# Synodontis batensoda

Synodontis batensoda, the upside-down catfish, is a species of mochokid upside-down catfish. It is unevenly distributed in inland waters across Africa from Senegal to Ethiopia, and is also known as a squeaker or giant upside-down catfish. It was originally described by Eduard Rüppell in 1832 in the paper "Continuation of the description and figure of several new fish, in the Nile. p1-14".
The species is now regionally extinct in Northern Africa, but used to be found in Cairo during floods. It can be found in portions of the White Nile, Blue Nile, and the Baro Rivers in northeast Africa, and the Chad, Niger, Senegal, and Gambia river basins in western Africa. It occurs in slow-moving waters and marshes bordering large rivers. Water temperatures in its native habitat range from 23 to 27 °C (73 to 81 °F).
Synodontis batensoda is silver-green to blue-grey with black barbels and a blackish underside (thus its specific name, from Arabic بطن السوداء bațn sawdā' = "black belly"). Occasionally, individuals can be reddish brown. Juveniles display large dark-colored blotches on the sides separated by pale patches.
It has 39–42 gill rakers rather than 7–33 as in other Synodontis species, and its dorsal fin and adipose fin are contiguous. The body is short and deep, the eyes are large, and its colouration is grey-black tinged with brown, with a faint network of dark black spots. There is a comb of small spines near the point of the operculum. The maxillary barbels have membranes, though these are not as wide as in Hemisynodontis. The caudal fin is forked, with each lobe ending in a point. Like other Synodontis species, this fish almost always swims upside down. This fish may grow up to 50 centimetres (20 in) TL and weigh up to 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb).
This omnivorous fish feeds on plankton, algae, detritus, surface insects, chironomid larvae, benthic crustaceans, and molluscs. It is oviparous and venomous.
In the aquarium hobby, it is peaceful and hardy fish that is compatible with even small fish, but may be bullied by more aggressive Synodontis species.

## Nile catfish and Medicine

Long before humans understood the scientific principles behind electricity, ancient physicians used electric currents to treat physical and mental ailments like epilepsy, vertigo, and depression. In the ancient world, nature provided many solutions that are now fulfilled by technology, including the source of electric currents. Before the formal discovery of electricity, people harnessed the power of electric fish for their therapeutic needs. The Egyptians, for instance, were familiar with the Nile catfish, a species capable of generating electric shocks. The earliest known depiction of this fish, dating back to around 2750 BC, can be seen on a mural in the tomb of the architect Ti at Saqqara, Egypt. Egyptians weren't the only Mediterranean people to include the catfish in their art—similar murals were found in Pompeii, roughly 3,000 years later and 1,000 miles north. While these artworks don't confirm whether electric fish were used medically in both cultures, Egyptian papyri from 4,700 years ago record their use in pain relief. Later accounts by Pliny and Plutarch also mention the Egyptians using electric eels to treat conditions such as joint pain, migraines, melancholy, and epilepsy.