OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Poor Act 1551

The Act for the Provision and Relief of the Poor was a statute passed by the Parliament of England during the reign of King Edward VI. It is a part of the Tudor Poor Laws and reaffirms previous poor laws enacted in 1536, 1547, and 1549 which focused primarily on the punishment of vagabonds. The Poor Act 1551 designated a new position, "collector of alms," in each parish. Local authorities and residents elected two alms collectors to request, record, and distribute charitable donations for poor relief. It further provided that each parish would keep a register of all its “impotent, aged, and needy persons” and the aid they received. Parish authorities were directed to “gently exhort” any person that could contribute but would not, referring them to the Bishop of the Diocese if they continued to refuse. Punishment for neglecting poor relief obligations was adopted in 1563 and reliance on charity was replaced by a system of taxation in 1597. Under the assumption that all poor would be cared for, begging openly was now forbidden. Licensed begging would be reinstated by the Marian Parliament of 1555 with the requirement that legal beggars wear badges.

## Social context

During the Tudor period, cultural perceptions began to shift away from the medieval theological belief that poverty was a virtue. The philosophical influence of Renaissance humanism and the emergence of a Protestant work ethic and rogue literature contributed to views encouraging industriousness and the stewardship of wealth and vilifying idleness, begging, and vagrancy. As poverty rates and the costs of poor relief rose, communities attempted to define and limit who qualified for aid, restricting support by locality and moral conduct.

## Economic context

The rise of poverty rates during the Tudor period can be attributed to a confluence of factors. Rebellions in 1549 hampered harvest efforts and crop shortages in the following years contributed to price inflation. A series of coin debasements between 1544-1551 undermined economic confidence. Rapid population growth and the effects of Tudor enclosure policies led to the supply of labour exceeding demand and agricultural and industrial wages falling sharply. High birth-rates also meant a large percentage of the population were too young to contribute economically. Additionally, the dissolution of the monasteries removed all Catholic Church-operated charities, religious guilds, and lay fraternities that provided formal and informal aid and confiscated parish lands and livestock which had also been used to provide poor relief. The process of replacing these institutions was often slow and uneven.
# Adolfo Biener

Adolfo Amandus Wilhelm Charles Biener; (also Adolpho) September 30, 1873 - November 14, 1939, was a German born photographer and post card publisher.

## Life

His father was Johann August Detlev Biener and his mother was Johanna Sophie Marie Noha. In 1899 he married German born Luisa Adela Mina Kraft in Guatemala. He was working in Guatemala from around 1915 until 1930's. He also did work in Mexico. He produced color cards and photographs especially in the 1920s. He hand-colored a master copy using an underdeveloped black and white image. He then printed the colored photograph. His work has been said to be very similar in subject and style to Alberto Valdeveallano. Many photos depicts archaeological sites, earthquakes and portraits. He offered photo processing and photographic equipment and supplies from Germany but also from the United States. He also published tourist booklets with postcards. Those contained 12 postcards that could be detached and mailed. In 1933 he travelled to New York with his son Paul and he died in 1939 in Hamburg.
* Cathedral of Guatemala City under construction 1923.
* Guatemala City, 1930.
# Johann Sadie

Johann Sadie (born 23 January 1989 in Malmesbury, South Africa) is a professional South African rugby union player. He usually plays as a centre and currently plays for French Top 14 side Agen.

## Rugby career
### Stormers / Western Province

Sadie started off his career playing for Western Province in 2010, however stiff competition from Springboks' Jean de Villiers, Jaque Fourie and Juan de Jongh in his chosen position meant that he moved.

### Bulls / Blue Bulls

He joined the Bulls for the 2012 Super Rugby season. His time in Pretoria was not a happy one and he only managed 10 Super Rugby appearances and 3 games in the Currie Cup.

### Cheetahs / Free State Cheetahs

He joined the Cheetahs after the 2012 Currie Cup Premier Division and made an instant impact in Bloemfontein scoring 5 tries during the 2013 Super Rugby season.

### Agen

After the 2015 Super Rugby season, he joined French Top 14 side Agen on a two-year deal.

## International

Sadie represented South Africa U20 at the 2009 IRB Junior World Championship in Japan scoring 1 try in 4 matches.
# Ahmet Kuru

Ahmet Kuru (born 23 April 1982) is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a striker.
After coming through Werder Bremen's youth system, he played for the club's reserves, Eintracht Braunschweig, and FC St. Pauli. He went on to spend the rest of his career in Turkey.
# Zhang Yuxin

Zhang Yuxin (born February 20, 1989, in Heilongjiang, China) is an alpine skier from China. He competed for China at the 2014 Winter Olympics in the slalom and giant slalom.
# Wang Ze

Wang Ze (died 14 March 1048) was a rebel leader during Emperor Renzong's reign in the Song dynasty, whose agrarian army occupied Bei Prefecture for 65 days before it was crushed by the government army led by Wen Yanbo.
Wang utilized Maitreya teachings as a tool to organize his Millenarian troops. A much later supernatural novel The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt based its story on this rebellion.

## Early life

Wang Ze was a Zhuo Prefecture native who during a famine drifted to Bei Prefecture, where he sold himself to become a goatherd. Later he became a corporal in the army. Back when he left Zhuo Prefecture, his mother had tattooed the Chinese character fu (福; "auspiciousness") on his back as a talisman. Believers in the Maitreyan cult, present in great numbers in Bei Prefecture and the neighboring Ji Prefecture, spread the false rumor about his tattoo, and soon enough Wang became the cult leader. Their doctrine proclaimed, "Sakyamuni has declined and Maitreya shall rule the world."
With the assistance of subprefectural clerks Zhang Luan and Bu Ji, Wang's following spread to neighboring De Prefecture and Qi Prefecture. The original plan was to destroy the pontoon bridge in Chan Prefecture on 10 January 1048, but after the capture of cult activist Pan Fangjing (潘方凈) — for attempting and failing to assassinate the prefect of Daming — Wang and his followers decided to rise in arms quickly.

## The rebellion

Once Wang Ze and his followers raided the armory, Bei's prefect Zhang Deyi (張得一) fled to the cavalry barracks, but he was captured after the rebels burned down the doors. After some fighting on the streets, Wang's followers successfully drove away general Tian Bin (田斌) and his cavalry from the city, then proceeded to massacre most officials that could not get away. They also released all prisoners from jail.
Ma Sui was sent by Daming prefect Jia Changchao (賈昌朝) as an unarmed messenger with a letter demanding Wang Ze's surrender. During negotiations, Ma jumped and threw his cup at Wang, and attempted to strangle Wang to death with bare hands. Wang's followers then hacked off one of Ma's arms, stopping the strangulation and Ma was subsequently killed. Wang reportedly rested for many days after the scare and injury.
Once order was restored, Wang proclaimed himself the King of Dongping (東平郡王), founder of a new state called Anyang (安陽). His era name was to be "Desheng" (得聖; "Acquiring God"), and a new calendar was drawn up changing the twelfth lunar month to the first month (as the rebellion happened in the twelfth lunar month). He also named Zhang Luan the chancellor and Bu Ji the commissioner of military affairs.
# Atika Shubert

Atika Lynn Shubert (born 2 August 1970) is an American CNN journalist based in Valencia, Spain. She covers Spain as well as the rest of Europe for CNN. Before her promotion she was based in Berlin and in London. Prior to working for CNN, she was a correspondent for The Washington Post and The New Zealand Herald in Indonesia as she speaks both English and Indonesian fluently. She is a graduate of the Class of 1991 of Jakarta International School. She is an economics graduate of Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts, US.

## Career

Shubert started her career with CNN as a producer in Jakarta, Indonesia, where she covered the fall of Indonesia's long-time dictator Suharto in 1998 and East Timor's transition to independence in 1999. Shubert joined CNN as a reporter for CNN's Jakarta bureau, and was appointed to the position of Tokyo correspondent in 2004. During her time reporting from Tokyo, Shubert covered a number of major news stories in Japan, including the controversial deployment of Japan's Self-Defense Forces, the Japanese hostage situation in Iraq and the verdict of Shoko Asahara (the mastermind behind the 1995 sarin gas attack in Tokyo). In the summer of 2005, Shubert reported live from Hiroshima on the commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the 1945 atomic bombing for CNN's special Remembering Hiroshima. She also reported on the nuclear tensions in the Korean Peninsula in 2006, after North Korea tested nuclear weapons.
CNN claims that Shubert was one of the first CNN correspondents to report on the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, reporting from Aceh, Indonesia, where she was vacationing at the time. Also in Indonesia, Shubert covered a number of major new events that included the 2002 Bali bombings, the fall of President Abdurrahman Wahid and the installation of Vice President Megawati Sukarnoputri as his successor (2001), the resurgence of the Free Aceh separatist movement, and the religious conflict in the Moluccas. Shubert also briefly covered the Schapelle Corby verdict in Bali; however, due to the time-consuming and overall expensive nature of this landmark court case, CNN eventually opted to run stock footage obtained from its Australian network affiliates instead of direct reporting. Shubert has also contributed reports from the Philippines and Singapore.
From 2008 until 2015 Shubert was based in the CNN London bureau covering stories from around the UK and Europe. She relocated to Berlin in June 2015 to cover Germany and Europe.

## Interview with Julian Assange

In October 2010, Shubert interviewed WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange shortly after his organization released classified US military documents related to the Iraq War. After asking him questions about internal issues related to Wikileaks itself, she began asking questions about his alleged sexual assaults. Assange stated that if this line of questioning continued, as opposed to being asked questions directly related to the leaked documents, he would leave the interview. Shubert persisted in her line of questioning, and Assange walked out of the interview.

## Education

* Tufts University (1995)
* Jakarta International School (1991)
# Jürgen Luginger

Jürgen Luginger (born 8 December 1967) is a German former professional football player and manager.

## Coaching career

Luginger became head coach of Schalke 04 II prior to the 2014–15 season.
In April 2017 he became new manager of FC 08 Homburg succeeding Jens Kiefer.
# Paul Bosch

Paul Bosch (born 24 September 1984 in Pretoria, South Africa) is a professional German rugby union player, of South African origin. He usually plays as a centre.

## Career

In 2003-04, Bosch played an entire season for Ponteland Rugby Club in Northumberland, England. He currently plays for the US Nevers (France) after signing from Montpellier in Top 14 (2011-2013), Western Province (2008-2011) and Leopards (2006-2008) in South Africa's Currie Cup, and the Stormers in Super Rugby (2011).
On 14 February 2015, he made his debut for Germany against Russia.
# Alessandro da Silva (footballer)

Alessandro Alvares da Silva (born 7 November 1970) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He spent most of his career in Germany and played one season each in the Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga.
# Pseudobarbus

Pseudobarbus is a ray-finned fish genus in the family Cyprinidae. The type species is Burchell's redfin (P. burchelli). The scientific name is derived from the Ancient Greek pseudes ("false") and the Latin word barbus ("beard", in reference to the barbels of barbs). This genus contains some (and might contain all) of the South African redfins. It was originally proposed as a subgenus, but has since been found worthy of recognition as a full genus.
This genus is restricted to southern Africa; all of its species were formerly placed in Barbus, the genus of typical barbels and their relatives. One taxon was originally described as P. leonhardi – this, however, was a European fish for which the genus was erroneously proposed anew. It has since turned out to be nothing other than the barbel B. peloponnesius.

## Species and systematics

Pseudobarbus was placed in the paraphyletic "subfamily" Barbinae by those that recognize that group, but if not included in the Cyprininae outright it might – like the other small African barbs – belong to an as yet unnamed subfamily.
Pseudobarbus contains the following species:
* Pseudobarbus afer (Peters, 1864) (Eastern Cape redfin)
* Pseudobarbus asper (Boulenger, 1911) (Smallscale redfin)
* Pseudobarbus burchelli (A. Smith, 1841) (Burchell's redfin)
* Pseudobarbus burgi (Boulenger, 1911) (Berg River redfin)
* Pseudobarbus kubhekai Zarei, Mathebula & Chakona, 2025
* Enteromius pallidus (A. Smith, 1841) (Goldie barb)
* Pseudobarbus phlegethon (Barnard, 1938) (Fiery redfin)
* Pseudobarbus quathlambae (Barnard, 1938) (Maluti redfin)
* Pseudobarbus senticeps (J. L. B. Smith, 1936)
* Pseudobarbus skeltoni Chakona & Swartz, 2013 (Giant redfin)
* Pseudobarbus swartzi Chakona & Skelton, 2017
* Pseudobarbus tenuis (Barnard, 1938) (Slender redfin)
* Pseudobarbus verloreni Chakona, Swartz & Skelton, 2014 (Verlorenvlei redfin)
Some South African "redfin" barb were previously placed in Barbus, mainly due to a lack of taxonomic and systematic study of that huge "wastebin genus". They formed a clade distinct from the traditional Pseudobarbus and were more plesiomorphic. Certainly, they did not belong in the typical barbel:
# Regina Margareten

Regina Margareten (December 20 or 25, 1863 – January 15, 1959) was a Hungarian-American entrepreneur, who became known as the "Matzoh Queen" of New York City. She immigrated to the United States in 1883, where the family set up a business which grew into kosher food manufacturers Horowitz Brothers and Margareten Company. She was profiled several times by The New York Times, and continued to attend to the business until two weeks prior to her death.

## Career

Regina Margareten was born in Miskolc, Hungary, on either December 20 or 25, 1863, to Jacob Horowitz and his wife Miral Chayah Horowitz (née Brunner), who went by the name of Mary. At birth, Margareten was known as both Rebush and Hannah Rivka. Her father was a paternal descendant of Shmelke Horowitz from the Nikolsburg Hasidic dynasty. While pregnant, she emigrated with her husband Ignatz Margareten and her parents in 1883 to the United States, where they settled in New York City. They opened a grocery store on the Lower East Side, as they wanted to continue following Orthodox Judaism. They made their own matzoh for their first Passover while in the United States, and this grew over the following years to become the sole object of the family's business in New York, which was known as Horowitz Brothers and Margareten Company.
The business grew from using a rented bakery in their first year, to having a turnover of more than a million dollars in 1931. Margareten would make checks on the matzoh routinely throughout each day, and proposed the use of wheat from three different American states to improve the quality of the matzoh, and expand the business into other kosher products. When her husband died in 1923, she became treasurer of the company. During the 1940s and 50's, she would speak on the local radio just prior to Passover in both Yiddish and English. When the city took over the original business location in 1945, Margareten oversaw the opening of a larger facility in Long Island. Margareten was profiled on several occasions in later life by The New York Times, on her 80th birthday in 1942, on her 91st in 1953 and finally on December 24, 1957. She continued to visit the plant daily until two weeks prior to her death at the age of 95 on January 15, 1959. In her obituary, The New York Times described her as the "Matzoh Queen".

## Personal life

Regina Margareten was the matriarch of the extended family. She owned property near Hunter Mountain in New York State, and established Margareten Park in Hunter, New York. During the 1920s and 30s, she returned to Hungary on a yearly basis to visit family, once flying the London to Paris part of the journey during the 1920s. Margareten invested in a coal mine in Edelény, Hungary, in 1924, which resulted in jobs for many local family members. Following the start of the Second World War, she and her son Jacob arranged for many members of the Hungarian side of the family to come to the United States.
# Virgilio Fossati

Virgilio Fossati (Italian pronunciation:; 3 January 1891 – 29 June 1916) was an Italian footballer and manager. A midfielder, he played for and coached Italian club Inter Milan, also representing the Italy national team; he captained both teams throughout his career.

## Career

Fossati spent his entire career with Inter Milan. He played 97 times for the club and scored 4 goals. Throughout his career, Fossati served as Inter and Italy's captain and also the first Inter player to play with the Italy national team. On 15 May 1910, he scored in Italy's first official match, a 6–2 win over France. He later also coached Inter.
Fossati's career was ended by World War I. He died on 29 June 1916 near Monfalcone during the preparation of the Sixth Battle of the Isonzo between the Italian and Austrian armies.
His brother Giuseppe (born 1894) played 43 matches in three years with Inter.
# Karsten Baumann

Karsten Baumann (born 14 October 1969) is a German football manager and former player who last managed Hansa Rostock.

## Playing career

He spent twelve years in the Bundesliga where he was mainly a player within the squad.
During his youth he played one match for the Germany national U-21 team.

## Coaching career

Baumann started his coaching career at Rot-Weiß Erfurt when he was hired on 19 February 2008. His first match as head coach was a 5–0 win against the reserve team of VfL Wolfsburg on 23 February 2008. He finished the 2007–08 season in seventh place and promotion to the first ever 3. Liga season. Baumann was sacked on 28 April 2009, three days after Rot-Weiß Erfurt lost to Kickers Emden 1–0.
His next job was at VfL Osnabrück when he was appointed on 12 June 2009. His first match as head coach of Osnabrück was a 1–0 loss to Eintracht Braunschweig. He was sacked on 21 March 2011 after losing 3–1 to Alemannia Aachen.
Then on 22 February 2012, Erzgebirge Aue hired Baumann as head coach after Rico Schmitt was sacked the previous day. His first match as head coach of Erzgebirge Aue was a 2–0 loss to Energie Cottbus. He was sacked on 28 April 2013. His final match was a 0–0 draw against MSV Duisburg.
He then took over the job at Duisburg on 8 July 2013. On 15 April 2014, Duisburg announced that Baumann wouldn't return for another season and had his final match on 15 May 2014 in the state cup final which Duisburg won 5–2.
On 9 December 2014, he was hired as the head coach of Hansa Rostock. He was sacked on 5 December 2015.

## Coaching record

    As of 9 August 2015
| Team | From | To | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record |
| Team | From | To | G | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Win % | Ref. |
| Rot-Weiß Erfurt | 19 February 2008 | 28 April 2009 | 49 | 18 | 13 | 18 | 72 | 66 | +6 | 036.73 | |
| VfL Osnabrück | 12 June 2009 | 21 March 2011 | 70 | 30 | 13 | 27 | 101 | 97 | +4 | 042.86 | |
| Erzgebirge Aue | 22 February 2012 | 28 April 2013 | 47 | 13 | 14 | 20 | 52 | 65 | −13 | 027.66 | |
| MSV Duisburg | 8 July 2013 | 15 May 2014 | 39 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 45 | 46 | −1 | 033.33 | |
| Hansa Rostock | 9 December 2014 | Present | 21 | 7 | 5 | 9 | 30 | 33 | −3 | 033.33 | |
| Total | Total | Total | 226 | 81 | 58 | 87 | 300 | 307 | −7 | 035.84 | — |
# Abarth Simca 1300 GT

The Abarth-Simca 1300 GT is a sports racing car built by Abarth from 1962 to 1965.

## Description

The Abarth-Simca 1300 was the first product born from the collaboration between Carlo Abarth and Simca. The negotiations between the two companies were mediated by the Austrian engineer Rudolf Hruska, who had previously worked with Carlo Abarth at Cisitalia in 1949 and was a technical consultant at Simca in the early 1960s. Simca owner Enrico Pigozzi was looking for a sports partner for his small cars, to be able to make racing versions, then agreed with Abarth to develop a family of cars using the Simca 1000 as a basis. Pigozzi hoped that the collaboration with Abarth could make the Simca brand affirm itself in motor racing.
The Abarth-Simca 1300 was based on the floor of the Simca 1000. The chassis, gearbox, steering, and front and rear axles were retained. The bodywork, on the other hand, was revolutionized with a new design, which followed the shape and rounded lines of coupé like the Fiat-Abarth 850 and Fiat-Abarth 1000. The project was developed by the chief engineer of Abarth Mario Colucci. To create the aluminum bodywork, Carlo Abarth and Colucci relied on small local companies: from 1963 onwards entirely to Carrozzeria Sibona-Basano, before that to Beccaris, both from Turin.
The engine was also completely redesigned. Also mounted at the rear, the displacement was increased to 1.3 liters and the cylinder head was equipped with a twin-shaft distribution, with the adoption of two Weber 45DCOE double-barrel carburetors; thanks to these modifications it delivered 125 hp. The lubrication was dry sump with two oil pumps and a radiator was fitted in the front. The GT road version reached a top speed of around 230 km/h (140 mph).

## Racing History

The racing version, called Bialbero, was faster by 20 km/h. Gianni Balzarini in 1962 won the uphill race on Mont de la Lure in France and Lucien Bianchi won the Trophée d'Auvergne in the same year, a circuit race in Clermont-Ferrand . Jean Guichet took a victory at the Autumn Cup in Monza, where he won in the GT class. At the 1962 24 Hours of Le Mans, Balzarini shared 1300 with Austrian Franz Albert. Their race ended after 30 laps due to a transmission problem. Nine laps on, a second 1300 Bialbero by Frenchman Henri Oreiller and Tommy Spychigerhe retired for the same problem.
Hans Herrmann in 1963 achieved a class victory at the 3 Hours of Daytona and the 12 Hours of Sebring.

## Championships

* International Grand Touring Championship 1964 - Constructors Division I.
* International GT Championship 1965 - Constructors Division I.