OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chlortoluron

Chlortoluron, chlorotoluron and CTU are the common names for an organic compound of the phenylurea class of herbicides used to control broadleaf and annual grass weeds in cereal crops.

## History

In 1952, chemists at E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company patented a series of aryl urea derivatives as herbicides. Several compounds covered by this patent were commercialized as herbicides: monuron (4-chlorophenyl), diuron (3,4-dichlorophenyl) and chlortoluron, the 3-chloro-4-methylphenyl example. Subsequently, over thirty related urea analogs with the same mechanism of action reached the market worldwide.
Chlortoluron entered the British market in 1971, alongside isoproturon. CTU was more effective against black-grass, though suffered greater herbicide resistance, so by the 1980s isoproturon overtook it in popularity. Both saw large use as British agriculture was then moving towards earlier sowing, to reduce damage to soil structure, by sowing at drier times. Chlortoluron and isoproturon were useful to control blackgrass while growing winter wheat.

## Synthesis

As described in the du Pont patent, the starting material is a substituted aryl amine, an aniline, which is treated with phosgene to form its isocyanate derivative. This is subsequently reacted with dimethylamine to give the final product.
    Aryl-NH$_2$ + COCl$_2$ → Aryl-NCO
    Aryl-NCO + NH(CH$_3$)$_2$ → Aryl-NHCON(CH$_3$)$_2$

## Mechanism of action

The phenylurea class of herbicides including chlortoluron are inhibitors of photosynthesis. They block the Q$_B$ plastoquinone binding site of photosystem II, preventing electron flow from Q$_A$ to Q$_B$. This interrupts the photosynthetic electron transport chain and kills the plant.
Chlortoluron is in the Group C, (Australia), C2 (global), Group 7, (numeric), herbicide resistance class.

## Usage

Chlortoluron was first licensed for use in the European Union in 1994 and this has been extended, currently until October 2021. It is now mainly used in mixture with other herbicides including diflufenican and pendimethalin.
It can be used to control broadleaf weeds and grasses including Alopecurus myosuroides, Anthemis arvensis, Atriplex prostrata, Calendula spp., Convolvulaceae spp., Galeopsis spp., Lamium spp., Papaver rhoeas, Paspalum distichum, Poa annua, Solanaceae spp., Stellaria media and Veronica spp. It is mainly used in cereal crops including wheat and barley.

### United Kingdom

Chlorotoluron was banned in the UK in 2010, but in 2014 was reapproved after new formulations came with lower application rates, 250 g/Ha down from (up to) 3500 g/Ha, though farmers must spray it earlier in weeds' growth cycles. Agform did this at the same time to the previously banned isoproturon; both reregistrations are mixes with diflufenican, chlorotoluron's Tower® also contains pendimethalin.
# University of Medicine and Health Sciences

The University of Medicine and Health Sciences (also known as UMHS) is a private, for-profit medical school located in Basseterre, Saint Kitts in the Caribbean. UMHS confers upon its graduates the Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree. The university also has a 5th semester campus in Portland, Maine and an administrative office in New York, New York. The University of Medical and Health Sciences has acquired the Ross family owned previously affiliated International University of Nursing.

## History

UMHS was founded in 2007 by Dr. Robert Ross, the founder and former owner of Ross University School of Medicine. The university had its inaugural class in May 2008, and held its first graduation in June 2012 at the United Nations building in New York City. UMHS is owned and operated by the Ross family, with Dr. Ross's son Warren acting as President

## Curriculum

The MD program at UMHS is a 10 semester course of study that consists of three semesters per calendar year. Semesters 1-4 are basic sciences semesters that are completed at the university's Saint Kitts campus. Semester 5 (Introduction to Clinical Medicine) is completed at the university's campus in Portland, Maine. Semesters 6-10 consist of 78 weeks of clinical clerkships (48 weeks of core rotations, 30 weeks of elective rotations) that are completed at affiliated hospitals in the United States.

## Accreditation

UMHS is chartered in Saint Kitts and accredited by the Accreditation Board of Saint Kitts and Nevis, a recognized accrediting agency listed in the FAIMER Directory of Organizations that Recognize/Accredit Medical Schools (DORA). The school's charter was signed on August 24, 2007. UMHS is also listed in the FAIMER International Medical Education Directory (IMED).
UMHS received its 6-year accreditation from the Accreditation Commission on Colleges of Medicine (ACCM) in May 2015. ACCM is an international accrediting body listed by the National Committee on Foreign Medical Education and Accreditation (NCFMEA), part of the US Department of Education, as "found to use standards to accredit their medical schools that are comparable to the standards used to accredit medical schools in the United States."
In addition to its accreditations, UMHS entered an articulation agreement with Georgia Southern University in 2015 and has obtained a provisional license by the state of Florida in 2018.

## Student life

Student organizations include:
* American Medical Student Association (AMSA)
# Jing! Jingeling! Der Weihnachtsschnappi!

"Jing! Jingeling! Der Weihnachtsschnappi!" is a 2005 song released by animated German crocodile, Schnappi. It was the first single from the second album Schnappi's Winterfest and was released on November 25, 2005. It is based on the tune of "Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer".

## Song information

The song was written by Rosita Blissenbach and John D. Marks, produced by Iris Gruttmann, and, as the previous singles, performed by Joy Gruttmann. This Christmas song achieved a great success in Norway where it peaked at #3 for two weeks and stayed for five weeks in the top 20. It reached number 16 for two weeks in Austria and remained in the top 20 for fours weeks. It was also a top twenty hit in Germany, peaking at #17. It achieved a moderate success in Switzerland, Sweden and Belgium, staying the low positions. It was the last Schnappi's hit in Europe.

## Track listings
### CD single

* "Jing! Jingeling! Der Weihnachtsschnappi!" (single version) — 2:10
* "Schlittenfahrt" (single version) — 3:31

### CD maxi

* "Jing! Jingeling! Der Weihnachtsschnappi!" (single version) — 2:15
* "Schlittenfahrt" (single version) — 4:45
* "Jing! Jingeling! Der Weihnachtsschnappi!" (DJ Schnappi mix) — 3:17
* "Schlittenfahrt" (karaoke version) — 4:45
* "Jing! Jingeling! Der Weihnachtsschnappi!" (karaoke version) — 2:15

## Charts

| Chart (2005) | Peak position |
| Austrian Singles Chart | 16 |
| Belgian Singles Chart | 42 |
| German Singles Chart | 17 |
| Norwegian Singles Chart | 3 |
| Swedish Singles Chart | 29 |
| Swiss Singles Chart | 41 |
# Susan S. Taylor

Susan Taylor (born 1942) is an American biochemist who is a Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry and a Professor of Pharmacology at the University of California, San Diego. She is known for her research on protein kinases, particularly protein kinase A (PKA). She was elected to the Institute of Medicine and the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1996.

## Early life and education

Taylor was born in 1942 in Racine, Wisconsin. She attended the University of Wisconsin as an undergraduate and received a B.A. in biochemistry in 1964. Despite originally planning for a career as a medical doctor, she received her PhD in physiological chemistry from Johns Hopkins University in 1968. Then she worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England, where she has said she settled on a career in research science. After returning to the United States, she worked as a postdoc at the University of California, San Diego.

## Academic career

After a brief postdoc position at UCSD, Taylor joined the faculty there in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry in 1972 and became a full professor in 1985. She was a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator from 1997 to 2014.
Taylor served on the editorial board of the Journal of Biological Chemistry from 1985-1990 and served a term as the president of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in 1995.

## Research

Taylor's research group has focused on the structure and function of protein kinases, particularly protein kinase A, since shortly after she began her independent research career. Her group, collaborating with Janusz Sowadski, was the first to solve the crystal structure of a protein kinase when they reported the structure of PKA in 1991. The group has subsequently published a number of papers on the dynamics and mechanism of PKA, or cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.

## Awards and honors

* 1992: Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
* 1996: Elected to the Institute of Medicine
* 1996: Elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences
* 2001: Received the Garvan-Olin Medal, awarded by the American Chemical Society
* 2007: Received the William C. Rose Award, awarded by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
* 2008: Elected to the American Association for the Advancement of Science
* 2009: Received the FASEB Excellence in Science Award, awarded by the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
* 2017: Earl and Thressa Stadtman Distinguished Scientist Award
* 2022: Herbert Tabor Research Award
# Cardoza

Cardoza is a surname of Portuguese origin. It's also found in former Portuguese colonies within the Paravar community in Tamil Nadu, India.

## Notable people with this name

* Anthony Cardoza (1930–2015), American actor and film producer
* Avery Cardoza (born 1957), author and publisher
* David Cardoza, English executive
* Dennis Cardoza (born 1959), American politician
* Laurie Cardoza-Moore (born 1962), American activist, film producer and television host
* Mervyn Cardoza (1922–2010), Pakistani Catholic, one-star general in the Pakistan Army
* Nora Cardoza (born 1983), Mexican boxer
# Epimetasia gregori

Epimetasia gregori is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1970. It is found in Afghanistan.

## Subspecies

* Epimetasia gregori gregori
* Epimetasia gregori gulbaharalis Amsel, 1970
* Epimetasia gregori panjaoalis Amsel, 1970
# Valdelarco

Valdelarco is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2008 census, the municipality had a population of 240.
# Epimetasia vestalis

Epimetasia vestalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Ragonot in 1894 and is found in Turkey and Iran.
# Bert Karlsson

Bert Willis Karlsson (born 21 June 1945) is a Swedish record company manager, entrepreneur, and former politician (Member of Parliament 1991–1994) and front figure of the New Democracy (Ny Demokrati) party.
As the owner and manager of the record company Mariann Grammofon AB, Karlsson became a familiar face to the Swedish public as the man behind singer Carola Häggkvist. In 1984 he started Skara Sommarland, a theme park.
In 1991, Karlsson and count Ian Wachtmeister started the populist political party New Democracy. Attracting major media attention, and with a patriotic platform, the party received 6.7 percent of the vote in the parliamentary election in September. With no previous political experience, Karlsson suddenly found himself elected to the Riksdag as a Member of Parliament.
When the New Democracy party imploded due to internal struggles and failed in the 1994 general election, Karlsson went back to being a full-time businessman. He has started the popular Swedish reality television show Fame Factory, (a programme somewhat similar to the British show Pop Idol), in which he played an important role. Many Mariann artists have entered Melodifestivalen, the Swedish qualifications for the Eurovision Song Contest. From 1978 to 2005, approximately 120 songs from Karlsson's record company competed, and 14 of these went on to represent Sweden in the Eurovision Song contest. Mariann artists include Herreys and Charlotte Perrelli, who went on to win the Eurovision Song Contest (1984 and 1999, respectively).
In March 2005, Karlsson filled out an application for membership in the Liberal People's Party during a television interview. When the party immediately responded with criticism of him, calling the move a media stunt, he did not go through with his application.
Karlsson was a judge in the first five seasons of the TV show Talang on TV4, the Swedish version of America's Got Talent, between 2007 and 2011.
# Čaven

Čaven is a ridge above the Vipava Valley in southwestern Slovenia. It constitutes the southern rim of the Trnovo Forest Plateau in the northern Dinaric Alps. Its highest peak is Big Modrasovec (Veliki Modrasovec) (1353 m a.s.l.), its slightly lower peak is Little Modrasovec (Mali Modrasovec) (1305 m a.s.l.), and the most scenic peak is Kucelj (1237 m a.s.l.). The peak Čaven in the west of the ridge has an altitude of 1185 m. Čaven may be ascended by trail from Predmeja, Stomaž, and Lokavec. From Čaven, one may view the Vipava Valley and the landscape to the Adriatic Sea. Two other nearby peaks are Sekulak (888 m a.s.l.) and Big Edge (Veliki Rob) (1237 m a.s.l.). Between Veliki Modrasovec and Mala Gora 1034 m a.s.l.), there is Anton Bavčer Lodge at Čaven. Čaven is built of upper Jurassic limestone. Next to the road on Selovec (1265 m a.s.l.), there is a prominent reef limestone site with fossils of coral colonies and hydrozoans. Čaven is the growing site of various brooms (Genista) and of the endemic herbaceous perennial Hladnikia pastinacifolia.
# Apollonius the Apologist

Saint Apollonius the Apologist or Saint Apollonius of Rome (Greek: Ἀπολλώνιος; died 21 April 185) was a 2nd-century Christian martyr and apologist who was martyred in 185 under the Emperor Commodus (161–192).

## Life

Four different sources speak of Saint Apollonius of Rome:
* a record of the trial incorporated into the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius of Caesarea (265–340);
* chapters 40 and 42 of the De Viris Illustribus by Saint Jerome (347–420),
* two versions of the Passio of Apollonius, one Greek, the other Armenian, which were discovered in the late 19th century.
These sources present Apollonius as an illustrious Roman, even, it seems, a senator, and an exceedingly talented man, well versed in philosophy. He was denounced as a Christian to the Pretorian Prefect Perennius. Summoned to defend himself, he read to the senate, according to Saint Jerome, "a remarkable volume" in which, instead of recanting, he defended the Christian faith. As a result, he was condemned to death on the basis of the law established by the Emperor Trajan. This defence was later translated into Greek and inserted by church historian Eusebius in his history of the Christian martyrs, but is now lost.
The sources say he was subjected to two investigations, the first by the Prefect Perennius, the second, three days later, by a group of senators and jurists. The hearings were conducted in a calm and courteous manner. Apollonius was permitted to speak with only rare interruptions, aimed at getting him to tone down his remarks, which were making him liable to punishment.
Apollonius was not afraid to die, because, he said: "There is waiting for me something better: eternal life, given to the person who has lived well on earth." And he argued for the superiority of Christianity's concepts of death and life.
The sources disagree on the manner of his death. The Greek Passio says he died after having his legs crushed, a punishment inflicted also on the slave who denounced him; but in the Armenian account he is decapitated.

## Veneration

Apollonius was not mentioned in the earliest Christian martyrologies, not being at first the object of individual commemoration. In the Middle Ages he was confused with two other saints, Apollo of Alexandria and the Apollonius who was martyred with Saint Valentine and whose feast is on 18 April. As a result, this date was attributed also to Saint Apollonius of Rome, even in editions of the Roman Martyrology, the latest editions of which have, however, restored the date of 21 April.
The account in the Roman Martyrology (21 April) is as follows:
    At Rome, commemoration of Saint Apollonius, philosopher and martyr. Under the Emperor Commodus, he defended, before the Prefect Perennius and the Senate, the cause of the Christian faith in a finely argued address, and then, after being condemned to death, confirmed it by the witness of his blood.
# Paul Mouterde

Paul Mouterde (1892– 14 January 1972) was a French Jesuit missionary and naturalist, and the director of the Oriental Library at the Saint Joseph University of Beirut.
He published two previously unknown homilies of fifth-century Syriac poet-theologian Jacob of Serugh, and multiple works on Levantine flora, including a three-volume work on the flora of Lebanon and Syria.

## Early life

Paul Mouterde was born in 1862 in Bruyères, in the French Department of Vosges. His father was Professor of Law at the Catholic University of Lyon.

## Selected works

* Petite flore des environs de Beyrouth (1935)
* La Flore du Djebel Druze (1953)
* Deux homélies inédites de Jacques de Saroug (1944)
* Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie (1966–1978)
# Globe (human eye)

The globe of the eye, or bulbus oculi, is the frontmost sensory organ of the human ocular system, going from the cornea at the front, to the anterior part of the optic nerve at the back. More simply, the eyeball itself, as well as the ganglion cells in the retina that eventually transmit visual signals through the optic nerve. A hollow structure, the bulbus oculi is composed of a wall enclosing a cavity filled with fluid with three coats: the sclera, choroid, and the retina. Normally, the bulbus oculi is bulb-like structure. However, the bulbus oculi is not completely spherical. Its anterior surface, transparent and more curved, is known as the cornea of the bulbus oculi.
The main purpose of the bulbus oculi is to refract photons passing through the cornea, pupil, and lens to focus onto the retina, where the photons in the refracted light rays trigger electric and chemical reactions within the layers of the retina, specifically the fovea centralis. These reactions are then passed as electrical signals through the optic nerve into the posterior section of the human ocular system (which takes place in the brain).
# Kraze

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#REDIRECT Suikoden (video game)#Characters
Kraze may refer to
* Central Florida United Kraze, a soccer team based in Lake Mary, Florida
* Kraze United, an Orlandoan soccer club
* Kražiai, also known as Kražē
# Javier Mora (boxer)

Javier Mora (born May 25, 1981) is a Mexican professional boxer in the Heavyweight division. He was defeated by Alexander Povetkin by a 5-round TKO, in Max Schmeling Halle, Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin, Germany.

## Amateur career

Record 23-9

## Professional career

Although he had won his next bout (changed to a No Contest on appeal to the California State Athletic Commission on August 7) against Canadian Kirk Johnson in March 2006 in his comeback trail. Mora appeared to have accidentally stepped on Johnson's foot, causing Johnson to dislocate his knee. This decision was subsequently appealed and the result later changed.
He fought Sultan Ibragimov on 2 weeks notice at Madison Square Garden on March 13, 2007 and referee had stopped at the 46 seconds of the first round when Mora wasn't firing back.
On March 13, 2010 he fought Alexander Povetkin only to lose on a fifth round technical knockout over Mora. In the 5th round, he had Mora cornered, launched a massive combination and sent Mora sprawling to the floor for a third time, at which time the referee waved off the bout.

### Professional record

22 Wins (18 knockouts), 6 Losses(2 knockouts), 1 Draw 1 NC :
| Res. | Record | Opponent | Type | Rd., Time | Date | Location | Notes |
| Loss | 22-6-1 | Alexander Povetkin | TKO | 5(0:50) | 2010-03-13 | Max Schmeling Halle, Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin, Germany | |
| Loss | 22-5-1 | Johnathon Banks | MD | 8(8) | 2009-09-26 | Staples Center, Los Angeles, California, | |
| Win | 22-4-1 | Jonathan Williams | KO | 1(1:19) | 2008-11-13 | Expo Center, El Monte, California | |
| Loss | 21-4-1 | Sultan Ibragimov | TKO | 1(0:46) | 2007-03-10 | Madison Square Garden, New York, New York | |
| Win | 21-3-1 | Earl Ladson | UD | 6(6) | Jan 6, 2007 | Seminole Hard Rock Hotel and Casino, Hollywood, Florida | |
| Win | 20-3-1 | Willie Herring | UD | 6(6) | 2006-09-14 | Tachi Palace Hotel & Casino, Lemoore, California | |
| Loss | 19-3-1 | Fres Oquendo | UD | 10(10) | 2006-05-25 | Pechanga Resort and Casino, Temecula, California | vacant WBO Latino heavyweight title |
| NC | 19-2-1 | Kirk Johnson | NC | 7(10) | 2006-03-03 | Pechanga Resort and Casino, Temecula, California | Result changed from TKO to No Contest due to Johnson's foot being stepped on. |
| Loss | 18-2-1 | Charles Davis | UD | 8 | 2004-10-16 | Oakland Arena, Oakland, California | |
# Oheneba Kissi

Oheneba Kissi is a Ghanaian highlife musician, songwriter, and performer. He has been a prominent figure in the Ghanaian music industry for over three decades.

## Career

He released his first album, 'Suzy' in 1990. A year after, he followed it with 'Ebeye Yie', and Anibre the following year.
After a two-year break, he made a comeback with 'Odo Licence' in 1994, followed by 'Asem Ne Me a' in 1995. The year 1997 saw the release of Bese Mono, and in 1998, 'Today and Yesteryears' was presented to the audience, followed by 'Medo Hemaa' in 1999.
Oheneba Kissi followed up in 2001 with 'Ka Biribi Kyere Me' and two other chart-topping albums 'ABC of Love' and 'Fre No Ma Me' in 2002 and 2003 respectively.
Oheneba Kissi has a total of 13 albums to his credit, the latest of which was released in 2008.
Oheneba Kissi was also featured on Felix Owusu's debut album 'Vida', released in 1992. The album was produced by Daddy Lumba.

## Personal life

Oheneba Kissi is an accountant by profession, but had to quit to do music full time.
His roots are in Obo Kwahu, Eastern Region, Ghana, although he resided in Nkoranza and Techiman during his early years. He is married with children.
# Savage Souls (film)

Savage Souls (French: Les âmes fortes) is a 2001 French costume drama film directed by Chilean filmmaker Raúl Ruiz. It is based on the 1949 novel Les Âmes fortes by Jean Giono. It was screened out of competition at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival.

## Cast

* Laetitia Casta as Thérèse
** Monique Mélinand as Old Thérèse
* Frédéric Diefenthal as Firmin
* Arielle Dombasle as Madame Numance
* John Malkovich as Monsieur Numance
* Charles Berling as Reveillard
* Johan Leysen as Rampal
* Édith Scob as Funeral woman
* Christian Vadim as The pastor
* Carlos Lopez as Le muet
* Jacqueline Staup as Deuxième femme veillée
* Corine Blue as Jeune femme veillée
* Aimé Lebedel as Vieux chanteur
* Nathalie Boutefeu as Charlotte
* Marc Dantes as Forgerons
# 1993 in Slovakia

The following lists events that happened during 1993 in Slovakia.

## Incumbents

* President: Michal Kováč (starting 2 March)
* Prime Minister: Vladimír Mečiar

## Events

* Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
* Citizenship Act (Slovakia)

## Births

* 29 May – Jana Čepelová, tennis player
# 2012 in Slovakia

Events in the year 2012 in Slovakia.

## Incumbents

* President – Ivan Gašparovič
* Prime Minister – Iveta Radičová, Robert Fico
* Speaker of the National Council – Pavol Hrušovský, Pavol Paška

## Events

* 10 March – Slovak parliamentary election, 2012

## Notable deaths

* 11 January – Bohumil Golián, volleyball player (born 1931).
* 16 August – Bystrík Režucha, conductor (born 1935)
* 9 October – Elo Romančík, actor (born 1922)
* 9 November – Milan Čič, lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of the Slovak Socialist Republic from 1989 to 1990 (born 1932).