OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Helmut Schlesinger

Helmut Schlesinger (4 September 1924 – 23 December 2024) was a German economist and President of the Bundesbank from 1991 to 1993. Having worked for the institution and its precursor from 1952, he pursued monetary stability.

## Biography
### Early life and education

Schlesinger was born in Penzberg, Bavaria, on 4 September 1924. His schooling was at Bavarian boarding schools until he joined the German military in 1943 and served for two years during World War II. He then studied economics at the University of Munich, from which he graduated with a Diplom in 1948, and with a doctorate in economics in 1951. His thesis was about economic efficiency in the public administration sector.

### Career

From 1949 to 1952, Schlesinger worked at the Ifo Institute for Economic Research in Munich. He entered the precursor of the Deutsche Bundesbank, the Bank deutscher Länder, in 1952 and ascended rapidly to the position of a department head. In 1956, he served as Head of the Economic Analysis and Forecasting Division. In 1964, he was appointed Head of the Economics and Statistics Department; he became a member of the executive board in 1972. He served as deputy chairman from 1980 to 1991 and as President of the German Central Bank from 1991 to 1993 when he retired, succeeding Karl Otto Pöhl and succeeded by Hans Tietmeyer. His key objective was the stability of the currency. His counter-inflation policies influenced European monetary politics. Remarks by Schlesinger in Handelsblatt in 1992 triggered a financial crisis for the British pound that became known as Black Wednesday.
Schlesinger was a distinguished honorary professor at the German University of Administrative Sciences. He was an advisor to IDEAglobal Group, a global financial research organisation.

### Personal life

Schlesinger and his wife Carola had four children. He turned 100 on 4 September 2024, and died in Bad Homburg three months later, on 23 December.

## Awards

Schlesinger was a member of the Orders of Merit and of Chivalry of Germany, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Sweden, and Luxembourg. He received honorary doctorates from the universities of Frankfurt (1981), Göttingen (1981), and St. Gallen (1993).
# Battle of Friedberg (Bavaria)

The Battle of Friedberg was fought on 24 August 1796 between a First French Republic army led by Jean Victor Marie Moreau and a Habsburg Austrian army led by Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour. The French army, which was advancing eastward on the south side of the Danube, managed to catch an isolated Austrian infantry regiment. In the ensuing combat, the Austrians were cut to pieces. Friedberg is a Bavarian town located on the Lech River near Augsburg. The action was fought during the War of the First Coalition.
Two French armies crossed the Rhine and thrust east into Germany in the Rhine Campaign of 1796. Jean-Baptiste Jourdan's Army of Sambre-et-Meuse advanced on a more northerly route while Moreau's Army of Rhin-et-Moselle took a more southerly path. Opposing them were Wilhelm von Wartensleben's Army of the Lower Rhine and Latour's Army of the Upper Rhine, both under the overall direction of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen. Moreau defeated Charles at the battles of Ettlingen on 9 July and Neresheim on 11 August.
As the outnumbered Austrians retreated, Charles looked for a chance to throw a superior force against one of the French armies. That opportunity came in late August when a cavalry brigadier Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf reported an opening. Leaving Latour's army severely weakened, the archduke rapidly marched north with 27,000 troops to join with Wartensleben in defeating Jourdan at the Battle of Amberg on 24 August. Unaware of Charles' maneuver, Moreau forged ahead and smashed the isolated Schröder Infantry Regiment Nr. 7 at Friedberg. Unfortunately for Moreau, Jourdan's drubbing at Amberg and a second defeat at Würzburg ruined the French offensive. By the beginning of September, the increasingly isolated Moreau was compelled to retrace his steps toward France.
# Puerto Rico Highway 40

Puerto Rico Highway 40 (PR-40) is an urban road in Hato Rey. This is a short road that connects from the PR-25 (Avenida Juan Ponce de León) to PR-27 (Avenida José Celso Barbosa). This road is called Avenida Quisqueya.

## Major intersections

The entire route is located in San Juan.
| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| Hato Rey Norte–Hato Rey Central line | 0.0 | 0.0 | PR-25 north – Santurce, San Juan | One-way street; western terminus of PR-40 |
| Hato Rey Central–Oriente line | 0.9 | 0.56 | PR-27 – Las Casas, Santurce, Río Piedras | Eastern terminus of PR-40 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Connecticut Route 113

Route 113 is a Connecticut state highway running from the Bridgeport–Stratford town line around the Lordship section of Stratford to the eastern part of the town.

## Route description

Route 113 begins at an intersection with I-95 (Exit 30) at the Bridgeport-Stratford town line and heads east into Stratford as Lordship Boulevard. It then heads southeast along the western boundary of Sikorsky Memorial Airport, then turns east, still encircling the airport, along Oak Bluff Avenue and Prospect Drive. The transition between Oak Bluff Avenue and Prospect Drive is a roundabout intersection. Route 113 then heads north around Stratford Point as Stratford Road and Main Street, along the mouth of the Housatonic River at Long Island Sound. The road also provides access to Short Beach Park, a town beach. Main Street continues north towards Stratford center, intersecting with Route 130 and West Broad Street (which provides access to I-95 at Exit 32). Continuing north, it goes under I-95 without an interchange past the Stratford railroad station, intersecting with U.S. Route 1, then running for another 1.6 miles (2.6 km) in the residential part of town before ending at Route 110 (East Main Street). Main Street continues straight as Route 110.

## History

Route 113 was created in 1932, originally running from Stratford Point to downtown Stratford and then to Shelton along the current route of Route 108. In about 1940, it was extended west along the current route into Bridgeport. In 1944, it was rerouted to the north of Sikorsky Airport (along Access Road), with the southerly alignment becoming Route 113A, but was returned to its current route in 1947 (Route 113A was deleted). In 1952, it was extended north to the Shelton town center via the Huntington Turnpike. In 1963, Route 108 was extended south along Nichols Avenue and Route 113 was rerouted east to its current route, over a former section of Route 110. This northernmost portion of current Route 113 was the original southern end of Route 8 prior to the construction of the expressway.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Fairfield County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Bridgeport–Stratford line | 0.00 | 0.00 | I-95 south – New York City | Southern terminus |
| Bridgeport–Stratford line | 0.25 | 0.40 | I-95 north – New Haven | Access via Surf Avenue; exit 30 on I-95 |
| Stratford | 5.61 | 9.03 | Route 130 – Bridgeport, New Haven | |
| Stratford | 6.48 | 10.43 | US 1 (Barnum Avenue) | Former Boston Post Road |
| Stratford | 8.12 | 13.07 | Route 110 – Shelton | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Pratap Singh II of Alirajpur

Sir Pratap Singh II KCIE was the Raja of Alirajpur from 1891 until his abdication in 1941.

## Birth

He was born on 12 September 1881 to Bhagwan Singh, Thakur of Sondwa.

## Education

He was educated at Daly College, Indore.

## Succession

When Bijai Singh died on 16 August 1890, he left behind no heirs to succeed him. In 1891, Pratap was selected by the Government of India to succeed his cousin. He was formally installed in March 1892. As he was a minor at the time, the State was managed by a kamdar under the supervision of the Political Agent until he came of age. He was granted full administrative powers in June 1904.

## Personal life

He was a keen sportsman who won many trophies in polo and shikar.

### Marriages

He married first in 1900 to the daughter of Bhagwan Singh, Thakur of Kathiwara, and secondly in 1902 to a lady from Chhota Udaipur.

### Children

He had a son, Fateh Singh, and a daughter, Anand Kumari, who married Kishore Chandra Mardaraj Harichandan, Raja of Nilgiri.

## Honours

During the Delhi Durbar of 1911, he was conferred the hereditary title of Raja. He was created the CIE on 3 June 1915 and made KCIE on 3 June 1933. In 1917, George V appointed him to the Order of Saint John.
# Martin of Opava

Martin of Opava, O.P. (died 1278) also known as Martin of Poland, was a 13th-century Dominican friar, bishop and chronicler.

## Life

Known in Latin as Frater Martinus Ordinis Praedicatorum (Brother Martin of the Order of Preachers), he is believed to have been born, at an unknown date, in the Silesian town of Opava, at that time part of the Margraviate of Moravia.
From the middle of the 13th century, Martin was active in Rome as confessor and chaplain for Pope Alexander IV and his successors, Urban IV, Clement IV, Gregory X, Innocent V, Adrian V and John XXI (d. 1277), the last pope to appear in his chronicles. On 22 June 1278, Pope Nicholas III, while in Viterbo, appointed him archbishop of Gniezno.
While travelling to his new episcopal see, Martin died in Bologna, where he was buried at the Basilica of San Domenico, near the tomb of the founder of his Order.

## Works

Martin's Latin chronicle, the Chronicon pontificum et imperatorum, was intended for the school-room. It is mostly derivative in content and is therefore of limited value to modern historians. However, its importance is in the way the material is presented, which is a quantum leap forward in didactic method. The genius lies in its layout: each double page covers fifty years with fifty lines per page. The left-hand pages give the history of the papacy, with one line per year, and the right-hand pages give the history of emperors, the two accounts being kept strictly parallel. This was a revolutionary approach in graphic design, which was not appreciated by all his contemporaries: many manuscripts simply copy the text without retaining the page layout, which results in a rather chaotic chronology. The chronicle was enormously influential; over 400 manuscripts are known, and the influence on many dozens of later chroniclers is palpable. Translations were made into many medieval vernaculars, including Middle English, as well as an Old French translation by Sébastien Mamerot in the late 15th century. Martin's Chronicon is the most influential source for the legend of "Pope Joan". It was also a source for Rashid al-Din Hamadani's Jami al-Tawarikh.
Other of his works include the Promptuarium Exemplorum.
# Zhengshi

Zhengshi (正始) was a Chinese era name used by several emperors of China. It may refer to:
* Zhengshi (240–249), era name used by Cao Fang, emperor of Cao Wei
* Zhengshi (407–409), era name used by Gao Yun (emperor)
* Zhengshi (504–508), era name used by Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei
Zhengzhi (正史) may also refer to the Twenty-Four Histories, the Chinese official histories.
# Deniliquin railway station

Deniliquin railway station was a railway station serving the town of Deniliquin, New South Wales, Australia. The station was opened on 4 July 1876 by the Deniliquin and Moama Railway Company and was bought by Victorian Railways in 1923. The station was the terminus of the Deniliquin railway line. The station building was demolished and is not in use anymore.

## History

Residents of Deniliquin lobbied for the railway due to the high costs of freight transfer, with one estimate that the cost of sending a ton of goods from Echuca to Deniliquin was quoted at more than twice the cost of bringing the same goods from London to Melbourne. In March 1874, the Government of New South Wales passed an Act which allowed private enterprise to construct a railway from Moama to Deniliquin, connecting with the Victorian Railways line at the bridge over the Murray River near Echuca. Work commenced on the line in late 1875. The line cost around £4000 per mile to construct.
Deniliquin railway station was opened on 4 July 1876 where a large crowd of people assembled to greet the arrival of the first train at 2 pm, celebrated by performances from the town's brass band. A ceremony took place in the station's large good shed to mark the opening of the line, attended by up to 700 people including the directors of the railway company as well as John Hay, MP for The Murray.
The station and the line was bought by Victorian Railways in 1923, as part of the 1922 Border Railways Act.
On 8 April 1924 a significant fire originating in the booking office of the station led to the almost complete destruction of both the station building and the neighbouring railway hotel.
The station nowadays is unrecognisable, with no platforms intact and the yard ripped up. There have been a number of calls from within Deniliquin and along the former line from Echuca for the rail to be returned. The station building was demolished some time in 1984. The silos are intact but unreachable by train.
# Kambojan language

Kambojan is an extinct and poorly attested Indo-Iranian language spoken by the Kambojas tribe, a group of people that inhabited Northern Afghanistan and Central Asia. The features and the characteristics of the language is unknown.

## Etymology

The classification of Kambojan is conflicting as the word "Kambojan" is vague. Toybee, Herzfeld, Walser and Chakraberty believe the word is connected to Cambyses the Achaemenid ruler or the region Kambysene. H. W. Bailey analyzes the word "Kamboja" and believes that it can interpreted as "Kam-bauja" or "Kan-bauja" the second root word "Bauja" believes to be related to the Avestan word "baug" meaning to "bend, free, loose, deliver, save, possess or rule" related to the Sanskrit word "bhuj" meaning "rule, use, possess and govern" Bailey also believes the first word "Kam" is probably related to the Avestan word "Kan" meaning "to long, want" cognate to the Sanskrit word Kama, "desire, lust". Indologist Sylvain Lévi believed that the word is of Austroasiatic origin but this is dismissed by scholars.

## Classification
### Iranian

Gerard Fussman suggests that the unknown language in the inscriptions of Dasht-e-Nawar was perhaps spoken by Kambojas possibly an earlier Ormuri language. French linguist, Emile Benveniste believed that the Ashokan Kandahar inscriptions had two non-indo-aryan languages. He believed that the Aramao-Iranian language may have been used by Kambojas. Iranlogists Mary Boyce and Frantz Grenet also support the idea saying "The fact that Aramaic versions were made indicates that the Kambojas enjoyed a measure of autonomy, and that they not only preserved their Iranian identity, but were governed in some measure by members of their own community, on whom was laid the responsibility of transmitting to them the king's words, and having these engraved on stone."

## Vocabulary

There are many Kambojan names and words found in the inscription in the Rock Edits attributed to King Ashoka.
# Andrew Turzilli

Andrew Turzilli (born October 13, 1991) is an American former professional football wide receiver. He played college football at the University of Kansas before transferring to Rutgers. He was signed by the Tennessee Titans as an undrafted free agent in 2015.

## Early life

Turzilli attended Butler High School where he played both high school football as well as high school basketball. While playing football, he lettered for three seasons as a wide receiver and defensive back. After transferring to Butler as a junior he recorded 38 receptions for 685 yards and seven touchdowns in just five games. For that season he was named All-Conference. As a senior appeared in 12 games and recorded 54 receptions for 953 yards and 11 touchdowns. For the season, he was named All-State first-team, All-Daily Record, All-Conference, All-Area and All-Tri-State.

## College career

Turzilli then attended Kansas where he majored in American studies.
As a freshman in 2010, he redshirted. As a redshirt freshman in 2011, appeared in three games, recording three receptions for 37 yards. A redshirt sophomore in 2012, he appeared in all 12 games with four starts. He recorded 17 receptions for 287 yards. He was named Academic All-Big 12 second-team. In 2013 as a redshirt junior, he appeared in nine games with three starts. He recorded seven receptions for 167 yards with a touchdown. He was again named Academic All-Big 12 second-team. In May 2014, he graduated with a degree in American studies.
He then transferred to Rutgers University where he was immediately eligible to compete for the Scarlet Knights. As a redshirt senior in 2014 he appeared in 11 games with four starts. For the season he recorded 10 receptions for 347 yards and four touchdowns.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables :
| Height | Weight | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Bench press |
| 6 ft 4+1⁄3 in (1.94 m) | 190 lb (86 kg) | 4.44 s | 1.53 s | 2.70 s | 4.34 s | 6.96 s | 12 reps |
| All values from Rutgers pro day. ||||||||

### Tennessee Titans (first stint)

After going unselected in the 2015 NFL draft, Turzilli was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Tennessee Titans on May 11, 2015. He was waived with an injury settlement on September 3.

### San Francisco 49ers

He was then signed by the San Francisco 49ers to their practice squad on October 13.

### Tennessee Titans (second stint)

On November 17, he was signed by the Titans to their active roster from the 49ers practice squad. Turzilli appeared in 3 games catching 2 passes for 25 yards on the season. On September 2, he was released by the Titans.

### Detroit Lions

On December 20, 2016, Turzilli was signed to the Lions' practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Lions on January 9, 2017. He was waived by the Lions on May 11, 2017.

### New York Giants

On August 14, 2017, Turzilli signed with the New York Giants. He was waived/injured on August 23, 2017, after suffering a hamstring injury and placed on injured reserve. He was released on August 27, 2017.
# Greek brig Aris

The brig Aris (Greek: Άρης, named after the god of war, Ares), was one of the most distinguished Greek ships during the Greek War of Independence and continued to serve in the Greek Navy until the early 20th century as a training ship.

## History

The 350-ton Aris was constructed as a merchant vessel in Venice in 1807. Upon the outbreak of the Greek Revolution in March 1821, her owner, Anastasios Tsamados (1774-1825) from Hydra, armed the ship with 16 12-pounder guns and joined the fleet of his home island. Aris participated in many of the early naval clashes with the Ottoman Navy, but became famous after the action fought at Navarino on 8 May [O.S. 26 April] 1825, which became known as the "Sortie of Aris" (Έξοδος του Άρεως).

### Sphacteria

At that time, a Greek garrison was quartered at the island of Sphacteria, which controlled the entrance of the excellent natural harbour of the Bay of Pylos (Navarino). Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, tasked by the Ottoman sultan to suppress the Greek revolt, needed to take the island in order to use the bay for his own purposes. Aris, along with 5 other brigs, were anchored at Sphacteria when, on the morning of April 26, the combined Ottoman-Egyptian fleet arrived and started its attack on the island, bombarding the Greek positions and disembarking numerous troops. Most captains of the ships were on land, along with part of their crews, who were manning the island's cannons. The other ships sailed before the Ottoman fleet could seal off the bay, and after fighting off the Ottomans, were able to escape. The crew of Aris however still awaited their captain, who had been killed. Instead, Nikolaos Votsis, the captain of the Athena, which had already sailed without him, and Dimitrios Sachtouris, the commander of the Navarino fortress, came aboard, fleeing the advancing Egyptian soldiers. Votsis took over as captain, with Sachtouris as his first mate, and set sail. Also present on the ship was the Secretary of State, Alexandros Mavrokordatos, who was sent to the hold for safety.
Aris sailed through the midst of the Turco-Egyptian fleet, being attacked on all sides for several hours and facing in total 32 ships one after another, before reaching the open sea. Casualties among the crew were just two dead and six wounded.

### After the Revolution

After the end of the War of Independence, the ship was bought by the Greek government for the new Royal Hellenic Navy and renamed Athena (Αθηνά). It reverted to its old name in 1879, and was in service, mainly as a training vessel for the Hellenic Naval Academy, until 7 April [O.S. 25 March] 1921, when it was ceremonially sunk off Salamis with full honours on the 100th anniversary of the Greek Revolution. The action, justified on the grounds of the expense involved in the ship's maintenance, caused much criticism at the time from those who favoured her retention as a naval monument. Today, only the ship's figurehead is preserved, at the National Historical Museum of Athens.
# Josef Maria Schedel

Josef Maria Schedel (10 January 1856 – 7 April 1943) was a German apothecary, naturalist and collector. He worked in Japan and China from where he collected natural history specimens particularly of molluscs and art for German collectors.

## Life and work

Schedel was born out of wedlock in Bamberg to physician Heinrich Heinkelmann (1807–1866) and Justina Wilhelmina Schedel (1837–1857), daughter of a Bamberg lawyer. His mother died shortly after his birth and he was raised by a laundress. He went to high school and then apprenticed at the Einhorn pharmacy from 1873. In 1880 he went to study natural sciences in Munich and in the next year he went to the University of Kiel and became a chemical assistant to August Friedrich Karl Himly. In 1884 he became a pharmacist near Charlottenburg. In 1886 he went to Japan to work with the Japan Dispensary Brett & Co and after his contract ended he purchased a French pharmacy that he converted to his own Deutsche Apotheke in Yokohama. He was a member of the German society for natural history and ethnology of east Asia and a friend of Otto Keil and German agent August Langfeldt. He returned to Germany in 1899 and gave talks about his experiences in Japan. In 1900 he moved to Munich and ran a pharmacy there but closed down in 1902 following attempted blackmail for homosexuality. He then moved through Bavaria and in 1909 and then moved to work in Tientsin, China. He did not like work conditions and his health was poor. In addition China declared war on Germany in 1917 and with serious nervous disorders he returned to Germany in 1922. He lived in seclusion in Bamberg until his death.
Schedel was a friend of Magnus Hirschfeld, who founded the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (WHC) in 1897. Schedel was invited to speak on homosexuality in Japan at the WHC in 1903. He also collected Japanese erotica. In 1925 he was awarded the "Bene merenti" medal of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences for his Chinese antiquities donated to the museum in Munich.
# WGDQ

WGDQ (93.1 FM, "WGDQ") is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Sumrall, Mississippi, United States, and serving the Laurel-Hattiesburg area. The station broadcasts an urban gospel format. Its transmitter is located in Rawls Springs, Mississippi.