OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# USS Rizzi

USS Rizzi (DE-537) was a John C. Butler-class destroyer escort in service with the United States Navy from 1945 to 1946 and from 1951 to 1958. She was sold for scrapping in 1974.

## History

Rizzi was named in honor of Rosalio Mario Rizzi who was posthumously awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his heroism during rescue operations for Wasp (CV-7) survivors. The ship was laid down on 3 November 1943 by the Boston Navy Yard, Boston, Massachusetts; launched on 7 December 1943; and christened by Mrs. Theresa Rizzi, mother of Seaman First Class Rizzi and commissioned on 26 June 1945 with LCdr. E. K. Winn assuming command.

### World War II

Completing shakedown the day following the cessation of World War II hostilities, Rizzi departed Boston after availability and instead of heading for the Pacific Ocean, steamed to Norfolk, Virginia, for duty as training ship for student officers of the Destroyer School. Transferred in mid-November, she headed back to New England waters only to receive orders directing her to prepare for inactivation. A visit to New York City followed and with the new year, 1946, she sailed south to Green Cove Springs, Florida, and on 23 January reported to Commander, 16th (inactive) Fleet.

### Naval Reserve training ship

Decommissioned on 18 June 1946, Rizzi remained at Green Cove Springs in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet until ordered activated and assigned to the 3rd Naval District as a reserve training ship in January 1951. Recommissioned on 28 March 1951, she proceeded to New York whence she conducted training cruises-weekend and 2-week cruises along the U.S. East Coast and in the Caribbean, and summer cruises to Europe in 1953 and 1955 and to South America in 1954 for reservists in the New York City area.

### Decommissioning and fate

In November 1957, Rizzi again prepared for inactivation. Decommissioned 28 February 1958, she remained in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet, berthed at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, until the spring of 1972. At that time, she was surveyed and found to be unfit for further service. Consequently, Rizzi was stricken from the Navy list 1 August 1972. She was sold for scrapping 5 February 1974.
# Zaid Rifai

Zaid al-Rifai (Arabic: زيد الرفاعي; 27 November 1936 – 12 August 2024) was a Jordanian politician who served as the 22nd prime minister of Jordan from May 1973 to July 1976, and again from April 1984 to April 1989.

## Biography

Rifai served as prime minister and formed four different governments, the last of which was Jordan's longest lasting government in the history of the kingdom. It lasted for a term of 5 years and 23 days from 4 April 1984 to 27 April 1989. His father, Sameer Al-Rifai, his father-in-law, Bahjat Talhouni, and his son, Samir Al-Rifai, and his uncle, Abdelmunim Al-Rifai, all served as Prime Ministers of Jordan.
Rifai survived an assassination attempt on 15 December 1971 while he was serving as the ambassador of Jordan to the United Kingdom. The perpetrators were the members of the Fatah, and the reason for the attack was the Black September events which led to the departure of the Palestinians from Jordan in 1970.
Rifai was the president of the Senate of Jordan from June 1997 to December 2009. On 12 December 2009, he resigned from office.
Rifai died on 12 August 2024, at the age of 87.
# Micăsasa

Micăsasa (German: Feigendorf; Hungarian: Mikeszásza) is a commune located in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Chesler (Kesseln; Keszlér), Micăsasa, Țapu (Abtsdorf an der Kokel; Csicsóholdvilág), and Văleni (Huruba). Micăsasa and Țapu villages have fortified churches.
The commune is situated on the Transylvanian Plateau, at an altitude of 284 m (932 ft), on the banks of the river Târnava Mare. It is located in the northwestern part of Sibiu County, 14 km (8.7 mi) west of the town of Copșa Mică and 40 km (25 mi) north of the county seat, Sibiu, on the border with Alba County.
Micăsasa is crossed by national road DN14B [ro], which branches off DN14B [ro] in Copșa Mică and merges into DN1 in Teiuș, 42 km (26 mi) to the west. The Micăsasa train station serves the CFR Main Line 300, which connects Bucharest with the Hungarian border near Oradea. The route of the Via Transilvanica long-distance trail passes through the village of Micăsasa.
At the 2011 census, the commune had 2,058 inhabitants; of those, 93.4% were Romanians, 4.4% Hungarians, 1.5% Roma, and 0.6% Germans. At the 2021 census, the population had decreased to 1,698, of which 87.28% were Romanians and 1% Hungarians.
# Siege of Mandsaur

The siege of Mandsaur was a siege laid by Kingdom of Mewar forces under Rana Sanga against Gujarat Sultanate and Malwa Sultanate. The Sultan of Gujarat left Muhammadabad (modern day Champaner) and returned to his capital after Rana Sanga had returned to Mewar after his campaign in Gujarat. He was grieved to see his treasuries looted and his palace destroyed and began to think of avenging his defeat. He set about preparing a large army, doubled the pay of the soldiers, and gave them a year's salary in advance.

## Siege

After a skirmish between 200 horsemen under Shuja ul-Mulk and others, and some Rajputs in the hills, the Sultan's army advanced and invested the fort of Mandsaur in Malwa, then in the Maharana's possession. The governor of the fort, Ashok Mal, was killed but the fort did not fall. The Maharana left Chitor with a Gallant army estimated around 80,000 to 100,000 Rajputs and arrived at the village of Nandsa, 12 kos ( ~ 24 miles) from Mandsaur. In the meantime, Sultan Mahmud Khilji of Malwa arrived from Mandu to assist the Gujarat forces to repay the debt he owed to Muzaffar Shah II. The siege was pressed but no progress made. Sanga was joined by his trusted Vassals Medini Rai (then ruler of Malwa) and Raja Silhadi, the Tomar Rajput Chief of Raisen and Sarangpur with 15,000 Rajput forces each. Ajaz and Qawan-I-Mulk both tried to take Mandsaur fort but failed. Rana Sanga also failed to deliver a decisive victory and thus both sides sued for peace.

## Aftermath

Rana Sanga also agreed to sue for peace because the Afghans under Ibrahim Lodi invaded and attacked Ranthambore. The 16th-century text "Parshvanath-Shravan-Sattavisi", says that Rana Sanga further defeated Ibrahim Lodi at Ranthambore after the Siege of Mandsaur.
# Α-Methylfentanyl

α-Methylfentanyl (or alpha-Methylfentanyl) an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl. It is sometimes sold as "China White".

## History

α-Methylfentanyl was discovered by a team at Janssen Pharmaceutica in the 1960s. In 1976, it began to appear mixed with heroin, as an additive, and the mixture was sometimes also called "China White". It was first identified in the bodies of two drug overdose victims in Orange County, California, in December 1979, who appeared to have died from opiate overdose but tested negative for any known drugs of this type. Over the next year, there were 13 more deaths, and eventually the responsible agent was identified as α-methylfentanyl.
α-Methylfentanyl was placed on the U.S. Schedule I list in September 1981, only two years after its appearance on the street, but already other fentanyl analogs were being developed. Following the appearance of α-methylfentanyl on the market, dozens of new fentanyl analogs have been reported, starting with para-fluorofentanyl, followed by α-methylacetylfentanyl, then by the highly potent 3-methylfentanyl, and subsequently by many others such as β-hydroxyfentanyl, ohmefentanyl, β-hydroxythiofentanyl and β-hydroxy-4-methylfentanyl. The development of such a wide structural family of novel narcotic drugs was a major factor responsible for the implementation of the Federal Analog Act which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their structural similarity rather than scheduling new drug analogs individually as each appeared.
In 1991, a group of Russian chemistry students discovered a simplified synthesis route which used phosgene instead of phenethylamine. Soon, abuse of the drug became widespread, causing a tenth of overdoses in the Moscow region. α-Methylfentanyl became notorious for low safety, and production declined.

## Effects

α-Methylfentanyl has similar effects to fentanyl. It is less potent by weight due to reduced binding affinity to its target site, but has an increased duration of action, as the α-methyl group interferes with binding to metabolic enzymes which break the drug down.
Since fentanyl itself is highly potent and notorious for causing fatal overdoses when abused, and also very short lasting with recreational users often administering doses every hour, α-methylfentanyl could have several advantages over the parent compound as a recreational drug. Side effects of fentanyl analogs are similar to those of fentanyl itself, which include itching, nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression (namely with overdoses or improper drug-combinations, such as with benzodiazepines) which can be life-threatening.
Fentanyl analogs such as α-methylfentanyl and 3-methylfentanyl are often used as the "cut" in small amounts in normal heroin stamps and bags, making them more potent and profitable than when sold as heroin alone due to the advantage of raising the retail price and potency per unit sold.
# Mecca Masjid, Bijapur

The Mecca Masjid, also known as Makka Masjid, is a mosque located in the Vijayapura district of Bijapur, in the state of Karnataka, India. Believed to be completed in c. 1669, the mosque was built for women of the royal household.
The mosque structure is a Monument of National Importance.

## History

The date of construction of the mosque is not known. In The New Cambridge History of India, it is ascribed to the reign of Ali Adil Shah II, while Henry Cousens dates it to the end of the 13th century. There is a tomb of a saint at the eastern end of the enclosure, who had probably commissioned the mosque. The minarets are remnants of an earlier structure, probably an earlier mosque, built during the Bahamani dynasty. Cousens opines that the high walls built around the mosque, indicate that it was used as an elephant stable. He opines that the earlier mosque, in its ruinous state, was used as an elephant stable before the newer mosque was built.

## Architecture

The mosque is located within an open court, enclosed on all four sides by arched cloisters. The arches of the cloisters have low piers, similar to those of the Jama Mosque, Kalaburagi. The façade of the mosque contains five arched entrances, and a cusped outline emphasizes the central arch. It is surmounted by a hemispherical dome, carried on a terrace with eight arches. A two-tiered parapet rises above the façade, and a chhatri is placed upon each of the buttresses at the corners.
The western wall containing the mihrab is decorated with carvings. There is no pulpit within the mosque, as women's prayers are not preceded with a sermon.
# Kablewa

Kablewa is a village and rural commune in Niger.
In 2012 it had a population of 26,176.
# Terry Grant

Terry Grant may refer to:
* Terry Grant (gridiron football) (born 1987), American former football player
* Terry Grant (stunt driver) (born 1963), British stunt driver
* Terry Grant, tracker featured in Canadian reality television series Mantracker
# Franz Biedermann

Franz Biedermann (born 4 May 1946) is a Liechtenstein athlete. He competed in the men's decathlon at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
# Bjarne Hoyer

Bjarne Hoyer (April 24, 1912, Hellerup, Copenhagen - March 30, 1991) was a Danish composer.
Bjarne Hoyer was educated at Niels Brock College in 1935, after which he began to compose popular dance music. He and Knud Pheiffer got the idea for a radio cabaret, Vi unge (literally we young), which he participated in between 1938 and 1943. His success continued, as he brought out such songs as Bare for at få et glimt af dig (Just to Get a Glimpse of You), Det er kærlighed (It is love), Regnvejrsserenade (Rainy Day Serenade), Solskinsserenade (Sunset Serenade), Når bladene falder (When the Leaves Fall), Min melodi til dig (My Song to You) og Kom hjem lille far (Come Home Little Father).
In 1960, he participated in that year's Dansk Melodi Grand Prix and came in seventh place with his composition, To lys på et bord (Two Candles on a Table). He went on to record a classic Christmas song, Skal vi klippe vore julehjerter sammen (Shall We Cut Our Pleated Christmas hearts Together?) and worked for a time at the then new offshore radio station, Radio Mercur. In 1978, he married Birgit Hjorthus in Ordnup Church.
# Minamisōma District, Chiba

Minamisōma District (南相馬郡, Minamisōma-gun) was a district located in Chiba Prefecture, Japan.

## District timeline

* 1878 – Minamisōma District is founded after the former Sōma District areas designated within Chiba Prefecture.
* 1889 – At the time of municipal status enforcement, the district had two towns and four villages:
** The towns of Abiko and Fussa, and the village of Kohoku (city of Abiko)
** The village of Tomise (either the cities of Abiko or Kashiwa)
** The villages of Tega and Fusō (Town of Shonan → City of Kashiwa)
* April 1, 1897 – Minamisōma District was merged into Higashikatsushika District. Therefore, Minamisōma District was dissolved as a result of this merger.
# Kadam People

The Kadam people inhabit Mount Kadam in Nakapiripirit District in the Karamoja sub-region, located in north-eastern Uganda.

## History

They are closely related to the Tepeth/Tepes or So peoples who inhabit Mount Napak and Mount Moroto, also in southern Karamoja. Some regard them as a sub-group of the Tepeth. There is very little written about them, but local oral history records all these groups as having been the inhabitants of wider areas of present-day Karamoja who took refuge in the mountains when the Karamojong arrived from Ethiopia in the 17th century (see Karamojong people). They are one of the few peoples in Uganda to practise Female Genital Mutilation

## Language

The Kadam speak the Kadam Language, also known as yog toŋi which is a variant of the So language of the Nilo-Saharan languages group. It is also closely related to the languages of the peoples mentioned above. The language is endangered; those who speak Kadam/So as a first language are middle-aged and elderly, the younger generations speak mostly the Pökoot or Karamojong language.
# Tricyclodecane

Tricyclodecane (TCD) is an organic compound with the formula C$_{10}$H$_{16}$. It is classed as a hydrocarbon. It has two main stereoisomers–the endo and exo forms. Its primary use in the exo form is as a component of jet fuel. It is used here primarily because of its high energy density. The exo isomer also has a low freezing point. Because of this, its properties have been studied extensively. It is often called tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene.

## Reactions

Its reactions with other materials have been studied, as have various production methods. The two isomers can interconvert in the presence of aluminum chloride as catalyst absorbed on substrates such as silicon dioxide or zeolites, with preference for forming the exo as the major product.
# Formoterol

Formoterol, also known as eformoterol, is a long-acting β$_2$ agonist (LABA) used as a bronchodilator in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Formoterol has an extended duration of action (up to 12 h) compared to short-acting β$_2$ agonists such as salbutamol (albuterol), which are effective for 4 h to 6 h. Formoterol has a relatively rapid onset of action compared to other LABAs, and is effective within 2-3 minutes. The 2022 Global Initiative for Asthma report recommends a combination formoterol/inhaled corticosteroid inhaler as both a preventer and reliever treatment for asthma in adults. In children, a short-acting β$_2$ adrenergic agonist (e.g., salbutamol) is still recommended.
It was patented in 1972 and came into medical use in 1998. It is available as a generic medication. It is also marketed in the combination formulations budesonide/formoterol and mometasone/formoterol.

## Side effects

In November 2005, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a health advisory alerting the public to findings that show the use of long-acting β$_2$ agonists could lead to a worsening of wheezing symptoms in some patients.
Nowadays, available long-acting β$_2$ agonists include salmeterol, formoterol, bambuterol, and sustained-release oral salbutamol.
Combinations of inhaled steroids and long-acting bronchodilators are becoming more widespread – combination preparations include fluticasone/salmeterol and budesonide/formoterol.

## Mechanism of action

Inhaled formoterol works like other β$_2$ agonists, causing bronchodilation by relaxing the smooth muscle in the airway so as to treat the exacerbation of asthma.

## Society and culture
### Brand names

Formoterol is marketed in three forms: a dry-powder inhaler (DPI), a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) and an inhalation solution, under various brand names including Atock, Atimos/Atimos Modulite, Foradil/Foradile, Fostair, Oxeze/Oxis, Perforomist and Symbicort.
* Foradil/Foradile capsules for oral inhalation (Schering-Plough in the U.S., Novartis rest of world)
* Oxeze/Oxis Turbuhaler dry-powder inhaler (DPI) (AstraZeneca)
* Atock (Astellas)
* Atimos/Atimos Modulite metered-dose inhaler (MDI) (Chiesi)
* Perforomist inhalation solution (Mylan N.V.)
* Symbicort Turbuhaler dry-powder inhaler (DPI) (AstraZeneca)
In some countries, Perforomist is marketed by Viatris after Upjohn merged with Mylan to create Viatris.

## Uses and combinations

* Arformoterol ((R,R)-(−)-formoterol) — an enantiopure compound used in the management of COPD
* Combination drugs:
** Aclidinium bromide/formoterol
** Budesonide/formoterol
** Mometasone furoate/formoterol
# List of airlines of Belarus

Note to editors: Please do not move or remove the <noinclude&#x3E; tags; they are used to transclude this list of airlines to the main [[List of airlines]].
This is a list of airlines which have an air operator's certificate issued by the Department for Aviation of Belarus.
As of 2024, all airlines certified by the Department for Aviation of Belarus are banned from EU airspace. This is due to the diversion of Ryanair flight 4978 in 2021, as well as Belarus' involvement in the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine.

## Scheduled airlines

| Airline | IATA | ICAO | Image | Callsign | Hub airport(s) | Notes |
| Belavia | B2 | BRU | | BELAVIA | Minsk National Airport | flag carrier |

## Charter airlines

| Airline | IATA | ICAO | Image | Callsign | Hub airport(s) | Notes |
| Grodno Aviakompania | | GRX | | GRODNO | Hrodna Airport | |
| Rada Airlines | | RDA | | RADA | Minsk National Airport | |

## Cargo airlines

| Airline | IATA | ICAO | Callsign | Hub airport(s) |
| Genex | | GNX | AEROGENEX | Minsk National Airport |
| Ruby Star | | RSB | RUBYSTAR | Minsk National Airport |
| TransAVIAexport Airlines | AL | TXC | TRANSEXPORT | Minsk National Airport |
| Rada Airlines | | RDA | RADA | Minsk National Airport |
# Markus Ganahl

Markus Ganahl (born 12 February 1975 in Vaduz) is a Liechtensteiner former alpine skier who competed in the men's slalom and men's giant slalom at the 2002 Winter Olympics.
# Kristin Bekkevold

Kristin Bekkevold Sørum (born 19 April 1977) is a former Norwegian footballer and Olympic champion.
She received a gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.
In January 2001 Bekkevold underwent surgery for a knee injury. She left Asker in 2002 and returned to playing for FL Fart. When Fart won the 1. divisjon in 2007, they were promoted and Bekkevold made a Toppserien comeback in 2008. She signed for Brumunddal, who she had previously represented between 1994 and 1996, in February 2009. Bekkevold left Brumunddal and retired from football at the age of 34 after suffering another knee injury.
# Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine

Frederick IV (French: Ferry) (15 April 1282 – 23 August 1328), called the Fighter, was the Duke of Lorraine from 1312 to his death.

## Biography

Frederick was born in Gondreville, the son and successor of Theobald II and Isabella of Rumigny.
On 18 October 1314, at the Diet of Frankfurt, the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire failed to elect as successor to Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor, either the Habsburg claimant, Frederick the Handsome, the duke of Austria, or the Wittelsbach, Louis IV of Bavaria. By marriage to Elisabeth, daughter of Albert I of Germany, Frederick was the brother-in-law of Frederick the Handsome, called Frederick III of Germany by his supporters, of whom Frederick of Lorraine was one. On 28 September 1322, at the Battle of Mühldorf, both Fredericks were captured. This was an opportunity for Charles IV of France to strengthen the Lorrainer ties to France and he quickly procured the duke's release on the promise that Lorraine would not interfere in imperial affairs.
In 1324, he participated in an expedition in Aquitaine against Edward II of England's estates, for Charles IV had built a fortress illegally on Edward's territory and had sent his uncle, Count Charles III of Valois, against the English possessions after Hugh le Despenser and the Younger Despenser imprisoned Isabella of France, Charles IV's sister and Edward's queen. He took part in the War of Metz in 1325 and 1326. He joined Philip VI of France, on his succession in 1328, and fought and died at the Battle of Cassel.

## Personal life

In 1304, Frederick IV married Elisabeth of Austria (1285–1352), daughter of Albert I of Austria the Emperor. They had the following children:
* Rudolph (1320–1346), his successor in Lorraine
* Margaret, married Jean de Chalon, lord of Auberive (died 1350), then Conrad, count of Friburg, and lastly Ulrich (died 1377), lord of Rappoltstein
* Four children who died during childhood