# New Coimbra Fort

19°55′14″S 057°47′32″W﻿ / ﻿19.92056°S 57.79222°W﻿ / -19.92056; -57.79222
The New Coimbra Fort, also known as Fort Portocarrero or simply Fort Coimbra, is a Brazilian military fortification on the Paraguay River, strategically located near the border with Bolivia and Paraguay in Corumbá, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, in Brazil. The fort was founded in September 13 1775, something that had been planned by the Portuguese colonial authorities ever since the new borders with Spain had been fixed in the Treaty of Madrid in 1750.

## History
### Background

Brazil's western central region, Mato Grosso, had been explored since the early 18th century by bandeirantes from São Paulo and Jesuit missionaries from land which belongs to Paraguay nowadays. The border between the Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires in the region needed to be marked, and the Portuguese solution was the New Coimbra Fort, to be built along the lines of the Spanish presidios of the time.
When the first colonial captain-general to the region, António Tavares, arrived in 1751, he started to build up an administration, and to consolidate plans for defense and further expansion; by 1772, when the captaincy's fourth governor, Luís Pereira e Cáceres [pt], arrived to take power, these were already somewhat established. He soon determined that the planned fort in the Paraguay River be built. Besides the previously planned border demarcation purpose, it would also serve to inhibit the frequent raids by the Payaguá and Kadiwéu indians. Captain Matias Ribeiro da Costa was sent to accomplish this task, with instructions to build the fort somewhere near where the settlement of Porto Murtinho is located today, some 300 kilometers further downriver than where the fort was actually built (the expedition made a mistake). The captain's expedition was made up of 245 men in 15 canoes, guided by an elderly indian man. They set off from Cuiabá on 22 July 1775, and founded the fort on 13 September of the same year. It was called the "Presídio de Coimbra". The place where the fort lies was previously called St. Francis's Narrows, because the Paraguay River became narrower there.

### The New Coimbra Fort

In 1791, due to the bad state of the fort's structure, which had been damaged by a fire and Kadiwéu attacks, works were started to renew it, this time using masonry. This was also in part motivated by the Spanish building Forts Borbon and of San Carlos del Apa in the region. Then captain-general Caetano Montenegro [pt] ordered it to be built "in the edge of the hill, where two great lengths of the Paraguay River present themselves at an obtuse angle, which will be then flanked by the new fort, something the old base wouldn't do."
From 1796 onwards, lieutenant colonel Ricardo Serra [pt], a military engineer and geographer, took charge of the construction. His plans for the fort show the original base besides the new one, which was adapted to its terrain, an irregular star fort. Its walls had loopholes and surrounded the entire fort, meeting its hill's slope as it declined. It had room for two batteries of 8 guns set horizontally, which could fire across each other onto the river. To the southeast, a moat protected the fort from ground assaults. Inside the fort, there was a chapel, an arsenal and quarters for its troops. Ricardo Serra would command the fort until 1806; he was buried in it after his death in 1809.
In September 1801, the new fort was still being built when an expedition composed of four schooners and two canoes, carrying 600 men, attacked it; they were led by Lázaro de Ribeira [es], the intendant of Paraguay. The fort encroached on Spanish land, as established in the Treaty of Madrid, and news of peace in the War of the Oranges hadn't yet reached the region. The Brazilians had been previously warned by the now friendly Kadiwéu indians of the expedition's existence, and, though the fort was garrisoned by only 42 men, it resisted the initial assault and then a 10-day siege, after which the Paraguayans withdrew due to the lack of supplies and storm damage on the ships. Throughout the action, the Paraguayans lost 20 men.
In 1851 the fort's weaponry was improved by the addition of four 24-pounder guns and some smaller 9 and 6 pounder guns which had laid since 1820 in the Guaporé River, planned to be installed at the Forte Príncipe da Beira further north. It was expanded and repaired between 1855 and 1856. In 1855, Mato Grosso's government was briefly transferred to the fort by then-provincial president Augusto Leverger amidst tensions with Paraguay.
Just before the Paraguayan War, the fort's status was reported to the provincial president as follows: "In the 30th of the last month I arrived here from Fort Coimbra, to where I led the province's artillery battalion. Your Excellency will probably have received a memorandum regarding that Fort's condition, as well as other measures taken by the Hon. Sir Commander of Arms, who returned with me that same day; I must tell Your Excellency, nevertheless, that said Fort's state is unsatisfactory, but that it can resist Paraguay's ships and maybe defend itself from land attacks. The Hon. Sir Commander of Arms has ordered some improvements and repairs be made which he understands will be advantageous, and he plans to fortify the Navy's old position in front of the Fort, so that they may fire across from each other and aid each other."

### The Paraguayan War

vteParaguayan War :
Mato Grosso campaign
Marquês de Olinda
1st Corumbá
Fort Novo de Coimbra
Feio River
Dourados
Nioaque
Anhambaí
Fort Miranda
Coxim
Laguna
Apa River
2nd Corumbá
Alegre
Corrientes campaign
Corrientes
San Lorenzo River
Rio Grande do Sul
São Borja
Butuí
Uruguaiana
Riachuelo
Salto
Paso de Mercedes
Paso de Cuevas
Yatay
Pehuajó
Jaguarí
Humaitá campaign
Purutué Bank
Paso de Patria
Laguna Sirena
Itapirú
Estero Bellaco
Paso Cidra
1st Tuyutí
Yataytí Corá
Boquerón
Sauce
Palmar
Curuzú
Curupayty
Arroyo Hondo
Hacienda Laguna
Tuyú Cué
1st Passage of Curupayty
Pilar
Ombú
Estero Rojas
Perecué
Tatayibá
Potrero Obella
Humaitá
Passage
2nd Tuyutí
Paso Ipohy
2nd Passage of Curupayty
Laguna Cierva
Cabral and Lima Barros
1st Iasuií
2nd Iasuií
Poí Island
Barroso and Rio Grande
Acayuazá
Fortín Island
Pikysyry campaign
Yacaré
Paso de Tebicuarí
Surubí
Pikysyry
Dezembrada
Ytororó
Avay
Lomas Valentinas
Angostura
San Fernando
Asunción
Cordilleras campaign
Manduvirá River
Concepción
Ybytimí
Tupí-hú
Sapukái
Diarte
Piribebuy
Acosta Ñu
Piribebuy River
Hondo River
Itapytangua
Tacuaty
Curuguaty
Hucuratí
Loma Rugua
Caguijuru–Caraguataí
Iguatemi
Río Verde
Cambaceguá
Lomaruguá
Cerro Corá
Miranda :
The Paraguayan invasion, the opening move of the Mato Grosso Campaign, was made of five infantry batallions and two dismounted cavalry regiments, totalling 3200 men, with twelve rifled guns, a French-equipped rocket battery and the support of 11 warships, all under colonel Vicente Barrios's command. The fort's surrender was demanded on 27 December 1864.
Though the fort's commander was captain Benito de Faria, lieutenant colonel Hermenegildo Portocarrero, commander of all artillery in Mato Grosso and of the Lower Paraguay Military District happened to be there on a routine inspection, and took over its command due to the Paraguayan attack. He replied to the Paraguayan demands with a letter stating "only through luck and the honor of arms will we deliver the fort".
The fort then held 11 functioning bronze smoothbore guns, plus another 20 in need of repairs, and a garrison of 125 regular officers and men, 30 national guards, some custom guards, 6 prisoners and 24 "tame indians". For two days the Paraguayans made intense attacks. The fort's troops' families aided with reloading and the wounded. Lacking the resources necessary to resist the attack and with no reinforcements available nearby, the fort was orderly evacuated between 28 and 29 December by the gunboat Anhambaí. During the action, the Paraguayan forces suffered circa 200 casualties from failed assaults and reconnaissance actions, and the Brazilians suffered no losses. The fort (and its guns) fell under enemy control, and remained under it until April 1868, when the Paraguayans abandoned it, taking away its guns and stores.
After the war ended (in 1870), the fort began to be rebuilt. It had suffered extensive damage during the conflict, with its walls being almost completely destroyed by Paraguayan artillery fire. In 1872, works to expand its west wall were started.

### The 20th century and beyond

Between 1907 and 1908 the fort was once again upgraded by the addition of two 120mm Armstrong guns from the ironclad Barroso. New quarters were built beside the fort in 1930. By then, the fort was armed with four 6 inch guns.
The fort was listed as a heritage site by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage in 1974. Nowadays, the fort hosts the 3rd Frontier Company - Coimbra Fort, which is part of the 18th Frontier Infantry Brigade of the Brazilian Army's Western Military Command. In 2002, said company was designated the Portocarrero Company; in 2016, it was downsized into a platoon. The fort also has a display of historical artillery pieces, hosting the following guns:
| Name | Type | Origin | Quantity | Usage |
| Whitworth 32 | Rifled muzzle loader | United Kingdom | 5 | 1880-1907 |
| Whitworth 70 | Rifled muzzle loader | United Kingdom | 3 | 1880-1907 |
| Nordenfelt 57mm | Light coastal defense gun | United Kingdom | 5 | 1884-1907 |
| Krupp M1903 | Field gun | German Empire | 2 | 1907-1940 |
| Armstrong-Whitworth 120mm | Naval gun | United Kingdom | 2 | 1907-1940 |
| Whitworth 152,4mm | Naval gun | United Kingdom | 4 | 1940-1986 |
| Vickers-Armstrong 152,4mm | Field gun | United Kingdom | 2 | 1986-1992 |

## The fort's legends and traditions

There is a local tale that claims that when the fort was being initially built, Thomas the Apostle passed through its first planned site (further downriver from the actual one) on a journey to Peru, which would have made the place holy and unsuitable for military occupation. Amongst the officers of the fort there is a tradition of devoutness to the Virgin of Carmel, and a custom of, when one of them reaches the rank of general, no matter where they are serving, to send back to her shrine in the fort one of the gold stars of their epaulettes.
In the second day of the 1864 siege, it is said that an army musician raised an image of the Virgin of Carmel over the fort's walls and shouted "long live Our Lady of Mount Carmel", under orders from Portocarrero's wife; the Paraguayans stopped firing and started to shout "long live Our Lady". This allowed some of the fort's women to discreetly head down to the river to collect water for its defenders.