OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Grant Commercial Historic District (Grant, Nebraska)

The Grant Commercial Historic District in Grant, Nebraska is a 9.5 acres (3.8 ha) historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. It includes 31 contributing buildings and one other contributing structure.
The district also includes six non-contributing buildings, including the IOOF Hall (1954), at 330-332 Central Avenue.
# Marit Løvvig

Marit Løvvig (born 19 March 1938, in Fana) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.
She was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Rogaland in 1977, and was re-elected on two occasions.
On the local level he was a member of Haugesund municipal council from 1967 to 1979. From 1971 to 1975 she was a deputy member of Rogaland county council.
Outside politics she spent most of her career as a school teacher. She was active in the Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities for a period. In 2009 she was elected to lead the Rossabø parish council in Haugesund.
# Friction drilling

Friction drilling is a method of making holes in metal in which the material is pushed out of the way with the aid of heat from friction. The process is also called thermal drilling, flow drilling, form drilling, or friction stir drilling.
Friction drilling is commonly used on bicycle frames, heat exchangers, and to create holes for mounting bearings.

## History

In 1923, the Frenchman Jean Claude de Valière tried making a tool that could make holes in metal by friction heat, instead of by machining. It was only a moderate success, because at that time the right materials were not yet available. Moreover, he hadn't yet discovered the right shape for this kind of tool.
It was not until the 1980s that a useful tool could be produced.

## Principle

Friction drilling uses a conical bit made of very heat-resistant material such as cemented carbide. This device is pressed against a target material with both high rotational speed and high pressure. That way, there is a high local production of heat which softens the object, making it plastic. The tool then "sinks" through the object, making a hole in it. Lubricants help prevent work-material from adhering to the bit. Unlike drilling, material that is flowed is not lost but it forms a sleeve around the hole. The length of that sleeve is up to 3 times the original thickness of the material. The presence of this metal lip around hole edges makes connections stronger.
Several options are available with this technology. Bits may include a cutting device that removes the typical "collar" of plastified material that flows upwards, so that an even top surface is the result. Drilled starter holes may be used to reduce the required axial force and to leave a smooth finish in the bushing’s lower edge. Internal screw threads may be cut with taps or rolled with dies.

## Advantages

* Very quick process (2 to 6 seconds)
* The process reshapes all material so that no material is lost. The excess material forms a sleeve that is about 3 times longer than the original thickness of the target material, which makes it possible to make very strong bolt joints in thin material.
* It is a clean process because no litter (particles) is produced.
* No access needed to back of workpiece, as with press-in or self-clinching hardware.
* More reliable and faster than rivet nuts (an alternative that also does not require access to back of workpiece).
* Works in almost all kinds of metal.

## Disadvantages

* Friction drilling is not possible in massive material since displaced metal must be able to flow somewhere. Maximum material thickness is typically half of the hole diameter with bit manufacturers providing specific guidance.
* The target material must be able to withstand the added heat. Materials that have been painted, plastic coated, galvanized, or heat treated are often unsuitable for this process.
* Requires higher motor capacity and rotational speed than conventional drills.
# West Passyunk

West Passyunk is a neighborhood in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It is bounded by Mifflin Street to the north, West Passyunk Avenue to the south, South 18th Street to east, and South 25th Street to the west. It is served by the 1st Police District, located at 24th and Wolf Streets.

## Education
### Primary and secondary schools

Residents are zoned to the School District of Philadelphia.
Neighborhood children attend either Stephen Girard School (K-4) at 18th Street and Snyder Avenue, James Alcorn Elementary (K-8) at 32nd and Dickinson Street in Grays Ferry, or Delaplaine McDaniel Elementary School (K-6) at 21st and Moore Streets in nearby Point Breeze for elementary school as assigned by the School District of Philadelphia by geographical location.
Designated middle schools are Norris S. Barratt Middle (7-8) at 16th and Wharton Streets in Newbold or Universal Vare Charter School, formerly the Edwin H. Vare Middle School (5-8) at 24th Street and Snyder Avenue.
High schoolers attend South Philadelphia High School at Broad Street and Snyder Avenue in East Passyunk Crossing.
GAMP, a special admissions school for grades 5-12 focusing on performing arts, is also located nearby at 22nd and Ritner Streets in Girard Estate.
The Archdiocese of Philadelphia also operates St. Monica School (PK-8), with locations at both 1725 West Ritner Street (senior school) & 16th and Porter Streets (junior school) in Girard Estate, along with St. Thomas Aquinas Parish School (PK-8) at 1718 Morris Street in Newbold, in close proximity.

## Public libraries

The Free Library of Philadelphia Thomas F. Donatucci, Sr. Branch (formerly the Passyunk Branch), located at 20th and Shunk Streets, serves West Passyunk. The library received its current name in 2004.

## Public housing

Wilson Park, a 727 unit complex consisting of high & low-rises, is located at 25th and Jackson Streets.

## Playground and park

Thomas B. Smith Recreation Center, 2100 S 24th St. 7.6-acre site with playground equipment, a sprayground, basketball courts, handball courts, and sports fields, a football field with artificial turf, a fitness trail, and solar-paneled shade structures. The three-room building has a public computing center and multi-purpose spaces that host a mix of youth activities. In 1917 the site was named for mayor Thomas B. Smith.
Along 24th Street, from McKean Street to Passyunk Avenue, is a tree-lined parkway and walkway, which ends at the triangular Warriner Park, where a monument to Major General John Fulton Reynolds stands.

## Public transit

The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) operates a number of buses in the area:
* Rt 79 - East/Westbound on Snyder Ave.
* Rt 37 - East/Westbound on Passyunk Ave.
* Rt 17 - Southbound on 19th St.
* Rt 17 - Northbound on 20th St.
* Rt 7 - Northbound on 22nd St.
* Rt 7 - Southbound on 23rd St.

## Civic group

West Passyunk Neighbors Association (WPNA) is a volunteer based registered community organization of residents, property owners and business owners.
# Chamco Township

Chamco Township (simplified Chinese: 长所乡; traditional Chinese: 長所鄉; pinyin: Chángsuǒ Xiāng) is a township in Tingri County, Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Per the 2010 Chinese Census, it has a population of 3,601.

## Geography

It lies at an altitude of 4,255 metres (13,963 feet).

## Administrative divisions

It has authority over the village committees of ten different villages, including Senga Village, Gurong Village, and Chajiang Village, among others. Senga Village is where the administrative offices for the township are located.

## Demographics

Per the 2010 Chinese Census, it has a population of 3,601, up from the 3,379 recorded in the 2000 Chinese Census.
# Alcyon (disambiguation)

Alcyon may refer to:

## Aircraft

* Morane-Saulnier Alcyon, a French trainer introduced in 1949

## Companies

* Alcyon a French bicycle, car and motorcycle manufacturer in business 1903–54

## Ships

* French destroyer L'Alcyon, a L'Adroit-class destroyer in service with the French Navy 1929–52
* FV Alcyon, a French fishing trawler in service 1904–40, requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine and served as the harbour defence boat Boot 10 Alcyon 1940–41, and the vorpostenboot V 420 Alcyon 1941–43
# Verteporfin

Verteporfin (trade name Visudyne), a benzoporphyrin derivative, is a medication used as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy to eliminate the abnormal blood vessels in the eye associated with conditions such as the wet form of macular degeneration. Verteporfin accumulates in these abnormal blood vessels and, when stimulated by nonthermal red light with a wavelength of 689 nm in the presence of oxygen, produces highly reactive short-lived singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen radicals, resulting in local damage to the endothelium and blockage of the vessels.
Verteporfin is also used off-label for the treatment of central serous retinopathy.

## Administration

Verteporfin is usually injected intravenously into the largest arm vein. It is injected at a dose of 6 mg/m2 and light-activated. It is usually given 15 minutes before laser treatment. This dose can be repeated 4 times per year.

## Contraindications

Porphyria.

## Side effects

Most common side effects are blurred vision, headache, and local effects at the injection site. Also, photosensitivity; it is strictly advised to avoid exposure to sunlight and unscreened lighting until 48 hours after verteporfin administration.
Dogs and rats have been treated with inactivated daily doses 32–70 times higher than the dose advised for humans. The 4 weeks of treatment resulted in mild extravascular hemolysis and hematopoiesis in the animals.

## Light-activated cytotoxicity

Used by itself, the clinical recommended dose for verteporfin is not cytotoxic to human tissue. Though under light activation, in the presence of oxygen, it can form cytotoxic agents inside the tissue. The agents form when the porphyrin absorbs enough light to generate a reactive but short-lived singlet oxygen. The brief singlet oxygen can micro damage biological structures, leading to a local vascular occlusion.

## Interactions

Verteporfin is known to interact with the herbal remedy feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), the latter of which seems to act as an antagonist to verteporfin for unknown reasons. Taking the two substances simultaneously is inadvisable.
Verteporfin does not appear to be metabolized by Cytochrome P450 enzymes, therefore not affecting Cytochrome P450 metabolism of other drugs.

## Shortages

In May 2020, a low manufacturing capacity caused disruption. This affected the usage of verteporfin among providers and patients in Europe. The EMA expected normal manufacturing to return by the first quarter 2022.

## Off-label use

Verteporfin may be used off-label for treating central serous retinopathy and is experimentally applied to reduce scarring in hair transplantations.
# John Cassidy

John Cassidy may refer to:
* John Cassidy (artist) (1860–1939), Irish sculptor and painter
* John Cassidy (baseball) (1855–1891), American baseball player
* John Cassidy (basketball) (born 1947), Canadian Olympic basketball player
* John Cassidy (journalist) (born 1963), business journalist and published author
* John Cassidy (magician) (born 1967), American magician and balloon artist
* John Cassidy (author), American author and publishing executive
* John Cassidy (chancellor), Australian businessman and former university chancellor
* John Cassidy (seismologist) (born 1959), Canadian seismologist
* John Cassidy (speed skater) (born 1952), Canadian Olympic speed skater
* Jack Cassidy (1927–1976), American actor
* John Edward Cassidy (1896–1984), American lawyer; Illinois Attorney General
* John E. Cassidy Jr (1924—2003), member of the Illinois House of Representatives.
* John F. Cassidy, Vice Chairman of the board and former Chief Executive Officer of Cincinnati Bell Inc.
* John Joe Cassidy (died 1995), Gaelic football player for Cavan
* John P. Cassidy (1912–?), Los Angeles City Council member, 1962–1967
# Athletics at the 1930 Central American and Caribbean Games

The athletics competition in the 1930 Central American and Caribbean Games were held in Havana, Cuba.

## Medal summary
### Men's events

| Event | Gold | Gold | Silver | Silver | Bronze | Bronze |
| 100 metres | Alberto Torriento Cuba | 11.1 | Gustavo Alfonso Cuba | | Reginald Bedford Panama | |
| 200 metres | Reginald Bedford Panama | 22.2 | Eugenio Guerra Puerto Rico | | Mario Gómez Mexico | |
| 400 metres | Reginald Bedford Panama | 49.6 | José Moraila Mexico | | Luciano Iturbe Mexico | |
| 800 metres | Darío Álvarez Cuba | 2:00.6 | Luciano Iturbe Mexico | | Juan Gutsens Cuba | |
| 1500 metres | Darío Álvarez Cuba | 4:18.2 | Pedro Lugo Mexico | | Enrique Velasco Mexico | |
| 5000 metres | Felipe Jardines Mexico | 16:28.0 | Ascencio Galicia Mexico | | Delfino Campos Mexico | |
| 10,000 metres | Felipe Jardines Mexico | 35:21.6 | Francisco Morales Mexico | | Antonio Rodríguez Costa Rica | |
| 110 metres hurdles | Fernando Navarro Panama | 15.6 | José Sorzano Cuba | | Carlos Molina Guatemala | |
| 400 metres hurdles | Porfirio Franca Cuba | 58.4 | Francisco Montalvo Cuba | | José María Suárez Cuba | |
| 4 × 100 metres relay | Cuba Alberto Torriente Conrado Rodríguez Gustavo Alfonso Julio Seino | 43.4 | Mexico Francisco Robledo Mario García José R. del Río Mario Gómez | 44.0e | Panama Rafael Arana Antonio R. Jaén Alberto Belisario Reginald Bedford | 44.0e |
| 4 × 400 metres relay | Mexico José M. Alvarez Carlos de Anda Lucílo Iturbe Jesús Moraila | 3:26.6 | Cuba Mario González Juan Gutsens José Suárez Horacio Gómez | 3:30.2e | Guatemala Gonzalo Palarea Manuel Hernández Ricardo Dastin Carlos Lara | |
| High jump | Rafael Pérez Cuba | 1.75 | Joseph MacKenzie Jamaica | 1.75 | Fernando Navarro Panama | 1.70 |
| Pole vault | Humberto Villa Cuba | 3.64 | Manuel Luciano Puerto Rico | 3.64 | José Sanjurjo Cuba | 3.48 |
| Long jump | Fernando Navarro Panama | 6.72 | Carlos Zamarripa Mexico | 6.60 | José Torriente Cuba | 6.57 |
| Triple jump | Manuel Suárez Cuba | 13.71 | Manuel García Cuba | 13.14 | José Fernández Cuba | 13.04 |
| Shot put | Juan Mendizabal Cuba | 12.25 | Armando Rodríguez Honduras | 12.10 | Ricardo Villar Cuba | 11.92 |
| Discus throw | Miguel Gutiérrez Cuba | 41.12 | René de la Torre Cuba | 34.35 | Rafael Martínez Cuba | 34.31 |
| Hammer throw | Francisco Robledo Mexico | 41.05 | Troadio Hernández Cuba | 40.98 | Oswaldo Duyos Cuba | 36.84 |
| Javelin throw | Porfirio Espinosa Cuba | 50.57 | Cándido González Cuba | 50.30 | Mario Robau Cuba | 49.53 |
| Pentathlon | Alberto Fernández Cuba | 3051 | Fernando Navarro Panama | 2846 | Miguel Gutiérrez Cuba | 2789 |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Cuba (CUB) | 12 | 8 | 10 | 30 |
| 2 | Mexico (MEX) | 4 | 7 | 4 | 15 |
| 3 | Panama (PAN) | 4 | 1 | 3 | 8 |
| 4 | Puerto Rico (PUR) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 5 | Honduras (HON) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 5 | Jamaica (JAM) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 7 | Guatemala (GUA) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 8 | Costa Rica (CRC) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (8 entries) | Totals (8 entries) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 60 |
# Relvado

Relvado is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
# Bothwell, Ontario

Bothwell is an unincorporated community in Ontario, Canada. It is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Bothwell had a population of 908 living in 403 of its 422 total private dwellings, a change of 6.1% from its 2016 population of 856. With a land area of 2.01 km$^2$ (0.78 sq mi), it had a population density of 451.7/km$^2$ (1,170.0/sq mi) in 2021.
# West Point Historic District (West Point, Kentucky)

The West Point Historic District in West Point, Kentucky is a 55 acres (22 ha) historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.
The district is roughly bounded by the Salt River, 2nd, South, 13th, Mulberry, and Elm Sts. and dates from 1829.
It includes 75 contributing buildings as well as 62 non-contributing buildings and one contributing object. Six properties were already separately NRHP listed. Resources include:
* James Young House, separately NRHP-listed
* Ditto-Prewitt House, (1826) separately NRHP-listed
* Applegate-Fisher House, separately NRHP-listed
* Kentucky and Indiana Bank (c.1901), separately NRHP-listed
* Abraham Ditto House (c.1840), separately NRHP-listed
* Hardy Hotel/West Point Hotel (1902), separately NRHP-listed
The listing was consistent with guidelines established in a 1986 study of historic resources in Hardin County.
# Wally Hughes

Walter Cyril Joseph Hughes (15 March 1934 – 21 January 2011) was an association football player and coach who managed the New Zealand national team.

## Playing career

Hughes was born and raised in Liverpool and joined Liverpool, initially as ground staff, but later earned a playing contract. He failed to make an appearance for the first team, and moved to Stockport County where he again failed to make the first team squad. Hughes then joined Sheffield United, making just two appearances. He then had spells with Bradford Park Avenue A.F.C. and Southport F.C. He played as a right winger.

## Coaching career

In 1973 Hughes emigrated to New Zealand and took up the role of head coach of Dunedin City in the Southern League. After two seasons he became Northern Regional coach and then in 1977 he was appointed coach of the New Zealand national football team, replacing Barrie Truman for the 1978 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign. Hughes first took charge of the New Zealand side February 1977, winning six, losing five of his 12 games in charge, with one draw.
After Hughes stepped down following a tour of New Zealand by England B he coached Blockhouse Bay in the National league. He then took an appointment in Dubai for two years before returning to the South Pacific to take charge of Fiji for their failed 1982 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign.
Hughes also coached New Zealand club sides Auckland City FC, East Coast Bays AFC, Auckland University and Manurewa AFC.
# Curt Petrovich

Curt Petrovich is a Canadian journalist. He has worked for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation since 1986.
Petrovich is currently based in Vancouver, British Columbia. He has also worked for the CBC in Iqaluit, Winnipeg and Ottawa.
In 1999, Petrovich was awarded the Michener Award by Governor General Adrienne Clarkson for his coverage of a vote-splitting scandal in the 1995 Manitoba provincial election. Following interviews with Darryl Sutherland, Petrovich discovered that organizers of the Progressive Conservative Party had funded Independent Native Voice candidates to split the left-of-centre vote with the New Democratic Party in three constituencies.
He made the following comment about CBC management in 2005, following the Corporation's lockout of its workers:
   "Why isn't someone trying to take back the controls from a bunch of box cutter-wielding ideologues who are ready to smash this organization into the pillars of public trust that took decades to build?"
In 2008, Petrovich's stories on the sale of MacDonald Dettwiler were named the best in radio reporting in British Columbia at the Jack Webster Awards.
In 2009, Petrovich was presented the Canadian Association of Journalists award for faith and spirituality along with fellow CBC journalists including Frank Koller and Vik Adhopia for their work on CBC Radio's Where is God Today?. In the same year, Petrovich was awarded another Jack Webster Award for Best Feature Story in radio for his feature on the Canadian Men's Eight Rowing Team.
In 2019, Petrovich authored "Blamed and Broken: The Mounties and the Death of Robert Dziekanski," an investigation into the aftermath of the Tasering of Robert Dziekanski at Vancouver's International Airport in 2007.
# Sasse (surname)

Sasse is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Angela Sasse, German computer scientist
* Antoinette Sasse (1897–1986), French artist and member of the French Resistance during World War II
* Arthur Sasse (fl. 1951), American photographer most famous for his portrait of Albert Einstein
* Ben Sasse (born 1972), American politician from Nebraska
* Gwendolyn Sasse, British professor of comparative politics
* Hans-Jürgen Sasse (1943–2015), German linguist
* Hermann Sasse (1895–1976), German-Australian Lutheran theologian and author
* Joshua Sasse (born 1987), British actor
* Marie Sasse (1834–1907), Belgian operatic soprano
* Ralph Sasse (1889–1954), college football coach from the United States
* Yan Sasse (born 1997), Brazilian football midfielder
# William Boteler (died 1602)

William Boteler (ca. 1540 – 1602) was an English politician.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Lyme Regis in 1563 and Bedford in 1586.
# Anton Loibl GmbH

Anton Loibl GmbH was a company owned by the SS which was a funding source for the Ahnenerbe research branch and the Lebensborn eugenics programme. It was created to market a bicycle reflector invented by Anton Loibl, a chauffeur for Hitler. It employed slave labour.
Anton Loibl, a former long-term chauffeur for Hitler and a decorated SS-Hauptsturmführer (Ernst Röhm had obtained the driver's job for him in the early 1920s, and he had spent time in prison after participating in the Beerhall Putsch in 1923), was a part-time inventor; while working as a machinist and driving instructor, he invented a reflector for bicycle pedals which incorporated glass chips. Heinrich Himmler, who was acquainted with Loibl, ensured that he was awarded the patent in preference to an earlier applicant, and the company was established in September 1936 in Berlin by Himmler's Personal Office in order to market it. In his capacity as police chief of the Reich, Himmler had a requirement added to the traffic code on 13 November 1937 which required all newly manufactured bicycles to incorporate these reflectors. The bicycle manufacturers had to pay a licence fee, which amounted to 600,000 ℛℳ in 1939.
Loibl was initially a co-director and co-owner of the company, and received 50% of the income, altogether approximately 500,000 ℛℳ; he was removed for incompetence at the end of 1939 or early in 1940. (An internal report dated June 1939 pointed out Himmler's use of his power for the benefit of the company and criticised Loibl's personally profiting from it.) Additionally, Himmler directed the company to pay substantial sums (290,000 ℛℳ a year) to the Ahnenerbe and the Lebensborn; financing these had been the primary purpose of its establishment. The Ahnenerbe had chronic financing problems for some years and in 1937 the Reichsnährstand had reduced its funding and Himmler set up a foundation to channel funds to it, including from the Loibl concern. The Ahnenerbe's share of the Loibl funds was 77,740 ℛℳ in 1938; the Lebensborn received from 100,000 to 150,000 per year from 1939 on. At the Nuremberg Trials the Loibl company was described as "still earning considerable funds for 'Ahnenerbe'".
Chartered to develop "technical articles of all kinds", the company later diversified and also sold other products, such as a patented lamp.
By the end of the 1930s, when Germany had achieved full employment, the SS enterprises were using slave labour, including from concentration camps. In January 1938, Loibl showed a visitor around a testing laboratory for aircraft motors at Dachau.
In December 1963 the reflectors were still required on German bicycles.