# Press brake

A press brake is a type of brake, a machine used for bending sheet metal and metal plate. It forms predetermined bends by clamping the workpiece between a matching top tool and bottom die.
Typically, two C-frames form the sides of the press brake, connected to a table at the bottom and on a movable beam at the top. The bottom tool is mounted on the table, with the top tool mounted on the upper beam.

## Types

A brake can be described by basic parameters, such as the force or tonnage and the working length. Additional parameters include the stroke length, the distance between the frame uprights or side housings, distance to the back gauge, and work height. The upper beam usually operates at a speed ranging from 1 to 15 mm/s (in working mode) and up to 200 mm/s (depends on the type) in idle mode (approach and return).
There are several types of press brakes including nut-stop hydraulic, synchro hydraulic, electric and hybrid.
Hydraulic presses operate by means of two synchronized hydraulic cylinders on the C-frames moving the upper beam. Servo-electric brakes use a servo-motor to drive a ballscrew or belt drive to exert tonnage on the ram.
Historically, a mechanical press entailed with energy that was added to a flywheel with an electric motor. A clutch engages the flywheel to power a crank mechanism that moves the ram vertically. Accuracy and speed are two advantages of the mechanical press.
Until the 1950s, mechanical brakes dominated the world market. The advent of better hydraulics and computer controls have led to hydraulic machines being the most popular.
Today's press brakes are controlled by two types of controls, NC (Numeric Controlled) or CNC (Computer Numeric Controlled). NC is a basic controller where the CNC is the high-end controller. Although the initial outlay might be more than with an NC , a CNC controller can be more effective, keeping cost down in the long run.
Pneumatic and servo-electric machines are typically used in lower tonnage applications. Hydraulic brakes produce accurate, high-quality products; are reliable; use little energy; and are safer because, unlike flywheel-driven presses, the motion of the ram can be easily stopped at any time in response to a safety device, e.g. a light curtain or other presence sensing device.

## Back gauge

Recent improvements are mainly in the control and a device called a back gauge. A back gauge is a device that can be used to accurately position a piece of metal so that the brake puts the bend in the correct place. Furthermore, the back gauge can be programmed to move between bends to repeatedly make complex parts. The animation to the right shows the operation of the back gauge, setting the distance from the edge of the material or previous bend to the center of the die.
Press brakes often include multi-axis computer-controlled back gauges. They allow operators to position material correctly and sequence the bends step-by-step until completed. Optical sensors allow operators to make adjustments during the bending process. These sensors send real-time data about the bending angle in the bend cycle to machine controls that adjust process parameters.

## Dies

Press brakes can be used for many different forming jobs with the right die design. Types of dies include:
* V-dies—the most common type of die. The bottom dies can be made with different-sized die openings to handle a variety of materials and bend angles.
* Air bending—V-dies can be produced in a variety of angles to suit the sheet metal bend angle required, but more often dies with a smaller than necessary V angle are used, the actual sheet metal bend angle being determined by how closely the upper and lower dies are brought together. In the animation above, ~30 degree dies are being used to produce 90 degree bends. The air gap which remains between the lower die and the sheet metal after the bend is completed is the reason for the term "air bending".
* Rotary bending dies—a cylindrical shape with an 88-degree V-notch cut along its axis is seated in the "saddle" of the punch. The die is an anvil over which the rocker bends the sheet.
* 90 degree dies—largely used for bottoming operations. The die opening dimension depends on material thickness.
* Acute angle (air-bending) dies—used in air bending, these can actually be used to produce acute, 90 degree, and obtuse angles by varying how deeply the punch enters the die by adjusting the ram.
* Gooseneck (return-flanging) dies—The punch is designed to allow for clearance of already formed flanges
* Offset dies—a combination punch and die set that bends two angles in one stroke to produce a Z shape.
* Hemming dies—two-stage dies combining an acute angle die with a flattening tool.
* Seaming dies—There are a number of ways to build dies to produce seams in sheets and tubes.
* Radius dies—A radiussed bend can be produced by a rounded punch. The bottom die may be a V-die or may include a spring pad or rubber pad to form the bottom of the die.
* Beading dies—A bead or a "stopped rib" may be a feature that stiffens the resulting part. The punch has a rounded head with flat shoulders on each side of the bead. The bottom die is the inverse of the punch.
* Curling dies—The die forms a curled or coiled edge on the sheet.
* Tube- and pipe-forming dies—a first operation bends the edges of the sheet to make the piece roll up. Then a die similar to a curling die causes the tube to be formed. Larger tubes are formed over a mandrel.
* Four-way die blocks—A single die block may have a V machined into each of four sides for ease of changeover of small jobs.
* Channel-forming dies—A punch can be pressed into a die to form two angles at the bottom of the sheet, forming an angular channel.
* U-bend dies—Similar to channel forming, but with a rounded bottom. Spring back may be a problem and a means may need to be provided for countering it.
* Box-forming dies—While a box may be formed by simple angle bends on each side, the different side lengths of a rectangular box must be accommodated by building the punch in sections. The punch also needs to be high enough to accommodate the height of the resulting box's sides.
* Corrugating dies—Such dies have a wavy surface and may involve spring-loaded punch elements.
* Multiple-bend dies—A die set may be built in the shape of the desired profile and form several bends on a single stroke of the press.
* Rocker-type dies—A rocker insert in the punch may allow for some side-to-side motion, in addition to the up-and-down motion of the press.