OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pride-and-ego down

Pride-and-ego down is a US Army term for techniques used by captors in interrogating prisoners to encourage cooperation, usually consisting of "attacking the source's sense of personal worth" and in an "attempt to redeem his pride, the source will usually involuntarily provide pertinent information in attempting to vindicate himself."
Official documents state that such techniques should not go "beyond the limits that would apply to an EPW [enemy prisoner of war]."

## US Army definition from FM 2-22.3

   8-45. (Interrogation) The emotional-pride and ego-down approach is based on attacking the source's ego or self-image. The source, in defending his ego, reveals information to justify or rationalize his actions. This information may be valuable in answering collection requirements or may give the [human intelligence] HUMINT collector insight into the viability of other approaches. This approach is effective with sources who have displayed weakness or feelings of inferiority. A real or imaginary deficiency voiced about the source, loyalty to his organization, or any other feature can provide a basis for this technique.
   8-46. The HUMINT collector accuses the source of weakness or implies he is unable to do a certain thing. This type of source is also prone to excuses and rationalizations, often shifting the blame to others. An example of this technique is opening the collection effort with the question, "Why did you surrender so easily when you could have escaped by crossing the nearby ford in the river?" The source is likely to provide a basis for further questions or to reveal significant information if he attempts to explain his surrender in order to vindicate himself. He may give an answer such as, "No one could cross the ford because it is mined."
   8-47. The objective is for the HUMINT collector to use the source's sense of pride by attacking his loyalty, intelligence, abilities, leadership qualities, slovenly appearance, or any other perceived weakness. This will usually goad the source into becoming defensive, and he will try to convince the HUMINT collector he is wrong. In his attempt to redeem his pride and explain his actions, the source may provide pertinent information. Possible targets for the emotional-pride and ego-down approach are the source's—
   * Loyalty.
   * Technical competence.
   * Leadership abilities.
   * Soldierly qualities.
   * Appearance.
   8-48. There is a risk associated with this approach. If the emotional-pride and ego-down approach fails, it is difficult for the HUMINT collector to recover and move to another approach without losing his credibility. Also, there is potential for application of the pride and ego approach to cross the line into humiliating and degrading treatment of the detainee. Supervisors should consider the experience level of their subordinates and determine specifically how the interrogator intends to apply the approach technique before approving the interrogation plan.
# Claus Bo Larsen

Claus Bo Larsen (born 28 October 1965 in Odense) is a former Danish football referee who officiates in the Danish Superliga and was FIFA-listed from 1996 to 2010. He has officiated numerous matches in the UEFA Europa League and Champions League. Larsen is classified as a FIFA Top Class Referee, which is the highest level of referees. He is well known for his down-to-earth appearance on the field, preferring to control the game with a good personality rather than cautioning the players.

## Early career

He earned his license to officiate at an age of 16 in 1981. In 1988, he was appointed as a referee in the Denmark Series which is the 4th tier of football in Denmark. By 1994 he had made his way to the highest Danish league – The Superliga. In 1996, he was appointed FIFA-referee.

## International highlights

* 2004: Summer Olympics in Athens
* 2005: On 12 November 2005, Larsen officiated the 1st leg of the 2006 FIFA World Cup Qualification Playoffs between Uruguay and Australia.
* 2008: He was appointed to officiate the Final of the 2008 UEFA Super Cup between Zenit St Petersburg and Manchester United played in Monaco on Friday, 29 August 2008. He was assisted by Henrik Sønderby and Anders Nørrestrand, with Nicolai Vollquartz acting as Fourth official
* 2010: He refereed in the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League semifinal contested by Hamburger SV and Fulham played in Hamburg on Thursday, 22 April 2010.
He was not a part of the squad of referees to go the 2010 FIFA World Cup, even though he refereed both the 2009 Champions League quarter-final between Liverpool F.C. and Chelsea FC and the 2009 Champions League semifinal between Manchester United and Arsenal FC. His final international appearance was in the Champions League match between AC Milan and Ajax (0-2) on Wednesday, 8 December 2010.
# Arthur's Town Airport

Arthur's Town Airport (IATA: ATC, ICAO: MYCA) is an airport in Arthur's Town on Cat Island in the Bahamas.

## Charter flights

Aeroshares Charter, LLC services Cat Island from worldwide locations.
Charter service is also available from Florida or Nassau.
# Home Swinger

A Home Swinger is a musical instrument created by Yuri Landman. The instrument has 12 strings, an electronic pickup and a movable rod to alter the pitch of the instrument.
Landman created the instrument for workshops at European festivals and venues, where participants built their own copy within four hours. The instrument was also featured in the United States in a 2010 workshop at the Knitting Factory. At those events, Landman performed with the participants.
The Home Swinger is derived from his Moodswinger and a DIY-version of this instrument. When played at one part of a string, the opposed part starts to resonate, depending on a predictable mathematical ratio of the strings' lengths divided by the rod.
The instrument was nominated as one of the instruments for the second Guthman Musical Instrument Competition 2010 at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. In 2010 the Musical Instrument Museum in Phoenix, Arizona, included a Home Swinger as well as a Moodswinger in their collection as two pieces of the Dutch section of musical instrument inventions. The Rotterdam based art space and music venue WORM owns a Home Swinger together with a series of other instruments made by Landman, in their music studio for their artist-in-residence program.
# Copelatus sallaei

Copelatus sallaei is a species of diving beetle. It is part of the subfamily Copelatinae in the family Dytiscidae. It was described by Sharp in 1882.
# Balhannah

Balhannah is a town in the Adelaide Hills about 30 km southeast of Adelaide, the capital of South Australia. It was established in 1839 as a farming community by James Turnbull Thomson, who built the first hotel. The town soon grew to incorporate two once adjoining towns: Gilleston (named for Osmond Gilles) and Blythetown, named for James Blythe, another Scottish settler.
It is on the main interstate railway between Adelaide and Melbourne. In the past it was the junction for a branch line that ran up the Onkaparinga Valley and beyond to Birdwood and Mount Pleasant.
Much of Balhannah is along Onkaparinga Valley Road, although there are some other residential streets, and Greenhill Road terminates near the town centre. One of the larger businesses in the town is a long-established hardware store, now part of the Mitre 10 chain. The fruit cold store built in 1914 was one of the first in Australia and is still in use. Features Kidman Flower Co, a Native Flower Farm that allows tourists and is home to Nepenthe Winery and Shaw + Smith Winery.
Peramangk and Kaurna peoples are the Traditional Custodians of the Adelaide Hills.
# Hynek Čermák

Hynek Čermák (born 19 February 1973) is a Czech actor.

## Selected filmography
### Film

* Little Knights Tale (2009)
* Kajínek (2010)
* Men in Hope (2011)
* Innocence (2011)
* Gangster Ka (2015)
* Po strništi bos (2017)
* River Rascals (2017)
* National Street (2019)
* The Last Aristocrat (2019)
* Bet on Friendship (2021)
* Shadowplay (2022)
* Borders of Love (2022)
* Children of Nagano (2023)

### Television

* Cirkus Bukowsky (2013)
* Až po uši (2014)
* Reportérky (2015)
* Rapl (2016)
* Dabing Street (2018)
* Zkáza Dejvického divadla (2019)
* Případ Roubal (2021)
# Uzunçam, Nazilli

Uzunçam is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Nazilli, Aydın Province, Turkey. Its population is 425 (2022).
# Surf Pines, Oregon

Surf Pines is an unincorporated community in Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. It is a private gated community, located three miles north of Gearhart, just west of U.S. Route 101.
The community was created in 1944 by developer Barney Lucas. Lucas and his partners developed lots in the Surf Pines area and these were sold beginning in the 1950s. The Surf Pines Association was created in 1969 to help pay for the upkeep of roads. Properties were added to the community in the 1980s and 1990s, and security gates were added in 1990.
# Thane (disambiguation)

Thane is a city in Maharashtra, India.
Thane may also refer to:

## Titles

* Thegn, or thane, a retainer or official of a king or nobleman in medieval England and Scandinavia, or a class of aristocracy
* Thane (Scotland), a title given to a local royal official in medieval eastern Scotland
** Thane of Cawdor, a title in the Peerage of Scotland and a character in Macbeth

## Places

* Thane, city in Maharashtra, India
** Thane district
** Thane taluka
** Thane railway station
** Thane Lok Sabha constituency
** Thane Assembly constituency
* Thane, Queensland, Australia
* Thane, Juneau, Alaska, United States
* Qafë Thanë, Albania and Macedonia

## Other uses

* Thane (comics), a Marvel Comics character
* Thane (name), including lists of people with the given name or surname
* Cyclone Thane, in the North Indian Ocean in 2011
* Thane Krios, a character in the Mass Effect video game series
* HMS Thane (D48), a Royal Navy escort carrier
# Arthur Hellyer

Arthur George Lee Hellyer (16 December 1902 – 28 January 1993) was a well-known British horticulturalist.

## Career
### Gardening books and encyclopaedias

In the course of a long public career, Hellyer wrote an extremely large number (over 100) of influential gardening books: one of the first, The Alphabet of Gardening, subtitled a Complete Concise and Comprehensive Guide to Practical Gardening was published in 1927; one of the last, the Hellyer Gardening Encyclopedia, was published in 1993, not long before his death. His titles were often ambitious, but the contents of his books were always as comprehensive as the claims in his 'encyclopaedias', 'directories', 'diaries' and 'guides'. Some of his books covered single plants, such as Chrysanthemums (1958), Roses (1957), Dahlias (1963) and Tomatoes (1954). Some covered specific aspects or problems, as Plant Propagation (1955), Herbaceous Borders (1955), or Garden Pests and Diseases (1964). Others enticed the amateur gardener with titles such as Practical Gardening for Amateurs (1966), or Starting with Roses (1966). His knowledge was always practical, whatever the subject. Hellyer pioneered the intensive use of illustrations in gardening books, with titles such as Flowers in Colour (1965) and a series of Amateur Gardening Picture Books published by Collingridge.
Noted gardener Vita Sackville-West, in her book Even More For Your Garden, wrote "should you wish for something more elaborate and also more expensive, let me recommend 'Gardens of Britain,' by A. G. L. Hellyer, published by Country Life at 30s. Illustrated by over 200 large photographs, this volume by one of the best and most authoritative writers on gardening matters describes nearly 100 gardens in private ownership but open to the public. It makes a wonderful present either to give or to receive."

### Promoting gardening

Hellyer worked for Amateur Gardening magazine from 1929 to 1966, and edited that magazine for 21 years; he also contributed gardening columns to the Financial Times, Country Life magazine, and Homes and Gardens magazine. According to Alan Boon, Hellyer asked Thomas W. Sanders "what prospects there were for a young man in horticultural journalism.T.W.S. replied, None whatsoever. I have an assistant who has been with me for 30 years, and when he dies I shall require one replacement. As it happened, Hellyer worked 16 years with the self same assistant (named H.A. Smith) before he retired."
Hellyer was a founder of the Hardy Plant Society.
# Biathlon World Championships 2012 – Women's mass start

The women's mass start competition of the Biathlon World Championships 2012 was held on March 11, 2012 at 16:00 local time.

## Results

The race started at 16:00.
| Rank | Bib | Name | Country | Penalties (P+P+S+S) | Time | Deficit |
| | 3 | Tora Berger | Norway | 1 (0+0+1+0) | 35:41.6 | |
| | 4 | Marie-Laure Brunet | France | 1 (0+0+0+1) | 35:49.7 | +8.1 |
| | 9 | Kaisa Mäkäräinen | Finland | 1 (0+0+0+1) | 35:54.3 | +12.7 |
| 4 | 24 | Tina Bachmann | Germany | 2 (0+1+0+1) | 36:24.0 | +42.4 |
| 5 | 2 | Darya Domracheva | Belarus | 5 (1+0+2+2) | 36:37.2 | +55.6 |
| 6 | 11 | Marie Dorin Habert | France | 1 (0+0+1+0) | 36:40.5 | +58.9 |
| 7 | 5 | Vita Semerenko | Ukraine | 1 (0+1+0+0) | 36:41.6 | +1:00.0 |
| 8 | 12 | Anastasiya Kuzmina | Slovakia | 3 (1+1+0+1) | 36:43.5 | +1:01.9 |
| 9 | 18 | Weronika Nowakowska-Ziemniak | Poland | 2 (0+0+1+1) | 36:44.9 | +1:03.3 |
| 10 | 1 | Magdalena Neuner | Germany | 6 (1+1+1+3) | 36:52.0 | +1:10.4 |
| 11 | 28 | Jana Gereková | Slovakia | 2 (0+0+0+2) | 36:56.9 | +1:15.3 |
| 12 | 10 | Andrea Henkel | Germany | 3 (0+1+1+1) | 37:00.5 | +1:18.9 |
| 13 | 14 | Teja Gregorin | Slovenia | 2 (0+0+2+0) | 37:02.4 | +1:20.8 |
| 14 | 17 | Veronika Vítková | Czech Republic | 2 (0+0+0+2) | 37:02.8 | +1:21.2 |
| 15 | 7 | Helena Ekholm | Sweden | 2 (0+1+0+1) | 37:06.4 | +1:24.8 |
| 16 | 26 | Susan Dunklee | United States | 1 (1+0+0+0) | 37:10.3 | +1:28.7 |
| 17 | 29 | Anaïs Bescond | France | 4 (1+1+1+1) | 37:20.5 | +1:38.9 |
| 18 | 13 | Synnøve Solemdal | Norway | 4 (0+1+1+2) | 37:20.6 | +1:39.0 |
| 19 | 6 | Olga Vilukhina | Russia | 3 (2+1+0+0) | 37:22.0 | +1:40.4 |
| 20 | 19 | Anna Maria Nilsson | Sweden | 2 (0+0+1+1) | 37:33.1 | +1:51.5 |
| 21 | 25 | Fuyuko Suzuki | Japan | 1 (1+0+0+0) | 37:54.0 | +2:12.4 |
| 22 | 23 | Elise Ringen | Norway | 5 (0+0+3+2) | 38:00.0 | +2:18.4 |
| 23 | 23 | Zina Kocher | Canada | 4 (1+1+1+1) | 38:12.2 | +2:30.6 |
| 24 | 15 | Svetlana Sleptsova | Russia | 5 (2+1+1+1) | 38:40.6 | +2:59.0 |
| 25 | 30 | Krystyna Pałka | Poland | 5 (0+0+2+3) | 38:51.2 | +3:09.6 |
| 26 | 20 | Selina Gasparin | Switzerland | 5 (1+1+1+2) | 39:09.1 | +3:27.5 |
| 27 | 27 | Mari Laukkanen | Finland | 5 (2+1+0+2) | 40:10.6 | +4:29.0 |
| 28 | 22 | Michela Ponza | Italy | 4 (1+1+1+1) | 40:25.4 | +4:43.8 |
| 29 | 16 | Magdalena Gwizdoń | Poland | 5 (3+0+1+1) | 41:08.1 | +5:26.5 |
| | 8 | Olga Zaitseva | Russia | 1 (0+0+0+1) | DSQ | |
# Convoy JW 56B

Convoy JW 56B was an Arctic convoy sent from Great Britain by the Western Allies to aid the Soviet Union during World War II. It sailed in late January 1944, reaching the Soviet northern ports at the beginning of February. All ships arrived safely. During the voyage JW 56B was attacked by a German U-boat force; no merchant ships were sunk, though one of the escorts was lost. One attacking U-boat was destroyed in the operation.

## Ships

The convoy consisted of 17 merchant ships which departed from Loch Ewe on 22 January 1944. Close escort was provided by a force of two destroyers and three other escort vessels. There was also an ocean escort, comprising the destroyer Milne (Capt. IMR Campbell commanding) and six other destroyers. The convoy was accompanied initially by a local escort group from Britain, and was also joined later by a further escort force, from the preceding convoy JW 56A.
A cruiser cover force comprising Kent (R.Adm AFE Palliser), Berwick and Bermuda was also at sea, to guard the two convoys against attack by surface units.
JW 56B was opposed by a U-boat force of fifteen boats, code-named Werewolf, in the Barents Sea.

## Action

JW 56B departed Loch Ewe on 22 January 1944, ten days after the preceding convoy, JW 56A. It was accompanied by its local escort, the destroyer Wrestler, a corvette, and two minesweepers, and the close escort of five warships. On 26 January, the day JW 56A came under attack, the local escort departed, to be replaced by the ocean escort of six Home Fleet destroyers. On 29 January the convoy came into the area where JW 56A had been attacked. Waiting there were the ten U-boats of wolfpack Isengrim, re-inforced with five newcomers and re-organized as the group Werewolf. At midday on 29 January JW 56B was sighted by U-956 and reported, though U-956 came under heavy attack when she was detected. By the morning of 30 January the U-boats had assembled, but JW 56B had also been re-inforced, being joined by the ocean escort of JW 56A, seven destroyers led by Hardy. Six of the U-boats made contact, mounting a total of thirteen attacks during that day. They were unable to reach the merchant ships, but U-278 hit Hardy with an acoustic torpedo. She was crippled and abandoned, to be sunk later by an attending destroyer. In response U-314 was destroyed by Whitehall and Meteor. Following this the Werewolf pack abandoned its assault, and JW 56B arrived at Kola three days later, on 2 February.

## Conclusion

German U-boat Command (BdU) was delighted with the actions against convoys JW 56A and 56B, believing they had sunk seven escorts and damaged another four, with four ships sunk and a further six damaged. The actual losses from the two convoys were three ships, and one escort sunk and one damaged. Twenty nine ships from both convoys arrived safely.
# Churchgate

Churchgate (Marathi pronunciation:) is an area in the southern part of Mumbai, close to the Arabian Sea. The area is known for its unique architecture consisting of art deco style residential buildings, access to sporting venues, and the business district of Nariman Point.

## History

During the eighteenth and up to the mid-19th century, Mumbai was a walled city surrounded by a fortification. The city walls had three gates. One of the gates, Churchgate, was named after St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai. The area west of the original gate came to be known as Churchgate. In the mid-19th century, the wall of the fort along with its gates were torn down to aid in the expansion of the city. At the exact location of the Churchgate, Flora Fountain was built.

## Geography

Arabian Sea is situated at west and Nariman Point on south of Churchgate. Churchgate railway station is a major railway terminus on the Western line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway.

## 2008 Mumbai attacks

On 26 November 2008, a Pakistan trained Lashkar-e-Taiba terrorist attacked the Trident hotel and the Oberoi hotel. This attack ended up killing as many as 30 people. The hotels are situated on the southern border of Churchgate in the Nariman Point area. The attacks were part of a larger Mumbai terrorist attack, which killed 166 and injured 238 in an unprecedented Islamic terrorist attack. In response, Mumbai police killed one terrorist and apprehended another, Ajmal Kasab, along with which the National Security Guards (NSG) killed 8 other terrorists.

## Metro

Mumbai Metro's Aqua Line (Line 3) will pass through Churchgate area, with its route covering Colaba-Bandra-Seepz. Hutatma Chowk, Churchgate and Vidhan Bhavan are the stations listed for this area, and all of these will be built underground. Line 3 is expected to reduce road congestion as well as the load on the Western Line between Bandra and Churchgate.

## Places

Following places are located in Churchgate area of Mumbai:
* Cricket centre - headquarters and office of Board of Control for Cricket in India
* Wankhede stadium - an international cricket Stadium
* Mumbai Cricket Association - headquarters of Mumbai cricket
* Marine drive - a seaside road
* Cricket Club of India (CCI)- an exclusive sports club for rich elites
* Brabourne Stadium - an old cricket stadium, owned by CCI
* Churchgate railway station

## Colleges

* K.C College
* K.C. Law College
* Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies
* H.R. College of Commerce and Economics
* Government Law College, Mumbai
* Jai Hind College
* Sydenham College
* Elphinstone College
* SNDT Women's University

## Sights

Tourist spots in the Churchgate area include:
* Hutatma Chowk
* Maharashtra High Court
* Marine Drive
* Oval Maidan
1 :
| 1 | Churchgate |
# Tân Lâm, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu

Tân Lâm is a commune (xã) and village in Xuyên Mộc District, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, in Vietnam.
* This article about a location in Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province, Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Leonard–Akin House

The Leonard–Akin House, at 309 E. Union St. (Georgia State Route 90) in Vienna, Georgia, was built around 1914. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.
It is a two-story Classical Revival house. It was built by contractor P.G. Pusbee, who would later father George Busbee (1927–2004), who would become governor of Georgia from 1974 to 1982.
A second contributing building is a one-story brick carriage house, also built around 1914. In 1992, this served as an apartment, and had arched window and door openings, a metal hipped roof, and beaded board ceilings.
# Claus Fasting

Claus Fasting (29 October 1746 – 25 December 1791) was a Norwegian playwright, literary critic, editor and civil servant. Among his literary works were the song Harmonisang (1769) and his journals Provinzialsamlinger (1791).

## Biography

Claus Frederik Fasting was born in Bergen, Norway. He was the only child of Fredrik Fasting (1718-69) who was vicar at Nykirken and his wife, Gerhardina von Güllich (1715-70). He studied at the University of Copenhagen where he received his philosophical and theological degree in 1766. In 1768 he returned to Bergen, where his father died the following year. In 1770, his mother died and he returned to Copenhagen.
In 1772, he co-founded The Norwegian Society (Norske Selskab), a literary society for Norwegian students in Copenhagen. He published the prize-winning play Hermine in 1772, a metrical tragedy and in 1773 he delivered the play as a participant in a competition announced by the Royal Danish Theatre. From 1773, he was co-editor of Kritisk Journal and from 1775-76 Kritisk Tilskuer delivering critical reviews to both magazines.
In 1777, Fasting traveled home to Bergen, where he lived the rest of his life. During the years 1778-1781, he published a literary magazine called Provinzialblade. In 1783, he became an alderman and from 1787 he served as city manager in Bergen. He died in Bergen during 1791. His personal collection of books were first used as a local lending library. In 1826, by royal decree the book collection was transferred to Bergen Cathedral School. Today these volumes are preserved at the Library of the University of Bergen. Today a bust of Fasting, made by Ambrosia Tønnesen in 1924, stands outside Bergen Public Library.

## Fasting Minde

Towards the end of the 1780s, Claus Fasting developed a manor house. It was situated in the neighborhood of Møhlenpris on land previously developed by his great-grandfather Jørgen Thormøhlen, a merchant, shipowner, slave trader, industrialist and entrepreneur. After the death of Fasting, the property had various owners and was once used as the Bergen mental hospital. Since 1968, the manor has belonged to the University of Bergen.