# Convolutidae

Convolutidae is a family of acoels, belonging to the phylum Xenacoelomorpha. This family contains more than a third of all known acoel species.

## Description

The family Convolutidae includes acoels with a ventral mouth opening and a body-wall musculature composed both dorsally and ventrally of circular, longitudinal, and longitudinal crossover muscle fibers. The ventral body wall also has a group of U-shaped fibers. Most species are symbionts with algae. The anterior end has a cluster of frontal glands, a pair of eyes and a statocyst. The body has pigmented lens. Intestine and excretory system is absent. It is hermaphrodite but protandry is common.

## Taxonomy
### Genera

There are 26 genera in the family Convolutidae, of which 25 are extant. The type genus is Convoluta.
* †Gutticorpus Knaust, 2021
* Achoerus Beklemischev, 1914
* Adenopea Antonius, 1968
* Amphiscolops Graff, 1904
* Antrosagittifera Hooge & Tyler, 2001
* Brachypea Antonius, 1968
* Conaperta Antonius, 1968
* Convoluta Ørsted, 1843
* Convolutriloba Hendelberg & Akesson, 1988
* Haplodiscus Weldon, 1888
* Heterochaerus Haswell, 1905
* Neochildia Bush, 1975
* Oligochoerus Beklemischev, 1963
* Oxyposthia Ivanov, 1952
* Pelophila Dörjes, 1968
* Philachoerus Dörjes, 1968
* Polychoerus Mark, 1892
* Praesagittifera Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990
* Pseudanaperus Dörjes, 1968
* Pseudoconvoluta Beklemischev, 1929
* Sagittifera Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990
* Stomatricha Hooge, 2003
* Symsagittifera Kostenko & Mamkaev, 1990
* Thalassoanaperus Hernandez, 2018
* Waminoa Winsor, 1990
* Wulguru Winsor, 1988

### Species

There are over 100 species recognised in the family Convolutidae:
* †Gutticorpus concentrica Knaust, 2021
* Achoerus caspius Beklemischev, 1914
* Achoerus ferox Beklemischev, 1937
* Achoerus pachycaudatus Dörjes, 1968
* Adenopea cenata (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1955)
* Adenopea chuni (Brauner, 1920)
* Adenopea illardata Löhner & Micoletzky, 1911
* Adenopea illardatus (Lohner & Micoletzky, 1911)
* Amphiscolops bermudensis Hyman 1939
* Amphiscolops castellonensis Steinböck, 1954
* Amphiscolops cinereus (Graff, 1874)
* Amphiscolops evelinae Marcus 1947
* Amphiscolops fuligineus Peebles 1913
* Amphiscolops gemelliporus Marcus 1954
* Amphiscolops gerundensis Steinböck, 1954
* Amphiscolops japonicus Kato 1947
* Amphiscolops marinelliensis Beltagi & Khafagi, 1984
* Amphiscolops mosaicus Kozloff 1998
* Amphiscolops potocani Achatz, 2008
* Amphiscolops trifurcatus (Beltagi 1983)
* Amphiscolops zeii Riedl 1956
* Antrosagittifera corallina Hooge & Tyler, 2001
* Brachypea kenoma Antonius 1968
* Conaperta antonii Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007
* Conaperta cirrata Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007
* Conaperta flavibacillum (Jensen, 1878)
* Conaperta lineata (Peebles, 1915)
* Convoluta albomaculata (Pereyaslawzewa, 1892)
* Convoluta baltica Meixner, 1938
* Convoluta bimaculata Graff, 1882
* Convoluta bohmigi (Brauner, 1920)
* Convoluta borealis Sabussow 1900
* Convoluta boyeri Bush 1984
* Convoluta chiridotae (Beklemischev, 1915)
* Convoluta confusa Graff 1904
* Convoluta convoluta (Abildgaard, 1806)
* Convoluta enelitta Antonius 1968
* Convoluta furugelmi Mamkaev, 1971
* Convoluta henseni Böhmig, 1895
* Convoluta hipparchia Pereyaslawzewa 1892
* Convoluta kikaiensis Yamasu 1982
* Convoluta krana Antonius, 1968
* Convoluta lacazii Graff 1891
* Convoluta lacrimosa Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007
* Convoluta marginalis Ivanov 1952
* Convoluta maris-alba (Sabussow, 1899)
* Convoluta marisalbi Sabussov, 1900
* Convoluta naviculae Yamasu 1982
* Convoluta niphoni Achatz, 2008
* Convoluta pelagica Lohner & Micoletzky 1911
* Convoluta philippinensis Bush 1984
* Convoluta punctata Riedl, 1959
* Convoluta pygopora Antonius 1968
* Convoluta schmidti Czerniavsky, 1881
* Convoluta schuelii Achatz, 2008
* Convoluta semperi Graff, 1882
* Convoluta sordida Graff 1882
* Convoluta thela (Antonius, 1968)
* Convoluta uljanini Graff, 1904
* Convoluta variabilis (Pereyaslawzewa, 1892)
* Convolutriloba hastifera Winsor, 1990
* Convolutriloba longifissura Bartolomaeus & Balzer, 1997
* Convolutriloba macropyga Shannon & Achatz, 2007
* Convolutriloba retrogemma Hendelberg & Akesson, 1988
* Haplodiscus acuminatus Böhmig, 1895
* Haplodiscus bocki Dörjes 1970
* Haplodiscus incola (Leiper, 1902)
* Haplodiscus obtusus Böhmig, 1895
* Haplodiscus ovatus Böhmig, 1895
* Haplodiscus piger Weldon 1888
* Haplodiscus ussovi Sabussow, 1896
* Haplodiscus weldoni Böhmig, 1895
* Heterochaerus australis Haswell 1905
* Heterochaerus blumi (Achatz, Hooge & Tyler, 2007)
* Heterochaerus carvalhoi (Marcus, 1952)
* Heterochaerus langerhansi (Graff, 1882)
* Heterochaerus sargassi (Hyman 1939)
* Neochildia fusca Bush, 1975
* Oligochoerus bakuensis Beklemischev 1963
* Oligochoerus chlorella Beklemischev 1963
* Oligochoerus conops Beklemischev, 1963
* Oligochoerus erythrophthalmus Beklemischev 1963
* Oligochoerus limnophilus Ax & Doerjes 1966
* Oligochoerus melanops Beklemischev 1963
* Oligochoerus xanthella Beklemischev 1963
* Oxyposthia praedator Ivanov 1952
* Pelophila lutheri (Westblad, 1946)
* Philachoerus johanni Dörjes, 1968
* Praesagittifera gracilis (Yamasu, 1982)
* Praesagittifera naikaiensis (Yamasu, 1982)
* Praesagittifera shikoki Kostenko & Mamkaev 1990
* Sagittifera sagittifera (Ivanov, 1952)
* Stomatricha hochbergi Hooge, 2003
* Thalassoanaperus australis (Westblad, 1952)
* Thalassoanaperus biaculeatus (Boguta, 1970)
* Thalassoanaperus gardineri (Graff, 1911)
* Thalassoanaperus ornatus (Beltagi, 2001)
* Thalassoanaperus rubellus (Westblad, 1945)
* Thalassoanaperus singularis (Hooge & Smith, 2004)
* Thalassoanaperus sulcatus (Beklemischev, 1914)
* Thalassoanaperus tvaerminnensis (Luther, 1912)
* Waminoa brickneri Ogunlana, Hooge, Tekle, Benayahu, Barneah & Tyler, 2005
* Waminoa litus Winsor 1990
* Wulguru cuspidata Winsor 1988