# Roxas Boulevard

Roxas Boulevard is a popular waterfront promenade in Metro Manila in the Philippines. The boulevard, which runs along the shores of Manila Bay, is well known for its sunsets and stretch of coconut trees. The divided roadway has become a trademark of Philippine tourism, famed for its yacht club, hotels, restaurants, commercial buildings and parks.
The boulevard was completed in the 1910s. Originally called Cavite Boulevard, it was renamed Dewey Boulevard in honor of the American admiral George Dewey, whose forces defeated the Spanish navy in the Battle of Manila Bay in 1898, Heiwa Boulevard in late 1941 during the Japanese occupation, and finally Roxas Boulevard in 1963 in honor of Manuel Roxas, the fifth president of the Philippines. It was also designated as a new alignment of the Manila South Road that connects Manila to the southern provinces of Luzon.
The boulevard is also an eight-lane major arterial road in Metro Manila designated as Radial Road 1 (R-1) of Manila's arterial road network, National Route 61 (N61), the shortest primary route in the Philippines, National Route 120 (N120) of the Philippine highway network and a spur of Asian Highway 26 (AH26). The arcing road runs north–south from Luneta in Manila to Parañaque at the intersection of MIA Road and Seaside Drive of the reclaimed area of Entertainment City beneath the elevated NAIA Expressway. Beyond its southern terminus is the Manila–Cavite Expressway (E3), also formerly known as the Coastal Road, and now more popularly, CAVITEX.

## History
### City Beautiful movement

Cavite Boulevard was part of Architect Daniel Burnham's plan to beautify the city of Manila. At the request of Commissioner William Cameron Forbes, Burnham visited the country in 1905 at the height of the City Beautiful movement, a trend in the early 1900s in America to make cities beautiful along scientific lines, for the future urban development of Manila and Baguio.

### Original concept

According to Burnham's original concept of the Cavite Boulevard, the bayfront from the Luneta southward should be a continuous parkway, extending with time to the Cavite Navy Yard about 20 miles (32 km) away. This boulevard, about 250 ft (76 m) in width, with roadways, tramways, bridle paths, rich plantations, and broad sidewalks, should be available for all classes of people in all sorts of conveyances, and so well-shaded with coconut palms, bamboo, and mangoes as to furnish protection from the elements at all times.
"In order to make the boulevard presentable and useful as soon as possible, a quick-growing tree like the acacia might be planted, alternating with the trees of slower growth, and be replaced after the latter attain their growth. The boulevard's seaward side should be planted so as to interrupt occasionally the view of the sea and, by thus adding somewhat of mystery, enhance the value of the stretch of ocean and sky. The boulevard would be on reclaimed land to about as far south as the old Fort San Antonio Abad in Malate, beyond which it strikes the beach and follows the shoreline to Cavite. The possible extension of the ocean boulevard along the north shore would naturally depend upon the development of the town in that direction and upon the question of additional harbor works north of the Pasig River."
During World War II, the boulevard served as a runway of its namesake airfield. During the 1945 Battle of Manila, however, the Japanese forces cut down palm trees along the boulevard to convert it into an improvised runway.

### Contemporary history

In 1992, flyovers crossing intersecting roads along the boulevard, such as the Roxas Boulevard–Gil Puyat Flyover and Roxas Boulevard–EDSA Flyover, were opened.
On May 13, 2024, Manila Mayor Honey Lacuna signed Ordinance No. 9047 to make Roxas Boulevard's Manila section partly car-free every early Sunday morning starting May 26, 2024.

## Route description

Roxas Boulevard starts at Rizal Park in Manila as a continuation of Bonifacio Drive. The road passes through many tall buildings, restaurants, banks, monuments, and other establishments as it curves along Manila Bay. The United States Embassy is located near Rizal Park. A kilometer south are the headquarters of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and Philippine Navy in the Malate district of Manila. After the BSP building, the boulevard enters Pasay, passing through the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP Complex) and Star City. It then intersects with Gil Puyat Avenue and Jose W. Diokno Boulevard, where it ascends through the Gil Puyat Flyover. It then parallels Macapagal Boulevard. It ascends again to intersect Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) through the flyover of the same name; there, the route number transitions from N120/AH26, a secondary road, to N61, a primary road. A few meters after passing EDSA, it enters Parañaque, continues into a straight route until it ends on an intersection with MIA Road and Seaside Drive, where the road continues south as Manila–Cavite Expressway (CAVITEX/E3), which is also known as Coastal Road.

### Landmarks

This list is ordered from north to south:

#### Manila

* Rizal Park
** Kilometer Zero
** Independence Flagpole
* Museo Pambata
* Embassy of the United States in Manila
* Pearl of the Orient Tower
* Grand Riviera Suites
* Plaza Nuestra Señora de Guia (Plaza Ferguson)
* 1322 Golden Empire Tower
* Manila Dolomite Beach
* Baywalk
* Ramon Magsaysay Center
* Plaza Rajah Sulayman
* Admiral Hotel
* Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center
* Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
** Fort San Antonio Abad
* Department of Finance
* Manila Yacht Club
* Naval Station Jose Andrada (Philippine Navy headquarters)

#### Pasay

* Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex
** Cultural Center of the Philippines
** Star City
* Department of Foreign Affairs Undersecretary Office
* Philippine Trade Training Center
* Cuneta Astrodome
* United States Department of Veterans Affairs Manila regional office
* Embassy of Japan in Manila
* Midas Hotel and Casino
* San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation
* Heritage Hotel Manila

#### Paraňaque

* Baclaran Church
* Redemptorist-Aseana station
* City of Dreams Manila
* MIA Road station
* Palacio de Memoria

## Intersections

Intersections are numbered by kilometer post, with Rizal Park in Manila designated as kilometer 0. The kilometer count is discontinuous.
| Province | City/Municipality | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| Parañaque | Parañaque | 7.444 | 4.625 | N194 (NAIA Road) / Seaside Drive – Airport | Southern terminus; continues south as E3 (CAVITEx) |
| Parañaque | Parañaque | 6.546 | 4.067 | Asean Avenue (Aseana Avenue) | Southbound access only; northbound access via U-turn slot under EDSA Flyover |
| Parañaque | Parañaque | 6.348 | 3.944 | N192 (Airport Road) | No left turn allowed from southbound |
| Parañaque | Parañaque | 6.099 | 3.790 | Bradco Avenue | Southbound access only; northbound access via U-turn slot under EDSA Flyover |
| Parañaque | Parañaque | 5.811 | 3.611 | Redemptorist Road | Northbound access only |
| Pasay | Pasay | | | South end of EDSA Flyover | South end of EDSA Flyover |
| Pasay | Pasay | 5.256 | 3.266 | AH 26 (N1) (EDSA) | End of AH26 overlap; route number change from N61 to N120 |
| Pasay | Pasay | | | North end of EDSA Flyover | North end of EDSA Flyover |
| Pasay | Pasay | 4.191 | 2.604 | Arnaiz Avenue | Northbound access only; southbound access via U-turn slot under Buendia/Gil Puyat Flyover |
| Pasay | Pasay | | | South end of Gil Puyat Flyover | South end of Gil Puyat Flyover |
| Pasay | Pasay | 4.469 | 2.777 | N190 (Gil Puyat Avenue) | |
| Pasay | Pasay | | | North end of Gil Puyat Flyover | North end of Gil Puyat Flyover |
| Manila | Manila | 2.581 | 1.604 | Pablo Ocampo Street / Pedro Bukaneg Street | No left turn allowed from northbound and southbound |
| Manila | Manila | 2.121 | 1.318 | N140 (Quirino Avenue) | |
| Manila | Manila | 2.349 | 1.460 | San Andres Street | Northbound access only |
| Manila | Manila | | | Remedios Street | Northbound access only |
| Manila | Manila | 1.062 | 0.660 | Pedro Gil Street | |
| Manila | Manila | | | Padre Faura Street | Northbound access only |
| Manila | Manila | | | N156 (United Nations Avenue) | |
| Manila | Manila | | | N155 (Kalaw Avenue) / South Drive | |
| Manila | Manila | 0.000 | 0.000 | Kilometer zero (Kilometer count reverses) | Kilometer zero (Kilometer count reverses) |
| Manila | Manila | 0.205 | 0.127 | N150 (Padre Burgos Avenue) / Katigbak Parkway | Northern terminus; continues north as AH 26 (N120) (Bonifacio Drive) |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Incomplete access ||||||