# Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal

Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal is a palace completed in 1636 by Tirumala Nayaka, a king of the Madurai Nayak dynasty, who ruled Madurai from 1623 to 1659. It is located 2 km (1.2 mi) to the southeast of the Meenakshi Amman Temple in central Madurai. The present structure is the main palace which served as the living quarters of the king, and the original palace complex was four times larger.

## History

The Nayaks of Madurai ruled this Kingdom from 1545 until the 1740s and Thirumalai Nayak (1623-1659) was one of their greatest kings notable for various buildings in and around Madurai. During the 17th centuries, the Madurai Kingdom had Portuguese, Dutch and other Europeans as traders, missionaries and visiting travellers. Over 400 years many parts of the buildings suffered the destructive effects of war; a few, however, are sufficiently in repair to be converted into use by the garrison, as granaries, store-houses, and powder magazines during the time of East India Company. According to British records, King Thirumalai Nayak's grandson had demolished much of the fine structure and removed most of the ornaments and woodcarvings to build his palace, the Chokkanatha Nayak Palace, in Tiruchirapalli. However some researchers consider that event as unlikely and say that the palace was more probably scavenged for building materials by local communities. The subsequent use of the palace under the British as a military barracks and then a factory (weaving and paper production), also impacted the grandeur of the palace, with the demolition of the adjacent complexes in advanced ruin. The palace would later serve as the ''Cutchery'' or district court of Madura-Ramnad until 1970. However Lord Napier, the Governor of Madras, had partially restored the palace from 1866 to 1872, and the subsequent restoration works were carried out several years ago, today, we get to see the Entrance Gate, The Main Hall and the Dance Hall.

## Design and construction

Built in 1636, as a focal point of his capital at Madurai, Thirumalai Nayak intended the palace to be one of the grandest in South India. The Interior of the palace surpasses many of its Indian contemporaries in scale. The interior is richly decorated whilst the exterior is treated in a more austere style.
Local legend goes that the king hired an Italian architect to design the complex, and hence some qualify it as Dravidian–Italian architecture. During this period Madurai was a thriving kingdom with Portuguese, Dutch and other Europeans as traders, missionaries and visiting travelers. This might have influenced the design inspirations of the palace. Many Tamil Nadu government agencies also qualify the architecture of Thirumalai Nayaka Palace as Indo-Saracenic architecture or Dravidian architecture.
Art historians however consider this palace to be an outstanding example of Vijayanagara architecture in its late Tamil Country Nayaka style. Some of them evoke the origin of theories on the possible intervention of European architects and craftsmen, or of a major Western artistic influence, as motivated by a priori and colonial prejudices.
During the 18th century, many structures that were part of this palace were pulled down or incorporated into buildings in the adjacent streets. What remains is the enclosed court known as the Svarga Vilasam and a few adjoining buildings. The audience chamber of the Svarga Vilasam is a vast hall with arcades about 12 m high. The courtyard of Svarga Vilasam measures 75 m (246 ft) by 50 m (160 ft). The palace's architecture reflects the characteristic features of Vijayanagara architecture, including the integration and harmonization of Indo-Islamic and Persian influences. Thirumalai Nayak Palace is famous for its giant pillars. Pillar's height is 82 feet (25 m) and width is 19 feet (5.8 m). Historically, the palace measured 554,000 sq ft (51,500 m$^2$) and was 900 ft (270 m) long by 660 ft (200 m) wide.

### Courtyard

Upon entering the gates of the palace, there is a central courtyard measuring 3,700 m$^2$ (40,000 sq ft). The courtyard is surrounded by massive circular pillars and has a circular garden.

### Interior

The palace was divided into two major parts, namely Swarga Vilasam (Celestial Pavilion) and Ranga Vilasam. The royal residence, theatre, shrine, apartments armory, palanquin place, royal bandstand, quarters, pond and garden were situated in these two portions. The courtyard and the dancing hall are the major center of attractions of the palace. The Celestial Pavilion (Swarga Vilasam) was used as the throne room and has an arcaded octagon covered by a dome 60 to 70 feet (18 to 21 m) high. The domed structure in the center is supported by stone ribs and is held up by massive circular columns topped and linked by pointed scalloped arches with an arcaded gallery opening into the nave above the side aisles.

### Materials used

The structure was constructed using foliated brickwork and the surface details and finished exquisite stucco called chunam using chunam (shell lime) and mixed with egg white to obtain a smooth and glossy texture. The steps leading up to the hall were formerly flanked by two equestrian statues of excellent workmanship.
The pillars supporting the arches are 13 metres (43 ft) tall and are again joined by foliated brickwork that carries a valance and an entablature rising up to a height of 20 metres (66 ft). The decoration is done, (shell lime). The pavilions topped with finials that were covered with gold are on either side of the courtyard.

## Popular culture

After independence, the Thirumalai Palace was declared as a national monument and is came under the protection of the archaeological department of Tamil Nadu. It is open for the visitors daily. Light and sound shows depicting the story of Silappathikaram are played both in Tamil and English languages. Many films were shot in the palace, including Bombay, Guru, and Bheema.