OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ganga Sharan Singh Award

Ganga Sharan Singh Award (Devanagari: गंगाशरण सिंह पुरस्कार) is a literary honour in India which Kendriya Hindi Sansthan, (Central Hindi Organization), Ministry of Human Resource Development, annually confers on writers of outstanding works in Hindi Literature. It is also a Hindi Sevi Samman and is given to number of Hindi experts for playing their important role in promoting the Hindi language.

## History

The award was established by Kendriya Hindi Sansthan in 1989 on the name of the Great Hindi Linguist & Freedom Fighter Ganga Sharan Singh. It was first awarded in 1989.
# Physis (journal)

Physis (Italian: PHYSIS. Rivista Internazionale di Storia della Scienza) is a biannual peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the history of science from antiquity to the present day. It was established in 1959 by Leo Samuele Olschki. The journal publishes articles in Italian, English, French, German and Spanish. From 1959 till 1985 it was published quarterly (first series); since 1991 (second series) it has been published biannually.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* EBSCO databases
* Index Islamicus
* International Bibliography of Periodical Literature
* L'Année philologique
* Modern Language Association Database
* Philosopher's Index
* Scopus (selected years only)
* zbMATH Open
# Suzuki Shin'ichi II

Suzuki Shin'ichi (鈴木 真一, 1855–1912) was the younger of two early Japanese photographers to bear that name.

## Early life

Suzuki's original name was Okamoto Keizō (岡本圭三) and he was born in Izu. From an early age he enjoyed drawing and painting, and at thirteen or fourteen he set off for Yokohama determined to become an artist.
He became a student of the artist Charles Wirgman, a friend and former partner of the photographer Felice Beato. On seeing a photograph of a wrestler, Okamoto was so taken with the detail and image quality of the novel medium that he decided to become a photographer.
Suzuki learned photography at the Yokohama photographic studio of Shimooka Renjō, where he worked for a number of years from 1870, and where he met his future father-in-law, Suzuki Shin'ichi I who was also apprenticed to Shimooka. In 1873 Okamoto married Suzuki's daughter Nobu (のぶ), and — by the custom known as muko-iri (婿入り) — moved into the Suzuki family, adopting the father's name. (The older photographer thereupon changed his own name.)

## Photographic career

In 1876 Okamoto, now Suzuki, left Shimooka's studio, perhaps to work in a photographic studio in Nagoya, and then under Yokoyama Matsusaburō, and in 1879 went to San Francisco, where he studied negative retouching and other skills under I. W. Taber, thereby perhaps becoming the first Japanese photographer to study abroad.
On his return to Japan, Suzuki became the successful operator of his father-in-law's new branch studio in Kudanzaka, Tokyo. His photographs, often large hand-coloured albumen prints, won prizes at international exhibitions in Europe and Japan and he was commissioned to photograph such persons of rank as the Hawaiian King Kalākaua in 1881, the Crown Prince Tōgu (東宮) in 1888 (for which he was paid $50), and the Japanese Empress Dowager in 1890.
In the same year, Suzuki was commissioned by the Japanese government to produce photographic albums of views along the Tōkaidō to be presented to Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich of Russia (later Tsar Nicholas II). When the Tsarevich's visit to Japan was cut short following an attempt on his life, the albums were instead presented to Russia and Greece.
Similar photographic albums were given to senior officials in the United States and Europe. In spite of this success, there is no record of the Suzuki studio in Tokyo after 1903. Since 1893, the Yokohama studio established by his father-in-law had been operated by I. S. Suzuki — that is, Izaburō, the son of Suzuki Shin'ichi I — and it continued operation until 1908.
After the Russo-Japanese War, Suzuki made an unfortunate investment in the transport industry, and the family was ruined. Suzuki died some time later, in 1912.
# Rush Creek Open Space Preserve

The Rush Creek Open Space Preserve is a nature reserve near Novato, California. It is named for Rush Creek. The 522-acre (2.11 km$^2$) lot of public land has a host of hiking trails as well as a marsh in the center, and is bordered by various marshes and shallow lakes owned by the California Department of Fish and Game. Due to the proximity of marshes and shallow lakes, a multitude of birds and waterfowl live in the area, with close to 200 species. This makes the preserve a popular destination for birdspotters. The preserve is also popular for running, hiking, biking, dog walking, and horse riding, as all are allowed on most of the trails. A rare blue oak woodland is also located near the Bahia Marsh.

## History

The 632-acre (2.56 km$^2$) acre lot was purchased by the Marin Audubon Society, who donated most of the land to several government entities, with the majority of it going to the Marin County Open Space District and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. The Audubon Society still own much of the land around the Bahia Marsh and the preserve.
During the 2011-2017 California drought, Rush Creek and its lakes were completely dried out, however they have since returned back to their natural state.
* ↑ Protected Area Profile for Rush Creek Open Space Preserve Archived 1 October 2024$^{(Datemismatch)}$ at the Wayback Machine from the World Database on Protected Areas. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
* 1 2 "Rush Creek Open Space Preserve" (PDF). marincounty.org. December 13, 2014. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
* 1 2 3 "Rush Creek - Marin County Parks". www.parks.marincounty.org. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
* ↑ "Hiking with Kids in Marin: Rush Creek Open Space Preserve". Marin Mommies. October 27, 2022. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
* ↑ Jack (December 23, 2017). "Rush Creek". Nature in Novato. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
* ↑ "Pinheiro, Rush Creek, Bahia, and North Levee Loop". Alltrails. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
* ↑ Todd, Gail (September 25, 2013). "Rush Creek Open Space Preserve: Wanderers welcome". SFGATE. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
# Allen Baron

Allen Baron (born April 14, 1927) is an American television and film director, actor, and comic book artist. He wrote, directed, and starred in the 1961 film Blast of Silence.

## Biography
### Early life

Baron was born and raised in the Brooklyn borough of New York City to Polish and Russian immigrant parents. He lived on Logan Street and Sutter Avenue in his youth, which saw him lose his father at 11 years old. He lived in Lewiston, Maine for a time with his mother before moving back to Brooklyn. He dropped out of high school at the age of 16 to get a job, which saw him work with the War Department, where he apparently unknowingly worked on the atomic bomb. He later joined the Navy a year later. At the age of 19, he enrolled at the School of Visual Arts, intending to become a visual artist, and later worked as a cartoonist, illustrator, and taxi driver. He first took an acting class at the age of 25, which also saw him meet his future wife.

### Career

In his early 20s, Baron drew romance and science-fiction comic stories. Upon visiting a Paramount sound stage in the mid-1950s, he decided he wanted to work in films, and he became involved in theatrical acting. His film debut came with Cuban Rebel Girls (1959).
Baron is best known for writing and directing the 1961 film noir Blast of Silence, in which he also plays the lead role of the hitman. He also wrote and directed the 1964 film Terror in the City (alternate title Pie in the Sky), the 1972 film Outside In, and the 1982 film Foxfire Light with Leslie Nielsen and Tippi Hedren.
For TV, Baron directed the movie The San Pedro Bums (1977), which was the pilot for the TV series The San Pedro Beach Bums.
Baron directed over 200 episodes of television shows, including multiple episodes of The Love Boat, Charlie's Angels, Arnie, Love, American Style, Room 222, The New Temperatures Rising Show, House Calls, Kolchak: The Night Stalker, and Run, Joe, Run. His last directing credit came in 1986.
As of 2013, he resided in Beverly Hills, California, spending his time painting. In that same year, Blast of Silence: A Memoir, a book detailing his experiences as a filmmaker, was published.
# Market Street Mansion District

Market Street Mansion District is a national historic district located at Wilmington, New Hanover County, North Carolina. The district encompasses four large impressive early-20th century dwellings set on large lots. They are the Georgian Revival style Bridgers-Emerson-Kenan Mansion (1907-1908), the Classical Revival style Holt-Wise Mansion (1908), Classical Revival style Bridgers-Brooks Mansion (1909-1911), and the Georgian Revival style Bluethenhal House (1917).
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
# Dora Doll

Dora Doll (born Dorothea Hermina Feinberg; 19 May 1922 – 15 November 2015) was a French actress.

## Career

Dora Doll, the daughter of a Russian-Jewish banker who was expelled after the 1917 Revolution, was born in Berlin in 1922. She came to France at the end of the 1930s and aspired to become an actress. She already spoke Russian and German and soon learned French, then Italian and English.
One of her first screen appearances was as Juliette in Henri-Georges Clouzot's Manon (1949). She appeared as Lola in Jacques Becker's Touchez pas au grisbi (1954) and as Genisse in Jean Renoir's French Cancan (1955).
In 1976, she appeared on television in the French series Hôtel Baltimore in the role of Suzy. In 1977, she appeared in Fred Zinnemann's Julia as the woman passenger accompanying Lillian Hellman (Jane Fonda) when Lily smuggled $50,000 through Nazi Germany for her friend Julia (Vanessa Redgrave). In 1982, she played in Ettore Scola's That Night in Varennes. In the late 1990s, she played the grandmother Louise Chantreuil in the TV series Tide of Life.

## Personal life

She was married twice. Her first husband was the actor Raymond Pellegrin, who she had a daughter with, Danielle. She was later married to François Deguelt.
In 1993, Dora Doll was awarded the Prix "Reconnaissance des cinéphiles" from Puget-Théniers in honour of her life's work. She was made Knight of France's National Order of Merit in 2000.
Dora Doll died on 15 November 2015 at her home in Gard, France, at the age of 93.

## Selected filmography

* Beating Heart (1940)
* Night in December (1940)
* Devil and the Angel (1946)
* Inspector Sergil (1949)
* The Passenger (1949)
* A Man Walks in the City (1950)
* Bed for Two; Rendezvous with Luck (1950)
* The Red Rose (1951)
* The Passerby (1951)
* The Lady from Boston (1951)
* Savage Triangle (1951)
* Dans la vie tout s'arrange (1952)
* Monsieur Scrupule, Gangster (1953)
* The Other Side of Paradise (1953)
* Les Impures (1954)
* Yours Truly, Blake (1954)
* The Little Rebels (1955)
* The Hotshot (1955)
* Sophie and the Crime (1955)
* Scandal in Montmartre (1955)
* Calle Mayor (1956)
* Tides of Passion (1956)
* Elena and Her Men (1956)
* Suspicion (1956)
* Mademoiselle Strip-tease (1957)
* The Young Lions (1958)
* The Enigma of the Folies-Bergere (1959)
* 125 Rue Montmartre (1959)
* Queen of the Tabarin Club (1960)
* Cocagne (1961)
* First Criminal Brigade (1962)
* Any Number Can Win (1963)
* Une souris chez les hommes (1964)
* Julia (1974)
* Boomerang (1976)
* Black and White in Color (1976)
* Women in Cellblock 9 (1978)
* Julien Fontanes, magistrat (1983)
* Les Keufs (1987)
* Once More (1988)
* Tide of Life (1998–2000)
* Most Promising Young Actress (2000)
* Hey Good Looking! (2006)
# 1872 Mexican presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Mexico in 1872 following the death of president Benito Juárez. The result was a victory for Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, who received 92% of the vote.

## Results

| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada | 9,520 | 92.32 |
| Porfirio Díaz | 604 | 5.86 |
| Other candidates | 136 | 1.32 |
| Blank votes | 52 | 0.50 |
| Total | 10,312 | 100.00 |
| Source: Ramírez Rancaño |||
# Capital punishment in Afghanistan

Capital punishment refers to the execution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction of a criminal offense. Capital punishment is legal in Afghanistan and can be carried out secretly or publicly due to the current governmental system. The main methods of execution employed by the Afghan government on convicts are hangings and shootings. Stoning, amputation, and flogging are also sometimes used as a method for punishment, and were especially prominent during the late 1990s. Public executions have existed throughout Afghanistan's history. The former Afghan government took important steps away from the use of the death penalty, but they have continued with the Taliban returning to power in August 2021. Some executions have been recently condemned by the United Nations. UN experts have called on Afghan authorities "to halt immediately all forms of torturous, cruel, and degrading forms of punishments." The capital offenses in Afghanistan include a range of crimes from murder to adultery, and are governed by Sharia, along with civil laws.

## Capital Offenses

The capital offenses include the serious crimes and are governed by Sharia laws, along with civil laws. The capital offences includes:
* Adultery
* Apostasy
* Arson
* Blasphemy
* Espionage
* Fornication
* Homosexual intercourse
* Murder
* Perjury
* Terrorism

## Notable Executions

* April 2004 – Abdullah Shah was executed by shooting inside Pul-e-Charkhi prison outside Kabul.
* October 2007 – Fifteen prisoners were executed by shooting inside Pul-e-Charkhi prison, including Reza Khan.
* June 2011 – Two mass killers were executed by hanging in Pul-e-Charkhi prison. One of the killers was Zar Ajam, a 17-year-old from Waziristan, Pakistan, who had randomly shot dead 40 people inside a branch of New Kabul Bank in Jalalabad.
* November 2012 – Fourteen prisoners were hanged inside Pul-e-Charkhi prison.
* October 2014 – Five men were executed by hanging inside Pul-e-Charkhi prison. The men were accused of robbery and gang rapes.
* May 2016 – Six men were executed by hanging inside Pul-e-Charkhi prison on charges of terrorism.
* December 2022 – One man who had confessed to murder was executed in public at a crowded sports stadium in Farah Province. This is the first instance of public execution since the Taliban returned to power in 2021.
* June 2023 – A man found guilty of murdering five people was sentenced to death and executed with an assault rifle by the son of one of his victims. The execution took place outside a mosque.
* February 2024 – Two men were convicted for separate murders were shot by the relatives of their victims and executed while thousands watched at stadium in Ghazni.
* February 2024 – A man convicted of murder was shot five times by the brother of the murdered man in a sports stadium in northern Afghanistan. This was the third death sentence of this nature to be carried out in a five day span.
# Mateo Coronel

Mateo Agustín Coronel (born 24 October 1998) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Atlético Tucumán.

## Career

Coronel spent the majority of his youth career with Social Ramallo, prior to moving to Newell's Old Boys' system at the age of sixteen. Coronel left the latter in 2016, subsequently joining Defensores de Belgrano; a squad he shared with his brother. He made his Torneo Federal A debut on 4 September 2016 against Rivadavia, but would leave the game early after receiving a red card in stoppage time; despite only coming on with fourteen minutes left. Coronel scored his first senior goal on 24 September 2017 away to Unión Sunchales, before netting a brace in an eventual 5–0 win a week later against Douglas Haig.
After forty total appearances for Defensores de Belgrano, Coronel departed to Primera División outfit Argentinos Juniors in July 2019; having not featured in the preceding seven months due to contractual disagreements between him and Defensores. Coronel didn't appear at first-team level for Argentinos in 2019–20, though was on the substitutes' bench once for a defeat to Vélez Sarsfield in March 2020. His debut for the club eventually arrived later that year on 31 October, with the forward playing for eighty-three minutes of a goalless draw with San Lorenzo in the Copa de la Liga Profesional. On 8 July 2022, Coronel joined fellow league club Atlético Tucuman on loan until December 2023, free of charge and with a purchase option.

## Personal life

Coronel has other footballers in his family. His brother, Franco, started his senior career with Defensores de Belgrano, while sister Emilia played for Social Ramallo. Their father, Lucho, also played football in the Ramallo area.

## Career statistics

    As of 6 November 2020.
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Defensores de Belgrano | 2016–17 | Torneo Federal A | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Defensores de Belgrano | 2017–18 | Torneo Federal A | 21 | 3 | 3 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 24 | 3 |
| Defensores de Belgrano | 2018–19 | Torneo Federal A | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| Defensores de Belgrano | Total | Total | 37 | 3 | 3 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 40 | 3 |
| Argentinos Juniors | 2019–20 | Primera División | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Argentinos Juniors | 2020–21 | Primera División | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Argentinos Juniors | Total | Total | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 38 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 3 |
# Al Khadra Mabrook

Al Khadra Mint Mabrook (Arabic: الخضرة منت مبروك; c. 1934 – October 2021), known as Al Khadra, was an internationally recognised Sahrawi poet.

## Biography

Al Khadra was born circa 1934 in Tiris. Her family were Bedouin and her childhood was spent moving through the region so her family could find grazing for their animals. She learnt poetry from a young age by listening to others perform.
The first poetry she learnt celebrated female beauty, but after the movement for self-determination from Spain started in the 1970s, her poetry changed to become socially conscious and celebrate the military achievements of the Polisario. Al Khadra is one of several poets, whose work has become a vital part of cultural resistance for the Sahrawi people. She is the only female Sahrawi poet to have documented the Western Sahara War from 1976 to 1991. Subjects of her poems include the Moroccan Western Sahara Wall, also known as the Berm; the Polisario's first tank; the refutation of "Moroccanisation" of her homeland; and providing fuel for "revolution".
In 1975, she was forced to move to the Tindouf refugee camps by the Moroccan army. In 2012 she was living in the El Aaiún refugee camp.
Al Khadra died in October 2021.

## Media

Al Khadra's granddaughter is the singer Aziza Brahim, who has performed poetry by her grandmother worldwide. The album Mabruk is dedicated to Al Khadra and records her work with backing by electric guitars and drums.
In 2012, Al Khadra was the subject of a documentary film entitled Al Khadra: Poet of the Desert, screened at the Africa in Motion Film Festival that year.
# Parallel Worlds (book)

Parallel Worlds: A Journey Through Creation, Higher Dimensions, and the Future of the Cosmos is a popular science book by Michio Kaku first published in 2004.

## Contents

The book has twelve chapters arranged in three parts. Part I (Chapters 1–4) covers the Big Bang, the early development of the Universe, and how these topics relate to the Eternal Inflation Multiverse (Level II in the Tegmark hierarchy of Multiverses). Part II (Chapters 5–9) covers M-Theory and the "Many-Worlds interpretation" of Quantum Mechanics (Level III Multiverse). It also discusses how future technology will enable the creation of wormholes. Part III discusses the Big Freeze and how a Hyperspace wormhole (one in 11-dimensional Hyperspace rather than 3-dimensional normal space) will enable civilization and life to escape to a younger Universe.

## Theme

In Parallel Worlds, Kaku presents many of the leading theories in physics; from Newtonian physics to Relativity to Quantum Physics to String theory and even into the newest version of string theory, called M-theory. He makes available to the reader a comprehensive description of many of the more compelling theories in physics, including many interesting predictions each theory makes, what physicists, astronomers, and cosmologists are looking for now and what technology they are using in their research.

## Reception

Scarlett Thomas writing for The Independent calls Parallel Worlds "absolutely impossible to put down." Mark Mortimer for Universe Today felt the book maintains a nice balance between detail and corollary while sometimes drifting to the philosophical side of things. Gerry Gilmore of the Institute of Astronomy, wrote that the book "is not a classic, but does raise many interesting ideas." Gilmore praised the book for its "exotic physics" and felt there were "lots of intellectual challenge" but believed there "was a little too much of a pot-pourri." Gilmore wrote that the biggest weakness of the book is how it covers astrophysical history.
The book was a finalist for the Samuel Johnson Prize for non-fiction in the UK.
# Stafford Sands

Sir Stafford Lofthouse Sands (23 September 1913 – January 23, 1972) was a former Minister of Finance of the Bahamas (1964–1967), who held other high positions in the islands until his self-chosen exile in 1967. Hailed as Father of Tourism, he succumbed to corruption, allowing organized crime to unfold activities like money laundering and to establish offshore banking on the Bahamas.

## Early life and education

Stafford Lofthouse Sands was born in 1913 to Stafford Sands and Enid Rosalie Lofthouse. The elder Sands was founder of City Meat Markets after his stint with the Caribbean operations of the Bank of Canada. The father of the elder Sands was Sir James Patrick Sands, who was also a businessman whom served as Member of the House of Assembly and Executive Council.
Sands was a lawyer before embarking his political career in 1937.

## Career

Stafford Sands was a lawyer who, from 1946, represented Wallace Groves and other Americans who sought to establish casinos, resorts, free-trade areas, and other developments in the islands, primarily at Freeport on largely undeveloped Grand Bahama island. Gambling was not allowed at the time, but through corruption there was a change in the law and the already built casino in the Lucayan Beach Hotel was legalized. Sands officially was the director of the casino, but others like Meyer Lansky, a Jewish mobster was the inofficial director. A key development was the introduction of the Eurodollar by which the mafia could transfer money from the US via the Bahamas to Europe.
From 1958, when party politics began, Sands had a prominent role in the United Bahamian Party (UBP), which was in power until 1967. The 1967 Royal Commission of Inquiry reported that Sands and the UBP received large payments, represented by Groves as "consulting fees," from the casino interests.

## Personal life and death

Sands permanently left the Bahama islands for exile in Spain, along with his considerable fortune. He died age 59.

## Legacy

He is credited with being an architect of Bahamian post-war prosperity and has been dubbed the "Father of Tourism" in The Bahamas. He allowed organized crime to unfold activities like money laundering and helped establish offshore banking on the Bahamas.
His portrait appeared on the 10 Bahamian dollar note from 2001 until 2005, and again since 2010, while it was replaced by that of Queen Elizabeth II.