# Demographics of Liberia
## Population

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects, Liberia's total population was 5,193,416 in 2021. This is compared to 911,000 in 1950.
43.5% of Liberians were below the age of 15 in 2010. 53.7% were between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.8% were 65 years or older.
Estimates of Liberia's population prior to the 20th century are unreliable due to the lack of historical censuses. Estimates by scholars of pre-World War II demographics in Liberia differ wildly.
| | Total population | Population Age (%) | Population Age (%) | Population Age (%) |
| | Total population | 0–14 | 15–64 | 65+ |
| 1950 | 911 000 | 41.0 | 55.9 | 3.0 |
| 1955 | 997 000 | 41.1 | 56.1 | 2.8 |
| 1960 | 1 116 000 | 41.4 | 55.9 | 2.7 |
| 1965 | 1 262 000 | 43.0 | 54.3 | 2.6 |
| 1970 | 1 440 000 | 44.1 | 53.3 | 2.6 |
| 1975 | 1 658 000 | 44.8 | 52.6 | 2.6 |
| 1980 | 1 923 000 | 45.5 | 51.9 | 2.6 |
| 1985 | 2 212 000 | 45.9 | 51.5 | 2.6 |
| 1990 | 2 127 000 | 45.6 | 52.8 | 2.6 |
| 1995 | 2 095 000 | 44.5 | 52.8 | 2.6 |
| 2000 | 2 847 000 | 43.6 | 53.8 | 2.6 |
| 2005 | 3 183 000 | 43.3 | 54.0 | 2.7 |
| 2010 | 3 994 000 | 43.5 | 53.7 | 2.8 |
Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 21.III.2008):
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
| Total | 1 739 945 | 1 736 663 | 3 476 608 | 100 |
| 0–14 | 736 834 | 721 238 | 1 458 072 | 41.94 |
| 0–4 | 270 564 | 263 911 | 534 475 | 15.37 |
| 5–9 | 251 411 | 250 520 | 501 931 | 14.44 |
| 10–14 | 214 859 | 206 807 | 421 666 | 12.13 |
| 15–64 | 945 641 | 954 784 | 1 900 425 | 54.66 |
| 15–19 | 189 407 | 186 288 | 375 695 | 10.81 |
| 20–24 | 161 951 | 180 979 | 342 930 | 9.86 |
| 25–29 | 141 006 | 150 852 | 291 858 | 8.39 |
| 30–34 | 107 326 | 112 306 | 219 632 | 6.32 |
| 35–39 | 99 136 | 104 400 | 203 536 | 5.85 |
| 40–44 | 81 670 | 74 067 | 155 737 | 4.48 |
| 45–49 | 63 827 | 54 980 | 118 807 | 3.42 |
| 50–54 | 44 870 | 38 070 | 82 940 | 2.39 |
| 55–59 | 30 975 | 25 485 | 56 460 | 1.62 |
| 60–64 | 25 473 | 27 357 | 52 830 | 1.52 |
| 65-85+ | 57 470 | 60 641 | 118 111 | 3.40 |
| 65-69 | 19 250 | 20 557 | 39 807 | 1.14 |
| 70-74 | 12 343 | 13 403 | 25 746 | 0.74 |
| 75-79 | 11 580 | 11 333 | 22 913 | 0.66 |
| 80-84 | 5 408 | 6 599 | 12 007 | 0.35 |
| 85+ | 8 889 | 8 749 | 17 638 | 0.51 |

## Vital statistics

Registration of vital events is in Liberia not complete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.
| Year | Mid-year population* | Live births per year* | Deaths per year* | Natural change per year* | CBR** | CDR** | NC** | TFR** | IMR** | Life expectancy (years) |
| 1950 | 916 | 40 | 22 | 18 | 43.1 | 24.0 | 19.1 | 6.00 | 199.3 | 38.5 |
| 1951 | 933 | 41 | 23 | 18 | 43.7 | 24.2 | 19.6 | 6.04 | 198.8 | 38.6 |
| 1952 | 952 | 42 | 23 | 19 | 44.3 | 24.2 | 20.2 | 6.09 | 198.0 | 38.7 |
| 1953 | 971 | 44 | 24 | 20 | 44.9 | 24.2 | 20.6 | 6.12 | 197.3 | 38.8 |
| 1954 | 992 | 45 | 24 | 21 | 45.4 | 24.3 | 21.1 | 6.16 | 196.6 | 39.0 |
| 1955 | 1 014 | 46 | 25 | 22 | 45.8 | 24.5 | 21.3 | 6.19 | 197.2 | 38.8 |
| 1956 | 1 037 | 48 | 26 | 22 | 46.4 | 24.7 | 21.6 | 6.24 | 198.0 | 38.8 |
| 1957 | 1 061 | 50 | 26 | 23 | 46.8 | 24.9 | 21.9 | 6.28 | 198.7 | 38.7 |
| 1958 | 1 085 | 51 | 27 | 24 | 47.2 | 25.2 | 22.1 | 6.31 | 199.4 | 38.5 |
| 1959 | 1 110 | 53 | 28 | 25 | 47.7 | 25.4 | 22.3 | 6.35 | 200.1 | 38.4 |
| 1960 | 1 137 | 55 | 29 | 26 | 48.0 | 25.6 | 22.5 | 6.39 | 200.6 | 38.3 |
| 1961 | 1 165 | 56 | 30 | 26 | 48.4 | 25.7 | 22.7 | 6.45 | 200.7 | 38.3 |
| 1962 | 1 194 | 58 | 31 | 27 | 48.7 | 25.7 | 23.0 | 6.50 | 200.5 | 38.4 |
| 1963 | 1 224 | 60 | 31 | 28 | 48.9 | 25.7 | 23.2 | 6.56 | 200.0 | 38.5 |
| 1964 | 1 255 | 61 | 32 | 29 | 49.0 | 25.7 | 23.4 | 6.59 | 199.0 | 38.6 |
| 1965 | 1 287 | 63 | 33 | 30 | 49.1 | 25.5 | 23.6 | 6.62 | 197.5 | 38.8 |
| 1966 | 1 320 | 65 | 33 | 31 | 49.0 | 25.3 | 23.7 | 6.63 | 195.8 | 39.1 |
| 1967 | 1 354 | 66 | 34 | 33 | 49.0 | 25.0 | 24.0 | 6.65 | 193.7 | 39.4 |
| 1968 | 1 389 | 68 | 34 | 34 | 49.0 | 24.7 | 24.2 | 6.66 | 191.3 | 39.8 |
| 1969 | 1 426 | 70 | 35 | 35 | 49.1 | 24.4 | 24.7 | 6.64 | 188.5 | 40.2 |
| 1970 | 1 464 | 71 | 35 | 36 | 48.5 | 24.0 | 24.5 | 6.58 | 185.6 | 40.6 |
| 1971 | 1 502 | 72 | 35 | 37 | 48.0 | 23.6 | 24.5 | 6.54 | 183.1 | 40.9 |
| 1972 | 1 541 | 74 | 36 | 39 | 48.2 | 23.1 | 25.1 | 6.60 | 180.3 | 41.5 |
| 1973 | 1 583 | 77 | 36 | 40 | 48.4 | 22.8 | 25.6 | 6.65 | 177.7 | 41.9 |
| 1974 | 1 626 | 79 | 36 | 42 | 48.5 | 22.4 | 26.0 | 6.69 | 175.1 | 42.4 |
| 1975 | 1 672 | 81 | 37 | 44 | 48.6 | 22.1 | 26.5 | 6.74 | 172.4 | 42.8 |
| 1976 | 1 718 | 84 | 37 | 46 | 48.7 | 21.8 | 26.9 | 6.79 | 169.9 | 43.2 |
| 1977 | 1 768 | 86 | 38 | 48 | 48.7 | 21.4 | 27.3 | 6.84 | 167.6 | 43.6 |
| 1978 | 1 821 | 88 | 38 | 50 | 48.6 | 21.0 | 27.6 | 6.88 | 165.4 | 44.0 |
| 1979 | 1 876 | 91 | 39 | 52 | 48.5 | 20.7 | 27.8 | 6.92 | 163.4 | 44.3 |
| 1980 | 1 932 | 93 | 39 | 54 | 48.0 | 20.3 | 27.7 | 6.87 | 161.6 | 44.6 |
| 1981 | 1 990 | 94 | 40 | 55 | 47.5 | 19.9 | 27.5 | 6.83 | 159.9 | 45.0 |
| 1982 | 2 048 | 96 | 40 | 56 | 46.9 | 19.6 | 27.3 | 6.79 | 158.6 | 45.2 |
| 1983 | 2 109 | 98 | 41 | 57 | 46.5 | 19.4 | 27.0 | 6.76 | 157.8 | 45.4 |
| 1984 | 2 174 | 100 | 42 | 58 | 45.9 | 19.3 | 26.6 | 6.73 | 157.8 | 45.4 |
| 1985 | 2 240 | 102 | 44 | 58 | 45.7 | 19.7 | 26.1 | 6.69 | 159.9 | 44.7 |
| 1986 | 2 306 | 105 | 45 | 60 | 45.5 | 19.4 | 26.0 | 6.64 | 161.0 | 45.0 |
| 1987 | 2 372 | 107 | 47 | 60 | 45.0 | 19.7 | 25.3 | 6.57 | 164.0 | 44.5 |
| 1988 | 2 440 | 109 | 49 | 60 | 44.7 | 20.1 | 24.6 | 6.51 | 167.4 | 44.0 |
| 1989 | 2 508 | 111 | 51 | 60 | 44.5 | 20.5 | 24.0 | 6.43 | 170.6 | 43.5 |
| 1990 | 2 210 | 114 | 65 | 49 | 44.4 | 25.5 | 18.9 | 6.37 | 173.2 | 36.7 |
| 1991 | 1 939 | 85 | 40 | 45 | 44.6 | 21.0 | 23.6 | 6.32 | 175.0 | 42.8 |
| 1992 | 2 053 | 90 | 43 | 48 | 44.5 | 21.0 | 23.5 | 6.28 | 173.9 | 42.7 |
| 1993 | 2 133 | 95 | 46 | 49 | 44.6 | 21.5 | 23.1 | 6.25 | 174.8 | 42.2 |
| 1994 | 2 125 | 97 | 48 | 50 | 44.6 | 21.8 | 22.8 | 6.21 | 172.9 | 41.8 |
| 1995 | 2 142 | 94 | 43 | 52 | 44.7 | 20.2 | 24.4 | 6.17 | 166.1 | 43.9 |
| 1996 | 2 204 | 99 | 44 | 55 | 44.6 | 19.9 | 24.7 | 6.13 | 161.2 | 44.4 |
| 1997 | 2 383 | 100 | 39 | 60 | 44.4 | 17.6 | 26.8 | 6.08 | 151.5 | 47.8 |
| 1998 | 2 639 | 115 | 44 | 71 | 44.3 | 16.9 | 27.4 | 6.02 | 144.6 | 48.9 |
| 1999 | 2 790 | 122 | 45 | 77 | 44.1 | 16.1 | 27.9 | 5.95 | 137.3 | 50.0 |
| 2000 | 2 895 | 126 | 44 | 82 | 43.6 | 15.2 | 28.4 | 5.88 | 129.8 | 51.4 |
| 2001 | 2 982 | 128 | 43 | 86 | 43.0 | 14.3 | 28.7 | 5.77 | 122.0 | 52.8 |
| 2002 | 3 061 | 130 | 42 | 88 | 42.3 | 13.6 | 28.7 | 5.65 | 114.2 | 53.8 |
| 2003 | 3 085 | 131 | 43 | 88 | 41.7 | 13.9 | 27.9 | 5.55 | 108.9 | 53.0 |
| 2004 | 3 122 | 129 | 38 | 92 | 41.5 | 12.1 | 29.3 | 5.51 | 99.5 | 56.0 |
| 2005 | 3 266 | 133 | 37 | 96 | 41.5 | 11.6 | 29.9 | 5.52 | 93.2 | 56.9 |
| 2006 | 3 455 | 141 | 38 | 103 | 41.3 | 11.2 | 30.2 | 5.53 | 87.8 | 57.6 |
| 2007 | 3 633 | 147 | 39 | 108 | 40.9 | 10.8 | 30.1 | 5.46 | 83.3 | 58.3 |
| 2008 | 3 784 | 151 | 39 | 111 | 39.9 | 10.4 | 29.5 | 5.33 | 79.6 | 58.8 |
| 2009 | 3 905 | 152 | 39 | 113 | 38.9 | 10.1 | 28.8 | 5.17 | 76.5 | 59.2 |
| 2010 | 4 020 | 153 | 40 | 113 | 38.1 | 9.9 | 28.2 | 5.06 | 74.0 | 59.4 |
| 2011 | 4 181 | 155 | 40 | 114 | 37.4 | 9.7 | 27.7 | 4.97 | 72.0 | 59.6 |
| 2012 | 4 332 | 162 | 42 | 121 | 37.3 | 9.6 | 27.7 | 4.88 | 70.3 | 59.9 |
| 2013 | 4 427 | 160 | 42 | 118 | 36.1 | 9.5 | 26.7 | 4.75 | 68.8 | 59.9 |
| 2014 | 4 519 | 159 | 44 | 115 | 35.1 | 9.8 | 25.3 | 4.62 | 68.7 | 59.1 |
| 2015 | 4 612 | 158 | 45 | 113 | 34.2 | 9.7 | 24.5 | 4.52 | 67.7 | 59.1 |
| 2016 | 4 706 | 159 | 43 | 116 | 33.7 | 9.1 | 24.7 | 4.46 | 65.0 | 60.4 |
| 2017 | 4 797 | 159 | 43 | 116 | 33.2 | 9.0 | 24.2 | 4.40 | 63.7 | 60.6 |
| 2018 | 4 889 | 160 | 43 | 117 | 32.7 | 8.8 | 23.9 | 4.34 | 62.4 | 60.9 |
| 2019 | 4 985 | 161 | 43 | 118 | 32.2 | 8.7 | 23.5 | 4.26 | 61.1 | 61.1 |
| 2020 | 5 094 | 164 | 44 | 121 | 31.9 | 8.5 | 23.4 | 4.17 | 60.2 | 61.3 |
| 2021 | 5 205 | 166 | 45 | 121 | 31.5 | 8.5 | 23.0 | 4.09 | 58.8 | 61.2 |
| 2022 | 5 314 | 168 | 44 | 124 | 31.2 | 8.2 | 23.0 | 4.02 | 57.3 | 61.9 |
| 2023 | 5 433 | 170 | 44 | 126 | 31.0 | 8.1 | 22.9 | 3.95 | 55.9 | 62.2 |
| * In thousands ** CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman) |||||||||||

### Demographic and Health Surveys

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):
| Year | CBR | CBR | CBR | TFR | TFR | TFR |
| Year | Total | Urban | Rural | Total | Urban | (Rural) |
| 2007 | 37.6 | 32.5 | 40.4 | 5.2 (4.6) | 3.8 (3.3) | 6.2 (5.6) |
| 2013 | 34.4 | 31.1 | 38.5 | 4.7 (4.0) | 3.8 (3.3) | 6.1 (5.1) |
| 2019-20 | 30.1 | 27.5 | 33.6 | 4.2 (3.7) | 3.4 (3.1) | 5.5 (4.8) |
Fertility data as of 2013 (DHS Program):
| Region | Total fertility rate | Percentage of women age 15-49 currently pregnant | Mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49 |
| North Western | 5.8 | 10.3 | 7.1 |
| South Central | 3.8 | 6.7 | 5.8 |
| South Eastern A | 6.5 | 9.6 | 6.7 |
| South Eastern B | 5.9 | 9.2 | 7.1 |
| North Central | 5.6 | 10.2 | 6.2 |

## Ethnic groups

Ethnic groups in Liberia (2008) :
| Ethnic groups | Ethnic groups | | |
| Kpelle | Kpelle | 20.3% | 20.3% |
| Other | Other | 20.1% | 20.1% |
| Bassa | Bassa | 13.4% | 13.4% |
| Grebo | Grebo | 10% | 10% |
| Gio | Gio | 8% | 8% |
| Mano | Mano | 7.9% | 7.9% |
| Kru | Kru | 6% | 6% |
| Lorma | Lorma | 5.1% | 5.1% |
| Gola | Gola | 5.1% | 5.1% |
| Kissi | Kissi | 4.8% | 4.8% |
There are officially 17 ethnic groups that make up Liberia's indigenous African population, making up maybe 95% of the total: Kpelle, the largest group; Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mandingo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Sapo, Belleh (Kuwaa), Mende and Dey.
There are also more or less nomadic groups like the Fula, who engage mostly in trade, and the Fanti, who are often fishermen or traders of fish, usually from Ghana, living seasonally and more and more often permanently in Liberia.
Then there are Americo-Liberians, who are descendants of free-born and formerly enslaved African Americans who arrived in Liberia from 1822 onward and Congo People (descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean), making up an estimated 5% of the population. They used to dominate political life in Liberia and still have a lot of influence.
There are about 5,000 people of European descent, many of them having settled down as miners, missionaries, business people, and so on. There also is a sizeable number of Lebanese, Indians, and other people with Asian roots who make up a significant part of Liberia's business community. Because of the civil war and its accompanying problem of insecurity, the number of non-Africans in Liberia is low and confined largely to Monrovia and its immediate surroundings.
The Liberian Constitution restricts citizenship of Liberia only to people who are either 'Negroes or of Negro descent' wherein the Liberian Constitution / Chapter 4 / Article 27b states: "In order to preserve, foster and maintain the positive Liberian culture, values and character, only persons who are Negroes or of Negro descent shall qualify by birth or by naturalization to be citizens of Liberia."

### Indigenous

The indigenous ethnic groups of Liberia can be linguistically divided into three groups who speak;
* The isolate Gola language and the
* Mel languages (particularly Kissi) in the east and
* Kru languages (particularly Bassa) in the southeast
to which must be added the immigrant communities;
* Mande-Fu (Kpelle, Gio, Mano, Loma)
* Mande-Tan (Vai, Mende, Mandingo)
* Repatriated (Americo-Liberians, Congo, Caribbean)
The Gola ethnic group originated somewhere in central Africa. During the Empire of Ancient Ghana they were involved in the land-surveying and jurisprudence of the empire.
The other ethnic groups that fall under the Mande-Tan, Mande-Fu were also members of Ancient Ghana. Because of their influence in the judicial aspects of the Ghana, the Gola's social structure dominated through the Poro.
With the influx of Islam many groups adopted it while others resisted. The Golas fought three wars with pro-Islamic elements in a changing Ghana. These wars were known as the Kumba Wars. The Golas lost the third of these wars and were forced to retreat toward Sierra Leone. They were pursued by the Mende, Gbandi and Loma. Their battles with the Mende in Sierra Leone forced them to retreat yet again and settle finally in Liberia where they encountered the Dei.

### Immigrants from Mali

The Kpelle, Gio, Mano, Mandingo and Vai groups migrated from the Empire of Mali for various reasons, some escaping political intrigue, others looking for a better life. The Vais, settled in Grand Cape Mount county in the west of Liberia, were the first to invent a form of writing in 1833 or 1834. The reported inventor was Dwalu Bukele of Bandakor along the Robertsport (provincial capital) highway.

### Immigrants from Côte d'Ivoire

In the 16th century; Kru (Tajuasohn), Bassa, Belleh, Krahn, Grebo.

### 19th century immigrants

* Americo-Liberians: Free black people and emancipated slaves, and their descendants, from the U.S. and the Caribbean
* Congos is an eponymic term for "recaptives," people rescued from slave ships after the slave trade, not slavery itself, was abolished by Great Britain and the United States. These people were "repatriated" to Liberia (and Sierra Leone if rescued by the British) and their descendants. The term was used because many of these rescued Africans were thought to be from the Congo River Basin.

### Immigrants from Lebanon

In the late 19th century to early 20th century Lebanese merchants, families and businessmen began arriving in Liberia. Lebanese currently own many major businesses such as supermarkets, restaurants, textiles, construction works, factories and other production based companies across the country.

## Religion

Religion in Liberia (2008)
According to the 2008 National Census, 85.5% of Liberia's population practices Christianity. Muslims comprise 12.2% of the population, largely coming from the Mandingo and Vai ethnic groups. The vast majority of Muslims are Malikite Sunni, with sizeable Shia and Ahmadiyya minorities. Traditional indigenous religions are practiced by 0.5% of the population, while 1.8% subscribe to no religion.

## Languages

English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence.