OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Robert Virgil Fletcher

Robert Virgil Fletcher (September 27, 1869 – May 16, 1960) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi from 1908 to 1909.

## Biography

Robert Virgil Fletcher was born on September 27, 1869, in Clermont County, Ohio, and moved with his family to Grant County, Kentucky, when he was one year old. He was the son of John M. Fletcher and Mary (Luman) Fletcher. Fletcher attended the common schools and the high schools of Taylorsville and Williamston, both in Kentucky. He later enrolled in the University of Mississippi in a post-graduate course, but he did not complete it. He then taught in some of Mississippi's public and high schools from 1893 to 1899. After studying law in the office of C. B. Mitchell, he was admitted to the bar in 1899.

## Career

Fletcher was appointed to the office of Assistant Attorney General of Mississippi on January 1, 1906. After the heretofore Attorney General's death, Fletcher was appointed to that position on March 26, 1907. He then ran for a full term, and was nominated by the Democratic Party in August 1907 and was elected in November of that year for the 1908-1912 term. On November 27, 1908, Fletcher was appointed to the Supreme Court of Mississippi. He left the Court about 6 months later. He then continued to practice law in Jackson, Mississippi. On February 10, 1911, he became the general attorney of the Illinois Central Railway Company. In 1920, Fletcher was appointed assistant general counsel to the United States Railroad Administration, and then became the general solicitor of the Illinois Central Railway Company. He then served as the railroad's vice president and general counsel. In April 1933, he became the vice president and general counsel of the American Association of Railway Executives (later the Association of American Railroads). Fletcher was elected to be its president in December 1946. He later resigned from this position to become its general counsel. He retired in 1952 at the age of 83.

## Personal life

Fletcher was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and was also a member of the Freemasons, the Odd Fellows, and the Knights of Pythias. He married Etta Childers in Kentucky in 1893. They had three children, named Ernest Lamar, Louise, and Paul. Fletcher died on May 16, 1960, after a long illness.
# John P. Hampton

John Preston Hampton (died January 31, 1829) was the first chief justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi from 1818 until his death in 1829.
John Preston Hampton grew up in Columbia (now Appling), Georgia. He and his brother, Benjamin Franklin Hampton, entered Yale College as sophomores in November 1801. Both brothers graduated from Yale in 1804. Hampton then studied law and was admitted to the bar in Columbia, South Carolina, on April 22, 1807. Hampton moved to the Mississippi Territory some time prior to the organization of the State Government, and was one of the first justices of the Supreme Court of Mississippi, having taken his seat at the opening of the court, in the spring of 1818.
He was noted for his opinion in the case of Frazer v. Davis, where he held that the purchaser's failure to communicate to the seller a rumor of peace between the United States and Great Britain, calculated materially to affect the price of cotton (the commodity sold), vitiated the sale. The correctness of the decision is controverted by the reporter in a note, and the Supreme Court of the United States came to a contrary opinion in a case arising in neighboring Louisiana, Laidlaw v. Organ. Another noted decision the case of Stark's heirs vs. Mather, addressing conflicting tenures arising under different grants, one of which was made by Spain and the other by the Government of the United States. The court held that if the prior Spanish grant was a nullity for want of power on the part of the Spanish Government to effectuate it, yet, being embraced in the confirmatory provisions of the Georgia Cession, it was valid, and that consequently the subsequent patentee claiming under the United States was merely a trustee of the former grant. As a judge, Hampton "was accused of trying to enforce a standard of pure morality too lofty for practical use in the ordinary affairs of life".
Hampton died in 1829 at his home near Woodville, Mississippi, and was succeeded by Edward Turner.
# John Burt Holden

John Burt Holden (January 5, 1873 – January 7, 1928) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi from 1916 until his death in 1928.
Born in Franklin County, Mississippi, to Dr. John Everly Holden and Laura (Curtis) Holden, he attended the public schools of Franklin County, and read law "in the offices of Col. T. R. Stockdale, C. E. Williams and Judge W. P. Cassady". Holden gained admission to the bar in Mississippi in June 1894. He practiced law in the small town of Summit, Mississippi, for nineteen years, and served as its mayor for twelve years, becoming active in the state Democratic Party. In 1911, Holden became the prosecuting attorney for Pike County, Mississippi, moving to McComb, Mississippi.
In May 1914, he was appointed as a circuit judge, and on January 26, 1916, he was appointed to one of three newly established seats on the state supreme court by Governor Theodore G. Bilbo. Circuit Judge William Houston Hughes initially declared as a candidate for the seat in the following election, but after testing the electorate, withdrew. Holden was then elected unopposed. Holden ran unopposed again in 1924, and died during that term.
On October 17, 1894, Holden married Mary Cassedy, with whom he had a son. Holden died of pneumonia at his home in Jackson, Mississippi, two days after his 55th birthday, and was succeeded on the court by the appointment of W. Joe Pack.
# Leslie D. King

Leslie D. King (born January 17, 1949) is an associate justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi.

## Early life and education

King graduated from Coleman High School in Greenville, Mississippi in 1966 and then attended the University of Mississippi.
When King graduated from the University of Mississippi in 1970, he was one of only three African American students in his graduating class. King earned his Juris Doctor from Texas Southern University School of Law in 1973.
King has worked as a lawyer in private practice, as a municipal-court judge, as a public prosecutor and as a public defender. In 1979, King was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives, serving from 1980 to 1994. In 1994, King was elected to the Mississippi Court of Appeals, where he served until his appointment to the Mississippi Supreme Court in 2011. King is only the 4th African American to serve as a Mississippi Supreme Court Justice in the state's history.

## Judicial service

On February 23, 2011, Governor Haley Barbour appointed King to the Supreme Court of Mississippi.
In March 2018, King dissented when the majority found that sentencing a juvenile to life without parole was not contrary to Miller v. Alabama (2012).
# Alexander Montgomery (Mississippi lawyer)

Alexander Montgomery (died September 7, 1878) was a Mississippi lawyer who served as a justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi from 1831 to 1833.
Born in Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi, Montgomery was the son of a pioneers also named Alexander Montgomery, who had been chosen by President John Adams to serve on the Territorial council of Mississippi prior to statehood. The younger Montgomery was a pupil of George Poindexter and Edward Turner, and established a law practice in partnership with Samuel S. Boyd, a native of Maine; their firm "was for many years one of the leading ones of the State". Following the resignation of Judge Joshua Child from the state supreme court, Montgomery was one of several candidates put forth for the seat. Upon his election by the legislature to the circuit and supreme court of the state in November, 1831, defeating William L. Sharkey for that position "by a considerable majority", Montgomery became the first native Mississippian on the bench. His term upon the bench was cut short by the adoption of a new constitution and judicial system, which went into effect in 1833. After the end of his judicial service, he resumed the practice of the law in Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Montgomery appeared as a witness in an 1840 controversy, where he was described as "a distinguished and influential Whig, who adheres to the maxim that 'the private station is the post of honor'". In 1845, he was appointed to a committee of five jurists asked to prepare resolutions commemorating the death of U.S. Supreme Court justice Joseph Story.
Montgomery "was an active practitioner to a very advanced age", and died at the home of a Dr. Nailer, a relative, in Vicksburg, Warren County, Mississippi, when "far advanced in years".
# Lenore L. Prather

Lenore Loving Prather (September 17, 1931 – April 11, 2020) was the Supreme Court of Mississippi’s first female justice and chief justice. Prather began her law career as an attorney and city court judge throughout the 1960s. After working as a Chancery judge in the 1970s, she became a Supreme Court judge for Mississippi in 1982. Prather was later promoted to Chief Justice in 1998 and held this position until 2001.

## Early life and education

Prather was born on September 17, 1931, in West Point, Mississippi, to Bryon Herald Loving, Esq. and Hattie Morris. She completed her post-secondary education at the Mississippi University for Women and graduated from the University of Mississippi Law School in 1955.

## Career

Upon earning her Juris Doctor, Prather joined her father’s law practice. She then worked as an attorney with her husband Robert Brooks Prather, Esq. (whom she married in 1957) before her appointment as a Municipal Court Judge of West Point, Mississippi, in 1965. In 1971, Prather became the first female in the state to be appointed as a Chancery Judge (14th Chancery District). She was later appointed a justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi by Governor William F. Winter, taking office on July 15, 1982. Prather was the first female to fulfill such a role, and she later achieved another historical feat by becoming the first female Chief Justice in 1998. She served in the aforementioned position during the duration of her time on the bench. In November 2000, Prather was defeated in her reelection campaign by Charles Easley, and she left office on January 5, 2001.

## Awards and honors

Prather was named to the University of Mississippi Alumni Hall of Fame in 1986 and the University of Mississippi School of Law in 2012. A portrait of her was included in the Supreme Court of Mississippi in 2011.
# T. R. Stockdale

Thomas Ringland Stockdale (March 28, 1828 – January 8, 1899) was a U.S. Representative from Mississippi from 1886 to 1895, and a justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi from 1896 to 1897.

## Biography

Born at West Union Church near Waynesburg, Pennsylvania, Stockdale graduated from Jefferson College (now Washington & Jefferson College) in 1856 and received a master's degree in 1859. He taught school in Pike County, Mississippi, received his law degree from the University of Mississippi in 1859 and practiced in Woodville, Mississippi.
During the Civil War, he served in the Confederate States Army. Enlisting as a private in the 16th Mississippi Infantry in 1861, he was promoted to lieutenant, captain and major, and served as regimental adjutant. He later commanded a battalion in the 4th Mississippi Cavalry Regiment and then served as the regiment's second in command with the rank of lieutenant colonel.
After the war Stockdale resumed the practice of law in Summit, Mississippi. He served as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1868. He was also a Democratic presidential elector in 1872 and 1884.
Stockdale was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1886 and served four terms, March 4, 1887 to March 3, 1895. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1894.
In 1896 Stockdale was appointed by Governor Anselm J. McLaurin to fill a vacancy as a justice of the Mississippi Supreme Court and he served until 1897.
He died in Summit, Mississippi on January 8, 1899, and was interred in Summit's Woodlawn Cemetery.
Stockdale's home has been preserved by the Summit Historical Society, and the grounds of his home also contain a memorial to Stockdale.
# Collin S. Tarpley

Collin S. Tarpley (1802 – April 30, 1860) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi in 1851.
Born in Petersburg, Virginia, Tarpley's family moved to Nashville, Tennessee, when he was ten. His widowed mother managed to secure his education in the Cumberland University.
He subsequently taught school and then began the study of law under Governor Aaron V. Brown and James K. Polk, who were then partners. With their support, he gained admission to the bar, and began practice in the town of Pulaski. In 1831 he moved to Florence, Alabama, and became associated with John McKinley, who later became a justice of the United States Supreme Court. In 1838 Tarpley moved to Mississippi, settling in Hinds County, where he formed a partnership with Judge John M. Taylor. His firm enjoyed a large and lucrative practice. On the resignation of Chief Justice William L. Sharkey, Governor James Whitfield appointed Tarpley to the supreme bench. A controversy arose as to the power of the governor to make the appointment, and Tarpley soon resigned and resumed private practice.
Tarpley "was public spirited and took an active interest in agricultural questions". In 1859 he "delivered a polished address" to the Shelby County, Tennessee, Agricultural Association, in which he earnestly advocated the conversion of the Hermitage, then the property of the State of Tennessee, into an agricultural college. He is said to have been the originator of the scheme for the construction of the New Orleans and Jackson Railroad. He drafted its charter, was one of its directors, devoted much time to the enterprise, and lived to see the fruition of the project which was regarded by many "as the dream of a visionary". He was an ardent Democrat, was a member of the Baltimore convention of 1852, and earnestly advocated the election of Jefferson Davis as governor of Mississippi.
Tarpley died in Jackson, Mississippi, at the age of 58.
# Albert H. Whitfield

Albert Hall Whitfield (1849–1918) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi from 1894 to 1910.
Born October 12, 1849, in Monroe County, Mississippi, to a family of Scotch-Irish descent, Whitfield was raised on a farm, and received an A.B. from Mississippi State University in 1871, with honors. He was an adjunct professor of Greek, Latin and history there, and obtained an A.M. in 1873 and a B.L. in 1874, from the same institution. He practiced law from 1874 to 1894 when he was made chair of law at the University of Mississippi. He held that position until 1894, when he was appointed to the Supreme Court by Governor John Marshall Stone. In 1895, he received the honorary degree of LL.D. from his alma mater. Whitfield died November 12, 1918, at the age of 69 in Jackson, Mississippi.
# Gorta, Bidar

Gorta, also called Gorta (B) is a village located in Bidar district, Karnataka, India. It is located in Hulsur taluk.

## Demography

As per 2001 census, Gorta village has a population of 2991 distributed in 577 house holds. The village has post office with pin code 585327.

## Gorta massacre

During 1948, during post-independence violence, hundreds of villagers in Gorta village were massacred by Razakars of Hyderabad. The village is also described as Jallianwalabag of Karnataka in view of mass killings witnessed on 9 and 10 May 1948. A stone plaque installed in front of the village gives the date of mass killing as 5 May 1948 and the fight continued for about two weeks. It is estimated that more than 200 people were killed by Razakars, the private army of Nizam of Hyderabad but the exact number of deaths was not recorded by body count. Shri K.M.Munshi, then Agent General of Union Government (of India), who visited the village after the massacre, in his book "End of an Era" (page 131 and 132) puts total deaths figures around 200 and property destruction worth Rs.70 lakhs.
The bitter memories of the massacre are remembered by the women folk of the village by way of songs called Bhulai pada, a semi-folk song. There is a long-standing demand from local people for construction of a memorial at Gorta. Local people and certain political parties have collected Rs.27 lakhs (as of September 2014) with an intention to construct a 35 foot tall memorial in the village and foundation stone was laid on 17 September 2014 (Hyderabad-Karnataka Liberation day) for the same.
# Joseph Phillips (judge)

Joseph B. Phillips (October 6, 1784 – July 25, 1857) was an American politician and judge from Tennessee. He was a Democrat.
Phillips was born in Kentucky in the late 18th century, and his family moved to Tennessee, where he received a classical education. He was admitted to the bar in Rutherford County, Tennessee, in 1809. He served in the US Army in the War of 1812 as a captain. He led his regiment to Fort Massac in 1812, and stayed in Illinois after the war. Phillips was the second and last Secretary of Illinois Territory serving from December 6, 1816, until October 9, 1818. In 1818, upon the admission of Illinois to the union, Phillips was elected the first chief justice of the Illinois Supreme Court, inaugurated on October 9, 1818, serving until July 4, 1822, when he resigned to run for Governor of Illinois on a pro-slavery platform, and was defeated. After this defeat, he returned to his home state of Tennessee. He died in 1857 in Rutherford County, Tennessee, at the age of 73.
# John T. Culbertson Jr.

John T. Culbertson Jr. (August 7, 1891 – July 26, 1982) was an Illinois lawyer and judge.

## Early and family life

Born in Delavan, Tazewell County, Illinois, Culbertson graduated from Delavan High School. He received his law degree from Illinois Wesleyan University in 1913. In 1915, he married Helen Read; they had one daughter.

## Career

Admitted to the Illinois bar in 1913 and the Missouri bar the following year, Culbertson taught law at the Kansas City School of Law in 1914 and 1915. He began practicing law in his hometown in 1916 and his brother Robert M. Culberton joined in 1926 and he and his son of the same name would continue that private legal practice even when John Culbertson left it upon becoming a judge. Culbertson served on the county and circuit courts for Tazewell County, Illinois from 1930 until 1934. On June 4, 1934, as the Democratic nominee, he won a special election to fill a vacancy on the 10th Circuit Court left by the death of John M Niehaus, defeating Republican George Z. Varnee by 37,972 votes to 31,654. Culbertson also served on the Illinois Appellate Court for three decades, first in the Third District and after 1964 in the Fourth District. After Illinois Supreme Court justice Ray Klingbiel resigned in a scandal, Judge Culbertson served on Illinois's highest court in 1969 and 1970 before retiring. His successor was Howard C. Ryan.

## Death and legacy

Judge Culbertson died at his home in Delavan, Illinois in 1982.
# Joseph F. Cunningham

Joseph Francis Cunningham Jr. (February 25, 1924 – July 12, 2008) was an American jurist.
Born in East St. Louis, Illinois, Cunningham received his bachelor's degree from University of Dayton in 1946 and his law degree from Washington University School of Law in 1952. He was admitted to the Illinois and Missouri bars. Cunningham practiced law. He then became Illinois Magistrate Court judge and then Illinois Circuit Court judge. From 1987 to 1988 and 1991, Cunningham served on the Illinois Supreme Court. Cunningham served as executive director of the Administrative Office of the Illinois Courts after his retirement and was adjunct professor at McKendree University. Cunningham died in Saint Louis, Missouri.
# Warren H. Orr

Warren Henry Orr (November 5, 1888 – January 12, 1962) was an American jurist.
Born in Hannibal, Missouri, Orr received his bachelor's degree from University of Missouri and his law degree from the University of Missouri School of Law. He worked in the newspaper business while in college. Orr was admitted to the Illinois and Missouri bars. He practiced law in Quincy, Illinois, then in Hamilton, Illinois, and Carthage, Illinois. He served as city attorney for Hamilton, Illinois and county judge for Hancock County, Illinois. From 1930 until 1939, Orr served in the Illinois Supreme Court. He then practiced law in Chicago, Illinois and was a Democratic candidate for Governor of Illinois losing to Adlai Stevenson in 1948. Orr died in Evanston, Illinois.
# Paul Samuell

Henry Paul Samuell (October 2, 1886 – March 21, 1938) was an American jurist and lawyer.
Born on a farm near Havana, Illinois, in Mason County, Illinois, Samuell went to Illinois College and then received his degree from Illinois Wesleyan University in 1910. Samuell was admitted to the Illinois and Montana bars. Samuell practiced law in Montana for three years before returning to Jacksonville, Illinois where he practiced law. In 1916, Samuell served as county judge. In 1929, Samuell was appointed to the Illinois Supreme Court and was defeated for election in 1930. Samuell was a Republican. Samuell died at his home in Jacksonville, Illinois.
# Walter V. Schaefer

Walter Vincent Schaefer (December 10, 1904 – June 15, 1986) was an American jurist and educator.
Born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Schaefer graduated from Hyde Park High School and then received his bachelor's and law degrees from University of Chicago. Schaefer practiced law in Chicago, Illinois and Washington, D. C. Schaefer was also a law professor at Northwestern University and served as a legislative aide to Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson. Schaeffer then served in the Illinois Supreme Court from 1951 until his retirement in 1976. Schaefer died of cancer in a hospital in Lake Forest, Illinois.
# Jesse B. Thomas Jr.

Jesse Burgess Thomas Jr. (July 31, 1806 – February 21, 1850) was an American politician who served as Illinois Attorney General from 1835 to 1836 and later on the Supreme Court of Illinois.
Thomas was born in Lebanon, Ohio. After studying law at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, he settled in Edwardsville, Illinois. By 1830, Thomas was serving as the secretary to the Illinois State Senate. Four years later, he served a partial term in the Illinois House of Representatives for Madison County before being appointed Attorney General, a post he held for a single year.
From 1837 through 1839, he was a circuit court judge based in Springfield. His circuit included New Salem, where Thomas heard cases argued by Abraham Lincoln. When Stephen A. Douglas gave up his seat on the Illinois Supreme Court in 1843 after being elected to Congress, Governor Thomas Ford appointed Thomas as Douglas's successor. After retiring from the Supreme Court in 1848, he moved first to Galena and then to Chicago, where he died in 1850.
Thomas's uncle was Jesse B. Thomas, one of Illinois' first senators. Jesse Thomas Jr. was married to Adeline Smith, one of the daughters of Illinois Supreme Court Justice Theophilus W. Smith, and together they had at least seven children.
# Christian Remembrancer

The Christian Remembrancer was a high-church periodical which ran from 1819 to 1868. Joshua Watson and Henry Handley Norris, the owners of the British Critic, encouraged Frederick Iremonger to start the Christian Remembrancer as a monthly publication in 1819. Renn Dickson Hampden was briefly editor, 1825–26. In 1841 Francis Garden (1810–1884) and William Scott (1813–1872) became co-editors. In 1844 the magazine was relaunched as a quarterly, with James Mozley briefly succeeding Garden and acting as an editor until 1855.
Contributors to the Christian Remembrancer included John Armstrong, Richard William Church, Charles John Ellicott (1819–1905), Robert Wilson Evans (1789–1866), Philip Freeman (1818–1875), Arthur West Haddan (1816–1873), Walter Farquhar Hook, Anne Mozley, John Mason Neale, John Oxlee (1779–1854), Mark Pattison, Baden Powell, James Seaton Reid (1798–1851), George Williams and Samuel Wix.