OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Convention on Transit Trade of Land-locked States

The Convention on Transit Trade of Land-locked States is a multilateral treaty that addresses international rules allowing for land-locked countries to transport goods to and from seaports. The convention imposes obligations on both land-locked states and on coastal states that ratify the treaty.
The convention was concluded at the United Nations Conference on Transit Trade of Land-locked Countries, which had been established by the United Nations General Assembly. It was concluded and signed on 8 July 1965. The treaty came into force on 9 June 1967.
Coastal states that ratify the convention (known as "transit states") agree to make arrangements with land-locked states that are party to the treaty that wish to transit goods across the territory of the transit state to or from a coastal port in the transit state. The transit states agree that they will not discriminate based on place of origin or destination of the goods being transported. The land-locked states agree to be responsible for any expenses that the transit states incur in supervising or protecting the transit of the land-locked state's goods.
The convention has been noted as the first international agreement to recognise the special disadvantaged position of land-locked states.
As of June 2014, the treaty has been ratified by 43 states, made up of an approximately even split of land-locked and coastal states. The convention has essentially been superseded by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which contains similar provisions for transit arrangements to be made between coastal and land-locked states.
# Cooloolabin, Queensland

Cooloolabin is a rural locality in the Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Cooloolabin had a population of 311 people.

## Geography

Most of Cooloolabin is mountainous, densely forested and within the Mapleton National Park, including:
* Mount Bottle And Glass (26°32′18″S 152°53′59″E﻿ / ﻿26.5382°S 152.8998°E﻿ / -26.5382; 152.8998﻿ (Mount Bottle And Glass)) 235 metres (771 ft)
* Swain Peak (26°31′24″S 152°54′22″E﻿ / ﻿26.5232°S 152.9062°E﻿ / -26.5232; 152.9062﻿ (Swain Peak)) 290 metres (950 ft)
Only two small valleys to the south are developed as rural residential areas, each around a dam reservoir:
The Cooloolabin Dam and the reservoir it impounds are in the south-west of the locality (26°32′50″S 152°52′49″E﻿ / ﻿26.54722°S 152.8803°E﻿ / -26.54722; 152.8803﻿ (Cooloolabin Dam)).
The northernmost part of Wappa Dam is in the south-east of Cooloolabin (26°33′49″S 152°55′13″E﻿ / ﻿26.5635°S 152.9202°E﻿ / -26.5635; 152.9202﻿ (Wappa Dam)).

## History

Cooloolabin is an Aboriginal word meaning "place of koalas".
Cooloolabin Provisional School opened on 28 January 1915. It became Cooloolabin State School on 1 September 1916. It closed in 1962. The school was on a 2-acre (0.81 ha) site at the western end of Cooloolabin Road (approx 26°33′19″S 152°53′45″E﻿ / ﻿26.5552°S 152.8959°E﻿ / -26.5552; 152.8959﻿ (Cooloolabin State School (former))).

## Demographics

In the 2016 census Cooloolabin had a population of 257 people.
In the 2021 census, Cooloolabin had a population of 311 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Cooloolabin. The nearest government primary school is Yandina State School in neighbouring Yandina to the east. The nearest government secondary school is Nambour State College in Nambour to the south-east.
# Copyright law of Kazakhstan

In Kazakhstan, the laws on copyright offer protection for the holders of certain intellectual property rights based on the creation of a work.

## Overview

The current laws are based on a law first adopted by Kazakhstan in 1996, and last amended in 2015. The laws largely follow the standards of the Berne Convention and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
In general, works that are eligible for protection have a copyright term that ends 70 years after the death of the author.

## Enforcement

There are no specialized intellectual property courts in Kazakhstan. Civil cases are brought up in ordinary civil courts. Cases dealing with administrative or criminal matters are addressed in administrative or criminal courts.

## International treaties

The Berne Convention entered into force in Kazakhstan on 12 April 1999. The WIPO Copyright Treaty entered into force on 12 November 2004.
# Copacabana Municipality, La Paz

Copacabana Municipality is the first municipal section of the Manco Kapac Province in the La Paz Department, Bolivia. Its capital is Copacabana.
Isla del Sol (Island of the Sun) and Chelleca island are situated within the municipality.

## Subdivision

The municipality was formerly, before the abolition of Bolivian cantons in 2009, divided into three cantons.
| Canton | Inhabitants (2001) | Seat |
| Copacabana Canton | 8,194 | Copacabana |
| Lokha Canton | 2,388 | Lokha |
| Zampaya Canton | 4,004 | Zampaya |

## The people

The people are predominantly indigenous citizens of Aymaran descent.
| Ethnic group | % |
| Quechua | 0.9 |
| Aymara | 95.9 |
| Guaraní, Chiquitos, Moxos | 0.2 |
| Not indigenous | 3.0 |
| Other indigenous groups | 0.1 |
Ref.: obd.descentralizacion.gov.bo

## Languages

The languages spoken in the Copacabana Municipality are mainly Aymara and Spanish.
| Language | Inhabitants |
| Quechua | 185 |
| Aymara | 11,825 |
| Guaraní | 6 |
| Another native | 4 |
| Spanish | 10,713 |
| Foreign | 81 |
| Only native | 3,020 |
| Native and Spanish | 8,858 |
| Only Spanish | 1,857 |

## Places of interest

* Chinkana
* Iñaq Uyu
* Pachat'aqa
* Pillkukayna
* Yampupata
* Yampupata Peninsula
# Coolin'

Coolin' is an album by the Prestige All Stars nominally led by vibraphonist Teddy Charles recorded in 1957 and released on the Prestige label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
Allmusic reviewed the album stating "The group plays five originals by bandmembers that often have complex melodies but familiar chord changes. ...This obscure session is an excellent outing".

## Track listing

* "Staggers" (Mal Waldron) – 7:52
* "Song of a Star" (John Jenkins) – 7:11
* "The Eagle Flies" (Idrees Sulieman) – 7:38
* "Bunni" (Teddy Charles) – 8:02
* "Reiteration" (Waldron) – 7:56
* "Everything Happens to Me" (Matt Dennis, Tom Adair) – 4:33

## Personnel

* Teddy Charles – vibraphone
* Idrees Sulieman – trumpet
* John Jenkins – alto saxophone (tracks 1-5)
* Mal Waldron – piano
* Addison Farmer – bass
* Jerry Segal – drums
Production
* Teddy Charles – supervisor
* Rudy Van Gelder – engineer
# Cornelius Holland

Cornelius Holland may refer to:
* Cornelius Holland (regicide) (1599–c. 1671), regicide of Charles I of England
* Cornelius Holland (politician) (1783–1870), United States Representative from Maine
# Hermann Maurer

Hermann Adolf Maurer (born April 26, 1941) is an Austrian computer scientist, serving as Professor of Computer Science at the Graz University of Technology. He has supervised over 40 dissertations, written more than 20 books and over 600 scientific articles, and started or been involved with a number of companies.

## Life

Maurer was born in Vienna, Austria. He studied mathematics at the University of Vienna and the University of Calgary (in Canada) starting in 1959. He earned a doctorate in mathematics in 1965 under Edmund Hlawka, with a dissertation entitled Rationale Approximationen Irrationaler Zahlen (Rational Approximations of Irrational Numbers). He was a professor at the University of Calgary from 1966 to 1971, then moved to the University of Karlsruhe from 1971 to 1977, and in 1978 became professor at the Graz University of Technology, where he has remained since.

## Technical contributions

Among Maurer's important contributions is the development and promotion of remote interactive data terminals that could display graphics rather than only the text that was conventional at the time, and even exchange programs. He invented the MUPID system, some of whose ideas would be used in the Bildschirmtext system. A number of his students from this research went on to become influential in computer science, the telecommunications industry, and the civil service.
In the 1980s he worked to develop computer network equipment in Styria, and is considered to have helped pave the way for European internet technology. His later research in the area of knowledge management led him to found the company Hyperwave, which he chaired until its bankruptcy in 2005. Since 2006 he heads a new company, NewHyperG.

## Writings on the future

In a 2002 - 2012 12-book series, Xperten, Maurer and some collaborators wrote extensively in the context of science fiction on the future of technology. Many of the earlier volumes have been translated into English. Earlier writings appeared under a pseudonym. Maurer thinks that future applications of computers can barely be described using today's terminology, and so employs metaphors such as telepathy and teleportation when discussing some of them.
He is also quite concerned with the risks of information technology, particularly the risk of cyberterrorism due to increasing reliance on interconnected networks. He favors a move away from the Von Neumann architecture's treatment of program code as a type of data, with it instead being put on non-modifiable media such as ROM chips that would be more secure from attacks by viruses.
On non-technical issues, Maurer writes in favor of greater efforts to promote economic equality in managing a transition to a globalized economy, while maintaining local capabilities.

## Decorations and awards

* Honorary doctorates from the Universities of St. Petersburg, Calgary and Karlsruhe
* Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class (2001)
* Great Gold Medal of Honour of Styria
* Member of the Finnish Academy of Sciences
# Carnin

Carnin (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

## Heraldry

| Arms of Carnin | The arms of Carnin are blazoned : Argent, 3 lion heads gules, langued and crowned azure. |
# Carlos Avendaño Calvo

Carlos Avendaño Calvo (born 23 November 1955) is a Costa Rican politician as well as an Evangelical pastor and theologian. He is the founder of the National Restoration Party.
Born San José, Avendaño holds a theological degree form IBAD. Since 1993 Avendaño has been a pastor with the Assemblies of God denomination.
On 5 February 2005 Avendaño founded the National Restoration Party after he resigned as the deputy of Costa Rican Renewal Party because of differences with the parties chairman Justo Orozco. Having already served a term in the Costa Rican assembly representing the Renewal Party, Avendaño was elected to another term in 2010 representing the National Restoration Party. Orozco and Avendaño put their differences aside and the former endorsed that latter for the party's candidate in the Costa Rican presidential election of 2014, as Avendaño received 1.35 percent of the vote.
Avendaño is known for his conservative positions on social issues, such as his opposition to civil unions, same-sex marriage, in vitro fertilization and abortion.
# Hepatology (journal)

Hepatology is a peer-reviewed medical journal of hepatology. It is published monthly by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. The journal was established in 1981 and the editor-in-chief is David E Cohen (Weill Cornell Medical).

## Indexing and abstracting

The journal is abstracted and indexed in the following databases:
* Abstracts in Anthropology
* Abstracts on Hygiene & Communicable Diseases
* Animal Breeding Abstracts
* Biological Abstracts
* BIOSIS Previews
* CAB Abstracts
* CABDirect
* Chemical Abstracts Service
* Current Contents/Clinical Medicine
* Current Contents/Life Sciences
* Dairy Science Abstracts
* Embase
* Global Health
* Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed
* PubMed Dietary Supplement Subset
* Science Citation Index
* Scopus
* Tropical Diseases Bulletin
According to Journal Citation Reports, the journal's 2020 impact factor is 17.425, ranking it 6th out of 92 journals in the category "Gastroenterology & Hepatology".
# Carlos Cunha

Carlos Cunha Filho (born August 11, 1999) is a Brazilian race car driver. He is the son of Carlos Cunha, businessman and former race car driver in the 1990s.

## Racing record
### Career summary

| Season | Series | Team | Races | Wins | Poles | F/Laps | Podiums | Points | Position |
| 2015 | Formula 3 Brasil | CF3 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 105 | 3rd |
| 2016 | Formula 3 Brasil | CF3 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 65 | 5th |
| 2017 | Pro Mazda Championship | Team Pelfrey | 12 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 237 | 3rd |
| 2018 | Pro Mazda Championship | Juncos Racing | 13 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 252 | 6th |

## Motorsports career results
### American open–wheel racing

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

#### Pro Mazda Championship

| Year | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | Rank | Points |
| 2017 | Team Pelfrey | STP 4 | STP 12 | IMS 4 | IMS 3 | ROA 9 | ROA 4 | MDO 4 | MDO 3 | MDO 3 | GMP 3 | WGL 3 | WGL 2 | | | | | 3rd | 237 |
| 2018 | Juncos Racing | STP 4 | STP 3 | BAR 10 | BAR 3 | IMS 4 | IMS 2 | LOR 2 | ROA 6 | ROA 6 | TOR 2 | TOR 10 | MDO 4 | MDO 12 | GMP | POR | POR | 6th | 252 |
* Season still in progress
# Botijo

A botijo, also called búcaro in Spanish, càntir in Catalan, canabarro in Galician, txongil in Basque, and boteja in Hispanic America, is a traditional porous clay container designed to contain water. The botijo, or water jar, is a typical element of culture in many parts of Spain and may vary in shape and color. Although the botijo can, exceptionally, also be found in glass, metal or even plastic, it is usually and traditionally made of clay, due to the properties of this material, such that, once the botijo is filled, it cools the water that it contains, acting as an evaporative cooler.
The botijo has a wide belly and one or more mouths where it is filled and one or more outputs, called pitón or pitorro (in Spanish), to drink from.
The oldest botijo found on the Iberian Peninsula belongs to the Argaric culture and was discovered in the necropolis of Puntarrón Chico (Beniaján), near the capital of the Region of Murcia, where it is preserved in the Archaeological Museum of Murcia. It is an important piece in the historiography of ceramics, being a 'closed work' with a single hole of 2 cm (0.79 in) and the handle placed on the top; the dimensions of the pitcher are 11 cm × 9.5 cm (4.3 in × 3.7 in).
The búcaro de Indias is a special type, made of fragrant clay from Mexico, that was prized in Europe.

## Operation

The operating principle of the botijo, or any earthenware water jar, is as follows: the stored water is filtered through the pores of the clay and in contact with the outside dry environment (characteristic of Mediterranean climate), it evaporates, producing a cooling (2.219 kilojoules per gram of evaporated water). The key for cooling it, is by the evaporation of bleed water, as the water evaporates, it extracts thermal energy from the water stored inside the jug.
   ...because of the porous nature of the clay jar, which is unglazed, the water within will slowly seep out through the pores, and the warm air outside causes evaporation. This circulation and evaporation keeps the walls of the jar cool, and the water inside lowers in temperature, and becomes excellent for drinking.

## Gallery

* Botijo collection. Museo de Cerámica Nacional.
* El botijo (c. 1904) by Joaquín Sorolla
* Thirst (1886) by William-Adolphe Bouguereau
# Phonon noise

Phonon noise, also known as thermal fluctuation noise, arises from the random exchange of energy between a thermal mass and its surrounding environment. This energy is quantized in the form of phonons. Each phonon has an energy of order $k_{\text{B}}T$, where $k_{\text{B}}$ is the Boltzmann constant and $T$ is the temperature. The random exchange of energy leads to fluctuations in temperature. This occurs even when the thermal mass and the environment are in thermal equilibrium, i.e. at the same time-average temperature. If a device has a temperature-dependent electrical resistance, then these fluctuations in temperature lead to fluctuations in resistance. Examples of devices where phonon noise is important include bolometers and calorimeters. The superconducting transition edge sensor (TES), which can be operated either as a bolometer or a calorimeter, is an example of a device for which phonon noise can significantly contribute to the total noise.
Although Johnson–Nyquist noise shares many similarities with phonon noise (e.g. the noise spectral density depends on the temperature and is white at low frequencies), these two noise sources are distinct. Johnson–Nyquist noise arises from the random thermal motion of electrons, whereas phonon noise arises from the random exchange of phonons. Johnson–Nyquist noise is easily modeled at thermal equilibrium, where all components of the circuit are held at the same temperature. A general equilibrium model for phonon noise is usually impossible because different components of the thermal circuit are nonuniform in temperature and also often not time invariant, as in the occasional energy deposition from particles incident on a detector. The transition edge sensor typically maintains the temperature through negative electrothermal feedback associated with changes in internal electrical power.
An approximate formula for the noise-equivalent power (NEP) due to phonon noise in a bolometer when all components are very close to a temperature T is
    $\ NEP={\sqrt {4k_{\text{B}}T^{2}G}},$
where G is the thermal conductance and the NEP is measured in $\mathrm {W/{\sqrt {Hz}}}$. In calorimetric detectors, the rms energy resolution $\delta E$ due to phonon noise near quasi-equilibrium is described using a similar formula,
    $\ \delta E={\sqrt {k_{\text{B}}T^{2}C}},$
where C is the heat capacity.
A real bolometer or calorimeter is not at equilibrium because of a temperature gradient between the absorber and the bath. Since G and C are generally nonlinear functions of temperature, a more advanced model may include the temperature of both the absorber and the bath and treat G or C as a power law across this temperature range.
# Kleven Group

Kleven Group is the parent company for Kleven shipyard and Myklebust shipyard, and is one of the largest companies in Ulsteinvik besides Rolls-Royce Marine and Ulstein Group. Kleven Group had about 450 employees in 2011.
The Kleven Group operates businesses within the construction, repair and remodeling of vessels in Ulsteinvik, at Gursken and at rented facilities on Rovde. The financial turnover was about 2500 MNOK (430 Mill USD) in 2011. The yard was acquired by Green Yard in 2020. In 2012 Kleven was one of the main sponsors of Hødd.
# Gąsiorek

Gąsiorek is a Polish surname. It has several phonetic respellings: Gonsiorek, Gonschorek, and Gonshorek. Notable people with the surname, or one of its variants, include:
* Wiesław Gąsiorek (1936–2002), Polish tennis player
* Dieter Gonschorek (born 1944), East German cyclist
# Laochengzhen railway station

Laochengzhen railway station is a railway station on the Hainan western ring high-speed railway located in Laocheng Town, Chengmai County, Hainan, China.
| Preceding station | China Railway High-speed | China Railway High-speed | China Railway High-speed | Following station |
| HaikouTerminus | | Hainan western ring high-speed railway | | Fushanzhentowards Sanya |
* This article about a railway station in Hainan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Skutnik

Skutnik is a family name of Romanian origin, derived from the historical term scutnic.

## People

* Lenny Skutnik, United States hero
* Ed Skutnik, the owner of Radio Skutnik

## Other usages

* Lenny Skutniks, notable people who, as an honor, are invited to sit in the gallery at joint meeting of Congress
* Radio Skutnik, a former broadcasting company in Massachusetts
# Alverthorpe railway station

Alverthorpe railway station served the village of Alverthorpe near Wakefield in the English county of West Yorkshire.

## History

Opened by the Bradford, Wakefield and Leeds Railway, the station had two platforms. It became part of the London and North Eastern Railway during the Grouping of 1923. The line then passed on to the Eastern Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948, closing a mere six years later. Although the station was closed to normal passenger and freight traffic from 5 April 1954, passenger facilities were retained for special and excursion trains.

## The site today

The station was situated on an embankment northeast of Batley Road, after the railway crossed over the road on a bridge near the junction with Grasmere Road. The location is marked by a row of terraced houses. Nothing now remains on site, and the two sides of the triangular junction northeast of the station that connected it with the line between Wakefield and Leeds have been dismantled. Trains still use the eastern part of the triangle, bypassing the site between Outwood and Wakefield Westgate stations on the Wakefield Line.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Flushdyke | London and North Eastern Railway Great Northern Railway | Lofthouse and Outwood |
| Flushdyke | London and North Eastern Railway Great Northern Railway | Wakefield Westgate |
# Cristóbal de Rojas

Cristóbal de Rojas (1555 in Baeza – 1614 in Cadiz) was a Spanish military engineer and architect. He is known for working as an assistant to Juan de Herrera in the construction of the monastery of El Escorial.

## Biography

Cristóbal de Rojas was born in Baeza in 1555. He was in Seville in 1586, where he acquired a considerable reputation as an architect. His best known work in this city is the Tabernacle Church, which he designed. The project was later begun by Alonso de Vandelvira and Miguel de Zumárraga in the year 1615, and construction was done between 1618 and 1662, while basically following the originally approved plan.
Rojas became a pupil of the king's engineer Tibúrcio Spannocchi, and became especially interested in military architecture. In 1586 he helped to review the fortifications of Gibraltar and Cadiz. After that he become very active as a military engineer, designing and building forts in Spanish territories during the Brittany Campaign, including in North Africa. In 1597 he finished his treatise on "Theory and Practice of Fortification", the first of its kind to be published in Spain. The text highlights the influence of the Italian School's polygonal and radio-concentric theories.
Rojas undertook important works in Sanlúcar de Barrameda including the famous carved stone facada of the Santo Domingo Church in this city, in the mannerist style, started in 1596 and completed ten years later. In his capacity as military architect and engineer he was appointed to rebuild and fortify the city of Cadiz after it had suffered a violent Anglo-Dutch assault and looting in 1596. He rebuilt the old Church of Santa Cruz, ruined as a result of the looting. De Rojas designed and built the fort of Fort San Felipe on La Mamora, a Spanish possession in northern Morocco during much of the seventeenth century.
Rojas's most important work was the overall fortification of the city of Cadiz, the most ambitious military work in the country during the reigns of Philip II of Spain and Philip III of Spain, including important elements such as the castle of Santa Catalina, started in 1598. After his death in Cadiz in 1614, the fortifications of the city were continued by the military engineer Ignacio de Sala.