# Nicholas Hytner

Sir Nicholas Robert Hytner (/ˈhaɪtnər/ HYTE-nər; born 7 May 1956) is an English theatre director, film director, and film producer. He was previously the Artistic Director of London's National Theatre. His major successes as director include Miss Saigon, The History Boys and One Man, Two Guvnors. He is also known for directing films such as The Madness of King George (1994), The Crucible (1996), The History Boys (2006), and The Lady in the Van (2015). Hytner was knighted in the 2010 New Year Honours for services to drama by Queen Elizabeth II.

## Early life and education

Hytner was born in the prosperous suburbs of south Manchester in 1956, to barrister Benet Hytner and his wife, Joyce. He is the eldest child of four, and has described his upbringing as being in "a typical Jewish, cultured family".
He attended Manchester Grammar School and went to university at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he studied English. He did some acting while at university, including co-scripting and performing in a televised production of the 1977 Cambridge Footlights Revue. However, Hytner did not consider acting his strong point. "I think I was savvy enough when I went to Cambridge to discover I was a poor actor," he said later. He also did some directing, including a production of Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill's Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny.

## Career
### Early career

After leaving Cambridge, Hytner's first "proper paid job" was as assistant to Colin Graham at English National Opera. Some of his earliest professional directing work was in opera, including at Kent Opera, Wexford Festival Opera and a production of Rienzi at English National Opera. His first theatre productions were at the Northcott Theatre, Exeter. He then directed a series of productions at the Leeds Playhouse, including The Ruling Class by Peter Barnes, an adaptation of Tom Jones and a musical version of Alice in Wonderland. In 1985 he became an Associate Director of the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester, a position he retained until 1989.

### Theatre director

Hytner was hired by producer Cameron Mackintosh to direct Miss Saigon, the next work from Les Misérables creators Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schönberg. "I had seen several of Nick's opera productions – Handel's 'Xerxes' and Mozart's 'Magic Flute' – as well as some of his classical plays, and he has a marvellously visual point of view," Mackintosh said. For Hytner, "It just felt like a huge lark... It was gigantic, and I was into gigantic at the time, so I threw everything I knew at it. It was big, honest, moving, brash, kind of crazy. I had no idea that it would take off."
Hytner's London production of Miss Saigon opened on 20 September 1989, and closed on 30 October 1999 after just over ten years, on its 4,274th performance, having grossed more than £150 million in ticket sales during its London run. Hytner also directed the New York production, where the show recouped its $10.9m investment in 39 weeks. The show, at New York's Broadway Theatre, opened on 11 April 1991 and closed on 28 January 2001 after 4,092 performances.
Hytner was on a percentage for both London and New York productions, allowing him (then aged 34) to never need worry about money again. "It was a huge– a massive stroke of fortune," he said in 2010. "It meant that thereafter I only needed to do what I wanted to do."
What Hytner did was to continue directing theatre and opera, including several productions at London's National Theatre (where he had first directed in 1989 with Ghetto). In 1990, he was appointed an Associate Director of the National by its then-Director Richard Eyre. One of the plays he directed was Alan Bennett's The Madness of George III. When a film adaptation was commissioned, Bennett insisted Hytner should direct it, and the retitled The Madness of King George (1994) became Hytner's film debut.
In 1994, Eyre announced he would be leaving the National Theatre in three years' time. "[It] made me begin to think about the vision that is needed in such a position and the fact that this needs refreshing under every directorate. I very much felt that you had to have a big idea in order to put yourself forward for such a role and as I didn't have this kind of idea at that time, I decided not to apply," Hytner said later. He continued as an Associate Director at the National until 1997, when the new Director, Trevor Nunn, took up his post.
Hytner directed more films: The Crucible (1996) with Daniel Day-Lewis, The Object of My Affection (1998) and Center Stage (2000). The last of these was not an adaptation from a play or novel, having been based on an original screenplay. He also spent 15 months developing a film of the musical Chicago, to star Madonna, but the project foundered and was later made with a different director and cast.

### National Theatre Director (2003-15)

When Trevor Nunn announced that he would be leaving the National Theatre, Hytner "really felt that this time I had a strong sense of what the NT should be doing under a new Director. I had a long conversation with Christopher Hogg, then Chairman of the NT Board, and Tom Stoppard about my ideas for the NT's future. These included a redefinition of how it might be possible to use the theatre spaces and opening up the NT to new audiences by lowering prices for some performances." Hytner was successful in his application for the post, and his appointment as Director was announced in September 2001. He took over from Nunn in April 2003.
Hytner's role as Director of the National involves decisions about what plays are staged. "Essentially what I do is produce 20 shows a year here," he stated in one interview. "To produce as opposed to direct, as I generate the ideas, generate the repertoire. What I do is put together the team that are going to stage the repertoire together then stand back and come in at a later stage to see how it's all going." (Hytner does also direct plays himself at the National, and all his theatre work since 2003 has originated there.) But his role is also about the overall direction of the National Theatre as an organisation. "It would be wrong to say that I confine myself only to the repertoire – I don't. I think how we allocate our resources, exactly what we spend money on, is always an artistic decision. I think the amount of attention we give to what goes on in the foyers, what goes on outside, how the building looks at night, the amount of attention we give to our education work and our website are all artistic matters. They all stem from a sense of the artistic direction of the organization."
Under Hytner's directorship, the National has innovated with Sunday openings, live cinema broadcasts of NT plays around the world, National Theatre Live, and with its reduced price ticket seasons. These seasons, sponsored by Travelex, have offered large numbers of reduced price seats (for £10 when the scheme was introduced in 2003, with prices rising to £12 from 2011). The reduced price seasons were credited with achieving high usage for the Olivier auditorium – between 90% and 100% full during the summer months compared to a historic average of 65%, with no loss in overall income, and with encouraging a younger and more diverse audience. In 2003 it was reported that one third of the audience for the multiracial production of Henry V in modern dress (directed by Hytner) had never been to the theatre before, and that a large section of the audience for the drama Elmina's Kitchen were Black east Londoners new to the National.
Hytner has said that this diversity is a consequence of the theatre's direction rather than the motivation for it. "I think our repertoire is more diverse than it's ever been," he said, "and I think that reflects a more diverse society and a more diverse audience. The aim, though, was not to go out and find a diverse audience but for the repertoire to reflect a greater diversity in our culture." He has also said: "The rep[ertoire] should reflect the world we're part of, and it should put the society in which we live in the context of the past and, as far as we can, of the wider world."
Hytner's latest innovation is NT Future, a £70 million scheme (of which £59 million had been raised at October 2012) to open up the National's building and to contribute to the regeneration of the South Bank, to transform facilities for education and participation, and to keep ahead of new technologies and the changing needs of theatre artists and audiences.
Hytner stated as early as 2010 that he did not wish to stay as head of the National indefinitely, saying, "I've been here seven years. My predecessors have averaged 12. It's important that someone else comes in and shakes it up again so I won't be here in 10 years, that's for sure." In April 2013, he announced that he would step down as Director of the National Theatre at the end of March 2015. In his role as Director of National Theatre, he appeared on the Cultural Exchange as part of the Radio Four programme Front Row, where he chose The Marriage of Figaro by Mozart as his work of art.

### The London Theatre Company (2017-present)

Hytner and Nick Starr founded the London Theatre Company opening a new 900-seat adaptable commercial theatre, Bridge Theatre near Tower Bridge in October 2017. Hytner directed the inaugural production of Young Marx followed by productions such as the hit immersive revivals of William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar in 2018, A Midsummer Night's Dream in 2019 and Guys and Dolls which ran from March 2023 until January 2025.
The London Theatre Company also opened another venue with 59 Productions, The Lightroom in King's Cross, London in February 2023 used for immersive artist-led exhibitions which will also eventually become a theatrical space.

### Opera and film

Hytner has worked extensively in opera, with many of his productions achieving critical acclaim and commercial success – his English National Opera staging of The Magic Flute was in repertory for 25 years. But Hytner has described himself (to an opera-related audience) as "someone who is unimpressed by his own work on the operatic stage".
Similarly, most of Hytner's films have achieved critical and commercial success, with The Madness of King George winning BAFTA and Evening Standard awards for best British film, but he still sees himself as primarily a theatre practitioner. "I think I'm a theatre director who does other stuff," he has said. "I can't see myself as a film-maker. I love doing opera when ever I've done it, but I always see myself as visiting from the theatre, which is where I belong. The real film-maker thinks with a camera, which is something I just can't do."

## Personal life

Hytner is gay. Although brought up in a Jewish household, Hytner said in 2010, "I'm not a believer, but I do think it is a significant part of my adventure and it fascinates me. I couldn't say I'm a member of the Jewish community or gay community in that I don't seek out either of those communities to hang out with, but it is an important part of who I believe myself to [be]."
Hytner's mother, Joyce Hytner OBE, is a theatrical fundraiser, who has served on the board of many organisations including The Old Vic, the Criterion Theatre, the Royal Court Theatre and Historic Royal Palaces.

## Stage and screen credits
### Film

As a Director
| Year | Title | Distribution |
| 1994 | The Madness of King George | Channel Four Films / The Samuel Goldwyn Company / Rank Film Distributors |
| 1996 | The Crucible | 20th Century Fox |
| 1998 | The Object of My Affection | 20th Century Fox |
| 2000 | Center Stage | Sony Pictures Releasing |
| 2006 | The History Boys | Fox Searchlight |
| 2013 | National Theatre Live: 50 Years On Stage | Television special |
| 2015 | The Lady in the Van | Sony Pictures Classics / TriStar Pictures |
| 2020 | Talking Heads | 3 episodes |
| TBA | The Choral | Sony Pictures Classics |

### Theatre

| Year | Title | Playwright | Theater | Ref. |
| 1982 | Absurd Person Singular | Alan Ayckbourn | Northcott Theatre, Exeter | |
| 1984 | Jumpers | Tom Stoppard | Royal Exchange, Manchester | |
| 1985 | The Scarlet Pimpernel | Baroness Orczy | Chichester Festival Theatre | |
| 1986 | As You Like It | William Shakespeare | Royal Exchange, Manchester | |
| 1986 | Mumbo Jumbo | Robin Glendinning | Royal Exchange, Manchester | |
| 1986 | Edward II | Christopher Marlowe | Royal Exchange, Manchester | |
| 1987 | The Country Wife | William Wycherley | Royal Exchange, Manchester | |
| 1987 | Don Carlos | Friedrich Schiller | Royal Exchange, Manchester | |
| 1988 | The Tempest | William Shakespeare | Royal Shakespeare Theatre | |
| 1988 | Measure for Measure | William Shakespeare | Barbican Theatre | |
| 1989 | Ghetto | Joshua Sobol | National Theatre | |
| 1990 | Volpone | Ben Jonson | Almeida Theatre | |
| 1990-91 | The Wind in the Willows | Kenneth Grahame adapted by Alan Bennett | National Theatre | |
| 1989-99 1991-01 | Miss Saigon | Claude-Michel Schönberg | Drury Lane, West End The Broadway Theatre, Broadway | |
| 1991 | King Lear | William Shakespeare | Barbican Theatre | |
| 1991-92 | The Madness of George III | Alan Bennett | National Theatre | |
| 1992 | The Recruiting Officer | George Farquhar | National Theatre | |
| 1992 1994-95 | Carousel | Rodgers and Hammerstein | Lyttleton Theatre, National Theatre Vivian Beaumont Theater Lincoln Center, New York | |
| 1993 | The Importance of Being Earnest | Oscar Wilde | Aldwych Theatre | |
| 1997 | The Cripple of Inishmaan | Martin McDonagh | National Theatre | |
| 1998 | Twelfth Night | William Shakespeare | Vivian Beaumont Theater, Broadway Lincoln Center, New York | |
| 1999 | The Lady in the Van | Alan Bennett | Queen's Theatre | |
| 2000 | Orpheus Descending | Tennessee Williams | Donmar Warehouse | |
| 2000 | Cressida | Nicholas Wright | Albery Theatre | |
| 2001 | The Winter's Tale | William Shakespeare | National Theatre | |
| 2001 | Mother Clap's Molly House | Mark Ravenhill | National Theatre | |
| 2002 | Sweet Smell of Success | Marvin Hamlisch / Craig Carnelia | Martin Beck Theatre, Broadway | |
| 2003 | Henry V | William Shakespeare | National Theatre | |
| 2003 | His Dark Materials | Philip Pullman | Olivier Theatre, National Theatre | |
| 2005 2006 | The History Boys | Alan Bennett | Lyttelton Theatre, National Theatre Broadhurst Theatre, Broadway | |
| 2004 | Stuff Happens | David Hare | National Theatre | |
| 2005 | Henry IV, Part 1 | William Shakespeare | National Theatre | |
| 2005 | Henry IV, Part 2 | William Shakespeare | National Theatre | |
| 2006 | Southwark Fair | Samuel Adamson | National Theatre | |
| 2006 | The Alchemist | Ben Jonson | National Theatre | |
| 2007 | The Man of Mode | George Etherege | National Theatre | |
| 2007 | Rafta, Rafta... | Ayub Khan-Din | National Theatre | |
| 2007-08 | Much Ado About Nothing | William Shakespeare | National Theatre | |
| 2008 | Major Barbara | George Bernard Shaw | National Theatre | |
| 2009 | England People Very Nice | Richard Bean | National Theatre | |
| 2009 | Phèdre | Jean Racine | National Theatre | |
| 2010 | The Habit of Art | Alan Bennett | National Theatre | |
| 2010 | London Assurance | Dion Boucicault | National Theatre | |
| 2010-11 | Hamlet | William Shakespeare | Olivier Theatre, National Theatre | |
| 2011 2011-15 2012 | One Man, Two Guvnors | Richard Bean | Lyttleton Theatre, National Theatre Adelphi Theatre, West End Music Box Theatre, Broadway | |
| 2011-12 | Collaborators | John Hodge | Cottesloe Theatre, National Theatre |
| 2012 | Travelling Light | Nicholas Wright | National Theatre | |
| 2012 | Timon of Athens | William Shakespeare | Olivier Theatre, National Theatre | |
| 2013 | Othello | William Shakespeare | Olivier Theatre, National Theatre | |
| 2014 | Great Britain | Richard Bean | Lyttleton Theatre Haymarket Theatre | |
| 2015 | The Hard Problem | Tom Stoppard | Dorfman, National Theatre | |
| 2017 | Young Marx | Richard Bean and Clive Coleman | Bridge Theatre | |
| 2018 | Julius Caesar | William Shakespeare | Bridge Theatre | |
| 2018 | Allelujah! | Alan Bennett | Bridge Theatre | |
| 2019 | Alys, Always | Lucinda Coxon | Bridge Theatre | |
| 2019 | A Midsummer Night's Dream | William Shakespeare | Bridge Theatre | |
| 2019 | Two Ladies | Nancy Harris | Bridge Theatre | |
| 2020 | Beat the Devil | David Hare | Bridge Theatre | |
| 2020 | Talking Heads | Alan Bennett | Bridge Theatre | |
| 2020, 2022 | A Christmas Carol | Charles Dickens adapted by Hytner | Bridge Theatre | |
| 2021 | Bach & Sons | Nina Raine | Bridge Theatre | |
| 2021 | The Book of Dust: La Belle Sauvage | Philip Pullman | Bridge Theatre | |
| 2022 | Straight Line Crazy | David Hare | Bridge Theatre, London The Shed, Off-Broadway | [42] [43] |
| 2022 | The Southbury Child | Stephen Beresford | Chichester Festival TheatreBridge Theatre | |
| 2022 | John Gabriel Borkman | Henrik Ibsen | Bridge Theatre | |
| 2023-25 | Guys and Dolls | Frank Loesser, Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows | Bridge Theatre | |
| 2024 2025 | Giant | Mark Rosenblatt | Royal Court Theatre Harold Pinter Theatre | |
| 2025 | Richard II | William Shakespeare | Bridge Theatre | |

### Opera

Opera produced by Nicholas Hytner :
| House | Opera | Composer | First production |
| Kent Opera | The Turn of the Screw | Benjamin Britten | 1979 |
| Kent Opera | The Marriage of Figaro | Mozart | 1981 |
| Wexford Festival Opera | Sakùntala | Franco Alfano | 1982 |
| Kent Opera | King Priam | Michael Tippett | 1983 |
| English National Opera | Rienzi | Wagner | 1983 |
| English National Opera | Xerxes | Handel | 1985 |
| Paris Opéra | Giulio Cesare | Handel | 1987 |
| Royal Opera | Kuningas lähtee Ranskaan (The King Goes Forth To France) | Aulis Sallinen | 1987 |
| Royal Opera | The Knot Garden | Michael Tippett | 1988 |
| English National Opera | The Magic Flute | Mozart | 1988 |
| Grand Théâtre de Genève | Le Nozze di Figaro | Mozart | 1989 |
| Glyndebourne | La clemenza di Tito | Mozart | 1991 |
| English National Opera | The Force of Destiny | Verdi | 1992 |
| Bavarian State Opera, Munich | Don Giovanni | Mozart | 1994 |
| Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris | The Cunning Little Vixen | Janáček | 1995 |
| English National Opera | Xerxes | Handel | 2002 |
| Glyndebourne | Così fan tutte | Mozart | 2006 |
| Royal Opera | Don Carlo | Verdi | 2008 |
| Metropolitan Opera | Don Carlo | Verdi | 2010 |

## Awards and honours

Hytner is on the Board of Trustees of the Royal Opera House. He is a patron of many organisations including London International Festival of Theatre, HighTide Festival Theatre, the Shakespeare Schools Festival, Dance UK, Action for Children's Arts, Pan Intercultural Arts and Prisoners' Penfriends.
He was elected an Honorary Fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in 2005, and was Visiting Professor of Contemporary Theatre at Oxford University in 2000–01.
Hytner was knighted in the 2010 New Year Honours for services to drama. In spring 2014, the Royal Northern College of Music announced it was to confer Honorary Membership of the College upon Hytner. In 2014 he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Academy of Arts.
| Year | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| 1995 | British Academy Film Awards | Outstanding British Film | The Madness of King George | Won |
| 1995 | British Academy Film Awards | Best Film | The Madness of King George | Nominated |
| 1995 | British Academy Film Awards | Best Direction | The Madness of King George | Nominated |
| 1991 | Tony Awards | Best Direction of a Musical | Miss Saigon | Nominated |
| 1994 | Tony Awards | Best Direction of a Musical | Carousel | Won |
| 2006 | Tony Awards | Best Direction of a Play | The History Boys | Won |
| 2012 | Tony Awards | Best Direction of a Play | One Man, Two Guvnors | Nominated |
| 1990 | Laurence Olivier Awards | Best Director | Miss Saigon | Nominated |
| 1991 | Laurence Olivier Awards | Best Director of a Play | The Wind in the Willows | Nominated |
| 1993 | Laurence Olivier Awards | Best Director of a Musical | Carousel | Won |
| 2001 | Laurence Olivier Awards | Best Director | Orpheus Descending | Nominated |
| 2005 | Laurence Olivier Awards | Best Director | The History Boys | Won |
| 2012 | Laurence Olivier Awards | Best Director | One Man, Two Guvnors | Nominated |
| 2014 | Laurence Olivier Awards | Society of London Theatre Special Award | | Won |