# Mesterolone

Mesterolone, sold under the brand name Proviron among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which is used mainly in the treatment of low testosterone levels. It has also been used to treat male infertility, although this use is controversial. It is taken by mouth.
Side effects of mesterolone include symptoms of masculinization like acne, scalp hair loss, increased body hair growth, voice changes, and increased sexual desire. It has no risk of liver damage. The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). It has strong androgenic effects and weak anabolic effects, which make it useful for producing masculinization. The drug has no estrogenic effects.
Mesterolone was first described by 1966 and introduced for medical use by 1967. In addition to its medical use, mesterolone has been used to improve physique and performance, although it is not commonly used for such purposes due to its weak anabolic effects. The drug is a controlled substance in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit.

## Medical uses

Mesterolone is used in the treatment of androgen deficiency in male hypogonadism, anemia, and to support male fertility among other indications. It has also been used to treat delayed puberty in boys. Because it lacks estrogenic effects, mesterolone may be indicated for treating cases of androgen deficiency in which breast tenderness or gynecomastia is also present. The drug is described as a relatively weak androgen with partial activity and is rarely used for the purpose of androgen replacement therapy, but is still widely used in medicine.
Mesterolone is used in androgen replacement therapy at a dosage of 50 to 100 mg 2 to 3 times per day.
vte Androgen replacement therapy formulations and dosages used in men :
| Route | Medication | Major brand names | Form | Dosage |
| Oral | Testosterone$^a$ | – | Tablet | 400–800 mg/day (in divided doses) |
| Oral | Testosterone undecanoate | Andriol, Jatenzo | Capsule | 40–80 mg/2–4× day (with meals) |
| Oral | Methyltestosterone$^b$ | Android, Metandren, Testred | Tablet | 10–50 mg/day |
| Oral | Fluoxymesterone$^b$ | Halotestin, Ora-Testryl, Ultandren | Tablet | 5–20 mg/day |
| Oral | Metandienone$^b$ | Dianabol | Tablet | 5–15 mg/day |
| Oral | Mesterolone$^b$ | Proviron | Tablet | 25–150 mg/day |
| Sublingual | Testosterone$^b$ | Testoral | Tablet | 5–10 mg 1–4×/day |
| Sublingual | Methyltestosterone$^b$ | Metandren, Oreton Methyl | Tablet | 10–30 mg/day |
| Buccal | Testosterone | Striant | Tablet | 30 mg 2×/day |
| Buccal | Methyltestosterone$^b$ | Metandren, Oreton Methyl | Tablet | 5–25 mg/day |
| Transdermal | Testosterone | AndroGel, Testim, TestoGel | Gel | 25–125 mg/day |
| Transdermal | Testosterone | Androderm, AndroPatch, TestoPatch | Non-scrotal patch | 2.5–15 mg/day |
| Transdermal | Testosterone | Testoderm | Scrotal patch | 4–6 mg/day |
| Transdermal | Testosterone | Axiron | Axillary solution | 30–120 mg/day |
| Transdermal | Androstanolone (DHT) | Andractim | Gel | 100–250 mg/day |
| Rectal | Testosterone | Rektandron, Testosteron$^b$ | Suppository | 40 mg 2–3×/day |
| Injection (IMTooltip intramuscular injection or SCTooltip subcutaneous injection) | Testosterone | Andronaq, Sterotate, Virosterone | Aqueous suspension | 10–50 mg 2–3×/week |
| Injection (IMTooltip intramuscular injection or SCTooltip subcutaneous injection) | Testosterone propionate$^b$ | Testoviron | Oil solution | 10–50 mg 2–3×/week |
| Injection (IMTooltip intramuscular injection or SCTooltip subcutaneous injection) | Testosterone enanthate | Delatestryl | Oil solution | 50–250 mg 1x/1–4 weeks |
| Injection (IMTooltip intramuscular injection or SCTooltip subcutaneous injection) | Testosterone enanthate | Xyosted | Auto-injector | 50–100 mg 1×/week |
| Injection (IMTooltip intramuscular injection or SCTooltip subcutaneous injection) | Testosterone cypionate | Depo-Testosterone | Oil solution | 50–250 mg 1x/1–4 weeks |
| Injection (IMTooltip intramuscular injection or SCTooltip subcutaneous injection) | Testosterone isobutyrate | Agovirin Depot | Aqueous suspension | 50–100 mg 1x/1–2 weeks |
| Injection (IMTooltip intramuscular injection or SCTooltip subcutaneous injection) | Testosterone phenylacetate$^b$ | Perandren, Androject | Oil solution | 50–200 mg 1×/3–5 weeks |
| Injection (IMTooltip intramuscular injection or SCTooltip subcutaneous injection) | Mixed testosterone esters | Sustanon 100, Sustanon 250 | Oil solution | 50–250 mg 1×/2–4 weeks |
| Injection (IMTooltip intramuscular injection or SCTooltip subcutaneous injection) | Testosterone undecanoate | Aveed, Nebido | Oil solution | 750–1,000 mg 1×/10–14 weeks |
| Injection (IMTooltip intramuscular injection or SCTooltip subcutaneous injection) | Testosterone buciclate$^a$ | – | Aqueous suspension | 600–1,000 mg 1×/12–20 weeks |
| Implant | Testosterone | Testopel | Pellet | 150–1,200 mg/3–6 months |
| Notes: Men produce about 3 to 11 mg of testosterone per day (mean 7 mg/day in young men). Footnotes: $^a$ = Never marketed. $^b$ = No longer used and/or no longer marketed. Sources: See template. |||||

## Non-medical uses

Mesterolone has been used for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes by competitive athletes, bodybuilders, and powerlifters.

## Side effects

Side effects of mesterolone include virilization among others.

## Pharmacology
### Pharmacodynamics

Like other AAS, mesterolone is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR). Mesterolone is described as a very poor anabolic agent due to inactivation by 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD) in skeletal muscle tissue, similarly to DHT and mestanolone (17α-methyl-DHT). In contrast, testosterone is a very poor substrate for 3α-HSD, and so is not similarly inactivated in skeletal muscle. Because of its lack of potentiation by 5α-reductase in "androgenic" tissues and its inactivation by 3α-HSD in skeletal muscle, mesterolone is relatively low in both its androgenic potency and its anabolic potency. However, it does still show a greater ratio of anabolic activity to androgenic activity relative to testosterone.
Mesterolone is not a substrate for 5α-reductase, as it is already 5α-reduced, and hence is not potentiated in so-called "androgenic" tissues such as the skin, hair follicles, and prostate gland.
Mesterolone is not a substrate for aromatase, and so cannot be converted into an estrogen. As such, it has no propensity for producing estrogenic side effects such as gynecomastia and fluid retention. It also has no progestogenic activity.
Because mesterolone is not 17α-alkylated, it has little or no potential for hepatotoxicity. However, its risk of deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system is comparable to that of several other oral AAS.

### Pharmacokinetics

The C1α methyl group of mesterolone inhibits its hepatic metabolism and thereby confers significant oral activity, although its oral bioavailability is still much lower than that of 17α-alkylated AAS. In any case, mesterolone is one of the few non-17α-alkylated AAS that is active with oral ingestion. Uniquely among AAS, mesterolone has very high affinity for human serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), about 440% that of DHT in one study and 82% of that of DHT in another study. As a result, it may displace endogenous testosterone from SHBG and thereby increase free testosterone concentrations, which may in part be involved in its effects.

## Chemistry

Mesterolone, also known as 1α-methyl-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone (1α-methyl-DHT) or as 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic androstane steroid and derivative of DHT. It is specifically DHT with a methyl group at the C1α position. Closely related AAS include metenolone and its esters metenolone acetate and metenolone enanthate. The antiandrogen rosterolone (17α-propylmesterolone) is also closely related to mesterolone.

## History

Mesterolone was developed in the 1960s and was first described by 1966. It was introduced for medical use by Schering under the brand name Proviron by 1967. The well-established brand name Proviron had previously been used by Schering for testosterone propionate starting in 1936. Following the introduction of mesterolone as Proviron, Schering continued to market testosterone propionate under the brand name Testoviron. A number of sources incorrectly state that mesterolone was synthesized or introduced for medical use in 1934.

## Society and culture
### Generic names

Mesterolone is the generic name of the drug and its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, BANTooltip British Approved Name, and DCITTooltip Denominazione Comune Italiana, while mestérolone is its DCFTooltip Dénomination Commune Française.

### Brand names

Mesterolone is marketed mainly under the brand name Proviron.

### Availability

Mesterolone is available widely throughout the world, including in the United Kingdom, Australia, and South Africa, as well as many non-English-speaking countries. It is not available in the United States, Canada, or New Zealand. The drug has never been marketed in the United States.

### Legal status

Mesterolone, along with other AAS, is a schedule III controlled substance in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act and a schedule IV controlled substance in Canada under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.

## Research

In one small scale clinical trial of depressed patients, an improvement of symptoms which included anxiety, lack of drive and desire was observed. In patients with dysthymia, unipolar, and bipolar depression significant improvement was observed. In this series of studies, mesterolone lead to a significant decrease in luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels. In another study, 100 mg mesterolone cipionate was administered twice monthly. With regards to plasma testosterone levels, there was no difference between the treated versus untreated group, and baseline luteinizing hormone levels were minimally affected.