# A2 motorway (Greece)

The A2 motorway, also known as the Egnatia Odos (Greek: Εγνατία Οδός), is a tolled controlled-access highway in northern Greece that runs from the western port of Igoumenitsa to the eastern Greek–Turkish border at Kipoi. The entire route is part of the Greek section of the E90 road, which runs from Lisbon, Portugal in the west, and Zakho, Iraq in the east.
The A2 motorway runs a total of 670 km (420 mi). The megaproject began in 1994 and was completed in 2009 at a cost of €5.93 billion ($8.27 billion); it was managed by the state-owned company Egnatia Odos, S.A.

## Geography

The route traverses the mountainous Greek regions of Epirus and Macedonia, crossing the Pindos and Vermio mountain ranges, which posed formidable engineering challenges. It includes 76 tunnels (with a combined length of 99 km / 61.5 miles) and 1,650 bridges. It is a limited-access highway with sophisticated electronic surveillance measures, SCADA controls for the lighting/tunnel ventilation, and advanced vehicle collision absorption measures.
* Stretching: From the port of Igoumenitsa, Thesprotia to the border crossing of Kipoi, on the River Evros
* Total length: 670 kilometres
* Serving the regional units: Thesprotia – Ioannina – Grevena – Kozani – Imathia – Thessaloniki – Kavala – Xanthi – Rhodope – Evros.
* Linked with nine major vertical axes connecting to the neighbouring countries in the north (Albania, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Turkey).
* Passing through the towns of: Igoumenitsa – Ioannina – Metsovo – Grevena – Kozani – Veroia – Thessaloniki – Kavala – Xanthi – Komotini – Alexandroupolis
* Linked to the Ports of: Igoumenitsa – Thessaloniki – Kavala – Alexandroupolis
* Linked to the Airports of: Ioannina – Kastoria – Kozani – Thessaloniki – Kavala – Alexandroupolis
* Technical characteristics: Two traffic lanes per direction, a central reserve and an emergency lane on the right.
* The area served accounts for:
** 36% of the country's total population
** 33% of its total gross national product
** In the primary sector, 54% of total farmland and 65% of total irrigated land
** In the secondary sector, 41% of total industrial employment, and
** 51% of total mining activity.
Part of its length, a section of about 360 km (220 mi) from Evros to Thessaloniki, parallels the ancient Roman Via Egnatia, which ran from modern Durrës in Albania to Thessaloniki and thence to Byzantium (now Istanbul, Turkey). The project has therefore been dubbed a modern Via Egnatia (in Greek, Egnatia Odos / Εγνατία Οδός). However, the parallel is not exact; the original Via Egnatia was much longer (1,120 km / 696 miles) and its western section, from Thessaloniki to the Adriatic Sea, ran much further north than the modern road.
The project has raised concerns for the survival of nearby sites of ecological and archaeological significance. The construction of the Pindos stretch (i.e. from Grevena to Ioannina) was delayed due to environmental concerns about the destruction of the habitat of the endangered brown bear. However, a new routing was proposed in 2003, and this part was completed by April 2009.
In addition to the main highway, three perpendicular auxiliary highways are under construction connecting the highway to important cities, ports and airports of Macedonia.

## History

94 km of the motorway had been built as part of other motorways, before the official project began in 1994. Between 1997 and 2004, 393 km of motorway were built. The main part of the project was completed by 30 May 2009. A final bridge was opened on 10 May 2014

## Exit list

The exits of the completed sections of the A2 motorway:
Notes :
* Under construction
* Planned
| Regional unit | Exit | Name | Destinations | Notes/Also as |
| Evros | | Kipoi-İpsala border crossing | D.110D110 E90 to Turkey | eastern terminus of the A2 |
| Evros | 43 | Ardani | GR-51 E85 to Bulgaria, Turkey | E90 |
| Evros | 42 | Alexandroupoli industrial area | | E90 |
| Evros | 41 | Alexandroupoli | | E90 |
| Evros | 40 | Makri | | E90 |
| Evros | 39 | Mesti | GR-2 also to Sapes and Maronia | E90 |
| Rhodope | 38 | Komotini east | GR-2 Corridor IX to Bulgaria | E90 |
| Rhodope | 37 | Komotini west | GR-2 | E90 |
| Rhodope | 36 | Iasmos | | E90 |
| Xanthi | 35 | Xanthi east | GR-2 | E90 |
| Xanthi | 34 | Xanthi west | | E90 |
| Kavala | 33 | Chrysoupoli | | E90 |
| Kavala | 32A | Perni | | E90 |
| Kavala | 32 | Lefki | GR-2 | E90 |
| Kavala | 31 | Kavala east | GR-12 Also to Drama, Greece | E90 |
| Kavala | 30 | Palio | | E90 |
| Kavala | 29 | Kavala west | | E90 |
| Kavala | 28C | Eleftheroupoli | | E90 |
| Kavala | 28B | Moustheni | | E90 |
| Kavala | 28A | Galypsos – Orfani | | E90 |
| Serres | 28 | Strymonas | GR-2 GR-59 to Serres, Drama, Greece | E90 |
| Thessaloniki | 27 | Asprovalta | | E90 |
| Thessaloniki | 26 | Rentina | | E90 |
| Thessaloniki | 25A | Nymfopetra | | E90 |
| Thessaloniki | 25 | Profitis | GR-2 | E90 |
| Thessaloniki | 24 | Lagadas | A25 E79 to Serres, Bulgaria | E90 |
| Thessaloniki | 23B | Derveni | | E90 |
| Thessaloniki | 23A | Girokomeio | | E90 |
| Thessaloniki | 23/K4 | Efkarpia | A24 to Thessaloniki, Nea Moudania | E90 |
| Thessaloniki | 22/K2 | Diavata | GR-2 E86 to Giannitsa, Edessa | E90 |
| Thessaloniki | 21/K1 | Kalochori | GR-1β | E90 |
| Thessaloniki | 20 | Sindos south | | E90 |
| Thessaloniki | 20A | Chalastra | | E90 |
| Thessaloniki | 19 | Axios | A1 E75 to North Macedonia | E90 |
| Thessaloniki | 18 | Nea Malgara | | E90 E75 |
| Imathia | 17 | Kleidi | A1 E75 to Athens | E90 |
| Imathia | 16 | Alexandreia | | E90 |
| Imathia | 15 | Kouloura | | E90 |
| Imathia | | Mesi | to Naousa, Skydra | Planned |
| Imathia | 14 | Veria | | E90 |
| Kozani | 13 | Polymylos | | E90 |
| Kozani | 12 | Kozani | A27 E65 to North Macedonia GR-3 E65 to Larissa | E90 |
| Kozani | 11 | Kalamia | GR-20 | E90 |
| Kozani | 10 | Siatista east | | E90 |
| Kozani | 9A | Siatista west | A29 to Albania | E90 |
| Grevena | 9 | Grevena east | GR-15 | E90 |
| Grevena | 8B | Grevena west | GR-15 | E90 |
| Grevena | 8A | Venetikos | | E90 |
| Grevena | | Kipoureio | A3 | Planned |
| Grevena | 8 | Agia Paraskevi | | E90 |
| Ioannina | 7 | Metsovo | GR-6 E92 | E90 |
| Ioannina | 6A | Peristeri – Chrysovitsa | | E90 E92 |
| Ioannina | 6 | Arachthos – Zagoria | | E90 E92 |
| Ioannina | 5A | Pamvotida | | E90 E92 |
| Ioannina | 5 | Ioannina | GR-5 E951 | E90 E92 |
| Ioannina | 4A | Pedini | A5 to Arta, Agrinio | E90 E92 |
| Ioannina | 4 | Dodoni | GR-17 | E90 E92 |
| Thesprotia | 3 | Selloi – Tyria | | E90 E92 |
| Thesprotia | 2 | Neochori – Paramythia | GR-18 | E90 E92 |
| Thesprotia | 1B | Vasilikos | | E90 E92 |
| Thesprotia | 1A | Igoumenitsa – Ladochori | | E90 E92 |
| Thesprotia | 1 | Igoumenitsa – Lykopodi | GR-102 E55 | E90 E92 |
| Thesprotia | | Igoumenitsa port | E90 E92 E55 ferry to Kerkyra, Italy | western terminus of the A2 |

## Gallery

* Tunnels between Kozani and Veria.
* Egnatia Odos near Asprovalta.
* Driskos Tunnel near Ioannina.
* Egnatia Odos (A2) Metsovitikos bridge, as seen from Metsovo
* Near the port of Igoumenitsa
* Egnatia Odos near Ioannina, as seen from Airplane.
* Exit near Kozani
* Panoramic view of the tunnel of Malakasi
* Egnatia Odos near Klidi.

## Treatment of 7000 high risk sites in Greece with EIB

In 2020, EIB and Egnatia Odos are committed to fund treatment of 7000 high risk sites in Greece.