OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# TinyURL

TinyURL is a URL shortening web service, which provides short aliases for redirection of long URLs. Kevin Gilbertson, a web developer, launched the service in January 2002 as a way to post links in newsgroup postings which frequently had long, cumbersome addresses. TinyURL was the first notable URL shortening service and is one of the oldest still currently operating.

## Service

The TinyURL homepage includes a form which is used to submit a long URL for shortening. For each URL entered, the server adds a new alias in its hashed database and returns a short URL. According to the website, the shortened URLs will never expire.
TinyURL offers an API which allows applications to automatically create short URLs.
Short URL aliases are seen as useful because they are easier to write down, remember or distribute. They also fit in text boxes with a limited number of characters allowed. Some examples of limited text boxes are IRC channel topics, email signatures, microblogs (such as Twitter, which notably limited all posts to 140 characters at first, and later 280 characters), certain printed newspapers (such as .net magazine or even Nature), and email clients that impose line breaks on messages at a certain length.
Starting in 2008, TinyURL allowed users to create custom, more meaningful aliases. This means that a user can create descriptive URLs rather than a randomly generated address. For example, https://tinyurl.com/wp-tinyurl leads to the Wikipedia article about the website.

### Preview short URLs

To preview the full URL from the short TinyURL, the user can visit TinyURL first and enable previews as a default browser cookie setting or copy and paste the short URL into the browser address bar, and prepend the short tinyurl.com/x with preview.tinyurl.com/x. Another preview feature is not well documented at the TinyURL site, but the alternative shortened URL with preview capability is also offered to shortcut creators as an option at the time of the creation of the link.

## Impact
### Similar services

The popularity of TinyURLs influenced the creation of at least 100 similar websites. Most are simply domain alternatives while some offer additional features.

### X (formerly Twitter)

People posting on X (formerly Twitter) often made extensive use of shortened URLs to keep their tweets within the service-imposed 140-character limit. Twitter used TinyURL until 2009, before switching to Bit.ly. Currently, X uses its own t.co domain for this purpose, automatically shortening links longer than 31 characters using its t.co domain.

## TinyURL-whacking

The TinyURL method of allocating shorter web addresses has inspired an exploration activity known as TinyURL-whacking. Random letters and numbers can be appended after the first forward slash tinyurl.com/, in an attempt to find and reveal interesting sites without finding and copying a previously known referrer's link.
# Brigham Young College

Brigham Young College was a college and high school in Logan, Utah. It was founded by Brigham Young on 6 August 1877, 23 days before his death. He deeded several acres of land to a board of trustees for the development of a college. This was just two years after he founded Brigham Young Academy in Provo in 1875, which became Brigham Young University in 1903.

## History

Brigham Young established the college to provide higher education to the youth of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in northern Utah, southern Idaho, and western Wyoming. It was intended to operate similarly to Oberlin College—the students' work would support the college and their needs—but the plan was never fully worked out.
Classes started on 9 September 1878; they met in Lindquist Hall and also for a time in the basement of the Cache Tabernacle.
Brigham Young College had nearly 40,000 students in the period of its operation. Initially it was for preparing teachers (1877–1894), then offered college courses and for fifteen years (1894–1909) granted bachelor's degrees. After 1909, it operated as a high school and junior college.

## Closure

In 1926, the Board of Education of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Church Educational System decided to discontinue all its schools except for Brigham Young University. Brigham Young College's buildings were sold to the city of Logan and were used by Logan High School. In August 1962 an earthquake occurred nearby; in 1968 the historical buildings were then demolished and replaced with new construction. The original BYC library collection was given to Utah Agricultural College, also in Logan, now Utah State University. The available property was used to replace the junior high school, now Mt. Logan Middle School.

## Athletics

The athletic teams of BYC were known as the Crimsons.
# Shariful Islam

Shariful Islam (born 20 February 1995) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Brothers Union in the 2018–19 Dhaka Premier Division Twenty20 Cricket League on 25 February 2019. He made his List A debut for Brothers Union in the 2018–19 Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League on 21 April 2019.
# Mock trumpet

The mock trumpet is a single-reed woodwind instrument popular during the second half of the seventeenth century, especially in England. By the 1720s, the mock trumpet was documented in use in the New World.
The mock trumpet predated the chalumeau and may be one of the primary predecessors of both the chalumeau and clarinet. Thurston Dart wrote that the mock trumpet was the name for the chalumeau in England, and that music was published for it in 1698.
Mock trumpets are keyless reed-pipes, closed on one end by the natural joint of the cane and wrapped in leather. The reed is idioglottal, meaning that it is a tongue cut but not detached from the reed itself. The reed was placed on the upper side of the instrument and vibrated against the upper lip; the pipe had six tone holes on top and one in the back. Early chalmeaus used idioglot reeds, as shown in the debate as to whether to install reeds up or down. Rice said the idioglot reed was installed with the split going from the top downward (anaglott).
Documented music for the mock trumpet primarily includes tutors and method books, indicating that this was an instrument studied in the Western Classical tradition.
* Example of an idioglotic reed pipe with a wooden body (center instrument), Central Asia, circa 1869. From the left: zurna, bülban and dozaleh.
* Example of an idioglot reed in a reed body, the sipsi.
* Reed pipes in which the idioglot reeds were carved into the same reed as the rest of the pipe. Reclam de xeremies.
* Marin Mersenne's illustration of a chalumeau made from wheat stalks, split to create an idioglot reed.

## Tuning

The instrument as played in England was in the key of G. Content from The Fourth Compleat Book for the Mock Trumpet, "published between November 1706 and October 1708" showed the available notes to be G$_4$, A$_4$, B$_4$, C$_5$, D$_5$, E$_5$, F$_5$, G$_5$. (Converted to scientific pitch notation.) While this is almost a diatonic scale in G major, it would need an F$^#$ for that. Rather this is C major, with the music included written in that scale.
# Mistress (form of address)

Mistress is an old form of address for a woman. It implies "lady of the house", especially a woman who is head of a household with domestic workers.
An example is Mistress Quickly in Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor. The title did not necessarily distinguish between married and unmarried women.
The titles Mrs., Miss and Ms. are abbreviations derived from Mistress.
Mastress is an obsolete form.
# Tareq Aziz

Tareq Aziz (Bengali: তারেক আজিজ; born 4 September 1983) is a former Bangladeshi international cricketer. He made his international debut for the Bangladesh cricket team in January 2002 against Pakistan

## Career

He made his Twenty20 debut for Khulna Division in the 2010, National Cricket League Twenty20 on 15 April 2010
Tareq Aziz made his Test debut for Bangladesh against West Indies on 1 June 2004
# Delwar Hossain (cricketer)

Delwar Hossain (born 1 January 1985) is a first-class and List A cricketer from Bangladesh. He made his debut for Rajshahi Division in 2006/07. He scored an unbeaten 51 on his first-class debut against Barisal Division and got figures of 3–46 in the one day clash against Dhaka Division.
He was the joint-leading wicket-taker for Prime Bank Cricket Club in the 2017–18 Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League, with 17 dismissals in 8 matches. He was also the leading wicket-taker for Shinepukur Cricket Club in the 2018–19 Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League tournament, with 19 dismissals in 10 matches. In November 2019, he was selected to play for the Sylhet Thunder in the 2019–20 Bangladesh Premier League.
# DramaQueen

DramaQueen is a Houston-based English-language publisher of domestic, Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese comics founded in 2005. DramaQueen also publishes an original English-language yaoi anthology called Rush, which made its debut in 2006. RUSH ceased publishing when the company experienced financial issues and were uncommunicative with the creators involved in the project. In March 2010, after a four-year hiatus from publishing, during which time the company lost some of its Japanese licenses, Dramaqueen released the BL manhwa The Summit by Lee Young-hee. On their forums, CEO Tran Nguyen indicated RUSH would return in a new format in 2011.

## Titles

* Brother by Yuzuha Ougi
* Lies & Kisses by Masara Minase
* Not Love by Kano Miyamoto
* Invoke by Kiriko Higashizato
* Omen by Makoto Tateno
* Empty Heart by Masara Minase
* Missing Road by Shushushu Sakurai
* Cage of Thorns by Sonoko Sakuragawa
* Angel or Devil? by Jun Uzuki
* Challengers by Hinako Takanaga
* The Judged by Akira Honma
* Scent of Temptation by Mako Toyama (release June 2008)
* White Guardian by Duo Brand.
* Crimson Wind by Duo Brand.
* Last Portrait by Akira Honma
* Sweetheart by Seika Kisaragi
* Instinctively a Man by Takashi Kanzaki (release June 2008)
* Awakening Desires by Bohra Naono (release April 2008)
* Allure by Yuri Ebihara
* Temptation by Momiji Maeda (release April 2008)
* Here comes the Wolf?!! by Yōichirō Kōga (release June 2008)
* 10K¥ Lover by Dr. Ten
* Audition [ko] by Chon Kye-young
* DVD by Chon Kye-young
* Devil x Devil by Sachiyo Sawauchi
* 8mm by You Na
* Peter Panda by Na Yae-ri
* Promise by Lee Eun-young
* Mandayuu and Me by Shushushu Sakurai
* Lovely Sick by Shoko Ohmine
* Naked Jewels Corporation by Shushushu Sakurai
* Virtuoso di Amore by Uki Ogasawara
* Your Honest Deceit by Sakufu Ajimine
* The Summit by Lee Young-hee
# Saima Thakor

Saima Thakor (born 13 September 1996) is an Indian cricketer who plays for the national team. She represents Mumbai in domestic cricket and UP Warriorz in the Women's Premier League.

## Career

Thakor plays domestic cricket for Mumbai women's cricket team. In February 2024, she was signed by UP Warriorz at a price of ₹10 lakh to play for them in the Women's Premier League auction. She played football and was a goalkeeper for her college team.
In August 2024, Thakor was named in India women's team as a travelling reserve for the 2024 ICC Women's T20 World Cup. In October 2024, she earned maiden call-up for national team for the ODI series against New Zealand. She made her One Day International (ODI) debut in the first ODI of the same series on 24 October 2024. She took two wickets on her first ODI match. She made a 70 run partnership with Radha Yadav against New Zealand in the second ODI was the highest 9th-wicket partnership for India in women's ODIs. She made her Women's Twenty20 International (T20I) debut against West Indies on 15 December 2024. She took her first T20I wicket dismissing West Indies player Qiana Joseph.
# Epion

34°49′05″N 135°34′31″E﻿ / ﻿34.817933°N 135.575277°E﻿ / 34.817933; 135.575277
Epion (エピオン, epion) is a private eikaiwa English conversation school owned by the Mabuchi Education Group, a juku chain in Japan. Epion's students are largely pre-school aged-children through to teenagers. Many of them later go on to study at the Mabuchi jukus. It has 17 schools, 2,500 students and 35 foreign teaching staff.

## General Union branch

Some teachers at Epion are represented by the Osaka-based General Union.
# Anwar Hossain Monir

Mohammad Anwar Hossain (Bengali: আনোয়ার হোসেন মনির; born 31 December 1981) is a Bangladeshi cricketer who has played in three Test matches and one One Day International since 2003. In the course of his short Test career he took over the record for the most runs conceded by a bowler (307) without taking a wicket.
# Sadiqur Rahman

Ahmed Sadiqur Rahman is a First-class and List A cricketer from Bangladesh. He was born on 20 December 1987 in Sylhet and is a right-handed batsman and off break bowler. He is sometimes referred to on scoresheets by his nickname Tajim and appeared for Sylhet Division between 2003/04 and 2006/07. His best first-class bowling, 4 for 47, came against Rajshahi Division while he scored 2 first-class fifties, the best a knock of 59 against Chittagong Division. He proved more prolific in the one day arena, scoring 80 against Khulna Division and taking 4 for 70 against the same opposition.
# Adriana Crispo

Adriana Crispo (d. after 1537), was a noblewoman of the Crispo family, lady of Ios, Therasia (1508-1537) and Antiparos (1528-1537) in the Cyclades. She was one of the last rulers before the conquest of the Ottoman Empire.

## Life

She was the daughter of Marco II and III of Ios and Santhorini and Lucretia Loredani.
She married Alvise/Alessandro Pisani, a Venetian noble, in 1508.
In 1508, she succeeded her father Marco, great-grandson of Francesco I Crispo, as lady of Ios and Therasia.
In 1528 she succeeded her grandmother, Lucrezia Loredano (1446–1528) in Antiparos.
She co-ruled with her husband, Alessandro Pisani of Anaphi and Antiparos, jure uxoris.
The islands were conquered by the Osman Turks in 1537.
# Shaila Sharmin

Shaila Sharmin (Bengali: শায়লা শারমিন; born 16 July 1989) is a Bangladeshi cricketer who plays as a right-arm off break bowler and right-handed batter. She appeared in 9 One Day Internationals and 16 Twenty20 Internationals for Bangladesh between 2013 and 2019. She has played domestic cricket for Khulna Division and Sylhet Division in Bangladesh and Colts Cricket Club in Sri Lanka.
# California Incline

The California Incline is a slanted road in Santa Monica, California, connecting Ocean Avenue with State Route 1 (Pacific Coast Highway or PCH). It technically is the last link, the western end of California Avenue, a major east–west street in Santa Monica.

## History and overview

The California Incline was originally a walkway known as Sunset Trail, which was cut through the bluffs to provide beach access to pedestrians in 1896. A roadway structure 1,400 feet (430 m) in length was built in 1932. It is a vital street in Santa Monica, linking the PCH with Ocean Avenue and California Avenue, bisecting Palisades Park. It begins at an intersection with Ocean Avenue and California Avenue, at the top of the Palisades, extending to the PCH at the base of the bluffs.

## 2015–16 reconstruction

The California Incline was identified as structurally deficient in the early 1990s. In 2007, the City of Santa Monica secured federal highway funds to replace the structure with one meeting current seismic standards. The new bridge consists of a pile-supported reinforced concrete slab structure with a width of 51 feet 8 inches (15.75 m), an increase of 5 feet 8 inches (1.73 m) over the previous structure. The project cost $17 million, with 88.5% coming from federal funds and the balance from local funds. Construction began in April 2015 and took 17 months to complete. The roadway reopened to the public on September 1, 2016. The rebuilt structure includes wider sidewalks and bicycle lanes.

## Popular culture

The California Incline has been featured in various films, including It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963) and Knocked Up (2007). It was also featured in the hardboiled crime novel, In a Lonely Place (1942), written by Dorothy B. Hughes. It was also portrayed in some video games including Street Racing Syndicate, Midnight Club II, Midnight Club: LA (and its Remix version), American Truck Simulator, and Grand Theft Auto V.
# Oboe Concerto (MacMillan)

The Oboe Concerto is a composition for solo oboe and orchestra by the Scottish composer James MacMillan. The work was commissioned by the Britten Sinfonia and was first performed at the Birmingham Town Hall on 15 October 2010 by the oboist Nicholas Daniel and the Britten Sinfonia under MacMillan. The Oboe Concerto piece is dedicated to Nicholas Daniel and the Britten Sinfonia.

## Composition

The Oboe Concerto has a duration of roughly 23 minutes and is composed in three numbered movements. MacMillan described the movements in the score programme notes, writing:
   The first opens with a gradual building up of rhythmic layers on violas, bassoon and trumpet before the soloist joins in. Suddenly the music is thrown forward by a metrical modulation and becomes very fast, flighty and virtuosic. Structurally, the music eventually goes into reverse before a solemn coda.
   The second movement is based on an earlier work for solo oboe, in angustiis... The solo material is expressive and sad, and enters into much dialogue with other wind instruments throughout. The reflective character of the movement is interrupted by little dyadic patterns, various pizzicato outbursts, some scherzo-like material and agitated faster passages, but the principal mood is introverted and cantabile.
   The last movement begins brashly and has a clownish character. The overall feeling is extrovert and dramatic, showing off the oboe in fast display. Some of the original ideas from the opening movement are re-introduced in new guises, before an exultant and joyous ending.

### Instrumentation

The work is scored for solo oboe and an orchestra comprising two flutes, cor anglais, two clarinets, bassoon, contrabassoon, two horns, two trumpets, timpani, and strings.

## Reception

David Honigmann of the Financial Times highly praised the concerto, saying, "Oboists may feel ruefully that musical history owes them a showpiece. They have one now: James MacMillan's Oboe Concerto turns the soloist into a nimble-footed musical athlete, a star opera singer, a dazzling Highland dancer, all in the space of three varied movements." Warwick Arnold of Limelight similarly described the piece as "a bold virtuosic work that should prove popular with both players and audiences." Michael Dervan of The Irish Times further wrote:
   The Scottish and Irish traditional music influences in James MacMillan's 2012 short orchestral monody, One, provide an effective link to the same composer's 2010 Oboe Concerto. Here, the outer movements echo some of the frolicking of the Vaughan Williams (concerto), though in a fully contemporary way. The piece's heart is an intense, keening Largo, developing material written in the wake of the 9/11 attacks. The always-inspirational Nicholas Daniel, for whom it was written, rates it as more difficult than the concerto by Elliott Carter.
# Hari Rao Holkar

Hari Rao Holkar (1795–1843), formally Maharajadhiraj Raj Rajeshwar Sawai Shri Hari Rao Holkar IX Bahadur, belonging to the Holkar dynasty of the Marathas was Maharaja Holkar of Indore (Hokar State) from 17 April 1834 until his death at the Juna Rajwada Palace in Indore on 24 October 1843. He was the grandson of Tukoji Rao Holkar.

## Life

Hari Rao's accession to the throne (gaddi) was the result of a popular uprising against the adoption and crowning of the child Marthand Rao Holkar by Krishna Bai Holkar, the mother of the deceased Maharaja Malhar Rao Holkar III. In 1819, Hari Rao was involved in a power struggle with members of the royal family and was imprisoned at Maheshwar for leading an insurrection. After the crowning of Marthand Rao in January 1834, Hari was freed by supporters, who then convinced Krishna Bai to agree to his succession instead. He was subsequently adopted by the widow of the deceased Maharaja on 18 March and formally installed on the throne on 17 April 1834 at the Juna Rajwada Palace.
The British Government remained neutral regarding these succession struggles. Later, however, as Hari Rao's health deteriorated, the British Resident pressed him to appoint an heir. On 2 July 1841, Hari Rao adopted Khande Rao Holkar, the 11-year-old son of Bapuji Rao Holkar, a zemindar of Jotsikhera (near Indore). Soon after, when Hari Rao retired from public life due to his health, Lord Ellenborough, the Governor General, interceded to ensure the appointment of capable ministers to prevent supporters of Marthand Rao from challenging the succession.
# Colin Sheppard

Colin James Richard Sheppard, usually cited as C. J. R. Sheppard, is senior scientist at the Italian Institute of Technology in Genoa, Italy. His areas of research are in optics, microscopy and imaging, including confocal and multiphoton microscopy, diffraction, 3D imaging and reconstruction, superresolution, beam propagation, and pulse propagation.

## Education

Sheppard completed an MA in Engineering from the University of Cambridge from 1965 to 1968. Then, from 1968 to 1972 he completed a PhD, also at the University of Cambridge, titled A reflection scanning electron diffractometer and its application to the oxidation of metals under the direction of Charles William Oatley. He also received a DSc in Physical Sciences from the University of Oxford in 1986.

## Academic career

Sheppard is currently senior scientist at the Italian Institute of Technology in Genoa, Italy. Previously, he was professor in the Department of Bioengineering and Faculty of Engineering for National University of Singapore (2003–2012). He has held joint appointments with the NUS departments of biological sciences (Faculty of Science) and diagnostic radiology (School of Medicine). He was SMART (Singapore/MIT Alliance for Research & Technology) Faculty Fellow, and Adjunct Research Staff at SERI (Singapore Eye Research Institute).
He held a Science & Engineering Research Council advanced fellowship (1974–76) and was university lecturer in engineering science at Oxford University (1979–89). He was junior research fellow of St John's College, Oxford (1975–78) and fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford University (1979–89). He was professor of physics at the University of Sydney (1989–2003), and research director of the Australian Key Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis (1995–2001).
He is supernumerary fellow of Pembroke College Oxford. He has been JSPS fellow at Institute of Industrial Science, Tokyo University (Japan), honorary professor of the University of Sydney, adjunct professor of the University of Western Australia, visiting professor of MIT, invited professor at EPFL (Switzerland), guest professor at TU-Delft (Netherlands), Carl Zeiss visiting professor at University of Jena (Germany), visiting professor at Warsaw University of Technology (Poland) and Lyle Fellow at University of Melbourne (Australia).
He has served as vice-president of the International Commission for Optics (ICO), president of the International Society for Optics Within Life Sciences (OWLS), editor-in-chief of Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, and editor of Advances in Optical & Electron Microscopy (Academic Press).

## Awards and honors

He has received several awards for his research, including an Alexander von Humboldt Research Award (at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen (Germany)), the Institute of Physics Optics and Photonics Division Prize, National Physical Laboratory Metrology Award, British Technology Group Academic Enterprise Award, Institution of Electrical Engineers Gyr and Landis Prize, and a commendation in the Prince of Wales Award for Industrial Innovation & Production.