OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Crosby system

The Crosby system was an FM stereophonic broadcasting standard developed by Murray G. Crosby. In the United States, it competed with, and ultimately lost to, the Zenith/GE system, which the FCC chose as the standard in 1961.
While both systems used multiplexing to transmit the L-R stereo signal, the Crosby system used a frequency-modulated 50 kHz subcarrier, whereas the competing Zenith/GE system used an amplitude-modulated 38 kHz subcarrier. As FM is less susceptible to interference and noise than AM, the Crosby system had better frequency response and less noise of the two systems especially under weak signal conditions. However, the Crosby system was incompatible with existing subsidiary communications authorization (SCA) services which used subcarrier frequencies including 41 and 67 kHz. These SCA services were used by many FM stations since the mid-1950s for subscription-based "storecasting" to raise revenue and for other non-broadcast purposes. They consequently lobbied the FCC to adopt the Zenith/GE system. FCC tests in 1960 confirmed that the Zenith/GE stereo system was compatible with 67 kHz SCA operation, although not 41 kHz.
According to Jack Hannold:
   Crosby used a wideband FM subcarrier, providing a better signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio in stereo from all but the weakest RF signals. FM is not entirely free of noise. While AM has a rectangular noise spectrum, with the amplitude of random noise in the demodulated signal constant across the audio spectrum, FM has a triangular noise spectrum, with the amplitude of noise increasing with frequency, i.e., it rises at a rate of 6 dB per octave, or 20 dB per decade. Thus at 4 kHz, the noise level is 20 dB higher than at 400 Hz, and at 40 kHz it is 40 dB higher. So the L-R subcarrier, whether DSB or FM, is accompanied by a high level of noise. FM uses pre-emphasis to overcome high frequency noise. Sounds above 2 kHz are boosted 6 dB per octave at the transmitter by a pre-emphasis circuit. A complementary de-emphasis in receivers rolls off treble response at the same rate, restoring highs to their proper level and simultaneously reducing high-frequency noise. But it only works in mono, because the DSB subcarrier is not boosted by pre-emphasis, and is thus subject to AM noise when the main carrier signal is weak. But an FM subcarrier, like the main carrier, benefits from limiting (the elimination of AM noise imposed by interference), as long as its amplitude - which remains constant in FM - is slightly above the peak amplitude of the noise within the subcarrier channel, yielding a much better stereo S/N than Zenith on all but the weakest of weak signals.
On April 19, 1961, the FCC released its Final Order selecting the Zenith/GE system as the FM stereophonic broadcasting standard. At 9:59 AM that day, Crosby-Teletronics stock was worth $15 a share; by 2:00 P.M. it was down to less than $2.50. Another (albeit relatively minor) factor in the FCC choosing the Zenith/GE system was the widespread use of vacuum tubes in radios at the time; the additional tubes for an all-FM system would have increased the size, weight, cost of and heat generated by each tuner or receiver.
# Catch-Flame!

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Catch-Flame! was recorded at London's Alexandra Palace and is Paul Weller's third solo live album.
Recorded on 5 December – the last date of Weller's 2005 UK tour – it features live versions of songs spanning his career, including those of The Jam and The Style Council. Five songs played at the concert were omitted from the CD: Mermaids, Amongst Butterflies, Early Morning Rain, Here's The Good News, and We All Need Love, a duet with The Charlatans' Tim Burgess. Catch-Flame! entered the UK chart at #17 on 18 June 2006.

## Track listing

Disc One
* "The Weaver"
* "Out of the Sinking"
* "Blink and You'll Miss It"
* "Paper Smile"
* "Peacock Suit"
* "From the Floorboards Up"
* "The Changingman"
* "Savages"
* "Going Places"
* "Up in Suzes' Room"
* "Porcelain Gods/I Walk on Gilded Splinters"
Disc Two
* "In the Crowd"
* "Come On/Let's Go"
* "Foot of the Mountain"
* "You Do Something to Me"
* "Wishing on a Star"
* "Wild Wood"
* "The Pebble & The Boy"
* "That's Entertainment"
* "Broken Stones"
* "Long Hot Summer"
* "Shout to the Top"
* "Town Called Malice"
# Vania

Vania may refer to:
* Vania (caste), a social group of India
* Vania (foram), a genus of fossil foraminifers
* Vania (plant), a genus of plants in the family Brassicaceae
* Vânia, or Vania, a given name (including a list of people with the name)
* Vania, an alternative spelling of the given names Vanja and Vanya
* Cyclone Vania, a tropical storm
# Herbert Klang

Herbert Klang (born 1908, date of death unknown) was an Austrian ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1928 Winter Olympics. Klang also won ten caps for the national team, and played at the 1929 Ice Hockey European Championship.
# Kenneth Preston (sailor)

Kenneth Huson Preston (19 May 1901 – 6 June 1995) was a British sailor. He competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Summer Olympics.

## Early life and education

Preston was the eldest of three sons of the industrialist and politician Sir Walter Preston. His younger brother, Francis, was also an Olympic sailor. He was educated at Rugby School and Trinity College, Oxford, which he left without a degree, but where he played rugby, narrowly missing a blue due to an ankle injury.

## Career

Preston went into the family engineering business, and was a highly successful businessman. He was chairman of one of the family's acquisitions, Platt Brothers, which provided machinery for most of the Lancashire cotton industry. He was knighted in 1959.

## Sporting achievements

Preston competed in the 1936 and 1952 Olympic Games, and was regarded as a major figure in the sailing of "big boats" in the 1950s. All three Preston brothers were elected members of the Royal Yacht Squadron; Preston was a member for 72 years, and was vice-commodore from 1965 to 1971. He was also vice-commodore of the Royal Thames Yacht Club from 1953 to 1966.
# Leah Feldman

Leah Feldman (Yiddish: לאה פֿעלדמאן; September 1898 – 3 January 1993), also known as Leah Downes, was an Odesa-born anarchist garment worker who for most of her adult life was based in London, England. Feldman was active in the anarchist movement for almost 80 years, and towards the end of her life she acted as a last living link in the British anarchist movement to the Russian revolution, the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine, and the pre-WWI Jewish anarchist movement in the East End of London.

## Biography

Feldman was born to a Yiddish-speaking Jewish family in Odesa in September 1898. The family moved to Warsaw, Poland, while Feldman was still young and she joined a socialist club when she was 12. In 1913 Feldman moved to England with some relatives, against her mother's wishes, where she began work as a furrier and first encountered the anarchist movement. Feldman read Peter Kropotkin's pamphlet An Appeal to the Young and began attending a sunday school at the Jubilee Street Anarchist Club. She took part in the Yiddish language trade unionism that was active in East London.
The first world war prevented Feldman from rejoining her family in Warsaw. In May 1917, like many Russian and Eastern European Jewish anarchists in Britain, Leah moved to Russia to take part in the Russian revolution. She met Kropotkin in Russia, and in May 1921 attended his funeral in Moscow. While some Western anarchists of the time shifted to supporting Bolshevism, Feldman was fiercely critical of the new Bolshevik government and remained so for the rest of her life. Feldman travelled to Ukraine to take part in the Makhnovist movement, working as a seamstress during the civil war.
In 1927 she travelled to Berlin, then lived in Paris for a year before returning to London in 1928. She had at first been denied entry to the UK, finding herself stateless, so in 1931 she married a British ex-serviceman to gain British citizenship. She continued to work as a garment worker but found the anarchist movement in London depressing and in retreat. She lived in Palestine for four years in the 1930s, returning to London in 1936 where she was active in supporting the anarchist movement in the Spanish revolution. She helped push for the decision for the Freedom Press group to use the group's remaining assets to support the new newspaper Spain and the World.
Feldman was, alongside Lilian Wolfe, a regular street seller of the anarchist newspaper Freedom for many decades. She was active in campaigns relating to the Angry Brigade, the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti, Anarchist Black Cross campaigns for anarchist dissidents in Francoist Spain, and the anti-nuclear marches of the 1960s.
Feldman was registered blind after her eyesight was damaged in a bomb blast, which had been worsened by an accident in surgery. In her seventies she travelled to Warsaw to try and trace her relatives, all of whom had perished. She died in London on 3 January 1993 at the age of 94.
# Leah E. Cowen

Leah Elizabeth Cowen is a Canadian mycologist and the Vice-President, Research and Innovation, and Strategic Initiatives at the University of Toronto.

## Early life and education

Cowen earned her Bachelor of Science degree from the University of British Columbia and her PhD from the University of Toronto (U of T). During this time, she received a postgraduate scholarship from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council and completed her postdoctoral fellowship at the Whitehead Institute. While at MIT, she also received the 2005 Genzyme Postdoctoral Fellowship.

## Career

Cowen returned to her alma mater, U of T, in 2007 as an assistant professor in the department of molecular genetics. While serving in this role, her laboratory showed that growth of the Candida albicans fungus was tied to the function of heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90). In 2012, Cowen was appointed a Canada Research Chair (CRC) in Microbial Genomics and Infectious Disease. As a CRC, Cowen began using specialized genomics technology to examine how fungal pathogens become resistant to drugs and cause human disease. She also became the co-director of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research program "Fungal Kingdom: Threats & Opportunities" and was the co-founder and chief scientific officer of biotechnology firm Bright Angel Therapeutics. As such, Cowen received a 2015 Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowships.
In 2018, Cowen was re-appointed a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Microbial Genomics & Infectious Disease. In November 2020, Cowen was appointed the University of Toronto’s first associate vice-president of research. She was also elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in the same month. The following year, Cowen was named one of four new editors for the blog Genes to Genomes run through the Genetics Society of America.
# Athletics at the 1994 Commonwealth Games – Women's high jump

The women's high jump event at the 1994 Commonwealth Games was held at the Centennial Stadium in Victoria, British Columbia.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Alison Inverarity Australia | Charmaine Weavers South Africa | Debbie Marti England |

## Results
### Qualification

| Rank | Group | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
| 1 | A | Alison Inverarity | Australia | 1.85 | q |
| 1 | A | Debbie Marti | England | 1.85 | q |
| 1 | A | Leslie Estwick | Canada | 1.85 | q |
| 4 | A | Desiré du Plessis | South Africa | 1.85 | q |
| 5 | A | Corinna Wolf | Canada | 1.85 | q |
| 5 | A | Tracy Phillips | New Zealand | 1.85 | q |
| 7 | A | Natasha Alleyne | Trinidad and Tobago | 1.80 | |
| 8 | A | Annerie de Klerk | South Africa | 1.65 | |
| 1 | B | Tania Dixon | New Zealand | 1.85 | q |
| 1 | B | Julia Bennett | England | 1.85 | q |
| 3 | B | Andrea Hughes | Australia | 1.85 | q |
| 4 | B | Sara McGladdery | Canada | 1.85 | q |
| 5 | B | Lea Haggett | England | 1.85 | q |
| 6 | B | Charmaine Weavers | South Africa | 1.85 | q |
| 7 | B | Hazel Melvin | Scotland | 1.80 | |
| 8 | B | Theodora Venter | Namibia | 1.70 | |
| | | Tsoseletso Nkala | Botswana | DNS | |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | 1.75 | 1.80 | 1.85 | 1.88 | 1.91 | 1.94 | 1.97 | Result | Notes |
| | Alison Inverarity | Australia | – | – | o | xxo | o | o | xx | 1.94 | GR |
| | Charmaine Weavers | South Africa | | | | | | o | xxx | 1.94 | =GR |
| | Debbie Marti | England | | | | | o | xxx | | 1.91 | SB |
| 4 | Tania Dixon | New Zealand | | | | | | | | 1.91 | |
| 5 | Andrea Hughes | Australia | | | | | | | | 1.88 | |
| 5 | Lea Haggett | England | | | | | | | | 1.88 | |
| 7 | Julia Bennett | England | | | | | | | | 1.85 | |
| 8 | Sara McGladdery | Canada | | | | | | | | 1.85 | |
| 9 | Tracy Phillips | New Zealand | | | | | | | | 1.80 | |
| 9 | Desiré du Plessis | South Africa | | | | | | | | 1.80 | |
| 11 | Leslie Estwick | Canada | | | | | | | | 1.80 | |
| 12 | Corinna Wolf | Canada | | | | | | | | 1.75 | |
# Athletics at the 2002 Commonwealth Games – Men's 50 kilometres walk

The men's 50 kilometres walk event at the 2002 Commonwealth Games was held on 30 July.

## Results

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | Nathan Deakes | Australia | 3:52:40 | GR |
| | Craig Barrett | New Zealand | 3:56:42 | |
| | Tim Berrett | Canada | 4:04:25 | |
| 4 | Duane Cousins | Australia | 4:09:59 | |
| 5 | Tony Sargisson | New Zealand | 4:13:19 | |
| 6 | Steven Hollier | England | 4:16:46 | |
| 7 | Gareth Brown | England | 4:40:07 | |
| | Mark Easton | England | DQ | |
| | Liam Murphy | Australia | DQ | |
# Atilius Fortunatianus

Atilius Fortunatianus (flourished in the 4th century A.D.) was a Latin grammarian. He was the author of a treatise on metres, dedicated to one of his pupils, a youth of senatorial rank, who desired to be instructed in the Horatian metres. The manual opens with a discussion of the fundamental ideas of metre and the chief rules of prosody, and ends with a detailed analysis of the metres of Horace. The chief authorities used are Caesius Bassus and the Latin adaptation by Juba the grammarian of the Τέχνη of Heliodorus. Fortunatianus being a common name in the African provinces, it is probable that the author was a countryman of Juba, Terentianus Maurus and Victorinus.
Atilius' work on metrical treatise depends on that of Caesius Bassus. His treatise on metrics also contains in the beginning some chapters on vowels, consonants and syllabus.
There is an edition of his Ars in H. Keil, Grammatici Latini, vi.; also published by him separately (1885).

## Discovery at Bobbio

In 1493 a sensational trove of grammatical and late-Roman poetry was discovered in Bobbio, and Atilius’s work was part of this discovery.
# Chelatococcus daeguensis

Chelatococcus daeguensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacteria from the genus of Chelatococcus which was isolated from wastewater of a textile dye works in Daegu in the Republic of Korea.
# Sun Towers

Suntowers is a high-rise building complex in the Chatuchak District, Bangkok, Thailand. The complex consists of Tower A, Ericsson headquarters (40 floors), and Tower B (32 floors)

## Transportation

* Mo Chit Station (Sukhumvit Line of the BTS Skytrain)
* The planned Ha Yaek Lat Phrao Station of the northern BTS extension will be the closest station when built.
* Chatuchak Park MRT station, MRT Blue Line

## Nearby

* Union Mall
* Chatuchak Park
* Chatuchak weekend market
* Central Plaza Lat Phrao
* JJ Mall
# Chase This Light (song)

"Chase This Light" is the ninth track on Jimmy Eat World's sixth album, Chase This Light. It was never released as a single, but it did chart on the Pop 100, peaking at 99.

## Reception

Virgin Media calls "Chase This Light", "heartfelt and uplifting", citing its melancholy.

## Charts

| Chart (2007) | Peak position |
| US Billboard Pop 100 | 99 |

## Appearances in popular media

"Chase This Light" has been used on station promos for TNT.
# Tahir Hamid Nguilin

Tahir Hamid Nguilin or Tahir Hamit Nguilign is a Chadian politician and civil servant. He has been Chad's Minister of Finance and Budget since June 2019.
He was the director general of the treasury 2005-2006 and director general of taxes 2006-2008. From 2016 to 2018 he was the CEO of SHT, Chad's national oil company.
# Atlantean Chronicles

Atlantean Chronicles is a 1970 study of Atlantis by Henry M. Eichner. It was first published in 1971 by Fantasy Publishing Company, Inc. in an edition of 1,250 copies. An abridged version of the book was later serialized in the Perry Rhodan books.
# Atomic coffee machine

Coffee machines sold under the trademark "Atomic coffee machine" existed both as stove-top device, and electrical versions.
The trademark was applied unrelated to their function or design by four different manufacturers in Italy (Brevetti Robbiati), Austria (Stella - Desider Josef Stern was the trademark holder), Hungary (Szigony M.V.), United Kingdom ( A.&M.G. Sassoon).
In Italy, Giordano Robbiati applied a small yellow sticker bearing the Atomic trademark on a small copper and aluminium moka pot. Most of aluminium cast Model A (flathead) and B (Roundhead) had a black and white circular Atomic badge. As for the Isomac "La splendida", it wore a black sticker Atomic cappuccino which was applied on both white and red models.
In Austria, Desider Stern applied the trademark on various models stating with the 102, 104, 105 and 110 and extending to the 402E series. The inventions related to the Model 105, 110 and 402E were patented by Desider Stern.
The Qualital company in Hungary produced another range of Atomic trademarked machines, which are similar in shape to the Model A of Brevetti Robbiati and the Model 102 of the Stella company, since Desider Stern was Power of Attorney of Giordano Stern and could use the License on the patented Model A.
In the United Kingdom, the A & M.G Sassoon Co. produced its own British-manufactured coffee makers "standard" and "Cappucino" around 1955–1965 that also bore the trademark "Atomic". An example is now on display in the Science Museum in London.
# Atomic coherence

In physics, atomic coherence is the induced coherence between levels of a multi-level atomic system and an electromagnetic field.
The internal state of an atom is characterized by a superposition of excited states and their associated energy levels. In the presence of external electromagnetic fields, the atom's energy levels acquire perturbations to the excited states that describe the atom's internal state. When the acquired phase is the same over the range of internal states, the atom is coherent. Atomic coherence is characterized by the length of time over which the internal state of the atom can be reliably manipulated.

## Measuring coherence

Atomic coherence can be characterized by the coherence time. For example, the contrast in Ramsey fringes has been used to measure the relaxation time, T$_2${\textstyle T_{2}}, in a trapped ion and in neutral atoms. Similarly, the coherence time can be characterized by measuring the population transfer over time of an atom undergoing Rabi oscillations.

## Examples
### Atomic interferometry

An atom interferometer creates coherent atomic beams, where the coherence is with respect to the phase of the atom's de Broglie wave.

### Rabi flopping

If an electron in a two level atomic system is excited by narrow line width coherent electro-magnetic radiation, like a laser, that is on resonance with the two level transition, the electron will Rabi flop. During Rabi flopping the electron oscillates between the ground and excited states and can be described by a continuous rotation around the Bloch sphere.
For a perfectly isolated system, a particle undergoing Rabi oscillation between two levels will remain in phase. In practice, interactions between the system and the environment introduce a phase offset in the Rabi oscillation between the two levels, causing "decoherence".
If instead of a single two-level system, an ensemble of identical two level systems (such as a chain of identical atoms in an ion trap) is prepared and continuously addressed with a laser, all the atoms will coherently Rabi flop. All two level systems will initially have a defined relative phase and the system will be coherent.
As atoms undergo random spontaneous emission their Rabi oscillations will accumulate a random relative phase with respect to each other and become decoherent. In actual experiments ambient magnetic field noise and thermal heating from collisions between atoms cause decoherence faster than random spontaneous emission and are the dominant uncertainties when running atomic clocks or trapped ion quantum computers. Atomic coherence can also apply to multi-level systems which require more than a single laser.
Atomic coherence is essential in research on several effects, such as electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), lasing without inversion (LWI), stimulated raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) and nonlinear optical interaction with enhanced efficiency.
Atomic systems demonstrating continuous superradiance exhibit long coherence time, a property shared with lasers.
# Le metamorfosi di Pasquale

Le metamorfosi di Pasquale, o sia Tutto è illusione nel mondo is a one-act farsa opera by Gaspare Spontini on a libretto by Giuseppe Foppa, which premiered at the Teatro San Moisè, Venice in 1802. The opera was Spontini's last work for Italy before his move to Paris and then Berlin. The opera was considered lost but rediscovered in the collection of the Duke of Ursel in Belgium in 2016.

## Recording

Spontini: Le Metamorfosi di Pasquale; Baurzhan Anderzhanov (Pasquale), Carolina Lippo (Lisetta), Davide Bartolucci (Frontino), Antonio Garés (Il Marchese), Michela Antenucci (Costanza), Carlo Feola (Barone), Daniele Adriani (Il Cavaliere/Un Sergente); Orchestra Sinfonica G. Rossini, Giuseppe Montesano Dynamic 2019
# Le maître de chapelle

Le maître de chapelle, ou Le souper imprévu (The Chapelmaster, or The Unexpected Supper) is an opéra comique in two acts by the Italian composer Ferdinando Paer. The French libretto, by Sophie Gay, is based on Le souper imprévu, ou Le chanoine de Milan by Alexandre Duval (1796).
Le maître de chapelle was premiered by the Opéra-Comique at the Théâtre Feydeau in Paris on 29 March 1821 with the famous baritone Jean-Blaise Martin as Barnabé. By 1900 the work had been performed by the Opéra-Comique over 430 times. It was given at the Royal Opera in London on 13 June 1845, and at the Théâtre d'Orléans, New Orleans on 21 November 1848.
It became Paer's most popular work, albeit usually performed in an abridged version of only the first act.

## Roles

| Cast | Voice type | Premiere cast, 29 March 1821 |
| Barnabé | baritone | Jean-Blaise Martin |
| Gertrude, Barnabé's French chef | soprano | Marie-Julie Halligner ('Mme Boulanger') |
| Benetto, Barnabé's nephew | tenor | Louis Féréol |
| Coelénie, Barnabé's pupil | soprano | Antoinette-Eugénie Rigaut |
| Firmin, Captain of Hussars | tenor | |
| Sans Quartier, a hussar | bass | |

## Synopsis

1797, near Milan. The chapelmaster Barnabé has composed an opera entitled Cléopâtre which he hopes will be staged in Milan, however he is worried that someone in the invading French army will take it away from him.

## Recordings

Paer: Le maître de chapelle - ORTF Chamber Orchestra
* Conductor: Jean-Paul Kreder
* Principal singers: Jean-Christophe Benoît (Barnabé), Mady Mesplé (Coelénie), Isabel Garcisanz (Gertrude), Michel Sénéchal (Benetto), Pierre Pégaud (Firmin), Yves Bisson (Sans Quartier)
* Recording date: 1970
* Label: Black Disc - Inedits ORTF - 995 004 (LP)
# Le traquenard

Le traquenard (1915) is a French crime silent film starring Fernand Mailly, Irène Bordoni and Jacques Grétillat.

## Film Preservation

No sources indicate if a copy survives or not.
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