# Esteban Moctezuma

Esteban Moctezuma Barragán (born 21 October 1954) is a Mexican diplomat and politician, formerly affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and currently a member of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA). He is a former senator and served as secretary of social development and secretary of the interior in the cabinet of President Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León. From that position, early in January 1995, he pursued peace talks in Chiapas with the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) insurgents; in February the government pursued a strategy of military intervention, followed by a resumption of peace talks with the insurgents. In 2018, he was appointed by President Andrés Manuel López Obrador as secretary of education. On 16 December 2020, Moctezuma was nominated ambassador of Mexico to the United States and confirmed by the Senate on 16 January 2021.

## 1995 Zapatista Crisis

With President Carlos Salinas de Gortari economic and political reforms and the North American Free Trade Agreement, Mexico was being propelled into the world economy as an important player. The Zapatista uprising occurred at a time when an unresolved ethnic situation was brewing in the country. The government started immediate peace talks. In the early days of the new administration, President Zedillo took a series of erratic decisions that completely broke with the previous administration's agreements and with his own previously defined action plan.
On 5 January 1995, as secretary of interior, Esteban Moctezuma began a series of secret meetings with Subcomandante Marcos, called "Steps Toward Peace", that took place in the village of Guadalupe Tepeyac, belonging to the municipality of Pantelhó, Chiapas. Important specific agreements were reached to which both parties agreed: that the army withdraw from certain points, such as San Andrés Larráinzar, and that Marcos make a concession that a group of citizens be involved in a formal negotiation to start a couple of weeks later. Because of the fast progress of the negotiations in the "Steps Toward Peace", and with the possibility of an agreement looking very close, Marcos wrote: "I am being threatened with unemployment."

## Secretary of Public Education

Esteban Moctezuma became secretary of public education under President Andrés Manuel López Obrador in 2018. As secretary, he supported the reversal of the controversial educational reform instituted by President Enrique Peña Nieto in 2013, instituted a "neutral uniform" that allows girls to wear pants to school, and sponsored the publication of a free geography textbook. During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico, Moctezuma oversaw the institution of distance learning.
In an October 2020 appearance before the Senate of the Republic, Moctezuma Barragán said that a SEP survey had increased confidence in public education from 5.8 on a scale of 0–10 in January 2019 to 7.7 in August 2020. He testified that the distance learning program Aprende en casa I had achieved its goals, in that pupil exam results for high school were as good in 2020 as in previous years, despite three months of home education. He pointed out that distance learning involved a combination of online classes and televised classes, in that 94% of Mexican households have a television. Broadcasts are made in Spanish and twenty-two indigenous languages, and the SEP distributed 700,000 notebooks and other school supplies. The SEP provided training for online classes for 1,200,000 teachers and parents and provided email accounts to 19,500,000 students. Televised classes of Aprende en casa II for the 2020–2021 school year reach 30.4 million users with another 1.2 million pupils who have classes via radio.
Moctezuma also announced that 140 campuses of Universidades para el Bienestar (Universities for Well-Being) offer 36 different majors and serve 32,000 students.

## Personal life

Esteban Moctezuma is the son of architect Pedro Moctezuma Díaz Infante and María Teresa Barragán Álvarez. He is married to Cecilia Barbara Morfín. Esteban Moctezuma received a bachelor's degree in economics from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and a master's degree in economic policy from Cambridge University (United Kingdom).
Esteban Moctezuma joined TV Azteca in 2002 and currently serves as chief executive officer of Fundación Azteca of the Grupo Salinas. and is a columnist for El Universal and El Economista.
He is a direct descendant of Moctezuma II, 9th Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan, 6th Emperor of the Mexica, 9th Emperor of the Aztec Empire.

## Sources

* ↑ Thomas Legler, "Ernesto Zedillo" in Encyclopedia of Mexico. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 1642
* ↑ Rodriguez Garcia, Arturo (16 December 2020). "AMLO nombra a Moctezuma Barragán como embajador de México en EU". Proceso (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 December 2020.
* ↑ "Zedillo rompió acuerdo de paz con el EZLN»". Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
* ↑ "Renuncia en Gobernación". Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
* ↑ "¿Quién es Esteban Moctezuma? El nuevo embajador de México en EU". milenio.com (in Spanish). Milenio Digital. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
* 1 2 González, Lourdes (16 October 2020). "Esteban Moctezuma Barragán: comparecencia, retos y desafíos". Educación Futura (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 December 2020.
* ↑ "Fundación Azteca".
* ↑ "Esteban Moctezuma Barragán".
* ↑ "Opinión y Análisis Esteban Moctezuma Barragán". Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
* ↑ "Mexique: les descendants de Moctezuma II se battent pour des indémnités et leur honneur". France 24 (in French). 13 August 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
* Diccionario biográfico del gobierno mexicano, Ed. Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 1992.