# Consulate General of the United States, Thessaloniki

The Consulate General of the United States in Thessaloniki is the focal point for events relating to the United States in northern Greece. The consulate is situated on the 7th floor of a commercial office building at 43 Tsimiski Street in the city center. The consulate is headed by the Principal Officer and employs locally hired individuals.

## History
### Before World War I

Though the exact details concerning the establishment of a consulate in Thessaloniki are sparse, it is a fact that a consular agency was initially established in Thessaloniki during the Ottoman era, as early as the 1830s, to represent American shipping interests in the northern Aegean Sea. A Thessalonian named Pericles Hadji Lazzaro later became the first honorary American consular agent in 1870. On June 10, 1908 the agency was upgraded to a Consulate status, at which time Evan E. Young was appointed as the first American Consul. Between 1910 and 1911, George Horton represented the US Consul at Salonika. During the period of time leading up to World War I, the consulate played a mostly commercial and representational role in Thessaloniki due to the lack of visa requirements for U.S. travel and due to the small number of Americans both living in and passing through the city. Dr. Henry House was one of the few prominent Americans living in Thessaloniki during this period. Dr. House established the American Farm School, which is still in operation today.

### Impact of the World Wars

During the 1920s, due to new visa requirements and the restructuring of the city following the Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917, the consulate was characterized by significant growth. Consul James H. Keeley, whose son Robert V. Keeley would later serve as Ambassador to Greece from 1985 to 1989, was appointed as principal officer of the consulate from 1936 until the outbreak of World War II in 1939.
The Germans occupied Thessaloniki from April 1941 until October 1944 and closed the consulate on July 11, 1941. During this occupation, three of the consulate's Greek employees- David Tiano, Emmanuel Karasso, and John Vafiades – (the two former being of Jewish extraction) were all sent to an internment camp in Thessaloniki. Tiano was executed, while Karasso and Vafiades survived. Following the war, they resumed work at the consulate at its re-opening in 1944. The reception room in the consulate, otherwise known as the David Tiano room, is dedicated to his memory, and the consulate acknowledges his service and sacrifice with an annual David Tiano Lecture.

### Post World War II years

In 1944, following the departure of the German forces, William M. Gwynn assumed the role as Consul and relocated the consulate to 59 Nikis Avenue, where it remained until its most recent move in 1999.
During the post World War II years the consulate transformed its role in Thessaloniki, reflecting the evolving relationship between America and Greece. The consulate supported the restoration efforts of the American Farm School and Anatolia College, both of which had been used as headquarters of the German forces. At this time, Greece was recovering from the devastation of the Second World War and, as the British were not in a position to help, the U.S. filled the void through both the Truman Doctrine and the closely related Marshall Plan, supporting Greece with roughly $300 million in military and economic aid.
In 1952, the consulate was elevated to the rank of Consulate General and, over the next decade, a strong relationship developed between Thessalonians and the consulate. During the 1960s, the consulate began working with an increasing American business presence in the city which accompanied the Greek Economic Miracle. The consulate also engaged in sensitive border issues involving Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Albania.
The 1967 Greek military junta coup and the Cyprus Crisis damaged the American image across Greece. Thus, during the 1970s, the consulate began to focus more on improving public relations through an active outreach program to neighboring provincial cities in northern Greece. This decade was a hectic one for the consulate General as it dealt with several drug trafficking cases originating in the Middle East and Africa. The former U.S. Deputy Secretary of State, John Dimitri Negroponte, served at the post from 1975 to 1977.
1999 marked a final move to the consulate's present location in a suite on the seventh floor of 43 Tsimiski. At present, the United States has had an official presence in Thessaloniki for nearly 177 years. There have been 19 Consuls General and 16 Consuls.

### Principal officers

| Name | Date |
| Consular Agent Pericles Hadji Lazzaro | 1870 - 1906 |
| Consul Russel | 1906 - 1908 |
| Consul Evan E. Young | Nov. 1, 1908 - Jan. 29, 1910 |
| Consul George Horton | Jan. 30, 1910 - Aug. 5, 1911 |
| Consul John E. Kehl | Dec. 12, 1911 - late 1915 |
| Consul Leland B. Morris | late 1915 - 1921 |
| Consul Fernald | 1927 |
| Consul Charles J. Pisar | 1927 - May 1932 |
| Consul Paul Bowerman | June 1932 - 1933 (8 months) |
| Consul Harry L. Troutman | 1933 - 1936 |
| Consul Hanson | 1936 (a few months only) |
| Consul James H. Keeley | 1936 - Aug. 1939 |
| Consul John D. Johnson | fall 1939 - July 11, 1941 |
Consulate closed by order of German Reich on July 11, 1941
| Consul William M. Gwynn | Dec. 14, 1944 - Jan. 30, 1947 |
| Consul Raleigh A. Gibson | Jan. 31, 1947 - Oct. 5, 1949 |
| Consul Glenn A. Abbey | Feb. 5, 1950 - Sept. 20, 1951 |
| Consul General John B. Holt | Sept. 21, 1951 - Jul. 19, 1954 |
In 1952 the consulate was elevated to the rank of Consulate General
| Consul General Murat W. Williams | July 30, 1954 - June 1, 1955 |
| Consul General Philip W. Ireland | Sept. 13, 1955 - Oct. 21, 1958 |
| Consul General Robert S. Folsom | Oct. 21, 1958 - Aug. 19, 1964 |
| Consul General William L. Hamilton | Oct. 21, 1964 - March 5, 1970 |
| Consul General A. David Fritzlan | Mar. 15, 1970 - June 22, 1971 |
| Consul General Edward T. Brennan | July 29, 1971 - Oct. 31, 1975 |
| Consul General John D. Negroponte | Oct. 28, 1975 - June 30, 1977 |
| Consul General Dan A. Zachary | July 13, 1977 - Sept. 15, 1981 |
| Consul General Michael D. Sternberg | Sept. 3, 1981 - June 21, 1985 |
| Consul General A. Donald Bramante | Aug. 22, 1985 - Aug. 15, 1989 |
| Consul General Larry C. Thompson | Aug. 11, 1989 - June 8, 1991 |
| Consul General James E. Blanford | July 3, 1991 - May 4, 1994 |
| Consul General Miriam K. Hughes | July 17, 1994 - July 14, 1997 |
| Consul General Paul D. Stephenson | July 22, 1997 - June 13, 2000 |
| Consul General John M. Koenig | June 27, 2000 - June 30, 2003 |
| Consul General Alec L. Mally | July 2003 - March 2004 |
| Consul General Demitra M. Pappas | April 2004 - June 2006 |
| Consul General Hoyt B. Yee | August 2006 - July 2009 |
| Consul General Catherine E. Kay | August 2009 - June 2012 |
| Consul Robert P. Sanders | September 2012 - July 2015 |
| Consul Rebecca A. Fong | August 2015 - July 2018 |
| Consul Gregory W. Pfleger, Jr. | August 2018 - July 2020 |
| Consul Elizabeth K. Lee | August 2020 - |

## Other noteworthy events and news

* The consulate has played a significant role in many high-profile cases such as the George Polk investigation of 1948. The mysterious death of American journalist George Polk has long bewildered Americans and Greeks alike. Polk, who arrived in Thessaloniki in the spring of 1948, had attempted to contact the leader of the Andartes resistance group, only to disappear. Polk's body was found having been murdered, execution-style, and speculation and accusations were rampant as to who was responsible for his assassination. The Consul General at the time, Raleigh A. Gibson, invested a considerable amount of time on the case. The Salonika Bay Murder: Cold War Politics and the Polk Affair, a book written by Edmund Keeley, brother to aforementioned Robert Keeley, critically analyzes the case.
* The consulate has its own competitive football team, The Eagles, who claim to be undefeated in official matches.
* In the book Midnight Express, based on actual events, Billy Hayes found asylum at the Consulate General in Thessaloniki following an escape from a prison in Istanbul in which he had spent almost five years.
* The consulate has received a number of prominent celebrities. Most recently, former Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis visited the consulate and gave a lecture in 2007; other visitors have included Nobel Laureate and Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel, actress Faye Dunaway, five-time Academy Award winning film director Francis Ford Coppola, film director Sofia Coppola, production designer Dean Tavoularis, former U.S. Secretaries of Defense William Cohen and Donald Rumsfeld, Tipper Gore, and actress and singer Juliette Lewis.