OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Monge cone

In the mathematical theory of partial differential equations (PDE), the Monge cone is a geometrical object associated with a first-order equation. It is named for Gaspard Monge. In two dimensions, let
    $F(x,y,u,u_{x},u_{y})=0\qquad \qquad (1)$
be a PDE for an unknown real-valued function u in two variables x and y. Assume that this PDE is non-degenerate in the sense that $F_{u_{x}}$ and $F_{u_{y}}$ are not both zero in the domain of definition. Fix a point (x$_0$, y$_0$, z$_0$) and consider solution functions u which have
    $z_{0}=u(x_{0},y_{0}).\qquad \qquad (2)$
Each solution to (1) satisfying (2) determines the tangent plane to the graph
    $z=u(x,y)\,$
through the point $x_{0},y_{0},z_{0}$. As the pair (u$_x$, u$_y$) solving (1) varies, the tangent planes envelope a cone in R$^3$ with vertex at $x_{0},y_{0},z_{0}$, called the Monge cone. When F is quasilinear, the Monge cone degenerates to a single line called the Monge axis. Otherwise, the Monge cone is a proper cone since a nontrivial and non-coaxial one-parameter family of planes through a fixed point envelopes a cone. Explicitly, the original partial differential equation gives rise to a scalar-valued function on the cotangent bundle of R$^3$, defined at a point (x,y,z) by
    $a\,dx+b\,dy+c\,dz\mapsto F(x,y,z,-a/c,-b/c).$
Vanishing of F determines a curve in the projective plane with homogeneous coordinates (a:b:c). The dual curve is a curve in the projective tangent space at the point, and the affine cone over this curve is the Monge cone. The cone may have multiple branches, each one an affine cone over a simple closed curve in the projective tangent space.
As the base point $x_{0},y_{0},z_{0}$ varies, the cone also varies. Thus the Monge cone is a cone field on R$^3$. Finding solutions of (1) can thus be interpreted as finding a surface which is everywhere tangent to the Monge cone at the point. This is the method of characteristics.
The technique generalizes to scalar first-order partial differential equations in n spatial variables; namely,
    $F\left(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n},u,{\frac {\partial u}{\partial x_{1}}},\dots ,{\frac {\partial u}{\partial x_{n}}}\right)=0.$
Through each point $(x_{1}^{0},\dots ,x_{n}^{0},z^{0})$, the Monge cone (or axis in the quasilinear case) is the envelope of solutions of the PDE with $u(x_{1}^{0},\dots ,x_{n}^{0})=z^{0}$.

## Examples
### Eikonal equation

The simplest fully nonlinear equation is the eikonal equation. This has the form
    $|\nabla u|^{2}=1,$
so that the function F is given by
    $F(x,y,u,u_{x},u_{y})=u_{x}^{2}+u_{y}^{2}-1.$
The dual cone consists of 1-forms a dx + b dy + c dz satisfying
    $a^{2}+b^{2}-c^{2}=0.$
Taken projectively, this defines a circle. The dual curve is also a circle, and so the Monge cone at each point is a proper cone.
# List of Ollywood films of 1981

This is a list of films produced by the Ollywood film industry based in Bhubaneshwar and Cuttack in 1981:

## A-Z

| Title | Director | Cast |
| 1981 |||||
| Akshi Tritiya | Babulal Doshi | Uttam Mohanty, Mahashweta Roy |
| Arati | J.H. Satar | Uttam Mohanty, Tandra Roy, Anita Das |
| Batashi Jhada | Ramesh Mohanty | Kasi Ratha, Jaya Swami |
| Bilwa Mangala | J.H. Satar | Radha Panda |
| Devajani | Byomokesh Tripathy | Uttam Mohanty, Sharabani Ray |
| Hira Moti Manika | J. Adeni | Prashanta Nanda, Mahasweta Ray, Dhira Biswal |
| Kachaghara | Byomkesh Tripathi | Bijayini Misra, Surya Misra |
| Kie Jite Kie Hare | Nitai Palit | |
| Manasi | Malaya Mitra | Shriram Panda, Tripura Misra |
| Nila Saila | Akshaya Mohanty (Kashyap) | Saudamini, Radha Panda |
| Pooja | Prashanta Nanda | Prashanta Nanda, Mahasweta Roy |
| Pujarini | J. Adeni | Niharika Sahu |
| Sei Sura | Niranjan Dey | Mahashweta Roy |
| Tike hasa Tike Luha | Sushila Mukherjee | Bijay Mohanty, Mahasweta Roy |
| Ulka | Surjya Misra | , Gloriya Mohanty, Mahashweta Roy |
# Henry H. Rose

Henry Howard Rose (November 27, 1856 – July 21, 1923) was an American politician who served as the 29th Mayor of Los Angeles from July 1913 to July 1915, serving only for one term. He was regarded as "anti-unionist". He was at first against the Mulholland annexation proposal but, after taking office, he switched positions.
Born in Taycheedah, Wisconsin, he attended Fond du Lac High School and was admitted to the Wisconsin bar in 1881. He was a member of the Wisconsin National Guard from 1880 to 1888, then moved to Pasadena, California, to practice law. There, he was elected as justice of the peace in 1890 and as city recorder in 1891. He continued his practice working in Los Angeles municipal government and ran for mayor in 1913, defeating John W. Shenk in a runoff election. As mayor, he presided over the opening of the Owens Valley aqueduct.
According to the Los Angeles Times, Rose was: "[a] socialist and progressive, Rose was also a crack pistol shot, winning many matches, even against the police chief." He was a Mason and a member of the California Club.
Rose married Gertrude C. Ruggles in 1884. They had one child, named Augustus, before she died in 1909. Rose remarried to Leonie E. Klein in 1910.
# Tufan (name)

Tufan is a Sanskrit Indo-European given name and surname. In Persian it means "violent rainstorm".
This word is common amongst all Sanskrit origin Indo-European / Indo-Germanic languages, including Persian, Dari, Urdu, Indian, English, Tajik, Pashto, Turkish etc. It was later incorporated into the semitic languages including Arabic during and after the Arab expansion Era into surrounding countries.

## Surname

* Ozan Tufan (born 1995), Turkish football player
# National Refinery Limited

National Refinery Limited (NRL) is a Pakistani oil refinery which is a subsidiary of UK-domiciled Attock Oil Company. It is based in Korangi Creek, Karachi.
It is a petroleum refinery and petrochemical complex engaged in the manufacture and sale of asphalts, BTX, fuel products and lubes for domestic consumption and export. National Refinery Limited is the second largest capacity refinery of Pakistan in terms of crude oil processing facilities and is the only lube oil refinery of Pakistan.

## History

The company was incorporated in 1963 and first lube refinery was constructed in June 1966. Hydroskimming fuel refinery was commissioned in April 1977 and its capacity was increased in 1985. BTX (petrochemical) plant was constructed in April 1979 which was the first petrochemical unit of the country. Second lube refinery was constructed in February 1984. Since then various expansions of the refinery have been made.
In 2005, Attock Group acquired majority shareholding of the company – with Pakistan Oilfields and Attock Refinery Limited both holding 25 percent shares each. Islamic Development Bank of Saudi Arabia holds 15 percent of the total shares.

### Business relationships

The company's major purchases are made from Saudi Aramco, an oil company based in Saudi Arabia, with a history of no default up to the financial year ending 30 June 2011. Crude oil is also received on a regular basis from the domestic oil companies in Pakistan. The State Bank of Pakistan acts as the sovereign guarantor of payments made on time between the National Refinery Limited and the Saudi oil company Saudi Aramco.
In 2017, the Supreme Court of Pakistan imposed fines on National Refinery Limited for missing its due payments to the crude oil supplier Saudi Aramco which then State Bank of Pakistan had to step in and make those payments in the form of foreign currency.

## Business segments
### Fuel segment

Fuel segment offers:
* Motor gasoline
* High speed diesel (HSD)
* Light diesel oil
* Kerosene oil
* Jet fuels
* Furnace oil
* Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
* Naptha for domestic consumption and export purposes

### Lube segment

* Many types of lube base oils
* Asphalts
* Waxes and rubber process oil
* Specialty products - Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, Wax, Slackwax and Extract Oil
# Lutheran Church of the Redeemer (Atlanta)

The Lutheran Church of the Redeemer is a Lutheran church in midtown Atlanta, Georgia. The congregation was founded in the city in 1903, with the current building constructed in 1952.

## History

The church was originally founded with 39 charter members on March 15, 1903, as the first English-speaking Lutheran congregation in Atlanta (St. John's Lutheran Church, founded in 1869 as a German-speaking church, was the first Lutheran church in Atlanta). The congregation originally held service at a local YMCA. The first church building was constructed in 1905 near the Georgia State Capitol in downtown Atlanta. The congregation experienced significant growth during World War I as many members of St. John's became members of Redeemer due to anti-German sentiment.
In 1937, the congregation moved to its current location at the intersection of Peachtree Street and Fourth Street in midtown Atlanta, near Saint Mark Methodist Church. This building was nicknamed the "Church of the Lighted Window" because it had a large stained glass window featuring the Good Shepherd facing Peachtree Street. The current building, a gothic structure built primarily of Tennessee quartzite and Indiana limestone, was constructed in 1952 and was designed by Harold E. Wagoner, a notable ecclesiastical architect. The building's dedication occurred on September 7 of that year. In 2002, the church dedicated a new pipe organ built by Orgues Létourneau Limitée: the Opus 80.
Early in its history, Redeemer became affiliated with the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South. Through a series of church unions, Redeemer is a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) and is the largest congregation within the church's Southeastern Synod. In 2015, Timothy Smith, the senior priest at Redeemer, was elected bishop of the North Carolina Synod of the ELCA, replacing retiring bishop Leonard Bolick.

## Gallery

* Interior
* Georgia Historical Marker
* Altar
* Sign
# Sténio

    This name uses Portuguese naming customs. The first or maternal family name is Matos and the second or paternal family name is Dos Santos.
Sténio Nivaldo Matos dos Santos (born 6 May 1988), commonly known as Sténio, is a Cape Verde international footballer who plays as a midfielder for Sacavenense.

## Career

Born in Mindelo, Sténio started his career at hometown club Académica do Mindelo. In 2009, he joined the other club in the town CS Mindelense.
On 1 July 2014, Sténio joined Cherno More Varna in Bulgaria on a two-year contract. On 30 May 2015, Sténio was sent off with a second yellow card after 38 minutes in the 2015 Bulgarian Cup Final against Levski Sofia, but his team managed to prevail after extra time despite its numerical disadvantage.
In July 2016, he signed a one-year contract with Botev Plovdiv. He was released in December.
Sténio left FK Ventspils after one year, at the end of 2018.

## International career

Sténio received his first call-up to the Cape Verde squad in May 2012, for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Sierra Leone on 2 June. He made his debut in the match, playing from the start in central midfield.
In January 2013, Sténio was named in Cape Verde's squad for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, but did not feature in any of the four games Cape Verde played.

## Career statistics
### Club

As of 29 December 2016
| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Portugal | Portugal | Portugal | League | League | Taça de Portugal | Taça de Portugal | Taça da Liga | Taça da Liga | Europe | Europe | Total | Total |
| 2010–11 | Feirense | Segunda Liga | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 4 | 0 |
| 2011–12 | Feirense | Primeira Liga | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 24 | 0 |
| 2012–13 | Feirense | Segunda Liga | 28 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 2 | — | — | 33 | 3 |
| 2013–14 | Feirense | Segunda Liga | 31 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | — | — | 33 | 2 |
| Bulgaria | Bulgaria | Bulgaria | League | League | Bulgarian Cup | Bulgarian Cup | --- | --- | Europe | Europe | Total | Total |
| 2014–15 | Cherno More | A Group | 28 | 5 | 7 | 2 | — | — | — | — | 35 | 7 |
| 2015–16 | Cherno More | A Group | 28 | 2 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 2 | 0 | 31 | 2 |
| 2016–17 | Botev Plovdiv | First League | 16 | 1 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 17 | 1 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 157 | 10 | 11 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 177 | 15 |

## Honours
### Club
#### Cherno More

* Bulgarian Cup: 2014–15
* Bulgarian Supercup: 2015
# Ben C. Larkin

Ben C. Larkin (May 13, 1873 – November 22, 1949) was a North Dakota Republican Party politician who served as a North Dakota Public Service Commissioner from 1941 to his death in 1949. Prior to 1941, his title was North Dakota Railroad Commissioner. He had served in that position since 1928.

## Biography

Ben Larkin was born in Wisconsin in 1873. He came to North Dakota in 1891, and worked on farms while he attended school. He graduated from the Commercial Department at Fargo College, and then managed a lumber yard for eight years. He farmed in Eddy County for 20 years, and served in the North Dakota House of Representatives from 1919 to 1926, and served as the Speaker of the House in 1925. He was appointed as the Chief Elevator Accountant for the North Dakota Railroad Commission in 1925, and served in that capacity until 1928. He then was appointed by Governor Arthur G. Sorlie to the Railroad Commission in 1928 after the resignation of Frank Milhollan. The Railroad Commission became known as the North Dakota Public Service Commission in 1940, and Larkin died in office on November 22, 1949, at the age of 76.
# List of places called Newton in the United Kingdom

Places in the United Kingdom having "Newton" in their name include:

## England

* Newton Longville, Buckinghamshire
* Newton Blossomville, Buckinghamshire
* Newton, South Cambridgeshire, Cambridgeshire
* Newton-in-the-Isle, Isle of Ely, Cambridgeshire
* Newton, Chester, Cheshire
* Newton, a hamlet in Kingsley, Cheshire, near Frodsham
* Newton, a hamlet in Middlewich, Cheshire
* Newton, a hamlet in Mottram St Andrew, Cheshire, near Prestbury
* Newton by Daresbury, in Daresbury, Cheshire
* Newton by Malpas, Cheshire
* Newton-by-Tattenhall, Cheshire
* Newton, Cornwall
* Newton-in-Furness, Cumbria
* Newton, Derbyshire
* Newton Abbot, Devon
* Newton Ferrers, Devon
* Newton St Cyres, Devon
* Newton Tracey, Devon
* Newton, Dorset
* Sturminster Newton, Dorset
* Newton Aycliffe, Durham
* Archdeacon Newton, Durham
* Newton, South Gloucestershire, Gloucestershire
* Newton, Greater Manchester, a suburb of Hyde formerly in Cheshire
* Newton Heath (formerly Newton), Greater Manchester
* Newton, Golden Valley, Herefordshire
* Newton, Hampton Court, Herefordshire
* Walford, Letton and Newton, Herefordshire
* Newton, Fylde, Lancashire
* Newton, Lancaster, Lancashire
* Newton-in-Bowland, Lancashire
* Newton-with-Scales, Lancashire
* Hardhorn with Newton, Lancashire
* Newton Burgoland, Leicestershire
* Newton Harcourt, Leicestershire
* Newton, Lincolnshire
* Newton on Trent, Lincolnshire
* Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside
* Newton, Merseyside, on the Wirral
* Newton, Norfolk
* Newton by Castle Acre, Norfolk
* Newton Bromswold, Northamptonshire
* Newton, Northumberland, in Bywell parish
* Newton-by-the-Sea, Northumberland, a civil parish
* Newton on the Moor, Northumberland
* Newton-on-Ouse, North Yorkshire
* Newton-on-Rawcliffe, North Yorkshire, in Newton civil parish
* Newton Kyme, North Yorkshire
* Newton Morrell, North Yorkshire
* Newton Mulgrave, North Yorkshire
* Newton-le-Willows, North Yorkshire
* Newton under Roseberry, North Yorkshire
* Newton, Nottinghamshire
* RAF Newton, Nottinghamshire
* Newton Morrell, Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire
* Newton Purcell, Oxfordshire
* Newton, Shropshire, an area of Craven Arms
* Newton, Doncaster, South Yorkshire
* Newton, Suffolk (also known as Newton Green)
* Newton, Warwickshire
* Newton Regis, Warwickshire
* Newton, West Midlands, a ward in Sandwell
* Potternewton, West Yorkshire

## Scotland

* Newton, Argyll on the Cowal peninsula, Argyll and Bute
* Newton, Midlothian near to Danderhall
* Newton, North Uist, Na h-Eileanan an Siar
* Newton, Scottish Borders, part of Nenthorn
* Newton, South Lanarkshire, near to Cambuslang
** Newton railway station serving the above community
* Newton, West Lothian
* Newton Mearns, East Renfrewshire
* Newton of Ardtoe, Highland
* Newton-on-Ayr railway station, South Ayrshire
* Newton Stewart, Dumfries and Galloway
* Newton Wamphray, Dumfries and Galloway
* Barony of Newton, Stirlingshire
* Newtongrange, Midlothian
* Newtonmore, Highland

## Wales

* Newton, Brecknockshire
* Newton, Porthcawl
* Newton, Swansea
* Newton Green
# Vozinha

Josimar José Évora Dias (born 3 June 1986), known as Vozinha, is a Cape Verdean professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Chaves.
He played for clubs in his country, Angola, Moldova, Portugal and Cyprus. A full international with over 50 caps for Cape Verde since 2012, he played at the Africa Cup of Nations in 2013, 2015, 2021 and 2023

## Club career

Born in Mindelo on the island of São Vicente, Cape Verde, Vozinha began his career at local Batuque FC, playing for them until 2011 before moving to local city rivals CS Mindelense. Following good showings with the club, he was signed by Progresso Associação do Sambizanga in Angola. He returned to Mindelense in 2013 and played in the São Vicente Island League.
After a year at FC Zimbru Chișinău in Moldova, Vozinha moved in August 2016 to Gil Vicente F.C. of the Portuguese second tier.

## International career

Vozinha made his debut for Cape Verde on 8 September 2012 in a 2013 Africa Cup of Nations playoff first leg at home to Cameroon, a 2–0 win. He remained in goal for the second leg in Yaoundé on 14 October, a 2–1 loss that saw his country qualify for their first major tournament. At the finals in South Africa, the team reached the quarter-finals before a 2–0 loss to Ghana; he conceded the second goal after going up the pitch in the dying seconds to attack a corner kick.
Vozinha also played at the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations. On 7 October 2020, he earned his 50th cap in a 2–1 friendly win away to Andorra, and a year later he was called up for the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations in Cameroon. Vozinha was called up to play at the 2023 Africa Cup of Nations for Cape Verde.

## Honours

AEL Limassol
* Cypriot Cup: 2018–19

## Personal

His younger brother Delmiro was also a Cape Verde international.
# Kerala Day

Kerala Piravi, marks the birth of the state of Kerala in southern India. The state of Kerala was created on 1 November 1956, long after the Independence of India. Before this, it was three major provinces and several outlying regions under various rulers.

## Timeline/History

Prior to 1956, Kerala had been divided into four regions: South Canara (Kasaragod region), Malabar, Cochin, and Travancore.
Malabar comprises the northern and north-central region around Cannanore, Kozhikode, Malappuram, and Palakkad, with some portions around Thrissur and Kochi. This region had been ruled by the Zamorin of Kozhikode, Arakkal kingdom, Kolathunadu, Kingdom of Tanur, and Kingdom of Valluvanad, with several other smaller feudal states, before being conquered by Tipu Sultan. It was then ceded to the British East India Company after the Anglo-Mysore Wars, and first annexed to the British Bombay Presidency, and then replaced to Madras Presidency. The coastal town of Mahe remained a French enclave until the early 1950s when it was integrated into the Union Territory of Puducherry. The central region comprised the erstwhile Kingdom of Cochin, administered from Thrissur. The southernmost province was the Kingdom of Travancore, based in the city of Thiruvananthapuram. While Cochin had been a vassal state under the British Raj, Travancore Kingdom was administered under suzerainty.
Early in the 20th century, the Mappila Muslims of the Calicut region revolted against the Zamindars who were mostly Hindus and the British Raj. In the following years, agitations for political rights and a popular government took place in Travancore and Cochin as well. After India was partitioned in 1947 into India and Pakistan, Travancore and Cochin, part of India were merged on 1 July 1949 to form Travancore–Cochin (Thiru-Kochi). A popular movement known as Aikya Kerala Movement, for the formation of the State of Kerala, gave motivation to the reorganization of the state on a linguistic basis.
On 1 November 1956, the taluk of Kasargod in the South Canara district of Madras, the Malabar district of Madras, and Travancore-Cochin, without four southern taluks (which joined Tamil Nadu), merged to form the state of Kerala under the States Reorganisation Act. A Communist-led government under E. M. S. Namboodiripad came to power following the first elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1957. It was one of the earliest elected Communist governments, after Communist success in the 1945 elections in the Republic of San Marino.

## Events

* President's Trophy Boat Race
* Reorganisation of Indian states
# William Penterman

William L. Penterman (born May 18, 1996) is an American dairy farmer and Republican politician from Columbus, Wisconsin. He is a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing Wisconsin's 38th Assembly district since 2025; he previously represented the 37th Assembly district from July 2021 through January 2025.

## Biography

Penterman was born and raised in Wisconsin, working on his family's dairy farm. He attended Ripon College, and while there founded Ripon College's chapter of Young Americans for Freedom—a Conservative youth organization.
Penterman served in the United States Army from 2015 through 2019, in the Military Police Corps, and continues to serve in the United States Army Reserve.
He worked as a legislative assistant in the Wisconsin State Assembly, and was clerk to the Assembly Committee on Campaigns and Elections during the post-election challenges to the results of the 2020 United States presidential election.
In 2021, the 37th State Assembly district became vacant when incumbent John Jagler won a special election to the Wisconsin State Senate. Penterman declared his candidacy and narrowly won a crowded eight-candidate Republican primary. He went on to win the special election with 54% over Democrat Pete Adams.
Penterman won re-election against Dane County Board of Supervisors member, Maureen McCarville in November 2022. His current term expires in January 2025.

## Electoral history
### Wisconsin Assembly (2021, 2022)

Wisconsin Assembly, 37th District Special Election, 2021 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| Special Republican Primary, June 15, 2021 ||||||
| | Republican | William Penterman | 758 | 19.81% | |
| | Republican | Jennifer Meinhardt | 742 | 19.39% | |
| | Republican | Nick Krueger | 621 | 16.23% | |
| | Republican | Nathan Pollnow | 536 | 14.01% | |
| | Republican | Steve Kauffeld | 514 | 13.43% |
| | Republican | Jenifer Quimby | 434 | 11.34% | |
| | Republican | Cathy Houchin | 182 | 4.76% | |
| | Republican | Spencer Zimmerman | 39 | 1.02% | |
| | Write-in | Write-in | 1 | 0.03% | |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 3,827 | 100.0% | |
| Special Election, July 13, 2021 ||||||
| | Republican | William Penterman | 3,742 | 54.10% | −2.00% |
| | Democratic | Pete Adams | 3,063 | 44.28% | +3.39% |
| | Independent | Stephen Ratzlaff | 112 | 1.62% | −1.39% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 6,917 | 100.0% |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |