# Kubitzki system

The Kubitzki system is a system of plant taxonomy devised by Klaus Kubitzki, and is the product of an ongoing survey of vascular plants, entitled The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, and extending to 15 volumes in 2018. The survey, in the form of an encyclopedia, is important as a comprehensive, multivolume treatment of the vascular plants, with keys to and descriptions of all families and genera, mostly by specialists in those groups. The Kubitzki system served as the basis for classification in Mabberley's Plant-Book, a dictionary of the vascular plants. Mabberley states, in his Introduction on page xi of the 2008 edition, that the Kubitzki system "has remained the standard to which other literature is compared".
In ordinal and family arrangements, the classification system in the initial angiosperm volumes closely resembles the Dahlgren system in Monocots and the Cronquist system in Dicots, but later volumes have been influenced by recent molecular phylogenetic studies.
The first volume of the series (Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms) covered lycophytes, monilophytes, and gymnosperms, and was published in 1990. By 2010, there were nine published volumes, covering 39 of the 59 orders of flowering plants that are recognized in the APG III system. The order Saxifragales is covered except for the genus Medusandra, which was transferred to it from Malpighiales in 2009. Volume 10 (2011) covers the family Myrtaceae and the orders Cucurbitales and Sapindales. Volume 11 was published in 2014, and two further volumes in 2015. Volumes 2, and 5–7 address dicotyledons, while volumes 3, 4 and 13 address monocotyledons. Volumes 8–12 and 14 deal with eudicots.
Because it is the result of a work in progress, the Kubitzki system is incomplete for those groups of plants that have not yet been covered, and groups that have been completely covered are not revised in light of subsequent knowledge. Since the first volume was published in 1990, a great deal has been learned about plant taxonomy, mostly by phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences. The classification of ferns has been completely overhauled in that time. And some of the gymnosperm families have been revised.
For the flowering plants, the later volumes of the Kubitzki System follows the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group last revised in 2009 (APG III system), except for the recognition of smaller families. (For a complete listing of all volumes, see Klaus Kubitzki)

## Classification
### Summary

Divisions
* Pteridophyta
* Pinophyta
** subdivision Coniferophytina
** subdivision Cycadophytina
* Magnoliophyta
** class Monocotyledoneae
** class Dicotyledoneae

### Pteridophyta

* 1 division Pteridophyta
    1 class Psilotatae
       Psilotaceae
    2 class Lycopodiatae
       Isoetaceae
       Lycopodiaceae
       Selaginellaceae
    3 class Equisetatae
       Equisetaceae
    4 class Filicatae
       Aspleniaceae
       Azollaceae
       Blechnaceae
       Cheiropleuriaceae
       Cyatheaceae
       Davalliaceae
       Dennstaedtiaceae
       Dicksoniaceae
       Dipteridaceae
       Dryopteridaceae
       Gleicheniaceae
       Grammitidaceae
       Hymenophyllaceae
       Hymenophyllopsidaceae
       Lomariopsidaceae
       Lophosoriaceae
       Loxsomataceae
       Marattiaceae
       Marsileaceae
       Matoniaceae
       Metaxyaceae
       Monachosoraceae
       Nephrolepidaceae
       Oleandraceae
       Ophioglossaceae
       Osmundaceae
       Plagiogyriaceae
       Polypodiaceae
       Pteridaceae
       Salviniaceae
       Schizaeaceae
       Thelypteridaceae
       Vittariaceae

### Pinophyta

* 2 division Pinophyta or Gymnospermae
** 1 subdivision Coniferophytina
       1 class Ginkgoatae
          Ginkgoaceae
       2 class Pinatae
          1 order Pinales
             Araucariaceae
             Pinaceae
             Sciadopityaceae
             Taxodiaceae
             Cupressaceae
             Phyllocladaceae
             Podocarpaceae
          2 order Taxales
             Cephalotaxaceae
             Taxaceae
** 2 subdivision Cycadophytina
       1 class Cycadatae
          order Cycadales
             Boweniaceae
             Cycadaceae
             Stangeriaceae
             Zamiaceae
       2 class Gnetatae
          order Gnetales
             Ephedraceae
             Welwitschiaceae
             Gnetaceae

### Magnoliophyta

* 3 division Magnoliophyta or Angiospermae
    subdivision Magnoliophytina

#### Monocotyledoneae

       1 class Monocotyledoneae or Liliopsida [complete] (with Rolf Dahlgren's collaboration)
4 Superorders
* Acoranae
* Alismatanae
* Lilianae
* Commelinanae

##### Acoranae

          1 superorder Acoranae
             Acoraceae
          Not included in any order
             Nartheciaceae

##### Alismatanae

          2 superorder Alismatanae
             1 order Arales
                Araceae
                Lemnaceae
             2 order Alismatales
                Butomaceae
                Alismataceae
                Limnocharitaceae
                Hydrocharitaceae
                Najadaceae
                Aponogetonaceae
                Scheuchzeriaceae
                Juncaginaceae
                Potamogetonaceae
                Ruppiaceae
                Posidoniaceae
                Zosteraceae
                Zannichelliaceae
                Cymodoceaceae

##### Lilianae

          3 superorder Lilianae
             1 order Liliales
                Campynemataceae
                Luzuriagaceae
                Alstroemeriaceae
                Colchicaceae
                Melanthiaceae
                Trilliaceae
                Liliaceae
                Calochortaceae
                Petermanniaceae
                Smilacaceae
                Philesiaceae
             2 order Asparagales
                Orchidaceae
                Iridaceae
                Doryanthaceae
                Lanariaceae
                Ixioliriaceae
                Hypoxidaceae
                Johnsoniaceae
                Hemerocallidaceae
                Tecophilaeaceae
                Blandfordiaceae
                Asteliaceae
                Boryaceae
                Asphodelaceae
                Xanthorrhoeaceae
                Aphyllanthaceae
                Anemarrhenaceae
                Amaryllidaceae
                Agapanthaceae
                Alliaceae
                Themidaceae
                Asparagaceae
                Hyacinthaceae
                Lomandraceae
                Herreriaceae
                Hostaceae
                Anthericaceae
                Agavaceae
                Eriospermaceae
                Ruscaceae
                Behniaceae
                Dracaenaceae
                Convallariaceae
                Nolinaceae
             3 order Triuridales
                Triuridaceae
             4 order Dioscoreales
                Dioscoreaceae
                Trichopodaceae
                Taccaceae
                Burmanniaceae
                Corsiaceae
             5 order Pandanales
                Pandanaceae
                Cyclanthaceae
                Velloziaceae
                Acanthochlamydaceae
                Stemonaceae
                Pentastemonaceae

##### Commelinanae

          4 superorder Commelinanae
             1 order Principes
                Palmae
             2 order Dasypogonales
                Dasypogonaceae
             3 order Bromeliales
                Bromeliaceae
                ?Rapateaceae (see also Xyridales)
             4 order Commelinales
                Commelinaceae
                Pontederiaceae
                Philydraceae
                Haemodoraceae
             5 order Xyridales
                Mayacaceae
                Xyridaceae
                Eriocaulaceae
                ?Rapateaceae
             6 order Zingiberales
                Musaceae
                Strelitziaceae
                Lowiaceae
                Heliconiaceae
                Costaceae
                Zingiberaceae
                Cannaceae
                Marantaceae
                ?Hanguanaceae (possibly related to Zingiberales or Commelinales)
             7 order Typhales
                Typhaceae
             8 order Juncales
                Juncaceae
                Thurniaceae
                Cyperaceae
             9 order Poales
                Flagellariaceae
                Restionaceae
                Ecdeiocoleaceae
                Anarthriaceae
                Centrolepidaceae
                Joinvilleaceae
                Poaceae
             incertae sedis in monocots
                Hydatellaceae

#### Dicotyledoneae

       2 class Dicotyledoneae or Magnoliopsida [incomplete]
          1 subclass Magnoliidae
             1 superorder Magnolianae (lower magnoliids)
                   1 order Magnoliales
                      Himantandraceae
                      Eupomatiaceae
                      Austrobaileyaceae
                      Degeneriaceae
                      Magnoliaceae
                      Annonaceae
                      Myristicaceae
                      ?Canellaceae
                      ?Lactoridaceae
                      Amborellaceae
                      Trimeniaceae
                      Chloranthaceae
                      Monimiaceae
                      Gomortegaceae
                      Lauraceae
                      Hernandiaceae
                      Calycanthaceae
                   2 order Illiciales
                      Winteraceae
                      ?Canellaceae
                      Illiciaceae
                      Schisandraceae
                   3 order Aristolochiales
                      Aristolochiaceae
                      Hydnoraceae
                      ?Rafflesiaceae
                   4 order Piperales
                      Saururaceae
                      Piperaceae
             2 superorder Ranunculanae (higher magnoliids)
                   1 order Nelumbonales
                      Nelumbonaceae
                   2 order Ranunculales
                      Lardizabalaceae
                      Berberidaceae
                      Menispermaceae
                      Ranunculaceae
                      ?Circaeasteraceae
                      Pteridophyllaceae
                      Papaveraceae
                      Fumariaceae
             3 superorder Nymphaeanae
                   order Nymphaeales
                      Cabombaceae
                      Nymphaeaceae
                      ?Ceratophyllaceae
             4 superorder Caryophyllanae
                   order Caryophyllales (including.:Centrospermae Eichler)
                      Family with an asterisk: *, included in Expanded Caryophyllales in Volume V.
                      Family with the sign +, only recognized in Volume V, but not in Volume II.
                      Nepenthaceae *
                      Droseraceae *
                      Drosophyllaceae *
                      Simmondsiaceae *
                      Rhabdodendraceae *
                      Asteropeiaceae *
                      Physenaceae *
                      Ancistrocladaceae *
                      Dioncophyllaceae *
                      Frankeniaceae *
                      Tamaricaceae *
                   clade Centrospermae
                      Caryophyllaceae
                      Molluginaceae
                      Aizoaceae
                      Amaranthaceae
                      Chenopodiaceae
                      Halophytaceae
                      Stegnospermaceae
                      Achatocarpaceae
                      Phytolaccaceae
                      Nyctaginaceae
                      Cactaceae
                      Portulacaceae
                      Didiereaceae
                      Basellaceae
                      Hectorellaceae
                      Barbeuiaceae +
                      Sarcobataceae +
                      Petiveriaceae +
                      Agdestidaceae +
             5 superorder Hamamelidanae
                   1 order Trochodendrales
                      Trochodendraceae
                      Eupteleaceae
                      Cercidiphyllaceae
                      ?Myrothamnaceae
                   2 order Hamamelidales
                      Platanaceae
                      Hamamelidaceae
                   3 order Fagales
                      Fagaceae
                      Betulaceae
                      Ticodendraceae
                   4 order Juglandales
                      Rhoipteleaceae
                      Juglandaceae
                      Myricaceae
                   5 order ?Casuarinales
                      Casuarinaceae
             6 superorder Polygonanae
                   order Polygonales
                      Polygonaceae
             7 superorder Plumbaginanae
                   order Plumbaginales
                      Plumbaginaceae
             8 superorder Malvanae
                   order Malvales
                      Neuradaceae
                      Tepuianthaceae
                      Thymelaeaceae
                      Dipterocarpaceae
                      Diegodendraceae
                      Sphaerosepalaceae
                      Cistaceae
                      Sarcolaenaceae
                      Bixaceae
                      Cochlospermaceae
                      Muntingiaceae
                      Malvaceae
In volumes 5,6,7,8 no groups above the taxonomic rank of order were recognized.
                   order Capparales
                      Bataceae
                      Salvadoraceae
                      Tropaeolaceae
                      Limnanthaceae
                      Caricaceae
                      Moringaceae
                      Setchellanthaceae
                      Akaniaceae
                      Gyrostemonaceae
                      Resedaceae
                      Pentadiplandraceae
                      Tovariaceae
                      Koeberliniaceae
                      Cruciferae or Brassicaceae
                      Capparaceae
                      Emblingiaceae
          Not placed in any order, but related to Capparales
                      Tapisciaceae
                   order Celastrales
                      Parnassiaceae
                      Lepidobotryaceae
                      Celastraceae
                   order Oxalidales
                      Oxalidaceae
                      Connaraceae
                      Cephalotaceae
                      Brunelliaceae
                      Cunoniaceae
                      Elaeocarpaceae
                   order Rosales (# revised position, formerly in Urticales in Vol. 2)
                      Rosaceae (including Guamatela)
                      Dirachmaceae
                      Rhamnaceae
                      Barbeyaceae #
                      Elaeagnaceae
                      Ulmaceae #
                      Moraceae #
                      Cecropiaceae (including Cannabaceae) #
                      Urticaceae #
                   order Cornales
                      Hydrostachyaceae
                      Curtisiaceae
                      Grubbiaceae
                      Cornaceae
                      Hydrangeaceae
                      Loasaceae
                   order Ericales
                      Theophrastaceae
                      Samolaceae
                      Maesaceae
                      Myrsinaceae
                      Primulaceae
                      Actinidiaceae
                      Balsaminaceae
                      Marcgraviaceae
                      Pellicieraceae
                      Tetrameristaceae
                      Ericaceae
                      Clethraceae
                      Cyrillaceae
                      Roridulaceae
                      Sarraceniaceae
                      Diapensiaceae
                      Lissocarpaceae
                      Polemoniaceae
                      Fouquieriaceae
                      Scytopetalaceae
                      Lecythidaceae
                      Napoleonaeaceae
                      Styracaceae
                      Ebenaceae
                      Sladeniaceae
                      Theaceae
                      Ternstroemiaceae
                      Sapotaceae
                      Symplocaceae
                   order Lamiales
                      Bignoniaceae
                      Buddlejaceae
                      Byblidaceae
                      Callitrichaceae
                      Carlemanniaceae
                      Cyclocheilaceae
                      Gesneriaceae
                      Globulariaceae
                      Hippuridaceae
                      Labiatae
                      Lentibulariaceae
                      Martyniaceae
                      Myoporaceae
                      Nesogenaceae
                      Oleaceae
                      Pedaliaceae
                      Phrymaceae
                      Plantaginaceae
                      Plocospermataceae
                      Scrophulariaceae
                      Stilbaceae
                      Tetrachondraceae
                      Trapellaceae
                      Verbenaceae
                   order Asterales
                      Alseuosmiaceae
                      Argophyllaceae
                      Compositae or Asteraceae
                         subfamily Barnadesioideae
                         subfamily Mutisioideae
                         subfamily Carduoideae
                         subfamily Cichorioideae
                         subfamily Asteroideae
                      Calyceraceae
                      Campanulaceae
                      Carpodetaceae
                      Goodeniaceae
                      Menyanthaceae
                      Pentaphragmataceae
                      Phellinaceae
                      Rousseaceae
                      Stylidiaceae
In volume 9 the supraordinal groups Rosidae and Asteridae were recognized.
          Not included in any order
             Sabiaceae
                   order Proteales
                      Proteaceae
                      Platanaceae (revised position, formerly in Hamamelidales in Vol. 2)
                      Nelumbonales (revised position, formerly in Nelumbonales in Vol. 2)
                   order Buxales
                      Buxaceae
                      Didymelaceae
                   order Gunnerales
                      Gunneraceae
                      Myrothamnaceae (revised position, formerly in Trochodendrales in Vol. 2)
          Not included in any order
             Dilleniaceae
                   order Saxifragales
                      Altingiaceae (newly recognized family, included in Hamamelidaceae in Vol. 2)
                      Aphanopetalaceae
                      Cercidiphyllaceae (revised position, formerly in Trochodendrales in Vol. 2)
                      Crassulaceae
                      Daphniphyllaceae
                      Grossulariaceae
                      Haloragaceae
                      Hamamelidaceae (revised position, formerly in Hamamelidales in Vol. 2)
                      Iteaceae
                      Paeoniaceae
                      Penthoraceae
                      Peridiscaceae (except Medusandra)
                      Pterostemonaceae
                      Saxifragaceae
                      Tetracarpaeaceae
                   order Vitales
                      Leeaceae
                      Vitaceae
                   order Zygophyllales
                      Krameriaceae
                      Zygophyllaceae
          Not included in any order
             Huaceae
                   order Geraniales
                      Geraniaceae
                      Ledocarpaceae
                      Melianthaceae
                   order Crossosomatales (Guamatela placed in Rosaceae in volume 6)
                      Aphloiaceae
                      Crossosomataceae
                      Geissolomataceae
                      Ixerbaceae
                      Stachyuraceae
                      Staphyleaceae
                      Strasburgeraceae
          Not included in any order
             Picramniaceae
                   order Berberidopsidales
                      Aextoxicaceae
                      Berberidopsidaceae
In volume 10 are treated the Orders Sapindales and Cucurbitales; and the Myrtaceae Family (belonging to Myrtales).
                   order Sapindales
                      Biebersteiniaceae
                      Nitrariaceae
                      Tetradiclidaceae
                      Sapindaceae
                      Kirkiaceae
                      Anacardiaceae
                      Burseraceae
                      Rutaceae
                      Simaroubaceae
                      Meliaceae
                   order Cucurbitales
                      Anisophylleaceae
                      Coriariaceae
                      Corynocarpaceae
                      Cucurbitaceae
                      Datiscaceae
                      Begoniaceae
                   order Myrtales
                      Myrtaceae