OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# States of the German Empire

The German Empire consisted of 25 constituent states and an imperial territory, the largest of which was Prussia. These states, or Staaten (or Bundesstaaten, i.e. federated states, a name derived from the previous North German Confederation; they became known as Länder during the Weimar Republic) each had votes in the Bundesrat, which gave them representation at a federal level.
Several of these states had gained sovereignty following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. Others were created as sovereign states after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Territories were not necessarily contiguous, such as Bavaria, or Oldenburg—many existed in several parts (enclaves and exclaves), as a result of historical acquisitions, or, in several cases, divisions of the ruling family trees.

## Kingdoms

* Kingdom of Bavaria
* Kingdom of Prussia (itself subdivided into provinces; including the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg ruled in personal union until annexed 1 July 1876)
* Kingdom of Saxony
* Kingdom of Württemberg

## Grand Duchies

* Grand Duchy of Baden
* Grand Duchy of Hesse
* Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
* Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
* Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
* Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (officially the Grand Duchy of Saxony from 1903)

## Duchies

* Duchy of Anhalt
* Duchy of Brunswick
* Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg
* Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg (till 1876)
* Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen

## Principalities

* Principality of Lippe
* Principality of Reuss-Gera (Junior Line)
* Principality of Reuss-Greiz (Senior Line)
* Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
* Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
* Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
* Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont

## Free and Hanseatic Cities

Different from the above-mentioned monarchies these city-states were constitutionally organised as republics.
* Free Hanseatic City of Bremen
* Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
* Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck

## Imperial Territory

Different from all other aforementioned constituent states, this region, comprising territory ceded by France in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War, was first administered directly by the central government, but was granted limited autonomy in 1911 with an elected state parliament of its own.
* Alsace–Lorraine
# Ronald Brown (bishop)

Ronald Brown (7 August 1926 – 13 June 2019) was the Suffragan Bishop of Birkenhead from 1974 until 1992.
Brown was educated at Durham University. After a curacy at St Laurence Chorley he was vicar of Whittle-le-Woods. Following this he was vicar of St Thomas', Halliwell, Bolton and then (his final appointment before his ordination to the episcopate) rural dean of Ashton-under-Lyne. In retirement he continued to serve as an assistant bishop in the Diocese of Liverpool until 2003. Brown returned to live in Chester and died in June 2019 at the age of 92.
# Han Drijver

Johan Frederik "Han" Drijver (11 March 1927 in Eindhoven – 10 October 1986 in Vlaardingen) was a Dutch field hockey player who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Summer Olympics.
In the 1948 Summer Olympics, he was a member of the Dutch field hockey team, which won the bronze medal. He played all seven matches as a back.
Four years later, he won the silver medal as part of the Dutch team at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He played all three matches as a back.
# Tycho van Meer

Tycho van Meer (born 30 September 1974 in Eindhoven) is a former field hockey striker from the Netherlands, who represented his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. There he won the golden medal with the Dutch national team. A former player of HGC, Oranje Zwart and Amsterdam, he earned a total number of 90 caps, scoring seventeen goals for the Dutch during the late 1990s.
# Rekha Rodwittiya

Rekha Rodwittiya (born 31 October 1958) is a contemporary Indian artist associated with the Baroda School. She is known for her allegorical and metaphoric narrative paintings depicted through the style of surrealism and magical realism. She conducts an art studio in Vadodara called The Collective Studio, jointly with her husband and artist Surendran Nair.

## Biography

Rekha was born on 31 October 1958, in the city of Bangalore, Karnataka. She grew up for the most part in the city of Baroda (later renamed to Vadodara), where her family moved to in 1967. Rekha was the younger of two sisters and her parents were South India while she was looked after mostly by her mother as her father was an Indian air force pilot.
She joined the fine arts academy of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda in 1976, at a time when the city of witnessing the emergence of a hipster culture and the rise of a number of pre-eminent contemporary artists such as Bhupen Khakhar, Gulam Mohammed Sheikh and Jyoti Bhatt. In 1977, she married a friend from Thailand who was a foreign student at the university and had a child in the following year named Mithun. Rodwittiya states that the marriage occurred with the expressed permission of her parents, and that she was diagnosed with infertility issues and recommended to conceive as soon as possible if she were to have a child. The marriage broke down while she was pregnant which led to divorce and her becoming a single mother while still in college.
In 1981, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in painting and was enrolled in the Master of Arts programme for an year. Following her graduation, Rodwittiya also began working at a private studio run by Jyoti Bhatt. She began painting independently with a series of small imaginary portrait, and was soon recognised as a talent. In 1982, the British Council granted her a fellowship to complete her Master of Fine Arts in painting at the Royal College of Art, London, which she earned in 1984. Other than Bhatt, she was also mentored by the British artist Peter de Francia who was a professor at the Royal College and the Indian artist Nasreen Mohamedi, who is considered as "India's greatest abstract artist" and was a faculty at the MS University of Baroda. During this period, her parents began to take care of her son which allowed her to continue her education.
On returning to India, Rodwittiya received a teaching appointment at the MS University of Baroda but it not renewed due to her outspoken feminist views which were considered controversial. She also met the artist Surendran Nair during this time, who became a close friend of hers and eventually married her in 1985.
# 2025 Adelaide International – Women's doubles

Guo Hanyu and Alexandra Panova defeated the defending champion Beatriz Haddad Maia and her partner Laura Siegemund in the final, 7–5, 6–4 to win the women's doubles tennis title at the 2025 Adelaide International.
Haddad Maia and Taylor Townsend were the reigning champions, but Townsend chose not to participate this year.

## Seeds

* Hsieh Su-wei / Jeļena Ostapenko (first round)
* Ellen Perez / Kateřina Siniaková (semifinals)
* Chan Hao-ching / Lyudmyla Kichenok (first round)
* Asia Muhammad / Demi Schuurs (first round)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | S-w Hsieh J Ostapenko | 3 | 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Krueger J Pegula | 6 | 7 | | A Krueger J Pegula | | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | G Da Silva-Fick O Gadecki | 1 | 1 | | A Danilina I Khromacheva | w/o | | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Danilina I Khromacheva | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | A Danilina I Khromacheva | 2 | 7 | [7] | | | |
| 3 | H-c Chan L Kichenok | 4 | 0 | | | | | | | B Haddad Maia L Siegemund | 6 | 5 | [10] | | | |
| | B Haddad Maia L Siegemund | 6 | 6 | | B Haddad Maia L Siegemund | 5 | 6 | [13] | | | | | | | | |
| | L Fernandez N Kichenok | 1 | 4 | | D Krawczyk G Olmos | 7 | 4 | [11] | | | | | | | | |
| | D Krawczyk G Olmos | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | B Haddad Maia L Siegemund | 5 | 4 |
| | M Bouzková B Mattek-Sands | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | H Guo A Panova | 7 | 6 |
| | I-C Begu M Vondroušová | 0 | 3 | | M Bouzková B Mattek-Sands | 5 | 5 | | | | | | | | | |
| | H Guo A Panova | 6 | 6 | | H Guo A Panova | 7 | 7 | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | A Muhammad D Schuurs | 3 | 2 | | | | | | | H Guo A Panova | 4 | 6 | [11] | | | |
| | T Babos N Melichar-Martinez | 6 | 6 | | | | | | 2 | E Perez K Siniaková | 6 | 3 | [9] | | | |
| | L Nosková Y Xu | 4 | 2 | | T Babos N Melichar-Martinez | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
| | C Bucșa Y Sizikova | 4 | 6$^2$ | 2 | E Perez K Siniaková | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | E Perez K Siniaková | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Buckingham (surname)

Buckingham is an Anglo-Saxon locational surname. It is a habitational name from the former county seat of the county of Buckinghamshire Old English Buccingahamm ‘Water Meadow (Old English Hamm) of the people of (-Inga-) Bucc(A)’. This family originated in England, United Kingdom as a prominent and wealthy British family. The Buckingham family is also a Boston Brahmin family from the U.S. state of Massachusetts, also known as the "first families of Boston". Some members of the family went to New England and arrived in Boston, Massachusetts, coming from England to the region. The Buckingham family had many members who were jurists, politicians, businessmen, military leaders, educators, clergy and authors in both England and United States. Notable people with the surname include:
* A. David Buckingham, British physical chemist
* Catharinus P. Buckingham, American Civil War general
* Celeste Buckingham, Slovak recording artist of Swiss-American origins
* David Buckingham, American judge and former Associate Justice of the Kentucky Supreme Court
* David Buckingham, Canadian politician
* Des Buckingham, English football manager
* Ed Buckingham, Canadian politician
* Edgar Buckingham, creator of the Buckingham π theorem, a key theorem in dimensional analysis
* Edward Taylor Buckingham, III, former CNMI Attorney General
* James Silk Buckingham, oriental traveller
* Jane Buckingham (born 1968), American author and businesswoman
* John Buckingham (chemist), British chemist
* John Buckingham (cricketer), English cricketer
* John Buckingham (jockey) (1940–2016), English horse racing jockey
* Kate Sturges Buckingham (1858–1937), American art collector and philanthropist, who commissioned Buckingham Fountain in Chicago
* Leicester Silk Buckingham, playwright
* Lilia Buckingham (born 2003), American actress and Internet personality
* Lindsey Buckingham, American rock musician and member of Fleetwood Mac
* Lyndon Buckingham (born 1962), 22nd General of The Salvation Army.
* Marcus Buckingham (born 1966), British author, business consultant, and motivational speaker
* Sir Owen Buckingham (c. 1649 – 1713), English member of Parliament and Lord Mayor of London
* Owen Buckingham (1674–1720), English politician
* Steve Buckingham (record producer), American record producer and musician
* Vic Buckingham, British football player and coach
* Wayne Buckingham, New Zealand men's hockey right full back (1978–1981) and part of the 1980 New Zealand Men's Hockey Olympic team
* William Alfred Buckingham, U.S. senator and Governor of Connecticut, United States
* William Buckingham, English recipient of the Victoria Cross
* William John Buckingham, Australian politician
# Discontinued post office

A discontinued post office or DPO is an American postal term for a post office which is no longer in service or is in service under another name. Some are in ghost towns, some victims of consolidation of mail service as small post offices are closed or a city expands. The introduction of Rural Free Delivery, RFD, in 1902 led to the closure of many post offices, which peaked in 1901 at 76,945. In the United States, which was mostly rural, mail previously had been picked up in rural areas at small local post offices, home delivery being limited to urban areas until experimentation with rural delivery began in 1890.
Covers, that is letters, wrappers, or postmarks, from discontinued post offices are of interest to students of postal history. As one example, in Saguache County, Colorado, there are over 50 discontinued post offices.
# Albé de Swardt

Albertus Jacobus de Swardt (born (1990-08-10)10 August 1990 in George, South Africa) is a former South African rugby union player, whose regular playing position was hooker. He started his career with Western Province in 2011 and, after a short spell in Italy with L'Aquila in 2012, returned to South Africa to play for the Eastern Province Kings between 2013 and 2015.
He retired at the start of 2016, aged 25.

## Rugby career

He played for the SWD Eagles at the Under-16 Grant Khomo Week in 2006 and the Under-18 Craven Week in 2008 before joining Western Province. He played for them in the Under-19 and Under-21 Provincial Championship between 2009 and 2011 and made his first class debut in the 2011 Vodacom Cup game against the Falcons. During this time, he also played for Maties in the 2011 and 2012 Varsity Cup competitions.
He then moved to Italian National Championship of Excellence team L'Aquila for a short spell in 2012.
He returned to South Africa in 2013 to join Eastern Province Kings on a two-year deal. He made his debut for the Eastern Province Kings – as well as his Currie Cup debut – in the 37–21 victory over the Griffons on 6 July 2013 in Welkom.
He also played for the NMMU Madibaz team that reached the semi-finals of the Varsity Cup.
In 2014, he was selected on the bench for the Eastern Province Kings side to face Wales during a tour match during a 2014 incoming tour. He came on as a late substitute, played the last eight minutes as the Kings suffered a 12–34 defeat.
A hamstring injury sustained in 2011 caused De Swart several hip and groin issues in later years and he retired at the start of 2016 on medical advice.

### Statistics

    As of 13 January 2016.
| First class career |
| Season | Teams | Currie Cup Premier | Currie Cup Premier | Currie Cup First | Currie Cup First | Vodacom Cup | Vodacom Cup | Championship of Excellence | Championship of Excellence | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Season | Teams | Apps | Pts | Apps | Pts | Apps | Pts | Apps | Pts | Apps | Pts | Apps | Pts |
| 2011 | Western Province | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| 2012 | L'Aquila Rugby | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8 | 0 | — | — | 8 | 0 |
| 2013 | Eastern Province Kings | — | — | 11 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 11 | 0 |
| 2014 | Eastern Province Kings | 5 | 0 | — | — | 7 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| 2015 | Eastern Province Kings | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| 2011 | Western Province Total | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| 2012 | L'Aquila Total | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8 | 0 | — | — | 8 | 0 |
| 2013–2015 | Eastern Province Kings Total | 5 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 7 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 | 24 | 0 |
| 2011–2015 | Career Total | 5 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 33 | 0 |
# Antonio Fontanesi

Antonio Fontanesi (23 February 1818 – 17 April 1882) was an Italian painter who lived in Meiji period Japan between 1876 and 1878. He introduced European oil painting techniques to Japan, and exerted a significant role in the development of modern Japanese yōga (Western style) painting. He is known for his works in the romantic style of the French Barbizon school.

## Early life

Fontanesi was born in Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, and trained with the landscape painters Prospero Minghetti and Vincenzo Carnevali. From 1841 to 1846 he made theatre sets and began painting landscapes.
In 1848, he joined a group of Garibaldian volunteers, that went to Milan to fight with the Manara Legion, against the Austrians. In 1859, he was again to briefly join Cavour's armed forces in Bologna.
In 1850, he moved to Geneva, where he stayed until 1865. His main area of interest was landscape painting, which he expanded on after visiting the 1855 Exposition Universelle in Paris. In 1863, he attempted to settle in London, but found few commissions or work. he completed a series of watercolors of paintings in the National Gallery. He returned to Florence, where he stayed with the fellow painter Cristiano Banti.
He participated in important artistic exhibitions, displaying his works in Lyon, Turin, Milan, Florence, Genoa and the Triennial Exhibition of Fine Art in Bologna. He was nominated professor at the Academy of Lucca, but moved to Turin when a chair as a landscape professor was created specially for him at the Accademia Albertina in Turin from 1869 to 1876. Among his pupils was Carlo Follini.
There are a number of monuments to Fontanesi in his native Reggio Emilia, including the Monument in Parco del Popolo.

## Career in Japan

In 1876, the Technical Fine Arts School (Kobu Bijutsu Gakko), (later part of the University of Technology, and later the Tokyo Institute of Technology), an art school of painting and sculpture was founded in Tokyo under the supervision of the Ministry of Industry. It was the first governmental art school founded in Japan.
Upon recommendation of the Italian minister to Tokyo, Count Alessandro Fè d'Ostiani, the Meiji government contracted three Italian artists as foreign advisors: Vincenzo Ragusa (1841–1927) for sculpture, Antonio Fontanesi for drawing and Giovanni Cappelletti (died 1885) for the preparatory course. The trio greatly influenced the development of Japanese art and architecture through the next several decades. The acceptance of teachers in art from Italy alone was based on the unofficial government policy of accepting military advice from France, industrial advice from Great Britain, agricultural advice from the United States, and legal and medical advice from Germany.
Fontanesi introduced the techniques of charcoal, crayon and oil paints to his Japanese students, who included Asai Chū and Yamamoto Hosui. He also taught western concepts of perspective, anatomy and sketching from life. His career in Japan was cut short by serious illness, which forced him to return to Italy in 1878.
# Ernesto Sirolli

Ernesto Sirolli (born September 22, 1950) is an Italian author and public speaker with expertise in the field of local economic development. He is the author of two books, Ripples from the Zambezi (1995 and 1999) and How to Start a Business and Ignite your Life (2012).

## Early life and education

Ernesto Sirolli was born in Italy and spent part of his childhood in Libya. He then studied political science at Rome University and received a Ph.D. from Murdoch University in Perth, Western Australia, in 2004.

## Career

Ernesto Sirolli began his career at an Italian foreign service NGO in Africa. In 1985, he founded the Sirolli Institute for International Enterprise Facilitation, to provide project implementation and Enterprise Facilitation training for organizations worldwide.
Sirolli is the author of two books. Ripples from the Zambezi: passion, entrepreneurship, and the rebirth of local economies, first published in 1995 and re-edited in 1999. This book is listed as required reading for several university courses on business and sustainable development. His second book, titled How to start a business and ignite your life: a simple guide to combining business wisdom with passion, was published in 2012.
Ernesto Sirolli is a visiting professor at the Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute and an industry fellow at the University of Queensland Centre for Social Responsibility in Mining.
As a public speaker, Ernesto Sirolli gained international attention in 2012 with his TEDx talk "Shut Up and Listen". The presentation received over 3 million views and was included in Chris Anderson's book "TED Talks: The Official TED Guide to Public Speaking". Sirolli has also spoken at NPR radio, SDPB radio, and at several other TEDx conferences.
In 2016, Ernesto Sirolli received The IOEE International Lifetime Achievement Award for Entrepreneurship Education at the House of Lords in London.

## Books

* Sirolli, Ernesto (1995). Ripples In The Zambezi: Passion, Unpredictability And Economic Development. Institute For Science And Technology Policy, Murdoch University. ISBN 978-0869054000
* Sirolli, Ernesto (1999). Ripples from the Zambezi: passion, entrepreneurship, and the rebirth of local economies. British Columbia: New Society. ISBN 086-5713979. OCLC 54675326.
* Sirolli, Ernesto (2012). How to start a business and ignite your life : a simple guide to combining business wisdom with passion. Garden City Park, New York: Square One, 2012. ISBN 978-0757003745. OCLC 826659061.
# Dragiša Burzan

Dragiša Burzan (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Драгиша Бурзан; born 13 September 1950) is a Montenegrin politician and diplomat. He served as Montenegrin ambassador to the United Kingdom from 2007 to 2010. Before that, he was the ambassador of Serbia and Montenegro to the UK from 2004 to 2006, as well as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Montenegro from 2003 to 2004.

## Early life and education

Burzan attended school in Titograd, then part of Yugoslavia. He attended the University of Montenegro, where he received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering, and went on to receive a master's degree in nuclear physics from the University of Belgrade and a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Essex, England.
He became a professor at the University of Montenegro in the Department of Natural Sciences pursuing research in physics; he there from 1976 through 1998, although he became active in politics by the late 1980s.

## Political career

In 1989, he founded Democratic Alternative, an association at the University of Montenegro promoting democratic reforms in what was then still Yugoslavia.
In 1991, he was a member of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia, led by Ante Marković, the last Prime Minister of Yugoslavia.
In 1992, he was one of the founders of the Social Democratic Party of Montenegro (SDP) and was elected to Parliament, where he served from 1992 through 1996. He also served as the SDP's International Secretary, a post he held continuously apart from an interruption from July 1994 to October 1995, and served as the vice-president of the party from 1996 to 2000.
During his time in Parliament, he participated in and initiated numerous conferences, seminars, initiatives and networks aimed to end the various wars going on in the Balkans at the time. He also organized and supported civil society initiatives in Montenegro and the Balkans in general, with an emphasis on human rights, including co-founding the weekly Monitor newsletter.
In July 1998 he was appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Montenegro, a post he held until June 2001; his portfolio included the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Labor and Welfare, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Minor Nations, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Sport, Secretariat of Information, Secretariat for International Culture and Science Cooperation, and Commissariat for Refugees, among others, and he served as the government's leader on refugee matters. Following this post, he was appointed Minister of Labor and Social Welfare from July 2001 through May 2002, at which point he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs.
He served as Ambassador of Serbia and Montenegro to London from 2004 to 2006, as well as Montenegrin Ambassador to London from 2007 to 2010.

## Personal life

Burzan is married, with two daughters and a son.