# Digital detox

A digital detox is a deliberate break from digital devices to mitigate screen overuse and promote offline activities. Emerging in response to increasing technology use, the practice addresses concerns about screen addiction’s impact on health and mental well-being. Detox approaches range from setting limits on device usage to complete abstinence, sometimes supported by dedicated retreats or travel packages. Though digital detoxes have shown positive effects on focus, relationships, and overall well-being, they may also raise social pressures and fear of missing out (FOMO).

## Background
### Definition

A digital detox is a period of time when a person voluntarily refrains from using digital devices such as smartphones, computers, and social media platforms. It encourages awareness of technology use and is aimed at mitigating digital dependency and promoting offline engagement. Subsets of a digital detox include varying levels of decreased electronic use, messaging, social media, and applications.

### History

Since 2015, discussion and research on the implications of a digital detox have increased. The areas of research can be broken into five main categories: communication, education, tourism, well-being and health, and work environments. The increase in technological advancements has led to a growing demand for research on digital detoxes. The use of video conferencing during COVID-19 has increased the stress-related depletion of physiological resources, leading to negative effects on health.
Celebrities and influencers have promoted the concept of a digital detox. Ed Sheeran and Kendall Jenner have undergone a social media detox and influenced others to do one as well. Comedian Ari Shaffir gained attention for refusing to use a smartphone after concerns about spending too much time on it, especially on social media.

## Motivations

A digital detox aims to counteract the negative impacts of excessive screen and technology use, which can lead to both physical and mental health issues.

### Physical effects

Physical effects of technology addiction include illness caused by germs on a phone, eye strain, wrist strain, and neck problems. Neck problems, sometimes called ‘tech neck’, result from leaning the head forward for extended periods to look at a phone. This can lead to chronic pain and deformities such as hunchback. Neck and back pain from excessive phone use can also lead to extreme migraines.
The brain, especially grey matter and the cerebral cortex is also impacted by screen time. Adults with a diagnosed smartphone addiction have lower gray matter volume and a thinner cerebral cortex compared to those of adults without smartphone addictions. Gray matter is responsible for movement, memory, and emotions. The cerebral cortex is responsible for memory, decision-making, and problem-solving.
Sleep habits are also impacted by smartphone use, as blue light from screens can disrupt sleep patterns through the suppression of the hormone melatonin. This hormone imbalance from diminished melatonin disrupts the REM sleep cycle which is essential for storing memories in the brain.

### Mental health and behavioral changes

Technology reprograms people to feel more anxious when they are not in its presence. Additionally, having a phone close to a person’s face can trigger a fight or flight response, setting an anxious tone for the day. Screen time’s effect on mental health can also be demonstrated through a positive correlation between depression and screen time. Screen time, specifically in the form of social media, has been found to harm self-esteem.
Screen addiction shares some characteristics with other addictions including alcohol dependence and gambling. Reward-style games, such as some downloadable on smartphones, have been found to lead to obsessive behaviors. Additionally, screen addiction can affect children's ability to learn and focus.

## Process

The process of a digital detox can vary widely depending on an individual’s goals, motivations, and lifestyle. Methods include deleting media platforms, muting notifications, and abstaining entirely from digital media. There are three different variables in a digital detox: time frame, the extent of intervention, and the amount of outside assistance. Generally, digital detoxification can be split into two categories: moderate and complete.

### Moderate detox

A moderate digital detox involves limiting device and social media usage. Common executions in a moderate detox center on setting boundaries. Examples of boundaries include limiting social media usage to specific times of day or implementing screen-free periods, especially in the morning or evening. One way of curbing overuse of digital devices is to allocate some of the uses of a smartphone to non-digital means. In 2019 Google announced a "paper phone" which can contain daily agendas, directions, and other uses so that people rely less on their smartphone. Another key element of a moderate detox is controlling the frequency of notifications and alerts. This can alleviate the temptation to check devices continuously throughout the day.

### Complete detox

A complete detox is an absolute break from digital devices for a set period. This form of detox can be conducted for various periods, the most common ranging between a week and a month. During a complete detox, individuals delete or log out of all social media and messaging apps. Many disable their devices entirely. Some individuals implement this form of detox during a vacation or a period when there are no work or social obligations that would require their online presence. The tourism industry has found a niche market for 'digital detox travel packages' where tourists are disconnected from their Information and communications technology by traveling to remote areas. A study from University of Nottingham Ningbo China found that the biggest motivators for embarking on a digital detox holiday include mindfulness, technostress, relaxation, and self-expression. Digital detox retreats increase accountability among individuals and prevent the temptation to check devices or engage in habitual online activities.

## Impact
### Relationships

Digital detoxes have been found to have a positive impact on relationships from a refocus on offline social interactions. People can build stronger social bonds when they do not check their phones as frequently. Despite this positive impact, studies have found negative effects of digital detoxes on social relationships and interactions. Digital detoxes have also been shown to cause a higher social pressure on participants during social media abstinence compared to pre-intervention social pressure measurements. Furthermore, some research indicates that digital detoxes can result in the fear of missing out (FOMO) on social activities.

### Health

Digital detoxes have been found to have positive effects on physical health, such as reducing eye strain, dry eyes, and blurry vision. Additionally, a digital detox can address neck pain caused by being in a hunched position from looking at a phone. Furthermore, detoxing has been shown to improve time perception in participants.
Digital detoxes have also been found to have a positive impact on mental health. Studies have found that digital detoxes can reduce stress and anxiety caused by the overuse of technology, along with reducing depressive symptoms. Researchers have also found that detoxes can improve feelings of well-being. Overall happiness and life satisfaction were also found to increase with reduced daily social media use.

## Social media detoxification

A subset of digital detox is social media detox, which is a period of time when individuals voluntarily stay away from social media. In academic research, social media detoxification is commonly referred to as the "non-use of social media", and falls under the umbrella of "Digital Detox", with a focus specifically on unplugging from social media.
A 2019 Pew Research Center study found that 69% of adults in the United States used Facebook, 73% used YouTube, and 37% used Instagram. A 2012 study found that around 60% of Facebook users have made a conscious effort to voluntarily take a break from Facebook for a time period of several weeks or more. This has been referred to as "media refusal", with non-users known as "social media rejectors" who once used social media but have now voluntarily given it up for various reasons.

## Supporting arguments and technology

In the 2010s, technology and social media became an integral aspect of everyday life, and thus the decision to refrain from using technology or social media has become a conscious lifestyle choice reflecting the desire for selective and reversible disconnection. Undoubtedly, in the digital age, social media plays a vital role in building social capital, maintaining connections, and managing impressions. Scholars have argued for the importance of maintaining a certain level of distraction that social media can provide for a balanced state of body and mind, and some scholars have even debated that social media is necessary and should not be completely cut out. That being said, many scholars believe that the moderation of social media is essential, primarily due to social media platforms' goal of encouraging constant use with likes, notifications, and infinite scrolling. Furthermore, to lessen the effects of these addictive features social media platforms such as Instagram have begun to explore alternative methods, such as making likes on a user's post invisible to the user, to shift the focus away from constant notifications and likes.
Some companies have even launched movements against technology addiction. For example, in October 2019, Google and Special Projects (an award-winning design and invention studio based in London) released Paper Phone, a Google product consisting of a printed piece of paper folded into eighths that contains relevant information to your day much like a daily planner. The motive behind the project was to provide the utility of a smartphone in a simplistic and less dynamic delivery. Moreover, other projects have focused on building second phones with less functionality, or putting human nature and design above technology. Some critics disagree with Google's approach to the digital detox phenomenon, however, and instead argue that harmony between technology use and well-being can be achieved. Additionally, these critics suggest that the best way to digitally detox is to be mindful of the amount of time that is being spent on a digital device.