OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita

Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita (6 June 1868 – c. 11 February 1944) was a Dutch graphic artist active in the years before the Second World War. His pupils included graphic artist M. C. Escher (1898–1972). A Sephardic Jew, in his old age he was sent to Auschwitz by the Nazis, where he was gassed along with his wife.

## Early life and education

Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita was born on 6 June 1868 into a Jewish family living in Amsterdam. Though a member of a tightly knit Sephardic community, a minority among Dutch Jews, de Mesquita, like most of his contemporaries, was not religiously observant. His father, a secondary school teacher of Hebrew and German, died when Sam or Sampie, as he was called, was five.
At the age of fourteen, the young de Mesquita applied to the Rijksakademie in pursuit of his artistic interests, only to be rejected. Deeply disappointed, he apprenticed himself to an acting city architect, for whom he worked for two years before entering a technical school with the intention of becoming an architect himself. He soon turned, however, to pedagogy and, in 1889, received a teacher's certificate, which would later enable him to support his family.

## Career

Over the next years, de Mesquita principally devoted himself to art, experimenting with various techniques and mediums. Though known primarily for his wood engravings, he also produced etchings, lithographs, watercolors and drawings; his applied art consisted mostly of material designs. There are birds, exotic animals, plants and flowers, and fantastical representations, both humorous and grim. Among de Mesquita's most beautiful works are his portraits, particularly his self-portraits.
de Mesquita's work was included in the 1939 exhibition and sale Onze Kunst van Heden (Our Art of Today) at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.
With Nazi Germany's invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940, de Mesquita, already in poor health, was forced to lead a secluded life, limiting his work largely to sketches.

## Death

In the winter of 1944, on either 31 January or 1 February, the occupying German forces entered the home of the de Mesquita family in Watergraafsmeer, now part of Amsterdam, and apprehended him, his wife Elisabeth, and their only son Jaap. Transported to Auschwitz, Samuel Jessurun and Elisabeth were sent to the gas chambers within days of their arrival on 11 February; Jaap perished in the concentration camp at Theresienstadt on 20 March. Escher and some of Jaap's friends were successful in rescuing some of the works that had remained in the de Mesquita home.

## Covers for Wendingen

* 1925
* 1927
* 1929
* 1931
# Igor Maslennikov (footballer)

Igor Maksimovich Maslennikov (Russian: Игорь Максимович Масленников; born 24 June 2001) is a Russian football player.

## Club career

He made his debut in the Russian Football National League for FC Shinnik Yaroslavl on 25 May 2019 in a game against FC Avangard Kursk, as a 90th-minute substitute for Vladislav Kamilov.
# The Mysterious Secrets Of Uncle Bertie's Botanarium

The Mysterious Secrets Of Uncle Bertie's Botanarium is a historical fiction podcast produced by South Coast Shenanigans and Stitcher and hosted by Jemaine Clement.

## Background

The podcast was originally intended to be a film, which had a video trailer released in 2011, but creating a film was too expensive so the creators considered making a graphic novel or radio program instead. They decided on creating a podcast, which debuted March 16, 2016 exclusively on Howl.fm. The show was released on February 1, 2017 for free on other platforms. The podcast was a 24 episodes series. The podcast stars Jemaine Clement as Lord Joseph Banks and the show was written and produced by Duncan Sarkies, Stephen Templer, and James Milne. Milne, also known as Lawrence Arabia created the music for the podcast. The podcast is a story about the British botanist Joseph Banks in a parallel world with an alternate history. The show contains elements of historical fiction, fantasy, adventure fiction, and comedy.

## Reception

Karl Puschmann wrote in The New Zealand Herald that the podcast is a "lavishly produced, epic-sized, comedy-adventure". Diana Brown wrote in Black Information Network that the show is "Lush, fantastical, and very funny".
# Nicolás Martínez (footballer, born 1989)

Alejandro Nicolás Martínez Ramos (born 15 February 1989 in Ñemby) is a Paraguayan footballer who plays as a forward for Sportivo Trinidense in the Paraguayan División Intermedia. In 2008, he was considered one of the best young talents in Paraguayan football due to his excellent ball control, pace and technique.

## Career
### Club career

Martínez started his career in the youth divisions of Olimpia. After playing two games for the reserve squad, he was invited to join the first team squad by coach Gustavo Costas during the 2008 Apertura tournament. He soon became a regular player in the Olimpia team, before being sold to Mexican top-tier side Puebla in 2009. In 2011, after just 2 appearances with Puebla, Martínez was sold again, this time to Brazilian fourth-division side Juventude. For the 2012 Closin' tournament is repatriated by the Tacuary, where he became one of the scorers.
In 2013, he was signed by the Ecuadorian side C.S.D. Independiente del Valle.
In 2021, Martinez joined Sportivo Trinidense for the División Intermedia season.
# Lal Chand Kataruchakk

Lal Chand Kataruchak (born 1970) is an Indian politician from Punjab. He is an MLA from Bhoa Assembly constituency representing the Aam Aadmi Party. He had been a sarpanch of Kataruchak village for six terms.

## Early life and education

Kataruchak is from Kataruchak, Pathankot District, Punjab. He is the son of Labhu Ram. He passed matriculation in 2007 from Punjab School Education Board, Mohali, and later discontinued his studies.

## Member of Legislative Assembly

Kataruchak was elected as the MLA in the 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly by winning 92 out of 117 seats in the 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election. MP Bhagwant Mann was sworn in as Chief Minister on 16 March 2022. Kataruchak represented the Bhoa Assembly constituency in the Punjab Legislative Assembly. He took oath as a cabinet minister along with nine other MLAs on 19 March at Guru Nanak Dev auditorium of Punjab Raj Bhavan in Chandigarh. Eight ministers including Kataruchak who took oath were greenhorn (first term) MLAs.
As a cabinet minister in the Mann ministry Kataruchak was given the charge of two departments of the Punjab Government:
* Department of Food, Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs
* Department of Forest and Wild Life Preservation

## Controversy

On 28 April 2023, a controversy surrounded Lal Chand Kataruchak when Congress sitting MLA from Bholath constituency Sukhpal Singh Khaira in a press conference at Jalandhar, accused him of allegedly appointing his son and other two relatives including son of his sister-in-law as personal staff. Lal Chand has denied these allegations while drawing flak from all opposition parties including BJP.

## Electoral performance

Punjab Assembly election, 2017: Bhoa :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | INC | Joginder Pal | 67,865 | 51.95 | 16.60 |
| | BJP | Seema Kumari | 40,369 | 30.90 | 15.64 |
| | RMPI | Lal Chand Kataru Chak | 13,353 | 10.22 | new |
| | AAP | Amarjeet Singh | 3,767 | 2.88 | new |
| | NOTA | None of the above | 454 | 0.35 | −− |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 27,496 | 20.97 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 131,091 | 75.20 | 3.88 |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 174,313 | | |
| | INC gain from BJP | INC gain from BJP | Swing | | |
Punjab Assembly election, 2022: Bhoa :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | AAP | Lal Chand Kataruchakk | 50,339 | 36.59 | 33.71 |
| | INC | Joginder Pal | 49,135 | 35.72 | 14.43 |
| | BJP | Seema Kumari | 29,132 | 21.18 | 9.72 |
| | BSP | Rakesh Kumar Majotara | 5,046 | 3.67 | 3.14 |
| | NOTA | None of the above | 749 | 0.54 | 0.19 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 1,204 | 0.87 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 137572 | | |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 182,915 | | |
| | AAP gain from INC | AAP gain from INC | AAP gain from INC | AAP gain from INC | AAP gain from INC |
# Castalia (spacecraft)

Castalia is a proposed mission concept for a robotic spacecraft to explore the main-belt comet 7968 Elst–Pizarro and make the first in situ measurements of water in the asteroid belt, and thus, help solve the mystery of the origin of Earth's water. The lead is Colin Snodgrass, from The Open University in UK.
Castalia was proposed in 2015 and 2016 to the European Space Agency within the Cosmic Vision programme missions M4 and M5, but it was not selected. Because of the construction time required and orbital dynamics, a launch date of October 2028 is proposed.

## Overview

Main-belt comets (MBCs) are a recently discovered population of apparently icy bodies within the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, which may represent the remnants of the population which supplied the early Earth with water. The Rosetta mission to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in 2014, indicates that Jupiter family comets cannot be the main source of Earth's water as previously thought. Castalia would rendezvous and orbit comet 7968 Elst–Pizarro and measure isotope ratios, plasma and dust properties, while also mapping its interior structure with a radar. Basically, Castalia would test whether MBCs are a viable source for Earth's water, and to use MBCs as tracers of the formation and evolution of the Solar System.
The primary propulsion would be solar electric with supporting chemical propulsion. The spacecraft would orbit comet Pizarro from a distance of 20 km, and it would also perform a few close approaches and 'hover' for a total of 100 hours as close as 5 km from the surface to make additional observations and collect the necessary sampling of dust and gas.
The mission architecture and spacecraft design were initially developed in 2013 by
the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Bremen and OHB SE. Castalia was proposed, in slightly different versions, to the European Space Agency M4 (2015), and M5 (2016) missions within the Cosmic Vision programme. Although it was not selected, the team continues to mature the mission concept and science goals.
The mission concept is named after Castalia, a nymph in Greek mythology that was turned into a fountain by a god, and she could inspire the genius of poetry to those who drank her waters or listened to their quiet sound.

### Science goals

The main science goals of the mission are:
* Characterise a main belt comet (MBC), by in situ investigation
* Understand the physics of MBC activity
* Directly detect water in the asteroid belt
* Test whether MBCs are a viable source for Earth's water
* Use MBCs as tracers of planetary system formation and evolution.

## Science payload

The conceptual science payload includes the following instruments:
* MBCCAM, vis/near-IR imager
* TMC, thermal IR imager
* SOURCE, deep radar
* SSR, shallow radar
* CAMS, mass spectrometer
* DIDIMA, combined dust detector and composition
* MAG, magnetometer
* ChAPS, plasma package
The mission would also include a radio science experiment using the spacecraft's communication system.
# Harriot (crater)

Harriot is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon from the Earth. It lies just to the north of the much larger crater Seyfert. To the northeast of Harriot is the crater Cantor. About one and a half crater diameters to the north of Harriot is the eastern end of a crater chain named Catena Sumner. This feature continues to the west-northwest for a distance of 247 km, passing to the north of the crater Sumner.
This is a double-crater formation, with a younger, smaller impact crater, Harriot B, lying along the northeastern inner edge of an older and more eroded outer rim. The inner crater occupies nearly three quarters of the crater diameter. This interior feature has a well-defined rim edge, somewhat slumping inner walls, and a small central peak. The outer rim of Harriot is worn and eroded with edges that have become softened and rounded after a history of impacts nearby.
The crater is named after British mathematician and astronomer Thomas Harriot. The name was approved by the IAU in 1970.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Harriot. Harriot B lies within Harriot itself. Harriot W and X lie to the northwest of Harriot, and Harriot A, a highly eroded crater adjacent to Catena Sumner, lies to the north.
| Harriot | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| A | 35.6° N | 114.9° E | 63 km |
| B | 33.4° N | 114.5° E | 37 km |
| W | 35.0° N | 111.7° E | 39 km |
| X | 35.0° N | 113.0° E | 24 km |
# Type 97 heavy tank machine gun

The Type 97 heavy tank machine gun (九七式車載重機関銃, Kyū-nana-shiki shasai jū-kikanjū) was the standard machine gun used in tanks and armored vehicles of the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II, and as a heavy machine gun by infantry forces. This weapon was not related to the Type 97 aircraft machine gun used in several Japanese Navy aircraft including the Mitsubishi A6M Zero, or the Type 97 automatic cannon used as an anti-tank rifle.

## Development

Initially, the Type 11 light machine gun was modified by the Army Technical Bureau for use in tanks and other armored vehicles, and was produced for this application under the designation "Type 91 mobile machine gun". The basic design issues with the Type 11 remained, including its tendency to jam because of the slightest amount of grit or dirt, and the low lethality and lack of stopping power of its 6.5x50mm Arisaka cartridges.
During the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japanese forces captured a number of Czech ZB vz/26 light machine guns from China’s National Revolutionary Army; its numerous design advantages led to the development of the Type 97. This was used in a modified form for armored vehicles until 1940, when the Japanese Army switched to a rimless 7.7 mm cartridge.

## Design

The Type 97 was mechanically similar to the Czech ZB vz. 26, with a different stock and pistol grip. It had a straight, vertical, 20-round box magazine and used the same 7.7mm cartridges used in the Type 99 rifle. As with all air-cooled automatic weapons, the gun barrel could easily overheat, which meant the gunner had to fire in bursts, or the barrel would be shot out.
When fitted in a tank, a fixed focus 1.5x telescopic sight with a 30° field of view was used. To prevent injury to the gunner, a rubber eye pad was attached to the rear of the sight.
When used as an infantry weapon, a bipod was employed. Without the bipod, it weighed 11.25 kg (24.8 lb).

## Deployment

The Type 97 came into service in 1937, and it was used on all Japanese tanks and other armored vehicles until the end of the war. The Imperial Japanese Navy also used the weapon in their combat vehicles, such as the Type 92 Jyu-Sokosha heavy armored car (tankette).
It was much less common as a stand-alone infantry gun due to its weight. As a result of this weight problem, the similar looking but different internally Type 99 light machine gun was developed in the same caliber and deployed instead.
It was used by communist forces during the Korean War.
# Thoinot Arbeau

Thoinot Arbeau is the anagrammatic pen name of French cleric Jehan Tabourot (March 17, 1520 – July 23, 1595). Tabourot is most famous for his Orchésographie, a study of late sixteenth-century French Renaissance social dance. He was born in Dijon and died in Langres.

## Orchésographie and other work

Orchésographie, first published in Langres, 1589, provides information on social ballroom behaviour and on the interaction of musicians and dancers. It is available online in facsimile and in plain text. There is an English translation by Mary Stewart Evans, edited by Julia Sutton, in print with Dover Publications. It contains numerous woodcuts of dancers and musicians and includes many dance tabulations in which extensive instructions for the steps are lined up next to the musical notes, a significant innovation in dance notation at that time. Orchésographie was partly written as a rebuttal of Calvinist treatises published at the time which argued that dance was an immoral and vain pastime.
He also published on astronomy: Compot et Manuel Kalendrier, par lequel toutes personnes peuvent facilement apprendre et sçavoir le cours du Soleil et de la Lune et semblablement les festes fixes et mobiles que l’on doit célébrer en l’Eglise, suyvant la correction ordonné par notre Saint Pére Grégoire XIII [...Calendar, by which all people can easily learn and know the course of the Sun and of the Moon and similarly, the festivals with fixed and moveable dates which one celebrates in Church, according to the correction ordained by our Father Saint Gregory XIII], Langres: Jehan des Preyz, 1582, (cited in Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, arts et belles-lettres de Dijon, I (Dijon: Académie de Dijon, 1924), 107).
Thoinot Arbeau was translated into English as Orchesography by Cyril W. Beaumont in 1925, and in a modern edition in 1967.
The pavane "Belle qui tiens ma vie" was arranged by Leo Delibes for his incidental music for Victor Hugo's play "Le roi s'amuse". Other sections were arranged or quoted by Saint-Saens (in the "ballet" from Ascanio) and Peter Warlock (in his Capriol Suite)
"Branle de l'Official" provided the tune for the 20th century English Christmas carol "Ding Dong Merrily on High".
# Vosper Thornycroft MK9

The MK9 Corvette was ordered by the Nigerian Navy in April 1975 as follow-ons to the smaller Vosper Thornycroft MK3, which was confusedly grouped under the same Hippo class designation, both ships being named after the word for hippopotamus in local languages. The two ships were built by Vosper Thornycroft.
Laid down in October 1975, NNS Erinomi was launched on 20 January 1977 and commissioned on 29 January 1980. She was given the pennant number F83. She stopped making patrols in 1993 due to constant breakdowns. In 1994-1995 she underwent a refit at Lagos which at least made her seaworthy again, but with some systems off-line. The Erinomi participated in a December 1995 naval exercise; she rarely left port thereafter until 1997, when minor repairs allowed her to again undertake patrols, but by 2007 the ship was again non-operational.
Her sister ship, the NNS Enyimiri, was commenced in February 1977, launched on 9 February 1978 and commissioned on 2 May 1980. She was given the pennant number F84. She had ceased patrols in 1992 and by 1996 was in extremely bad shape. In 2000 a major repair effort allowed her to leave port again, although with most sensors and some weapons nonfunctional. In December 2004, the Enyimiri suffered a massive explosion resulting in crew fatalities and severe damage to the ship. She was decommissioned on 22 December 2004.

## Citations

* ↑ Cowin p.138
* ↑ "FFL Vosper Mk9 (Erinomi) class". Archived from the original on October 1, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
# Giant penguin hoax

The giant penguin is a creature allegedly seen in Florida during the 1940s and is at least partly documented as a hoax. This legend has no scientific merit, despite there having been giant penguins that became extinct millions of years ago.

## History

In 1948, several people reported finding large, three-toed animal tracks at Clearwater Beach in Florida. Later, more tracks were found along the shore of Suwannee River, 40 miles (64 kilometers) from the ocean.
Later that year, a giant penguin was allegedly sighted at a distance. The huge bird was described as 15 feet (4.6 meters) tall, and having alligator-like feet. During this same period, people in a boat off the Florida gulf coast reported seeing a huge penguin-like bird floating on the water. These incidents were reported in several newspapers. Later that year, another huge, penguin-like bird was allegedly seen from an airplane on the banks of the Suwannee River in northern Florida. Cryptozoologist Ivan T. Sanderson declared that the creature was a giant penguin that had somehow been driven away from its natural habitat.
On April 11, 1988, St. Petersburg Times reporter Jan Kirby revealed that the penguin hoax had been perpetrated by Tony Signorini and Al Williams, a locally known prankster who died in 1969. Signorini stated they had been inspired by a photograph of fossilized dinosaur tracks and showed the reporter the huge penguin feet made of iron used in creating the tracks.

## Extinct giant penguins

There were numerous prehistoric species of gigantic penguins (such as Pachydyptes ponderosus and Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi; see also Palaeeudyptinae). However, actual prehistoric megafaunal birds only occurred in South Pacific and Cape Horn ocean waters. This is known from fossil remains. All such lineages certainly became extinct some 37 to 60 million years ago at the latest: so they were never encountered alive by humans and were barely contemporaries of the earliest hominids.

## In literature

Giant penguins based on the fossil finds also appear in Jules Verne's novel Journey to the Center of the Earth, and in At the Mountains of Madness by H. P. Lovecraft. In Lovecraft's novella, they are found in a fictitious Antarctic underground setting, and the author attempted a plausible evolutionary explanation for the creatures.

## In popular culture

In Season 11, Episode 11 of the sitcom, Modern Family, the character Phil Dunphy relates an altered version of this story, changing the date of its first reported instance to June 1977, moving the setting to Florida's Lake Okeechobee, and adding apocryphal details such as a visit to the site by Olympic gymnast, Mary Lou Retton to place her "tiny footprints" inside those of the "beflippered colossus".
# Ali Mohammad Mahar

Sardar Ali Mohammad Khan Mahar (Urdu, Saraiki: سردارعلی محمد خان مہر); 12 January 1970 – 21 May 2019) was a Pakistani politician who served as the 25th Chief Minister of Sindh from 2002 to 2004 and then as the Federal Minister for Narcotics Control between 2018 and 2019.
He remained a member of the National Assembly between 2008 and May 2019 and a member of the Provincial Assembly of Sindh from 2002 to 2007.

## Early life and education

Mahar was born on 12 January 1970 to Ali Anwar Khan Mahar. He had degree of Bachelor of Arts.

## Political career

He was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan as an independent candidate from Constituency NA-201 (Ghotki-II) in 2002 Pakistani general election. He received 77,950 votes and defeated Gulam Rasool Kalhoro, a candidate of Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA). In the same election, he was elected to the Provincial Assembly of Sindh as an independent candidate from Constituency PS-6 (Ghotki-II). He received 23,667 votes and defeated Ahsanullah Khan Sundrani, a candidate of National Alliance.
On 17 December 2002, he became 25th Chief Minister of Sindh where he served until resignation on 9 June 2004.
He was re-elected to the National Assembly as an independent candidate from Constituency NA-201 (Ghotki-II) in 2008 Pakistani general election. He received 74,714 votes and defeated Sardar Ahmed Ali Khan Pitafi. In the same election, he also ran for the seat of the National Assembly as an independent candidate from Constituency NA-200 (Ghotki-I) but was unsuccessful. He received 32,532 votes and lost the seat to Abdul Haq.
He was re-elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of PPP from Constituency NA-201 (Ghotki-II) in 2013 Pakistani general election. He received 124,472 votes and defeated Niaz Muhammad, a candidate of Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM).
He was re-elected to the National Assembly as an independent candidate from Constituency NA-205 (Ghotki-II) in 2018 Pakistani general election. Following his successful election, he announced to join Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI).
On 11 September 2018, he was inducted into the federal cabinet of Prime Minister Imran Khan. On 4 October 2018, he was appointed Federal Minister for Narcotics Control.
He died on 21 May 2019 due to a heart attack.