# Harbin Z-9

The Harbin Z-9 (NATO reporting name "Haitun", Chinese: 海豚; lit. 'Dolphin') is a Chinese military utility helicopter with armed variants, manufactured by Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation. It is a license-built variant of the French Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin.

## Design and development

The first Z-9 flew in 1981, and was built in China from components supplied by Aérospatiale as part of a production patent bought on 15 October 1980. On 16 January 1992, the indigenous variant Z-9B, constructed with 70% Chinese-made parts, flew successfully. The flight test was completed in November 1992 and the design was finalized a month later. Z-9B production began in 1993 and entered PLA service in 1994.
The Z-9B features an 11-blade Fenestron faired-in tail rotor with wider-chord, all-composite blades replacing the 13-blade used in the original AS365N. As a light tactical troop transport, the Z-9 has the capacity to transport 10 fully armed soldiers. Generally the Z-9 is identical to the AS365N Dauphin, though later variants of the Z-9 incorporate more composite materials to increase structural strength and lower radar signature.
The helicopter has a four-blade main rotor, with two turboshaft engines mounted side by side on top of the cabin with engine layout identical to the AS365N. The Z-9 teardrop-shaped body features a tapered boom to the tail fin, with rounded nose and stepped-up cockpit, retractable gear, and all flat bottom.
In 2002, Harbin obtained Chinese certification for the new H410A variant of the Z-9, which features more powerful Turbomeca Arriel 2C turboshaft engines; Eurocopter issued official objections to Harbin's decision to continue production in spite of the license-production agreement having expired, leading to a period of highly sensitive international negotiations to resolve the dispute.

## Variants

An armed variant has been fielded by the PLA since the early 1990s as the Z-9W, with pylons fitted for anti-tank missiles. These helicopters lack the maneuverability and survivability of a proper attack helicopter, and merely provide a stopgap during the development of the Z-10. The latest armed version, the Z-9W, was introduced in 2005 and has night attack capabilities, with an under-nose low-light TV and infra-red observing and tracking unit.
The naval version introduced in the 1990s is known as the Z-9C. As well as SAR and ASW duties, the Z-9C can be fitted with an X-band KLC-1 surface search radar to detect surface targets beyond the range of shipborne radar systems.

### Z-9

    License-produced variant of the French AS.365N1.

### Z-9A

    Kit-built variant of the AS.365N2.

### Z-9A-100

    Prototypes for domestic market versions with WZ8A engines. First flight 16 January 1992, approved 30 December 1992.

### Z-9B

    Production version based on Z-9A-100. Multi-role.

### Z-9C

    License-produced variant of the Eurocopter AS.565 Panther for the PLA Naval Air Force.

### Z-9EC

    ASW variant produced for the Pakistan Naval Air Arm. Configured with pulse-compression radar, low frequency dipping sonar, radar warning receiver and doppler navigation system, it is also armed with torpedoes for use aboard Pakistan Navy's Zulfiquar-class frigates.

### Z-9G

    Export version of the WZ-9 gunship.

### Z-9EH

    Transport, emergency and/or passenger variant.

### Z-9W

    Also known as WZ-9. Armed version with optional pylon-mounted armament, gyro stabilization and roof-mounted optical sight. Export designation Z-9G, roof-mounted sight optional. First flown in 1987, with the first weapons tests in 1989.

### Z-9WA

    A newer night-capable version has been built with nose-mounted FLIR. July 2011, Xinhua News Agency released a photo of Z-9WA firing AKD10 air-to-ground missile. Incorporates a domestic Chinese helmet mounted sight that is compatible with anti-tank missiles such as HJ-8 /9/ 10, as well as light anti-ship missiles such as C-701/703 and TL-1/ 10 when they are used as air-to-surface missiles, air-to-air missiles such as TY-90 and other MANPAD missiles for self-defense.

### Z-9Z

    Prototype reconnaissance version.

### H410A

    Version with 635 kW WZ8C turbo-shaft engines. First flight September 2001, CAAC certification 10 July 2002. One is currently being fitted with a new Mast-Mounted Sighting (MMS) system.

### H425

    Newest VIP version of the H410A.

### H450

    Projected development.

### Z-19

    Attack helicopter development with tandem seats. The Z-19 shares the same powerplant as the Z-9WA.

## Operators
### Bolivia

* Bolivian Army

### Cambodia

* Cambodian Air Force
* Cambodian Gendarmerie

### Cameroon

* Cameroon Air Force

### China

* People's Liberation Army Air Force
* People's Liberation Army Ground Air Force
* People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force
** Type 052D destroyer
** Type 053 frigate, Type 053H3 frigate, Type 054 frigate, Type 054A frigate (Z-9C)
** Type 056 corvette (Z-9C)
* People's Armed Police

### Djibouti

* Djiboutian Air Force

### Equatorial Guinea

* Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea

### Ghana

* Ghana Air Force

### Kenya

* Kenya Defence Forces

### Laos

* Laotian Air Force

### Mali

* Mali Air Force

### Mauritania

* Mauritanian Air Force

### Myanmar

* State Administration Council

### Namibia

* Namibian Air Force

### Pakistan

* Pakistan Naval Air Arm

### Zambia

* Zambian Air Force

## Specifications (Z-9B)

Data from
General characteristics
* Crew: 1 or 2 pilots
* Capacity: 10 passengers or 1,900 kg (4,189 lb) payload internal, 1,600 kg (3,527 lb) payload slung
* Length: 12.11 m (39 ft 9 in)
* Height: 4.01 m (13 ft 2 in)
* Empty weight: 2,050 kg (4,519 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 4,100 kg (9,039 lb)
* Powerplant: 2 × Zhuzhou Aeroengine Factory WZ-8A turboshaft, 632 kW (848 hp) each
* Main rotor diameter: 11.94 m (39 ft 2 in)
* Main rotor area: 111.98 m$^2$ (1,205.3 sq ft) swept area
Performance
* Maximum speed: 305 km/h (190 mph, 165 kn)
* Cruise speed: 260 km/h (160 mph, 140 kn)
* Ferry range: 1,000 km (620 mi, 540 nmi) with internal auxiliary tank
* Endurance: 5 hours
* Service ceiling: 4,500 m (14,800 ft) Hovering ceiling in ground effect: 2,600 m (8,530 ft) Hovering ceiling out of ground effect: 1,600 m (5,249 ft)
Armament
* Guns: two fixed 23 mm Type 23-2 (AM-23) cannon on attack variants.
* Hardpoints: Pylons for rockets, gun pods, ET52 torpedo, HJ-8 anti-tank missiles, or TY-90 air-to-air missiles.