OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sue Rigby

Sue Rigby FRSE is Professor of paleontology and Principal and Vice Chancellor of Edinburgh Napier University. She was previously Vice-Chancellor of Bath Spa University. She is an HEA Principal Fellow and an Honorary Professor at the University of Edinburgh.

## Education

Rigby received her PhD from the University of Cambridge in 1990 for a doctorate on Graptoloid Form and Function. She received a BSc. from the University of Oxford in 1986.

## Career

Rigby was appointed Vice-Chancellor at Bath Spa University in January 2018, succeeding Professor Christina Slade. She received £209,597.50 per year for her salary. In addition she elected to receive payment in lieu of pension contributions of £39,572 per year. She could also be awarded a bonus of up to £19,200, dependent on performance. Before taking up this post she was Deputy Vice-Chancellor for Student Development at the University of Lincoln.
In July 2024, it was announced that Rigby would leave Bath on 31 December 2024 to take up the role of Principal and Vice-Chancellor at Edinburgh Napier University in January 2025, replacing Professor Andrea Nolan who was retiring.
Before moving in management in higher education, she had worked as a paleontologist at the universities of Cambridge, Leicester and Edinburgh. She was Assistant Principal and then Vice-Principal at the University of Edinburgh.
Rigby is a member of the Teaching Excellence and Student Outcomes Framework (TEF) Panel. She was elected co-convener of the Higher Education Academy's PVC Network in 2016.
She has contributed on an international level to the development of reward and recognition processes for staff in learning and teaching through Universitas 21, a global network of research universities, and she developed the first MOOC (massive open online course) to be shared by students in the U21 universities.
Rigby's first employment was writing about exhibitions at the Geological Museum, South Kensington. With C. V. Milson, she co-authored the book Fossils At A Glance (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009) which is the standard textbook for introductory paleontology and has informed the design of the A-level curriculum. It has been translated into four languages.
Rigby's heroine is the paleontologist Gertrude Elles.
She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2022.

## Publications

Milsom, C. V. and Rigby, S., (2009) Fossils At A Glance. 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781405193368
Harper, E. M. and Rigby, S., (2005) 'Palaeoecology' in Selley, R.C, Cocks, R.M and Plimer, I.R, eds. Encyclopedia of geology (Elsevier), pp. 140–7. ISBN 9780123693969
# Legendre's conjecture

Legendre's conjecture, proposed by Adrien-Marie Legendre, states that there is a prime number between $n^{2}$ and $(n+1)^{2}$ for every positive integer $n$.
The conjecture is one of Landau's problems (1912) on prime numbers, and is one of many open problems on the spacing of prime numbers.
$n^{2}$
$(n+1)^{2}$

## Prime gaps

If Legendre's conjecture is true, the gap between any prime p and the next largest prime would be $O({\sqrt {p}}\,)$, as expressed in big O notation. It is one of a family of results and conjectures related to prime gaps, that is, to the spacing between prime numbers. Others include Bertrand's postulate, on the existence of a prime between $n$ and $2n$, Oppermann's conjecture on the existence of primes between $n^{2}$, $n(n+1)$, and $(n+1)^{2}$, Andrica's conjecture and Brocard's conjecture on the existence of primes between squares of consecutive primes, and Cramér's conjecture that the gaps are always much smaller, of the order $(\log p)^{2}$. If Cramér's conjecture is true, Legendre's conjecture would follow for all sufficiently large n. Harald Cramér also proved that the Riemann hypothesis implies a weaker bound of $O({\sqrt {p}}\log p)$ on the size of the largest prime gaps.
By the prime number theorem, the expected number of primes between $n^{2}$ and $(n+1)^{2}$ is approximately $n/\ln n$, and it is additionally known that for almost all intervals of this form the actual number of primes (OEIS: A014085) is asymptotic to this expected number. Since this number is large for large $n$, this lends credence to Legendre's conjecture. It is known that the prime number theorem gives an accurate count of the primes within short intervals, either unconditionally or based on the Riemann hypothesis, but the lengths of the intervals for which this has been proven are longer than the intervals between consecutive squares, too long to prove Legendre's conjecture.

## Partial results

It follows from a result by Ingham that for all sufficiently large $n$, there is a prime between the consecutive cubes $n^{3}$ and $(n+1)^{3}$. Dudek proved that this holds for all $n\geq e^{e^{33.3}}$.
Dudek also proved that for $m=4.971\times 10^{9}$ and any positive integer $n$, there is a prime between $n^{m}$ and $(n+1)^{m}$. Mattner lowered this to $m=1438989$ which was further reduced to $m=155$ by Cully-Hugill.
Baker, Harman, and Pintz proved that there is a prime in the interval $[x-x^{21/40},\,x]$ for all large $x$.
A table of maximal prime gaps shows that the conjecture holds to at least $n^{2}=4\cdot 10^{18}$, meaning $n=2\cdot 10^{9}$.
# Curio archeri

Curio archeri, syn. Senecio toxotis is a species of succulent plant in the family Asteraceae that is indigenous to the south-western Cape, South Africa.

## Description

A small, low-growing succulent, with rhizomes and a few short, erect stems, with the leaves concentrated at the tip of top of each stem. The leaves are blue-green, pruinose, and typically flattened laterally. Each side of the leaf blade has several translucent lines.
The flower capitulum has no ray florets, and appears at the tip of a slender, erect inflorescence.

## Distribution

This species is indigenous to the south-western parts of the Western Cape Province, South Africa. It occurs in rocky areas, in the western Little Karoo, in the Robertson Karoo, and in the Overberg region.
It is closely related to Curio citriformis, which occurs in the Little Karoo to the north, as well as to Curio crassulifolius and Curio repens (syn. Senecio serpens).
# Thomas Douglas Whittet

Thomas Douglas Whittet (4 January 1915 – 15 April 1987) was a British pharmacist and historian.

## Early life, education and career

Born and raised in West Hartlepool, County Durham, England, Whittet attended Rosebank High School and Sunderland Technical College (now the University of Sunderland), qualifying as a pharmaceutical chemist in 1938. Employed as a hospital pharmacist in Chesterfield, Manchester, and London during World War II, he was subsequently appointed chief pharmacist at University College Hospital (UCH) in 1947. Whilst working at UCH he studied at University College London, obtaining a BSc in physiology in 1952 and a PhD in non-clinical medicine in 1958. In 1965 he was appointed deputy chief pharmacist at the Ministry of Health (now the Department of Health and Social Care). He was promoted to chief pharmacist in 1967, a post he held until his retirement in 1978.
Throughout his career, Whittet maintained a close interest in the history of pharmacy and medicine. He published numerous books and articles on related topics, including the Great Plague of London and apothecaries' token coins.

## Honors and awards

* Whittet was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1977 New Year Honours.
* He served as the president of the History of Medicine Society of the Royal Society of Medicine from 1981 to 1983.
* He served as Master of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries from 1982 to 1983, becoming the first pharmacist to hold this position since the Apothecaries Act 1815 transformed the Society from a pharmaceutical to a medical one.

## Selected publications

* "The apothecaries in the Great Plague of London", 1665 (Society of Apothecaries' Sydenham Lecture, 1965; Ewell, Surrey: Morgan, 1970).

## Personal life

Whittet was married to Doreen Mary Bowes (1915 – 2009) from 1942 until his death in 1987. They had two sons, Douglas Whittet (born 1947), who became an astrophysicist, and David Whittet (born 1953), who became a medical doctor.
# Equestrian at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics

Equestrian at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics was held from 19 to 24 August at the Nanjing International Exhibition Center in Nanjing, China.

## Qualification

Each National Olympic Committee (NOC) can enter a maximum of 1 athlete. Athletes qualified into one of six zones (Europe, North America, South America, Asia, Australasia and Africa) containing five athletes. As hosts, China was automatically given a rider and up to 6 spots were available to the Tripartite Commission, though not all were used; this will cause a reduction from the zone quota depending which zone the chosen athlete is from. The remaining places were decided from qualification events or the 2013 FEI World Jumping Challenge (Category A) rankings. Should a zone not have enough athletes, the spot was filled by athletes from another zone.
To be eligible to participate at the Youth Olympics athletes must have been born between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 1997. Furthermore, all riders must have obtained a Certificate of Capability. The certificate must be obtained between 1 April 2013 and 31 May 2014 at a registered event.

## Participating nations
### Europe

* Great Britain
* Ireland
* Italy
* Netherlands
* Sweden

### North America

* Cayman Islands
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador*
* El Salvador
* Guatemala

### South America

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Chile
* Paraguay
* Uruguay

### Asia

* China
* Japan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia

### Australasia

* Australia
* Hong Kong
* Iran
* Malaysia
* New Zealand

### Africa

* Egypt
* Morocco
* Senegal
* South Africa
* Zimbabwe

## Schedule

The schedule was released by the Nanjing Youth Olympic Games Organizing Committee.
    All times are CST (UTC+8)
| Event Date | Event Day | Starting Time | Event Details |
| August 19 | Tuesday | 15:30 | Team Jumping Round 1 |
| August 20 | Wednesday | 15:30 | Team Jumping Round 2 |
| August 23 | Saturday | 15:30 | Individual Jumping Round A |
| August 24 | Sunday | 15:30 | Individual Jumping Round B |

## Medal summary
### Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Mixed-NOCs (MIX) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 2 | New Zealand (NZL) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 3 | Argentina (ARG) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | Australia (AUS) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (4 entries) | Totals (4 entries) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |

### Events

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Individual Jumping details | Emily Fraser New Zealand | Martina Campi Argentina | Jake Hunter Australia |
| Team Jumping details | Europe Matias Alvaro Italy Michael Duffy Ireland Jake Saywell Great Britain Filip Agren Sweden Lisa Nooren Netherlands | South America Francisco Calvelo Martinez Uruguay Antoine Porte Chile Valeria Jimenez Caballero Paraguay Martina Campi Argentina Bianca de Souza Rodrigues Brazil | North America Polly Serpell Cayman Islands Macarena Chiriboga Granja Ecuador Sabrina Rivera Meza El Salvador Stefanie Brand Guatemala Maria Gabriela Brugal Dominican Republic |
# Robert T. Bess

Robert Theophilus Bess Jr. (February 5, 1889 – after October 1958) was a British-American stockbroker, civil rights activist, public relations manager, and pharmacist. He founded the R. T. Bess Company in New York City, a stock brokerage firm, which was the only black-owned stock brokerage on Wall Street in 1932. He was also the only black stockbroker in New York City the early-1930s. Bess founded the Anti-Discrimination Job League, Inc. in 1936, which worked to fight for law change in New York and nationally. Starting in 1947, he formed Robert T. Bess Assoc., a public relations firm.

## Biography

Bess was born a British subject in Plaisance, British Guiana (today Guyana), one of three sons of parents Isabella Elizabeth (née Cappell) and Robert T. Bess. One of his brothers, Dr. Edward E. Bess (1895–1956) became president of the local NAACP branch from 1939 to 1940. Bess worked as a pharmacist in his early career in British Guiana between 1911 and 1921. In 1913, he married Ellen Maud Talbot, and together they had 4 children. He was a Methodist and a member of the St. Mark's Methodist Episcopal Church (now St. Mark's United Methodist Church) in New York.
From 1923 until 1933, he was the founding president of the R. T. Bess Company (also known as Robert T. Bess Corp.), a stock brokerage firm, initially located at 206-208 Broadway Street, New York City. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1927.
In 1931, he was taken to court on larceny charges related to the R. T. Bess Company, and he was exonerated of the charges a few months later. In 1932, his company was the only Black-owned stock brokerage on Wall Street, and he was reportedly the only black stockbroker. The company was able to survive the Wall Street crash of 1929 and the resulting economic turmoil by "sticking at the wheel". During this time, Bess employed 9 white and 6 black office workers, and "promoted the interests of the Standard Television and Electric Company", asserting that they "offered an opportunity to colored people to reap millions of dollars in profit".
Bess worked as an organizer for the Consolidated Tenants League, Inc. of Harlem. Starting in 1936, he was the founding president of the Anti-Discrimination Job League, Inc., and the National Anti-Discrimination Movement. Bess and the Anti-Discrimination Job League, Inc. lectured and fought for many years for the passage of laws to protect people from discrimination by insurance companies and employment agencies. The group supported the passage of the Ives-Quinn Act (signed in 1945 by Governor Thomas E. Dewey).
From 1943 to 1950, he worked as a pharmacist in New York City. Starting in 1947, he formed Robert T. Bess Assoc., a public relations firm located at W. 125th Street in West Harlem, New York City.
He authored, "Ethiopia Shall Stretch Forth Her Hands to God" (1949). Bess was the founding president of the Nannie C. Burden Book Lovers Club, Inc. He eulogized Nannie C. Burden on Decoration Day in 1950 at the Frederick Douglass Memorial Park cemetery. In October 1958, he was noted to be scheduled to speak at a public meeting on responding to the possibility of a hydrogen bomb attack.
# Barsham, Suffolk

Barsham is a village and civil parish in the East Suffolk district of the English county of Suffolk. It is about 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Beccles, south of the River Waveney on the edge of The Broads National Park. It is spread either side of the B1062 Beccles to Bungay road.
At the 2011 United Kingdom census the parish had a population of 215. The parish council is jointly operated with neighbouring Shipmeadow, with the two parishes sharing a village hall. Other than this and the parish church, there are no services in the parish.
The parish borders the parishes of Beccles, Shipmeadow, Ringsfield and Ilketshall St Andrew. The River Waveney marks the county boundary with Norfolk and the parishes of Geldeston and Gillingham border Barsham to the north of the river.

## History

Barsham Holy Trinity is one of around 40 round-tower churches in Suffolk and a Grade I listed building. The manor and advowson were of old in the de Tye family, but during the early 15th century they passed into the Echyngham family, whose principal seat was at Etchingham in Sussex. This arose through the marriages of Margaret Knyvet of Mendlesham (granddaughter of John Knyvet the Lord Chancellor), who married first Robert de Tye (died 1415) (whose brass is in Barsham church), secondly Sir Thomas Marney of Layer Marney in Essex (died 1421), and lastly Sir Thomas Echyngham (died 1444) (whose brass is at Etchingham in Sussex). Margaret outlived them all. Her great-grandson, Sir Edward Echyngham of Barsham, was a notable sea captain in the navy of King Henry VIII, and Sir Edward's son Osborne Ichyngham became Marshal of Ireland, though remembering Barsham in his will. The east wall of Barsham church shows unusual flushwork and tracery of diaper or fret ornament, probably representing the Echyngham heraldic coat of azure fretty argent.
Mary Echyngham, Sir Edward's younger daughter, married John Blennerhasset and they lived at Barsham Hall, on the edge of the Waveney meadows below the church, and rebuilt or remodelled it. John's son Thomas Blennerhasset inherited it in 1573 and in 1598 sold it, together with all the other very extensive rights, lands and messuages in many surrounding parishes, to Sir Robert Lee (who became Lord Mayor of London in 1602), for £3,600. Sir Robert died in 1605 having settled Barsham manor on his son (Sir) John Lee, then in his minority. In 1623 Sir John Lee sold the same premises for an undisclosed sum to Sir John Suckling, Comptroller of the Household, who had acquired the neighbouring estate of Roos Hall as his residence in 1600. From his time Barsham descended in the Suckling family.
Horatio Nelson's mother Catherine Suckling was born in the former rectory on 9 May 1725. She was important to him, despite her death when he was just nine years old — "the thought of former days brings all my mother to my heart, which shows itself in my eyes," he later recorded. The house is near the main road, close to the church, which has a stained glass window commemorating the Battle of Trafalgar.
Between 1972 and 1976, Barsham was the site of Barsham Faire.
# Alen Šket

Alen Šket (born 28 March 1988) is a Slovenian volleyball player who plays for ACH Volley. He is also a member of the Slovenia national team.

## Honours

* 2008–09 Slovenian Cup, with ACH Volley
* 2008–09 Slovenian Championship, with ACH Volley
* 2009–10 Slovenian Cup, with ACH Volley
* 2009–10 Slovenian Championship, with ACH Volley
* 2010–11 Slovenian Cup, with ACH Volley
* 2010–11 Slovenian Championship, with ACH Volley
* 2011–12 Slovenian Cup, with ACH Volley
* 2011–12 Slovenian Championship, with ACH Volley
* 2012–13 Slovenian Cup, with ACH Volley
* 2012–13 Slovenian Championship, with ACH Volley
* 2016–17 Turkish Cup, with Fenerbahçe İstanbul
* 2017–18 Turkish SuperCup, with Fenerbahçe İstanbul
* 2018–19 Turkish SuperCup, with Halkbank Ankara
* 2020–21 Slovenian Championship, with Merkur Maribor
* 2021–22 Slovenian Cup, with ACH Volley
* 2021–22 Slovenian Championship, with ACH Volley
* 2022–23 Slovenian Cup, with ACH Volley
* 2022–23 Slovenian Championship, with ACH Volley
* 2023–24 Slovenian Championship, with ACH Volley
* 2024–25 Slovenian Cup, with ACH Volley
# Wojciech Karolak

Wojciech Krzysztof (Wojtek) Karolak (28 May 1939 – 23 June 2021) was a Hammond B-3 organist who referred to himself as "an American jazz and rhythm and blues musician, born by mistake in Middle Europe". He also played saxophone and piano professionally.
Karolak was born Warsaw, Poland. In 1958, he began performing with the band the 'Jazz Believers' playing alto saxophone. The Jazz Believers consisted of the pianists Andrzej Trzaskowski and Krzysztof Komeda, Trafica Giant, and multi-instrumentalist Jan "Ptaszyn" Wróblewski.
Next, Wojciech Karolak played tenor saxophone in Andrzej Trzaskowski's The Wreckers. In 1961, Karolak switched from saxophone back to piano. In 1962, he formed his own trio and started recording his own music. This trio became the premier jazz band in Poland and backed most Western/American artists visiting Poland, among them Annie Ross, Ray Charles, and Don Ellis, with whom he recorded. In 1963, he started playing with "Ptaszyn" Wróblewski's Polish Jazz Quartet. The same year, Karolak recorded a quinet album with leader Andrzej Kurylewicz (trumpet) and Wróblewski (tenor sax/flute) entitled called Go Right.
In 1965, Karolak left Poland for Sweden where he lived until 1972. He began to play the Hammond organ only in 1967 and, after hearing Chick Corea, took up the Fender Rhodes electric piano in 1970.
He played rock and blues in music clubs in order to, in his own words, "make enough money to buy an apartment and a Hammond B-3", which he eventually bought in 1973. From then on, Karolak spent more time composing and arranging though he did continue to collaborate and perform with others. He performed with violinist Michał Urbaniak jazz-rock group after his return to Poland, and toured Europe during 1973 and 1974, and worked in trios with Zbigniew Namysłowski and Czesław Bartkowski in the same period. While in Western Europe he also played with Red Mitchell, Putte Wickman, Leroy Lowe and others. He then returned to Poland and co-led the group Mainstream and worked as a composer-arranger for the Polish Radio Studio Jazz Orchestra.
In the 1980s, he established, with Tomasz Szukalski and Czeslaw Bartkowski, a "superformation": 'Time Killers'. The resulting recording was voted the best Polish jazz record of the decade.
From the 1990s, Karolak played with the guitarist Jarosław Śmietana (admired by Pat Metheny among others), and recorded three records with him. With Piotr Baron and Zbigniew Lewandowski, Karolak started The High Bred Jazz Trio. He played in numerous concerts with Leszek Cichoński's Guitar Workshop and continued to write, arrange, and perform in Poland and abroad.
Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski awarded him the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta, Poland's second highest civilian honor after the Order of the White Eagle.

## Music for films

* 1981: Filip z konopi – music, conductor
* 1981: Konopielka – music
* 1983: Bardzo spokojna wieś – music
* 1983: Szczęśliwy brzeg – music, performance
* 1984: Miłość z listy przebojów – music, conductor
* 1985: Przyłbice i kaptury – music, performance
* 1991: Niech żyje miłość – performance
# 2018 in Ghana

Events in the year 2018 in Ghana.

## Incumbents

* President Nana Akufo-Addo
* Vice President: Mahamudu Bawumia
* Chief Justice: Sophia Akuffo

## Events
### Undated

* Gladys Amoah is appointed the Managing Director of Unilever Ghana.

## Deaths

* 18 August - Kofi Annan, seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations
# Suresh Peiris

Suresh Peiris (born 2 October 1990) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his List A debut for Polonnaruwa District in the 2016–17 Districts One Day Tournament on 21 March 2017. He made his Twenty20 debut for Panadura Sports Club in the 2017–18 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 24 February 2018.
# 2024 in Samoa

Events in the year 2024 in Samoa.

## Incumbents

* O le Ao o le Malo: Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II
* Prime Minister: Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa

## Events
### May

* 10 May - TV3 moves its operations online after becoming unable to continue to afford broadcasting traditionally.

### October

* 5-6 October - The Royal New Zealand Navy specialist dive and hydrographic vessel HMNZS Manawanui sinks after running aground and catching fire near Siumu in Upolu island. All 75 people on board are evacuated.
* 21-26 October – 2024 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting at Apia.
* 23-26 October - King Charles III visits Samoa.

### November

* 20 November – The New Zealand Parliament passes legislation restoring the right to New Zealand citizenship for people born in Samoa between 1924 and 1949.
* 29 November – The initial report from the naval inquiry into the sinking of HMNZS Manawanui attributes the sinking to human error.

## Holidays

Source:
* 1 January - New Year's Day
* 29 March - Good Friday
* 30 March - Easter Saturday
* 1 April - Easter Monday
* 10 April – Ramadan
* 13 May – Mother's Day holiday
* 1 June – Independence Day
* 12 August – Father's Day holiday
* 14 October – Lotu a Tamaiti/Children's Service holiday
* 25 December - Christmas Day
* 26 December – Boxing Day

## Deaths

* 10 April – Tusa Misi Tupuola, politician, MP (2011–2016) (death announced on this date)
* 26 July – Lionel Elika Fatupaito, boxing coach (Olympic national team)