OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Decree of Muharram

A Decree of Muharram or Firman of Muharram is any of a number of decrees or firmans issued by the Ottoman Empire in the Islamic month of Muharram. The most important of which, both issued by ‘Abdu’l-Hamid II during the decline of the Ottoman Empire, are:
* Firman issued in Muharram 1299 AH (December 1881 CE) which turned over a large proportion of the Ottoman Empire's revenue to the Public Debt Administration for the repayment of foreign creditors, practically bankrupting the Ottomans after the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878.
* Firman issued on 5 Muharram 1311 AH (18 July 1893 CE) which regarded the appointment of a Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem and the rights of the Jewish community in that province.
Additionally, Decree of Muharram may refer to the Islamic tradition that it is unlawful (haraam) to go to war in the month of Muharram.
# Tom Lundstedt

Thomas Robert Lundstedt (born April 10, 1949), is a former professional baseball player who played in the Major Leagues primarily as a catcher from 1973 to 1975. He played at Prospect High School in Mt. Prospect, Illinois and the University of Michigan. He was originally drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 65th round of the 1967 Major League Baseball Draft but did not sign. He was later drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the 1st round of the 1970 Major League Baseball Draft and signed on June 9, 1970. After playing in 26 games in two seasons with the Cubs, he was traded to the Minnesota Twins on December 6, 1974 in exchange for Mike Adams. He played in 18 games with the Twins in 1975.
# Lady Cockburn and Her Three Eldest Sons

Lady Cockburn and Her Three Eldest Sons (1775) is an oil on canvas portrait by Joshua Reynolds. Work began on the picture in 1773, and, in Grand Manner fashion, Reynolds exploited two classical paintings: the attitude of the child on the left was modelled on Cupid in Velázquez's Toilet of Venus whilst the general composition was inspired by Anthony van Dyck's Charity. The painting passed to Mister Cockburn's son George, and then to his daughter, Mrs Hamilton, the wife of Sir James Hamilton. It was bequeathed to London's National Gallery in 1906. The painting is one of the few signed by Reynolds: Lady Cockburn's dress bears his signature and the year 1775.
Lady Cockburn (Augusta Anne Ayscough, 1749–1837) was the daughter of Francis Ayscough and his wife Anne. She married Sir James Cockburn (/ˈkoʊbərn/, Scottish English:), the 8th Baronet of Langton, and became Lady Cockburn of Langton in Berwick in 1769. The marriage was made as the result of a large marriage settlement of twenty thousand pounds which was arranged by her maternal uncle, Sir George Lyttlelton, her widowed mother, and her brother George Edward Ayscough. The money was raised on her father's estate and included three houses in London and two farms.
Lady Cockburn's first three sons are depicted in the portrait painted by Joshua Reynolds titled "Lady Cockburn and Her Three Eldest Sons". The first son, James (b. 1771), became the 9th baronet and Governor of Bermuda (1811–19), and her second son, George (b. 1772) became an Admiral of the Fleet and the 10th Baronet. Her third son, William (b. 1773) became the Dean of York, and her fourth son, Alexander (b. 1776), became British envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Württemberg and the Columbia District whilst her fifth son, Francis, (b. 1776) became a general after being involved in the early history of Canada as a colony and serving in diplomatic positions in the Bahamas and British Honduras. Lady Cockburn's daughter, Augusta, was wed in 1807.
# Izúcar de Matamoros

Izúcar de Matamoros is a city in Izúcar de Matamoros Municipality located in the southwestern part of the Mexican state of Puebla. The city serves as the municipal seat of the municipality. At the census of 2005 the city had a population of 41,042 inhabitants, while the municipality had a population of 69,413. The municipality has an area of 514.11 km$^2$ (198.5 sq mi), and stands at 1100 m above sea level. Its largest other communities are the towns of La Galarza and San Juan Raboso. It has many sights like the portales, and Santo Domingo, the biggest church in the city.

## History

Izúcar de Matamoros derives its name from the Náhuatl word Itzocan, which is composed from itztli, meaning "knife" or "flint," ohtli meaning "path," and -can. Therefore, it means "place of the flint path." Other interpretations suggest that it could mean "place of painted faces," or "place of obsidian" or "place where obsidian is worked."
Izúcar de Matamoros was the site of the Mexican American War Skirmish at Matamoros on 23 November 1847.
The epicenter of the 2017 Puebla earthquake was about 6.0 km (3.7 mi) east of the city center.

## Agriculture

The agriculture of the surrounding countryside is devoted to growing sugar cane which is processed at a plant in Atencingo.

## Notable people

* Alfonso Castillo Orta (1944-2009), potter
* Ángel Maturino Reséndiz (1959-2006), serial killer
* Paulina Ana María Zapata Portillo (1915-2010), suffragist
# Walt Jean

Walter LeArmand LeJeune (January 2, 1898 – March 28, 1961), also known as Walt Jean, was an American professional football player and coach. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for six seasons, from 1922 to 1927, with five different teams: the Akron Pros (1922–1923), Milwaukee Badgers (1924), Frankford Yellow Jackets (1925), Green Bay Packers (1925–1926), and Pottsville Maroons (1927).

## College career

After high school, Jean attended Bethany College, Heidelberg College and Tiffin University. Jean played at Bethany in 1921, his senior year.

## Professional career

Jean made his professional debut in the National Football League (NFL) in 1922 with the Akron Pros. He later played for the Green Bay Packers, Frankford Yellow Jackets, Pottsville Maroons and Milwaukee Badgers over the course of his career. In 1927, after playing in just two games with the Maroons, Jean travelled to Portsmouth, Ohio to join a team fielded by Jim Thorpe, called the Portsmouth Shoe-Steels. There played also served as line coach. By the end of November though, Thorpe left the team and the head coaching duties went straight to Jean. Jean coached the Portsmouth Spartans as the head coach for the 1928 and 1929 seasons.

## Legacy

Jean was be the last player from Tiffin University to play in the NFL until Nate Washington of the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2006.
# Aḫḫulla

Aḫḫulla was an ancient region of Anatolia located somewhere west of the upper Maraššantiya during the Middle Bronze Age. It is mentioned only in the Telepinu Proclamation.

## Etymology

The etymology of Aḫḫulla is unknown. It may have been a Hittite formulaic theophoric name for the mountain-god Hulla. The prefix aḫ is the construct state of the noun aḫum meaning "bank, shore, side or edge of a river."

## Geography

Ahhulla was located somewhere on the southern fringes of the land of Pala northeast of the Sakarya River. The etymology suggests a town along a river in the shadow of a mountain, perhaps somewhere at the foot of the Köroğlu range.

## History

A text known as the Telepinu Proclamation describes upheavals in Hittite-controlled Anatolia during the reign of Ammuna circa 1550-1530 BC. Ahhulla is named as one of the lands that "rebelled":
   The land(s) became hostile towards him: the cities of [ ]-agga, [Ma'tila, Galmiya, (the land of) Adaniya, the land of Arzawiya, Salapa, Parduwata and Ahhulla. Wherever the troops went on campaign, however, they did not come back successfully.
However, as Bryce attributes "the first major [Hittite] venture to the west" to have been during the reign of Tudḫaliya I/II a hundred years later, the "hostility" of Ahhulla may have been nothing more than a cessation of tribute or trade and a corresponding cattle raid.
# Charles Chandler Oakes

Charles Chandler Oakes (1856 – December 4, 1934) was an American sea captain of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, originally on windjammers and later on steamships. He was also an author: in 1933, he published his memoirs, written with his sea-faring wife. They were re-released in 2009 as Beckets & Hinges: Sea Tales of Old North Yarmouth, Maine.

## Life and career

Oakes was born in 1856 in Yarmouth, Maine, to Benjamin Oakes (1819–1901) and Mary Lovell (1819–1866). His older brother, Frank L. Oakes (1850–1912), was also a ship captain. A sister, Annetta, preceded Frank in birth, but died in infancy in 1849. A brother, Willie King, followed in 1853, but died the same year.
On March 14, 1888, he married Abbie Buxton (1863–1950), with whom he had one known child, daughter Mary Esther.
In 1898, the Oakses were anchored at Manila Bay when they received word of the destruction of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor. From Manila, they were witnesses to daily executions on shore as they prepared to discretely leave the harbor while Admiral George Dewey's Asiatic Squadron made its way across the China Sea to Hong Kong Harbor.
After several years as captain of sea-faring vessels, including the Yarmouth-built S. C. Blanchard, he became superintendent for Ward Steamship Lines.
In 1933, the Oakses self-published their seafaring journals under the titled The Old Sea Chest. They manuscript was split into two parts: part one being Abbie's "My Sea Life"; the second, Charles' "Beckets and Hinges." They were re-released in 2009 as Beckets & Hinges: Sea Tales of Old North Yarmouth, Maine.
Oakes was a member of the Masonic lodge in Yarmouth for 57 years.

## Death

Oakes died on December 4, 1934, in Santa Ana, California, to which he and his wife had moved around 1926 upon Charles' retirement. Aged 78, he was cremated in Santa Ana, then his ashes were interred in Yarmouth's Riverside Cemetery, in the same plot as his parents and three siblings. His wife, who survived him by sixteen years, was also buried in the plot.
# Kolli

Kolli may refer to:
* Kolli, Iran (disambiguation), places in Iran
* Kolli Hills, is a small mountain range located in central Tamil Nadu
* Kolli Pratyagatma, better known as Kotayya Pratyagatma
* Kolli Srinath Reddy, better known as K. Srinath Reddy, is the president of the Public Health Foundation of India
* Rayan Kolli, Algerian professional football player
# Wati (mansa)

Mansa Wati (French: "Ouati") was the third mansa of the Mali Empire, reigning sometime in the latter decades of the 13th century. Wati was the son, perhaps adoptive, of Sundiata Keita, and succeeded his brother Uli I as Mansa. He was succeeded by Khalifa. Nothing is known of his reign.
# Sreeja Das

Sreeja Das is an Indian actress who appears in Malayalam cinema. Her acting career started in 2016 as Mariya Joseph in the film Action Hero Biju directed by Abrid Shine. Her breakthrough came in 2017 when she played the role of Appani Ravi's wife in the film Angamaly Diaries directed by Lijo Jose Pellissery. She played the female lead role for the first time in the film Karinkkannan directed by Pappan Narippatta, which was released in 2018.

## Filmography

Key :
| † | Denotes films that have not yet been released |
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2016 | Action Hero Biju | Constable Maria Joseph | Debut film |
| 2017 | Angamaly Diaries | Ravi's wife | |
| 2017 | Take Off | Nurse Daisy | |
| 2017 | Pullikkaran Staraa | School teacher | |
| 2017 | Udaharanam Sujatha | Neighbour / Anitha | |
| 2018 | Aami | Maid Mini | |
| 2018 | Samaksham | Dr Sreeram's neighbour | |
| 2018 | Mandharam | Nazeer's friend wife | |
| 2018 | Karinkannan | Malavika | Debutant female lead |
| 2019 | Thottappan | Elsy | |
| 2019 | Makkana | Musliyar's daughter | |
| 2019 | Vikruthi | Sherin | |
| 2021 | Kaanekkaane | Sreekala | |
| 2021 | One | Celine | |
| 2021 | Vellam | Madhurima | |
| 2021 | No Man's Land | Sumithra | Female Lead |
| 2022 | Priyan Ottathilanu | Shobha | |
| 2022 | Heaven | ASI Sherin | |
| 2022 | Sabash Chandra Bose | Latha | |
| 2022 | Aanaparambile World Cup | Captain Kunju's mother | |
| 2022 | Aanandam Paramanandam | Asha | |
| 2025 | Paranu Paranu Paranu Chellan † | TBA | |
# Aizhai Bridge

The Aizhai Bridge (Chinese: 矮寨大桥) is a suspension bridge on the G65 Baotou–Maoming Expressway near Jishou, Hunan, China. The bridge was built as part of an expressway from southwest China's Chongqing Municipality to Changsha.
The bridge is famous for the view it offers those crossing it.
With a main span of 1,146 metres (3,760 ft) and a deck height of 336 metres (1,102 ft), as of 2013, it is the thirteenth-highest bridge in the world and the world's nineteenth-longest suspension bridge. Of the world's 400 or so highest bridges, none has a main span as long as Aizhai. It is also the world's highest and longest tunnel-to-tunnel bridge. The bridge contains 1888 lights to increase visibility at night.
Construction on the Aizhai Bridge began in October 2007 and was completed by the end of 2011, ahead of schedule. The bridge was temporarily opened to pedestrians during the 2012 Spring Festival and was formally opened to traffic in March 2012.
The bridge was built with the assistance of a $208 million loan from the Asian Development Bank; the total project cost was $610 million, which included 64 kilometres (40 mi) of expressway construction (two thirds of which comprised bridge and tunnel) and upgrades to 129 kilometres (80 mi) of local roads. The bridge and the associated road construction were projected to reduce the travel time between Jishou and Chadong from 4 hours to less than 1 hour.
In September 2012, the Aizhai Bridge was the site of an international BASE jumping festival that included more than 40 jumpers from 13 countries.
# Helen Kennedy (botanist)

Helen Kennedy (born 1944) is an American botanist, botanical collector, and expert of the Marantaceae family. Taxa named after Kennedy include Philodendron heleniae and Guzmania kennedyae. In 2011, Kennedy received the Outstanding Achievement Award from the Society of Woman Geographers

## Education

Kennedy was born in Riverside, California. She has a bachelor's degree in biology and a master's degree in botany from University of California, Davis. She also has a doctoral degree from University of California.

## Career

Kennedy has worked at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama and has served as curator of the Summit Canal Zone Herbarium in Panama. She has also worked as Curator of the Summit Herbarium at the Missouri Botanical Garden. Kennedy has also worked for the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg and the Chicago Field Museum. As of 2007 she was an active collector for the University of British Columbia (UBC) herbarium, contributing 1,000 specimens since 1969. She has also been Honorary Curator of Vascular Plants at the UBC herbarium. As of 2016 she was herbarium research associate at the University of California at Riverside.

## Awards and recognition

In 2011, Kennedy received the Outstanding Achievement Award from the Society of Woman Geographers. Taxa named after Kennedy include Philodendron heleniae Croat and Guzmania kennedyae L.B. Sm. & Read.

## Selected publications

* Kennedy, Helen. "Diversification in pollination mechanisms in the Marantaceae." Monocots: systematics and evolution 2 (2000): 335-343.
* Kennedy, Helen. Systematics and pollination of the "closed-flowered" species of Calathea (Marantaceae). Vol. 71. Univ of California Press, 1978.
# Screen memory

A screen memory is a distorted memory, generally of a visual rather than verbal nature, deriving from childhood. The term was coined by Sigmund Freud, and the concept was the subject of his 1899 paper "Screen Memories".

## Childhood origins

Freud was struck by the presence, in himself and in other adults, of vivid but bland memories standing from early childhood; and he came to believe that their strength and their preservation both derived from their association with other, less innocent infantile occurrences. As he concluded in his 1899 paper, "the falsified memory is the first that we become aware of: the raw material of memory-traces out of which it was forged remains unknown to us in its original form."
Later writers have emphasised the element of psychological trauma underpinning the screen memory, as well as the way it can encapsulate in miniature the core conflicts of childhood.

## Denial and memory construction

The construction of the screen memory turns on the balance between memory and denial. The blocking of an unpleasant event, thought or perception is facilitated if some harmless, but associated object can be substituted for the unpleasantness itself. The ego searches for memories that can serve as "screens" for the unpleasantness behind, which is thereby removed from consciousness.

## Related applications

* Freud considered sexual fetishism as cognate to screen memories, the fetish serving as a screen for infantile sexual strivings.
* Screen memories may also serve as a source for artistic creation – a process that has been followed for example with respect to Lewis Carroll.
# Sambalpur State

Sambalpur State, also known as Hirakhand Kingdom, was a kingdom founded in 1570. It ruled over Western Odisha and Eastern Chhattisgarh in central-eastern India prior to the Maratha occupation in 1800 AD. From 1849 AD, it was integrated with British Raj as a British District. Its capital was present-day Sambalpur city in Western Odisha.

## History

Sambalpur State was founded in the mid-16th century by Balarama Deva, a Rajput from Chauhan dynasty and younger brother of Patna State's ruler Raja Narsingh Deva. In 1570 CE, the Patna State, ruled by the Chauhan dynasty, was bifurcated. The southern portion of the Ang River was ruled by Narasingh Deva and his brother Balaram Deva received the northern side of the river of Sambalpur region. Balaram Deb established his new capital at Sambalpur. Sambalpur was ruled by the Chauhan dynasty till 1800. The kingdom of Sambalpur was also known as Hirakhand and Sambalpur was its capital.
The Garhjat states were eighteen vassal states under Sambalpur State. The Sambalpur kings favoured Sarangarh State owing to the readiness of its rulers to help their kingdom during military campaigns. Sambalpur was ruled by the Chauhan dynasty till 1800 when Sambalpur came under the Bhonsle dynasty of Nagpur State.
Sambalpur was invaded and occupied by the Marathas between 1808 and 1817. After the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1817 the British Government returned Sambalpur to the Chauhan king, Jayant Singh, but his authority over its eighteen vassal states was withdrawn. The state was placed under British administration from 1818 to 1820, when local rule was restored and the principality became a British protectorate.
When the ruler or the state died without a direct male heir in 1849, the British seized the state under the doctrine of lapse.
In 1857 during the Sepoy Mutiny there was a rebellion led by Surendra Sai of the Sambalpur ruling family, later renowned as 'Veer' (hero) Surendra Sai. The mutineers broke open the prison at Hazaribagh, where Surendra Sai was imprisoned and released all the prisoners. Surendra Sai fought against the British after reaching Sambalpur, eventually surrendering when the British suppressed the rebellion. In 1858 when Sambalpur was put under British administration it initially became part of the Cuttack division of the Bengal Presidency, but was transferred to the Central Provinces in 1862.

## Rulers

The rulers of Sambalpur state of the Chauhan Dynasty:
* Balarama Deva (1570 - 1595 CE)
* Hrdayanarayana Deva (1595 - 1605)
* Balabhadra Deva (1605 - 1630)
* Madhukar Deva (1630-1660)
* Baliar Deva (1650-1688)
* Ratan Singh (1688 - 1690)
* Chhatra Sai (1690 - 1725)
* Ajit Singh (1725 - 1766)
* Abhaya Singh (1766-1778)
* Balabhadra Singh (1778 - 1781)
* Jayanta Singh (1781 - 1818)
* Maharaj Sai (1820 - 1827)
* Rani Mohan Kumari (f) (1827 - 1833)
* Narayan Singh (1833 - 1849)
* Surendra Sai (in rebellion) (1809 - 1884)
# Safety Island

Safety Island (67°31′S 63°54′E﻿ / ﻿67.517°S 63.900°E﻿ / -67.517; 63.900) is a small coastal island 4.8 km (3 mi) east of Cape Daly, Antarctica, 9 km (6 mi) south of Auster Islands, and 0.9 km (0.6 mi) northwest of Landmark Point. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photographs taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37. First visited in 1954 by an ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) party led by R.G. Dovers, and so named because it was the nearest safe camp site to Scullin Monolith.

## Geography

Safety Island is characterized by its geographical isolation, situated in a region far from other landmasses. This island is surrounded by glaciers, contributing to its appeal for glaciological studies.

## Scientific Significance
### Glaciological Studies

Safety Island serves as a natural laboratory for glaciologists, providing an opportunity to study ice dynamics, thickness, and flow patterns. Researchers aim to better understand the impact of climate change on Antarctic ice sheets through data collected on the island.

### Climate Monitoring

The island's extreme weather conditions, with temperatures often plummeting well below freezing, make it an ideal location for climate monitoring. Scientific stations on Safety Island play a crucial role in observing and recording climate patterns and atmospheric conditions.

### Biodiversity Exploration

Despite its harsh climate, Safety Island hosts resilient organisms, including microbial life, mosses, and lichens. Researchers conduct studies to unravel the adaptations and survival mechanisms of life in extreme environments, contributing to our understanding of astrobiology.
# Dale Wright (singer)

Dale Wright (born Harlan Dale Riffe; February 4, 1938 – April 15, 2007) was an American rock and roll singer.
Wright was born in Middletown, Ohio. He started his career as a disc jockey in Dayton, Ohio who signed to Fraternity Records after playing a song he'd written on the air. He recorded a sizable body of work for Fraternity in the late 1950s, some of it with backing band The Rock-Its, and hit the Billboard Hot 100 twice in 1958 with the singles "She's Neat" (#38) and "Don't Do it" (#77). By the early 1960s he had been dropped from Fraternity but continued recording for smaller labels well into the decade.
After his success as a singer waned, Wright worked for WBLG-TV (now WTVQ-TV) and WBLG radio in Lexington, Kentucky through the early 1970s. Afterwards, Wright hosted a talk show on WNVL in Nicholasville, Kentucky for 20 years before becoming program director at sister station WCKU. He died in Lexington, Kentucky on April 15, 2007.
# Coluber constrictor oaxaca

Coluber constrictor oaxaca, commonly known as the Mexican racer, is a nonvenomous colubrid snake, a subspecies of the eastern racer (Coluber constrictor).

## Geographic range

It is found primarily in Mexico from Tamaulipas to Vera Cruz, with isolated records of it occurring in Nuevo León, Coahuila, Durango, Colima, Oaxaca and Chiapas. The subspecies also ranges as far north as the United States in southern Texas and as far south as Guatemala. It is known to intergrade with the eastern yellow-bellied racer (Coluber constrictor flaviventris).

## Description

Adults of Coluber constrictor oaxaca are 51–102 cm (20-40 inches) in total length.
They are greenish dorsally and yellowish ventrally. They have eight upper labials and eight lower labials.
Juveniles have dark, narrow, close-spaced crossbands on the anterior part of the body, unlike the mid-dorsal blotches of juveniles of most other subspecies of Coluber constrictor.
# Coluber vittacaudatus

Coluber vittacaudatus is a species of snake found in Darjeeling, India.

## Distribution

Type locality: from "vicinity of Darjiling" (= Darjeeling, 27° 02'N; 88° 16'E; West Bengal State, eastern India). Known only from the type locality. Named after "vittacaudatus" = Latin for striped tail.