# Éléments de mathématique

Éléments de mathématique (English: Elements of Mathematics) is a series of mathematics books written by the pseudonymous French collective Nicolas Bourbaki. Begun in 1939, the series has been published in several volumes, and remains in progress. The series is noted as a large-scale, self-contained, formal treatment of mathematics.
The members of the Bourbaki group originally intended the work as a textbook on analysis, with the working title Traité d'analyse (Treatise on Analysis). While planning the structure of the work they became more ambitious, expanding its scope to cover several branches of modern mathematics. Once the plan of the work was expanded to treat other fields in depth, the title Éléments de mathématique was adopted. Topics treated in the series include set theory, abstract algebra, topology, analysis, Lie groups and Lie algebras.
The unusual singular "mathématique" (mathematic) of the title is deliberate, meant to convey the authors' belief in the unity of mathematics. A companion volume, Éléments d'histoire des mathématiques (Elements of the History of Mathematics), collects and reproduces several of the historical notes that previously appeared in the work.

## History

In late 1934, a group of mathematicians including André Weil resolved to collectively write a textbook on mathematical analysis. They intended their work as a modern replacement for Édouard Goursat's Course in Mathematical Analysis (1902) —and also to fill a void in instructional material caused by the death of a generation of mathematics students in World War I. The group adopted the collective pseudonym Nicolas Bourbaki, after the French general Charles-Denis Bourbaki. During the late 1930s and early 1940s, the Bourbaki group expanded the plan of their work beyond analysis, and began publishing texts under the title Éléments de mathématique.
Volumes of the Éléments have appeared periodically since the publication of the first Fascicule ("Installment") in 1939 by Éditions Hermann, with several being published during the 1950s and 1960s, Bourbaki's most productive period and time of greatest influence. Several years have sometimes passed before the publication of a new volume, and various factors have contributed to a slow pace of publication. The group's working style is slow and rigorous, and a final product is not deemed acceptable unless it is unanimously approved by the group. Further, World War II interrupted Bourbaki's activities during its early years. In the 1970s a legal dispute arose with Hermann, the group's original publisher, concerning copyright and royalty payments. The Bourbaki group won the involved lawsuit, retaining copyright over the work authored under the pseudonym, but at a price: the legal battle had dominated the group's attention during the 1970s, preventing them from doing productive mathematical work under the Bourbaki name. Following the lawsuit and during the 1980s, publication of new volumes was resumed via Éditions Masson. From the 1980s through the 2000s Bourbaki published very infrequently, with the result that in 1998 Le Monde pronounced the collective "dead". However, in 2012 Bourbaki resumed publication of the Éléments with a revised and expanded edition of the eighth chapter of Algebra, the first of new books on algebraic topology (covering also material that had originally been planned as the eleventh chapter of the group's book on general topology) and the two volumes of significantly expanded book on spectral theory. Furthermore, two entirely new books (on category theory and modular forms) are stated to be under preparation.
Springer Verlag became Bourbaki's current publisher during the 21st century, reprinting the Éléments while also publishing new volumes. Some early versions of the Éléments can be viewed at an online archive, and the mathematical historian Liliane Beaulieu has documented the sequence of publication.
The Éléments have had a complex publication history. From the 1940s through the 1960s, Bourbaki published the Éléments in booklet form as small installments of individual chapters, known in the French as fascicules. Despite having settled on a logical sequence for the work (see below), Bourbaki did not publish the Éléments in the order of its logical structure. Rather, the group planned the arc of the work in broad strokes and published disparate chapters wherever they could agree on a final product, with the understanding that (logically) later chapters published (chronologically) first would ultimately have to be grounded in the later publication of logically earlier chapters. The first installment of the Éléments to be published was the Summary of Results for the Theory of Sets in 1939; the first proper chapter of content on set theory—with proofs and theorems—did not appear until 1954. Independently of the work's logical structure, the early fascicules were assigned chronological numberings by the publisher Hermann for historical reference. Gradually, the small fascicules were collected and reprinted in larger volumes, forming the basis of the modern edition of the work.
The large majority of the Éléments has been translated into an English edition, although this translation is incomplete. Currently the complete French edition of the work consists of 12 books printed in 29 volumes, with 73 chapters. The English edition completely reproduces seven books and partially reproduces two, with three unavailable; it comprises 14 volumes, reproducing 58 of the original's 73 chapters. However, the English General Topology is not based on latest revised French edition (of 1971 and 1974) and misses some material added there (for example on quaternions and rotation groups in Chapter VIII).

## Structure

Éléments de mathématique is divided into books, volumes, and chapters. A book refers to a broad area of investigation or branch of mathematics (Algebra, Integration); a given book is sometimes published in multiple volumes (physical books) or else in a single volume. The work is further subdivided into chapters with some volumes consisting of a single chapter.
Typically of mathematics textbooks, the Éléments' chapters present definitions, mathematical notation, proofs of theorems and exercises, forming the core mathematical content of the work. The chapters are supplemented by historical notes and summaries of results. The former usually appear after a given chapter to contextualize the development of its topics, and the latter are occasionally used sections in which a book's major results are collected and stated without proof. Eléments d'histoire des mathématiques is a compilation volume of several of the historical note sections previously published in the Éléments proper, through the book on Lie groups and Lie algebras.
When Bourbaki's founders originally planned the Treatise on Analysis, they conceived of an introductory and foundational section of the text, which would describe all prerequisite concepts from scratch. This proposed area of the text was referred to as the "Abstract Packet" (Paquet Abstrait). During the early planning stages the founders greatly expanded the scope of the abstract packet, with the result that it would require several volumes for its expression rather than a section or chapter in a single volume. This portion of the Éléments was gradually realized as its first three books, dealing with set theory, abstract algebra, and general topology.
Today, the Éléments divide into two parts. Bourbaki structured the first part of the work into six sequentially numbered books: I. Theory of Sets, II. Algebra, III. General Topology, IV. Functions of a Real Variable, V. Topological Vector Spaces, and VI. Integration. The first six books are given the unifying subtitle Les structures fondamentales de l’analyse (Fundamental Structures of Analysis), fulfilling Bourbaki's original intent to write a rigorous treatise on analysis, together with a thorough presentation of set theory, algebra and general topology.
Throughout the Fundamental Structures of Analysis, any statements or proofs presented within a given chapter assume as given the results established in previous chapters, or previously in the same chapter. In detail, the logical structure within the first six books is as follows, with each section taking as given all preceding material:
* I: Theory of Sets
* II (1): Algebra, chapters 1-3
* III (1): General Topology, chapters 1-3
* II (2): Algebra, from chapter 4 onwards
* III (2): General topology, from chapter 4 onwards
* IV: Functions of a Real Variable
* V: Topological Vector Spaces
* VI: Integration
Thus the six books are also "logically ordered", with the caveat that some material presented in the later chapters of Algebra, the second book, invokes results from the early chapters of General Topology, the third book.
Following the Fundamental Structures of Analysis, the second part of the Éléments consists of books treating more modern research topics: Lie Groups and Lie Algebras, Commutative Algebra, Spectral Theory, Differential and Analytic Manifolds, and Algebraic Topology. Whereas the Éléments' first six books followed a strict, sequential logical structure, each book in the second part is dependent on the results established in the first six books, but not on those of the second part's other books. The second part of the work also lacks a unifying subtitle comparable to the Fundamental Structures of Analysis.

## Volumes

The Éléments are published in French and English volumes, detailed below.
Volumes of the Éléments de mathématique :
| French edition | French edition | French edition | French edition | English edition | English edition | English edition | English edition |
| Book | Volume | Ch. no. | Chapter | Book | Volume | Ch. no. | Chapter |
| Théorie des ensembles | Théorie des ensembles | 1 | Description de la mathématique formelle | Theory of Sets | Theory of Sets | 1 | Description of Formal Mathematics |
| Théorie des ensembles | Théorie des ensembles | 2 | Théorie des ensembles | Theory of Sets | Theory of Sets | 2 | Theory of Sets |
| Théorie des ensembles | Théorie des ensembles | 3 | Ensembles ordonnés, cardinaux, nombres entiers | Theory of Sets | Theory of Sets | 3 | Ordered Sets, Cardinals, Integers |
| Théorie des ensembles | Théorie des ensembles | 4 | Structures | Theory of Sets | Theory of Sets | 4 | Structures |
| Théorie des ensembles | Théorie des ensembles | — | Fascicule de résultats | Theory of Sets | Theory of Sets | — | Summary of Results |
| Algèbre | Algèbre: Chapitres 1 à 3 | 1 | Structures algébriques | Algebra | Algebra I: Chapters 1-3 | 1 | Algebraic Structures |
| Algèbre | Algèbre: Chapitres 1 à 3 | 2 | Algèbre linéaire | Algebra | Algebra I: Chapters 1-3 | 2 | Linear Algebra |
| Algèbre | Algèbre: Chapitres 1 à 3 | 3 | Algèbres tensorielles, algèbres extérieures, algèbres symétriques | Algebra | Algebra I: Chapters 1-3 | 3 | Tensor Algebras, Exterior Algebras, Symmetric Algebras |
| Algèbre | Algèbre: Chapitres 4 à 7 | 4 | Polynômes et fractions rationnelles | Algebra | Algebra II: Chapters 4-7 | 4 | Polynomials and Rational Fractions |
| Algèbre | Algèbre: Chapitres 4 à 7 | 5 | Corps commutatifs | Algebra | Algebra II: Chapters 4-7 | 5 | Commutative Fields |
| Algèbre | Algèbre: Chapitres 4 à 7 | 6 | Groupes et corps ordonnés | Algebra | Algebra II: Chapters 4-7 | 6 | Ordered Groups and Fields |
| Algèbre | Algèbre: Chapitres 4 à 7 | 7 | Modules sur les anneaux principaux | Algebra | Algebra II: Chapters 4-7 | 7 | Modules over Principal Ideal Domains |
| Algèbre | Algèbre: Chapitre 8 | 8 | Modules et anneaux semi-simples | Algebra | Algebra: Chapter 8 | 8 | Semi-simple Modules and Rings |
| Algèbre | Algèbre: Chapitre 9 | 9 | Formes sesquilinéaires et formes quadratiques | Algebra | Unavailable in English | 9 | Sesquilinear and Quadratic Forms |
| Algèbre | Algèbre: Chapitre 10 | 10 | Algèbre homologique | Algebra | Unavailable in English | 10 | Homological Algebra |
| Topologie générale | Topologie générale: Chapitres 1 à 4 | 1 | Structures topologiques | General Topology | General Topology: Chapters 1-4 | 1 | Topological Structures |
| Topologie générale | Topologie générale: Chapitres 1 à 4 | 2 | Structures uniformes | General Topology | General Topology: Chapters 1-4 | 2 | Uniform Structures |
| Topologie générale | Topologie générale: Chapitres 1 à 4 | 3 | Groupes topologiques | General Topology | General Topology: Chapters 1-4 | 3 | Topological Groups |
| Topologie générale | Topologie générale: Chapitres 1 à 4 | 4 | Nombres réels | General Topology | General Topology: Chapters 1-4 | 4 | Real Numbers |
| Topologie générale | Topologie générale: Chapitres 5 à 10 | 5 | Groupes à un paramètre | General Topology | General Topology: Chapters 5-10 | 5 | One-Parameter Groups |
| Topologie générale | Topologie générale: Chapitres 5 à 10 | 6 | Espaces numériques et espaces projectifs | General Topology | General Topology: Chapters 5-10 | 6 | Real Number Spaces and Projective Spaces |
| Topologie générale | Topologie générale: Chapitres 5 à 10 | 7 | Les groupes additifs $\mathbf {R} ^{n}$ | General Topology | General Topology: Chapters 5-10 | 7 | The Additive Groups $\mathbf {R} ^{n}$ |
| Topologie générale | Topologie générale: Chapitres 5 à 10 | 8 | Nombres complexes | General Topology | General Topology: Chapters 5-10 | 8 | Complex Numbers |
| Topologie générale | Topologie générale: Chapitres 5 à 10 | 9 | Utilisation des nombres réels en topologie générale | General Topology | General Topology: Chapters 5-10 | 9 | Use of Real Numbers in General Topology |
| Topologie générale | Topologie générale: Chapitres 5 à 10 | 10 | Espaces fonctionnels | General Topology | General Topology: Chapters 5-10 | 10 | Function Spaces |
| Fonctions d'une variable réelle | Fonctions d'une variable réelle | 1 | Dérivées | Functions of a Real Variable | Functions of a Real Variable: Elementary Theory | 1 | Derivatives |
| Fonctions d'une variable réelle | Fonctions d'une variable réelle | 2 | Primitives et intégrales | Functions of a Real Variable | Functions of a Real Variable: Elementary Theory | 2 | Primitives and Integrals |
| Fonctions d'une variable réelle | Fonctions d'une variable réelle | 3 | Fonctions élémentaires | Functions of a Real Variable | Functions of a Real Variable: Elementary Theory | 3 | Elementary Functions |
| Fonctions d'une variable réelle | Fonctions d'une variable réelle | 4 | Équations différentielles | Functions of a Real Variable | Functions of a Real Variable: Elementary Theory | 4 | Differential Equations |
| Fonctions d'une variable réelle | Fonctions d'une variable réelle | 5 | Etude locale des fonctions | Functions of a Real Variable | Functions of a Real Variable: Elementary Theory | 5 | Local Study of Functions |
| Fonctions d'une variable réelle | Fonctions d'une variable réelle | 6 | Développements tayloriens généralisés, formule sommatoire d'Euler-Maclaurin | Functions of a Real Variable | Functions of a Real Variable: Elementary Theory | 6 | Generalized Taylor Expansions, The Euler-Maclaurin Summation Formula |
| Fonctions d'une variable réelle | Fonctions d'une variable réelle | 7 | La fonction gamma | Functions of a Real Variable | Functions of a Real Variable: Elementary Theory | 7 | The Gamma Function |
| Espaces vectoriels topologiques | Espaces vectoriels topologiques: Chapitres 1 à 5 | 1 | Espaces vectoriels topologiques sur un corps valué | Topological Vector Spaces | Topological Vector Spaces: Chapters 1-5 | 1 | Topological Vector Spaces over a Valued Division Ring |
| Espaces vectoriels topologiques | Espaces vectoriels topologiques: Chapitres 1 à 5 | 2 | Ensembles convexes et espaces localement convexes | Topological Vector Spaces | Topological Vector Spaces: Chapters 1-5 | 2 | Convex Sets and Locally Convex Spaces |
| Espaces vectoriels topologiques | Espaces vectoriels topologiques: Chapitres 1 à 5 | 3 | Espaces d'applications linéaires continues | Topological Vector Spaces | Topological Vector Spaces: Chapters 1-5 | 3 | Spaces of Continuous Linear Mappings |
| Espaces vectoriels topologiques | Espaces vectoriels topologiques: Chapitres 1 à 5 | 4 | La dualité dans les espaces vectoriels topologiques | Topological Vector Spaces | Topological Vector Spaces: Chapters 1-5 | 4 | Duality in Topological Vector Spaces |
| Espaces vectoriels topologiques | Espaces vectoriels topologiques: Chapitres 1 à 5 | 5 | Espaces hilbertiens (théorie élémentaire) | Topological Vector Spaces | Topological Vector Spaces: Chapters 1-5 | 5 | Hilbertian Spaces (Elementary Theory) |
| Intégration | Intégration: Chapitres 1 à 4 | 1 | Inégalités de convexité | Integration | Integration I: Chapters 1-6 | 1 | Inequalities of Convexity |
| Intégration | Intégration: Chapitres 1 à 4 | 2 | Espaces de Riesz | Integration | Integration I: Chapters 1-6 | 2 | Riesz Spaces |
| Intégration | Intégration: Chapitres 1 à 4 | 3 | Mesures sur les espaces localement compacts | Integration | Integration I: Chapters 1-6 | 3 | Measures on Locally Compact Spaces |
| Intégration | Intégration: Chapitres 1 à 4 | 4 | Prolongement d'une mesure et espaces $L^{p}$ | Integration | Integration I: Chapters 1-6 | 4 | Extension of a Measure, $L^{p}$ Spaces |
| Intégration | Intégration: Chapitre 5 | 5 | Intégration des mesures | Integration | Integration I: Chapters 1-6 | 5 | Integration of Measures |
| Intégration | Intégration: Chapitre 6 | 6 | Intégration vectorielle | Integration | Integration I: Chapters 1-6 | 6 | Vectorial Integration |
| Intégration | Intégration: Chapitres 7 et 8 | 7 | Mesure de Haar | Integration | Integration II: Chapters 7-9 | 7 | Haar Measure |
| Intégration | Intégration: Chapitres 7 et 8 | 8 | Convolution et représentations | Integration | Integration II: Chapters 7-9 | 8 | Convolution and Representations |
| Intégration | Intégration: Chapitre 9 | 9 | Mesures sur les espaces topologiques séparés | Integration | Integration II: Chapters 7-9 | 9 | Measures on Hausdorff Topological Spaces |
| Groupes et algèbres de Lie | Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitre 1 | 1 | Algèbres de Lie | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 1-3 | 1 | Lie Algebras |
| Groupes et algèbres de Lie | Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 2 et 3 | 2 | Algèbres de Lie libres | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 1-3 | 2 | Free Lie Algebras |
| Groupes et algèbres de Lie | Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 2 et 3 | 3 | Groupes de Lie | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 1-3 | 3 | Lie Groups |
| Groupes et algèbres de Lie | Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 4 à 6 | 4 | Groupes de Coxeter et systèmes de Tits | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 4-6 | 4 | Coxeter Groups and Tits Systems |
| Groupes et algèbres de Lie | Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 4 à 6 | 5 | Groupes engendrés par des réflexions | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 4-6 | 5 | Groups Generated by Reflections |
| Groupes et algèbres de Lie | Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 4 à 6 | 6 | Systèmes de racines | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 4-6 | 6 | Root Systems |
| Groupes et algèbres de Lie | Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 7 et 8 | 7 | Sous-algèbres de Cartan et éléments réguliers | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 7-9 | 7 | Cartan Subalgebras and Regular Elements |
| Groupes et algèbres de Lie | Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitres 7 et 8 | 8 | Algèbres de Lie semi-simples déployées | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 7-9 | 8 | Split Semi-simple Lie Algebras |
| Groupes et algèbres de Lie | Groupes et algèbres de Lie: Chapitre 9 | 9 | Groupes de Lie réels compacts | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras | Lie Groups and Lie Algebras: Chapters 7-9 | 9 | Compact Real Lie Groups |
| Algèbre commutative | Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 1 à 4 | 1 | Modules plats | Commutative Algebra | Commutative Algebra: Chapters 1-7 | 1 | Flat Modules |
| Algèbre commutative | Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 1 à 4 | 2 | Localisation | Commutative Algebra | Commutative Algebra: Chapters 1-7 | 2 | Localization |
| Algèbre commutative | Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 1 à 4 | 3 | Graduations, filtrations et topologies | Commutative Algebra | Commutative Algebra: Chapters 1-7 | 3 | Graduations, Filtrations and Topologies |
| Algèbre commutative | Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 1 à 4 | 4 | Idéaux premiers associés et décomposition primaire | Commutative Algebra | Commutative Algebra: Chapters 1-7 | 4 | Associated Prime Ideals and Primary Decomposition |
| Algèbre commutative | Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 5 à 7 | 5 | Entiers | Commutative Algebra | Commutative Algebra: Chapters 1-7 | 5 | Integers |
| Algèbre commutative | Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 5 à 7 | 6 | Valuations | Commutative Algebra | Commutative Algebra: Chapters 1-7 | 6 | Valuations |
| Algèbre commutative | Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 5 à 7 | 7 | Diviseurs | Commutative Algebra | Commutative Algebra: Chapters 1-7 | 7 | Divisors |
| Algèbre commutative | Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 8 et 9 | 8 | Dimension | Commutative Algebra | Unavailable in English | 8 | Dimension |
| Algèbre commutative | Algèbre commutative: Chapitres 8 et 9 | 9 | Anneaux locaux noethériens complets | Commutative Algebra | Unavailable in English | 9 | Complete Noetherian Local Rings |
| Algèbre commutative | Algèbre commutative: Chapitre 10 | 10 | Profondeur, régularité, dualité | Commutative Algebra | Unavailable in English | 10 | Depth, Regularity, Duality |
| Théories spectrales | Théories spectrales: Chapitres 1 et 2 | 1 | Algèbres normées | Spectral Theory | Unavailable in English | 1 | Normed Algebras |
| Théories spectrales | Théories spectrales: Chapitres 1 et 2 | 2 | Groupes localement compacts commutatifs | Spectral Theory | Unavailable in English | 2 | Locally Compact Commutative Groups |
| Théories spectrales | Théories spectrales: Chapitres 3 à 5 | 3 | Opérateurs compacts et perturbations | Spectral Theory | Unavailable in English | 3 | Compact operators and perturbations |
| Théories spectrales | Théories spectrales: Chapitres 3 à 5 | 4 | Théorie spectrale hilbertienne | Spectral Theory | Unavailable in English | 4 | Hilbert's spectral theory |
| Théories spectrales | Théories spectrales: Chapitres 3 à 5 | 5 | Représentations unitaires | Spectral Theory | Unavailable in English | 5 | Unitary representations |
| Variétés différentielles et analytiques | Variétés différentielles et analytiques | — | Fascicule de résultats | Differential and Analytic Manifolds | Unavailable in English | — | Summary of Results |
| Topologie algébrique | Topologie algébrique: Chapitres 1 à 4 | 1 | Revêtements | Algebraic Topology | Unavailable in English | 1 | Covering Spaces |
| Topologie algébrique | Topologie algébrique: Chapitres 1 à 4 | 2 | Groupoïdes | Algebraic Topology | Unavailable in English | 2 | Groupoids |
| Topologie algébrique | Topologie algébrique: Chapitres 1 à 4 | 3 | Homotopie et groupoïde de Poincaré | Algebraic Topology | Unavailable in English | 3 | Homotopy and the Poincaré Groupoid |
| Topologie algébrique | Topologie algébrique: Chapitres 1 à 4 | 4 | Espaces délaçables | Algebraic Topology | Unavailable in English | 4 | Deloopable Spaces |
| Éléments d'histoire des mathématiques | Éléments d'histoire des mathématiques | — | — | Elements of the History of Mathematics | Elements of the History of Mathematics | — | — |