# Spearfish, South Dakota

Spearfish (Lakota: Hočhápȟe) is a city in Lawrence County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 12,193 at the time of the 2020 census, making it the 10th most populous city in South Dakota. Spearfish is the largest city in Lawrence County and the home of Black Hills State University.

## History

Before the Black Hills Gold Rush of 1876, the area was used by Native Americans (primarily bands of Sioux but others also ranged through the area). Once the gold rush started, the city was founded in 1876 at the mouth of Spearfish Canyon, and was originally called Queen City. Spearfish grew as a supplier of foodstuffs to the mining camps in the hills. Even today, a significant amount of truck farming and market gardening still occurs in the vicinity.
In 1887, the accepted history of gold mining in the Black Hills was thrown into question by the discovery of what has become known as the Thoen Stone. Discovered by Louis Thoen on Lookout Mountain, the stone purports to be the last testament of Ezra Kind who, along with six others, entered the Black Hills in 1833, "got all the gold we could carry" in June 1834, and were subsequently "killed by Indians beyond the high hill." There is corroborating historical evidence for the Ezra Kind party.
In the 20th century, the history of Spearfish was tied to mining and tourism. Architect Frank Lloyd Wright, who visited Spearfish Canyon in 1935, later called the area "unique and unparalleled elsewhere in our country," and wondered, "How is it that I've heard so little of this miracle and we, toward the Atlantic, have heard so much of the Grand Canyon when this is even more miraculous?"
The Homestake Sawmill (previously part of Pope and Talbot, now owned by Neimen Forest Products) was built to supply timbers for the Homestake Mine in Lead (closed January 2002). In 1938, Joseph Meier brought the Luenen Passion Play to settle permanently in Spearfish and become the Black Hills Passion Play, drawing thousands of visitors every year during the summer months. After Meier's death in 2007, the amphitheater and 23 acres (93,000 m$^2$) surrounding it were put up for sale.

## Geography

Spearfish is located at 44°29′23″N 103°51′9″W (44.489803, −103.852585).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.35 square miles (42.35 km$^2$), of which, 16.34 square miles (42.32 km$^2$) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.03 km$^2$) is water.
Spearfish Creek is a fast-moving creek that emerges from Spearfish Canyon at Spearfish. It runs roughly south to north through the center of town (parallel to Canyon Street), year round. The creek freezes from the bottom up instead of icing over. This unusual phenomenon occurs due to the very fast rate at which the creek flows. This speed prevents ice from forming except along the bottom of the creek bed where friction and turbulence allow the water to slow down long enough to freeze. Since the creek continues to flow atop this ice, the water level of the creek gradually rises as more ice accumulates on the bottom, in some cases causing flooding on the north side of town where the channel is not as deep.

## Climate

Given its location at the base of the Black Hills and its proximity to the High Plains, the climate in Spearfish is highly variable at any time of the year, a phenomenon especially apparent in the winter months. According to the Köppen climate classification, Spearfish has humid continental climate (Dfb). Snow depth is limited: even in winter half of all days have no snow on the ground, although on average 29.5 inches or 0.75 meters of snow falls.
Climate data for Spearfish, South Dakota (1991–2020 normals; extremes 1893–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 79 (26) | 75 (24) | 82 (28) | 91 (33) | 96 (36) | 105 (41) | 110 (43) | 104 (40) | 105 (41) | 95 (35) | 85 (29) | 73 (23) | 110 (43) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 59.7 (15.4) | 59.9 (15.5) | 69.8 (21.0) | 78.8 (26.0) | 85.0 (29.4) | 93.4 (34.1) | 98.1 (36.7) | 96.7 (35.9) | 93.1 (33.9) | 82.1 (27.8) | 68.0 (20.0) | 60.2 (15.7) | 100.0 (37.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 35.9 (2.2) | 36.9 (2.7) | 45.8 (7.7) | 54.9 (12.7) | 64.3 (17.9) | 75.3 (24.1) | 83.6 (28.7) | 82.9 (28.3) | 74.0 (23.3) | 58.1 (14.5) | 45.9 (7.7) | 37.2 (2.9) | 57.9 (14.4) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 25.8 (−3.4) | 26.6 (−3.0) | 35.0 (1.7) | 43.5 (6.4) | 53.1 (11.7) | 63.3 (17.4) | 70.6 (21.4) | 69.5 (20.8) | 60.8 (16.0) | 46.8 (8.2) | 35.7 (2.1) | 27.3 (−2.6) | 46.5 (8.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 15.7 (−9.1) | 16.3 (−8.7) | 24.2 (−4.3) | 32.0 (0.0) | 41.8 (5.4) | 51.3 (10.7) | 57.6 (14.2) | 56.1 (13.4) | 47.6 (8.7) | 35.4 (1.9) | 25.6 (−3.6) | 17.5 (−8.1) | 35.1 (1.7) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −7.7 (−22.1) | −4.8 (−20.4) | 3.6 (−15.8) | 17.9 (−7.8) | 30.7 (−0.7) | 43.0 (6.1) | 50.4 (10.2) | 47.1 (8.4) | 36.0 (2.2) | 18.5 (−7.5) | 4.9 (−15.1) | −4.3 (−20.2) | −14.4 (−25.8) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −32 (−36) | −33 (−36) | −27 (−33) | −8 (−22) | 11 (−12) | 25 (−4) | 33 (1) | 32 (0) | 15 (−9) | −7 (−22) | −23 (−31) | −30 (−34) | −33 (−36) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.60 (15) | 0.91 (23) | 1.19 (30) | 2.23 (57) | 3.72 (94) | 3.51 (89) | 2.35 (60) | 1.88 (48) | 1.56 (40) | 2.04 (52) | 0.70 (18) | 0.72 (18) | 21.41 (544) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 8.2 (21) | 12.7 (32) | 12.0 (30) | 8.5 (22) | 2.3 (5.8) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.25) | 5.5 (14) | 6.3 (16) | 14.9 (38) | 70.5 (179) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 9.0 | 11.8 | 12.3 | 9.4 | 7.1 | 5.9 | 7.1 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 92.7 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 5.1 | 4.6 | 3.3 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 4.3 | 24.3 |
| Source: NOAA ||||||||||||||

### World record temperature change

Spearfish holds the world record for the fastest recorded temperature change. On January 22, 1943, at about 7:30 a.m. MST, the temperature in Spearfish was −4 °F (−20 °C). The Chinook wind picked up speed rapidly, and two minutes later (7:32 a.m.) the temperature was +45 °F (7 °C). The 49 °F or 27 °C rise in two minutes set a world record that still holds. By 9:00 a.m., the temperature had risen to 54 °F (12 °C). Suddenly, the Chinook died down and the temperature tumbled back to −4 °F or −20 °C. The 58 °F or 32.2 °C drop took only 27 minutes. The sudden change in temperatures caused glass windows to crack and windshields to instantly frost over.
Extreme winter maxima in the district are remarkably warm given the latitude and altitude; on January 19, 1921, Spearfish reached a temperature of 79 °F (26 °C), the hottest January temperature in South Dakota on record.

## Demographics
### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 10,494 people, 4,644 households, and 2,350 families living in the city. The population density was 642.2 inhabitants per square mile (248.0/km$^2$). There were 5,045 housing units at an average density of 308.8 per square mile (119.2/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the city was 93.5% White, 0.4% African American, 2.0% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.7% of the population.
There were 4,644 households, of which 23.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.5% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 49.4% were non-families. 39.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.79.
The median age in the city was 33.2 years. 18.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 20.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.3% were from 25 to 44; 21.2% were from 45 to 64; and 17.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.1% male and 52.9% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 8,606 people, 3,638 households, and 1,931 families living in the city. The population density was 1,409.1 inhabitants per square mile (544.1/km$^2$). There were 3,904 housing units at an average density of 639.2 per square mile (246.8/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the city was 95.33% White, 0.35% African American, 2.31% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 1.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.73% of the population. 37.5% were of German, 13.5% Norwegian, 9.6% English and 8.2% Irish ancestry according to Census 2000.
There were 3,638 households, out of which 25.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.4% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.9% were non-families. 37.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.85.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.3% under the age of 18, 21.5% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 17.9% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.3 males.
As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $26,887, and the median income for a family was $40,257. Males had a median income of $30,242 versus $20,431 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,565. About 9.8% of families and 17.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Spearfish is the home of Black Hills State University, a four-year public university in the South Dakota system. Founded as Spearfish Normal School in 1883, it is still largely a teacher training institution, although its mission has expanded far beyond to include masters programs in Integrative Genomics and Business Administration. It also hosts a summer arts institute, with Spearfish native and international opera star Johanna Meier (daughter of the Black Hills Passion Play founder Joseph Meier) serving as Artistic Director.
It is in the Spearfish School District 40-2.

## Transportation

Spearfish is the headquarters and hometown of two bus and coach transport services, Dakota Trailways and Prairie Hills Transit.
Intercity bus service to the city is provided by Jefferson Lines. Local dial-a-ride transit is operated by Prairie Hills Transit. As of July 2024, hours of operation for the service are 7am-7pm on weekdays, 9am-4pm on Saturdays, and 8am-12pm on Sundays.
Black Hills Bike Share is a bikeshare service with two stations located at Spearfish City Park and Black Hills State University.

## Notable people

* Blacklite District, musical artist and YouTube star
* Wendell E. Dunn (1894–1965), born near Summit, South Dakota, educator, former resident
* David Eddings, fantasy author who taught at Black Hills State
* Johanna Meier, born in Chicago, Illinois, international opera singer
* Gary Mule Deer, comedian and country musician
* William T. Powers (1820–1909), born in Bristol, New Hampshire, manufacturer, former resident of Spearfish
* Bill Russell, Tony-nominated playwright and lyricist, internationally produced author of musicals for the stage
* Rich Sattgast, state treasurer
* Frank Schoonmaker (1905–1976), born in Spearfish, travel guide writer and wine merchant
* Ernie Smith (1909–1985), college and NFL football player and coach
* Dick Termes, artist
* Jeff Trandahl, 32nd Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives
* Amy Williams, women's basketball head coach, University of Nebraska