# Beer in Greece

Archaeological excavations have exposed artifacts and materials used for the production of beer in Greece dating back to the Bronze Age (3,300 to 1,200 BC).
The first modern Greek brewery was founded in 1864. Greek beer has become a part of the local culture and expanded beyond its borders as demand has increased. Although wine still has the highest consumption rates within Greece, beer has increased its market share and become an important industry for the Greek economy, providing more than 60,000 jobs in 2005.

## History

Alcohol consumption has always been a part of the culture in Greece, although it has adapted and changed in certain aspects over the generations. Initially Greece had a strong wine drinking culture. This culture adapted and developed as beer and spirits begun to grow in popularity.

### B.C.

The Ancient Egyptians were the first to show evidence of beer consumption as they documented the brewing process on papyrus scrolls, dating back to 5,000 B.C. This process made its way from the Middle East, into European countries. Greece was one of these countries as remains associated with beer have been discovered which date back to 2135-2020 BC. Beer in Europe became more popular in the northern parts of Europe rather than Greece, as the northern crops provided key ingredients for brewers. Due to the popularity growth of Beer in the north, Greece would prefer to be associated with wine, as they often referred to northerners as ‘barbarians’.

#### Remains of Prehistoric Sites

Archaeologists discovered the remains of two prehistoric buildings, providing materials to which can be used for the development and consumption of beer. A site was discovered at Archondiko (in northern Greece) and another at Agrissa (south of Archondiko on the eastern side of Greece). Remains suggest that these sites burnt down in a fire, allowing artifacts found inside to be preserved for a rather long period of time. Within the Archondiko site several cereals were discovered that date back to the “Early Bronze Age, phase IV, dated to 2135–2020 BC”, and are key determinants in the brewing of beer. Soultana Maria Valamoti published the findings in a 2018 article, including: “Triticum monococcum (einkorn), T. dicoccum (emmer), T. spelta (spelt wheat), T. aestivum/durum (free-threshing wheat) and Hordeum sp. (barley) which were found in dense, sometimes pure, concentrations indicating deliberate storage.”
Additionally to these cereals a two-chambered structure was discovered at this site. This structure is said to support temperatures of around 100 degrees Celsius, which is essential in the beer making process. Accompanying this structure there was a discovery of 30 special cups which archaeologists believe may have been used for the consumption of the beer.
Similarly to the Archondiko site the site within Agrissa was well preserved and provides instruments for beer production In Greece. The evacuation of this site was conducted in 1955, 1956 and 1958 by a German archaeologist team. Similar cereal grains were discovered as Valamoti mentions within her article, "the archaeobotanical remains from Argissa discussed here consist of at least 3,588 sprouted cereal grains that were identified to einkorn (2,319); a further 157 sprouted grains were identified as T. dicoccum (emmer) and 81 as Hordeum (barley)”.
These cereal grains are said to date back 1700–1500 BC, whilst other remains of the house are said to date back 2100–1700 BC. This is of similar time period to that of the site in Archondiko. Within the Argissa site 45 specially sculpted cups were discovered, which is another similarity between the two sites.

### Modern history

The wine culture was prominent all the way until the 1800s. In 1832 the first king of Greece, Otto of Greece, settled in Greece. Otto came with scientists and specialists from his native land Bavaria, with the intentions of developing the beer industry. Initially small breweries were set up in the 1840s to serve Bavarian officials and military men who were stationed there at the time.
Among the Bavarian settlers, was Johann Ludwig Fuchs who established a small enterprise selling home-brewed beer from his house in Kolonaki. It was in 1864 when Charles Johann Fuchs, son of Johann Ludwig Fuchs, established Fix brewery in Athens, the first official brewery of Greece. Finding Beer in Greece among this time was a rarity, and was only available within the major cities. Travelers in the 1900s from Germany allowed beer consumption to continue to grow. Similar German breweries were founded in Greece, such as, Messrs. Melcher, Bachauer, Fischer, Klein, and others.
The 1900s numerous breweries were formed and beer consumption begun to grow. Within the late 19th century micro-breweries began to flourish all around Greece, which can be reflected by the consumption rates. The following table depicts the transition in the alcohol preference of the Greek nation from 1961 to 2016. Wine remains the predominant drink in Greece, though to a lesser degree than before.
Alcohol consumption transition :
| | Beer | Wine | Spirits |
| 1961 | 6.86% | 86.14% | 7.00% |
| 2005 | 24.20% | 49.61% | 26.18% |
| 2016 | 31.5% | 45.5% | 21.8% |
Beer consumption has continually grown, increasing by a factor of five since the 1960s. Most brands are found all over Greece and are sold in supermarkets, mini markets and kiosks.

## Consumption

Beer in Greece is consumed nationally, as breweries are spread across the nation. Beer consumption in 2014 came to 3.845 million hectolitres, or 36 litres per capita. 440,000 of these hectolitres was imported to Greece. About 406,000 was imported from within the EU and the remaining 34,000 was imported externally. Looking on the production side of things, beer production in 2014 came to 3.75 million hectolitres. About 229,000 of these hectolitres were exported. Some 67,000 were exported within the EU and the remaining 162,000 were exported outside of the EU.

### Popular Beers

A survey conducted by 510 residents from all over Greece by Avgeris et al. Concluded that the three most influential factors when purchasing beer in Greece are: price, origin and brand name. Price is considered to be the most significant factor influencing consumer choice surrounding Greek beer. The survey concluded that 50.6% of the public would rather buy ‘cheaper’ beer as opposed to their local. However, if money was ruled out of the equation, the public would prefer to drink their local beer.
As stated, brand name has an influence over consumer choice surrounding beer in Greece. Avgeris et al. article establishes the five most frequently mentioned brands of beer in Greece to be, Amstel (18.9%), Fix (15.3%), Heineken (14.5%), Alfa (13.8%) and Vergina (9.4%). Four out of the five brands mentioned belong to two of the largest breweries in Greece with Amstel, Heineken and Alfa being produced by Athenian Brewery (Heineken group) and Fix by Olympic brewery (Carlsberg Group). The remaining brand Vergina belongs to Macedonian Thrace Brewery.
The factor to which the public concluded was the least influential aspect was advertisement. 70% of consumers mentioned that advertisement does not play a role when considering which beer to purchase.

## Economy

The growth of the brewery industry in Greece has provided work for the citizens as in 2014, 60,965 jobs were related to beer. Indirect employment of the same year was 4,507 jobs. Total consumer spending in 2014 was 1,689 million Euro. This is correlated to beer acting as a stimulus as within the same year beer added 494 million Euro to the Greek economy. The citizens are not the only impacted by the industry as the Government revenue in 2014 was 640 million euro. The way to which the Government generate revenue from beer is broken into five categories, which include:
* Excise duties - 107 million
* VAT (on-trade sector) - 253 million
* VAT (off-trade sector) - 62 million
* Income tax, payroll tax and social security contribution (brewing sector) - 35 million
* Income tax, payroll tax and social security contributions (other sectors) - 181 million

## Beer production
### Breweries

The four major brewing companies based in Greece are the Athenian Brewery Αθηναϊκή Ζυθοποιία (in Greek), a subsidiary of Heineken, holding more than 53% of the market share, the Olympic Brewery, a subsidiary of the Carlsberg Group, holding almost 27% of the market share, the Hellenic Breweries of Atalanti holding around 8% of the market share and Macedonian Thrace Brewery holding around 6%.
Commercially brewed beers :
| Brewery | Location | Beers brewed | Established |
| Athenian Brewery | Athens | Amstel, Heineken, Alfa, Mamos, Amstel Premium Dark Bock, Alfa Weiss, Milokleftis, Alfa Strong, Vios 5, Amstel Premium Pilsener, Marathon, Zorbas, Amstel Free, Fürstenbräu, Alfa Non Alcoholic Lager, Nymph, Amstel Kargo IPA, Amstel Radler Guarana-Lime | 1963 |
| Olympic Brewery | Athens | Fix Hellas, Fix Hellas Dark Premium, Fix Royale, Fix Anef | 2005 |
| Olympic Brewery | Sindos | Mythos, Henninger Kaiser Double Malt, Henninger Kaiser Blonde, Mythos Red, Mythos Radler, Golden Lager, Spartan, Aegean, Aris, Henninger Lager, Elomas, Zythia, Ey Zython, Mythos Ice, Mythology Lager, El Beer, Beeroni | 1968 |
| Hellenic Brewery of Atalanti | Kyparissi | EZA Premium Pilsener, EZA Fine Lager, EZA Alcohol Free, Odyssey Red Rhapsody, Odyssey White Rhapsody, SPAR Lager, Blue Island Fizzy Lemon, Blue Island Pink Grapefruit, New Yorker Fine Lager, Proton Beer, Wind, Berlin Lager, Ermis Gold, Ermis Argus, Pils Hellas, Captain Lager, Hellenic Star, Blue Island, Odyssey Dark Rhapsody - Calypso's Desire, Ducal de Atenas, Saronic, Blue Island Pear Delight, Beeri-Beeri, Imperial | 1988 |
| Macedonian Thrace Brewery | Komotini | Vergina Premium Lager, Vergina Weiss, Vergina Black, Vergina Red, Vergina Porfyra, Hillas, 365 Beer, Edelsteiner Premium Pils | 1996 |

### Microbreweries

The first greek microbrewery was Craft beer in 1997. In 2020 there were approximately 65 active microbreweries in Greece, with approximately 6% of the country's market share. That is in comparison to 6 microbreweries that were active in 2009. This growth can be explained mainly by the increasing demand for specialized products and Greek brands in support of the local economy during the crisis. The major brewers of Greece acted upon this trend and launched brands under Greek names in order to limit the competition. Various microbrewery brand-name takeovers and buy-outs have been ongoing over the past years. According to Greek law, breweries are labeled as "microbreweries" when production is less than 200,000 hectolitres.
    Beer Name Producer/Owner Region Beer Types 56 IslesParos MicrobreweryParosCraft AleaAlea Brewing CompanyAthensWit, Pale Ale, Stout, 3-way collab NEIPA AliThessaloniki Microbrewery LtdThessalonikiCraft AmoussaArrib DanosPatrasIPA, Stout Argo, MolotovVolos BreweryVolosGolden Ale, IPA AthineoAthenian BreweryAthensSeasonal BrewtifulBrewtiful BreweryChiosDouble Dry Hopped New England IPA BrinksRethymnian Brewery SACrete, RethymnoPale Ale Canal DiveKorintiaki Zithopiia SACorinthPilsner, Ale. Unfiltered, Unpasteurized Chios BeerChios Beer MicrobreweryVaviloi, ChiosPale Ale, Porter Smoked, BBQ smoked, Weiss with mastic, IPA. Unfiltered, Unpasteurized Corfu BeerKerkiraiki ZithopiiaCorfuPilsner, Lager, Weiss, IPA, Red Ale, Dark, Double fermentation Delphi / MareaElixi BreweryAthensPilsner, Dark, IPA, Blonde and more DiasKorfi SAKato Ag. IoannisLager DonkeySantorini Brewing CompanySantoriniLager, Weiss, IPA, Red Ale EmpatiKythnos BeerKythnosWheat EpilogiZotos LtdGianitsaLager FlarosFlaros / Siris Microbrewery EEAthensIPA, Amber Ale, Seasonal, Wheat, Porter FoniasSamothraki MicrobrewerySamothrakiPale Ale HarmaCretan BreweryCrete, ChaniaPilsner, Lager, Weiss, Pale Ale, Stout, Cretan Ale, Dunkel, Mexican HelmisonsHelmisons BreweryCrete, IerapetraPale Ale, IPA, Witbeer, Dark Ale Hoppy SealMonachus BrewingAlonisosPilsner IkarotissaIkariaki Zythopiia IKEIkariaAle, Red Ale Johnnies' BeerMacedonian MicrobreweryDramaLager KarmaKordosis-Thamnidis OENemeaLager, Pale Ale, Red Ale, Golden Ale KastaKasta MicrobrewsCrete, HeraklionPale Ale, IPA, Amber Ale, Oatmeal KatsikaFolegandros MicrobreweyFolegandrosPilsner, Biere De Garde, Red Ale KirkiKirki BreweryPiraeusAmber Lager, Pale Ale, IPA Kefalonian BeerKefalonia & Ithaki MicrobreweryKefaloniaLager, Red Ale KykaoKykao NanobreweryPatrasIPA, Stout, Seasonal, Rye, Pale Ales LafkasLafkas BreweryCrete, ChaniaPale Ale, Stout LevanteMikro-Brewery of ZakynthosZakynthosPale Ale, Stout LocalMicrobrewery of ThessalyVolosGolden Ale, IPA LolaPinios BreweryLarisaPilsner, Belgian Ale, IPA LyraLyra BrauereiCrete, ChaniaGolden Ale Magnus Magister / KnightsMagnus Magister Papadimitriou SARhodesPilsner, Lager, Weiss Mani BreweryMani BreweryManiIPA, Blond, Ale, Porter MarmitaMikrozithopiia Kavalas OEKavalaRed Ale MikonuMykonos Brewing CompanyMyconosIPA, Pale Ale, Seasonal and more Naxos BeerNaxos BreweryNaxosPilsner, IPA, Stout NissosCyclades MircrobreweryTinosBohemian-Style Pilsner, European Lager, Dunkel Noble MenNoble Men BreweryHalkida / AthensPilsner, IPA, Pale Ale, Abbey Triple NoctuaNoctua Brewery AthensAthensPale Ale, IPA, Black IPA, Amber Ale, Seasonal NotosNotos BreweryCrete, HeraklionLager, Weiss, Pale Ale Nymfi BeerAthenian BreweryThessalonikiHoppy lager, 5% Alc Olympica MagnaElis BreweryEliaLager Olympos BeerHondrogianni ParaskeviKateriniPale Lager One Eyed JackMidnight Circus Gypsy BreweryAthensPilsner, Red Ale, IPA, Stout OraPatraiki Zithopiia IKEPatrasPilsner, IPA, Stout, Weiss PlastigaZythopiia Georgios PapadiotisVolosStout, Strong Ale, Urban Ale, Weiss Samos BeerSamos BeerSamosAle SeptemSeptem MicrobreweryEviaStout, Red Ale, Pilsner, Pale Ale, Porter and more SigriSigri BreweryLesvosRed Ale, Blond Ale SknipaStandard Microbrewery of ThessalonikiThessalonikiPilsner, Stout, IPA, Seasonal, Strong SoloSolo BreweryCrete, HeraklionPale Ale, Seasonal, IPA, Porter, Stout and more SpartaLakoniki BrewerySpartaLager SpiraSpira Skopelos BrewersSkopelosGolden Ale, IPA, Dry Stout, Weiss StalaEpirus Brewery LtdIoanninaCream Ale, Pale Ale, Red Ale, IPA, Seasonal StilviZithopiia Thessalias IKEKarditsaLager, Stout, Weiss TherosSolar Microbrewery XanthiXanthiSummer Ale, Irish Red Ale, Dunkel Tiki LuauSeven Island BreweriesCorfuFruit Ale, Stoout Theta (Θ)Thessaliki BreweryAthensPilsner, Lager, Premium, Weiss, Seasonal Touls BrewsTouls BrewsPatrasPale Ale VAMbeerKorfi SAKato Agios Ioannis, PieriaPislner, Lager. Unfiltered, unpasteurised VAPVAP P Kougios SARhodesLager Volkan BreweryVolkan BreweryAthensPilsner, Dunkel, Wheat Voreia BeerSiris Microbrewery EESerresPilsner, IPA, Stout, Low Alcohol and more WingsThe Icarian Spirit MicrobreweryIkariaLager, Pale Ale ZeosΖeos Ζithopiia SAArgosPilsner, Lager, Weiss Voreia BeerSiris Microbrewery EESerresPilsner, IPA, Stout, Low Alcohol and more