OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Holy Resurrection Cathedral

The Holy Resurrection Cathedral (復活大聖堂, fukkatsu daiseidō, Russian: Токийский собор Воскресения), also known as Nikorai-do (ニコライ堂, nikorai-dō), is the main cathedral of the Japanese Orthodox Church, located in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.

## History

Archbishop Ivan Dmitrievich Kasatkin (1836–1912), later St. Nicholas of Japan, was the founder of the Japanese Orthodox Church who devoted himself to improving Japanese-Russian relations during the Meiji period. He selected the location on the hill at Kanda Surugadai. The site is on a height that overlooked the Imperial Palace. Today it is hidden among the many tall buildings erected since the 1960s.
St. Nicholas toured Russia raising funds for the cathedral. The edifice was planned by Dr. Michael A. Shchurupov, designed by Josiah Conder, and constructed by Nagasato Taisuke. The cathedral was completed on March 8, 1891, construction having begun seven years earlier. Depictions of its exotic Byzantine architecture and the unique sound of its bell often appeared in literature and illustrations of the day.
The original cathedral was seriously damaged in the Great Kantō earthquake of September 1923. The main bell tower fell on the dome, collapsing it, thus causing major damage to the cathedral. Rebuilding the cathedral became a major task for the then-ruling bishop, Archbishop Sergius (Tikhomirov), who succeeded St. Nicholas after he died in 1912. Since Russia was no longer a source of funding, Archbishop Sergius had to look for funding within Japan. A significant amount of funding was raised by numerous concerts by the cathedral choir, led by Victor A. Pokrovsky. The re-built cathedral was re-consecrated on 15 December 1929, with a shorter bell tower, a modified dome, and a less ornate interior, according to design by Okada Shinichiro.
Despite the damage caused during the 1923 earthquake, the restoration preserved important original aspects of the building, as well as the adding new aspects of cultural importance. The Agency of Cultural Affairs conducted a survey of the building, and on June 21, 1962, Nikolai-do became a Nationally Designated Important Cultural Property (国定重要文化財, Kokutei jūyō bunkazai).

## Gallery

* Tokyo Resurrection Cathedral, also known as Nikorai-do
* Entrance to Nikorai-do (2007)
* The cathedral in 1891
* An artist's impression of the cathedral in 1891
* The cathedral after the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake
* 1/25 architectural model of Tokyo Resurrection Cathedral as it appeared in the 1890s in Edo-Tokyo Museum
* Cathedral in 2013
# Toyoma Education Museum

Toyoma Education Museum exhibits the history of education in Japan since the Meiji period. It is housed in the former Tome Elementary School Building (旧登米高等尋常小学校校舎) of 1888 in the city of Tome, Miyagi Prefecture. The U-shaped two-storey building around a courtyard, lined with balconies and with half-hexagons at the end of each wing, was designed by Kisaburo Yamazoe. It is representative of the western-inspired architecture of the Meiji period and in 1981 was designated an Important Cultural Property.
# Daniel A. Grimsley

Daniel Amon Grimsley (April 3, 1840 – February 5, 1910) was a Virginia lawyer, Confederate officer, ten-year member of the Virginia senate and for 23 years judge in Culpeper County.

## Early and family life

The son of Baptist minister Barnett Grimsley (1807-18895) and his wife the former Ruth Updike (who had married in 1830). Grimsley had an older brother Thomas F. Grimsley (1835–1913, who had also become a teacher and Baptist minister by 1860) and older sisters Elizabeth (b. 1831) and Martha (b.1838), as well as a younger sister Louisa (b. 1842). His father owned eight slaves in the 1860 census.
Daniel Grimsley married Elizabeth (Bettie) A. Browning, and they had children: Margaret (Maggie) Grimsley Drewry (1868–1941), Virginia (Birdie) L Grimsley Burckmyer (1869–1950), T. Edwin Grimsley (1871–1930), Mary Browning Grimsley Barbour (1873–1962), Frances (Fannie) Grimsley Smith (1875–1952), Elizabeth Barnett Grimsley Theus (1880–1951), and Ethel Grimsley (1882–1894).

## Career

As the American Civil War began and Virginia seceded from the Union, Grimsley's elder brother Thomas enlisted almost immediately in the 6th Virginia Cavalry, on May 8, 1861. Daniel Grimsley (who was characterized as a schoolteacher on the 1860 census but as a farmer on the enlistment roll) joined the same unit as a corporal at Manassas, Virginia, on April 22, 1862. He was a member of Payne's Brigade, Fitz Lee's Division. Following the Battle of Front Royal, although Thomas would remain a private for the rest of the war, Daniel was promoted to sergeant on June 20, 1862. He was wounded at least twice, and also frequently assigned to court martial duty. Daniel Grimsley was promoted to Captain on April 20, 1862, and to Major on June 4, 1864.
After the war, Grimsley read law under commonwealth attorney Horatio G. Moffet (1808–1892) of Rappahannock County, Virginia. Following admission to the Virginia bar, Grimsley moved to Culpeper and practiced law with James Barbour.
After adoption of the Virginia Constitution of 1869 and the Commonwealth's readmission to the Union, Culpeper County's voters elected Grimsley to represent them in the Virginia Senate. He served from 1869 and was re-elected twice times, serving for a decade. He ran again in 1885, this time to represent Culpeper County in the House of Delegates.
Not long afterward, fellow legislators elected him a judge of the Circuit Court in Culpeper, so his longtime law partner (and later in-law) James Barbour resumed the seat he had held before the American Civil War. Grimsley served as a judge in Culpeper for 23 years.

## Death and legacy

Judge Grimsley experienced a stroke on February 2, 1910, and died three days later at his home. He had a son, Capt. T. Edward Grimsley (who had become a lawyer by 1900), and five daughters.
# Arai Ikunosuke

Arai Ikunosuke (荒井 郁之助, June 12, 1836 – July 19, 1909) was a Japanese samurai of the late Edo period. Prominent as Navy Minister of the Republic of Ezo, he later became famous as the first head of the Japan Meteorological Agency. Also known as Akinori (顕徳) or Akiyoshi (顕理).

## Early life

Arai Ikunosuke was born in the Tedai-cho district of Edo, near the Yushima Seidō shrine as the son of the Tokugawa gokenin Arai Kiyobei. His father donated his money to aid villagers from the flood of Fujigawa, which in turn angered the Tokugawa Shōgun. He began learning the Chinese classics at age 7, and on the recommendation of his uncle, starting at age 12 he studied swordsmanship (Jikishinkage ryū and Shingyōtō-ryū), archery, and horse riding. At age 14, he entered the Shogunate's academy at Shoheizaka, and at age 18, he began to study Western-style gunnery. He began his career in the Shogunate at age 20, entering into Dutch studies (rangaku), and was posted as an instructor at the Nagasaki Naval Training Center.

## Life in the 1860s

After studying mathematics, sailing, and navigation, Arai was appointed a director of the Naval Training Center in 1862. However, he was reassigned to the Shogunate's Kōbusho military academy in 1864, and it was there that he worked with Ōtori Keisuke, learning French-style infantry tactics in Yokohama in 1865.

## Boshin War

In 1868 during the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration, Arai was assigned as a captain to the Shogunal Navy, and together with Enomoto Takeaki departed Shinagawa Harbor when Edo was surrendered to the Imperial Army. Traveling to Hokkaidō, he became Navy Minister of the new Republic of Ezo, and while he took part in the Naval Battle of Miyako Bay and the Naval Battle of Hakodate Bay, the Ezo forces were defeated, and Arai was placed in prison, where he remained pending a sentence of death. During this time, he wrote the first English-Japanese dictionary.

## Meiji Era

With his sentence of death commuted, Arai worked with Enomoto in land reclamation for a time, before working in the Agricultural School, as well as becoming head of a women's school. He was later put in charge of the Central Meteorological Agency during the Meiji period, became the first person to photograph the corona of the sun in Japan, during a solar eclipse in 1887, introduced the meter system, founded Hokkaido University, and established standard time.
Later in life, together with his old colleague Ōtori Keisuke, he contributed to the magazine Kyū Bakufu, writing articles about his experiences in the 1860s, as well as about the navy of the former Shogunate.
Arai died of diabetes in 1909, at the age of 74.

## References and further reading

* Fukunaga Kyōsuke. Kaishō Arai Ikunosuke. Tokyo: Morikita Shoten, 1943.
* Harada Akira. Arai Ikunosuke. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1994.
* Hillsborough, Romulus. Shinsengumi: The Shogun's Last Samurai Corps. Tuttle Publishing (2005). ISBN 0-8048-3627-2
# Pachycerosia bipunctulata

Pachycerosia bipunctulata is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by van Eecke in 1927. It is found on Sumatra.
# Gotō Shōjirō

Count Gotō Shōjirō (後藤 象二郎, April 13, 1838 – August 4, 1897) was a Japanese samurai and politician during the Bakumatsu and early Meiji period of Japanese history. He was a leader of Freedom and People's Rights Movement (自由民権運動, jiyū minken undō) which would evolve into a political party.

## Early life

Gotō was born in Tosa Domain (present day Kōchi Prefecture). Together with fellow Tosa samurai Sakamoto Ryōma, he was attracted by the radical pro-Imperial Sonnō jōi movement. After being promoted, he essentially seized power within the Tosa Domain's politics and exerted influence on Tosa daimyō Yamauchi Toyoshige to call on shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu to return power peacefully to the Emperor.

## Meiji statesman and liberal agitator

After the Meiji Restoration, Gotō was appointed to a number of posts, including that of Governor of Osaka, and sangi (councillor), but later left the Meiji government in 1873 over disagreement with the government's policy of restraint toward Korea (i.e. the Seikanron debate) and, more generally, in opposition to the Chōshū-Satsuma domination of the new government. Jointly with Itagaki Taisuke, he submitted a memorandum calling for the establishment of a popularly elected parliament. In 1874, together with Itagaki Taisuke, and Etō Shinpei and Soejima Taneomi of Hizen Province, he formed the Aikoku Kōtō (Public Party of Patriots), declaring, "We, the thirty millions of people in Japan are all equally endowed with certain definite rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring and possessing property, and obtaining a livelihood and pursuing happiness. These rights are by Nature bestowed upon all men, and, therefore, cannot be taken away by the power of any man." This anti-government stance appealed to the discontented remnants of the samurai class and the rural aristocracy (who resented centralized taxation) and peasants (who were discontented with high prices and low wages).
After the Osaka Conference of 1875, he returned briefly to the government, participating in the Genrōin. He also managed a coal mine in Kyūshū (the Takashima Coal Mine), but finding it to be losing money, sold his interest to Iwasaki Yatarō.
In 1881, he returned to politics, assisting Itagaki Taisuke found the Jiyūto (Liberal Party) which developed the daidō danketsu (coalition) movement in 1887.

## Meiji bureaucrat

In 1889, Gotō joined the Kuroda administration as Communications Minister, remaining in that post under the first Yamagata cabinet and first Matsukata cabinet. Under the new kazoku peerage system, he was elevated to hakushaku (count). In the second Itō cabinet he became Agriculture and Commerce minister. He was implicated in a scandal involving futures trading, and was forced to retire. After a heart attack, he retired to his summer home in Hakone, Kanagawa, where he died in 1896. His grave is at the Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo.
# Iwamura Michitoshi

Baron Iwamura Michitoshi (岩村 通俊, July 8, 1840 – February 20, 1915) was a Japanese statesman, active in Meiji period Japan. He was the first Director of the Hokkaidō Agency from January 26, 1886 through June 15, 1888.

## Biography

Iwamura was born in Kōchi as the eldest son to a samurai family serving the Tosa Domain. He studied swordsmanship under Okada Izō. During the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration, he fought under the imperial banner, in the Battle of Hokuetsu in 1868-1869.
In July 1874, Iwamura was appointed governor of Saga Prefecture. Coming shortly after the Saga Rebellion, this was regarded as a hardship posting. In 1876, he was reported to the Yamaguchi Prefecture regional office, where he coordinated central government preparations in the Satsuma Rebellion. He was appointed governor of Kagoshima Prefecture, in which capacity he supervised the funeral ceremonies for Saigō Takamori. As a reward for his services, he returned to Tokyo as a member of the Genrōin and Chairman of the Board of Audit. From April to December 1883, he served as the 3rd Governor of Okinawa Prefecture.
After serving in Okinawa for two years, Iwamura was reassigned to the other end of Japan, serving as first Director of the Hokkaidō Agency from January 26, 1886 through June 15, 1888. During his time in Hokkaidō, he supervised the completion of the Hokkaidō Agency HQ in Sapporo, and strongly promoted the development of Asahikawa. He then returned to Tokyo, where he held the post of chairman of the Genrōin from June 14, 1888 to October 20, 1890. He was selected to serve as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce under the 1st Yamagata administration from December 24, 1889 to May 17, 1890.
On June 5, 1896, Iwamura was awarded the title of viscount (shishaku) under the kazoku peerage system, and received the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure later the same year. He served as an advisor to Emperor Meiji, and was appointed to a seat in the House of Peers. He was also awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, 1st class on June 23, 1904. He died in Tokyo on February 12, 1915, and his grave is at the Yanaka Cemetery in Tokyo.
# Katō Hiroyuki

Baron Katō Hiroyuki (加藤 弘之, August 5, 1836 – February 9, 1916) was an academic and politician of the Meiji period Japan.

## Biography

Katō was born on August 5, 1836, to a samurai family in Izushi domain, Tajima Province (present day Hyōgo Prefecture), and studied military science under Sakuma Shōzan and rangaku under Oki Nakamasu in Edo.
As an instructor at the Tokugawa bakufu's Bansho Shirabesho institute for researching Western science and technology from 1860 to 1868, he was one of the first Japanese to study German language and German philosophy.
After the Meiji Restoration, Katō wrote numerous theses recommending Japanese adoption of Western forms of government, especially that of a constitutional monarchy with a national assembly based on representative democracy. He joined the Rikken Seiyūkai political party, and was also a founding member of the Meirokusha intellectual society organized by Mori Arinori. A strong believer in social Darwinism, he drew parallels a democratic government and the natural order. As a member of the Genroin, he strongly supported Statism, a much more authoritarian version of government against the views propounded by the Freedom and People's Rights Movement.
Katō gave lectures to the emperor each week on constitutional and international law, using translations from western texts to explain the concept of separation of powers between executive, legislative and judiciary branches of government, the history of constitutions in Europe, and various forms of local administration.
Katō served as superintendent of the Departments of Law, Science, and Literature of Tokyo Imperial University 1877–1886, and again as president 1890–1893, and was head of the Imperial Academy 1905–1909. He was also a special adviser to the Imperial Household Agency.
Katō was appointed a member of the House of Peers in 1890, and was ennobled with the title of danshaku (baron) under the kazoku peerage system in 1900. In addition, he became a Privy Councilor.
He died on February 9, 1916.

## Honours

From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia
* Baron - 1900
* Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure - December 1905.
* Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun - April 1906.
* Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers - February 1916 (posthumous)
# Kawakami Soroku

Viscount Kawakami Sōroku (川上 操六, 11 November 1848 – 11 May 1899), was a general and one of the chief military strategists in the Imperial Japanese Army during the Donghak Peasant Revolution and First Sino-Japanese War.

## Biography

Born in Satsuma Domain to a samurai-class family, Kawakami fought on the Imperial side for the Meiji Restoration against the forces for the Tokugawa shogunate starting with the Battle of Toba–Fushimi. He distinguished himself by his defense of the besieged Kumamoto Castle in the Boshin War.
Afterwards, he came to Tokyo to assist with the founding of the new Imperial Japanese Army. He rose rapidly through the ranks, and helped quell the Satsuma Rebellion.
In 1884, he accompanied Ōyama Iwao to study military science in various countries of Europe, especially Prussia. After returning home, he became a major general and vice-chief of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff. In 1887, he returned to Europe again to study military science further in Germany. In 1890, he became a lieutenant general.
During the First Sino-Japanese War, Kawakami served as senior military staff officer on the Imperial General Headquarters, and was known as a brilliant strategist. After the successful conclusion of that war, he was awarded with the Order of the Rising Sun (1st class), and elevated to the nobility with the title of shishaku (viscount) under the kazoku peerage system.
Kawakami was posthumously awarded the Order of the Golden Kite (2nd class), Order of the Rising Sun (1st class with Paulownia Blossoms, Grand Cordon) and the Grand Order of the Chrysanthemum. His grave is at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo.
# Kawamura Sumiyoshi

Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi (川村 純義, 18 December 1836 – 12 August 1904), was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy. Kawamura's wife Haru was the aunt of Saigō Takamori.

## Biography

A native of Satsuma, Kawamura studied navigation at Tokugawa bakufu naval school at Nagasaki, the Nagasaki Naval Training Center. In 1868, he joined his Satsuma clansmen, and fought on the imperial side in the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration as an army general. He was especially noted for his role in the Battle of Aizu-Wakamatsu.
Under the new Meiji government, he became an officer in the fledgling Imperial Japanese Navy, and steadily rose through the ranks. He became first Director of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1870 and taifu (senior vice minister) of Navy in 1872. He was in command of Japanese naval forces during the Taiwan Expedition of 1874.
During the Satsuma Rebellion, he was placed in command of all Imperial troops in September 1877 at the final Battle of Shiroyama near Kumamoto, when Saigō Takamori was killed (or committed seppuku). This battle, Saigō's last stand against the Meiji government, was the historical basis for the 2003 film The Last Samurai.
In 1878, Kawamura became sangi (councillor) and the second Navy Minister. He remained in that position until 1885 except when he was temporarily replaced by Enomoto Takeaki, and during that period he expanded the influence of people from Satsuma within the navy.
In 1884, he was ennobled with the title of hakushaku (count) under the kazoku peerage system. Later serving as court councillor and Privy Councillor, in 1901 he was given responsibility for the upbringing of the newborn Prince Michi (the future Emperor Hirohito) and his younger brother Prince Chichibu (Yasuhito).
In 1904, Kawamura was posthumously appointed to the rank of admiral, setting a precedent for such honors. His cause of death remains unknown, setting a mystery.
# Mabel Withee

Mabel Withee (c. 1897 – November 3, 1952) was an American actress on stage and in silent film.

## Early life

Withee was born in Detroit, Michigan, the daughter of Leonard Withee.

## Career

Withee's Broadway appearances were mainly in musical comedies and revues, including roles in Sinbad (1918-1919, with Al Jolson and Kitty Doner), George White's Scandals (1919), Just a Minute (1919), The Rose Girl (1921, the first show at the Ambassador Theatre), Sonny (1921), The Rose of Stanboul (1922), The World We Live In (1922-1923), Lady Butterfly (1923), Dew Drop Inn (1923), Artists and Models (1924-1925), The Cocoanuts (1925-1926, with the Marx Brothers). She also starred in Mary Ann (1927) on vaudeville.
She acted in one silent film, Once to Every Man (1918).
Theatre critic George Jean Nathan considered Withee to have "the most beautiful legs in the world". She retired from show business in 1928, when she married her second husband.

## Personal life

Withee was "wooed" by Egyptian prince Mohammed Ali Ibrahim in 1922, but rejected his proposal of marriage. She married real estate broker Herman Leon Sarshik in 1926. She asked for the marriage to be annulled on the basis of fraud in 1928. She married again, to producer Larry Puck, later that year, and through him was the sister-in-law of actress Eva Puck. She had one son, Emmett Puck. She died in 1952, in her mid-fifties, in Bayside, Queens.
# Matsumoto Kazu

Matsumoto Kazu (松本和, 15 March 1860 – 20 January 1940) was a vice admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy, noted for his role in the Siemens scandal.

## Biography

Matsumoto was born in Edo (now Tokyo) as the younger son of a direct retainer of the Tokugawa shogunate. He graduated in 1880 from the 7th class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy, ranked 19 out of 30 cadets. He served on a number of ships in the early Imperial Japanese Navy, including the corvettes Tsukuba, Settsu, Ryūjō, and Tsukushi. Promoted to lieutenant in 1886, he graduated from the first class of the Naval Staff College in 1888. He was the chief navigator on the cruiser Itsukushima in 1891–1892 on its year-long voyage to France.
Matsumoto then served in various postings within the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff after his return to Japan in May 1892, and on the staff of the Readiness Fleet. During the First Sino-Japanese War he was in charge of coordinating transportation for Imperial Japanese Army units and supplies to the Asian continent, winning much praise for his abilities. Although not in a combat command, he was awarded the Order of the Golden Kite, 4th class.
In June 1899, Matsumoto received his first command, that of the Yaeyama. He was promoted to captain three months later. He became commanding officer of Itsukushima in October 1903, and was given command of the battleship Fuji in September 1903.
During the Russo-Japanese War, Matsumoto participated at the Battle of Port Arthur and the Battle of the Yellow Sea. He was captain during the Battle of Tsushima, during which Fuji sank the Russian battleship Borodino. After the end of the war, Matsumoto was promoted to rear admiral and became commandant of Yokosuka Naval Arsenal in November 1906 and director of Naval Shipbuilding Command from October 1908. He was promoted to vice admiral in December 1909 and commander of Kure Naval District from December 1913. Matsumoto was widely regarded as the future Naval Minister. However, in the Siemens scandal, he was implicated of taking a bribe for facilitating the procurement of the Kongō. He was found guilty at a court-martial in May 1914, stripped of his rank and honors, fined 409,800 Yen and sentenced to three years in prison. After his release, he lived the rest of his life in obscurity.
# Aviaexpress

Aviaexpress was a Hungarian regional airline.

## Fleet

As of August 2006 the Aviaexpress fleet included the following aircraft:
* 2 Let L-410 UVP