OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Schermerhorn Hall

40°48′30.81″N 73°57′37.56″W﻿ / ﻿40.8085583°N 73.9604333°W﻿ / 40.8085583; -73.9604333
Schermerhorn Hall (Dutch pronunciation:) is an academic building on the Morningside Heights campus of Columbia University located at 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York City, United States. Schermerhorn was built in 1897 with a $300,000 gift from alumnus and trustee William Colford Schermerhorn. It was designed by McKim, Mead & White, and was originally intended to house the "natural sciences". During the early 20th century, it was used for studying botany, geology, physics, mechanics, and astronomy. The inscription above the doorway reads, "For the advancement of natural science. Speak to the earth and it shall teach thee." Today, Schermerhorn Hall houses the Departments of Art History and Archeology, Earth and Environmental Science, and Psychology.
The famous Fly Room of evolutionary biologist Thomas Hunt Morgan was located in room 613, where Morgan studied the genetic characteristics of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. His work in Schermerhorn would lead to his discovery of the role of genes in genetic inheritance, which earned him the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. During the Manhattan Project, Schermerhorn was used "for early 'pile' research and gaseous diffusion research and development and operation of a barrier production pilot plant."
# Pleasant Valley Township, Pennsylvania

Pleasant Valley Township is a township in Potter County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 76 at the 2020 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 19.6 square miles (50.8 km$^2$), all land.
Pleasant Valley Township is bordered by Sharon Township to the north, Clara Township to the east, Roulette Township to the south and McKean County to the west.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 80 people, 32 households, and 20 families residing in the township. The population density was 4.1 people per square mile (1.6/km$^2$). There were 84 housing units at an average density of 4.3/sq mi (1.7/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 100.00% White. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.75% of the population.
There were 32 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.4% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 15.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.90.
In the township the population was spread out, with 23.8% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 28.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 116.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.8 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $50,208, and the median income for a family was $46,250. Males had a median income of $38,750 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,894. There were 10.7% of families and 17.5% of the population living below the poverty line, including 25.0% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.
# Holger Gaißmayer

Holger Gaißmayer (born 2 July 1970) is a German former professional footballer who played as a forward. He played for 1. FC Köln, Rot-Weiß Oberhausen, Kickers Offenbach and LR Ahlen in Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga.
# Chrystal Rose

Chrystal Rose is best known as a British television personality who presented the short-lived talk show The Chrystal Rose Show, produced by Carlton Television and broadcast on ITV from 1993 to 1994. She is also the mother of Louise Rose who was in the short-lived band Precious who competed in the 1999 Eurovision Song Contest.

## Biography

In 1984 Chrystal won 3rd place in a Channel 4 screenplay writing competition with her original script, “The Fine Edge of Friendship”.
Chrystal’s first novel, “What a Bitch”, was published in 1996 by Fourth Estate.
Her background is in television where she worked as a Producer and TV Presenter. In 1990 she funded her own pilots and created a talk show commissioned and aired on Carlton TV. “The Chrystal Show” ran for four series alongside “Chrystal’s Style Guide” a series which helped people look good for less.
Chrystal was a Director of Spotlight Promotions, producing major public events, exhibitions, concerts and managed budgets upwards of £500,000, writing business plans and forecasts. She has owned a clothing boutique in Central London and has a line of clothes and accessories on her own label.
Chrystal has written the novel, “40 Faking Fabulous” and the book, “How To Make A Film”, which follows her progress of getting “40 Faking Fabulous” from novel to the big screen.
She has headed negotiations in licensing agreements with British and American companies
Her game, “Flash & Furious” retails in stores throughout the US including Target.
Chrystal wrote the lyrics for the original songs on the sound track for “40 Faking Fabulous”.
# Thorington Street

Thorington Street is a large hamlet on the B1068 road, in the Babergh district, in the English county of Suffolk. The hamlet is part of the civil parish of Stoke-by-Nayland, and is located in between the villages of Stoke-by-Nayland and Higham.
The hamlet has approximately 35 houses.

## Thorington Hall

Thorington Hall is a Grade-II* Listed manor house, owned and managed by the National Trust, but not regularly open to the public. It is described as "one of the best timber-framed houses in Suffolk".
The building is timber-framed and plastered. The original house dated from the 16th-century, but little is known about it. The core of the house dates from the 17th-century, but was extended in the following century. The house also displays Witches' Mark (also known as Apotropaic Marks), and several other superstitious practices, including shoes which were left behind walls, bones under the floors and burns on the attic ceilings caused by candles (all thought to ward off evil spirits).
The house was owned by Thomas May until his death in 1645, after which passed through two more generations of his family, both also called Thomas May. In 1700 Thorington Hall was bought by a London Merchant called Bedingfield Heighman and his wife Esther. They extended the house and changed which way the house faced, creating the current entrance. Following their deaths Thorington Hall passed to their daughter, Hester Wade and then, in 1741, to her uncle Thomas White.
Thomas White sold the house in 1746 to Vice-Admiral Sir Joshua Rowley, Bart, of nearby Tendring Hall. Thorington Hall was then incorporated into the Tendring Hall estate and leased as a farmhouse. The same family held the tenancy from 1784 to 1901. The English physician Henry Bence Jones, son of Lieutenant-Colonel William Jones, was born in the Hall on 31 December 1813.
By 1912, Thorington Hall had fallen into disrepair, and by 1937 was "practically derelict". It was purchased the same year by Professor Lionel Penrose who restored the house and donated it to the National Trust in 1940. The Penrose family continued to live in the house until 1973.
During the Penrose's tennancy, the house was used as an evacuation hostel for the Friends Relief Service. Elderly Londoners who had lost their homes during World War II came to live at the Hall. These residents included "an old lady with a fondness for yodelling" and two widowed evacuees who married after meeting at the hall.
The Penrose family left in 1973. In 1976 the National Trust leased the house to "Mr and Mrs Wollaston" who lived in the hall until 2007. The house required modernisation as there was "stinging nettles growing under bookshelves and toothpaste freezing in the tube in winter". The house was modernised following the departure of the Wollaston's, which included installing new plumbing and heating systems and upgrading the bathrooms and kitchen.
The house is again leased to a private tenant but is still owned and managed by the National Trust. The house is not regularly open to the public but has been known to take part in Heritage Open Days.
# Maxixcatl

Maxixcatl was the tlatoani (ruler) of the Nahua altepetl (city-state) of Ocotelolco, one of the four towns that formed the state of Tlaxcallan. He was one of the main signers of the alliance with Hernán Cortés during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

## Biography

Maxixcatzin was instrumental in forming the alliance between Tlaxcallan and the Spanish force of Hernán Cortés against the Aztecs.$^{:140–188}$ He gave his daughter Zicuetzin, baptized as Luisa, to Juan Velazquez de Leon, both of whom were killed on La Noche Triste.$^{:307}$
Maxixcatl died in the smallpox epidemic which decimated the indigenous population of central Mexico in 1520.$^{:311}$ He was succeeded by his 13-year-old son Lorenzo Maxixcatl.
# Ice hockey in Hawaii

Hawaii has almost no history or involvement in ice hockey in the United States.

## History

While ice hockey expanded to most areas of the country by the 1990s, Hawaii was one of the few regions that had thus far remained untouched. The lack of ice hockey teams and players in the state is a direct result of three unavoidable factors: First, Hawaii is the most southerly state in the U.S. with only outlying territories such as Puerto Rico being closer to the equator. This means that any and all ice surfaces would have to be enclosed and artificial. Second, Hawaii is the fourth smallest state, but with much of its land mass consumed by mountains, volcanoes and beaches, there is very little space to build an ice rink. Third, and perhaps most importantly, Hawaii is so far away from continental US that it is impractical for other teams to travel to the islands.

## Teams

As of 2023, no attempts have yet been made to establish an ice hockey team on the Hawaiian islands.

## Players

Hawaii has the lowest engagement rate with ice hockey in the United States. Hawaii had just 279 residents registered with USA Hockey in 2022, accounting for approximately 0.002% of its population.
# Melitrén

Melitrén, also known as Tren del Maipo is a planned 61 km commuter railway line in the Chilean capital of Santiago, designed to link it with neighbouring town Melipilla, to be operated by Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado.

## Background

EFE had been planning a suburban service between Santiago and Melipilla since the mid-1990s. The project got to the tendering stage, but there were no bidders due to an underestimated budget requirement and disagreements between EFE and Santiago Metro over the location of the city centre terminal. However the first stage as far as Malloco formed part of the company's 2014-16 development plan. Yet, works were not initiated, one problem being an inability to obtain environmental approval. In May 2019, environmental approval was granted for the project to introduce a commuter rail service running 25km from Santiago to Malloco on the line to Melipilla. Construction of this first stage is due to begin in 2020 and open in 2025, at a cost of US$1.56 billion.

## Stations

* Alameda
* Estación Central 2
* Lo Errázuriz
* Américo Vespucio
* Pajaritos
* Tres Poniente
* Ciudad Satélite
* Padre Hurtado
* Malloco
* Talagente
* El Monte
* Melipilla
# Michael Zuckert

Michael P. Zuckert (born July 24, 1942) is an American political philosopher and Reeves Dreux Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame. Zuckert earned a bachelor's degree in Cornell University in 1964, and completed his master's degree and doctorate at the University of Chicago in 1967 and 1974, respectively.

## Books

* Launching Liberalism: John Locke and the Liberal Tradition (University of Kansas Press, 2002)
* The Natural Rights Republic (University of Notre Dame Press)
* Natural Rights and the New Republicanism (Princeton University Press, 1994)
* The Truth about Leo Strauss (2006) with Catherine Zuckert, University of Chicago Press
* Leo Strauss and the Problem of Political Philosophy (2014) with Catherine Zuckert, University of Chicago Press
* The Spirit of Religion and the Spirit of Liberty (University of Chicago Press, 2017)
* Lincoln and Democratic Statesmanship (University Press of Kansas, 2020)
* A Nation So Conceived: Abraham Lincoln and the Paradox of Democratic Sovereignty (University Press of Kansas, 2022)
# Wendy Babcock

Wendy Babcock (May 29, 1979 – August 9, 2011) was a Canadian activist for the rights of sex workers. Born in the city of Toronto, Babcock became a sex worker at the age of 15. From 2004 to 2007 she was a key member of Sex Professionals of Canada, an advocacy group whose main objective is to promote the rights of sex workers and the decriminalization of sex work in Canada.
Babcock was found dead at her home on August 9, 2011, from an accidental overdose; foul play was not suspected. At the time of her death, she was at work on a memoir, to be released in 2013 to coincide with her graduation from law school.

## Work

Babcock chaired the Bad Date Coalition of Toronto, a group that produces a monthly Bad Date Book which publishes reports of violent acts committed against sex workers, including details of the attacker. In 2007, she testified in the Ontario Superior Court in the case of R. v. Bedford, one of Alan Young's constitutional challenges to decriminalize sex work. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada in 2007.
Babcock co-initiated a partnership with Toronto Police Services to ensure sex workers can report assault without fear of persecution or prosecution, and being a member of the advisory group to the Special Victims Unit. Other projects that Babcock helped to create include Safer Stroll Outreach Project, Regent Park Community Health Centre's Sex Worker Drop In, the Health Bus Sex Workers Stop and Wen-Do safety training for sex workers.
Babcock took a leave of absence from sex work after her friend and co-worker Lien Pham was murdered on October 13, 2003. In 2002–2003 Babcock began sex worker advocacy while working for Maggie's, a peer-run organization for sex workers. From 2003 to 2010, Babcock worked at Street Health as a harm reduction worker.
In 2008, Babcock received the Inaugural Public Health Champion Award for her work with sex workers. The award recognizes an individual who has made outstanding contributions to protecting and promoting the health of Toronto's residents.
In 2009, Babcock began to pursue a J.D. degree at Osgoode Hall Law School. She joined Lover Magazine (a women's sexuality magazine) in 2011 as a writer on sex work issues.

### Films

Babcock participated in three films: Sluts: The Documentary, the 2007 documentary Where I Stand, and the 2010 short film Every Ho I Know Says So. Babcock also appeared on television including the CBC's Connect with Mark Kelley twice, and Global TV's 16:9 The Bigger Picture. Babcock can also be seen in a video on a website for Eva's Phoenix homeless shelter, where she lived during her youth.
Babcock worked as a consultant to Kat Dennings for her role as a sex worker in the 2009 film Defendor.
# Sharfia

Sharfia mirabilis is an extinct species of anglerfish in the family Lophiidae. It was discovered in 2011 during a review of fossil material at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris. The fossil material was collected from the Monte Bolca Lagerstätte, one of the earliest known Eocene fossil sites. The undescribed genus was originally identified as Lophius brachysomus.
The fish lived around 50 million years ago during the Ypresian stage, making it the oldest lophiid found to date based on articulated skeletal remains. It has several features that distinguish it from other lophiids, particularly its opercular bones. It probably inhabited the muddy and sandy bottoms of the inner Tethys Ocean.
# Vasiliy Golovnin (ship)

Vasiliy Golovnin (Russian:«Василий Головнин»; IMO 8723426) is a Russian Project 10620 icebreaking cargo ship built in 1988 in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, and named after the Russian navigator, vice admiral Vasily Golovnin (1776—1831). The vessel is operated by Russia's Far East Shipping Company (FESCO).
The Vasiliy Golovnin has regularly been chartered for entire seasons, including by Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina.
On April 29, 2019, TASS reported that 2 crew members died from methanol poisoning.
# List of Irish restaurants

This is a list of notable restaurants that have served Irish cuisine:
* Beef O'Brady's
* Bennigan's
* Costello's
* Dorrian's Red Hand Restaurant, New York City
* Kells Irish Pub, Portland, Oregon, U.S.
* Kildare's Irish Pub
* Leaky Roof Gastropub
* McSorley's Old Ale House
* Neary's
* O'Neill's
* Raven & Rose, Portland, Oregon
# Lai Mohammed

Layiwola "Lai" Mohammed CON (born 6 December 1951) is a Nigerian lawyer and politician who served as the minister of Information and Culture of Nigeria from November 2015 to May 2023. He is also the former National publicity secretary of the All Progressives Congress.

## Biography

He was born into the family of Alhaji Mohammed Adekeye in 1952. He is a native of Oro in Kwara State. He earned a bachelor's degree in French from Obafemi Awolowo University, in the year 1975. He proceeded to obtain a law degree from the University of Lagos, and then proceeded to the Nigerian Law School in 1986. As a practising lawyer, Alhaji Lai Mohammed co-founded the legal firm of Edu & Mohammed as a senior partner in 1989.

## Business

Mohammed is a businessman and served as the Chairman of Optmedia Limited, a subsidiary of Afromedia PLC since 18 December 2008. He served as a Director of Afromedia PLC since May 2011. Alhaji Mohammed is also a fellow of the Nigerian Institute of Public Relations (NIPR) and worked as Public Relations Officer for almost 10 years with the Nigerian Airport Authority, now Federal Airport Authority of Nigeria (FAAN).

## Politics

In October 2002, Alhaji Lai Mohammed was a candidate for governor in the April 2003 Kwara State elections on the Alliance for Democracy platform. He was assaulted and five vehicles in his convoy were smashed in front of Senator Suleiman Ajadi's campaign office at Oke-Onigbin during a festivity. He served as Governor Tinubu's Chief of Staff during his first term.
Mohammed is an active politician and was the National Publicity Secretary of All Progressive Congress (APC) in Nigeria. He was on 11 November 2015 sworn in by President Muhammadu Buhari as Minister of Information and Culture following his appointment and successful screening by the Nigerian Senate. On 21 August 2019, he was again re-appointed by President Muhammadu Buhari as Minister of Information and Culture.
He has been accused by some local and international news about giving contradictory accounts of events in his country and false information. This is evidential in his #EndSARS accounts, which were at first, different from those claimed by the Lagos State government and the Nigerian Army. In his interview with DW TV, Tim Sebastian accused him of being "out of the loops" of his country's politics.
He had accused CNN of being "desperate", after the international media released several footages, to prove the massacre of the protesters at the Lekki tollgate, Lagos, Nigeria. However, CNN had requested substantial proof to prove that the media outlet had reported "Fake news," as he claimed.

## Award

In October 2022, a Nigerian national honour of Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON) was conferred on him by President Muhammadu Buhari.
# Ranger Award

The Ranger Award is an award available to youth in the Venturing program of the Boy Scouts of America, to encourage and recognize proficiency in skills.

## Award

The medal is an antique silver colored roundel suspended from a white and green ribbon that is in turn suspended from a bar. The medal is inscribed with a compass rose with the BSA universal badge at the top and the word RANGER at the bottom. A powderhorn is in the center on a green enameled background. The bar is inscribed with RANGER. The Ranger bar is available as a separate item for informal uniform wear. There is no square knot insignia and no plans to add one, as the Venturing Summit is the highest award in Venturing and thus the only award on par to have a knot with Eagle Scout (Scouts BSA program), Quartermaster (Sea Scout program), and Arrow of Light (Cub Scout program).
The Ranger Bar originally was raised Silver letters on back to match the Ranger bar above the metal however it was changed to be polished sterling silver with black engraved letters around 2006.

## Requirements

To earn the Ranger Award, Venturers must complete core requirements and electives. The requirements are the most challenging award requirements in the Boy Scouts of America and it's not uncommon for this award to take a year or longer to achieve. Compared to Eagle Scout, an Eagle Scout must earn the first aid merit badge, by becoming certified in standard first aid. To earn the first aid elective, a Ranger must complete a 16-hour Wilderness first aid course plus an 8 hour CPR Course so the total training is a minimum of 24 hours. There are eight requirements, called Core Requirements, that must be earned by all Ranger Candidates. In addition, a Venturer must complete four out of eighteen requirements, called Electives.

### Core requirements

To earn the Ranger Award, all Venturers must earn the following awards:
* First Aid
* Communications
* Cooking
* Emergency Preparedness
* Land Navigation
* Leave No Trace
* Wilderness Survival
* Conservation

### Electives

To earn the Ranger Award, Venturers must earn four of the following:
* Backpacking
* Cave Exploring
* Cycling/Mountain Biking
* Ecology
* Equestrian
* First Aid (Different from the Core Requirement)
* Fishing
* Hunting
* Lifesaver (Lifeguarding)
* Mountaineering
* Outdoor Living History
* Physical Fitness
* Plants and Wildlife
* Project COPE
* Scuba
* Shooting Sports
* Watercraft
* Winter Sports

## Origins

The first Ranger Medal was issued between 1946 and 1949 as part of the BSA's Explorer Scout Program. Although the Ranger program was officially discontinued in 1949, Explorer Scouts could continue work on the Ranger Award until 1951. A total of 2,782 Explorers earned the original Ranger Award between 1944 and 1951.
The Ranger Award was re-introduced by the BSA in 1998 as part of the new Venturing program. Adam Snyder of Waukegan, Illinois was the first Venturer to earn the Ranger Award in 1999.

## Training

Scout leaders and youth interested in learning about the Ranger Award had the opportunity to take the Powder Horn high adventure training course. The course was discontinued in 2024.