# Zabol

Zabol (Persian: زابل) is a city in the Central District of Zabol County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Zabol is near the border with Afghanistan.

## Demographics
### Language and ethnicity

The people of Zabol are a mix of Persians who speak a variant of the Persian language and known as Sistani or Seistani which is very similar to Dari, also known as Afghan Persian, and a small minority of Baloch who speak Balochi, a Northwestern Iranian language.

### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 130,642 in 27,867 households. The 2011 census counted 137,722 people in 33,957 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 134,950 people in 35,401 households.

## Geography
### Location

Zabol is located near Lake Hamun, in the endorheic Sīstān Basin, and the region is irrigated by the Helmand River. Lake Hamun is a seasonal lake that is often dry.
Zabol is connected by road to Milak and Zaranj (across the border in Afghanistan). The Delaram-Zaranj Highway provides road connectivity to the rest of Afghanistan. Zabol thus provides Afghanistan access to the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf via the Port of Chabahar. Zabol has a regional airport.

### Air pollution

The Zabol area is well known for its "120-day wind" (bād-e sad-o-bist-roz), a highly persistent dust storm in the summer which blows from north to south. The disappearance in the 2000s of the nearby Hamoun wetlands has exacerbated the dusty conditions in Zabol, leading the World Health Organization to name Zabol the most polluted city in the world in 2016. A 2017 study in the journal Preventive Medicine suggested that the harm from 30 minutes of cycling outdoors in Zabol's polluted air would outweigh the benefits of the exercise.

### Climate

Zabol has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh).
Climate data for Zabol (normals 1991-2020, extremes 1962–2020) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.0 (84.2) | 32.8 (91.0) | 42.3 (108.1) | 43.0 (109.4) | 48.0 (118.4) | 50.8 (123.4) | 49.8 (121.6) | 51.0 (123.8) | 46.8 (116.2) | 42.6 (108.7) | 37.6 (99.7) | 29.0 (84.2) | 51.0 (123.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 15.9 (60.6) | 19.4 (66.9) | 25.4 (77.7) | 32.3 (90.1) | 37.5 (99.5) | 41.3 (106.3) | 42.5 (108.5) | 40.8 (105.4) | 36.9 (98.4) | 31.0 (87.8) | 23.4 (74.1) | 17.6 (63.7) | 30.3 (86.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.5 (47.3) | 11.6 (52.9) | 17.3 (63.1) | 23.9 (75.0) | 29.5 (85.1) | 33.6 (92.5) | 35.3 (95.5) | 33.6 (92.5) | 28.9 (84.0) | 22.3 (72.1) | 15.0 (59.0) | 9.7 (49.5) | 22.4 (72.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.1 (35.8) | 4.8 (40.6) | 9.9 (49.8) | 16.1 (61.0) | 21.7 (71.1) | 26.2 (79.2) | 28.7 (83.7) | 27.2 (81.0) | 21.7 (71.1) | 14.7 (58.5) | 7.9 (46.2) | 3.0 (37.4) | 15.3 (59.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −12.0 (10.4) | −9.0 (15.8) | −2.2 (28.0) | 3.0 (37.4) | 7.2 (45.0) | 14.0 (57.2) | 19.0 (66.2) | 12.0 (53.6) | 6.0 (42.8) | 0.0 (32.0) | −4.0 (24.8) | −10.0 (14.0) | −12.0 (10.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 12.5 (0.49) | 9.9 (0.39) | 14.8 (0.58) | 4.6 (0.18) | 1.2 (0.05) | 0.1 (0.00) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.01) | 2.2 (0.09) | 5.7 (0.22) | 51.3 (2.01) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.5 (0.2) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 10.5 |
| Average snowy days | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 50 | 45 | 42 | 35 | 27 | 22 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 27 | 39 | 47 | 33 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | −1.5 (29.3) | −0.2 (31.6) | 3.4 (38.1) | 6.9 (44.4) | 7.7 (45.9) | 8.3 (46.9) | 8.4 (47.1) | 6.3 (43.3) | 2.9 (37.2) | 1.9 (35.4) | 0.6 (33.1) | −1.5 (29.3) | 3.6 (38.5) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 211 | 209 | 232 | 265 | 314 | 327 | 334 | 326 | 303 | 291 | 240 | 218 | 3,270 |
| Mean daily daylight hours | 10.4 | 11.1 | 12 | 12.9 | 13.7 | 14.1 | 13.9 | 13.2 | 12.3 | 11.4 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 12.1 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 7 |
| Source 1: NOAA NCEI (snowfall and snow/sleet days for 1981-2010) ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records) Weather Atlas (UV index and daylight hours) ||||||||||||||

## Colleges and universities

The city is home to Zabol University, the largest university in the city, as well as the Zabol Medical Science University and the Sistan Museum of Anthropology.
* Islamic Azad university, Zabol Branch
* Payame-noor university of Zabol