OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Term limits in Wyoming

In the U.S. state of Wyoming, the state legislature passed a bill limiting the office of Governor to two consecutive terms of four years each afterDemocratic governor Edgar Herschler served three terms into the mid-1980s. Then in 1992, voters approved term limits by ballot initiative.
Neither action constituted an amendment to the Wyoming Constitution. Twelve years later, two state legislators challenged the term limit law in a lawsuit; the Wyoming Supreme Court invalidated the limits in a unanimous decision, ruling that a constitutional amendment would be required to establish such a law.
The ruling did not apply directly to statewide executive positions (including the office of governor), but it was expected in early 2009 that popular Governor Dave Freudenthal might challenge that law on the same grounds.
# 2004 Montserrat Championship

The 2004 season of the Montserrat Championship was the seventh recorded season of top flight association football competition in Montserrat, with records for any competition held between 1975 and 1995 not available, the third iteration of the championship since the 1996–97 season was abandoned when the Soufrière Hills erupted causing widespread devastation to the island, and, as of 2015, the last recorded season of competitive football on the island. The championship was won by Ideal, their first title to date.

## Final standings

| Rank | Football club |
| Winners | Ideal SC |
| | Royal Montserrat Police Force |
| | Montserrat Secondary School |
| | MVO Tremors |
| | Seven Day Adventists Trendsetters |
source:
# Nīcgale Parish

Nīcgale Parish (Latvian: Nīcgales pagasts; Latgalian: Neicgaļa pogosts) is an administrative unit of Augšdaugava Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.

## Towns, villages and settlements of Nīcgale Parish

* Nīcgale
* This Latgale location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* ↑ "Reģionu, novadu, pilsētu un pagastu kopējā un sauszemes platība gada sākumā". Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
* ↑ "Iedzīvotāju skaits pēc tautības reģionos, pilsētās, novados, pagastos, apkaimēs un blīvi apdzīvotās teritorijās gada sākumā (pēc administratīvi teritoriālās reformas 2021. gadā)". Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
# MV Songea

MV Songea is a ferry operated by the Marine Services Company Limited of Tanzania on Lake Nyasa.
In 2000 the Songea was described as being indefinitely out of service. As of 2024 the Songea was unreliable and often required repair.
# Babatunde Oshinowo

Babatunde Oluwasegun Temitope Oluwakorede Adisa "Baba" Oshinowo Jr. [Ba-ba-TOON-day OH-shi-no-who] (born January 14, 1983) is a former American football defensive tackle. His second name "Oluwasegun" means "God has been victorious" in the Yoruba language. He was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the sixth round of the 2006 NFL draft. He played college football at Stanford.
Oshinowo was also a member of the Chicago Bears, Washington Redskins, Philadelphia Eagles, Carolina Panthers and San Francisco 49ers.

## Early life

Oshinowo played high school football at Neuqua Valley High School in Naperville, Illinois, where he was known as "OJ" Oshinowo. He was an All-Prep American as a Senior in defense at Neuqua. He holds two track and field records at Neuqua, one for shot put and one for discus. At Stanford, Oshinowo obtained a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables :
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press |
| 6 ft 1+5⁄8 in (1.87 m) | 304 lb (138 kg) | 34 in (0.86 m) | 10+1⁄8 in (0.26 m) | 5.34 s | 1.79 s | 3.06 s | 4.54 s | 7.63 s | 32.0 in (0.81 m) | 8 ft 9 in (2.67 m) | 33 reps |
| All values from NFL Combine/Pro Day ||||||||||||

### Cleveland Browns

On September 19, 2006, Cleveland signed Oshinowo from their practice squad. He was active for three games and played in the season finale against the Houston Texans, recording two tackles.

### Chicago Bears

On September 19, 2007, the Chicago Bears signed Oshinowo to their practice squad. He was signed to the Bears active roster with three games remaining in the 2007 season. The Bears waived Oshinowo on May 7, 2008.

### Washington Redskins

On July 29, 2008, the Washington Redskins signed Oshinowo and waived defensive tackle Zarnell Fitch. He was waived by the team on August 24.

### Philadelphia Eagles

Oshinowo was signed to the practice squad of the Philadelphia Eagles on November 19, 2008, after linebacker Andy Studebaker was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs.

### Carolina Panthers

Oshinowo signed a future contract with the Carolina Panthers on January 28, 2009. He was waived on June 26, 2009.

### San Francisco 49ers

Oshinowo was signed by the San Francisco 49ers on July 30, 2009. Oshinowo was waived by the 49ers on August 7 after the team signed wide receiver Chris Francies.

## Personal life

On June 15, 2019, Oshinowo earned his MBA from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
Oshinowo is currently a vice president at Sandbox Industries.
# Doliops conspersa

Doliops conspersa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1927.
# Doliops gutowskii

Doliops gutowskii is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Barševskis in 2013.
# Alicún de Ortega

Alicún de Ortega is a village located at the province of Granada, Spain. According to the 2005 census (INE), it has a population of 563 inhabitants.
# James Henry Rhodes

James Henry Rhodes (November 13, 1930 – March 16, 2015) was a print shop owner and political figure in British Columbia. After being defeated in the 1956 provincial election, he represented Delta in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1960 to 1963 as a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member.
He was born in New Westminster, British Columbia and was educated in Cloverdale. Rhodes worked as chief clerk for Western Canadian Steel and later opened his own business, Fraser Printers. He was defeated when he ran for reelection to the provincial assembly in 1963. Rhodes served as chairman of the B.C. Petroleum Corporation; in 1975, he was named chairman of BC Hydro.
# Roybal

Roibal, also spelled Roybal and Ruibal, is a Galician surname, later introduced into the Americas. It has its origin in the hamlet of Ruibal, in the municipality of Moraña, Galicia, Spain where 3% of the inhabitants are surnamed Ruibal.
In Galicia, the surname is in use at least since the 14th century.

## History

In the Americas, the name first appears in documents dating to around 1675. One of the first recorded instances is that of Ignacio Roibal, a soldier who traveled with Don Diego de Vargas to reconquer the city of Santa Fe, New Mexico from the Native Americans after the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. Fray Angélico Chávez, a New Mexico historian, is also a descendant of the New Mexico Roibal lineage and was one of the first to trace it. Many Roibals (Roybals) trace their ancestry to the New Mexico cities of Santa Fe, Pojoaque, El Rancho, Jacona, to the San Ildefonso Pueblo, where it is shared by Native Americans, and to the historical area of Cuyumungue.

## Notable people with the last name Roybal

* Alfonso Roybal (also known as Awa Tsireh) (1898–1955), San Ildefonso Pueblo artist and painter
* Antonio Roybal (born 1976), American painter and sculptor
* Edward R. Roybal (1916–2005), American politician, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California
* Josefa Roybal, 20th-century Native American artist
* Lucille Roybal-Allard (born 1941), American politician
* Patricia Roybal Caballero (born 1949 or 1950), American politician from New Mexico

## Sources

* Motto, Sytha (1973). Old Houses of New Mexico and The People Who Built Them. Albuquerque: Calvin Horn Publisher, Inc. ISBN 0-910750-24-6.
* Chávez, Angélico (1974). My Penitente Land, Reflections on Spanish New Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. 208. ISBN 0-8263-0334-X.
* "Roybal, Josefa". National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian. The Museum. 1995. pp. 183. ISBN 0-8212-2216-3.
# Cheta Ozougwu

Chetachi Ozougwu // (born January 4, 1988) is an American former professional football linebacker. He played college football at Rice and was selected with the final pick of the seventh round of the 2011 NFL draft by the Houston Texans. He was also a member of the New Orleans Saints and Chicago Bears.

## Early life

Ozougwu graduated from Alief Taylor High School. Ozougwu was selected to the All-District 18-5A and All Greater Houston teams, All-Academic District and Texas top 100 list. Ozougwu finished his senior year with 117 tackles, 19 tackles for a loss and 5 sacks. Ozougwu was selected to the 2007 Texas vs Louisiana All-Star game. Also lettered in track and basketball.

## College career

He played college football at Rice while amassing 197 total tackles and 11 sacks. In 2007, he earned Freshman All-American honors from The Sporting News and C-USA Honors. He received numerous athletic and academic awards during his time at Rice University. He was named to the ESPN Academic All-District VI Football Team in 2010, after posting a 3.41 GPA while majoring in Economics. He was one of 30 student-athletes in the country selected for the Lowe’s Senior CLASS Award. He was named to the Arthur Ashe Sports Scholar Award 2nd Team and the Allstate AFCA Good Works Team in 2010. He was also named to the Commissioners Honor Roll each year at Rice. As a senior at Rice University, he received the Outstanding Senior Award presented by the Rice Student Association for service, leadership, and academic achievement.

## Professional career
### Houston Texans

He was selected with the last pick in the seventh round of the 2011 NFL draft by the Houston Texans, making him Mr. Irrelevant. On August 15, 2011, he made his first appearance in an NFL preseason game against the New York Jets on Monday Night Football.

### Chicago Bears

On April 11, 2012, Ozougwu signed with the Bears. During his preseason debut against the Denver Broncos, Ozougwu sacked former Bear Caleb Hanie, though the Broncos would go on to win 31–3. Ozougwu had an impressive preseason by leading the Bears in sacks during the 2012 preseason with three making the 53 man roster. On April 15, 2014, Ozougwu was waived. He appeared in nine games over the past two seasons, recording 9 tackles, one sack, one tackle-for-loss, one forced fumble and five special teams tackles. Ozougwu registered 6 tackles, 1 sack and 1 forced fumble during the 2013 season.

### New Orleans Saints

On May 18, 2014, Ozougwu signed a contract with the New Orleans Saints. On July 23, 2014, the Saints placed Ozougwu on injured reserve with an undisclosed injury. In March 2015, the Saints decided to part ways with Ozougwu after he failed his season ending physical with an undisclosed injury.
# Doliops shavrini

Doliops shavrini is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Barševskis in 2013.
# Doliops stradinsi

Doliops stradinsi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Barševskis in 2013.
# Fileset

In computing, a fileset is a set of computer files linked by defining property or common characteristic. There are different types of fileset though the context will usually give the defining characteristic. Sometimes it is necessary to explicitly state the fileset type to avoid ambiguity, an example is the emacs editor which explicitly mentions its Version Control (VC) fileset type to distinguish from its "named files" fileset type.

## Fileset types

While there is probably no classification of fileset types some common usage cases do emerge:
* A fileset type where the set of files in the fileset are simply enumerated or selected, as an example in the way named filesets are constructed in emacs.
* The set of files included in a software installation package is used in both the AIX operating system installation packaging system, and the HP-UX packaging system.
* For fileset types relating to filesystems there may be a relationship to directories. In terms of Namespace Database (NSDB) Protocol for Federated File Systems: A fileset is loosely defined as a set of files and the directory tree that contains them. The fileset abstraction is the basic unit of data management. Depending on the configuration, a fileset may be anything from an individual directory of an exported file system to an entire exported file system on a fileserver— RFC 5732
* In coding forms some libraries may define a fileset object type, typically as a case specific name Fileset, or FileSet which is used to hold an object which references a set of files.

## Specific examples

Fileset has several meanings and usages, depending on the context. Some examples are:
In the AIX operating system installation packaging system it is the smallest individually installable unit (a collection of files that provides a specific function).
DCE/DFS uses the term fileset to define a tree containing directories, files, and mount points (links to other DFS filesets). A DFS fileset is also a unit of administrative control. Properties such as data location, storage quota, and replication are controlled at this level of granularity. The concept of a fileset in DFS is essentially identical to the concept of a volume in AFS. The glamor filesystem uses the same concept of filesets. Filesets are lightweight components compared to file systems, so management of a file set is easier.
In IBM GPFS represents a set of files within a file system which have an independent inode space.
# ODL

ODL may refer to:
* Observations of daily living, cues that people attend to in the course of their everyday life, that inform them about their health
* Oklahoma Department of Libraries, the state library for the U.S. state of Oklahoma
* Open and distance learning, gratis distance education
* Ordnance Datum Liverpool, an ordnance datum recorded at Victoria Dock in Liverpool, England
* OpenDaylight Project, a software-defined networking (SDN) controller
# Mark Steadman (priest)

Mark John Steadman (born 20 May 1974) has been Archdeacon of Stow since 2015.
A former barrister, Steadman was ordained in 2003. After a curacy at St Mary's Church, Portsea he was Priest in charge at St Philip's Church, Avondale Square, Camberwell from 2005 until 2012; Area Dean of Bermondsey from 2008 to 11; and Chaplain to the Bishop of Southwark from 2011 until 2015.
# Monte Rosa tour

The Monte Rosa Tour is a circular hiking trail through the Swiss & Italian Alps around Monte Rosa (4634m). The tour also encircles the Dom (4,545 m) in the Mischabel range.
Typical overnight stops are
* Zermatt
* Theodulpass (highest point: 3,301 m)
* St-Jacques in the Ayas valley
* Gressoney-La-Trinité
* Alagna Valsesia
* Macugnaga-Staffa
* Saas-Fee
* Grächen
* Europahütte
The section from Saas-Fee to Grächen is sometimes known as the Balfrin Höhenweg, or "high path".
Grächen to Zermatt is along the Europaweg, and passes the Europa Hut.
# Mitchell Hooks

Mitchell Hilary Hooks (April 2, 1923 – March 18, 2013) was an American artist and illustrator known for his artwork for paperback books and magazines.

## Biography

Hooks was born in Detroit, Michigan to Hilary M. and Marie (nee Andrews) Hooks. He attended Cass Technical High School and later joined the United States Army as an infantryman in 1944, where he deployed to Germany after World War II for occupation duty. He became a second lieutenant during the war, after which he began his freelance illustration career in New York City.
He painted paperback covers for Avon, Bantam Books, Dell Books, Fawcett Publications and others, and illustrated for magazines including Cosmopolitan, The Saturday Evening Post, The Ladies' Home Journal, Redbook, McCall's, and Woman's Day. He illustrated romance novels, science fiction and crime fiction, such as Ross Macdonald's Lew Archer, Peter Corris's Cliff Hardy and B.B. Johnston's Superspade series.
Hooks illustrated the 36-page booklet How to Respect and Display Our Flag for the U.S. Marine Corps. He also designed film posters, including the first James Bond movie, Dr. No — for which he painted "the iconic image of Sean Connery as Bond" — and The Face of Fu Manchu.
In later years he also illustrated hardcover books for The Franklin Library, Reader's Digest Books and Coronado Publishers, and did advertising art.
Hooks was 89 when he died.

## Awards

In 1999, he was inducted into the Society of Illustrators Hall of Fame.
# Chuansha station

Chuansha (Chinese: 川沙; pinyin: Chuānshā) is a station on Line 2 of the Shanghai Metro, located in the town of Chuanxinsha, Pudong. This station is part of the eastward extension from Guanglan Road to Pudong International Airport that opened on 8 April 2010.
# Daedalus Books

Daedalus Books may refer to
* Daedalus Books (Ohio), bookstore established in 1980, based in Ohio, United States
* Daedalus Books (Virginia), bookstore established in 1975, based in Charlottesville, United States
* Dedalus Books, publisher established in 1983, based in England
* Dedalus Press, publisher esablished in 1985, based in Ireland
# Ghanima Al-Fahad

Ghanima Al-Fahad (Arabic: غنيمة الفهد) is a Kuwaiti media personality. She is known as a commentator on Kuwaiti heritage, and health matters and has appeared on TV cookery shows with traditional Kuwaiti recipes. She is often interviewed on disappearing Kuwaiti domestic traditions such as when interviewed by the Kuwait News Agency (KUNA) on traditional mother and daughter housekeeping games such as Baroue - a form of home-made doll house.
# Cottonization

Cottonization is a process that adapts flax and hemp fibres for spinning with other staple fibres such as cotton or wool. Cottonization removes impurities (non-fibrous materials such as lignin or pectin) and shortens the fiber length of flax for subsequent spinning processes. Cottonized fibers are helpful in blending with other staple fibers such as cotton or wool.

## Process

Cottonization can convert flax to short single fibres. These short fibres can be spun similarly to cotton. It includes the process of removing the lignin that holds the hemp fibres together. Lignin gives stalks their rigidity, It acts as a glue that holds the plant cell wall together.

### Methods

Methods of obtaining cottonized fibers are as below:
* Mechanical
* Chemical
* Enzymatic
# Adli Qudsi

Adli Qudsi (1940 – 2018) was an architect known for his efforts in the reconstruction and preservation of the ancient city of Aleppo, Syria. In the 1970s, he successfully halted an urban expansion project that would have widened the streets of the Old City. In the 1980s, his lobbying efforts succeeded in placing Old Aleppo on the UNESCO World Heritage Site list. By 2008, Qudsi had dedicated decades of his life to the rehabilitation of the historic neighborhood and hoped it would be a "fruitful example" to other cities whose ancient quarters were at risk of decay.

## Biography
### Early life and education

Qudsi was born in Aleppo, Syria, in 1940, and spent the first 13 years of his life in a courtyard house in the Old City. Qudsi received his degree in Architecture from Washington State University in 1964 and lived in Seattle for 16 years.

### Return to Aleppo and Early Activism

In 1975, Qudsi returned to his hometown, where he found the municipal authorities had adopted a European-inspired Master Plan aiming to widen the roads in the Old City and cut through its fabric. Qudsi was determined to stop the bulldozers and, in 1978, after meeting with local officials and with the support of a group of concerned residents, he convinced the Cultural Minister to register Aleppo as a historic site, temporarily halting all renovations and demolitions. In 1978, officials from UNESCO visited Aleppo, and declared the city as a World Heritage Site in 1986. By 1990, all work demolishing the city came to a halt. In 1994, an emergency fund was created to fund his idea of interest-free loans for Aleppo's residents to restore their homes.

### Old City Conservation Efforts

After successfully halting the Master Plan, Qudsi dedicated the following decades of his life to the rehabilitation and preservation of the Old City of Aleppo. He founded Conception and Construction Consultants, a private architecture office which executed projects across the Old City, and was appointed the Aga Khan Trust for Culture representative in Syria in 1999.
In 1990, he launched the "Project for the Rehabilitation of the Old City of Aleppo" with the support of the German government (GiZ) and the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development in Kuwait. In 2007, he created the "Friends of the Citadel of Aleppo" foundation with the aim of supporting the administration, rehabilitation and maintenance of the Aleppo Citadel and its surroundings.

## Recognition

Qudsi was selected as an Associate Laureate for the Rolex Awards in 1998 in "Recognition of his struggle to preserve and rehabilitate the Old City of Aleppo."

## Published works

In 1995, he prepared a project paper entitled "Modernization of City Administration: Management, Urban and Environmental Planning" which became the basis of an active EU project to upgrade six major municipalities in Syria.

## Death

Qudsi died in a traffic accident in Mersin, Turkey on January 21, 2018.

## Personal life

Qudsi was married to Arij Shalab Al Sham and is survived by two daughters, Jwanah Qudsi and Laila Qudsi.
# Stardom Stakes

The Stardom Stakes, also known as the Peter Willett Stakes, was a conditions flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old thoroughbreds. It was run at Goodwood over a distance of 7 furlongs (1,408 metres),and took place each year in late August or early September.

## History

The event was established in 1978, and it was initially called the Westhampnett Stakes. It was named after Westhampnett, a village to the south of Goodwood. It became known as the Chromacopy Stakes in 1983.
The race was given Listed status and renamed the Stardom Stakes in 1987. Its original distance of 1 mile was cut to 7 furlongs in 2009 and it was renamed the Peter Willett Stakes in recognition of a long-serving director of Goodwood Racecourse. The race lost its Listed status in 2013, being replaced in the calendar by the Flying Scotsman Stakes at Doncaster.
The race was replaced by a valuable sire-restricted Maiden (Peter Willett Maiden Stakes), run over 1 mile, in 2017.

## Records

Leading jockey (2 wins):
* Pat Dobbs – Fantastic View (2003), Bronterre (2011), Palawan (2015)
Leading trainer (4 wins):
* Henry Cecil – Clear Verdict (1980), Royal Coach (1984), Mashkour (1985), Zalazl (1988)
* Richard Hannon Sr. - Innishowen (1993), Fantastic View (2003), Bronterre (2011), Palawan (2015)

## Winners

* ↑ The 1979 running took place at Sandown Park
# Hydroid (zoology)

Hydroids are a life stage for most animals of the class Hydrozoa, small predators related to jellyfish.
Some hydroids such as the freshwater Hydra are solitary, with the polyp attached directly to the substrate. When these produce buds, they become detached and grow on as new individuals.
The majority of hydroids are colonial. The original polyp is anchored to a solid substrate and forms a bud which remains attached to its parent. This in turn buds and in this way a stem is formed. The arrangement of polyps and the branching of the stem is characteristic of the species.
Some species have the polyps budding directly off the stolon which roots the colony. The polyps are connected by epidermis which surrounds a gastrovascular cavity. The epidermis secretes a chitinous skeleton which supports the stem and in some hydroids, the skeleton extends into a cup shape surrounding the polyp.
Most of the polyps are gastrozooids or feeding polyps, but some are specialised reproductive structures known as gonozooids. In some species, further specialised zooids are formed.