# Private browsing

Private browsing (also known as incognito mode or private mode) is a feature in some web browsers that enhances user privacy. In this mode, the browser initiates a temporary session separate from its main session and user data. The browsing history is not recorded, and local data related to the session, like Cookies and Web cache, are deleted once the session ends. The primary purpose of these modes is to ensure that data and history from a specific browsing session do not remain on the device or get accessed by another user of the same device. In web development, it can be used to quickly test displaying pages as they appear to first-time visitors.
Private browsing modes do not necessarily protect users from being tracked by other websites or their Internet service provider (ISP). Furthermore, there is a possibility that identifiable traces of activity could be leaked from private browsing sessions by means of the operating system, security flaws in the browser, or via malicious browser extensions, and it has been found that certain HTML5 APIs can be used to detect the presence of private browsing modes due to differences in behavior. This is usually why some people mistake private browsing for a virtual private network.

## History

Apple's Safari browser was one of the first major web browsers to include this feature, first introduced in April 2005. The feature was subsequently adopted by other browsers, leading to the popularization of the term in 2008 by mainstream news outlets and computing websites during discussions about the beta versions of Internet Explorer 8. Adobe Flash Player 10.1 started respecting browser settings and private browsing modes in relation to storing local shared objects.

## Uses

Private browsing modes are commonly used for various purposes, such as concealing visits to sensitive websites (like adult-oriented content) from the browsing history, conducting unbiased web searches unaffected by previous browsing habits or recorded interests, offering a "clean" temporary session for guest users (for instance, on public computers), and managing multiple accounts on websites simultaneously. Private browsing can also be used to circumvent metered paywalls on some websites.
In a survey conducted by DuckDuckGo, 48% of participants chose not to respond, prompting lead researcher Elie Bursztein to observe, "Surveys are clearly not the best approach to understand why people use private browsing mode due to the embarrassment factor." Additionally, 18% of respondents indicated that their main use of private browsing modes was for online shopping.
A study by the Mozilla Foundation found that most sessions lasted only about 10 minutes. However, there were periods of increased activation, usually from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m., at 5 p.m., between 9 p.m. and 10 p.m., and a minor peak occurred about an hour or two after midnight.

## Support in popular browsers

Private browsing is known by different names in different browsers.
| Date | Browser | Synonym |
| 29 April 2005 (2005-04-29) | Safari 2.0 | Private Browsing (Command⌘+Shift+n) |
| 11 December 2008 (2008-12-11) | Google Chrome | Incognito (Ctrl+Shift+n or ⌘+Shift+n for Mac) |
| 19 March 2009 (2009-03-19) | Internet Explorer | InPrivate Browsing (Ctrl+Shift+p or ⌘+Shift+p for Mac) |
| 30 June 2009 (2009-06-30) | Mozilla Firefox 3.5 | Private Browsing (Ctrl+Shift+p or ⌘+Shift+p for Mac) |
| 2 March 2010 (2010-03-02) | Opera 10.50 | Private Tab / Private Window (Ctrl+Shift+n or ⌘+Shift+n for Mac) |
| 18 November 2014 (2014-11-18) | Amazon Silk | Private Browsing (Swipe from the left edge of the screen, and then tap Settings and select Enter Private Browsing) |
| 29 July 2015 (2015-07-29) | Microsoft Edge | InPrivate Browsing (Ctrl+Shift+n or ⌘+Shift+p for Mac) |
| 13 November 2019 (2019-11-13) | Brave | Private Browsing (Ctrl+Shift+n or ⌘+Shift+n for Mac) |

## Security

It is a common misconception that private browsing modes can protect users from being tracked by other websites or their Internet service provider (ISP). Such entities can still use information such as IP addresses and user accounts to uniquely identify users. Private browsers on iOS, not created by Apple, must adhere to specific standards and regulations to be available on its platform for iPhone and iPad. Specifically, these browsers are required to employ the WebKit framework for rendering web pages. Consequently, third-party browsers cannot use their own rendering engines and must depend on Apple's framework instead. This constraint impacts the range of privacy features that these browsers can provide. This is one of the reasons why some browsers have partly addressed this shortcoming by offering additional privacy features that can be automatically enabled when using private browsing mode, such as Firefox's "Tracking Protection" feature to control use of web trackers (which has since been rolled into a larger "content blocking" function extended outside of private browsing mode), and Opera offering an in-house VPN service embedded within the browser.
Brazilian researchers published the results of a project where they applied forensic techniques (namely the Foremost data carving tool and Strings program) to extract information about the users browsing activities on Internet Explorer and Firefox browsers with their private mode enabled. They were able to collect enough data to identify pages visited and even partially reconstruct them. This research was later extended to include the Chrome and Safari browsers. The gathered data proved that the browsers' private mode implementations are not able to fully hide users' browsing activities and that browsers in private mode leave traces of activities in caching structures and files related to the paging process of the operating system.
Another independent security analysis, performed by a group of researchers at Newcastle University, reported a range of potential security vulnerabilities in the implementation of the private modes across Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Safari, including that;
* Browser extensions could still record history if they were active in private mode. Although Chrome and Firefox have since required extensions to be enabled on an opt-in basis for their private browsing modes, an installed extension in the normal mode could learn the user's activities in the private mode by measuring the usage of shared computing resources.
* Data erasure by the browser alone is found to be insufficient. For example, the records of visited websites during the private session can be retained in memory for a long time even after the private session is closed. In addition, the visited website records are usually kept by the operating system in the local DNS cache. Furthermore, the modified timestamps of certain profile files saved on the disk may reveal if the private mode was previously turned on and when it was turned on.
* Software bugs present in some browsers were found to seriously degrade the security of the private mode. For example, in some earlier versions of Safari, the browser retained private browsing history records if the browser program was not closed normally (e.g., as a result of a crash), or if the user acted to add a bookmark within the private mode.
* Depending on whether the session is in the private or the normal mode, web browsers typically exhibit different user interfaces and traffic characteristics. This allows a remote website to tell if the user is currently in the private mode, for example, by checking the color of the hyperlinks or measuring the time of writing cookies.
Bugs and security vulnerabilities in extensions themselves may also leak personally identifiable data from private mode.
Implementations of the HTML5 FileSystem API can be used to detect users in private mode. In Google Chrome, the FileSystem API was not available in Incognito mode prior to version 76. To prevent circumvention of paywall policies and evasion of web tracking scripts used to monetize traffic, a number of websites — including The New York Times — have used such behavior to block access to users in private browsing mode, and requiring them to subscribe or log in. Chrome 76 allows the FileSystem API to be used in Incognito mode; explaining the change, Google argued that the ability to detect the use of Incognito mode infringes on users' privacy. However, it was later discovered that the disk space quotas for the API differed between normal and Incognito modes, providing another means by which to detect Incognito users. Despite statements otherwise by Google, this has not yet been patched. Scripts have also been developed to detect private browsing mode on other browsers, such as Firefox.

### Associated lawsuit

In December 2023, Google settled a $5 billion consumer privacy lawsuit that alleged its practises allowed it to track users in private browsing mode in various browsers.