# Diego Ramírez Islands

The Diego Ramírez Islands (Spanish: Islas Diego Ramírez) are a small group of Chilean subantarctic islands located at the southernmost extreme of South America.

## History

The islands were sighted on 12 February 1619 by the Spanish Garcia de Nodal expedition, and named after the cosmographer of the expedition, Diego Ramírez de Arellano. They were cited as the southernmost land mass plotted as of that time, and retained the distinction for 156 years, until the discovery of the South Sandwich Islands in 1775.
In 1892, the Chilean government rented the islands to Pedro Pablo Benavides for fishing and on condition that a lighthouse, a port, and a school would be built. Later the rent was transferred to Koenigswerther and Pasinowich.
The Chilean Navy established a meteorological station above Caleta Condell, a small cove on the northeastern side of Isla Gonzalo (Gonzalo Island), in 1957, and resupplies it several times each year. This is the southernmost inhabited outpost outside Antarctica. The next most southerly inhabited outpost is the lighthouse of Cape Horn. Cruise ships occasionally pass by on their way to and from Antarctica.

## Geography

The islands lie about 105 km (65 mi) west-southwest of Cape Horn and 93 km (58 mi) south-southeast of Ildefonso Islands, stretching 8 km (5 mi) north-south. They are divided into a smaller northern group with six islets, and a larger southern group, separated by a passage 3 km (1.9 mi) wide. The two largest islands, Isla Bartolomé and Isla Gonzalo, both lie in the southern group. Águila Islet (Islote Águila), the southernmost land of the group, is at latitude and longitude coordinates 56°32'9"S. They lie about 350 km north of Sars Bank, a seamount that once may have been an island.
* View of the Diego Ramirez Islands
* The Chilean station on Isla Gonzalo, with the beacon visible at highest point of the island

### Islands

Area data are from the USGS unless otherwise specified.
| Island | Area (ha) | Group |
| Isla Bartolomé | 119.4 | southern |
| Isla Gonzalo | 39.6 | southern |
| Islote Santander | 2.9 | southern |
| Águila Islet | 2.4 | southern |
| Islotes Torres | 2.4 | southern |
| Islote Nahuel | 2.0 | southern |
| Isla Norte | 8.2 | northern |
| Islote Mendoza | 5.4 | northern |
| Rocas Norte | 3.4 | northern |
| Islote Martinez | 2.3 | northern |
| Islotes Panailillo | 0.9 | northern |
| Islote Cabezas | 0.7 | northern |

## Climate

The islands have a tundra climate (ET) with abundant precipitation. Temperatures remain chilly to cool throughout the entire year.
Climate data for Diego Ramírez Islands (Isla Gonzalo) 42 m asl (1981–2010 normals) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) | 19.4 (66.9) | 21.3 (70.3) | 19.3 (66.7) | 13.0 (55.4) | 15.5 (59.9) | 14.0 (57.2) | 13.0 (55.4) | 14.0 (57.2) | 14.0 (57.2) | 16.0 (60.8) | 19.6 (67.3) | 21.3 (70.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.5 (49.1) | 9.8 (49.6) | 9.2 (48.6) | 8.0 (46.4) | 6.6 (43.9) | 5.5 (41.9) | 5.3 (41.5) | 5.4 (41.7) | 6.1 (43.0) | 6.7 (44.1) | 7.6 (45.7) | 8.7 (47.7) | 7.4 (45.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) | 7.9 (46.2) | 7.2 (45.0) | 6.1 (43.0) | 4.8 (40.6) | 3.7 (38.7) | 3.5 (38.3) | 3.5 (38.3) | 4.1 (39.4) | 4.8 (40.6) | 5.7 (42.3) | 6.7 (44.1) | 5.5 (41.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) | 5.9 (42.6) | 5.1 (41.2) | 4.2 (39.6) | 2.9 (37.2) | 1.9 (35.4) | 1.6 (34.9) | 1.5 (34.7) | 2.1 (35.8) | 2.9 (37.2) | 3.6 (38.5) | 4.7 (40.5) | 3.5 (38.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −3.0 (26.6) | −2.0 (28.4) | −3.0 (26.6) | −4.2 (24.4) | −5.0 (23.0) | −8.0 (17.6) | −7.0 (19.4) | −9.0 (15.8) | −6.8 (19.8) | −4.0 (24.8) | −3.4 (25.9) | −3.8 (25.2) | −9.0 (15.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 136.8 (5.39) | 96.4 (3.80) | 111.0 (4.37) | 122.9 (4.84) | 114.1 (4.49) | 90.6 (3.57) | 89.4 (3.52) | 93.6 (3.69) | 76.6 (3.02) | 114.2 (4.50) | 114.5 (4.51) | 102.0 (4.02) | 1,262.1 (49.72) |
| Average precipitation days | 21.30 | 17.68 | 18.92 | 17.50 | 16.29 | 15.71 | 17.41 | 17.96 | 15.76 | 19.01 | 20.41 | 18.84 | 216.79 |
| Source 1: Météo climat stats ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Météo Climat ||||||||||||||

## Environment
### Important Bird Area

The islands have been designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International for their significant seabird breeding populations. These include colonies of macaroni and southern rockhopper penguins, grey-headed and black-browed albatrosses, and blue petrels.
In 2022, Ricardo Rozzi et al. identified the subantarctic rayadito (Aphrastura subantarctica) as a new bird species endemic to the Diego Ramírez Islands. Subantarctic rayadito individuals had been formerly identified as belonging to the species Aphrastura spinicauda (thorn-tailed rayadito).