# Hang Seng Index

The Hang Seng Index (HSI) is a market-capitalisation-weighted stock market index in Hong Kong, adjusted for free float. It tracks and records daily changes in the largest companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and serves as the primary indicator of overall market performance in Hong Kong. These 82 constituent companies represent about 58% of the capitalisation of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.
HSI was publicized on November 24, 1969, and is currently compiled and maintained by Hang Seng Indexes Company Limited, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Hang Seng Bank, one of the largest banks registered and listed in Hong Kong in terms of market capitalisation. It is responsible for compiling, publishing and managing the Hang Seng Index and a range of other stock indexes, such as Hang Seng China Enterprises Index, Hang Seng China AH Index Series, Hang Seng China H-Financials Index, Hang Seng Composite Index Series, Hang Seng China A Industry Top Index, Hang Seng Corporate Sustainability Index Series and Hang Seng Total Return Index Series. Hang Seng in turn, despite being a public company, is controlled by another listed international financial institution HSBC Holdings plc. Both HSBC Holdings and Hang Seng are constituents of the index.

## History

Ho Sin Hang, chairman of the Hang Seng Bank, conceived the idea of creating the Hang Seng Index as a "Dow Jones Index for Hong Kong". Along with Hang Seng Director Lee Quo-wei, he commissioned Hang Seng's head of Research Stanley Kwan to create the index in 1964, the index was initially used for internal reference in the Hang Seng Bank, they debuted the index on November 24, 1969.

## Statistics

When the Hang Seng Index was first published, its base of 100 points was set equivalent to the stocks' total value as of the market close on July 31, 1964. Its all-time low is 58.61 points, reached retroactively on August 31, 1967, after the base value was established but before the publication of the index. The Hang Seng passed the 10,000 point milestone for the first time in its history on December 10, 1993, and, 13 years later, passed the 20,000 point milestone on December 28, 2006. In less than 10 months, it passed the 30,000 point milestone on October 18, 2007. Its all-time high, set on January 26, 2018, was 33,223.58 points at closing. From October 30, 2007, through March 9, 2008, the index lost 9,426 points or approximately 30%. On September 5, it fell past the 20,000 mark the first time in almost a year to a low of 19,708.39, later closing at 19,933.28. On October 8, 2008, the index closed at 15,431.73, over 50% less than the all-time high and the lowest closing value in over two years. On October 27, 2008, the index further fell to 10,676.29 points, having fallen nearly two-thirds from its all-time peak, but passed the 20,000 point milestone again to 20,063.93 on 24 July 2009. The index reached 25,000.00 on August 19, 2014, reaching as high as 25,201.21 that day, later closing at 24,909.26 points. It continued rising to hit 26,000 on April 8, 2015, with a close of 26,236.86 The following day, it rose to as much as 27,922.67 before closing at 26,944.39. Yet again, another milestone was reached on April 13, 2015, rising to over 28,000 points, or closing to 28,016.34, the highest since December 2007. On July 8, 2015, the index fell as much as 2139 points. On 21 August the index entered a bear market. The index at that point hovered around 18000-19000 points, until it ended in February 2016. On 24 June 2016, the market fell 1,000 points in response to UK EU referendum results that "Leave" won the vote against "Remain". Then, the markets continuously fell on 27 and 28 June 2016 before recovered slightly on 29 June 2016.

### Contract Specification

The Hang Seng Index is traded as a future on the Hong Kong Futures Exchange (HKFE). The full contract specifications are below:
Contract Specification :
| Hang Seng Index (HSI ) | |
| Contract Size: | HK$50 Hang Seng Index Points |
| Exchange: | HKFE |
| Sector: | Index |
| Tick Size: | 1 |
| Tick Value: | 50 HKD |
| Big Point Value (BPV): | 50 |
| Denomination: | HKD |
| Decimal Place: | 0 |

### Annual Returns

The following table shows the annual development of the Hang Seng Index, which was calculated from 1964.
| Year | Closing level | Change in Index in Points | Change in Index in % |
| 1965 | 82.14 | | |
| 1966 | 79.69 | −2.45 | −2.98 |
| 1967 | 66.92 | −12.77 | −16.02 |
| 1968 | 107.55 | 40.63 | 60.71 |
| 1969 | 155.47 | 47.92 | 44.56 |
| 1970 | 211.64 | 56.17 | 36.13 |
| 1971 | 341.36 | 129.72 | 61.29 |
| 1972 | 843.40 | 502.04 | 147.07 |
| 1973 | 433.68 | −409.72 | −48.58 |
| 1974 | 171.11 | −262.57 | −60.54 |
| 1975 | 350.00 | 178.89 | 104.55 |
| 1976 | 447.67 | 97.67 | 27.91 |
| 1977 | 404.02 | −43.65 | −9.75 |
| 1978 | 495.51 | 91.49 | 22.64 |
| 1979 | 879.38 | 383.87 | 77.47 |
| 1980 | 1,473.59 | 594.21 | 67.57 |
| 1981 | 1,405.82 | −67.77 | −4.60 |
| 1982 | 783.82 | −622.00 | −44.24 |
| 1983 | 874.94 | 91.12 | 11.63 |
| 1984 | 1,200.38 | 567.35 | 89.62 |
| 1985 | 1,752.45 | 552.07 | 45.99 |
| 1986 | 2,568.30 | 815.85 | 46.55 |
| 1987 | 2,302.75 | −265.55 | −10.34 |
| 1988 | 2,687.44 | 384.69 | 16.70 |
| 1989 | 2,836.57 | 149.13 | 5.55 |
| 1990 | 3,024.55 | 187.98 | 6.63 |
| 1991 | 4,297.33 | 1,272.78 | 42.08 |
| 1992 | 5,512.39 | 1,215.06 | 28.28 |
| 1993 | 11,888.39 | 6,376.00 | 115.67 |
| 1994 | 8,191.04 | −3,697.40 | −31.10 |
| 1995 | 10,073.39 | 1,882.35 | 22.98 |
| 1996 | 13,451.45 | 3,378.06 | 33.53 |
| 1997 | 10,722.76 | −2,728.69 | −20.29 |
| 1998 | 10,048.58 | −674.18 | −6.29 |
| 1999 | 16,962.10 | 6,913.52 | 68.80 |
| 2000 | 15,095.53 | −1,866.57 | −11.00 |
| 2001 | 11,397.21 | −3,698.32 | −24.50 |
| 2002 | 9,321.29 | −2,075.92 | −18.21 |
| 2003 | 12,575.94 | 3,254.65 | 34.92 |
| 2004 | 14,230.14 | 1,654.20 | 13.15 |
| 2005 | 14,876.43 | 646.29 | 4.54 |
| 2006 | 19,964.72 | 5,088.29 | 34.20 |
| 2007 | 27,812.65 | 7,847.93 | 39.31 |
| 2008 | 14,387.48 | −13,425.17 | −48.27 |
| 2009 | 21,872.50 | 7,485.02 | 52.02 |
| 2010 | 23,035.45 | 1,162.95 | 5.32 |
| 2011 | 18,434.39 | −4,601.06 | −19.97 |
| 2012 | 22,656.92 | 4,222.53 | 22.91 |
| 2013 | 23,306.39 | 649.47 | 2.87 |
| 2014 | 23,605.04 | 298.65 | 1.28 |
| 2015 | 21,914.40 | −1,690.64 | −7.16 |
| 2016 | 22,000.56 | 86.16 | 0.39 |
| 2017 | 29,919.15 | 7,918.59 | 35.99 |
| 2018 | 25,845.70 | −4,073.45 | −13.61 |
| 2019 | 28,189.75 | 2,344.05 | 9.07 |
| 2020 | 27,231.13 | −958.62 | −3.40 |
| 2021 | 23,397.67 | −3,833.46 | −14.08 |
| 2022 | 19,781.41 | −3,616.26 | −15.46 |
| 2023 | 17,047.39 | −2,734.02 | −13.82 |
| 2024 | 20,059.95 | 3,012.56 | 17.67 |

## Components

On January 2, 1985, four sub-indices were established in order to make the index clearer and to classify constituent stocks into four distinct sectors. There are 82 HSI constituent stocks in total. As of February 2024 they are:
| Ticker | Name | Sub-index |
| SEHK: 5 | HSBC Holdings plc | Finance |
| SEHK: 11 | Hang Seng Bank Ltd | Finance |
| SEHK: 388 | HKEx Limited | Finance |
| SEHK: 939 | China Construction Bank | Finance |
| SEHK: 1299 | AIA Group Limited | Finance |
| SEHK: 1398 | Industrial and Commercial Bank of China | Finance |
| SEHK: 2318 | Ping An Insurance | Finance |
| SEHK: 2388 | BOC Hong Kong (Holdings) Ltd | Finance |
| SEHK: 2628 | China Life | Finance |
| SEHK: 3968 | China Merchants Bank | Finance |
| SEHK: 3988 | Bank of China Ltd | Finance |
| SEHK: 2 | CLP Holdings Limited | Utilities |
| SEHK: 3 | Hong Kong and China Gas Company Limited | Utilities |
| SEHK: 6 | Power Assets Holdings Limited | Utilities |
| SEHK: 836 | China Resources Power | Utilities |
| SEHK: 1038 | Cheung Kong Infrastructure Holdings Limited | Utilities |
| SEHK: 2688 | ENN Energy | Utilities |
| SEHK: 12 | Henderson Land Development Company Limited | Properties |
| SEHK: 16 | Sun Hung Kai Properties Limited | Properties |
| SEHK: 17 | New World Development Company Limited | Properties |
| SEHK: 101 | Hang Lung Properties Limited | Properties |
| SEHK: 688 | China Overseas Land & Investment Limited | Properties |
| SEHK: 823 | Link REIT | Properties |
| SEHK: 960 | Longfor Properties | Properties |
| SEHK: 1109 | China Resources Land Limited | Properties |
| SEHK: 1113 | CK Asset Holdings | Properties |
| SEHK: 1209 | China Resources Mixc Lifestyle | Properties |
| SEHK: 1997 | Wharf Real Estate Investment Company Limited | Properties |
| SEHK: 6098 | Country Garden | Properties |
| SEHK: 1 | CK Hutchison Holdings Limited | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 27 | Galaxy Entertainment Group Ltd. | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 66 | MTR Corporation Ltd | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 175 | Geely Auto | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 241 | Alibaba Health | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 267 | CITIC Limited | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 288 | WH Group | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 291 | China Resources Beer | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 316 | Orient Overseas (International) Limited | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 322 | Tingyi | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 386 | Sinopec Corp | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 669 | Techtronic Industries | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 700 | Tencent Holdings Limited | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 762 | China Unicom | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 857 | PetroChina Company Limited | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 868 | Xinyi Glass | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 881 | Zhongsheng Group | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 883 | CNOOC Limited | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 941 | China Mobile Ltd | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 968 | Xinyi Solar | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 981 | Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 992 | Lenovo | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 1044 | Hengan International Group Co. Ltd | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 1088 | China Shenhua Energy | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 1093 | CSPC Pharmaceutical Group | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 1099 | Sinopharm Group | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 1177 | Sino Biopharm | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 1211 | BYD Company | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 1378 | China Hongqiao Group | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 1810 | Xiaomi | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 1876 | Budweiser Brewing Company APAC | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 1928 | Sands China | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 1929 | Chow Tai Fook | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 2015 | Li Auto | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 2020 | Anta Sports | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 2269 | WuXi Biologics | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 2313 | Shenzhou International | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 2319 | Mengniu Dairy | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 2331 | Li-Ning | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 2359 | WuXi AppTec | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 2382 | Sunny Optical | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 2899 | Zijin Mining | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 3690 | Meituan | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 3692 | Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 6618 | JD Health | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 6690 | Haier | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 6862 | Haidilao | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 9618 | JD.com | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 9633 | Nongfu Spring | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 9888 | Baidu | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 9961 | Trip.com Group | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 9988 | Alibaba Group | Commerce & Industry |
| SEHK: 9999 | NetEase | Commerce & Industry |
The Hang Seng Composite Index Series (恒生綜合指數) was launched on October 3, 2001, targeting on providing a broad standard of the performance of the Hong Kong stock market. It was last revamped on March 8, 2010, and comprises 307 constituents (will become 306 from August 9, 2010). The market capitalisation of these companies accounts for about 95% of the total capitalisation of the stocks in Hong Kong.
To ensure the impartiality of its operation, Hang Seng Indexes Company Limited established an Independent Advisory Committee to give advice on issues pertaining to the indexes, including constituent changes and the development of new indexes.

## Hang Seng Industry Classification System

Hang Seng Industry Classification System (formerly called Hang Seng Stock Classification System) is a comprehensive system designed for the Hong Kong stock market by Hang Seng Indexes Company Limited. It reflects the stock performance in different sectors. It caters for the unique characteristics of the Hong Kong stock market and maintains the international compatibility with a mapping to international industry classification
General classification guidelines:
i) The sales revenue arising from each business area of a company is the primary parameter of stock classification. Profit or assets will also be taken into consideration where these better reflects the company's business.
ii) A company will be classified into different sectors according to its majority source of sales revenue(or profit or assets if relevant).
iii) Re-classification of a stock's Industry Sector will occur once the company's business has undergone a major change, such as, substantial merger or acquisition.
Industry sectors:
* Energy (能源業)
* Material (源材料業)
* Industrial Goods (工業製品業)
* Consumer Goods (消費品製造業)
* Services (服務業)
* Telecommunications (電訊業)
* Utilities (公共事業)
* Financials (金融業)
* Properties & Construction (地產建築業)
* Information Technology (資訊科技業)
* Conglomerates (綜合企業)
Source of information
The classification of each stock is based on the information available to the public, for example the annual reports and company announcements.

## Selection criteria for the HSI constituent stocks

HSI constituent stocks are selected with the use of extensive analysis, together with external consultation. To be qualified for selection, a company:
* must be among those that comprise top 90% of the total market value of all ordinary shares;
* must be among those that comprise top 90% of the total turnover on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited "SEHK" (香港交易所);
* should have a listing history of 24 months or meet the requirements of the following Guidelines:
Guidelines for Handling Large-cap Stocks Listed for Less than 24 Months
For a newly listed large-cap stock, the minimum listing time required for inclusion in the stock universe for the HSI review is as follows:
| Average MV Rank at Time of Review | Minimum Listing History |
| Top 5 | 3 Months |
| 6–15 | 6 Months |
| 16–20 | 12 Months |
| 21–25 | 18 Months |
| Below 25 | 24 Months |
Among the eligible candidates, final selections are based on their:
* market capitalisation and turnover rankings;
* representation of the respective sub-sectors within HSI; and
* financial performance.

## Calculation formula for HSI

The current Hang Seng Index is calculated from this formula:
${\textrm {Current~Index}}={\frac {\sum {\textrm {}{\textrm {P(t)}}\times {\textrm {IS}}\times {\textrm {FAF}}\times {\textrm {CF}}{\textrm}}}{\sum {\textrm {}{\textrm {P(t-1)}}\times {\textrm {IS}}\times {\textrm {FAF}}\times {\textrm {CF}}{\textrm}}}}\times {\textrm {Yesterday's~Closing~Index}}.$
Descriptions on parameters:
* P(t): Current Price at Day t
* P(t-1): Closing Price at Day (t-1)
* IS: Issued Shares (Only H-share portion is taken into calculation in case of H-share constituents.)
* FAF: Freefloat-adjusted Factor, which is between 0 and 1, adjusted quarterly
* CF: Cap Factor, which is between 0 and 1, adjusted quarterly

## Daily reports for HSI

Investors in Asian markets monitor the following reports for investment activities:
* Hang Seng Indexes Daily Bulletin
* Hang Seng Index (HSI) Constituent Stocks Performance
* Index Performance Summary
* Total Return Index Series Daily Bulletin

## Representativeness of the HSI

The representativeness of the HSI can be studied by the turnover of the whole stock market and by how much its market capitalisation covers. The aggregate market value of the HSI constituent stocks is maintained at approximately 60% of the total market value. This coverage ratio compares favorably with major overseas stock indices.

## Other related Hang Seng stock indexes

* Hang Seng China Enterprises Index (恒生中國企業指數)
* Hang Seng China-Affiliated Corporations Index (恒生香港中資企業指數)
* Hang Seng China H-Financials Index (恒生中國H股金融行業指數)
* Hang Seng Mainland 100 (恒生中國內地100)
* Hang Seng Mainland 25 (恒生中國內地25)
* Hang Seng HK 35 (恒生香港35)
* Hang Seng REIT Index (恒生房地產基金指數)
* Hang Seng Corporate Sustainability Index Series (恒生可持續發展企業指數系列)
* Hang Seng Composite Index (恒生綜合指數系列)
* Hang Seng Composite Industry Indexes (恒生綜合行業指數)
* Hang Seng Composite Size Indexes (恒生綜合市值指數)
* Hang Seng Short & Leveraged Index Series (恒生短倉及槓桿指數系列)
* Hang Seng China A Industry Top Index (恒生A股行業龍頭指數)
* Hang Seng China 50 Index (恒生神州50指數)
* Hang Seng China AH Premium Index(恒生AH股溢價指數)
* Hang Seng China AH Index Series (恒生AH指數系列)
* Hang Seng Total Return Index Series (恒生股息累計指數系列)
* Hang Seng Dividend Point Index Series (股息點指數系列)
* Hang Seng Global Composite Index
* Hang Seng Tech Index (恆生科技指數)