OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Swimming at the 1998 Asian Games – Men's 100 metre freestyle

The men's 100 metre freestyle swimming competition at the 1998 Asian Games in Bangkok was held on 9 December at the Thammasat Aquatic Center.

## Schedule

All times are Indochina Time (UTC+07:00)
| Date | Time | Event |
| Wednesday, 9 December 1998 | 09:00 | Heats |
| Wednesday, 9 December 1998 | 18:00 | Finals |

## Results
### Legend

* DNS — Did not start

### Heats

| Rank | Heat | Athlete | Time |
| 1 | 4 | Igor Sitnikov (KAZ) | 52.23 |
| 2 | 1 | Huang Chih-yung (TPE) | 52.58 |
| 3 | 3 | Shusuke Ito (JPN) | 52.67 |
| 4 | 5 | Shunsuke Ito (JPN) | 52.85 |
| 5 | 4 | Ravil Nachaev (UZB) | 52.87 |
| 6 | 5 | Zhao Lifeng (CHN) | 53.00 |
| 6 | 3 | Andrey Kvassov (KAZ) | 53.00 |
| 8 | 4 | Aleksandr Agafonov (UZB) | 53.19 |
| 9 | 5 | Arthur Li (HKG) | 53.23 |
| 10 | 4 | Sng Ju Wei (SIN) | 53.27 |
| 11 | 3 | Fergus Kuek (SIN) | 53.35 |
| 11 | 1 | Chen Yi-chung (TPE) | 53.35 |
| 13 | 5 | Park Kyong-ho (KOR) | 53.43 |
| 14 | 3 | Du Jie (CHN) | 53.44 |
| 15 | 3 | Vicha Ratanachote (THA) | 53.49 |
| 16 | 3 | Zachary Moffatt (HKG) | 54.39 |
| 17 | 3 | Tang Chon Kit (MAC) | 54.52 |
| 18 | 5 | Jatupat Sarikaputra (THA) | 54.78 |
| 19 | 4 | Khuwaiter Al-Dhaheri (UAE) | 55.13 |
| 20 | 4 | Sebastian Xavier (IND) | 55.40 |
| 21 | 5 | Koh Yun-ho (KOR) | 55.59 |
| 22 | 4 | Farshid Karami (IRI) | 56.25 |
| 23 | 4 | Hamid Reza Mobarrez (IRI) | 56.26 |
| 24 | 5 | Nayef Al-Hasawi (KUW) | 56.50 |
| 25 | 2 | Tang Kok Wai (MAC) | 57.50 |
| 26 | 3 | Kazi Monirul Islam (BAN) | 57.59 |
| 27 | 5 | Gihan Ranatunga (SRI) | 57.87 |
| 28 | 2 | Abdulla Al-Mahmoud (QAT) | 58.65 |
| 29 | 2 | Mussaad Razouki (KUW) | 58.72 |
| 30 | 2 | Hem Kiry (CAM) | 59.99 |
| 31 | 2 | Ammar Al-Ejji (QAT) | 1:01.04 |
| 32 | 2 | Chitra Bahadur Gurung (NEP) | 1:04.06 |
| — | 1 | Gürsediin Bayasgalan (MGL) | DNS |
| — | 2 | Kamal Salman Masud (PAK) | DNS |
| — | 2 | Mumtaz Ahmed (PAK) | DNS |

### Finals
#### Final B

| Rank | Athlete | Time |
| 1 | Arthur Li (HKG) | 52.64 |
| 2 | Fergus Kuek (SIN) | 52.81 |
| 3 | Sng Ju Wei (SIN) | 53.10 |
| 4 | Chen Yi-chung (TPE) | 53.39 |
| 5 | Vicha Ratanachote (THA) | 53.40 |
| 6 | Park Kyong-ho (KOR) | 53.50 |
| 7 | Du Jie (CHN) | 54.13 |
| 8 | Zachary Moffatt (HKG) | 54.45 |

#### Final A

| Rank | Athlete | Time |
| | Shunsuke Ito (JPN) | 51.29 |
| | Shusuke Ito (JPN) | 52.07 |
| | Zhao Lifeng (CHN) | 52.21 |
| | Huang Chih-yung (TPE) | 52.21 |
| | Igor Sitnikov (KAZ) | 52.21 |
| 6 | Ravil Nachaev (UZB) | 52.68 |
| 7 | Andrey Kvassov (KAZ) | 52.82 |
| 8 | Aleksandr Agafonov (UZB) | 52.91 |
# Li Tien-lu Hand Puppet Historical Museum

The Li Tien-lu Hand Puppet Historical Museum (simplified Chinese: 李天禄布袋戏文物馆; traditional Chinese: 李天祿布袋戲文物館; pinyin: Litiānlù Bùdàixì Wénwùguǎn) is a museum in Sanzhi District, New Taipei, Taiwan.

## History

The museum opened on 31 December 1996, two years before the death of its namesake, the puppeteer Li Tien-lu. The museum was reopened on 1 January 2005 after renovation works.

## Exhibitions

The museum houses more than 200 antique puppet heads of more than 100 years old as well as cultural relics. The Almost Life Like Puppet Theater also perform regularly in the museum. Within its collections are items used by Li during his career.
# Baccharis articulata

Baccharis articulata is a species of shrub in the family Asteraceae.
The species was first described by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, but was later reclassified by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1807. The species is used for a variety of medical uses and is also native to parts of South America.

## Medical uses

It is used in traditional folk medicine for liver diseases. It has also been traditionally used to treat digestive disorders and urinary infections. In Brazil the plant is used to treat diarrhea in cattle.

## Distribution

It is native to Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. It can be found in the Paranaese forest. It was also introduced to Spain.

## Flowers

Like almost all baccharis species, Baccharis articulata is dioecious with unisexual flowers. The flowers are visited by Discodon, Apis mellifera, Lucilia sericata, and Ruizantheda divaricata.
In August and September, the plant has multi-petal flowers which are pale greenish yellow.

## Common names

In Portuguese, the species goes by the common name carqueja-branca, carqueja-doce, and carquejinha.
In English, it goes by the common name salt water false willow.
# Taxiarchis, Chalkidiki

Taxiárchis is a village located near Mount Holomontas in Polygyros, Chalkidiki, Central Macedonia, Greece. Locals are involved in the cultivation of firs for the Greek Christmas tree market. The chapel of Agia Paraskevi is located in the village.
# Sweden at the 2002 Winter Paralympics

Sweden competed at the 2002 Winter Paralympics in Salt Lake City, United States. 19 competitors from Sweden won 9 medals, 6 silver and 3 bronze, and finished 19th in the medal table.

## Alpine skiing
### Women

| Athlete | Event | Run 1 | Run 1 | Run 2 | Run 2 | Total | Total |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Sonia Alfredsson | LW6/8 | | | | | | |
| Cecilia Paulson | Women's giant slalom LW12 | | | | | | |
| Cecilia Paulson | Women's slalom LW12 | | | | | | |
| Ronny Persson | Men's downhill LW10 | Bye | Bye | Bye | Bye | | |
| Ronny Persson | Men's giant-slalom LW10 | | | | | | |
| Ronny Persson | Men's slalom LW10 | | | | | | |
| Ronny Persson | Men's super-G LW10 | Bye | Bye | Bye | Bye | | |

## Cross-country skiing
### Men's events

| Athlete | Event | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank |
| Emil Östberg Guide: Peter Rune | Men's 5 km classical technique B2 | | |
| Emil Östberg Guide: Peter Rune | Men's 10 km free technique B2 | | |

## Ice sledge hockey
### Summary

Key:
* A.E.T – After extra time.
* P – Match decided by penalty-shootout.
| Team | Group Stage | Group Stage | Group Stage | Group Stage | Group Stage | Group Stage | Final / BM | Final / BM |
| Team | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Rank | Opposition Score | Rank |
| Sweden men's | Canada D 1–1 | Estonia W 4–1 | Japan W 4–2 | Norway L 3–8 | United States L 0–6 | 3 | Canada W 3–2$^P$ A.E.T: 1–1 | |

### Men's Tournament

Team: Mikael Axtelius, Daniel Cederstam, Dedjo Engmark, Marcus Holm, Niklas Ingvarsson, Rasmus Isaksson, Bengt-Gösta Johansson, Kenth Jonsson, Göran Karlsson, Jens Kask, Joakim Larsson, Mats Nyman, Leif Norgren, Frank Pedersen, Leif Wahlstedt
| Team | GP | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| United States (USA) | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 3 | +19 | 10 |
| Norway (NOR) | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 8 | +10 | 6 |
| Sweden (SWE) | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 12 | 18 | −6 | 5 |
| Canada (CAN) | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 12 | −4 | 4 |
| Estonia (EST) | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 20 | −12 | 3 |
| Japan (JPN) | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 12 | −7 | 2 |
# Svémyslice

Svémyslice is a municipality and village in Prague-East District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.
# Swimming at the 2004 Summer Paralympics – Men's 200 metre individual medley SM11

The Men's 200 metre individual medley SM11 swimming event at the 2004 Summer Paralympics was competed on 22 September. It was won by Viktor Smyrnov, representing Ukraine.

## Final round

22 Sept. 2004, evening session
| Rank | Athlete | Time |
| | Viktor Smyrnov (UKR) | 2:28.47 |
| | Donovan Tildesley (CAN) | 2:36.32 |
| | Oleksandr Mashchenko (UKR) | 2:36.71 |
| 4 | Junichi Kawai (JPN) | 2:36.77 |
| 5 | Miguel Deniz (ESP) | 2:44.61 |
| 6 | Wang Chen (CHN) | 2:50.59 |
| 7 | Vladimir Martinez (MEX) | 3:03.60 |
| | Enhamed Mohamed (ESP) | DSQ |
# Swimming at the 2004 Summer Paralympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle S5

The Men's 200 metre freestyle S5 swimming event at the 2004 Summer Paralympics was competed on 21 September. It was won by Sebastián Rodríguez, representing Spain.

## 1st round

* Qualified for final round

### Heat 1

21 Sept. 2004, morning session
| Rank | Athlete | Time |
| 1 | Ryszard Beczek (POL) | 2:52.47 |
| 2 | Ervin Kovacs (HUN) | 2:54.98 |
| 3 | Javier Torres (ESP) | 3:21.16 |
| 4 | Chee Kin Wong (MAS) | 3:26.07 |

### Heat 2

21 Sept. 2004, morning session
| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Anthony Stephens (GBR) | 2:47.93 | PR |
| 2 | Sebastián Rodríguez (ESP) | 2:58.09 | |
| 3 | Krzyzstof Sleczka (POL) | 3:10.35 | |
| 4 | Back Min Jun (KOR) | 3:40.29 | |
| 5 | Voravit Kaewkham (THA) | 3:49.84 | |

## Final round

21 Sept. 2004, evening session
| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| | Sebastián Rodríguez (ESP) | 2:41.87 | WR |
| | Anthony Stephens (GBR) | 2:45.84 | |
| | Ryszard Beczek (POL) | 2:49.37 | |
| 4 | Ervin Kovacs (HUN) | 2:52.99 | |
| 5 | Krzyzstof Sleczka (POL) | 3:08.59 | |
| 6 | Javier Torres (ESP) | 3:12.65 | |
| 7 | Chee Kin Wong (MAS) | 3:20.96 | |
| 8 | Back Min Jun (KOR) | 3:40.91 | |
# Liberty County Courthouse

Liberty County Courthouse may refer to:
* Liberty County Courthouse (Florida), Bristol, Florida
* Liberty County Courthouse (Georgia), Hinesville, Georgia
* Liberty County Courthouse (Texas), Liberty, Texas, listed on the National Register of Historic Places
# Bacchi Wapen

Bacchi Wapen was a high-end music venue and restaurant in Järntorgsgatan, Gamla stan, Stockholm, Sweden. The building is several centuries old and is a fine example of 18th century neo-classical architecture.
Bacchi Wapen went bankrupt in 2002 but opened again in 2004 under the name Bacci Bar, and in 2007 as the mixed and gay bar Pigalle. Since 2009, the location is used by a bar belonging to the O'Learys sports bar franchise.
Artists who have performed at the venue include Lill-Babs, Lill Lindfors, Lars Berghagen, Rockfolket, Laila Westersund, Gösta Linderholm, Sveriges Jazzband, Bernt Dahlbäck, Cornelis Vreeswijk, Eva Rydberg, Ewa Roos, Jarl Borssén, Owe Thörnqvist, Kalle Sändare, Trio Hellenique, etc.
# Bachchan

The Bachchan is an Indian surname which may refer to:
* Bachchan family, an Indian showbiz family, founded by Harivansh Rai Bachchan
** Abhishek Bachchan, Indian actor, son of Amitabh Bachchan
** Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Indian actress and 1994 Miss World, married to Abhishek
** Amitabh Bachchan, Indian film actor
** Harivansh Rai "Bachchan", Hindi poet and author; father of Amitabh
** Jaya Bachchan, Indian actress, wife of Amitabh and mother of Abhishek
** Teji Bachchan, social activist, wife of Harivansh, mother of Amitabh
* Bala Bachchan, Indian politician, member of the Indian National Congress
# Azadegan Metro Station

Azadegan Metro Station is the southern terminus in line 3 of the Tehran metro.
# Svart Peak

Svart Peak (67°16′S 58°28′E﻿ / ﻿67.267°S 58.467°E﻿ / -67.267; 58.467) is a rock peak, 210 metres (690 ft) high, lying a short distance inland from the coast on the southwest side of Law Promontory in Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photographs taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition in January–February 1937, and named Svartfjell (Norwegian for black mountain} because of its black appearance.
This article incorporates public domain material from "Svart Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
* This Kemp Land location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Taşdeğirmen, Çıldır

Taşdeğirmen is a village in the Çıldır District, Ardahan Province, Turkey. Its population is 299 (2021). The village is populated by Karapapakhs.
# Swingalong

Swingalong is a Canadian music television series which aired on CBC Television in 1962.

## Premise

This Winnipeg-produced series featured easy listening songs. Regulars included Florence Faiers and the Swingalong Chorus, with host Doug Crosley.

## Scheduling

This half-hour series was broadcast on Tuesdays at 4:00 p.m. (Eastern time) from 3 July to 28 September 1962.
# Christian Dobnik

Christian Dobnik (born 10 July 1986) is an Austrian footballer who plays for Wolfsberger AC II.
# Back and Forth

Back and Forth or Back and Fourth may refer to:

## Film and TV

* Blackadder: Back & Forth, the last installment in the Blackadder series
* Back and Forth (film), a 1969 film directed by Michael Snow
* Foo Fighters: Back and Forth, a 2011 documentary of the band Foo Fighters

## Music
### Albums

* Back and Fourth (Pete Yorn album), 2009
* Back and Fourth (Lindisfarne album), 1978
* Back & Forth (EP), self-published debut EP of Skinny Puppy 1984

### Songs

* "Back & Forth" (Aaliyah song), 1994
* "Back and Forth" (B.o.B song), 2015
* "Back and Forth" (Cameo song), 1987
* "Back & Forth" (MK, Jonas Blue and Becky Hill song), 2018
* "Back and Forth" (Operator Please song), 2010
* "Back and Forth", by the Fat Boys from Coming Back Hard Again, 1988
* "Back and Forth", by Freddie Green from Mr. Rhythm, 1955
* "Back and Forth", by Audiovent from Dirty Sexy Knights in Paris, 2002
* "Back and Forth", by State Champs from Around the World and Back, 2015

## Other

* Back-and-forth method, a method of showing isomorphism between countably infinite structures satisfying specified conditions
* Back and Forth (software), a shareware program for DOS
# Libre (Nino Bravo song)

"Libre" ("Free") is a song by José Luis Armenteros and Pablo Herrero, first performed and made popular by Spanish pop star Nino Bravo on his 1972 album of the same name. The song's lyrics tell of a young man who is "tired of dreaming" and yearns to fly "free like a bird that escaped its prison."
Contrary to popular belief, it was not inspired by the death of Peter Fechter, who was killed while trying to cross the Berlin Wall in 1962. According to Pablo Herrero, one of the composers, it was inspired by the yearning for freedom during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco in Spain. However, Herrero recounts that when he heard the story of Peter Fechter, he was astonished at how precisely it was mirrored in the song.
A hit in Spain, it managed to climb the charts without being bothered by censorship because radio presenters circulated the Peter Fechter interpretation. In this way, the song’s criticism of Francoism was ruled out and a certain affinity was projected between its message and the anti-communist ideology of the Spanish regime.
The song also became popular in much of Spanish-speaking Latin America, where it took on political overtones. Banned in Cuba dictatorship, in Chile it was adopted as an anti-communist anthem and became popular among supporters of the military junta. The dictatorship that ensued later “appropriated” the song. As such it was performed in 1974 during the first post-coup edition of the Viña del Mar International Song Festival by Edmundo Arrocet while Augusto Pinochet was in the public. In 1976 the song was again performed at the Viña del Mar International Song Festival while Pinochet was in the public. That time it was Juan Bau who sang it.
It was one of various songs reported to have been played as a backdrop during the torture of political prisoners during the Augusto Pinochet dictatorship.
# BEACOPP

BEACOPP is a chemotherapy regimen for treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma developed by the German Hodgkin Study Group used for patients in Stages > II or early (IA or IB) with unfavorable risk factors. Patients typically receive treatment in cycles of 21 days with no drugs given on days 15–21. There also exists a more intensive regimen with cycles of 14 days. Usually a course of BEACOPP therapy consists of four, sometimes six to eight cycles, or in combination with ABVD. In some countries BEACOPP still is experimental, in others (e.g. Germany and Austria) it is a standard therapy. In the United States, ABVD (or Stanford V) is generally given instead, because BEACOPP is perceived by practicing oncologists to have the potential to induce more secondary neoplasias (such as leukemias). However, the final results from the GHSG HD14 trial indicate that "there were no overall differences in treatment-related mortality or secondary malignancies" of BEACOPP relative to ABVD.
Oncologists in the US have also used the BEACOPP regimen relatively less for cost reasons:
* Twice as many infusion per cycle relative to ABVD;
* Requirement for G-CSF support, which was under patent protection in the US as late as 2013 (as Neupogen by Amgen), while that patent protection expired in the EU in 2008;
* Higher likelihood of adverse events requiring hospitalization, such as infection or acute toxicity;
However, BEACOPP delivers approximately 7% points success relative to ABVD for early unfavorable Hodgkin's disease (as measured five-year freedom from treatment failure) and 12% points greater success relative to ABVD for advanced Hodgkin's disease (Stage IIB with risk factors or stages III and IV) as measured by seven-year freedom from treatment failure.
Predecessors of BEACOPP were COPP and (the earliest) MOPP.

## Dosing regimen

| Drug | Base BEACOPP | Dose-Escalated BEACOPP | Method | Cycle Day |
| (B)leomycin | 10 mg/m$^2$ | 10 mg/m$^2$ | i.v. push | day 8 |
| (E)toposide | 100 mg/m$^2$ | 200 mg/m$^2$ | i.v. infusion | day 1–3 |
| (A)driamycin (doxorubicin) | 25 mg/m$^2$ | 35 mg/m$^2$ | i.v. push | day 1 |
| (C)yclophosphamide | 650 mg/m$^2$ | 1250 mg/m$^2$ | i.v. infusion | day 1 |
| (O)ncovin=Vincristine | 1.4 mg/m$^2$ (max 2 mg) | 1.4 mg/m$^2$ (max 2 mg) | i.v. infusion | day 8 |
| (P)rocarbazine | 100 mg/m$^2$ | 100 mg/m$^2$ | orally | day 1–7 |
| (P)rednisone | 40 mg/m$^2$ | 40 mg/m$^2$ | orally | day 1–14 |
# Baby Bath Massacre

Baby Bath Massacre is a 1994 Australian film directed by Stuart McDonald and starring Maya Stange and Sullivan Stapleton. It was a spin-off from the TV series Raw.
# Syllitus tuberculatus

Syllitus tuberculatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by McKeown in 1938.
# Christa Klaß

Christa Klaß (also spelled Christa Klass, born 7 November 1951) is a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1994 until 2014.
In 1975, Klaß became a qualified master in winemaking and has since been a self-employed wine-grower.
From 1994 Klaß served as a Member of the European Parliament for Rhineland-Palatinate, representing the conservative German Christian Democratic Union, part of the Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) and European Democrats.
# Baghar

Baghar (also known as Baghoor) is a village in Barisal District in the Barisal Division of southern-central Bangladesh.
# Like, Srebrenik

Like is a village in the municipality of Srebrenik, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 243, all Bosniaks.
# Back of the Van

"Back of the Van" is the debut single by New Zealand singer Ladyhawke from her self-titled debut studio album (2008). The song was written by Ladyhawke and Michael Di Francesco. It was released on 1 April 2008 as the album's lead single digitally from Ladyhawke's website and Myspace. The track was re-released on 18 May 2009 as a limited-edition single.

## Critical reception

Female First gave the song a positive review and has given it a four-out-of-five-star rating using the public vote. They wrote: "The result is a refreshing blend of rock, dance and pop. As well as writing 'Back of the Van', Pip also plays the drums, guitar and synth on the track".
BBC Music wrote this about the song while reviewing her debut album: "while the utterly uplifting 'Back of the Van' is a tribute to just saying how you feel. As Ladyhawke reaches nervously for her new lover's hand it's impossible not to join in her sweet, unvarnished declaration, You set me on fire".
Exclaim! wrote: "Brown unites her retro influences (classic rock, '80s dance, '00s rehashing of everything in the past) to mould her own unique lovechild. 'Back of the Van' is one of the catchiest songs I've heard so far in 2008, evoking the spirit of Fleetwood Mac and spinning disco much better than that half-assed remix of 'Dreams' by Deep Dish".

## Music video

The video starts by looking up into space and then goes down to see Ladyhawke playing her guitar. Then everything goes blue, but Ladyhawke continues to play her guitar. Things start to move and you see an eye while Ladyhawke keeps turning back to look at something. She continues to play her guitar while the people moving are now clearly dancing around. There is what appears to be fire but turns out to be her outline. While she sings, you start to see more than one of her; also a light starts to shine on her. You see shadows dancing while lights shine onto them. While Ladyhawke sings you see other people run across the screen. The video ends with Ladyhawke singing and fades into the darkness.

## Track listing

* Promotional CD single
* "Back of the Van" (Original) – 3:41
* "Back of the Van" (Radio Edit) – 3:17
* "Back of the Van" (A1 Bassline) – 6:28
* "Back of the Van" (Van She Tech Remix) – 6:04
* "Back of the Van" (Wawa Remix) – 6:48
* "Back of the Van" (Wawa Edit) – 3:19
* "Back of the Van" (Fred Falke Valvestate Mix) – 6:37
* "Back of the Van" (Fred Falke Ultimate Mix) – 6:41
* "Back of the Van" (Mock and Toof Mix) – 7:46

## Charts

| Chart (2009) | Peak position |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 93 |
# Technomyrmex albipes

Technomyrmex albipes, commonly known as the white-footed ant, is a species of ant first described in 1861 from Sulawesi, Indonesia by the British entomologist Frederick Smith. Invasive pest ants in Florida, previously identified as T. albipes, have now been separated as Technomyrmex difficilis, both forming part of a species complex with a worldwide distribution.

## Description

T. albipes is a small black ant some 2 to 4 mm (0.08 to 0.16 in) long with the lower part of the limbs pale. Workers are chocolate-black with pale lower limbs, antennae with twelve segments and a flattened petiolar node. It differs from T. difficilis in lacking the pair of setae (bristles) that that species has on the back of its head.

## Distribution and habitat

The white-footed ant is native to the Indo-Pacific area, and has been introduced into Australia, Africa, North America, the Caribbean and parts of Asia. It inhabits dry forests and open locations. Tent-like nests are made out of debris in trees, bushes, rotten logs, under rocks, in leaf litter and similar places. It also nests in man-made structures such as wall cavities and attics.

## Colony

The colony structure of this ant is unusual; there are both winged and wingless males, and three types of female, queens, intercastes and workers. New colonies are founded when winged males copulate with winged females after a nuptial flight. These females then shed their wings, find a suitable nesting site and start laying eggs, but their function in the colony is later taken over by intercastes. These females differ from workers in having spermathecae (sperm storage organs) and are mated by wingless males inside the colony. They are responsible for most of the reproduction that takes place in the colony. The queen is larger than other members of the colony and lays both fertilised and unfertilised eggs throughout her life, but the colony continues in existence after she dies. So successful is this reproductive strategy that colonies grow to very large sizes, sometimes containing millions of individuals, and may occupy multiple nest sites.

## Ecology

The white-footed ant forages widely, entering dwellings and scavenging in kitchens and other rooms where it is considered a pest. It is largely arboreal and feeds on the honeydew of sap-sucking insects such as aphids, mealybugs, and scale insects. For this purpose it protects the insects and drives off predators, thereby encouraging the insects which may be agricultural pest species; the mealybug Dysmicoccus brevipes for example transmits pineapple wilt disease in Sri Lanka, and biological control of the mealybug has proved difficult because of the activities of the ant. Similarly in South Africa, the ant has encouraged outbreaks of the red scale insect (Aonidiella aurantii), a major pest of citrus in the country.
# Technomyrmex horni

Technomyrmex horni is a species of Dolichoderine ant which is a widespread species that can be found in many Indo-Australian, Oriental, and Palaearctic regions.

## Distribution

This widespread Asian ant can be found in Borneo, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, India, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and China.