# List of philosophers (I–Q)

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vte :
Philosophers (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:
       Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.
* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* A–C
* D–H
* I–Q
* R–Z
* References

## I

* Iamblichus (c. 245 – c. 325 AD)
* Yahya ibn Adi (893–974)
* Ibn Arabi (1164–1240)
* Ibn ar-Rawandi (827–911)
* Ibn Bajjah (or Avempace) (died 1138)
* Ibn Daud (or Rabad I or Avendauth, or John of Spain) (1110–1180)
* Abraham ibn Ezra (1092/3–1167)
* Moses ibn Ezra (1070–1138)
* Ibn Falaquera (1223–1290)
* Solomon Ibn Gabirol (1021–1058)
* Ibn Hazm (994–1069)
* Ibn Kammuna (1215–1284)
* Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)
* Ibn Masarra (883–931)
* Ibn Miskawayh (940–1030)
* Bahya ibn Paquda (1040–1110)
* Ibn Sabin (1217–1268)
* Ibn Taymiya (1263–1328)
* Samuel ibn Tibbon (c. 1165 – 1232)
* Ibn Tufail (1110–1185)
* Joseph ibn Tzaddik (c. 1149)
* Ivan Aleksandrovich Il'in (1883–1954)
* Evald Vassilievich Ilyenkov (1924–1979)
* Immanuel the Roman (c. 1270 – c. 1330)
* Roman Ingarden (1893–1970)
* William Ralph Inge (1860–1954)
* José Ingenieros (1877–1925)
* Nae Ionescu (1890–1940)
* Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938)
* Luce Irigaray (born 1930)
* Terence Irwin (born 1947)
* Isocrates (436–338 BC)
* Isaac of Stella (1105–1177)
* Isaac Israeli (c. 850–950)
* Ito Jinsai (1627–1705)
* Vyacheslav Ivanovich Ivanov (1866–1949)

## J

* Jesus of Nazareth (4 BC – AD 30 or 33)
* Frank Jackson (born 1943)
* Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743–1819)
* Franz Jakubowski (1912–1970)
* James of Viterbo (1255–1308)
* Henry James Sr. (1811–1882)
* William James (1842–1910)
* Fredric Jameson (born 1934)
* Vladimir Jankélévitch (1903–1985)
* Anselm Jappe (born 1962)
* Karl Jaspers (1883–1969)
* Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa (fl. c. 800)
* James Hopwood Jeans (1877–1946)
* Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)
* Richard C. Jeffrey (1926–2002)
* William Stanley Jevons (1835–1882)
* Rudolf von Jhering (1818–1892)
* Jinul (or Chinul) (1158–1210)
* Joachim of Fiore (1135–1201)
* Friedrich Jodl (1849–1914)
* John of Damascus (c. 676–749)
* John of Jandun (1280–1328)
* John of La Rochelle (1190–1245)
* John of Mirecourt (c. 1345)
* John of Paris (1260–1306)
* John of Salisbury (c. 1115–1180)
* John of St. Thomas (or Jean Poinsot) (1589–1644)
* John of the Cross (1542–1591)
* Alexander Bryan Johnson (1786–1867)
* Samuel Johnson (1649–1703)
* Samuel Johnson (1696–1772)
* Samuel Johnson (1709–1784)
* William Ernest Johnson (1858–1931)
* Constance Jones (1848–1922)
* Jørgen Jørgensen (1894–1969)
* Théodore Simon Jouffroy (1796–1842)
* Judah ben Moses of Rome (orJudah Romano) (1292–1330)
* Carl Jung (1875–1961)
* Ernst Jünger (1895–1998)
* Joachim Jungius (1587–1657)
* Justinian I (483–565)
* Al-Juwayni (1028–1085)

## K

* Franz Kafka (1883–1924)
* Kaibara Ekiken (1630–1740)
* Kang Youwei (1858–1927)
* Milan Kangrga (1923–2008)
* Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
* Kao Tzu (c. 420 – 350 BC)
* David Kaplan (born 1933)
* Mordecai Kaplan (1881–1983)
* Kojin Karatani (born 1941)
* Nikolai Ivanovich Kareev (1850–1931)
* Lev Platonovich Karsavin (1882–1952)
* Joseph Kaspi (1279–1340)
* Walter Kaufmann (1921–1980)
* Karl Kautsky (1854–1938)
* Khedrup Gelek Pelzang (1385–1438)
* Konstantin Kavelin (1818–1885)
* Bartholomew Keckermann (1571–1609)
* Hans Kelsen (1881–1973)
* Norman Kemp Smith (1872–1958)
* Anthony Kenny (born 1931)
* Johannes Kepler (1571–1630)
* John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946)
* Hermann Graf Keyserling (1880–1946)
* Aleksey Khomyakov (1804–1860)
* Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855)
* Richard Kilvington (1302–1361)
* Robert Kilwardby (1215–1279)
* Jaegwon Kim (1934–2019)
* Al-Kindi (801–873)
* Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–1968)
* Athanasius Kircher (1602–1680)
* Ivan Kireevsky (1806–1856)
* Patricia Kitcher (born 1948)
* Ludwig Klages (1872–1956)
* Heinrich von Kleist (1777–1811)
* William Calvert Kneale (1906–1990)
* Martin Knutzen (1713–1751)
* Ko Hung (4th century)
* Kurt Koffka (1886–1941)
* Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967)
* Alexandre Kojève (1902–1968)
* Leszek Kołakowski (1927–2009)
* Alejandro Korn (1860–1936)
* Karl Korsch (1886–1961)
* Karel Kosík (1926–2003)
* Tadeusz Kotarbiński (1886–1981)
* Alexandre Koyre (1892–1964)
* Aleksei Aleksandrovich Kozlov (1831–1901)
* Karl Kraus (1874–1936)
* Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781–1832)
* Georg Kreisel (1923–2015)
* Saul Kripke (born 1940)
* Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895–1986)
* Uppaluri Gopala Krishnamurti (1918–2007)
* Julia Kristeva (born 1941)
* Nachman Krochmal (1785–1840)
* Leopold Kronecker (1823–1891)
* Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921)
* Felix Krueger (1874–1948)
* Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922–1996)
* Kūkai (774–835)
* Kuki Shūzō (1888–1941)
* Oswald Külpe (1862–1915)
* Kumārila Bhaṭṭa (fl. roughly 700)
* Kumazawa Banzan (1619–1691)
* Kuo Hsiang (or Guoxiang) (died c. 312)
* Robert Kurz (1943–2012)

## L

* Ernst Laas (1837–1885)
* Lucien Laberthonnière (1860–1932)
* Jean de La Bruyère (1645–1696)
* Jacques Lacan (1901–1981)
* Jules Lachelier (1832–1918)
* Ernesto Laclau (1935–2014)
* Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe (1940–2007)
* Pierre Laffitte (1823–1903)
* Louis de La Forge (1632–1666)
* Imre Lakatos (1922–1974)
* André Lalande (1867–1964)
* Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829)
* Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728–1777)
* Hughes Felicité Robert de Lamennais (1752–1854)
* Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709–1751)
* François de La Mothe Le Vayer (1588–1672)
* Ludwig Landgrebe (1902–1992)
* Friedrich Albert Lange (1828–1875)
* Susanne Langer (1895–1985)
* Lao Zi (or Lao Tzu) (4th century BC)
* Isaac La Peyrère (1596–1676)
* Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827)
* Ivan Ivanovich Lapshin (1870–1952)
* François de La Rochefoucauld (1613–1680)
* Pierre Laromiguière (1756–1837)
* Abdullah Laroui (born 1935)
* Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–1864)
* Bruno Latour (born 1947)
* Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741–1801)
* Louis Lavelle (1883–1951)
* Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794)
* Peter Lavrovitch Lavrov (1823–1900)
* William Law (1686–1761)
* Jean Le Clerc (1657–1737)
* Michèle Le Dœuff (born 1948)
* Henri Lefebvre (1901–1991)
* Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples (c. 1455–c. 1536)
* Claude Lefort (1924–2010)
* Antoine Le Grand (1629–1699)
* Keith Lehrer (born 1936)
* Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716)
* Yeshayahu Leibowitz (1903–1994)
* Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924)
* Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
* Konstantin Nikolaevich Leont'ev (1831–1891)
* Aleksei N. Leontiev (1903–1979)
* Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837)
* Jules Lequier (1814–1862)
* Pierre Leroux (1798–1871)
* Edouard Louis Emmanuel Julien Le Roy (1870–1954)
* René Le Senne (1882–1954)
* Stanisław Leśniewski (1886–1939)
* Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781)
* Leucippus (5th century BC)
* Emmanuel Levinas (1906–1995)
* Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2009)
* Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (1857–1939)
* Kurt Lewin (1890–1947)
* Clarence Irving Lewis (1883–1964)
* C. S. Lewis (1898–1963)
* David Kellogg Lewis (1941–2001)
* Li Ao (722–841)
* Liang Qichao (or Liang Ch'i-ch'ao) (1873–1929)
* Liang Sou-ming (1893–1988)
* Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742–1799)
* Arthur Liebert (1878–1946)
* Otto Liebmann (1840–1912)
* Liezi (or Lieh Tzu) (c. 440 – c. 360& BC)
* Mikhail Lifshitz (1905–1983)
* Linji Yixuan (or Lin Chi) (c. 810 – 867)
* Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778)
* Theodor Lipps (1851–1914)
* Justus Lipsius (1547–1606)
* Émile Littré (1801–1881)
* Liu Shaoqi (orLiu Shao-ch'i) (1898–1969)
* Liu Tsung-chou (or Ch'i-shan) (1578–1645)
* Genevieve Lloyd (born 1941)
* Karl Nickerson Llywelyn (1893–1962)
* Ramon Llull (1235–1315)
* Alain LeRoy Locke (1885–1954)
* John Locke (1632–1704)
* Alfred Loisy (1857–1940)
* Peter Lombard (c. 1100 – 1160)
* Bernard Lonergan (1904–1984)
* Pseudo-Longinus (1st century)
* Leo Mikhailovich Lopatin (1855–1920)
* Frédéric Lordon (born 1962)
* Paul Lorenzen (1915–1995)
* Aleksei Fedorovich Losev (1893–1988)
* Nicholas Onufrievich Lossky (1870–1965)
* Domenico Losurdo (1941–2018)
* Juri Lotman (1922–1993)
* Hermann Lotze (1817–1881)
* Arthur O. Lovejoy (1873–1962)
* Leo Löwenthal (1900–1993)
* Michael Löwy (born 1938)
* John R. Lucas (1929–2020)
* Lucian (c. 120 – c. 180)
* Lucretius (c. 99 – 55 BC)
* Lu Jiuyuan (or Lu Xiangshan, or Lu Chiu-yuan, or Tzu-ching, or Ts'un-chai) (1139–1193)
* Georg Lukács (1885–1971)
* Jan Łukasiewicz (1878–1956)
* Anatoliy Lunacharskiy (1875–1933)
* Martin Luther (1483–1546)
* Rosa Luxemburg (1871–1919)
* William Lycan (born 1945)
* Jean-François Lyotard (1924–1998)

## M

* Catharine Macaulay (1731–1791)
* Ernst Mach (1838–1916)
* Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527)
* Alasdair MacIntyre (born 1929)
* John Leslie Mackie (1917–1981)
* Madhava (died 1386)
* Shri Madhvacharya (1238–1317)
* Mahavira (599–527 BC)
* Salomon Maimon (or Salomon ben Joshua) (1753–1800)
* Abraham ben Moses Maimonides (or Abraham ben Maimon) (1186–1237)
* Maimonides (or Rambam) (1135–1204)
* Maine de Biran (1766–1824)
* John Major (or John Mair) (1467–1550)
* Errico Malatesta (1853–1932)
* Norman Malcolm (1911–1990)
* Nicolas Malebranche (1638–1715)
* Ernst Mally (1879–1944)
* André Malraux (1901–1976)
* Thomas Malthus (1766–1834)
* Merab Mamardashvili (1930–1990)
* Bernard de Mandeville (1670–1733)
* Mani (3rd century)
* Karl Mannheim (1893–1947)
* Henry Longueville Mansel (1820–1871)
* Mao Zedong (or Mao Tse-tung) (1893–1976)
* Gabriel Marcel (1887–1973)
* Marcion (110–160)
* Ruth Barcan Marcus (1921–2012)
* Herbert Marcuse (1898–1979)
* Joseph Maréchal (1878–1944)
* Juan de Mariana (1536–1624)
* Julián Marías (1914–2005)
* José Carlos Mariátegui (1894–1930)
* Lucrezia Marinella (1571–1653)
* Ruy Mauro Marini (1932–1997)
* Jacques Maritain (1882–1973)
* Gaius Marius Victorinus (4th century)
* Mihailo Marković (1923–2010)
* Svetozar Marković (1846–1875)
* Odo Marquard (1928–2015)
* Marsilius of Inghen (1330–1396)
* Marsilius of Padua (or Marsiglio or Marsilio dei Mainardine) (1270–1342)
* Roger Marston (1235–1303)
* José Martí (1853–1895)
* Charles B. Martin (1924–2008)
* Harriet Martineau (1802–1876)
* James Martineau (1805–1900)
* Piero Martinetti (1872–1943)
* Anton Marty (1847–1914)
* Marko Marulić (1450–1524)
* Karl Marx (1818–1883)
* Tomáš Masaryk (1850–1937)
* Damaris Cudworth Masham (1659–1708)
* Cotton Mather (1663–1728)
* Matthew of Aquasparta (1238–1302)
* Paul Mattick (1904–1981)
* Pierre Louis Maupertuis (1698–1759)
* Fritz Mauthner (1849–1923)
* James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879)
* Ernst Mayr (1904–2005)
* James McCosh (1811–1894)
* William McDougall (1871–1938)
* John McDowell (born 1942)
* Evander Bradley McGilvary (1864–1953)
* Colin McGinn (born 1950)
* John Ellis McTaggart (1866–1925)
* George Herbert Mead (1863–1931)
* Bartolomé de Medina (1527–1580)
* Franz Mehring (1846–1919)
* Georg Friedrich Meier (1718–1777)
* Quentin Meillassoux (born 1967)
* Friedrich Meinecke (1862–1954)
* Alexius Meinong (1853–1920)
* Philipp Melanchthon (1497–1560)
* Melissus of Samos (late 5th century BC)
* D. Hugh Mellor (1938–2020)
* Menasseh Ben Israel (1604–1657)
* Mencius (or Meng K'o or Meng-tzu or Mengzi) (372–289 BC)
* Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)
* Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786)
* Susan Mendus (born 1951)
* Désiré-Joseph Mercier (1851–1926)
* Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908–1961)
* George merill (1867–1928)
* Marin Mersenne (1588–1648)
* Jean Meslier (1664–1729)
* Judah Messer Leon (c. 1425 – c. 1495)
* István Mészáros (1930–2017)
* Emile Meyerson (1859–1933)
* Conyers Middleton (1683–1750)
* Mary Midgley (1919–2018)
* Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhailovskii (1842–1904)
* Miki Kiyoshi (1897–1945)
* Mikyo Dorje (or Mi bskyod rdo rje) (1507–1554)
* Gaston Milhaud (1858–1918)
* James Mill (1773–1836)
* John Stuart Mill (1806–1873)
* John Millar (1735–1801)
* Dickinson Miller (1868–1963)
* Ruth Millikan (born 1933)
* John Milton (1608–1674)
* Minagawa Kien (1734–1807)
* Mir Damad (or Mir Mohammad Baqer Esterabadi) (died 1631)
* Miura Baien (1723–1789)
* Jacob Moleschott (1822–1893)
* Luis de Molina (1535–1600)
* Enrique Molina Garmendia (1871–1962)
* Lord Monboddo (or James Burnett) (1714–1799)
* Richard Montague (1930–1971)
* William Pepperell Montague (1873–1953)
* Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592)
* Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755)
* Edmund Montgomery (1835–1911)
* G. E. Moore (1873–1958)
* Henry More (1614–1687)
* Thomas More (1478–1535)
* Étienne-Gabriel Morelly (1717–1778)
* C. Lloyd Morgan (1852–1936)
* Lewis H. Morgan (1818–1881)
* Thomas Morgan (died 1743)
* Karl Philipp Moritz (1756–1793)
* Edgar Morin (born 1921)
* Gaetano Mosca (1858–1941)
* Motoori Norinaga (1730–1801)
* Emmanuel Mounier (1905–1950)
* Mou Tsung-san (1909–1995)
* Mozi (or Mo Tzu, or Mo Ti, or Micius) (c. 470 – c. 390 BC)
* David Ibn Merwan Al-Mukammas (or Daud Ibn Marwan al-Muqammas or David ha-Bavli) (died 937)
* Mulla Sadra (1571–1640)
* Iris Murdoch (1919–1999)
* Muro Kyuso (1658–1734)
* Arthur Edward Murphy (1901–1962)
* Musonius Rufus (1st century)

## N

* Arne Næss (1912–2009)
* Nagarjuna (c. 200 CE)
* Ernest Nagel (1901–1985)
* Thomas Nagel (born 1937)
* Nahmanides (1194–1270)
* Jacques-André Naigeon (1738–1810)
* Toju Nakae (1608–1648)
* Jean-Luc Nancy (1940–2021)
* Hossein Nasr (born 1933)
* Paul Gerhard Natorp (1854–1924)
* Márcio Bilharinho Naves (born 1952)
* Sergey Nechayev (1847–1882)
* Alexander Neckham (1157–1217)
* Antonio Negri (1933–2023)
* Leonard Nelson (1882–1927)
* Nemesius of Emesa (fl. c. 400)
* John von Neumann (1903–1957)
* Otto Neurath (1882–1945)
* John Henry Newman (1801–1890)
* Isaac Newton (1642–1727)
* Nichiren (1222–1282)
* Nicholas of Autrecourt (c. 1300 – 1369)
* Nicholas of Cusa (1401–1464)
* Christoph Friedrich Nicolai (1733–1811)
* Pierre Nicole (1625–1695)
* H. Richard Niebuhr (1894–1962)
* Reinhold Niebuhr (1892–1971)
* Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)
* Agostino Nifo (1470–1538)
* Nishi Amane (1829–1897)
* Nishida Kitaro (1870–1945)
* Nishitani Keiji (1900–1990)
* Kwame Nkrumah (1909–1972)
* John Norris (1657–1711)
* Novalis (1772–1801)
* Robert Nozick (1938–2001)
* Numenius of Apamea (2nd century)
* Martha Nussbaum (born 1947)
* Anders Nygren (1890–1978)

## O

* Michael Oakeshott (1901–1990)
* William of Ockham (c. 1285–1349)
* Ogyū Sorai (1666–1728)
* Lorenz Oken (1779–1851)
* Karl Olivecrona (1897–1980)
* Peter Olivi (1248–1298)
* Olympiodorus the Younger (495–570)
* John Wood Oman (1860–1939)
* Michel Onfray (born 1959)
* Onora O'Neill (born 1941)
* Nicole Oresme (1320–1382)
* Origen of Alexandria (c. 182–c. 251)
* Isaac Orobio de Castro (1617–1687)
* Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851)
* José Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955)
* Peter Osborne (philosopher) (born 1958)
* Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932)
* James Oswald (1703–1793)
* Rudolf Otto (1869–1937)
* Richard Overton (died c. 1665)
* Gwilyn Ellis Lane Owen (1922–1982)
* Robert Owen (1771–1858)

## P

* Thomas Paine (1737–1809)
* Menyhért Palágyi (1859–1924)
* William Paley (1743–1805)
* Elihu Palmer (1764–1806)
* Panaetius (c. 185 – c. 110 BC)
* Antonie Pannekoek (1873–1960)
* Wolfhart Pannenberg (1928–2014)
* David Papineau (born 1947)
* Giovanni Papini (1881–1956)
* Paracelsus (1493–1541)
* Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923)
* Derek Parfit (1942–2017)
* Theodore Parker (1810–1860)
* Parmenides (5th century BC)
* Blaise Pascal (1623–1662)
* John Arthur Passmore (1914–2004)
* Valentino Annibale Pastore (1868–1956)
* Patañjali (2nd century BC)
* Walter Pater (1839–1904)
* Jan Patočka (1907–1977)
* Francesco Patrizi da Cherso (or Franciscus Patritius) (1529–1597)
* Akos Pauler (1876–1933)
* Linus Pauling (1901–1994)
* Paul of Venice (1369–1429)
* Friedrich Paulsen (1846–1908)
* Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)
* Christopher Peacocke (born 1950)
* Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932)
* David Pears (1921–2009)
* Karl Pearson (1857–1936)
* John Peckham (died 1292)
* Benjamin Peirce (1809–1880)
* Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914)
* Pelagius (c. 360 – c. 435)
* William Penbygull (died 1420)
* Thomas Percival (1740–1804)
* Ralph Barton Perry (1876–1957)
* Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746–1827)
* Peter of Auvergne (13th century)
* Peter of Spain (13th century; usually identified with Pope John XXI)
* Richard Stanley Peters (1919–2011)
* Petrarch (1304–1374)
* Leon Petrazycki (1867–1931)
* Joane Petrizi (12th century)
* Branislav Petronijević (1875–1954)
* Petar II Petrović-Njegoš (1813–1851)
* Joseph Petzoldt (1862–1929)
* Alexander Pfänder (1870–1941)
* Philip the Chancellor (1160–1236)
* Philo Judaeus of Alexandria (20 BC–40 AD)
* Philo of Larissa (1st century BC)
* Philo the Dialectician (c. 300 BC)
* Philodemus of Gadara (1st century BC)
* Philolaus of Croton (c. 480 – c. 405 BC)
* Philo of Larissa (154 – 84 BC)
* Philo of Megara (fl. 300 BC)
* John Philoponus (early 6th century)
* Jean Piaget (1896–1980)
* Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494)
* Álvaro Vieira Pinto (1909–1987)
* Dimitri Pisarev (1840–1868)
* Max Planck (1858–1947)
* Alvin Plantinga (born 1932)
* Plato (c. 427 – c. 347 BC)
* Georgi Plekhanov (1856–1918)
* Helmuth Plessner (1892–1985)
* Gemistus Pletho (c. 1355 – c. 1452)
* Plotinus (died 270)
* Gottfried Ploucquet [de] (1716–1790)
* Mestrius Plutarch of Chaeronia (c. 45 – c. 120)
* Henri Poincaré (1854–1912)
* Karl Polanyi (1886–1964)
* Michael Polanyi (1891–1976)
* Pietro Pomponazzi (1462–1525)
* Alexander Pope (1688–1744)
* Karl Popper (1902–1994)
* Josef Popper-Lynkeus (1838–1921)
* Porphyry (c. 232 – c. 304)
* Giambattista della Porta (c. 1535–1615)
* Noah Porter (1811–1892)
* Posidonius (c. 135 – 51 BC)
* Richard Posner (born 1939)
* Emil Leon Post (1897–1954)
* Moishe Postone (1942–2018)
* Robert Joseph Pothier (1699–1772)
* Nicos Poulantzas (1936–1979)
* François Poullain de la Barre (1647–1723)
* Roscoe Pound (1870–1964)
* Caio Prado Júnior (1907–1990)
* Costanzo Preve (1943–2013)
* Henry Habberley Price (1899–1984)
* Richard Price (1723–1791)
* Harold Arthur Prichard (1871–1947)
* Joseph Priestley (1733–1804)
* Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison (1856–1931)
* Arthur Prior (1914–1969)
* Proclus (412–487)
* Prodicus (c. 450 – 399 BC)
* Protagoras (c. 481 – 420 BC)
* Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865)
* Marcel Proust (1871–1922)
* Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (5th century)
* Pseudo-Grosseteste (13th century)
* Ptolemy (c. 85 – c. 165)
* Samuel Pufendorf (1632–1694)
* Isaac ben Joseph ibn Pulgar (14th century)
* Hilary Putnam (1926–2016)
* Pyrrho (c. 360 – c. 270)
* Pythagoras (582 – 496 BC)

## Q

* Antero de Quental (1842–1891)
* Ismael Quiles [es] (1906–1993)
* W. V. O. Quine (1908–2000)
* Anthony Quinton (1925–2010)

## Contents
### List of philosophers

    (A–C)
    (D–H)
    (I–Q)
    (R–Z)