# Chief Justice of Fiji

The chief justice is the Republic of Fiji's highest judicial officer. The office and its responsibilities are set out in Chapter 5 of the 2013 Constitution of Fiji. The chief justice is appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister.
He is appointed by the President, and nominated by the prime minister, who is required by the Constitution to consult the attorney-general (Section 106-1). Under the previous 1997 Constitution, the Prime Minister was required to consult with the leader of the opposition. The appointment is permanent, until the chief justice reaches the age of 75 years (Section 110-1).
Like other judges, the chief justice need not be a Fijian citizen. When Sir Timoci Tuivaga retired in 2002, there were calls from the Citizens Constitutional Forum (a pro-democracy, human rights organization) for a foreigner to be appointed, to restore the independence of the judiciary that had been seen to be politically compromised by the 2000 coup. The government, however, appointed Fijian Daniel Fatiaki. In 2007, the military-backed interim government appointed Australian citizen Anthony Gates as the acting chief justice; he became the permanent chief justice on 5 December 2008.

## Powers of the chief justice

According to Chapter 5 of the 2013 Constitution, the chief justice sits on the High Court (Section 100) and presides over the Supreme Court (Section 98), but is barred from membership of the Court of Appeal. This stipulation is designed to give the Appeal Court a measure of independence from the other two courts. The chief justice also chairs the Judicial Service Commission (Section 104(a)).
According to the 2013 Constitution, the chief justice is also the first in the order of succession to discharge the duties of the president of Fiji as acting president should the president be unable to discharge her or his office or if the office becomes vacant for any reason. In other words, the Chief Justice is an ex-officio deputy to the president with a dormant commission which is invoked for the aforementioned reasons. The 2013 Constitution also stipulates that in the absence of the chief justice, the next senior most substantive judge performs the duties of the president as acting president.

## History of the office

Before 1871, when Seru Epenisa Cakobau established the first unified Kingdom of Viti under his authority, what is now Fiji was a patchwork of warring fiefdoms. Forming a government dominated by foreigners, Cakobau appointed Sir Charles St Julian, an Australian newspaper editor, as the first chief justice in 1872. St Julian died in office a few weeks after Cakobau ceded Fiji to the United Kingdom on 10 October 1874, under the provisions of the Pacific Islanders Protection Acts of 1872 (35 & 36 Vict. c. 19) and 1875 (38 & 39 Vict. c. 51), (amended in 1875), (long title: An Act for the Prevention and Punishment of Criminal Outrages upon Natives of the Islands in the Pacific Ocean) which sought to bring the rule of law to British subjects who were using unconventional methods to supply labour for the European-run cotton plantations in Fiji. St. Julian was followed as Chief Justice in 1875 by Sir William Hackett.
From 1877 through 1961, the chief justice of Fiji was ex officio chief justice of the High Commissioner's Court, more commonly known as the chief judicial commissioner for the Western Pacific, the chief judicial officer throughout the British Western Pacific Territories, a supra-colonial entity established by the Western Pacific Orders-in-Council 1877 (amended in 1879 and 1880), and by the Pacific Order-in-Council 1893. Appeals lay to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. From 1942 to 1945 the High Commission was suspended by military administration during the War in the Pacific. Headed by a high commissioner for the Western Pacific, who was also ex officio the governor of Fiji, until the end of 1952, it included numerous islands, mostly small, throughout Oceania. Composition varied over time, but Fiji (1877-1952) and the Solomon Islands (1893-1976) were its most durable members.
From the beginning of 1953, Fiji and Tonga were separated from the High Commission as a prelude to full independence, and the High Commission offices were transferred to Honiara on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. The office of high commissioner was separated from that of the governor of Fiji and was now held by the governor of the Solomon Islands). The High Commissioner's Court, however, continued to sit in Suva, and the chief justice of Fiji remained the chief judicial commissioner of the Western Pacific until 1962.
From 1962 onwards, functions of the High Commissioner's Court began to be transferred to the increasingly independent island states under the provisions of Western Pacific (Courts) Order in Council, 1961. The judicial commissioner for the Western Pacific became the chief justice of the High Court of the Western Pacific, and removed from Fiji to join the rest of the British High Commission in the Solomon Islands. The position was separated from that of the chief justice of Fiji.
Fiji gained independence on 10 October 1970 as the Dominion of Fiji. Although no longer connected with the British High Commission, the position of chief justice of Fiji continued to be filled by judges from Britain, Australia and New Zealand until the appointment of Sir Timoci Tuivaga in 1980.
The constitutional arrangements relating to the chief justice were temporarily overturned in 2000, following a counter-coup by Commodore Frank Bainimarama to neutralize a civilian coup d'état instigated by George Speight. The then-chief justice, Sir Timoci Tuivaga, recognized the Interim Military Government that took office and abrogated the Constitution on 29 May, and drafted the controversial Administration of Justice Decree that was immediately promulgated by the military administration. This decree abolished the Supreme Court, made the chief justice head of the Appeal Court, and raised the retirement age of the chief justice from 70 years to 75. These changes were reversed following a decision of the High Court to reinstate the Constitution on 15 November 2000, a decision upheld by the Appeal Court on 1 March 2001.

## Current chief justice

Salesi Temo is the current acting Chief Justice of Fiji.

## List of chief justices of Fiji

| # | Incumbent | Portrait | Tenure | Tenure | Head of State | Notes |
| # | Incumbent | Portrait | Took office | Left office | Head of State | Notes |
| Chief Justice of Fiji (1872-1874) |||||||
| | Charles Rossiter Forwood Acting | | 1872 | 1872 | Seru Epenisa Cakobau | Filled in as Chief Justice in an interim capacity, pending the appointment of Sir Charles St Julian as the first substantive Chief Justice. |
| 1. | Sir Charles St Julian | | 1872 | 27 August 1874 | Seru Epenisa Cakobau Victoria | Appointed during the short-lived Kingdom of Viti. Retired shortly before Fiji's annexation by the United Kingdom on 10 October 1874, but died a few weeks later — before a pension could be arranged. |
| 2. | Sir William Hackett | | 1875 | 1876 | Victoria | |
| Chief Justice of Fiji and Chief Judicial Commissioner for the Western Pacific (1877-1962) |||||||
| 3. | Sir John Gorrie | | 1877 | 1882 | Victoria | |
| | Fielding Clarke Acting | | 1882 | 1882 | Victoria | |
| 4. | Sir Henry Wrenfordsley | | 1882 | 1885 | Victoria | |
| | Fielding Clarke Acting for Wrenfordsley | | 1884 | 1885 | Victoria | |
| 5. | Fielding Clarke | | 1885 | 1889 | Victoria | |
| 6. | Sir Henry Berkeley | | 1889 | 1902 | Victoria Edward VII | |
| 7. | Sir Charles Major | | 1902 | 1914 | Edward VII George V | |
| | Albert Ehrhardt Acting for Major | | 1910 | 21 February 1911 | Edward VII George V | Ehrhardt, the then Attorney-General of Fiji, acted as Chief Justice while Major, the incumbent Chief Justice, was acting as Governor of Fiji. |
| 8. | Sir Charles Davson | | 1914 | 1922 | George V | |
| | Sir Kenneth Muir MacKenzie Acting | | 1922 | 1923 | George V | |
| 9. | Sir Alfred Young, KC | | 1923 | 1929 | George V | |
| 10. | Sir Maxwell Anderson, CBE, KC, RN (retd.) | | 1929 | 1936 | George V Edward VIII | |
| 11. | Owen Corrie, MC | | 1936 | 1945 | Edward VIII George VI | |
| 12. | Sir Claud Seton, MC | | 1945 | 22 November 1949 | George V | |
| 13. | Sir James Thomson | | 1949 | 1953 | George VI Elizabeth II | |
| 14. | Sir Ragnar Hyne | | 1953 | 1958 | Elizabeth II | |
| 15. | Sir Albert Lowe | | 1958 | 1962 | Elizabeth II | |
| Chief Justice of Fiji (1962–present) |||||||
| 16. | Sir John MacDuff MC | | 1962 | 11 July 1963 | Elizabeth II | Died in office. |
| | Sir Clifford Hammett Acting | | 1963 | 1963 | Elizabeth II | |
| 17. | Richard Hugh Mills-Owens | | 1963 | 1967 | Elizabeth II | |
| 18. | Sir Clifford Hammett | | 1967 | 1972 | Elizabeth II | Fiji became independent of the United Kingdom on 10 October 1970 as the Dominion of Fiji. All existing judicial and political office holders either remained in office, or were grandfathered into new roles. The role of the Chief Justice was unchanged. |
| 19. | Sir John Nimmo, CBE | | 1972 | 1974 | Elizabeth II | |
| 20. | Sir Clifford Grant | | 1974 | 1980 | Elizabeth II | |
| 21. | Sir Timoci Tuivaga | | 1980 | 31 July 2002 | Elizabeth II Sitiveni Rabuka Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara Ratu Josefa Iloilo | Following two military coups in 1987, Fiji became a republic. A President replaced the Monarch as Head of State. Chief Justice Tuivaga remained in office throughout. |
| 22. | Daniel Fatiaki | | 1 August 2002 | 3 January 2007 (de facto) 5 December 2008 (de jure) | Ratu Josefa Iloilo | Following the military coup on 5 December 2006, Fatiaki was sent on leave on 3 January 2007. He attempted to return to his office later that month, but was formally suspended by the Republic of Fiji Military Forces on 19 January. He formally resigned on 5 December 2008. |
| 23. | Anthony Gates | | 3 January 2007 (de facto) 18 December 2008 (de jure) | 8 April 2019 | Ratu Josefa Iloilo Ratu Epeli Nailatikau George Konrote | Appointed Acting Chief Justice by the Republic of Fiji Military Forces on 3 January 2007, he succeeded to the office substantively on 5 December 2008, following Fatiaki's resignation. |
| 24. | Justice Kamal Kumar | | 8 April 2019 | 30 January 2023 (suspended) | Jioji Konrote, OF, MC (former President of Fiji from 2015-21) | Appointed Acting Chief Justice by President Wiliame Katonivere on the advice of Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka |