | 20 | 24 |
| Abstentions | 10 | 10 | 11 |
| Total | 101 | 101 | 101 |

## Voting in the Electoral College

The Electoral College consisted of 101 members of the Riigikogu and 266 representatives of local governments. The candidates who received the most votes in the previous round were Peeter Kreitzberg and Peeter Tulviste. New candidates can be nominated by any 21 members of the electoral college
The first round of voting took place on 21 September. The votes were as follows: Peeter Kreitzberg got 72, Arnold Rüütel got 114, Toomas Savi got 90 and Peeter Tulviste got 89 votes. As no candidate was voted in favor by a majority of the electoral college, a second round was held on 21 September with the participation of the two most successful candidates.
366 members of the electoral college took part in the voting. There were 2 invalid ballots and 23 blank ballots. Arnold Rüütel received 186 votes and Toomas Savi 155. As Arnold Rüütel received more than half of the votes of the members of the electoral college, he was elected President of Estonia.

### Election results at the parliament

| Candidate | First round | Second round |
| Arnold Rüütel | 114 | 186 |
| Toomas Savi | 90 | 155 |
| Peeter Tulviste | 89 | - |
| Peeter Kreitzberg | 72 | - |
| Invalid/blank votes | - | 25 |
| Abstentions | 2 | 1 |
| Total | 367 | 367 |
# Ascorbyl stearate

Ascorbyl stearate (C$_{24}$H$_{42}$O$_7$) is an ester formed from ascorbic acid and stearic acid. In addition to its use as a source of vitamin C, it is used as an antioxidant food additive in margarine (E number E305). The USDA limits its use to 0.02% individually or in conjunction with other antioxidants.
# Kentucky Route 842

Kentucky Route 842 is a 7.4-mile-long (11.9 km) state highway in Kentucky. Although listed as an east–west route in Kentucky Transportation Cabinet route logs, KY 842 follows a north–south arc between its termini. The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 25 (US 25) in Florence. The northern terminus is at KY 236 in Erlanger.

## Route description

KY 842 begins at an intersection with US 25 and Richardson Road, the unnumbered eastern continuation of KY 842, in Florence. KY 841 heads west as Weaver Road, crossing Interstate 71 (I-71) and I-75 with no access. Weaver Road, a mostly residential road with a few industries, as well as KY 842, then turns to the northwest to intersect US 42/US 127, where it becomes Hopeful Church Road. Hopeful Church Road, like Weaver Road, is mostly a residential road, connecting US 42/US 127 to KY 18. At KY 18, KY 842 changes names for the final time, becoming Houston Road. Located along Houston Road are many different restaurants plus many large stores. KY 842 continues northeast through Florence, intersecting I-71/I-75 before terminating at KY 236 in Erlanger.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Boone | Florence | 0.000 | 0.000 | US 25 (Dixie Highway) | |
| Boone | Florence | 0.803 | 1.292 | KY 3503 (Empire Connector Drive) | |
| Boone | Florence | 2.572 | 4.139 | US 42 / US 127 | |
| Boone | Florence | 4.764 | 7.667 | KY 18 (Burlington Pike) | |
| Boone | Florence | 6.010 | 9.672 | KY 717 (Thoroughbred Boulevard) / I-71 / I-75 to I-71 / I-75 north | Ramp to I-71/I-75 south to the east; Access to I-71/I-75 North via KY-717 to the west |
| Boone | Florence | 6.135 | 9.873 | KY 1017 (Turfway Road) | |
| Kenton | Erlanger | 7.395 | 11.901 | KY 236 (Donaldson Highway) | |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||||
# Alexander Konstantinovich Abramov

Alexander Konstantinovich Abramov (Russian: Александр Константинович Абрамов) (1836–1886) was a Russian major general. Serving under general Mikhail Chernyayev during the time of Russia's conquest of Central Asia, Abramov is perhaps best known for leading the siege of the Uzbekistan city of Samarkand in 1868.
| Preceded by | Commander of the 13th Infantry Division (Russian Empire) May–October 1886 | Succeeded byMikhail Batyanov |
# Butuan Ivory Seal

The Butuan Ivory Seal or BIS is an ivory stamp or seal stamp or a privy seal associated with a Rhinoceros Ivory Tusk, dated 9th–12th century, was found in Libertad, Butuan in Agusan del Norte in southern Philippines. Inscribed on the seal is the word Butban in stylized Kawi. Butban was presumed to stand for Butuan. The ivory seal is now housed at the National Museum of the Philippines.

## Discovery

Another archaeological piece with ancient inscription, the Butuan Ivory Seal was recovered in the 1970s by pot hunters in a prehistoric shell midden site in Ambangan, Libertad, Butuan in Agusan del Norte. Made of ivory, the object could have been used to stamp documents or goods during trading.
The ivory seal as well as other archaeological materials recovered in Ambangan archaeological sites are proof that Rajahnate of Butuan was an important trading center whose official seal marked the source of commodities it produced and exported.
The innovation of substitution of phoneme /b/ with /w/ and sandhi of /wa/ equal of /u/ followed by /a/ can be found in Javanese, thus the block [Bu][Tba][N-] related to Butwan and later Butuan.

## Dating

Dated 1002 A.D., the seal could have been used for documentation in trading, Butuan was the center of trade and commerce in northeastern Mindanao since 10th century.
There were other notable discoveries like the Ivory Seal and the Silver Paleograph, Gold and tools for gold processing of ornaments have also been recovered from a village site Over a hundred clay crucibles and tools for the processing of gold items were discovered in the area, leading to the conclusion that an extensive gold ornaments industry was located in these areas as far back as a thousand years ago. Altogether, these data demonstrate that Butuan was a thriving international trading port a thousand years ago. This site has a tremendous historical impact in the Asian region.
# Eye vein verification

Eye vein verification is a method of biometric authentication that applies pattern-recognition techniques to video images of the veins in a user's eyes. The complex and random patterns are unique, and modern hardware and software can detect and differentiate those patterns at some distance from the eyes.

## Introduction

The veins in the sclera—the white part of the eyes—can be imaged when a person glances to either side, providing four regions of patterns: one on each side of each eye. Verification employs digital templates from these patterns, and the templates are then encoded with mathematical and statistical algorithms. These allow confirmation of the identity of the proper user and the rejection of anyone else. Advocates of eye vein verification note that one of the technology's strengths is the stability of the pattern of eye blood vessels; the patterns do not change with age, alcohol consumption, allergies, or redness. Eye veins are clear enough that they can be reliably imaged by the cameras on most smartphones. The technology works through contacts and glasses, though not through sunglasses. At least one version of eye vein detection uses infrared illumination as part of the imaging, allowing imaging even in low-light conditions.

## History

Dr. Reza Derakhshani at University of Missouri, Kansas City, developed the concept of using the veins in the whites of the eyes for identification. He holds several patents on the technology, including a 2008 patent for the concept of using the blood vessels seen in the whites of the eye as a unique identifier.
More recent research has explored using vein patterns in both the iris and the sclera for recognition.

## Uses

Eye vein verification, like other methods of biometric authentication, can be used in a range of security situations, including mobile banking, government security, and in healthcare environments. EyeVerify, a Kansas City, Kansas, company, markets eye vein verification with a system called Eyeprint. In 2012, EyeVerify licensed the technology developed and patented by Derakhshani, who is chief science officer of EyeVerify.

## Advantages

* Eye vein patterns are unique to each person
* Patterns do not change over time and are still readable with redness
* Works with contacts and glasses
* Resistant to false matches

## Disadvantages

* Phone must be held close to face
* Not supported on devices without cameras or on older smartphones
# Osteen, Florida

Osteen is an unincorporated community in southwest Volusia County, Florida, United States. Osteen is near the St. Johns River as well as typical swamps, forests and wildlife of Florida. Osteen attracts a number of visitors for these qualities. There are numerous camping areas and preserves such as the Hickory Bluff Preserve, a 150-acre nature preserve with hiking and horse trails.
The Osteen Bridge spans the St. Johns River near State Road 46 to the south near the Orlando Sanford International Airport. Sanford and Lake Monroe border the community to the west, with Deltona to the north and the small community of Farmton to the east.
The north-south route of mostly two-lane State Road 415 serves as the main artery through Osteen. It connects State Road 44 in Volusia County to State Road 46 in Seminole County. State Road 415 is a two-lane road from State Road 44 until just north of Osteen. The road was recently four-laned beginning approximately three-miles north of Osteen and running the distance to State Road 46.

## History

Osteen was named after Hezekiah Ellis Osteen (1821–1904) a cattle rancher, who with his wife, Susannah Gaskins Osteen (1826–?), originally settled in the community in the 19th century. Prior to Osteen, the community was known as Saulsville. A member of the Osteen family fought for the Confederacy in the American Civil War, and was either wounded or killed in battle. A plaque is dedicated to the founders of the city in the civic center that was built in 1968. The city was once incorporated and the abandoned city hall is located on the corner of Railroad Avenue just west of the post office. Also located within Osteen is the Cypress Point Golf Club, a nine-hole executive length golf course
# Dhenki

Dhenki, Dhiki, Dhinki (Nepali: ढिकी; pronounced), dheki or dhenki (Bangla: ঢেঁকি, Assamese: ঢেঁকী, Hindi: ढेंकि) is an old style rice mill or husk lever found in Nepal, Bangladesh and Indian states of Assam, West Bengal and Odisha. It is usually made of hard wood. It has a fulcrum supporting a weight. Due to the force of the weight upon the rice in the pods, the rice and the golden brown husks separate. Dhenki used to be operated by women to produce rice from paddy and grind rice to powder.
This agricultural tool is used for threshing, to separate rice grains from their outer husks, while leaving the bran layer, thus producing brown rice. Dhekis have generally fallen into disuse because of the availability of technologies such as combine harvesters that require much less physical labour. In earlier times a dheki was an important part of rural life in Bangladesh and in parts of India, notably West Bengal and Assam. It was generally operated by two or three women.

## Construction

Dhenki is traditionally made of wood and some iron. Carpenters build most parts of it where a blacksmith would attach an iron ring to the tip of the lever. A dheki consists of a heavy wooden lever, usually about 72 in (1.8 m) long, supported on a pedestal about 18 in (46 cm) high, which provides a fulcrum. At one end of the lever is a vertical wooden cylinder which functions as a pestle. It is raised by the lever, and that falls down by its own weight. The fulcrum of the lever is placed at five-eighths of the length of the lever from the pestle.

## Uses

The Assamese farming society uses it to retrieve rice from raw paddy grain, to make dry rice flakes, rice powder later to process it to make various delicious dry food items called pithas. Dhenki is also used in parts of rural Bengal and features in various Bengali idioms. Dhenki is still in use some part of rural Odisha.
In medieval times, dhenki were introduced to Japan, where they are called karausu (唐臼, lit. 'Chinese mortar').

## In popular culture

In the Satyajit Ray's Bengali movie Ashani Sanket, the actresses were seen operating dhenki for a short period of time. Odia author Fakir Mohan Senapati has mentioned of dhenki in his literary works.
# 1938–39 Celtic F.C. season

During the 1938–39 Scottish football season, Celtic competed in the Scottish First Division.
# Pustakari

Pustakari (Nepali: पुष्टकारी pronounced ) is a Nepali candy, which is made from molasses, cooked with ghee and milk, and topped with coconut, dates or nuts. In the Kathmandu Valley, where the Newar confectioners have refined the art of preparing it, it is known in Nepal Bhasa as 'postikan'.
# Nanglo

A nanglo (Nepali: नाङ्लो; pronounced) is a flat round woven tray made of bamboo used in Nepal. It is traditionally made of thin bamboo strips woven to make a flat surface, then a firm bamboo rim is attached.
It is used for winnowing, that is, to sift grain and to separate dust and chaff from paddy, rice, dal, beans, and other cereals.
Nanglos are an indispensable part of Nepali kitchens. While mostly limited to villages, they can be found occasionally on large cities as well.