OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shearing interferometer

The shearing interferometer is an extremely simple means to observe interference and to use this phenomenon to test the collimation of light beams, especially from laser sources which have a coherence length which is usually significantly longer than the thickness of the shear plate (see graphics) so that the basic condition for interference is fulfilled.

## Function

The testing device consists of a high-quality optical glass, like N-BK7, with extremely flat optical surfaces that are usually at a slight angle to each other. When a plane wave is incident at an angle of 45°, which gives maximum sensitivity, it is reflected two times. The two reflections are laterally separated due to the finite thickness of the plate and by the wedge. This separation is referred to as the shear and has given the instrument its name. The shear can also be produced by gratings.
Parallel-sided shear plates are sometimes used, but the interpretation of the interference fringes of wedged plates is relatively easy and straightforward. Wedged shear plates produce a graded path difference between the front and back surface reflections; as a consequence, a parallel beam of light produces a linear fringe pattern within the overlap.
With a plane wavefront incident, the overlap of the two reflected beams shows interference fringes with a spacing of $d_{f}={\frac {\lambda }{2n\theta }}$, where $d_{f}$ is the spacing perpendicular to shear, $\lambda$ is the wavelength of the beam, n the refractive index, and $\theta$ the wedge angle. This equation makes the simplification that the distance from the wedged shear plate to the observation plane is small relative to the wavefront radius of curvature at the observation plane. The fringes are equally spaced and will be exactly perpendicular to the wedge orientation and parallel to a usually present wire cursor aligned along the beam axis in the shearing interferometer. The orientation of the fringes varies when the beam is not perfectly collimated. In the case of a noncollimated beam incident on a wedged shear plate, the path difference between the two reflected wavefronts is increased or decreased from the case of perfect collimation depending on the sign of the curvature. The pattern is then rotated and the beam's wavefront radius of curvature $R$ can be calculated: $R=-{\frac {s\cdot d_{f}}{\lambda \tan \gamma }}$, with $s$ the shear distance, $d_{f}$ the fringe distance, $\lambda$ the wavelength and $\gamma$ the angular deviation of the fringe alignment from that of perfect collimation. If the spacing normal to the fringes is used instead, this equation becomes $R=-{\frac {s\cdot k_{f}}{\lambda \sin \gamma }}$, where $k_{f}$ is the fringe spacing normal to the fringes.
# Aghadowey

Aghadowey (from Irish Achadh Dubhthaigh 'Duffy’s field') is a townland in east County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It lies in Aghadowey civil parish, and is part of Causeway Coast and Glens district. It is close to the county boundary with County Antrim.

## Sport

Aghadowey is a popular angling area, with anglers fishing both the River Bann and the Agivey River. Aghadowey Stadium hosts regular motorcycle racing and stock car racing also rallying as a RallySport Association event, on the disused World War II airfield. Aghadowey was the home circuit (1.003 miles/1.614 km) of the Motor Cycle Road Racing Club of Ireland (MCRRCI) (now Bishopscourt Race Circuit near Downpatrick) and was first used for racing in 1975, after the club was forced to vacate their previous circuit at Maghaberry to make way for a new prison development.
Aghadowey fc was founded in 1968 when the coleraine and district league formed, before this they played as Agivey. They have notable rivalries with both Garvagh FC and Kilrea FC and have scored victories over both in recent years.

## Transport

* Aghadowey railway station opened on 19 February 1880, but closed on 28 August 1950.
# Roland Hinton Perry

Roland Hinton Perry (January 25, 1870 – October 27, 1941) was an American sculptor and painter.

## Background

Perry was born in New York City to George and Ione (Hinton) Perry, and entered the École des Beaux Arts in 1890 at the age of 19. At 21, he studied at the Académie Julian and Académie Delécluse in Paris and focused on sculpture, the medium in which he would achieve the most artistic success.

## Career

After returning to the United States, Perry received a commission to sculpt a series of bas-reliefs for the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., in 1894. The following year, he was commissioned to create the Court of Neptune Fountain in front of the Library's main building, now known as the Thomas Jefferson Building.
The success of this work in Washington led to other commissions including a design for the statue of Commonwealth on top of the dome of Pennsylvania's new Capitol Building in 1905. He also created the spandrels on the temporary Dewey Arch in New York City (1899), Thompson Elk Fountain standing in the Plaza Blocks of downtown Portland, Oregon (1900), interior reliefs for the New Amsterdam Theater in New York City, (1903), statues of Dr. Benjamin Rush in Washington and of General George S. Greene at Gettysburg Battlefield (both 1904), the Perry Lions on the Connecticut Avenue Bridge in Washington (1906), a figural group atop Lookout Mountain in Chattanooga, Tennessee (1907), the John B Castleman Monument (1913), and a monument to the Thirty-Eighth Infantry in Syracuse, New York (1920).
Perry was a member of the Grand Central Art Galleries and the National Sculpture Society. Many of his paintings are displayed at the Detroit Museum of Art.
Perry's cousin was the sculptor Clio Hinton Bracken, and the two shared studio space for a time.

## Death

Perry died in New York City on October 27, 1941, at the age of 71.

## Gallery

* Self-portrait (1923), Chalk Study
* Thompson Elk Fountain (1900), Portland, Oregon
* George S. Greene monument (1904), Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
* Bronze sculpture of a lion (1898, cast 1905), Golden Gate Park
* Perry Lions (1906) on the Connecticut Avenue Bridge, Washington, D.C.
* John Breckinridge Castleman Equestrian Statue (1913) Louisville, Kentucky
* Bronze relief portrait of Col. George W. Neely at Vicksburg National Military Park
# Roch Voisine Live

Roch Voisine Live (full title Roch Voisine Live - Intime/Intimate) is a 2006 live bilingual double album, the first in French and the second in English by Canadian singer Roch Voisine. It contains 34 songs of Roch Voisine performed live, including some of his best songs and singles and some favourite album tracks from his repertoire.

## Track listing
### CD 1

* "Hélène" (ballad)
* "Laisse-la rêver"
* "Oochigeas"
* "La Berceuse du petit diable"
* "Ce soir mon ange"
* "Le poème de chair"
* "My Lady mio segreto"
* "Pourtant"
* "Ne m'oublies pas"
* "Darlin'"
* "Délivre-moi"
* "Je l'ai vu"
* "Jean Johnny Jean"
* "Avec tes yeux Pretty Face"
* "Avant de partir"
* "Tant pis"
* "Hélène"(rock)

### CD 2

* "Kissing Rain"
* "Oochigeas"
* "St. Annie Of The Wild Blue Eyes"
* "Am I Wrong"
* "Virtual Cowboys"
* "Wind and Tears"
* "Tears in My Coffee"
* "Shout Out Loud"
* "Pretty Face"
* "Stay"
* "Myriam's Song"
* "Don't Give Up"
* "Higher"
* "With These Eyes"
* "There's No Easy Way"
* "By Myself"
* "Deliver Me"
* "I'll Always Be There"
* This 2000s pop album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Sebastopol Cinema

Sebastopol Cinema (Amharic: ሴባስቶፖል ሲነማ) is a movie theatre in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia established in 2005. It is situated near to Hol-Zee Traditional Restaurant and close to Hall 1, in Arada district. It is owned by Sebastopol Entertainment PLC, which is owned by filmmaker Theodros Teshome. Sebastopol has three screens and executively for Ethiopian films. It is also home of Addis International Film Festival. it costed 4 million birr capital.

## Multistorey complex

In June 2013, Sebastopol Entertainment PLC constructed a two-tower, four storey multiplex on a 948 square meters plot has leased for 7,000,000 ETB. The multiplex has been designated by Chartered Structural Consulting Engineers PLC for 310,000 ETB. The construction costed 50 million birr. The first tower has 10 cinema screens, five of which seat 250 people, while the largest accommodate 1,000 cinema-goers. The four remaining screens will have seats between 400 and 600 people.
# Matilda Thorpe

Matilda Helen Rachel Thorpe is a British actress. Thorpe trained at London's Central School of Speech and Drama. She is known for her roles in the Channel 4 sitcoms Desmond's (1989–1994) and Porkpie (1995–1996), and Sick Note (2017–2018) for Sky One. She played Nina in the movie One Life. She is the sister of actress Harriet Thorpe.

## Career

Thorpe is the daughter of the writers Gillian Freeman and Edward Thorpe. Her mother was Jewish.
Thorpe's television appearances include Amanda in Gems (1986), Narrator in Pinny's House (1986), Friend in Murder Most Horrid (1991), Jane in The Upper Hand (1992), Mandy Mosgrove in Desmond's (1989–1994), Mandy Ambrose in Porkpie (1995–1996), Mother in How to Be a Little Sod (1995), Keeping Mum (1997), Barbara Robertson in The Jump (1998), Sarah Johnson in Casualty (1998), Personnel Officer in Wonderful You (1999), Inspector Shaw in Bad Girls (2002), Marcia Heyman in Holby City (2003), Marianne Wild in Doctors (2004), Sue Jenner in The Bill (2005), Receptionist in Rosemary & Thyme (2006), Mary in Robin Hood (2006) and Rupert Grint's mother, Claire Glass in two series of Sick Note (2017–18).
Her film roles include Nina in One Life (2023), Aunt Melody (Back to Black 2024) Queen of Hearts (1989), Stationer in Crush (2001), and Andrea in Not Another Happy Ending (2013).
Stage appearances include It's a Girl (Winner Time Out Best Musical) (1989) and When We Are Married (Winner Olivier Award Best Comedy) at the Garrick Theatre (2010). Emma in Way Upstream - Alan Ayckbourn at the New Vic Theatre, Stoke on Trent, (1989) Pauline in Golden Girls at Leeds Playhouse, (1985) Olive in Joking Apart - Alan Ayckbourn at The Mill at Sonning Theatre, (1994) Shutters Triple Bill at the Park Theatre, Finsbury Park, (2014) was a member of the 'Dogs on Holiday' comedy improvisation team at the Hurricane Club in London's West End for 10 years, who famously performed alongside Robin Williams, among others.
# 1939 in South Africa

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
The following lists events that happened during 1939 in South Africa.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: King George VI.
* Governor-General and High Commissioner for Southern Africa: Sir Patrick Duncan (starting 5 April).
* Prime Minister: James Barry Munnik Hertzog (until 5 September), Jan Christiaan Smuts (starting 5 September).
* Chief Justice: James Stratford.

## Events
### September

* 2 – J. B. M. Hertzog puts his case to the National Assembly for South Africa to remain neutral in the Second World War, against Jan Smuts who supports a Commonwealth alliance.
* 4 – Jan Smuts becomes the 4th Prime Minister of South Africa for the second time.
* 5 – The National Assembly votes on a motion whether or not to join the war and Jan Smuts wins by 13 votes.
* 6 – The Union of South Africa declares war on Germany.

### Unknown date

* The University of Pretoria's official university newspaper, Die Perdeby, is established.

## Births

* 6 March – Lina Spies, Afrikaans poet and academic.
* 18 March – John W. de Gruchy, academic.
* 25 March – Pius Langa, Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of South Africa.
* 4 April – Hugh Masekela, jazz musician. (d. 2018)
* 21 June – Essop Pahad, politician.
* 7 July – Gilbert Ramano, military commander.
* 12 August – David King, chemist
* 19 August – Caiphus Semenya, composer and musician.
* 14 September – Mary Twala, actress, mother of TV personality, Somizi Mhlongo (d. 2020)
* 16 September – Breyten Breytenbach, dissident poet (d. 2024)
* 27 September – Lydia Mokgokoloshi, actress
* 16 September – Breyten Breytenbach, writer and painter.
* 16 October – Tertius Delport, lawyer and politician (d. 2023)
* 26 October – Karel Schoeman, novelist (d. 2017)
* 25 November – Janette Deacon, archaeologist specialising in rock art conservation

## Deaths

* 16 October – Charlotte Maxeke, religious leader and political activist. (b. 1871)

## Railways
### Locomotives

The first two diesel-electric locomotive types enter service on the South African Railways (SAR):
* A single Class DS AEG shunting engine enters service at the Congella yards near Durban.
* A second shunting locomotive, the Class DS1, enters SAR service while another is delivered to the Electricity Supply Commission.
* The Hollandse Anneming Maatschappij, constructors of a new Table Bay harbour, imports a small 0-4-0T locomotive as on-site construction engine, later employed as SAR dock shunter.

## Sports

* 3 March – In Durban, the Timeless Test begins between England and South Africa, the longest game of cricket ever played. It is abandoned twelve days later when the English team has to catch the ship for home.
# Viçens Ruiz

Viçens Ruiz Torruela (born 31 October 1991) is a Spanish field hockey player who plays as a midfielder for Real Club de Polo and the Spanish national team.
At the 2016 Summer Olympics, he competed for the national team in the men's tournament.

## Club career

Ruiz played for Club Egara until 2016 when he moved to the Netherlands to play for HGC. He only played there for one season and returned to Club Egara. In 2019, after he won the Spanish national title with Club Egara he left them for Real Club de Polo.

## International career

Ruiz has been playing for the national team since 2013 when he made his debut in 2013 EuroHockey Championships. He was part of the Spain squad that finished thirteenth at the 2018 World Cup. He scored one goal in three games in that tournament. At the 2019 EuroHockey Championship, he won his first medal with the national team as they finished second. On 25 May 2021, he was selected in the squad for the 2021 EuroHockey Championship.
# Hrabova

Hrabova (Ukrainian: Грабова) is a village (selo) in Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast, in western Ukraine. It belongs to Busk urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Hrabova was established in 1500. The village has 402 inhabitants.
Until 18 July 2020, Hrabova belonged to Busk Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Busk Raion was merged into Zolochiv Raion.
# Joseph Clay

Joseph Clay (July 24, 1769 – August 27, 1811) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Joseph Clay was born in Philadelphia in the Province of Pennsylvania. He was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Congresses, and served until his resignation after March 28, 1808. He was also engaged in banking. Clay served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Ways and Means during the Ninth Congress. He was one of the impeachment managers appointed by the House of Representatives in 1804 to conduct the impeachment proceedings against John Pickering, judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire.
Joseph Clay was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society held at Philadelphia in 1799.
He became cashier of the Farmers & Mechanics’ Bank of Philadelphia, and died in Philadelphia in 1811. Interment in Christ Church Burying Ground.
He was the father of diplomat John Randolph Clay, and the grandfather of brevet brigadier general Cecil Clay.
# Wallace Rice

Wallace deGroot Cecil Rice (10 November 1859 – 15 December 1939) was an American lawyer, writer, and vexillographer. Based for most of his life in Chicago, Rice was a prolific writer and editor; however, he is most famous as the designer of the municipal flag of Chicago.

## Biography

Wallace Rice was born 10 November 1859, to John Asaph Rice (1829–1888) and Margaret Van Slyke (Culver) Rice (ca 1829–1891) in Hamilton, Canada West, while his parents were temporarily residing in Canada. His father John Asaph Rice was a hotelier in Chicago, owner of the Tremont House and co-owner of the Sherman House Hotel, and noted collector of rare books, manuscripts, and Americana. As a boy, Rice attended grammar school at Racine College. After graduating from Harvard University in 1883, Rice was admitted to the bar in Chicago in November 1884. He married Minnie (Hale) Angier on 8 August 1889 in Chicago, Illinois, and they had two sons, John and Benjamin. Rice was divorced from his wife Minnie prior to 1920 and he never remarried.
Rice was a newspaperman in Chicago writing for the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Herald American, and was a literary adviser and editor for several Chicago-based publishing houses. In 1917, he designed the Flag of Chicago. He compiled a number of stories and anecdotes from newspapers around the country. One of his major anthology works was in collaboration with Clarence Darrow in the editing of Infidels and Heretics published in 1929. He was also an accomplished author in his own right, writing historical pageants, including one celebrating Illinois' centennial and another for the semi-centennial of Birmingham, Alabama. He was also a poet and essayist. Rice died on 15 December 1939 in Chicago.

## Selected publications

* Rice, W. and B. Eastman. 1898. Under the Stars and Other Songs of the Sea. Way and Williams, Chicago. 61pp.
* Rice, W. 1909. For the Gaiety of Nations. Fun and Philosophy from the American Newspaper Humorists. Dodge Publishing Company, New York. 60pp.
* Rice, W. and F.V. Rice. 1909. The Wealth of Friendship. Brewer, Barse and Company, Chicago. 210pp.
* Rice, W. and F.V. Rice. 1911. The Humbler Poets: A Collection of Newspaper and Periodical Verse 1885 to 1910. A.C. McClurg and Company, Chicago.
* Darrow, C.S. and W. Rice (eds.) 1929. Infidels and Heretics: An Agnostic's Anthology. Stratford & Company, Boston. 293pp.

## Genealogy

Wallace deGroot Cecil Rice was a direct descendant of Edmund Rice, an early immigrant to Massachusetts Bay Colony, as follows:
* Wallace deGroot Cecil Rice, son of
   * John Asaph Rice (1829 – 1888)
      * Anson Rice (1798 – 1875), son of
      * Asaph Rice (1768 – 1856), son of
      * Amos Rice (1743 – 1827), son of
      * Jacob Rice (1707 – 1788), son of
         * Jacob Rice (1660 – 1746), son of
         * Edward Rice (1622 – 1712), son of
            * Edmund Rice (1594 – 1663)
# Overhaul (firefighting)

Overhaul is the process of searching for hidden fire extension on a fire scene, soon after the main fire has been extinguished. This is a vital process to prevent rekindling, from concealed spaces and still burning objects. It is used in conjunction with salvage operations to reduce loss caused by fire. However, there are risks associated with the process. Such as, physical injury from falling objects, strained muscles due to poor technique, being struck by another firefighter's equipment and more. Additionally, there is a large risk of respiratory damage if the proper PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) is not used. Leading to a higher risk of cancer along with heart and lung diseases. Overhaul is one of the last steps in the firefighting process.
# St. John's Leprosy and HIV Care Services

St. John's Leprosy and HIV Care Services is a charitable undertaking of the Major Archieparchy of Trivandrum of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church.
At present the hospital is giving shelter for 50 leprosy patients. In the rehabilitation centre, some 20 HIV/Aids patients are getting care and treatment. Fr. Jose Kizhakkedath is the current director of St. John’s Health Services.

## History

In the early 1960s, there was a leprosy clinic at Koppam run by the Church of South India. The programme of the clinic was carried out by Miss Dunn from England. In the beginning of 1963, Miss Dunn was looking for some agency to carry out the work and she met late Archbishop Benedict Mar Gregorios. He agreed to carry out this noble work. That was the beginning of St. John’s Health Services, Pirappencode. Fr. Lawrence J. Thottam (later Lawrence Mar Epraem) joined the Health Services as the first Director of St. John’s Health Services in 1963. Sisters of Imitation of Christ (Bethany Madhom) and Little Sisters of Jesus took up the Community Services of the centre. St.John’s Hospital was formally inaugurated on 15 February 1964 by Health Minister Mr. Willington and the late Archbishop Benedict Mar Gregorios. In 1999, the Leprosy & TB Control Program was launched at Trivandrum City Corporation under the leadership of this Hospital. On 5 July 2007, Kerala State AIDS Control Society recognized St. John’s Health Centre as a community care centre for HIV/AIDS.

## Sources

* Manual of St. John's Health Services
# St Thomas Aquinas Catholic School, Birmingham

St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic School is a mixed Catholic secondary school in Kings Norton, Birmingham, England.
The school, which is part of the Birmingham Catholic Partnership, consists of key stage three (Yr 7 and 8), key stage four (years 9 to 11) and a sixth form. The sixth form provision is offered as part of Oaks Sixth Form College, a consortium of 7 secondary schools in South-West Birmingham.
The school has a library, known as the Aquinas Resource Centre or the "ARC". Facilities also include a large playground, a large sports hall, a gym, and a music technology suite.

## Notable former pupils

* Darren Bradley (b. 1965) - footballer, West Bromwich Albion
* Martin Duffy (1967-2022) - Primal Scream musician
* Ian Ashbee (b. 1976) - footballer, Hull City A.F.C., football manager
* Gavin Mahon (b. 1977) - footballer, Queens Park Rangers
* Ayo Akinwolere (b. 1982) - television presenter, co-presenter of Blue Peter
* Dan Preston (b. 1991) - footballer, AFC Telford United
* Josh Cooke (b. 1997) - footballer, Swindon Town
* Aidan Davis (b. 1997) - rapper, television host, Britain's Got Talent finalist and presenter of CBBC's Friday Download
# Federal Institute of Bahia

The Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia (acronym: IFBA), in english: Bahia Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, is a Brazilian institution that offers higher and vocational education, having a multi-curricular structure with greater emphasis on science, tech and engineering courses. The Institute has many campuses at the Brazilian state of Bahia, each one of those offering professional and technological education in different sub-fields of knowledge.
The Institute is part of the Brazilian public federal education network and is affiliated with the Ministry of Education of Brazil. It has an equivalence, according to law, to the Federal Universities, has large academic autonomy and also develops research projects.
# Öznur Kızıl

Öznur Kızıl (born in 1991) is a Turkish female wushu practitioner competing in the Sanshou 48 kg division.
Since 2004, she is a member of the Akca Sport Club in Sultanbeyli, Istanbul, where she is coached by Niyazi Akca. She is a student at the Kocaeli Academy of Sports and Physical Education.

## Achievements

* Bronze (48 kg) 1st World Junior Wushu Championships – 19–26 August 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
* Bronze (48 kg) 10th World Wushu Championships – 25–29 October 2009, Toronto, Canada
* Gold (48 kg) 13th European Wushu Championships – 6–13 March 2010, Antalya, Turkey
* Bronze (48 kg) 5th Sanda World Cup – 16–18 December 2010, Chongqing, China
# Clavigesta purdeyi

Clavigesta purdeyi, the pine leaf-mining moth, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Ireland.
The wingspan is 10–12 mm. The forewing is reddish-brown with a reddish wingtip and narrow, grey transverse bands.
The imago is on wing from July to September.
The larvae mine the needles of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus contorta var. latifolia and Pinus nigra var. maritima and do not enter the buds or shoots.
# Dipyrocetyl

Dipyrocetyl is a pharmaceutical drug used as an analgesic and antipyretic.
# Roberto Morinini

Roberto Morinini (18 July 1951 – 16 March 2012) was a Swiss football striker and later manager.