OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Purple cochoa

The purple cochoa (Cochoa purpurea) is a brightly coloured bird found in the temperate forests of Asia. It is a quiet and elusive bird species that has been considered to be related to the thrushes of family Turdidae or the related Muscicapidae (Old World flycatchers). They are found in dark forested areas and is found in the canopy, where it often sits motionless.

## Description

This bird appears dark in the shade of the forest and the colours become clear only when it is lit by the sun. The crown is silvery blue and a black mask runs over the eye. A grey carpal patch is present at the base of the black wing feathers and a wing patch is prominent. The tail is silvery blue with a black terminal band. The male has dull purplish grey secondaries and coverts and the body is greyish while the female has rufous replacing the purple.
The genus name is from the Nepali word for the bird and was used by Brian Houghton Hodgson. The family position of the cochoas has been unclear with some sources suggesting that they belong to the Muscicapidae while others have suggested them to be in the family Turdidae. The latter suggestion has found more support in recent molecular studies.

## Distribution and habitat

It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. In India, it is found along the Himalayas with the western limit about 100 km west of Musoorie.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

## Behaviour and ecology

The species is not very active and is found mainly in the canopy. The breeding season is May to July, when it builds a cup shaped nest in a fork. The nest is covered with moss, lichens and a white thread-like fungus which is said to be distinctive. Three pale sea-green eggs with some blotchy markings are laid and both sexes take turns in incubation. The birds are shy at the nest and slip away even when disturbances are afar. The song consists of is a low whistle while other calls include a sit and soft trrrs. Charles Inglis reported that the birds have an iora-like whistling call in the mornings and evenings. These cochoas feed on berries, insects and molluscs. While picking fruits from trees they were observed behaving like flycatchers doing short sallies.
# Ustilaginoidea

Ustilaginoidea is a genus of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae. The genus contains 19 species. Ustilaginoidea was circumscribed by German botanist Julius Oscar Brefeld in 1895, with Ustilaginoidea oryzae assigned as the type species. Ustilaginoidea virens causes the disesase known alternatively as rice false smut, pseudosmut, or green smut.

## Species

* Ustilaginoidea albicans Shu Wang & J.K.Bai (1997)
* Ustilaginoidea arundinellae Henn. (1905)
* Ustilaginoidea bogoriensis Racib. (1907)
* Ustilaginoidea borneensis Syd. & P.Syd. (1921)
* Ustilaginoidea congensis Henn. (1907)
* Ustilaginoidea dichromenae Henn. (1904)
* Ustilaginoidea flavonigrescens (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Henn. (1904)
* Ustilaginoidea oplismeni T.S.Ramakr. & Sundaram (1952)
* Ustilaginoidea penniseti I.Miyake (1912)
* Ustilaginoidea polliniae Teng (1936)
* Ustilaginoidea reticulata (Speg.) Zundel (1953)
* Ustilaginoidea sacchari-narengae Sawada (1914)
* Ustilaginoidea setariae Bref. (1895)
* Ustilaginoidea usambarensis Henn. (1902)
* Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takah. (1896)
# Bayramiç

Bayramiç is a town in Çanakkale Province in the Marmara Region of Turkey. It is the seat of Bayramiç District. Its population is 15,760 (2021). The town lies at an elevation of 124 m (407 ft).
# Innocence commissions

An innocence commission is a legal commission set up by a government for post-conviction review of cases, to try to ensure that wrongful convictions do not stand and that no innocent person is executed.

## History

In November 2002 Chief Justice I. Beverly Lake Jr. of the North Carolina State Supreme Court established the Criminal Justice Study Commission following several highly publicized exoneration cases in the state. It reviewed police and prosecution procedures for factors that contributed to wrongful convictions. The group recommended reforms, including changes to the procedure for gaining eyewitness testimony. This resulted in a change to state law.
As a result of recommendations of the Justice Study, in 2006 the North Carolina legislature passed a bill to establish a state independent Innocence Inquiry Commission, signed into law by Governor Mike Easley. It was the first U.S. state to do so. The Innocence Commission was developed to review credible post-conviction cases in which the defendants and their advocates claim wrongful conviction; it started operating in 2007 and has exonerated 10 people as of March 2017.
The commission was authorized after some high-profile convictions were overturned. These cases had generated considerable controversy and the exonerations were damaging to trust in the criminal justice system even before their convictions were overturned.
Although several states have created commissions to examine causes of and remedies for wrongful convictions., The North Carolina Innocence Inquiry Commission is the only one of its kind to date in the United States.
The law is modeled after one that established the Innocence Network of the United Kingdom.

## Process
### North Carolina

Claimants can apply directly to the commission, and others may refer cases. If a claimant meets certain statutory criteria, including having new, credible, and verifiable evidence of factual innocence, commission staff will investigate the case and may present the case to The eight-member commission to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to have the case reviewed by a three-judge panel for a decision on exoneration.

## Appointment Process
### North Carolina

The eight Commission members are appointed by the chief justice of the state Supreme Court and chief judge of the state Court of Appeals.

## Other solutions

* Creation of panels to review and improve legal process
# Drove Sewer

Drove Sewer is a 1-kilometre (0.62 mi) long river (brook) and drainage ditch of the Pevensey Levels in the civil parish of Hailsham, Wealden District of East Sussex, England. It is a tributary to Rickney Sewer.

## Course

Drove Sewer rises from Whelpley Sewer (also known as Old Whelpley Sewer), and flows westerly alongside Whelpley Sewer to the north. It later turns south and briefly flows southeasterly. After resuming its southerly course, Drove Sewer finally flows into Rickney Sewer.
# David E. Spencer

David E. Spencer is a retired professor of economics at Brigham Young University. He taught and did research in macroeconomics, econometrics, and monetary theory. He is the author of eighteen peer-reviewed publications, including Econometrica, the American Economic Review, the Review of Economics and Statistics and the Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. Spencer is a founding member of the BYU Macroeconomics and Computational Lab. In addition to teaching various economics classes, Spencer also taught American Heritage at BYU for several years.
Spencer's academic work has focused on econometric testing of macroeconomic theory. In particular, he has made important contributions to the understanding of the behavior of nominal and real wages over the course of the business cycle. He has made contributions to the literature on structural VAR estimation in this context.
David Spencer has taught at BYU since 1986. He received his Ph.D. in economics from Texas A & M University in 1974. He was a visiting professor at Michigan State University during the 1974–75 academic year. From 1975 through 1979 he taught at Illinois State University. He was at Washington State University from 1979 to 1986. He was tenured there in 1981. In 1986 he moved to BYU and became a full professor in 1991. He was a visiting scholar at M.I.T. (1988–89) and a visiting professor at the University of Michigan (2007–08). He was also a Fulbright Scholar in Vietnam in 1997.
Spencer and coauthor Jo Anna Gray received the Best Article Award at Economic Inquiry in 1990 for their paper, "Price Prediction Errors and Real Activity: A Reassessment."
David Spencer has served as a committee member overseeing the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) Economics Exam from 1994 to 2001 and was chair of the committee from 1998 to 2001, when the exam was discontinued. He received a major award at BYU in 2005, the Alcuin Fellowship, and was an Alcuin fellow 2005–2008.
Spencer is one of the founders (along with Richard W. Evans and Kerk L. Phillips) of the BYU Macroeconomics and Computational Lab.
# Illicium stapfii

Illicium stapfii is a tree in the family Schisandraceae. It is named for the Austrian botanist Otto Stapf.

## Description

Illicium stapfii grows up to 25 m (80 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter of up to 80 cm (30 in). The leaves are elliptic and measure up to 11.5 cm (4.5 in) long, occasionally to 16.5 cm (6.5 in). The solitary flowers are purple to pink.

## Distribution and habitat

Illicium stapfii is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is in forests, at elevations of 800–2,000 m (3,000–7,000 ft).
# Bigg Boss 6

Bigg Boss 6 is the sixth season of various versions of Bigg Boss (an Indian adaptation of the reality game show Big Brother):
* Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 6
* Bigg Boss Kannada season 6
* Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 6
* Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 6
# Thallium(I) sulfate

Thallium(I) sulfate (Tl$_2$SO$_4$) or thallous sulfate is the sulfate salt of thallium in the common +1 oxidation state, as indicated by the Roman numeral I. It is often referred to as simply thallium sulfate.

## Uses

During the last two centuries, Tl$_2$SO$_4$ had been used for various medical treatments but was abandoned. In the later 1900s it found use mainly for rodenticides. These applications were prohibited in 1975 in the US due to the nonselective nature of its toxicity. Thallium(I) sulfate inhibits the growth of plants by preventing germination. Tl$_2$SO$_4$ is mostly used today as a source of Tl$^+$ in the research laboratory. It is a precursor to thallium(I) sulfide (Tl$_2$S), which exhibits high electrical conductivity when exposed to infrared light.

## Preparation

Thallium(I) sulfate is produced by the reaction of thallium metal with sulfuric acid followed by crystallization.

## Structure

Tl$_2$SO$_4$ adopts the same structure as K$_2$SO$_4$. In aqueous solution, the thallium(I) cations and the sulfate anions are separated and highly solvated. Thallium(I) sulfate crystals have a C$_2$ symmetry.

## Toxicity

Thallium(I) sulfate is soluble in water and its toxic effects are derived from the thallium(I) cation. The mean lethal dose of thallium(I) sulfate for an adult is about 1 gram. Since thallium(I) sulfate is a simple powder with indistinctive properties, it can easily be mistaken for more innocuous chemicals. It can enter the body by ingestion, inhalation, or through contact with the skin. The thallium(I) cation is very similar to potassium and sodium cations, which are essential for life. After the thallium ion enters the cell, many of the processes that transport potassium and sodium are disrupted. Due to its poisonous nature, many western countries have banned the use of thallium(I) sulfate in products for home use and many companies have also stopped using this compound.
A dosage in excess of 500 mg is reported as fatal. Thallium(I) sulfate, after entering the body, concentrates itself in the kidneys, liver, brain, and other tissues in the body.
Thallium(I) sulfate was used in Israel to control the rodent population; it is suspected that in the 1950s, this resulted in the disappearance of the brown fish owl.

## Sources

* Saha A. Thallium toxicity: A growing concern. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2005;9:53-56
# Pyrrhulina

Pyrrhulina is a genus of freshwater fishes found in tropical South America. Several of these species are popular aquarium fish.
Pyrrhulina is closely related to Copeina and Copella, although it is distinguished from the former by having only one row of teeth (Copeina spp. have two). When the genus Copella was established, many species were removed from the genus Pyrrhulina and placed there, because differences in the maxillary bones in the males had been detected. Copella species are slimmer and more elongated than those species that remained in the genus Pyrrhulina.

## Species

The 19 currently recognized species in this genus are:
* Pyrrhulina australis C. H. Eigenmann & C. H. Kennedy, 1903
* Pyrrhulina beni N. E. Pearson, 1924
* Pyrrhulina brevis Steindachner, 1876
* Pyrrhulina capim Vieira & Netto-Ferreira, 2019
* Pyrrhulina eleanorae Fowler, 1940
* Pyrrhulina elongata Zarske & Géry, 2001
* Pyrrhulina filamentosa Valenciennes, 1847
* Pyrrhulina laeta (Cope, 1872) (halfbanded pyrrhulina)
* Pyrrhulina lugubris C. H. Eigenmann, 1922
* Pyrrhulina marilynae Netto-Ferreira & Marinho, 2013
* Pyrrhulina maxima C. H. Eigenmann & R. S. Eigenmann, 1889
* Pyrrhulina melanostoma (Cope, 1870) (blackmouth pyrrhulina)
* Pyrrhulina obermulleri G. S. Myers, 1926
* Pyrrhulina rachoviana G. S. Myers, 1926 (fanning pyrrhulina)
* Pyrrhulina semifasciata Steindachner, 1876
* Pyrrhulina spilota S. H. Weitzman, 1960
* Pyrrhulina stoli Boeseman, 1953
* Pyrrhulina vittata Regan, 1912 (banded pyrrhulina)
* Pyrrhulina zigzag Zarske & Géry, 1997

## Classification / Names

Actinopteri (ray-finned fishes) > Characiformes (Characins) > Lebiasinidae (Pencilfishes) > Pyrrhulininae Etymology: Pyrrhulina: Greek, pyrrhos = red, with the colour of the fire (Ref. 45335). More on authors: Eigenmann & Kennedy.

## Environment

Freshwater; benthopelagic. Tropical

## Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: Lm 2.2 Max length : 5.0 cm SL male/unsexed.
# Ustilago

Ustilago is a genus of approximately 200 smut fungi, which are parasitic on grasses. 170 species are accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020; After phylogenetic research certain species in Ustilago, Macalpinomyces, and other genera in the Ustilaginaceae clade have been moved to other genera like Mycosarcoma.

## Uses

Ustilago maydis is eaten as a traditional Mexican food in many parts of the country, and is even available canned. Farmers have even been known to spread the spores around on purpose to create more of the fungus. It is known in central Mexico by the Nahuatl name huitlacoche. Peasants in other parts of the country call it "hongo de maíz," i.e. "maize fungus."
The genome of U. maydis has been sequenced in 2006.

## Hosts

Some selected species and hosts;
* U. avenae (Pers.) Rostr. - loose smut of oats
* U. esculenta P. Henn. - zizania smut
* U. hordei (Pers.) Lagerh. 1889 - covered smut (barley)
* U. maydis (DC.) Corda - corn smut
* U. nuda (C.N. Jensen) Kellerm. & Swingle - loose smut of barley
* U. tritici C. Bauhin - loose smut of wheat
U. bullata - brome smut
U. cynodontis - Bermuda grass smut
U. residua - hosts on Danthonia californica
U. trichophora - hosts on Echinochloa crus-galli and other Echinochloa sp.
U. serpens
U. brizae - hosts on Briza media
# Désirée Ehrler

Désirée Ehrler (born 20 August 1991) is a Swiss racing cyclist, who most recently rode for UCI Women's Continental Team Andy Schleck–CP NVST–Immo Losch. She rode at the 2014 UCI Road World Championships.

## Major results
### 2010

    2nd Halle-Buizingen

### 2012

    National Road Championships
       4th Road race
       4th Time trial

### 2014

    3rd Erondegemse Pijl

### 2015

    8th SwissEver GP Cham-Hagendorn
    10th Erondegemse Pijl

### 2017

    10th SwissEver GP Cham-Hagendorn

### 2018

    3rd SwissEver GP Cham-Hagendorn
    10th Omloop van de IJsseldelta

### 2020

    8th Gravel and Tar la Femme
# Independent Label Group

Independent Label Group was an American record label owned by Warner Music Group. The company was formed in 2006 as an umbrella for various Warner auxiliary labels including East West Records, Rykodisc, and Cordless Recordings. Outside the United States the label was distributed by WEA International. In 2012 it was merged into Alternative Distribution Alliance (ADA), another WMG label. It was established by Roger Gold as a way to partner with independent music labels.
# Iskudar

Iskudar is a village in the Togdheer region of Somaliland. The closest airport is the Berbera Airport which is distanced 55 km from Iskudar.
# David E. Talbert

David E. Talbert (born February 10, 1966) is an American playwright, author, and filmmaker. He is a graduate of Morgan State University and attended the New York University film program.
Talbert has won numerous NAACP awards for his work The Fabric of a Man, and a New York Literary Award in 2007 for his musical stageplay, Love in the Nick of Tyme. Talbert has also produced a television reality show, Stage Black, in which actors and singers compete to win a part in one of his plays.
Talbert's first film, First Sunday, was released in 2008. The film stars Ice Cube, Tracy Morgan and Katt Williams. More recently, he signed a first look deal with Netflix.

## Works
### Novels

* Baggage Claim (2003)
* Love on the Dotted Line (2005)
* Love Don't Live Here No More: Book One of Doggy Tales (2006, with Snoop Dogg)

### Plays

* Tellin' It Like It Tiz (1991–1993)
* Lawd Ha' Mercy (1993–1994)
* What Goes Around Comes Around (1994–1995)
* He Say She Say... But What Does God Say? (1996)
* A Fool And His Money (1997)
* Talk Show Live (1998)
* Mr. Right Now (1998–1999)
* His Woman, His Wife (2000)
* The Fabric Of A Man (2001)
* Love Makes Things Happen (2002)
* Love On Lay-a-way (2003)
* Love in the Nick of Tyme (2009)
* What My Husband Doesn't Know (2011)
* Suddenly Single (2012)
* Another Man Will (2015)

### Films

| Year | Title | Director | Writer | Producer |
| 1997 | A Women Like That | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 1999 | Mr. Right Now! | Yes | Yes | No |
| 2000 | His Woman, His Wife | Yes | Yes | No |
| 2004 | He Say... She Say... But What Does GOD Say? | Yes | Yes | No |
| 2005 | The Fabric of a Man | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 2005 | Love on Layaway | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 2008 | First Sunday | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 2013 | Baggage Claim | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 2016 | Almost Christmas | Yes | Yes | Executive |
| 2017 | El Camino Christmas | Yes | No | Executive |
| 2020 | Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey | Yes | Yes | Yes |
# Empordà Challenge

The Empordà Challenge was a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour held at Empordà Golf on the Costa Brava near Girona, Spain.
In 2021, together with Challenge Costa Brava, also hosted at Empordà Golf, the tournament served as a replacement for the China Swing with Hainan Open and Foshan Open, which was cancelled.
In the inaugural tournament Jonathan Thomson took the early clubhouse lead, after posting a final round of 62 (−9). Jesper Svensson joined Brun at −18, but a bogey-bogey finish sent him to −16, and gave the victory to Julien Brun who held his nerve and finished −18, a stroke ahead of Thomson.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Score | To par | Margin of victory | Runner-up |
| 2022 | Liam Johnston | 267 | −13 | 2 strokes | Todd Clements |
| 2021 | Julien Brun | 266 | −18 | 1 stroke | Jonathan Thomson |
# Ingyaw

Ingyaw is a river village in Kale Township, Kale District, in the Sagaing Region of western Burma. It is located to the east of the town of Kalaymyo.
# Vance Township, Vermilion County, Illinois

Vance Township is a township in Vermilion County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,057 and it contained 457 housing units.

## History

Vance Township was created in 1866.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 40.03 square miles (103.7 km$^2$), of which 39.96 square miles (103.5 km$^2$) (or 99.83%) is land and 0.08 square miles (0.21 km$^2$) (or 0.20%) is water.

### Cities and towns

* Fairmount

### Adjacent townships

* Oakwood Township (northeast)
* Catlin Township (east)
* Jamaica Township (southeast)
* Sidell Township (south)
* South Homer Township, Champaign County (west)
* Ogden Township, Champaign County (northwest)

### Cemeteries

The township contains two cemeteries: Bodkin and Davis.

### Airports and landing strips

* Catlett Landing Strip
* Rockin 'B' Farms Airport
# Thallium(I) hydroxide

Thallium(I) hydroxide, also called thallous hydroxide, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula TlOH. It is a hydroxide of thallium, with thallium in oxidation state +1. It is a thallium(I) salt of water. It consists of thallium(I) cations Tl$^+$ and hydroxide anions OH$^−$.

## Synthesis

Thallium(I) hydroxide is obtained from the decomposition of thallium(I) ethoxide in water.
    CH$_3$CH$_2$OTl + H$_2$O → TlOH + CH$_3$CH$_2$OH
This can also be done by direct reaction of thallium with ethanol and oxygen gas.
    4 Tl + 2 CH$_3$CH$_2$OH + O$_2$ → 2 CH$_3$CH$_2$OTl + 2 TlOH
Another method is the reaction between thallium(I) sulfate and barium hydroxide.
    Tl$_2$SO$_4$ + Ba(OH)$_2$ → 2 TlOH + BaSO$_4$

## Properties

Thallium(I) hydroxide is a strong base; it dissociates to thallium(I) cations, Tl$^+$, and hydroxide anions, OH$^−$, except in strongly basic conditions. Tl$^+$ cation resembles an alkali metal cation, such as Li$^+$, Na$^+$ or K$^+$.
# Desidério Murcho

Desidério Murcho (born 18 May 1965) is a Portuguese philosopher, professor, and writer. Desidério Murcho got his BA in philosophy in 1992 from Lisbon University and his MA in 2000 from the same university. He is pursuing a PhD in philosophy at the King's College London since 2000. He is founding member of the Centro para o Ensino da Filosofia da Sociedade Portuguesa de Filosofia (Center For the Teaching of Philosophy of the Portuguese Philosophy Society).
He was the director of the online journal Crítica. He wrote a column in the Os Meus Livros magazine and wrote a weekly chronicle in the Público daily paper. He was managing editor of the Disputatio journal. He has worked in the training of secondary education philosophy teachers in Portugal.

## Publications

Author of:
* Essencialismo Naturalizado (Angelus Novus, 2002)
* A Natureza da Filosofia e o seu Ensino (Plátano, 2002)
* O Lugar da Lógica na Filosofia (Plátano, 2003)
* Pensar Outra Vez: Filosofia, Valor e Verdade (Quasi, 2006).
He is co-author of A Arte de Pensar (for the 10th and 11th grades) (Didáctica Editora, 2003 and 2004).
He edits, together with Guilherme Valente, the Filosofia Aberta series from Gradiva. He translated several philosophy works (including Logics, by William Newton-Smith, and The Last Word, by Thomas Nagel). He organized with João Branquinho the Enciclopédia de Termos Lógico-Filosóficos (Encyclopedia of Logical and Philosophical Terms) (Gradiva, 2001; Martins Fontes, 2006). He published articles and reviews in the Revista Filosófica de Coimbra (Coimbra Philosophical Journal) and in Philosophica.
# Eryx sistanensis

Eryx sistanensis is a species of snake in the family Boidae. The species is endemic to Iran.