# Milt Jackson

Milton Jackson (January 1, 1923 – October 9, 1999), nicknamed "Bags", was an American jazz vibraphonist. He is especially remembered for his cool swinging solos as a member of the Modern Jazz Quartet and his penchant for collaborating with hard bop and post-bop players.
A very expressive player, Jackson differentiated himself from other vibraphonists in his attention to variations on harmonics and rhythm. He was particularly fond of the twelve-bar blues at slow tempos. On occasion, Jackson also sang and played piano.

## Biography

Jackson was born on January 1, 1923, in Detroit, Michigan, United States, the son of Manley Jackson and Lillie Beaty Jackson. Like many of his contemporaries, he was surrounded by music from an early age, particularly that of religious meetings: "Everyone wants to know where I got that funky style. Well, it came from church. The music I heard was open, relaxed, impromptu soul music" (quoted in Nat Hentoff's liner notes to Plenty, Plenty Soul). He started on guitar when he was seven, and then on piano at 11.
While attending Miller High School, he played drums, timpani and violin, and also sang in the choir. At 16, he sang professionally in a local touring gospel quartet called the Evangelist Singers. He took up the vibraphone at 16 after hearing Lionel Hampton play the instrument in Benny Goodman's band. Jackson was discovered by Dizzy Gillespie, who hired him for his sextet in 1945, then his larger ensembles. Jackson quickly acquired experience working with the most important figures in jazz of the era, including Woody Herman, Howard McGhee, Thelonious Monk, and Charlie Parker.
In the Gillespie big band, Jackson fell into a pattern that led to the founding of the Modern Jazz Quartet: Gillespie maintained a former swing tradition of a small group within a big band, and his included Jackson, pianist John Lewis, bassist Ray Brown, and drummer Kenny Clarke (considered a pioneer of the ride-cymbal timekeeping that became the signature for bop and most jazz to follow) while the brass and reeds took breaks. When they decided to become a working group in their own right, around 1950, the foursome was known at first as the Milt Jackson Quartet, becoming the Modern Jazz Quartet (MJQ) in 1952. By that time Percy Heath had replaced Ray Brown.
Known at first for featuring Jackson's blues-heavy improvisations almost exclusively, in time the group came to split the difference between these and Lewis's more ambitious musical ideas. Lewis had become the group's musical director by 1955, the year Clarke departed in favour of Connie Kay, boiling the quartet down to a chamber jazz style, that highlighted the lyrical tension between Lewis's mannered, but roomy, compositions, and Jackson's unapologetic swing.
The MJQ had a long independent career of some two decades until disbanding in 1974, when Jackson split with Lewis. The group reformed in 1981, however, and continued until 1993, after which Jackson toured alone, performing in various small combos, although agreeing to periodic MJQ reunions. From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, Jackson recorded for Norman Granz's Pablo Records, including Jackson, Johnson, Brown & Company (1983), featuring Jackson with J. J. Johnson on trombone, Ray Brown on bass, backed by Tom Ranier on piano, guitarist John Collins, and drummer Roy McCurdy.
In 1989, Jackson was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from the Berklee College of Music.
His composition "Bags' Groove" is a jazz standard. ("Bags" was a nickname given to him by a bass player in Detroit. "Bags" referred to the bags under his eyes.) He was featured on the NPR radio program Jazz Profiles. Some of his other signature compositions include "The Late, Late Blues" (for his album with Coltrane, Bags & Trane), "Bluesology" (an MJQ staple), and "Bags & Trane".
Jackson died of liver cancer in Manhattan, New York, at the age of 76. He was married to Sandra Whittington from 1959 until his death; the couple had a daughter.

## Discography
### As leader/co-leader

| Recording date | Title | Label | Year released | Notes |
| 1948-02 | Howard McGhee and Milt Jackson | Savoy | 1955 | with Howard McGhee |
| 1948-07-02, 1951-07-23, 1952-04-07 | Wizard of the Vibes also released as Milt Jackson | Blue Note | 1952 | [10"] with Thelonious Monk |
| 1955-05-20 | Milt Jackson Quartet | Prestige | 1955 | |
| 1955-10-28 | Opus de Jazz | Savoy | 1956 | |
| 1949-01-25, 1956-01-05 | Roll 'Em Bags | Savoy | 1956 | |
| 1949-02-23, 1954-11-01, 1955-02-07, 1956-01-05 | Meet Milt Jackson | Savoy | 1956 | |
| 1956-01-23 | The Jazz Skyline | Savoy | 1956 | |
| 1956-01-23 | Jackson's Ville | Savoy | 1956 | |
| 1956-01-17, -21, 1956-02-14 | Ballads & Blues | Atlantic | 1956 | |
| 1957-01-05, -07 | Plenty, Plenty Soul | Atlantic | 1957 | |
| 1957-05-21, 1957-06-10, -17 | Bags & Flutes | Atlantic | 1957 | |
| 1957-09-12, 1958-04-10 | Soul Brothers | Atlantic | 1958 | with Ray Charles |
| 1958-04-10 | Soul Meeting | Atlantic | 1961 | with Ray Charles |
| 1958-09-12 | Bean Bags | Atlantic | 1959 | with Coleman Hawkins |
| 1958-12-28, -29 | Bags' Opus | United Artists | 1959 | |
| 1959-01-15 | Bags & Trane | Atlantic | 1961 | with John Coltrane |
| 1959-05-01, 1959-09-09, -10 | The Ballad Artistry of Milt Jackson | Atlantic | 1959 | |
| 1960-02-23, -24, 1961-03-14 | Vibrations | Atlantic | 1964 | |
| 1961-12-14, -15 | Statements | Impulse! | 1962 | |
| 1961-12-18, -19 | Bags Meets Wes! | Riverside | 1962 | with Wes Montgomery |
| 1962-06-19, -20, 1962-07-05 | Big Bags | Riverside | 1962 | |
| 1962-08-30, 1962-10-31, 1962-11-07 | Invitation | Riverside | 1963 | |
| 1963-03-18, 1963-08-05 | For Someone I Love | Riverside | 1966 | |
| 1963-05-16, -17, 1963-12-20 | Milt Jackson Quintet Live at the Village Gate | Riverside | 1967 | live |
| 1964-01-13, -14 | Much in Common | Verve | 1964 | with Ray Brown |
| 1964-08-06, -07 | Jazz 'n' Samba | Impulse! | 1964 | |
| 1964-12-09, -14, -28 | In a New Setting | Limelight | 1965 | |
| 1965-01-04, -05 | Ray Brown / Milt Jackson | Verve | 1965 | with Ray Brown |
| 1965-08-12 | Milt Jackson at the Museum of Modern Art | Limelight | 1965 | live |
| 1966-12-15 | Born Free | Limelight | 1967 | |
| 1968-05-09, 1968-06-03, -17 | Milt Jackson and the Hip String Quartet | Verve | 1968 | |
| 1969-08-01, -02 | That's the Way It Is | Impulse! | 1970 | live featuring Ray Brown |
| 1969-08-01, -02 | Just the Way It Had to Be | Impulse! | 1970 | live featuring Ray Brown |
| 1969-10-09, -10 | Memphis Jackson | Impulse! | 1970 | with the Ray Brown Big Band |
| 1972-12-12, -13 | Sunflower | CTI | 1973 | |
| 1972-12, 1973-12 | Goodbye | CTI | 1974 | with Hubert Laws |
| 1974-01 | Olinga | CTI | 1974 | |
| 1975-07 | The Milt Jackson Big 4 | Pablo | 1975 | live |
| 1975-08 | The Big 3 | Pablo | 1975 | with Joe Pass and Ray Brown |
| 1976-03 | At The Kosei Nenkin | Pablo | 1977 | [2LP] live |
| 1976-03 | At the Kosei Nenkin vol. 2: Centerpiece | Pablo | 2002 | Posthumous release, mostly unissued tracks from the live session |
| 1976-04 | Feelings | Pablo | 1976 | |
| 1977-02 | Quadrant | Pablo | 1977 | with Joe Pass, Ray Brown, and Mickey Roker |
| 1977-06 | Soul Fusion | Pablo | 1978 | with The Monty Alexander Trio |
| 1977-07 | Montreux '77 | Pablo | 1977 | with Ray Brown |
| 1979-11-11 | Loose Walk | Palcoscenico | 1980 | with Sonny Stitt |
| 1980-01-21 | All Too Soon: The Duke Ellington Album | Pablo | 1980 | with Ray Brown, Mickey Roker & Joe Pass |
| 1980-04-14 | Night Mist | Pablo/OJC | 1981 | |
| 1981-11-30 | Ain't But a Few of Us Left | Pablo | 1982 | with Oscar Peterson |
| 1982-04-23, -24 | A London Bridge | Pablo | 1988 | live |
| 1982-04-23, -24 | Mostly Duke | Pablo | 1991 | live |
| 1982-04-28 | In London: Memories of Thelonious Sphere Monk | Pablo | 1982 | live at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club, London |
| 1983-01-20 | Two of the Few | Pablo | 1983 | with Oscar Peterson |
| 1983-05-25, -26 | Jackson, Johnson, Brown & Company | Pablo | 1983 | with J. J. Johnson |
| 1983-11-30, 1983-12-01 | Soul Route | Pablo | 1984 | |
| 1988-03-28, -30 | Bebop | EastWest | 1988 | |
| 1993? | Reverence and Compassion | Qwest/WB | 1993 | |
| 1994? | The Prophet Speaks | Qwest/WB | 1994 | with Joshua Redman and Joe Williams |
| 1995 | Burnin' in the Woodhouse | Qwest/WB | 1995 | |
| 1997 | Sa Va Bella (For Lady Legends) | Qwest/WB | 1997 | |
| 1998-06-09, -10 | Explosive! | Qwest/WB | 1999 | with the Clayton-Hamilton Jazz Orchestra |
| 1998-11-24 – -26 | The Very Tall Band | Telarc | 1999 | live at Blue Note with Oscar Peterson and Ray Brown |
Compilations
* I/We Had a Ball (Limelight, 1965) – rec. 1964
* All Star Bags (Blue Note, 1976)[2LP] – rec. 1952-1957
* Milt Jackson (Quintessence Jazz Series) (Pickwick, 1979)
* The Best of Milt Jackson (Pablo, 1980)

### As leader of the Modern Jazz Quartet

* Vendome (Prestige, 1952)
* Modern Jazz Quartet, II (Prestige, 1955)
* Concorde (Prestige, 1955)
* Fontessa (Atlantic, 1956)
* The Modern Jazz Quartet at Music Inn (Atlantic, 1956)
* The Modern Jazz Quartet (Atlantic, 1957)
* The Modern Jazz Quartet and the Oscar Peterson Trio at the Opera House (Verve, 1957)
* The Modern Jazz Quartet Plays No Sun in Venice (Atlantic, 1958) – film score rec. 1957
* The Modern Jazz Quartet at Music Inn Volume 2 (Atlantic, 1958)
* Music from Odds Against Tomorrow (United Artists, 1959) – soundtrack
* Third Stream Music (Atlantic, 1960) – rec. 1959–1960, including Sketch for Double String Quartet (1959)
* Pyramid (Atlantic, 1960)
* The Modern Jazz Quartet & Orchestra (Atlantic, 1960)
* European Concert (Atlantic, 1960) – live
* The Comedy (Atlantic, 1962) – recorded in 1960-1962
* Lonely Woman (Atlantic, 1962)
* A Quartet is a Quartet is a Quartet (Atlantic, 1963)
* Collaboration with Laurindo Almeida (Atlantic, 1964)
* The Modern Jazz Quartet Plays George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess (Atlantic, 1965) – rec. 1964–1965
* Jazz Dialogue with the All-Star Jazz Band (Atlantic, 1965)
* Concert in Japan '66 (Atlantic [Japan], 1966)
* Blues at Carnegie Hall (Atlantic, 1966)
* Place Vendôme with The Swingle Singers (Philips, 1966)
* Under the Jasmin Tree (Apple, 1968) – rec. 1967
* Space (Apple, 1969)
* Plastic Dreams (Atlantic, 1971)
* The Legendary Profile (Atlantic, 1972)
* In Memoriam (Little David, 1973)
* Blues on Bach (Atlantic, 1974) – rec. 1973
* The Last Concert (Atlantic, 1974)
* The Only Recorded Performance of Paul Desmond With The Modern Jazz Quartet with Paul Desmond (Finesse/Columbia, 1981) – rec. 1971
* Reunion at Budokan 1981 (Pablo, 1981)
* Together Again: Live at the Montreux Jazz Festival '82 (Pablo, 1982)
* Echoes (Pablo, 1984)
* Topsy: This One's for Basie (Pablo, 1985)
* Three Windows (Atlantic, 1987)
* For Ellington (East West, 1988)
* MJQ & Friends: A 40th Anniversary Celebration (Atlantic, 1994) – rec. 1992–1993
* Dedicated to Connie (Atlantic, 1995) – live rec. 1960

### As sideman

With Miles Davis
* Quintet / Sextet (Prestige, 1956) – rec. 1955
* Bags' Groove (Prestige, 1957) – rec. 1954
* Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants (Prestige, 1959) – rec. 1954–1956
With Dizzy Gillespie
* The Complete RCA Victor Recordings (Bluebird, 1995) – rec. 1937–1949
* Dee Gee Days: The Savoy Sessions (Savoy, 1976) – rec. 1951–1952
* The Dizzy Gillespie Big 7 (Pablo, 1975)
* Dizzy Gillespie Jam (Pablo, 1977)
* Musician, Composer, Raconteur (Pablo, 1982) – rec. 1981
With Oscar Peterson
* Very Tall (Verve, 1962) – rec. 1961
* Reunion Blues (MPS, 1972) – rec. 1971
* The Oscar Peterson Big 6 at Montreux (Pablo, 1975)
With others
* Cannonball Adderley, Things Are Getting Better (Riverside, 1959) – rec. 1958
* Count Basie, Jam Session at the Montreux Jazz Festival 1975 (Pablo, 1975)
* Dee Dee Bridgewater, Dear Ella (Verve, 1997)
* Wini Brown, Miss Brown For You (Savoy Jazz, 1986) – rec. 1947–1949
* Benny Carter, The King (Pablo, 1976)
* Kenny Clarke, Telefunken Blues (Savoy, 1955) – rec. 1954–1955
* Roy Eldridge, What It's All About (Pablo, 1976)
* Steve Miller, Born 2 B Blue (Capitol, 1988)
* Hank Mobley, Hank Mobley and His All Stars (Blue Note, 1957)
* Don Sebesky, Giant Box (CTI, 1973)
* The Temptations, For Lovers Only (Motown, 1995)
* Big Joe Turner, Nobody In Mind (Pablo, 1976)
* Stanley Turrentine, Cherry (CTI, 1972)
* Dinah Washington, Mellow Mama (Delmark, 1992) – rec. 1945