OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lau (clan)

Lau (also spelled Lav) is one of the seven Mohyal Brahmin clans of Punjab.

## Origin and history
### Early history

LAU ( Vasishtha )
Lau Mohyal belongs to Vasishtha gotra. Vasishtha, a Manas Putra of Brahma, was thrice born. In the first birth, he was son-in-law of Kashyap Rishi, being married to his daughter Arundhati. He too perished in the Daksha-yaga and was born again from the Yajna-kund of the Brahma. He was born from a pot, for the third time, as oar of Mitra Varuna. He was the family priest of Suryavanshis and purohit to the Raghus or Raghavas from whom Sri Rama descended. He clashed with Vishvamitra over the fabled Kamadhenu cow and defeated him. He was the author of Vasishtha Smriti, Vasishtha Puran and other granthas.
Kripacharya, son of Gautam Rishi and brother-in-law of Dronacharya, was also in the line of the mythical ancestors of the Laus.
In Mohyals' recorded history, however, there is no mention of the Lau clan until around 1000 CE. According to Mohyals' own historians and their folklore, the clan came into prominence by establishing a dheri (fiefdom) at Bajwada near modern-day Kangra in Himachal Pradesh on the border with Hoshiarpur, Punjab. In the Middle Ages Bajwada was an important town, as reflected by the prominence of its mention in Mughal records. Various Mohyal ballads, especially the Vishav Rai Niti, extol the feats and fierce swordsmanship of the early rulers of Bajwada especially Vishav Rai and Ballal Sen, and consist of verses that also glorify the damages inflicted by their armies on the Ghaznavid sultans, when the latter were on their way to or returning from raids of other Indian cities.
Many names of the Lau clan in Mohyal folklore and records closely match names from the Sena dynasty of Bengal, like Ballal Sen and Lau Sen. That, and the coinciding of the Lau clan's appearance in Punjab with the period when the Senas held territories North of Delhi, has led some historians to assert that the Laus descended from among the Senas and are named after Lau Sen, consistent with the known phenomenon of a new clan or caste name coming into being with a notable ancestor. The name Lau Sen is famous in Bengali folklore as well, and consistent with Mohyal tradition the Senas were also of Brahmin lineage but in a Kshatriya role.
India's most decorated Army General, Zorawar Chand Bakshi was from the Lau clan.
# Kumaran (surname)

Kumaran is a surname. People with the surname include:
* Dharshan Kumaran (born 1975), an English chess grandmaster
* I. K. Kumaran (1903–1999), Indian freedom fighter who fought for liberation from France in 1954
* K. P. K. Kumaran, politician and former member of the Parliament of India who represented Tamil Nadu
* K. P. Kumaran, Malayalam film maker
* Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair (1916–2007), Kathakali artiste in classical Indian dance-drama
* Kumaran Asan (1873–1924), one of the triumvirate poets of Kerala, South India
* M. Kumaran (born 1966), Indian politician
* M. K. Kumaran (1915–1994), famous writer, journalist and politician of Kerala, India
* Moorkoth Kumaran (1874–1941), teacher and a prominent short story writer in Malayalam
* S. S. Kumaran, Tamil film composer
* Sangili Kumaran or Cankili II (died 1619), the self-proclaimed last king of the Jaffna kingdom
* Thirunavukkarasu Kumaran, Indian cricketer
* Tiruppur Kumaran (1904–1932), Indian revolutionary who participated in the Indian independence movement
* Uma Kumaran, British politician
# Vovkovatytsia

Vovkovatytsia (Ukrainian: Вовковатиця) is a village (selo) in Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast, in western Ukraine. It belongs to Zabolottsi rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.
From 1918 to 1939 the village was in Tarnopol Voivodeship in Poland.
Until 18 July 2020, Vovkovatytsia belonged to Brody Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Brody Raion was merged into Zolochiv Raion.
# Cubic mean

The cubic mean (written as ${\bar {x}}_{\mathrm {cubic} }$) is a specific instance of the generalized mean with $p=3$.

## Definition

For $n$ real numbers $x_{i}\in \mathbb {R}$ the cubic mean is defined as:
    ${\bar {x}}_{\mathrm {cubic} }={\sqrt[{3}]{{\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{x_{i}^{3}}}}={\sqrt[{3}]{{x_{1}^{3}+x_{2}^{3}+\cdots +x_{n}^{3}} \over n}}.$
For example, the cubic mean of two numbers is:
    ${\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {x_{1}^{3}+x_{2}^{3}}{2}}}$.

## Applications

The cubic mean is used to predict the life expectancy of machine parts.
The cubic mean wind speed has been used a measure of local potential for wind energy.
The cubic mean is also used in biology to measure the mean dimensions of spherical bacteria (cocci) and of larger animals that are approximately spheroidal in shape. In this case using the conventional arithmetic mean will not give an accurate result because the size of a spherical bacterium increases as the cube of the radius.
# Glendogie Bogey

Glendogie Bogey is a stop motion animated short film created by BBC Scotland shown on BBC One Scotland in 2008. It is the sequel to the 2006 short film Haunted Hogmanay.

## Plot

When Jeff's girlfriend Patricia is kidnapped by a monster called The Bogey, he and Thurston go to the caves underneath Glendogie golf course to rescue her.

## Voice cast

* Peter Capaldi as Jeff Wylie
* Alex Norton as Thurston McCondry
* Rachel Stevens as Patricia Ravelston
* Cameron Fraser as The Bogey
# West Knapton

West Knapton is a small village in the civil parish of Scampston, in North Yorkshire, England. It is situated on the edge of the Yorkshire Wolds at the foot of the North York Moors. The village is accessed by the A64.
There are approximately 32 houses in the village itself with several outlying farms and the 'Knapton Maltings', a small development of houses. Also, a few houses are by the railway.
West Knapton hosts a gas-fired power station which is operated by Viking UK Gas Ltd on behalf of Scottish Power.
It also is host to Knapton Maltings, or Knapton Silo as it is locally known.
On the opposite side of the A64 to the village itself is the Wolds Way Caravan and Camping site.
Until 1974 West Knapton lay in the historic county boundaries of the East Riding of Yorkshire. The village was part of the Ryedale district between 1974 and 2023. It is now administered by North Yorkshire Council.
West Knapton was served by Knapton railway station on the York to Scarborough Line between 1845 and 1930. From 1866 to 1935 it was in Knapton parish when it became part of Scampston.
# Anica − Kninska kraljica

"Anica − kninska kraljica" (transl. Annie – the Queen of Knin) is a nationalist folk rock song by the Croatian band Thompson. The song was composed after Operation Storm, celebrating the victory of the operation.
It is commonly claimed that the song plagiarized a Chetnik song, named "Nad Kraljevom živa vatra seva" (transl. Above Kraljevo the Living Fire's Flashing). However, both songs are reworks of a Montenegrin folk song "Šetajući pored Ljubovića" (transl. Walking By Ljubović).
# John Smedley (British Army officer)

Brigadier John Edward Bruce Smedley CVO (born 1946) is a former Private Secretary to the Earl and Countess of Wessex, who now serves as chairman of the International Golf Charity and International Golf for Youth.

## Life

Educated at Felsted School, where he was a scholar becoming head boy, Smedley read Economics at the University of Reading before being commissioned into the Royal Tank Regiment as one of the first university cadetship officers. Throughout his regimental service he served with 3rd Royal Tank Regiment (the Armoured Farmers), mainly in Germany with tours in Northern Ireland and Cyprus. He was ADC to Lieutenant General Sir Allan Taylor on staff tours in Hong Kong with the Gurkha Brigade and the Ministry of Defence. After attending the Joint Service Defence College at Greenwich he became Commander UNFICYP Support Regiment before returning to the Staff at HQ British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) as Chief G3 Training. On promotion to Colonel he became Assistant Chief of Staff G4 HQ BAOR for a year, then Commander Armoured Recce HQ ACE Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC) for year and latterly the last Chief of Staff of the Army Staff College at Camberley. Promoted Brigadier he served as Deputy Commander HQ 1st (UK) Armoured Division in Germany.
Upon his retirement from the Army, Smedley was appointed Private Secretary to the Earl and Countess of Wessex serving from January 2002 until April 2014, and again from November 2018 until April 2019.
Admitted a Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers (of which Prince Edward serves on the Court of Assistants), Smedley remains an Equerry to TRH the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh. He also serves as Chairman of Chitterne Cricket Club, as well as of the International Golf Charity and International Golf for Youth Ltd.
Appointed Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order in the 2010 New Year Honours, he was promoted Commander of the Royal Victorian Order on 13 March 2014.
Smedley married Lavinia Lane in 1976, having two sons.
# Orworth, Kansas

Orworth is a ghost town in Lincoln County, Kansas, United States.

## History

Orworth was issued a post office in 1879. The post office was discontinued in 1892.
# Orphilus subnitidus

Orphilus subnitidus is a species of carpet beetle in the family Dermestidae. It is found in North America.
# Henry A. Stearns

Henry Augustus Stearns (October 23, 1825 – October 8, 1910) brought steam laundry to California, was a cotton wadding mill owner in Rhode Island, and a Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island.

## Early life

Stearns was born October 23, 1825, in Billerica, Massachusetts, the seventh generation of an old New England family which traced its ancestry back to Isaac Stearns, who settled in Watertown, Massachusetts from England in 1630. He attended Phillips Academy for two years, then worked as a shoemaker and as a clerk in a general store until he was 20 years old. Before long, Stearns moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, to join his brother George S. manufacturing cotton wadding, in the first such factory west of the Allegheny Mountains.

## Wandering years

In 1850, Henry, feeling wanderlust, sold out his interest in the cotton wadding factory to his brother, and headed to California to join in the gold rush. He decided he would transport a steam boiler and machinery, with the intent to start a steam laundry in San Francisco. This required a land transport across the isthmus of Panama on the backs of men, then a sea voyage on an old whaling ship which sprang a leak, became disabled and set adrift. By the time the crew arrived in San Francisco four months later, the Stearns and the crew were near-starving. A doctor told Stearns he would not live. However, Stearns did recover. He set up the first steam laundry in California, became very successful, and then sold his share. He then moved on to operate a steam ferry boat named "Hector" between San Francisco and Oakland. He then moved on to the redwoods district and opened a steam sawmill.
In 1853, Stearns returned to Cincinnati, then moved a few more times, including Buffalo, New York and then Sangamon County, Illinois.

## Rhode Island

In 1861, Stearns moved to the state where he would remain the rest of his life: Rhode Island. There, he teamed with Pawtucket industrialist Darius Goff, manufacturing cotton wadding at the Union Wadding Company. Stearns became superintendent of the company in 1870, and president in 1891.

## Political life

Stearns was a lifelong Republican. He represented Lincoln in both houses of the State Legislature; first from 1878 to 1881 and again from 1887 to 1888. He was Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island from 1891 to 1892.

## Personal life

Stearns married Kate Falconer of Hamilton, Ohio in 1856. Their children were: Deshler Falconer, George Russell, Walter Henry, Kate Russell, Justice Charles Falconer Stearns, Henry Foster, Anna Russell, who died in infancy, and Caroline. After 1862, the Stearns family lived in Central Falls, Rhode Island. His personal library was said to be among the finest in the state.
Stearns was a Mason; a member of the Sons of the American Revolution; and a member of the Society of Colonial Wars. He was also a member of the Central Falls Congregational Church.
# Rane supreme

Rane supreme is a studio album by Italian singer Mina, released on 17 October 1987 by PDU and distributed by EMI Italiana.

## Overview

On the first volume of the album, Mina presents her interpretations of songs by other artists. Among them: "Nessun dolore" by Lucio Battisti, in this song the singer demonstrates her wide vocal range, "Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word" by Elton John and "Careless Whisper" by George Michael. The song "Gloria" was already recorded by Mina for the album Due note (1961). There are new songs on the second volume.
As usual, the album was released in the fall, again as a double album on vinyl and in two volumes on CD and cassette. The album entered the top five of the chart in Italy.
For the recording of this album, Mina received the Targa Tenco prize as the best performer.

## Personnel

* Mina – vocals, background vocals
* Massimiliano Pani – background vocals, bass guitar, guitar
* Samuele Cerri – background vocals
* Pino Presti – background vocals
* Moreno Ferrara – background vocals
* Mario Robbiani – background vocals, strings
* Paolo Gianolio – bass guitar, guitar, electronic keyboard
* Massimo Moriconi – bass guitar
* Ellade Bandini – drums
* Flaviano Cuffari – drums
* Stefano Previsti – electronic keyboard
* Sergio Farina – guitar
* Alberto Radius – guitar
* Stefano Trevisti – keyboards
* Franco Serafini – piano, Rhodes piano
* Renato Sellani – piano
* Nuccio Rinaldis – recording, mixing
* Amedeo Bianchi – saxophone
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

## Charts

Chart performance for Rane supreme :
| Chart (1987) | Peak position |
| Italian Albums (Billboard) | 7 |
| Italian Albums (Musica e dischi) | 5 |
# Dipak Chatterjee

Dipak Chatterjee is a fictional detective character created by Bengali writer Samarendranath Pandey under his pen name Swapan Kumar. The series of his stories were well known in the sub altern culture of Kolkata and most popular pulp fiction to readers of Bengali literature.

## Character

The first story of Dipak Chatterjee, Adrishya Sanket, was published in 1953. Dipak is a private investigator of Kolkata, British India. The police often seek help from him. Adventurous Dipak even goes abroad for solving cases. He can use revolvers with both hands and is an expert in martial arts. Dipak has profound scientific knowledge and has set up a laboratory in his house to carry out scientific experiments. His assistant, Ratanlal, usually accompanies him. Most of the stories are set in colonial Bengal. A total of 20 series of Dipak Chatterjee stories were published over three decades.

## Selected series

* Rahasya Kuhelika series
* Crime World series
* Dragon series
* Bajpakhi Series
* Biswachakra series
* Kalrudra series
* Kalnagini series
* Kalo Nekde series

## Adaptation

* Pradipta Bhattacharya, a National Award-winning Bengali filmmaker wants to make a films based on the story of Dipak Chatterjee. According to the director there were some copyright related problems.
* The leading Bengali OTT platform Hoichoi, has released a movie Shri Swapankumarer Badami Hyenar Kobole, directed by Debaloy Bhattacharya. There, the role of Dipak Chatterjee was played by Abir Chatterjee and the role of the writer Swapankumar was played by Paran Bandyopadhyay. It was released on 12 January 2024.
# Eyes Galaxies

The Eyes Galaxies (NGC 4435-NGC 4438, also known as Arp 120) are a pair of galaxies about 52 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. The pair are members of the string of galaxies known as Markarian's Chain.

## NGC 4435

NGC 4435 is a barred lenticular galaxy currently interacting with NGC 4438. Studies of the galaxy by the Spitzer Space Telescope revealed a relatively young (190 million years) stellar population within the galaxy's nucleus, which may have originated through the interaction with NGC 4438 compressing gas and dust in that region, triggering a starburst. It also appears to have a long tidal tail possibly caused by the interaction; however, other studies suggest the apparent tail is actually foreground galactic cirrus within the Milky Way unrelated to NGC 4435.

## NGC 4438

NGC 4438 is the most curious interacting galaxy in the Virgo Cluster, due to the uncertainty surrounding the energy mechanism that heats the nuclear source; this energy mechanism may be a starburst region, or a black hole-powered active galactic nucleus (AGN). Both hypotheses are currently under investigation by astronomers.
This galaxy shows a highly distorted disk, including long tidal tails due to the gravitational interactions with other galaxies in the cluster and its companion. The aforementioned features explain why sources differ as to its classification, defining it either as a lenticular or spiral galaxy. NGC 4438 also shows signs of a past, extended - but modest - starburst, a considerable deficiency of neutral hydrogen, as well as a displacement of the components of its interstellar medium - atomic hydrogen, molecular hydrogen, interstellar dust, and hot gas - in the direction of NGC 4435. This observation suggests both a tidal interaction with NGC 4435 and the effects of ram-pressure stripping as NGC 4438 moves at high speed through Virgo's intracluster medium, increased by the encounter between both galaxies.

## As interacting galaxies

While there is evidence to suggest that the environmental damage to the interstellar medium of NGC 4438 may have been caused by an off-center collision with NGC 4435 millions of years ago, a recent discovery of several filaments of ionized gas links NGC 4438 with the large neighboring elliptical galaxy Messier 86, in addition to a discovery of gas and dust within M86 that may have been stripped from NGC 4438 during a past encounter between the two. Given the high density of galaxies in the center of the Virgo galaxy cluster, it is possible that the three galaxies, NGC 4435, NGC 4438, and M86, have had past interactions.

## In popular culture

In the 2014 film Interstellar, "NGC 4438" along with specific observation data can be seen in Murphy Cooper (Jessica Chastain)'s notepad during the film's climactic sequence. As the presence of a supermassive black hole in the AGC of NGC 4438 is one of two leading theories, the galaxy is potentially that accessed by the wormhole in the film.
# Tomás Herrán

Tomás Herrán y Mosquera (September 21, 1843 – 1904), a Colombian diplomat, signed and became a namesake of the Hay–Herrán Treaty of 1903.

## Family

Herrán was the son of Pedro Alcántara Herrán and the maternal grandson of Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, who both served as President of Colombia.

## Education

Herrán graduated from Georgetown University with a B.A. in 1863 and an M.A. in 1868. He was awarded a Doctor of Laws by Georgetown in 1900.
At the time of the Hay–Herrán Treaty, Herrán served as Colombian chargé d'affaires in the United States of America. Herrán's papers were later published as The Letters of Tomás Herrán and the Panama Crisis, 1900–1903, edited by Thomas J. Dodd, Jr.
# Tai Wo Hau station

Tai Wo Hau (Chinese: 大窩口; Cantonese Yale: Daaih wō háu) is an MTR station between Tsuen Wan and Kwai Hing stations on the Tsuen Wan line. It serves the areas of Kwai Yin Court and Tai Wo Hau Estate in the Kwai Tsing District, and some resited villages (such as Kwan Mun Hau Tsuen) in the Tsuen Wan District of Hong Kong. These villages were originally in Tsuen Wan town centre, being moved for new town development.
Tai Wo Hau station was one of the first railway stations in the New Territories; and the first underground one. All other New Territories stations on the Tsuen Wan line are either at surface level or on viaducts. Lai King station cuts through a hillside slope, and all other New Territories underground stations were opened some years later.
The station is relatively less busy in the system because of its distance to nearby bus stops and settlements.

## History

The station was built on the site of a park. The 280-metre-long, 22-metre-wide, 15-metre-deep station box was built bottom-up within a sheetpile cofferdam. The station was built by a Japanese joint venture between Aoki Corporation and Tobishima Construction. The tunnel between Tai Wo Hau and Kwai Hing stations was completed in July 1980 using the drill-and-blast method. Tai Wo Hau station opened on 10 May 1982, in sync with Tsuen Wan line. In 1984, the New Territories Development Department awarded a contract for the construction of a park above the station to replace the one which originally existed there. This park is now called Kwok Shui Road Park.

## Station layout

Platforms 1 and 2 share the same island platform.
| G | Ground level | Exits |
| L1 | Concourse | Customer Service, MTRShops |
| L1 | Concourse | Vending machine, ATMs |
| L2 Platforms | Platform 2 | → Tsuen Wan line towards Central (Kwai Hing) → |
| Island platform, doors will open on the right ||
| L2 Platforms | Platform 1 | ← Tsuen Wan line towards Tsuen Wan (Terminus) |

## Entrances/exits

* A: Hoi Pa San Tsuen, Ham Tin Tsuen, Ho Pui Tsuen, Kwok Shui Road, Primrose Hill
* B: Castle Peak Road, Kwai Yin Court, Kwai Chung Estate, Tai Wo Hau Estate
# Tseung Kwan O station

Tseung Kwan O (Chinese: 將軍澳; Cantonese Yale: Jēunggwān'ou; pronounced:) is a station on the MTR Tseung Kwan O line located at the town centre of the Tseung Kwan O New Town in the New Territories of Hong Kong. The previous station is Tiu Keng Leng and the line splits after this station to LOHAS Park and Hang Hau. The entrances to the station are on Tong Chun Street, Popcorn Mall and Tong Yin Street. A public transport interchange is located outside the station. The architecture firm Aedas designed the station.

## History

Leighton-China State joint venture won the contract for the station.
Tsueng Kwan O station opened to the public on 18 August 2002, together with the spur line to Tsueng Kwan O Depot, right next to LOHAS Park station, but the station did not open until 26 July 2009.

## Station layout

| G | Concourse | Exits, transport interchange |
| G | Concourse | Customer service, MTRshops |
| G | Concourse | Vending machines, automatic teller machines |
| L1 Platform | Platform 1 | → Tseung Kwan O line towards Po Lam (Hang Hau) → → Tseung Kwan O line towards LOHAS Park (Terminus) → |
| Island platform, doors will open on the right ||
| L1 Platform | Platform 2 | ← Tseung Kwan O line towards North Point (Tiu Keng Leng) |

### Entrances/exits

* A1: TKO Spot / Sheung Tak Estate / Transport Interchange
* A2: The Grandiose / Tseung Kwan O Plaza
* B1/B2: Park Central
* C: PopCorn

## Hotels

Sun Hung Kai Properties developed a 359-room Crowne Plaza hotel, a 176-room Vega Suites hotel and a 300-room Holiday Inn Express hotel at Tseung Kwan O station as part of a comprehensive hotel and shopping complex.

## Shopping centre

The station is attached to an MTR-owned shopping centre called PopCorn that opened in 2012. It comprises over 40,000 square metres and houses about 150 retailers and a cinema.
PopCorn is an anchor connecting the nearby malls of PopCorn 2, Park Central, and Tseung Kwan O Plaza. A public transport interchange is situated next to PopCorn and serves public light buses routes 103M, 110 and 112S, and Citybus routes 792M, 793, 796S, 796X, 798 and N796.
# Becks, New Zealand

Becks is a small settlement in the Otago Region of the South Island of New Zealand. It is located on State Highway 85, some 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) north-east of Omakau, and just west of where the State Highway crosses the Manuherikia River. It lies on the 45th parallel south.
The former White Horse Hotel in Becks was established in 1864 by John Nixon Becks, and is registered by Heritage New Zealand as a Category II heritage building. The township was originally called White Horse, after the public house, but the name was later changed to that of the publican.