OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rutul Federation

The Rutul Federation or The Rutul Free Society is a Rutul state located in Southern Dagestan and was formed in the 7th century.
Rutuls experienced strong cultural and linguistic pressure from Azerbaijanis and to a lesser extent from Lezghins.
Before the annexation by the Russian Empire, the Rutuls made a federation of multiple rural communities which were known as the "Rutul Magal". This Magal was ruled by a Bek, a permanent leader. These Beks address important issues and are required to convene to a popular assembly.
In the 17th century, the Rutul Federation included Tsakhur villages and captured some Lezgin villages. They did lose two Rutul villages to the Gazikumukh Khanate and two more to the Akhty-para. This free society consisted of Rutul and Lezgi villages and was one of the largest free societies, along with Akhty-para, Alty-para and Dokuz-para free societies.

## History

In 1536, Rutul attacked Akhty, which was the stronghold of the Safavid power in southern Dagestan. In 1541, Akhty attacked Rutul with the support of the Derbent Khanate. In 1542, Rutul, with the support of the Quba Khanate, again attacked Akhty. In 1574, Gazibek became the leader of the federation.
His name was mentioned several times: in 1588, the Turkish Sultan Murad III wrote a letter to Gazibek, congratulating him on gaining leadership over the federation. In 1598, Shah Abbas offered Gazibek assistance for the Tsakhur ruler Mahmedbek.
There is evidence that already at the end of the 16th century, the Rutul beks had connections with the governments of neighboring countries. It is possible that the Rutul Free Society already existed at that time, as a political association of a significant part of the Rutulians.
One of the confirmations of the ancient age of the Rutul Free Society is a letter from the Tarkov shamkhal to Tsar Fedor Ivanovich dated 1598, in which the Rutul and Khnov troops are mentioned among the allied shamkhal troops.

## Beks

* Gazibek (1574–1601)
* Ibragimkhan (1626–1635)
* Hasankhan (19th century)
# Alan McPherson

Alan L. McPherson is a historian specializing in US-Latin American relations. He is the Thomas J. Freaney, Jr., Professor of History at Temple University, where he is also the Director of the Center for the Study of Force and Diplomacy (CENFAD).

## Biography

McPherson was born in Berkeley, California, but grew up in Québec, Canada, where he received his Bachelor's from the Université de Montréal in 1994, and was later a fellow of the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. He earned his Master's degree from San Francisco State University in 1996 and his Doctorate from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2001, with a thesis "A critical ambivalence: anti-Americanism in U.S.-Caribbean relations, 1958-1966" He taught at Howard University from 2001 to 2008 and the University of Oklahoma from 2008 to 2017. He has been a fellow of the US Social Science Research Council, twice a Fulbright fellow (to the Dominican Republic in 2006 and Argentina in 2012), and a fellow of Harvard University's David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies.
In addition to his books about US-Latin American relations and anti-Americanism, he has published dozens of chapters, journal articles, and op-eds.

## Books

* McPherson, Alan L. Yankee No! Anti-Americanism in U.S.--Latin American Relations. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2003. According to WorldCat, the book is held in 1160 libraries
* McPherson, Alan L. Intimate Ties, Bitter Struggles The United States and Latin America Since 1945. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2006. According to WorldCat, the book is held in 864 libraries
* McPherson, Alan L. Anti-Americanism in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York: Berghahn Books, 2006.
* Ivan Krastev and Alan L. McPherson, eds. The Anti-American Century. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2007.
* McPherson, Alan L., editor Encyclopedia of U.S. Military Interventions in Latin America. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2013. 2 vols.
* McPherson, Alan L. The Invaded: How Latin Americans and Their Allies Fought and Ended U.S. Occupations. Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press, 2014.
* McPherson, Alan L. The World and U2: One Band’s Remaking of Global Activism. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
* McPherson, Alan L. and Yannick Wehrli, eds. Beyond Geopolitics: New Histories of Latin America at the League of Nations. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2015.
* McPherson, Alan L. A Short History of US Military Interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2016.
* McPherson, Alan L., editor. The SHAFR Guide: An Annotated Bibliography of United States Foreign Relations Since 1600. Leiden: Brill, 2017.
* McPherson, Alan L. Ghosts of Sheridan Circle: How a Washington Assassination Brought Pinochet's Terror State to Justice. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019.
* McPherson, Alan L. The Breach: Iran-Contra and the Assault on American Democracy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2025.
# Comet NEAT (disambiguation)

Comet NEAT may refer to any comets below discovered by the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking survey:

## Periodic comets
### Jupiter-family comets

* 163P/NEAT
* 169P/NEAT
* 180P/NEAT
* 189P/NEAT
* 207P/NEAT
* 212P/NEAT
* 215P/NEAT
* 240P/NEAT
* 243P/NEAT
* 246P/NEAT
* 272P/NEAT
* 291P/NEAT
* 303P/NEAT
* 312P/NEAT
* 334P/NEAT
* 368P/NEAT
* 370P/NEAT
* 433P/2005 QN$_{173}$, also an active asteroid discovered by the NEAT survey
* P/2001 H5 (NEAT)
* P/2003 F2 (NEAT)

### Halley-type comets

* 473P/NEAT
* C/2001 M10 (NEAT)
* C/2002 K4 (NEAT)
* C/2003 E1 (NEAT)
* P/2003 QX29 (NEAT)

### Chiron-type comets

* 166P/NEAT

## Non-Periodic comets

* C/2001 O2 (NEAT)
* C/2001 Q1 (NEAT)
* C/2002 J4 (NEAT)
* C/2002 K1 (NEAT)
* C/2002 L9 (NEAT)
* C/2002 P1 (NEAT)
* C/2002 V1 (NEAT), also known as the Great Comet of 2003
* C/2003 H3 (NEAT)
* C/2003 J1 (NEAT)
* C/2004 P1 (NEAT)
* C/2005 O1 (NEAT)
* C/2006 K4 (NEAT)

## Hyperbolic comets

* C/1996 E1 (NEAT)
* C/1997 A1 (NEAT)
* C/2001 B2 (NEAT)
* C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)
* C/2004 D1 (NEAT)

## Others

"Comet NEAT" may also be an incomplete reference to a comet co-discovered by the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking survey. These include:
* Comet Catalina–NEAT
** 395P/Catalina–NEAT
* Comet de Vico–Swift–NEAT
** 54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT
* Comet LINEAR–NEAT
** 193P/LINEAR–NEAT
** 204P/LINEAR–NEAT
** 224P/LINEAR–NEAT
** 231P/LINEAR–NEAT
** 301P/LINEAR–NEAT
** 355P/LINEAR–NEAT
** C/2001 HT50 (LINEAR–NEAT)
** P/2004 R3 (LINEAR–NEAT)
* Comet NEAT–LINEAR
** 410P/NEAT–LINEAR
** 472P/NEAT–LINEAR
* Comet NEAT–LONEOS
** 343P/NEAT–LONEOS
# Fabian Kalig

Fabian Kalig (born 28 March 1993) is a German former professional footballer who played as a defender.

## Career

Born in Wiesbaden, Kalig played for SV Niedernhausen and 1. FSV Mainz 05 II before, on 13 June 2016, he signed for Erzgebirge Aue on a two-year contract. In May 2018, he extended his contract with Aue until the end of June 2021.
Kalig announced his retirement from playing at the age of 28 in September 2021 due to cartilage damage.

## Career statistics

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | DFB-Pokal | DFB-Pokal | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Mainz 05 II | 2012–13 | Regionalliga Südwest | 34 | 1 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 34 | 1 |
| Mainz 05 II | 2013–14 | Regionalliga Südwest | 23 | 3 | — | — | 2 | 0 | 25 | 3 |
| Mainz 05 II | 2014–15 | 3. Liga | 33 | 1 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 33 | 1 |
| Mainz 05 II | 2015–16 | 3. Liga | 36 | 2 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 36 | 2 |
| Mainz 05 II | Total | Total | 126 | 7 | — | — | 2 | 0 | 128 | 7 |
| Erzgebirge Aue | 2016–17 | 2. Bundesliga | 18 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 1 |
| Erzgebirge Aue | 2017–18 | 2. Bundesliga | 31 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 34 | 0 |
| Erzgebirge Aue | 2018–19 | 2. Bundesliga | 27 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 0 |
| Erzgebirge Aue | 2019–20 | 2. Bundesliga | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Erzgebirge Aue | 2020–21 | 2. Bundesliga | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Erzgebirge Aue | Total | Total | 85 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 90 | 1 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 211 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 218 | 8 |
* ↑ Appearance(s) in play-offs for 3. Liga
* ↑ Appearance(s) in play-offs for 2. Bundesliga
# Edward Dorsey

Col. Edward Dorsey (before 1646 – 1705) was a colonial settler of Maryland and Anne Arundel County. His house at 211 Prince George St. is a historic Annapolis home, once occupied by Francis Nicholson from 1694 to 1709.

## Early life

On 25 March 1661, an at least 16-year-old Edward Dorsey returned to Maryland on a boat captained by Robert Mullen. His father was a boatwright and converted Quaker who had claimed lands in Maryland before drowning off Kent Island in 1659. In 1664, he was registered as a planter on one of his father's land surveys known as "Hockley-in-the-Hole". In 1667, he had taken on the craft as a boatwright and house builder around the settlement of Annapolis, Maryland.
By 1666, he was captain in the militia, rising to major in 1667.

## Later life

In 1675, he was registered as a lawyer. In the years 1679 and 1685, he was the justice of Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Around the time of the latter he moved into the house on Prince George Street. The first session of the Legislature in Annapolis was held in the house.
In 1694, he returned to the military as field officer of Calvert County, becoming Colonel in 1702. Before 1700, Dorsey moved to Major's Choice. His will was probated in 1705.
# Lada Chernova

Lada Vladimirovna Chernova (Russian: Ла́да Влади́мировна Черно́ва; born 1 January 1970) is a Russian javelin thrower. Her personal best throw is 63.35 meters, achieved in August 2007 in Tula.
She finished seventh at the 2006 World Cup. She also competed at the 2006 European Athletics Championships and the 2007 World Championships without reaching the final.
Chernova was given a two-year ban from competition in 2008 after testing positive for the banned substance metenolone. After her return to competition, she failed a second drugs test - for bromantan in February 2012, and was handed a lifetime ban by the Russian Anti-Doping Agency RUSADA. Chernova successfully appealed the decision in a Russian court, but the ban was subsequently confirmed following a counter-appeal by the World Anti-Doping Agency to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.

## International competitions

Representing  Russia :
| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Result | Notes |
| 2007 | World Championships | Osaka, Japan | 16th | Javelin throw | 58.12 m |
# Lodhi Art District

Lodhi Art Districtis India’s first open-air public art district, located in Lodhi Colony, New Delhi. It features large-scale murals and street art created by artists from India and around the world. Developed as part of an initiative by the St+art India Foundation.

## History and Development

The Lodhi Art District was conceptualized and brought to life between 2015 and 2016. The project aimed to revitalize the walls of Lodhi Colony's residential and administrative buildings, which are owned by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD).
The project was made possible through partnerships with governmental bodies, embassies, and corporate sponsors.
# Mackinac Trail

Mackinac Trail, or Mackinaw Trail is the name for two related, but separate, roadways in the US state of Michigan.
* In the Upper Peninsula:
** US 2, previous designation of H-63, before the construction of the I-75 freeway
** H-63, the entire road between St. Ignace and Sault Ste. Marie
* In the Lower Peninsula:
** US 31, between Petoskey and I-75 south of Mackinaw City
** Old US 131, between Reed City and Petoskey.
# Handoga

Handoga is located 14 km to the west of Dikhil, Djibouti. During the first excavations in 1970, archaeologists discovered foundations of stone houses and the walls of a stone edifice with a recess that faces Mecca.

## History

In 1986, the survey work sites were performed by R. Joussaume and researchers ISERST. The engravings oldest discovered to date are from the fourth or third millennium BC In the pre-Islamic period, the most famous is the site of Handoga there where the ruins of a village squares subcircular dry stone delivered different objects. An old settlement, Handoga is the site of numerous ancient ruins and buildings, many of obscure origins. Including ceramic shards matching vases used brazier, or containers that can hold water, several choppers and microliths, blades, drills, trenchers basalt, rhyolite or obsidian. A team of archaeologists discover an elephant date of 1.6 million years near the area. Also a pearl orange coralline, three glass paste, etc..
In 2007, the French archaeologists Xavier Gutherz and his team visited briefly the site and partially excavated an oval house which yielded more than 1,200 fragments of slag, iron pieces and copper ingots. The house was tentatively interpreted as a foundry.
Additional work has been completed on Handoga by a team at Statehorn: Archeology in the Horn of Africa during 2021 and 2022. A comprehensive map of the entire site was produced using high precision GPS. In addition, the surrounding area was surveyed and numerous structures were discovered that may be related to the medieval city in the area. Excavations were also performed on a compound, identified as C-5000, that contained four round structures surrounded by an outer wall. Differential uses of these spaces were found with some of the structures used for distribution, living, or cooking and others used as a dumping ground. Post holes and pits corresponding to older buildings were also found underneath the stone structures, designating the transition from traditional nomadic constructive techniques to ones based on stone-made architecture.
A large amount of archaeological materials have been discovered during the excavations on Handoga. Among the objects found were glass beads and bracelets, mother-of-pearl decorated pendants, many objects of metal and hundreds of fragments of cowry shells. There was also, an abundance of pottery materials, including hundreds of fragments of locally made pottery. Surprisingly, very little imported pottery was found on the site. A Chinese coin was also discovered at Handoga, the first one to be discovered in an archaeological context in the Horn of Africa.
# Has

HAS or Has may refer to:

## Organizations

* Hawaii Audubon Society, bird conservation organization in Hawaii
* Hellenic Actuarial Society, association of actuaries in Greece
* Hubbard Association of Scientologists International, corporation founded in 1954 by L. Ron Hubbard
* Hungarian Academy of Sciences, learned society of Hungary
* People's Voice Party, or HAS PARTİ, a Turkish political party

## People

* Wojciech Has (1925–2000), Polish film director, screenwriter and film producer
* Has Catley (1915 – 1975), Rugby union hooker from New Zealand

## Places

* Has District, a district in Kukës County, Albania
* Has (municipality), a municipality in Kukës County, Albania
* Has, a town in Bhutan
* Has (region), a region in Albania and Kosovo
* Has, Novi Travnik, a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina

## Transportation

* Ha'il Regional Airport, the IATA code for the airport in Saudi Arabia
* Hageland Aviation Services, a regional airline in Anchorage, Alaska
* Hardened aircraft shelters, a reinforced hangar to house and protect military aircraft
* Hastings (Amtrak station), Nebraska, Amtrak station code HAS
* Hokkaido Air System, an airline at Okadama Airport, Okadama-chō, Higashi-ku, Sapporo
* Hong Kong Airport Services, airport services in Hong Kong

## Other

* HAS (NASDAQ), Hasbro's NASDAQ symbol
* Hana Academy Seoul, a private high school in Seoul, South Korea
* Helium atom scattering, a surface analysis technique used in materials science
* Hôpital Albert Schweitzer Haiti, a hospital in Deschapelles, Haiti
* Hsinchu American School, an international school in Hsinchu City, Taiwan
* Hyaluronan synthase, an enzyme
# Jannik Müller

Jannik Müller (born 18 January 1994) is a German professional footballer who plays as a defender for 3. Liga club VfL Osnabrück.

## Club career

On 2 January 2025, Müller signed with VfL Osnabrück in 3. Liga.

## International career

Müller was a German youth international at the U19 level.

## Career statistics

    As of match played 1 July 2021
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | DFB-Pokal | DFB-Pokal | Continental | Continental | Continental | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| 1. FC Köln II | 2012–13 | Regionalliga West | 10 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 10 | |
| 1. FC Köln II | 2013–14 | Regionalliga West | 15 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 15 | 0 |
| 1. FC Köln II | Total | Total | 25 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 25 | 0 |
| Dynamo Dresden | 2014–15 | 3. Liga | 28 | 1 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 30 | 1 |
| Dynamo Dresden | 2015–16 | 3. Liga | 16 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 16 | 0 |
| Dynamo Dresden | 2016–17 | 2. Bundesliga | 27 | 4 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 28 | 4 |
| Dynamo Dresden | 2017–18 | 2. Bundesliga | 24 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 25 | 0 |
| Dynamo Dresden | 2018–19 | 2. Bundesliga | 17 | 1 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 17 | 1 |
| Dynamo Dresden | 2019–20 | 2. Bundesliga | 24 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 26 | 0 |
| Dynamo Dresden | Total | Total | 136 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 142 | 6 |
| DAC Dunajská Streda | 2020–21 | Slovak Super Liga | 27 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 32 | 1 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 188 | 6 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 199 | 7 |
# Samuel Worthington Dorsey

Samuel Worthington Dorsey (1811 – October 18, 1875) was an American lawyer, politician, and planter.
Dorsey, son of Thomas B. Dorsey, chief Judge of the Court of Appeals of the State of Maryland, and of Milcah (Goodwin) Dorsey, was bom in Baltimore in 1811. He graduated from Yale College in 1830. He studied law with John Glenn, Esq., in Baltimore, where he was admitted to the bar and engaged in practice for two years, after which he removed to Vicksburg, Miss., and there pursued his profession for about two years longer. During these last years he was also occupied with cotton planting, and he now abandoned his profession, and for the rest of his life was extensively engaged as a planter in Louisiana.
He went to Maryland for a visit in the spring of 1875, intending also to be present in New Haven at the meeting of his Yale class in June. But the threatened overflow of the Mississippi River called him home; he sank under the exposure to which he was subjected, and died, October 18, at his residence in Tensas Parish, La. Dorsey enjoyed the confidence and affection of a wide circle of friends for his high character. He had been Louisiana State Senator for several terms, and was a member of the State Convention which passed the ordinance of secession in 1861, though he took no active part in the struggle which followed, the American Civil War.
He was married in 1853 to Miss Sarah A. Ellis, of Natchez, Miss., who survived him. Mrs. Dorsey was extensively known in the South as an author.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Yale Obituary Record.
# Vera Hohlfeld

Vera Hohlfeld (born 24 February 1972) is a road cyclist from Germany. She represented her nation at the 1996 Summer Olympics where she finished fourth in the women's road race.
# Twenty pounds (British coin)

The British twenty pound (£20) coin is a commemorative denomination of sterling coinage, first issued by the Royal Mint in 2013. It is minted in .999 fine silver. Twenty pound coins are legal tender but are intended as souvenirs and are almost never seen in general circulation.

## Design

The designs which have appeared on the twenty pound coin's reverse are summarised in the table below.

### Welsh Dragon £20

From 2016 to 2020 the Royal Mint produced a Welsh Dragon £20 on a backdrop of the visitor centre at the Royal Mint Experience. Some of these years have been accompanied by the same coin on a backdrop of the Welsh flag. The visitor centre coin could only be purchased at the shop.
| Year | Event | Design | Edge Inscription | Designer |
| 2013 | – | Saint George and the Dragon | Milled | Benedetto Pistrucci |
| 2014 | The 100th anniversary of the outbreak of the First World War | Britannia and a lion on the left-hand side with warships in the background. An inscription above and to the right reads THE FIRST WORLD WAR, and below and to the left of that the dates 1914-1918 | Milled | John Bergdahl |
| 2015 | The 50th anniversary of Sir Winston Churchill's death | Winston Churchill | Milled | Etienne Millner |
| 2015 | The Longest Reigning Monarch | The five portraits of Queen Elizabeth II to appear on British coinage above the words "EIIR The Longest Reign" | Milled | Stephen Taylor |
| 2016 | 90th Birthday of Queen Elizabeth II | The royal cypher wreathed and crowned, all surrounded by roses | Milled | Christopher Hobbs |
| 2016 | Welsh Dragon Celebration | The Welsh dragon | Milled | Norman Sillman |
| 2016 | Christmas | The nativity | Milled | Gregory Cameron |
| 2017 | Platinum Wedding Anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip | Equestrian portrait of the Queen and Prince Philip | Milled | John Bergdahl |
| 2019 | Welsh Dragon Celebration | The Welsh dragon | Milled | Norman Sillman |

## Legal tender status

The prolific issuance since 2013 of silver commemorative £20, £50 and £100 coins at face value has led to attempts to spend or deposit these coins, prompting the Royal Mint to clarify the legal tender status of these silver coins. Royal Mint guidelines advise that they are considered to be limited edition collectables not intended for general circulation.
# Mario Rossi (conductor)

Mario Rossi (29 March 1902, Bitetto – 29 June 1992, Rome) was an Italian conductor, noted for his solid and meticulous readings of a repertory ranging from Italian classics to Russian moderns such as Prokofiev, to the German operatic classicist Christoph Willibald Gluck.
He studied composition in Rome with Respighi and conducting with Giacomo Setaccioli, graduating in 1925, and soon after graduation he took up the post of assistant conductor to Bernardino Molinari. Appointed resident conductor of the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino in Florence (1937–46), he made his debut on the podium there in 1937 with Mascagni's Iris. The following year he led the premiere of Gian Francesco Malipiero's opera Antonio e Cleopatra.
He conducted in all the major opera houses of Italy. As well as establishing himself in the standard Italian repertory, he took part in many revivals of ancient works such as Galuppi's Il filosofo di campagna, Monteverdi's Il ritorno d'Ulisse in Patria, and Piccinni's La buona figliuola.
From 1946 until 1969 he served as chief conductor of the orchestra of the RAI in Turin. He elevated this group to an international level, making guest appearances in Brussels (1950), Vienna, (1951), and Salzburg (1952). Amongst his performances on record were Il matrimonio segreto, Il barbiere di Siviglia, Don Pasquale, Un ballo in maschera, Otello, and Falstaff.

## Sources

* Le guide de l'opéra, Roland Mancini & Jean-Jacques Rouveroux, (Fayard, 1986) ISBN 2-213-01563-5