OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# EPNdB

Effective perceived noise in decibels (EPNdB) or Effective Perceived Noise Level (EPNL) is a measure of the relative noisiness of an individual aircraft pass-by event. It is used for aircraft noise certification and applies to an individual aircraft, not the noise exposure from an airport. Separate ratings are stated for takeoff, overflight and landing events, and represent the integrated power sum of noisiness during the event. Instantaneous value of noisiness is computed with the PNL or PNdB metric over the period within which the noise from the aircraft is within 10 dB of the maximum noise (usually at the point of closest approach.) It is defined, with computational instructions, in Annex 16 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation and in Part 36 of the US Federal Aviation Regulations. The scaling is such that the EPNdB rating represents the integrated noisiness over a ten-second period; EPNdB of 100 dB means that the event has the same integrated noisiness as a 100 PNdB sound lasting ten seconds. Direct comparison with A-weighted sound pressure level, which is used for many other environmental sound measurements, is not possible because PNdB is a noisiness metric rather than a sound pressure metric.
The term "cumulative" EPNdB is the combination of the noise margins from the three ratings. It is defined as the sum of the individual margins (difference between certified noise level and noise limit) at takeoff lateral, takeoff flyover and approach.
It is important to make the distinction between loudness and noisiness. The same kinds of analytical methods are used but instead of using equal-loudness contours, equal-noisiness contours are derived and used instead.
The EPNdB metric is only used in the US for aircraft certification purposes. In Australia and Canada, it's the basis for the ANEF and NEF noise exposure forecast used in place of the DNL and Day-evening-night metrics used in the US and Europe respectively.

## Computation of EPNdB

Detailed information on measurement of aircraft acoustic signature to meet the requirements of Annex 16 is found in ICAO Document 9501 and IEC 61265. Data acquisition in one-third-octave bands is required, followed by processing to yield a logarithmically-scaled value in decibels relative to a sound pressure of 20 micropascals for each one-third-octave band. The individual band sound pressure levels are converted to "noy" values which are then summed in the manner of Stevens' MKVI loudness to yield a total noy value. Noy is a linear unit of noisiness like sone is for loudness, and is then converted into PNL or PNdB (the terms are interchangeable) which is a logarithmic unit like phon which is the logarithmic unit for loudness. EPNdB is the integrated PNdB value over the duration of the pass-by event, normalized to a 10-second event duration using Stevens's power law. The frequency weighting function in the "noy" curves is very close to the old D-weighting curve.
# Junabad Rural District

Junabad Rural District (Persian: دهستان جون‌آباد) is in Ladiz District of Mirjaveh County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Junabad.

## History

After the 2011 National Census, Mirjaveh District was separated from Zahedan County in the establishment of Mirjaveh County, and Junabad Rural District was created in the new Ladiz District.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2016 census, the rural district's population was 6,455 in 1,750 households. The most populous of its 95 villages was Towhidabad, with 473 people.
# Rafael Pucić

Rafael Pucić (27 April 1828 – 4 November 1890) was a lawyer and politician from Dubrovnik. He was a member of the Austrian Imperial Council and served as mayor of Dubrovnik.
# Tylorrhynchus heterochetus

Tylorrhynchus heterochetus, also known as the Japanese palolo is a species of edible ragworm.
The species can be commonly found in estuaries of the Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea. Its mature size is circa 5.65 cm.
The worm inhabits the muddy soil of estuaries and rice paddies. During the reproductive season in November and December, the worms swim up to the surface and migrate to sea at high tide. The males will turn to a white milky colour, whereas females will attain a white-green colour. As the worms reach the higher salinity seawater, they will release their gametes and die.
Due to pollution and changes to their natural environments, they are nowadays less numerous, and entirely extinct in some habitats.
The up to 35 cm deep burrows made by the worm in muddy sea beds help to bring oxygen to nitrifying bacteria.

## Relationship with humans
### As food

It is eaten as a local delicacy in the Chinese coastal provinces of Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang and in Northeast Vietnam. The worm has high nutritional value in protein and fats.
In Vietnam, it is mainly used in a dish called chả rươi, which has been known as a delicacy for centuries, especially in the area of Tứ Kỳ district, Hải Dương province.
As it occurs only during its breeding season, farmers can earn relatively high incomes from harvesting the worms. In some areas, this has resulted in overfishing.

### As medicine

It is also used in traditional Chinese medicine. A study has shown that consumption of the worm has an anti-fatigue effect on mice.

### Other uses

Since the worms are sensitive to changes in their environmental conditions, they are sometimes used by researches to monitor the quality of marine habitats.
# Nguyễn Duy Quý

Nguyễn Duy Quý (6 April 1932 – 4 May 2022) was a Vietnamese academic and politician. He served on the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam and was a member of the National Assembly from 1992 to 2002. He died in Hanoi on 4 May 2022 at the age of 90.
# Yin Fanglong

Yin Fanglong (Chinese: 殷方龙; born November 1953) is a retired general of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA). He served as the inaugural Political Commissar of the Central Theater Command from 2016 to 2018. Prior to that, he served as deputy director of the PLA General Political Department from 2012 to 2016.

## Biography

Yin Fanglong was born in November 1953 in Yangzhong, Jiangsu Province. He joined the PLA in 1972. He served in the Lanzhou Military Region and the Shenyang Military Region, where he was the political commissar of a tank division.
In 1999 he became deputy director of the Political Department of the PLA General Armaments Department, and was promoted to Director in 2004. In 2008 he was appointed Director of the Political Department of the Second Artillery Corps, and in 2012 he became deputy director of the PLA General Political Department.
Yin Fanglong attained the rank of major general in 2001 and lieutenant general in 2010. On 31 July 2015, he was promoted to general (shangjiang), the highest rank for Chinese military officers in active service, along with nine other officers. In February 2016, he was named Political Commissar of the newly established Central Theater Command. In March 2018, he was appointed deputy director of the National People's Congress Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee.
Yin was an alternate member of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (2012–2017).
# Niederwangen railway station

Niederwangen railway station (German: Bahnhof Niederwangen) is a railway station in the municipality of Köniz, in the Swiss canton of Bern. It is an intermediate stop on the standard gauge Lausanne–Bern line of Swiss Federal Railways.

## Services

As of the December 2024 timetable change, the following services stop at Niederwangen:
* Bern S-Bahn:
** S1: half-hourly service between Fribourg/Freiburg and Thun.
** S2: half-hourly service between Laupen BE and Langnau.
# 1965 Pakistani general election

General elections were held in Pakistan on 21 March 1965. The National Assembly was elected indirectly by the basic democracy electoral college system, with electoral college members elected in October and November 1964.

## Background

The 1962 constitution provided for an indirectly elected 156-seat National Assembly, of which 150 seats were elected from single-member constituencies by electoral colleges and six seats reserved for women, who were elected by the 150 general members. The seats were divided equally between East and West Pakistan. There were 80,000 members of the electoral college ("basic democrats"), 40,000 in each wing.
The electoral college members were elected between 31 October and 9 November 1964 in West Pakistan and from 10 to 19 November in East Pakistan. A total of 264,254 candidates submitted nomination papers, of which 192,416 were successfully registered after disqualifications, withdrawals and retirements. 11,652 were elected unopposed.
The first task of the basic democrats was to elect the president, which occurred on 2 January 1965.

## Results

Several opposition parties, including the Awami League, the Council Muslim League, Jamaat-e-Islami, the National Awami Party and its northwestern Wali faction, as well as the Nizam-e-Islam Party, formed a coalition to contest the elections as the Combined Opposition Parties.
A total of 672 candidates submitted nomination papers for the National Assembly elections, of which 437 were approved. 18 candidates were elected unopposed from constituencies with 10,651 basic democrats.
The Convention Muslim League won 120 seats and the opposition Combined Opposition Party and National Democratic Front 16. 25 incumbent MPs lost their seats, including one minister.
| Party | Party | Seats |
| | Convention Muslim League | 120 |
| | Combined Opposition Parties | 10 |
| | National Democratic Front | 6 |
| | Independents | 14 |
| Total | Total | 150 |
| Source: Kamran |||
# List of sheriffs of Essex County, Massachusetts

This is a list of sheriffs of Essex County, Massachusetts. In the earliest days of the county the office of sheriff was called the marshall. Since 1692 the office has been called the sheriff. The Sheriff originally was an appointed office, it has been an elected position since 1856. The sheriff is elected to serve a six-year term.
The current Essex County Sheriff is Kevin Coppinger.
| Sheriff | Term | Party | Note |
| George Corwin | 1692–1696 | | |
| William Gedney | 1696–1702 | | |
| Thomas Wainwright | 1702 | | |
| William Gedney | | | |
| Daniel Denison | 1708–1710 | | |
| William Gedney | 1710–1715 | | |
| John Denison | 1715–1722 | | |
| John Denison | July 3, 1722 – December 12, 1728 | | Joint Sheriff of Essex County with Benjamin Marston from July 3, 1722, to December 12, 1728. |
| Benjamin Marston | July 3, 1722, – December 12, 1728 | | Joint Sheriff of Essex County with John Denison from July 3, 1722, to December 12, 1728. |
| Benjamin Marston | December 12, 1728 – January 24, 1745-6 | | Joint Sheriff of Essex County with John Denison from July 3, 1722, to December 12, 1728. |
| Robert Hale | 1746–1766 | | |
| Richard Saltonstall | 1766–1779 | | |
| Michael Farley | 1779–1792 | | |
| Bailey Bartlett | 1792–1831 | | |
| Joseph E. Sprague | 1831–1852 | | |
| Frederick Robinson | 1852–1854 | Republican | |
| Thomas E. Payson | 1854–1856 | Whig | |
| James Cary | 1856–1866 | | |
| Horatio G. Herrick | 1866–1893 | Republican | |
| Samuel A. Johnson | 1893–1919 | Republican | Died in office. |
| Patrick F. Tierney | 1919–1921 | | |
| Arthur G. Wells | 1921–1932 | Republican | Died in office. |
| Frank E. Raymond | 1932–1953 | Republican | |
| Earl Wells | 1953–1964 | Republican | Died in office. Succeeded by his son. |
| Roger E. Wells | 1964 | Republican | Acting |
| William J. Casey | 1964–1965 | Democratic | Appointed by Gov. Endicott Peabody |
| Roger E. Wells | 1964–1975 | Republican | |
| Robert Ellis Cahill | 1975–1978 | Democratic | Resigned after he suffered a heart attack and stroke. |
| Charles Reardon | 1978–1996 | Democratic | Resigned after pleading guilty to corruption charges. |
| Frank G. Cousins, Jr | 1996–2017 | Republican | Appointed in 1996 by Massachusetts Governor William Weld. |
| Kevin Coppinger | 2017–present | Democratic | |
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Hurd, Duane Hamilton (1888), History of Essex County, Massachusetts: With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men, Volume I., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. W. Lewis & Company, p. xi
* ↑ Guiley, Rosemary (2011). Haunted Salem: Strange Phenomena in the Witch City: Strange Phenomena in the Witch City. Stackpole Books. ISBN 9780811744218.
* ↑ Lorant, Richard (September 18, 1996). "Essex County sheriff resigns in corruption". SouthCoastToday.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
# Geethal Malinda

Geethal Malinda (born 2 April 1997) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Kalutara Town Club in Tier B of the 2018–19 Premier League Tournament on 27 March 2019.
# Cardinal Langley Roman Catholic High School

The Cardinal Langley Roman Catholic High School is a Roman Catholic secondary school in Middleton, Greater Manchester, England, for ages 11–18. The school is named for Thomas Langley, a 15th-century prelate who hailed from Middleton.

## Location

Cardinal Langley school is on Rochdale Road (A664), around one mile from the end of the Middleton spur of the A627(M). Hopwood Hall College and Hopwood Clough Nature Reserve are nearby to the north-west. .

## History
### Grammar school

It opened under the supervision of the De La Salle Brothers in September 1959 as a grammar school with the first two years, gradually increasing year by year. The second year students were drawn from existing grammar schools in the area.
In the second year of existence the building work had not been completed and hence students attended on a half day basis. It was administered by Lancashire Education Committee and by 1967 had 780 boys. In 1974, it was taken over by the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale. Since then, the number of De La Salle brothers teaching at the school reduced and by the early 1990s all Lasallian brothers had left.

### Comprehensive

It became a comprehensive in 1979.

## Parish & School

* St John Fisher RC Primary School
* St Peter's RC Primary School
* St Thomas More R.C. Primary School
* St. Mary's RC Langley

## Academic performance

An Ofsted inspection undertaken on 9 May 2017 judged the school to be "good", in all inspected areas, including the sixth form college.
It gets GCSE results slightly above average, but at A-level it performs better, receiving the best results in Rochdale LEA.

## Notable former pupils
### Cardinal Langley RC Grammar School

* Maartin Allcock (b 1957), musician
* Clint Boon (b 1959), Inspiral Carpets and DJ
* Brendan Coogan (b 1970), television presenter
* Martin Coogan (b 1961), singer-songwriter, DJ
* Steve Coogan (b 1965), actor and comedian
* Steve Cowan, drummer with The Mock Turtles, from Alkrington
* Paul O'Brien CBE FRS (b 1954), Professor of Chemistry at the University of Manchester
* Kieran Prendiville (b 1947), television presenter, writer
* Pearce Quigley, actor
* John Richmond (b 1960), fashion designer
* Stephen Gaukroger

### Cardinal Langley RC High School

* JP Cooper (b 1983) singer/songwriter
* Liam Fray (b 1985), musician The Courteeners
* Matt Greenwood (b 1995), actor
* Jane Hazlegrove (b 1968), actress
* Suranne Jones (b 1978), actress
* Kavana (b 1977), pop artist
* Keri-Anne Payne (b 1987), swimmer and Olympic silver medalist
* Paul Scholes (b 1974), footballer
# Gerald Klews

Gerald Klews (born 4 April 1972) is a German former footballer.

## Career

Klews began his career at youth level with various clubs in West Berlin, before joining Hamburger SV, where he played for the reserve team. He returned to Berlin in 1992, joining Hertha BSC, where he made 57 appearances in the 2. Bundesliga over three years, mostly as a substitute. In his first season, he was also involved in Hertha's reserve team, who reached the DFB-Pokal final, losing 1–0 to Bayer Leverkusen.
In 1995, Klews moved across town, to join Union Berlin, playing in the Regionalliga Nordost for two years, before returning to the second level in 1997, joining Energie Cottbus. He was a regular in the first team in his first year, but only made two appearances in the first half of the following season, and left in January 1999, joining SV Babelsberg. After six months, he moved west, spending a year at each VfB Oldenburg and Holstein Kiel. He ended his career with spells at various clubs in the northeastern region.
# John L. Morrison (pioneer)

John Lindsey Morrison (May 1819 – December 21, 1899) arrived in Oregon Country in 1842 along with other famous Oregon pioneers Medorem Crawford, Asa Lovejoy, and Sidney Moss, in the same wagon train. Morrison built the home of Francis Pettygrove in early Portland, Oregon, in 1846. The street on which Pettygrove's house was located was named in honor of Morrison. The first Morrison Street Bridge (built in 1887), crossing the Willamette River into East Portland, has been said to be named after Morrison, but alternatively it has been stated that the bridge simply took the name of the street that had been named for Morrison.
Born in Scotland in May 1819, Morrison emigrated to Connecticut in 1831 and learned carpentry. Coming to the Oregon Country in 1842, Morrison worked as a carpenter for the Methodist Mission in 1843 and later in Oregon City, where he gained a reputation for being meticulous in his work. Morrison built several houses in the Portland area and Oregon City with the most famous surviving structure being the Barclay House in Oregon City. In the 1850s, Morrison moved to the San Juan Islands, where he lived until his death.
His obituary in The San Juan Islander stated that he was born in Pennsylvania to Scottish parents, but other sources say he was born in Scotland in 1819 and emigrated to the U.S. in 1831. He died on December 21, 1899, at his home near Griswold, Shaw Island, San Juan County, Washington. He is buried at Valley Cemetery, Friday Harbor, San Juan County, Washington.
# List of highways numbered 200

The following highways are numbered 200:

## Australia

* Henty Highway (Victoria)
* - Western Australia

## Canada

* Manitoba Provincial Road 200

## Costa Rica

* National Route 200

## Cuba

* 2–200 (includes Autopista del Mediodía and part of the Circuito Sur)

## India

* National Highway 200 (India)

## Japan

* Japan National Route 200

## Mexico

* Mexican Federal Highway 200

## Turkey

* D.200, a west-east state road in Turkey running from Çanakkale to Refahiye, Erzincan Province.

## United Kingdom

* A200 road

## United States

* Alabama State Route 200
* Arkansas Highway 200
* California State Route 200
* Connecticut Route 200
* Florida State Road 200
* Georgia State Route 200
* Hawaii Route 200
* Idaho State Highway 200
* Iowa Highway 200 (former)
* Kentucky Route 200
* Maine State Route 200
* Maryland Route 200
* M-200 (Michigan highway) (former)
* Minnesota State Highway 200
* Montana Highway 200
** Montana Highway 200S
* New Mexico State Road 200
* New York State Route 200
* North Carolina Highway 200
* North Dakota Highway 200
* Oregon Route 200
* South Carolina Highway 200
* Tennessee State Route 200
* Texas State Highway 200
** Texas State Highway Spur 200
** Farm to Market Road 200 (Texas)
* Utah State Route 200
* Virginia State Route 200
Territories:
* Puerto Rico Highway 200
** Puerto Rico Highway 200R
| Preceded by 199 | Lists of highways 200 | Succeeded by 201 |
# Thilanka de Silva

Thilanka de Silva (born 19 May 1997) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Sebastianites Cricket and Athletic Club in Tier B of the 2019–20 Premier League Tournament on 31 January 2020.
# Shanuka Silva

Shanuka Silva (born 27 March 1997) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Sri Lanka Air Force Sports Club in Tier B of the 2016–17 Premier League Tournament on 28 December 2016.
# Harald Netzbandt

Harald Netzbandt (3 August 1892 in Berlin – 27 May 1941 in the North Atlantic) was an officer of the Imperial German Navy, the Reichsmarine and later the Kriegsmarine.
Promoted to Kapitän zur See from 1 October 1937 he was in command of the fleet flagship, the battleship Gneisenau, from 26 November 1939 to 1 August 1940. Subsequently, he was appointed chief of staff in the fleet command and was killed on 27 May 1941, aboard the new battleship Bismarck alongside Fleet Admiral Günther Lütjens and other staff officers.

## Awards

* German Cross in Gold on 30 April 1942 as Kapitän zur See with the OKM/Flottenkommando
# Manelker de Silva

Manelker de Silva (born 8 August 1998) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Colombo Cricket Club in the 2017–18 Premier League Tournament on 15 December 2017. He made his Twenty20 debut for Colombo Cricket Club in the 2017–18 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 24 February 2018. He made his List A debut for Colombo Cricket Club in the 2018–19 Premier Limited Overs Tournament on 8 March 2019.
In April 2022, Sri Lanka Cricket (SLC) named him in the Sri Lanka Emerging Team's squad for their tour to England.
# Rashmika Dilshan

Rashmika Dilshan (born 10 October 1998) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. In April 2018, he was named in Dambulla's squad for the 2018 Super Provincial One Day Tournament. He made his List A debut for Dambulla in the 2018 Super Provincial One Day Tournament on 11 May 2018. Prior to his List A debut, he was named in Sri Lanka's squad for the 2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup.
In August 2018, he was named in Colombo's squad the 2018 SLC T20 League.
# Ung Huot

Ung Huot (Khmer: អ៊ឹង ហួត; born 1 January 1945) is a Cambodian former politician who served as Prime Minister of Cambodia from 1997 to 1998, alongside Hun Sen. A member of the FUNCINPEC Party, he served as Minister of Education, and Minister of Foreign Affairs prior to his appointment as First Prime Minister.

## Life and career

Ung Huot was born in 1945 in Kandal Province. He studied accounting and finance and was awarded a scholarship to study in Australia in 1971, as Cambodia's civil war was beginning. He received a Master of Business Administration from the University of Melbourne, and became an Australian citizen. He settled in Melbourne and proclaimed himself a leader of the Cambodian expatriate committee in that city. He moved back to Cambodia in 1991 as the communist government was falling, and became a high-ranking official in the FUNCINPEC party. He became the Minister of Education, and in 1994 he left that post to become foreign minister.
In July 1997, FUNCINPEC leader Norodom Ranariddh, who was serving as first prime minister, was deposed by second prime minister Hun Sen of FUNCINPEC's rival and coalition partner, the Cambodian People's Party. Hun invited Ung to become first prime minister to replace Ranariddh. Ranariddh's father, King Norodom Sihanouk at first refused to recognize the arrangement, but Ung became first prime minister in August 1997 after being elected by Parliament. When some people within FUNCINPEC accused Ung of being a puppet, he was forced to leave FUNCINPEC and form his own party, the Reastr-Niyum Party (Populist Party). In the 1998 elections, the Reastr-Niyum Party did not gain any seats in Parliament, and Ung was forced to resign from the posts of first prime minister and foreign minister, leaving Hun to be the sole prime minister.
# Laksitha Rasanjana

Laksitha Rasanjana (born 21 November 1998) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his List A debut on 14 December 2019, for Negombo Cricket Club in the 2019–20 Invitation Limited Over Tournament.