# Philippine presidential inauguration

The inauguration of the president of the Republic of the Philippines is a ceremony marking the commencement of the six-year term of a president of the Philippines, who is both head of state and head of government. The inauguration is performed on June 30, as mandated by the 1987 Constitution. Under the older 1935 Constitution, the date was December 30, which is also Rizal Day; the last inauguration held on the older date was Ferdinand Marcos' second one on December 30, 1969. The most recent public presidential inauguration ceremony was that of President Bongbong Marcos, who began his six-year term in office on Thursday, June 30, 2022.
The only inauguration element mandated by the Constitution is that the president-elect takes the oath, or makes an affirmation, before that person can "enter on the execution" of the office of the presidency. Over the years, various unofficial traditions have arisen that have expanded the inauguration from a simple oath-taking ceremony to a day-long event, including parades, speeches, and balls.
When a new president takes over mid-term due to the death, resignation, or deposition of another president, the oath of office is administered as soon as possible, and due to the sudden nature of such an event, formal public celebrations are not held.

## Inauguration rites

The ceremony since 1992 traditionally begins with the president-elect fetching the incumbent in Malacañang Palace on the morning of June 30. At the Palace's State Entrance, the president-elect will wait for the incumbent to descend the Grand Staircase. Upon meeting at the foot of the staircase, the president-elect would greet the incumbent.
Both travel to the Quirino Grandstand aboard any of the presidential cars. Following protocol, the outgoing president takes the back right-hand seat of the vehicle, while the president-elect is seated behind the chauffeur. At the Grandstand's parade grounds, the outgoing president will be welcomed with arrival honors, and then shake hands with the president-elect. The outgoing president conducts a final troop review and is presented to the public before departing the Grandstand aboard their own private vehicle. Corazon Aquino broke the custom of leaving the Grandstand immediately, choosing instead to stay until the end of Fidel Ramos's inaugural speech. Ramos also attended the oath-taking of Joseph Estrada and the inaugural ceremonies.
The inauguration proper then begins with the singing of the national anthem. An ecumenical invocation follows, led by leaders of the different major religions of the Philippines, followed by a patriotic musical piece by a musical ensemble. Afterward, the president of the Senate of the Philippines reads the Joint Resolution of the Joint Congressional Board of Canvassers proclaiming the newly elected president and vice president. Since the Third Republic, the vice-president-elect is sworn in before the president-elect to immediately secure the line of succession. During his inauguration, President Manuel L. Quezon took the oath of office first to mark a "new start".
As mandated by the Constitution, the president-elect then takes the oath of office at exactly 12:00 PST (GMT+8); in 2010, President-elect Aquino did not await noon, he instead took his oath moments after Vice-President-elect Binay finished doing so. The oath is customarily administered by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, but that is not required. Due to political differences, Benigno Aquino III instead had then-Associate Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales administer the oath instead of then-Chief Justice Renato Corona. A 21-gun salute is then immediately fired, followed by four ruffles and flourishes and the Presidential Anthem, We Say Mabuhay, is played in honor of the new president, followed by the presidential honors music Marangal na Parangal (Glorious Honors).
The new president then delivers an inaugural address. Previous inaugurations also saw a full military and civil parade in the same manner as the Independence Day celebrations on 12 June (similar to the US Inaugural Parades) right after the address. From the late 1940s to the late 1960s, similar parades were also held on Rizal Day on 30 December as well and to ring in the New Year's celebrations that would start the day after.
The new president then returns to Malacañang Palace to formally take possession of the residence. This formal entry is symbolized by the president ascending the Grand Staircase and proceeding to the Ceremonial Hall. Juan Luna's painting, The Blood Compact, is currently displayed at the top of the Staircase. The president then inducts the new Cabinet on the same day and holds its first meeting immediately after.
In the evening, an inaugural reception is held for other officials and foreign dignitaries who wish to call on the new president. The customary banquets of either a vin d'honneur or an inaugural ball were abolished in an effort to revert to the pre-martial law practice of simpler official receptions. The last inaugural ball was held in 1981 for Ferdinand Marcos' third inauguration, which was also the last time the Rigodon de Honor (a Hispanic dance analogous to a court dance) was performed; it was again danced on the Independence Day celebrations of 2009. The president concludes the ceremonies with a toast, as a gesture of amity towards states that maintain diplomatic ties with the Philippines.

### Date

The new president is to be inaugurated at noon of June 30 as currently mandated by the 1987 Constitution, but past ceremonies were held on different dates. The first president, Emilio Aguinaldo, was inaugurated on January 23, 1899, while presidents under the 1935 Constitution were inaugurated at noon of Rizal Day (December 30). Only two presidents under the 1935 Constitution were not inaugurated on December 30, namely Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas. Ferdinand Marcos changed the inauguration date to the present June 30, while his successors Corazon Aquino and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo were inaugurated on February 25, 1986, and January 20, 2001, respectively, Aquino after the People Power Revolution and Arroyo after the Second EDSA Revolution.

### Location

Nine inaugurations have been held at the Quirino Grandstand in the Luneta, namely Quirino (1949), Magsaysay (1953), Garcia (December 1957), Macapagal (1961), Marcos (1965, 1969, 1981), Ramos (1992) and Aquino III (2010). Presidents Estrada and Arroyo only delivered their inaugural addresses there. To date, Estrada and Arroyo were the only presidents to take the oath of office and inaugural addresses in two different locations.
Other presidents, namely Aguinaldo and Estrada, were inaugurated at the Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan; Quezon, Laurel, Roxas and Marcos Jr. were inaugurated in front of the Legislative Building (renamed as the National Museum of Fine Arts when Marcos Jr. was inaugurated); and Aquino in Club Filipino, Greenhills, San Juan, Metro Manila. Marcos was inaugurated in Maharlika Hall, Malacañang Palace in 1986, and Duterte was inaugurated in the Rizal Hall, Malacañang Palace in 2016. Arroyo took her first oath as president at the EDSA Shrine in Quezon City. Osmeña, who assumed the presidency upon the death of his predecessor Manuel L. Quezon, took his oath of office in Washington D.C. Quirino and Garcia took their first oath of office in the Quirino Council of State Room of the Malacañang Palace following the death of their predecessors.
List of venues that hosted inaugurations :
| Times hosted | Venue | Location | Ceremonies |
| 10 | Independence Grandstand / Quirino Grandstand | Manila, Metro Manila | 1946, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1961, 1965, 1969, 1981, 1992, 2010 |
| 4 | Malacañang Palace | Manila, Metro Manila | 1948, 1957, 1986, 2016 |
| 4 | Legislative Building / National Museum of Fine Arts | Manila, Metro Manila | 1935, 1943, 1946, 2022 |
| 2 | Barasoain Church | Malolos, Bulacan | 1899, 1998 |
| 2 | Washington, D.C. | United States | 1943, 1944 |
| 1 | Holy Cross Parish Church | Santa Cruz de Malabon, Cavite | 1897 |
| 1 | Malinta Tunnel | Corregidor, Cavite | 1941 |
| 1 | Club Filipino | San Juan, Metro Manila | 1986 |
| 1 | EDSA Shrine | Quezon City, Metro Manila | 2001 |
| 1 | Cebu Provincial Capitol | Cebu City, Cebu | 2004 |

### Attendees

In addition to the general public, the following are the attendants of the inauguration:
* The president and vice president elect and their immediate families.
* Members of Congress.
* Members of the President's Cabinet.
* The Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court.
* Local officials
* Representatives of different civil organizations.
* Members of the Diplomatic Corps.
* Usually the outgoing president and vice-president.
* Choir, orchestra, and other musical performers.
* Representatives of the various religions of the country.
* Security and uniformed personnel headed by the Presidential Security Group and the Philippine National Police.
* Military band, honor guard, and the uniformed personnel from the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
If a civil-military parade follows the speech the format is the same as in the Independence Day parades, with the AFP first, with the units of the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection and the Philippine Coast Guard following them and later by civilian marchers representing the government, private sector, youth and youth uniformed organizations, national athletes and the representatives of the nation's religious sector and its various ethnic nationalities.

## Ceremonial
### Oath of office

Under Article VII, Section 5 of the 1987 Constitution, before the president and vice-president can
   SECTION 5. ...enter on the execution of their office, the President, the Vice-President, or the Acting President shall take the following oath or affirmation:
   “I, _________ do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President (or Vice-President or Acting President) of the Philippines, preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God.” (In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted.)
The oath from the Filipino version of the Constitution was used for the inaugurations of Presidents Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Benigno Aquino III, and Bongbong Marcos:
   Ako, si _______________, ay taimtim kong pinanunumpaan [o pinatotohanan] na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo [o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo] ng Pilipinas, pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang Konstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito, magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos. [Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin.]

### Inaugural address

Every president since Emilio Aguinaldo delivered an inaugural address. Presidents, who became president upon the death of their predecessor, also delivered an address. It is usually delivered after the new president took the oath of office. However, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo delivered the inaugural address first at the Quirino Grandstand and then took the oath of office in Cebu.

## Gallery

* Inauguration of President Manuel L. Quezon, 1935.
* Inauguration of President Jose P. Laurel, 1943.
* Inauguration of President Sergio Osmeña, 1944.
* First inauguration of President Manuel Roxas, 1946.
* Second Inauguration of President Manuel Roxas, 1946.
* First Inauguration of President Elpidio Quirino, 1948.
* Second Inauguration of President Elpidio Quirino, 1949.
* Inauguration of President Ramon Magsaysay, 1953.
* First Inauguration of President Carlos P. García, 1957.
* Second Inauguration of President Carlos P. García, 1957.
* Inauguration of President Diosdado Macapagal, 1961.
* First Inauguration of President Ferdinand E. Marcos, 1965.
* Second inauguration of President Ferdinand Marcos, 1969.
* Third inauguration of President Ferdinand Marcos, 1981.
* Fourth inauguration of President Ferdinand Marcos, 1986.
* Inauguration of President Corazon Aquino, 1986.
* Inauguration of President Fidel V. Ramos, 1992.
* First Inauguration of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, 2001.
* Second Inauguration of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, 2004.
* Inauguration of President Benigno Aquino III, 2010.
* Inauguration of President Rodrigo Duterte, 2016.
* Inauguration of President Bongbong Marcos, 2022.

## List of inaugural ceremonies

Note: Vice presidents-elect usually take the oath of office with the president-elect, but Rodrigo Duterte broke tradition by requesting then Vice President-elect Leni Robredo to hold inauguration rites separately. The only other instance that the vice president was inaugurated separately was when Gloria Macapagal Arroyo succeeded to the presidency and nominated Teofisto Guingona as vice president. Guingona was confirmed by Congress on February 9, 2001, and took the oath of office the same day.
| Date | President | Event | Location | Oath administered by | Document sworn on | Address | Notes |
| March 22, 1897 | Emilio Aguinaldo | First inauguration of Emilio Aguinaldo | Holy Cross Parish Church, Santa Cruz de Malabon, Cavite | Fr. Cenon Villafranca | none | none | |
| January 23, 1899 | Emilio Aguinaldo | Second inauguration of Emilio Aguinaldo | Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan | Prime Minister Apolinario Mabini | none | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| November 15, 1935 | Manuel L. Quezon | First inauguration of Manuel L. Quezon | Legislative Building, Manila | Ramon Avanceña | none | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| December 30, 1941 | Manuel L. Quezon | Second inauguration of Manuel L. Quezon | Malinta Tunnel, Corregidor, Cavite City | José Abad Santos | none | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| November 15, 1943 | Manuel L. Quezon | Third inauguration of Manuel L. Quezon | Washington, D.C., United States | US Assoc. Justice Felix Frankfurter | none | none | |
| August 1, 1944 | Sergio Osmeña | Inauguration of Sergio Osmeña (Extraordinary inauguration) | Washington, D.C., United States | US Assoc. Justice Robert H. Jackson | none | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | First of three vice presidents to assume the presidency upon the death of the president |
| October 14, 1943 | Jose P. Laurel | Inauguration of José P. Laurel | Legislative Building, Manila | José Yulo | none | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| May 28, 1946 | Manuel Roxas | First inauguration of Manuel Roxas | Legislative Building, Manila | Manuel Moran | none | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| July 4, 1946 | Manuel Roxas | Second inauguration of Manuel Roxas | Independence Grandstand, Manila | Manuel Moran | none | none | |
| April 17, 1948 | Elpidio Quirino | First inauguration of Elpidio Quirino (Extraordinary inauguration) | Council of State Room, Executive Building, Malacañang Palace | Assoc. Justice Ricardo Paras | none | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | Second of three vice presidents to assume the presidency upon the death of the president |
| December 30, 1949 | Elpidio Quirino | Second inauguration of Elpidio Quirino | Independence Grandstand, Manila | Manuel Moran | none | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| December 30, 1953 | Ramon Magsaysay | Inauguration of Ramon Magsaysay | Independence Grandstand, Manila | Ricardo Paras | Two family bibles; one each from his mother and father's side | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| March 18, 1957 | Carlos P. Garcia | First inauguration of Carlos P. Garcia (Extraordinary inauguration) | Council of State Room, Executive Building, Malacañang Palace | Ricardo Paras | none | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | Third of three vice presidents to assume the presidency upon the death of the president |
| December 30, 1957 | Carlos P. Garcia | Second inauguration of Carlos P. Garcia | Independence Grandstand, Manila | Ricardo Paras | Closed family bible | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| December 30, 1961 | Diosdado Macapagal | Inauguration of Diosdado Macapagal | Quirino Grandstand, Manila | César Bengzon | Closed family bible | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| December 30, 1965 | Ferdinand Marcos | First inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos | Quirino Grandstand, Manila | César Bengzon | Two closed family bibles; one owned by his father Mariano and one owned by his wife Imelda. | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| December 30, 1969 | Ferdinand Marcos | Second inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos | Quirino Grandstand, Manila | Roberto Concepcion | none | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| June 12, 1978 | Ferdinand Marcos | Prime Ministerial confirmation of Ferdinand Marcos | Batasang Pambansa Complex, Quezon City | Fred Ruiz Castro | none | none | |
| June 30, 1981 | Ferdinand Marcos | Third inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos | Quirino Grandstand, Manila | Enrique Fernando | Two closed family bibles | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| February 25, 1986 | Ferdinand Marcos | Fourth inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos (Extraordinary inauguration) | Maharlika Hall, Malacañang Palace | Ramon Aquino | none | none | |
| February 25, 1986 | Corazon Aquino | Inauguration of Corazon Aquino (Extraordinary inauguration) | Club Filipino, Greenhills, San Juan, Metro Manila | Assoc. Justice Claudio Teehankee, Sr. | Closed family bible; owned by Aurora Aquino, mother of Ninoy Aquino | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| June 30, 1992 | Fidel V. Ramos | Inauguration of Fidel V. Ramos | Quirino Grandstand, Manila | Andres Narvasa | Closed family bible | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| June 30, 1998 | Joseph Ejercito Estrada | Inauguration of Joseph Estrada | Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan | Andres Narvasa | Closed family bible | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| January 20, 2001 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | First inauguration of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Extraordinary inauguration) | EDSA Shrine, Quezon City | Hilario Davide, Jr. | Closed family bible | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| June 30, 2004 | Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Second inauguration of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Cebu Provincial Capitol, Cebu City | Hilario Davide, Jr. | Closed family bible; same one used by Diosdado Macapagal in 1961 | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| June 30, 2010 | Benigno S. Aquino III | Inauguration of Benigno Aquino III | Quirino Grandstand, Manila | Assoc. Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales | Closed family bible; same one used by Corazon Aquino in 1986 | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | |
| June 30, 2016 | Rodrigo Roa Duterte | Inauguration of Rodrigo Duterte | Rizal Hall, Malacañang Palace, Manila | Assoc. Justice Bienvenido L. Reyes | Family bible; owned by Rodrigo's mother, Soledad | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | Vice President Leni Robredo held a separate inauguration at Quezon City Reception House |
| June 30, 2022 | Bongbong Marcos | Inauguration of Bongbong Marcos | National Museum of Fine Arts, Manila | Alexander Gesmundo | Closed family bible used by his father Ferdinand Marcos during 1965 Presidential Inauguration | ‹ The template below (Cite WS) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›Full text | Vice President Sara Duterte held a separate inauguration at San Pedro Square in Davao City on June 19, 2022 |