# Somali phonology

This article describes the phonology of the Somali language.

## Consonants

Common Somali has 23 consonant phonemes. Its consonants cover every place of articulation on the IPA chart, though not all of these distinctions are phonemic.
Somali consonant phonemes :
| | | Bilabial | Coronal | Post- alveolar | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn- geal | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | | | | | |
| Plosive | voiceless | | t̪ ⟨t⟩ | | k ⟨k⟩ | q ⟨q⟩ | | ʔ ⟨'⟩ |
| Plosive | voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | d̪ ⟨d⟩ | ɖ ⟨dh⟩ | ɡ ⟨g⟩ | | | |
| Affricate | Affricate | | | d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ | | | | |
| Fricative | voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨sh⟩ | x ⟨kh⟩ | χ ⟨kh⟩ | ħ ⟨x⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ |
| Fricative | voiced | | z ⟨s/z⟩* | | | | ʕ ⟨c⟩ | |
| Trill | Trill | | r ⟨r⟩ | ɽ ⟨dh⟩ | | | | |
| Approximant | Approximant | | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | w ⟨w⟩ | | | |
/b/ is often realized as [β̞] when in a stressed intervocalic position. As in “toban” [toβ̞an], 'ten'.
/d/ is often realized as [ð] when in a stressed intervocalic position. As in “madow” [maðow], 'black'.
/ɖ/ is a voiced retroflex stop. Some phoneticians say that it has an implosive quality for some speakers. It is sometimes realized as a flap [ɾ] between vowels.
Somali does not possess the phoneme /z/, but when it comes from Arabic, the phone is retained in loanwords, as in (Arabic pronunciation:) and (Arabic pronunciation:).
The voiceless stops /t/ and /k/ are always aspirated.
/ʕ/, the voiced pharyngeal fricative, may have creaky voice.
/r/ is often pronounced with breathy voice and may be partially devoiced. Between vowels, it may be a single tap.
/q/ can, in some dialects, be realized as [x].
/q/ is sometimes epiglottalized.
/ʍ/ is often realized as [ʍᶹ] in the Somali alluvial-plain dialects. /ʍ/ is realized as [w] in word-final positions like qaboow.

## Vowels

Somali has five basic vowels, and each of them can be short or long; the latter are represented orthographically as double vowels.
Vowels :
| | Front | Central | Back |
| High | i ⟨i⟩ iː ⟨ii⟩ | | u ⟨u⟩ uː ⟨uu⟩ |
| Mid | e ⟨e⟩ eː ⟨ee⟩ | | o ⟨o⟩ oː ⟨oo⟩ |
| Low | | a ⟨a⟩ aː ⟨aa⟩ | |

## Tone

Lexical prominence in Somali can be classified under a pitch accent system, in which there is one high-tone mora per word.
The tone system distinguishes both grammatical and lexical differences. Differences include numbers singular and plural (a grammatical distinction), and masculine and feminine genders (a grammatical and sometimes also lexical distinction). One example is inán ('girl') versus ínan ('boy'). This reflects a tonal pattern that codes grammatical gender, such as dameér ('female donkey') versus daméer ('male donkey').
The question of the tone system in Somali has been debated for decades. The modern consensus is as follows.
In Somali, the tone-bearing unit is the mora rather than the vowel of the syllable. A long vowel or a diphthong consists of two morae and can bear two tones. Each mora is defined as being of high or low tone. Only one high tone occurs per word and this must be on the final or penultimate mora. Particles do not have a high tone. (These include prepositions, clitic pronouns for subject and object, impersonal subject pronouns and focus markers.) There are therefore three possible "accentual patterns" in word roots.
Phonetically there are three tones on long vowels: high, low and falling:
* On a long vowel or diphthong, a sequence of high-low is realised as a falling tone.
* On a long vowel or diphthong, a sequence of low-high is realised as high-high. (Occasionally, it is a rising tone.)
This use of tone may be characterized as pitch accent. It is similar to that in Oromo.
Stress is connected with tone. The high tone has strong stress; the falling tone has less stress and the low tone has no stress.
When needed, the conventions for marking tone on written Somali are as follows:
* acute accent - high tone
* grave accent - low tone
* circumflex - falling tone
Tones on long vowels are marked on the first vowel symbol.

## Phonotactics

The syllable structure of Somali is (C)V(C).
Root morphemes usually have a mono- or di-syllabic structure.
Clusters of two consonants do not occur word-initially or word-finally, i.e., they only occur at syllable boundaries. The following consonants can be geminate: /b/, /d/, /ɖ/, /ɡ/, /ɢ/, /m/, /n/, /r/ and /l/. The following cannot be geminate: /t/, /k/ and the fricatives.
Two vowels cannot occur together at syllable boundaries. Epenthetic consonants, e.g. [j] and [ʔ], are therefore inserted.

## Phonological processes
### Allophones

* The voiced stops (/b/, /d/, /ɡ/ and /ɖ/) are devoiced in word-initial and word-final position. Between two vowels they become fricatives.
* The voiceless stops /t/ and /k/ are realised as [d] and [ɡ] in syllable-final position.
* /m/ is realised as [n] in syllable-final position.
* Between vowels, /h/ is usually voiced to [ɦ].
* All vowels are nasalised before or after a nasal consonant.

### Epenthesis

When a vowel occurs in word-initial position, a glottal stop ([ʔ]) is inserted before it.

### Sandhi

Phonological changes occur at morpheme boundaries (sandhi) for specific grammatical morphemes. There may be assimilation or elision. One unusual change which can occur is /lt/ to [ʃ] (compare Spanish mucho from Latin multus).
Coalescence also occurs. This is a kind of external sandhi in which words join, undergoing phonological processes such as elision. In Somali it is sometimes obligatory and sometimes it is dependent on the speech style.

### Vowel harmony

Roots have front-back vowel harmony. There is also a process of vowel harmony in strings longer than a word, known as "harmonic groups".

## Prosody

Intonation (as opposed to tone, see above) does not carry grammatical information, although it may convey the speaker's attitude or emotion.