OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Portland Academy and Female Seminary

The Portland Academy and Female Seminary was a private school in Portland, Oregon, United States, operated by the Methodist Episcopal Church from 1851 until 1876. Often abbreviated as the Portland Academy, the school was among the few secondary schools in Portland during the years of the Oregon Territory. Later it served briefly as an alternative to Portland High School.

## History

The Portland Academy and Female Seminary was founded in 1851 on property donated by some of Portland's early residents. Although the area may not have been fully platted at the time, it corresponded to block 205 along Park Street on the Survey of Portland Map of 1852 and blocks 205 and 224 on East and West Park Avenue on later maps. The school's location was so remote in 1851 that some parents feared their children would get lost on their way to and from school. The property deed given to James H. Wilbur, a leader in the Methodist Episcopal Oregon Mission, specified "a male and female seminary," but for unknown reasons the school was named the Portland Academy and Female Seminary.
C. S. Kingsley, later Superintendent of Portland Public Schools, was the first principal. By 1852, P.G. Buchanan had become principal and Kingsley had returned to his duties for the Willamette District of the Methodist Mission. From the beginning, the school referred to teaching staff by gender specific titles, where men were teachers and women were preceptresses.
In 1854 the Oregon Territorial Legislature provided for funding of public schools, and in 1858 Portland's Central School opened on Sixth Avenue between Morrison and Yamhill Streets. Enrollment at the Portland Academy began to decrease, and when Portland High School was constructed in 1869, the Portland Academy soon became obsolete. It closed in 1876, and the property was deeded to Willamette University.
Unaffiliated institutions would later use the name, Portland Academy.

## Notable alumni

* Lucie Fulton Isaacs, author, suffragist
# Agyneta decorata

Agyneta decorata is a species of sheet weaver found in the United States. It was described by Chamberlin & Ivie in 1944.
# African olive pigeon

The African olive pigeon or Rameron pigeon (Columba arquatrix) is a pigeon which is a resident breeding bird in much of eastern and southern Africa from Ethiopia to the Cape. Populations also are found in western Angola, southwestern Saudi Arabia and northern Yemen. It is locally common, although sizeable gaps in its distribution occur due to its habitat requirements.

## Description

The adult male African olive pigeon is a large pigeon at 37 to 42 cm (15 to 17 in) in length and a weight of 300 to 450 g (11 to 16 oz). Its back and wings are maroon, with the shoulders heavily speckled with white spots. The underparts are maroon with heavy white spotting, and the head is grey with yellow patches around the eye, and a yellow bill. The neck plumage, used in display, is streaked maroon and white, the underwing and undertail are dark grey, and the feet are yellow.
Females are very similar but somewhat duller. Juvenile birds have the maroon and grey replaced with dark brown, the bare parts are a dull greenish-yellow, and the wing feathers have pale fringes. In flight, this pigeon looks very dark. Its flight is quick, with the regular beats and an occasional sharp flick of the wings which are characteristic of pigeons in general. The call is a loud coo coo.

## Habitat

This is a species of cool, moist forest canopies above 1,400 m (4,600 ft) altitude, although it occurs locally as low as 700 m (2,300 ft). It will use mountain fynbos, second growth, and clearings, and feed on agricultural land when not persecuted.

## Behaviour
### Breeding

The African olive pigeon builds a large stick nest up to 15 m (49 ft) high in a tree and lays one (rarely two) white eggs. The eggs are incubated for 17–20 days to hatching, and the chicks fledge in another 20 days.
The male has a display consisting of deep bows, and a display flight which consists of a climb, wing clapping, and slow glide down.

### Feeding

The African olive pigeon feeds on fruit and berries, mainly picked in the canopy, but it will also descend for fallen fruit and prey on insects and caterpillars. In the south of its range, it favours the fruit of a highly invasive plant, the bugweed, Solanum mauritianum. Birds fly considerable distances from their roosts to feeding areas, and young or nonbreeding birds form flocks.
Geophagy, which is the act of Earth eating, has been observed in this species. The African olive pigeon has been found to eat clay soil of basic pH and high sodium content. Based on current studies, this is for the purpose of supplementing their diet with minerals and as a pH buffer due to their acidic diet.

## Gallery

* At San Diego Zoo
* At a clay lick
* Nesting
# Potosi Mountain

Potosi Mountain may refer to:
* Cerro Rico ("Rich Mountain") in Bolivia, also known as Potosi Mountain
* A mountain of the Potosí mountain range in Bolivia
* Huayna Potosí, Bolivia
* Potosi Mountain (Nevada)
* Wayna Potosí (Oruro), Bolivia
# American Esperantist

American Esperantist may refer to:
* Amerika Esperantisto, defunct 20th century Esperanto periodical
* Usona Esperantisto, bi-monthly periodical of Esperanto-USA
# C. K. Barrett

Charles Kingsley Barrett FBA (4 May 1917 – 26 August 2011) was a British biblical scholar and Methodist minister. He served as Professor of Divinity at the University of Durham and wrote commentaries on the Acts of the Apostles, John, Romans, 1 Corinthians and 2 Corinthians.

## Early life and education

Barrett was born in Salford, and studied at Shebbear College, Devon, Pembroke College, Cambridge, and Wesley House in Cambridge.

## Career

Barrett was ordained to the ministry in the Methodist Church, and appointed lecturer in divinity at the University of Durham in 1945, where he was elected professor in 1958. He also preached on a regular basis in the Darlington circuit of the Methodist Church and more widely.
Barrett has been described as standing alongside C. H. Dodd as "the greatest British New Testament scholar of the 20th century" and "the greatest UK commentator on New Testament writings since J. B. Lightfoot".

## Honours

Barrett was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA) in 1961, and was awarded its Burkitt Medal in 1966. He served as president of the Society for New Testament Studies in 1973.
In 1982, a Festschrift was published in his honour. Paul and Paulinism: Essays in Honour of C.K. Barrett included contributions from Morna Hooker, F. F. Bruce, I. Howard Marshall, Martin Hengel, and John Painter.

## Selected works

* Barrett, C. K. (1947). The Holy Spirit and the Gospel tradition. London: S.P.C.K.
* ——— (1955). The Gospel According to St. John: an introduction with commentary and notes on the Greek text. London: S.P.C.K.
* ——— (1956). The New Testament Background: selected documents edited, with introductions. London: S.P.C.K.
* ——— (1957). A Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. London: A. & C. Black.
* ——— (1963). The Pastoral Epistles in the New English Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* ——— (1967). Jesus and the Gospel Tradition. London: S.P.C.K.
* ——— (1968). A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians. London: A. & C. Black.
* ——— (1970). The Gospel of John and Judaism. London: S.P.C.K.
* ——— (1973). A Commentary on the Second Epistle to the Corinthians. London: A. & C. Black.
* ——— (1977). Reading Through Romans. London: SCM Press.
* ——— (1982). Essays on Paul. London: S.P.C.K.
* ——— (1982). Essays on John. London: S.P.C.K.
* ——— (1985). Freedom and Obligation: Study of the Epistle to the Galatians. London: S.P.C.K.
* ——— (1994). Paul: An Introduction to His Thought. Geoffrey Chapman.
* ——— (1994). A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on The Acts of the Apostles: Vol. 1, Preliminary Introduction and Commentary on Acts I-XIV. ICC. London: T&T Clark.
* ——— (1999). A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on The Acts of the Apostles: Vol. 2, Preliminary Introduction and Commentary on Acts XV-XXVIII. ICC. London: T&T Clark.
* ——— (2002). Acts of the Apostles: A Shorter Commentary. ICC. London: T&T Clark.
# Portsmouth sign

Portsmouth sign refers to a situation in which the systolic blood pressure (SBP) reading (measured in mmHg) falls below that of the heart rate (HR) (measured in beats per minute). It typically signifies a worrying clinical prognosis, specifically caused by shock. The sign takes its name from physicians working at Portsmouth University who first described the sign in the context of hypotension.
Portsmouth sign is most often noted clinically when reviewing observations charts which often plot SBP and HR on the same axis, allowing direct observation of situations in which SBP falls below HR. Patients exhibiting this sign are likely to be significantly fluid depleted and in urgent need of aggressive fluid resuscitation. This sign is part of a number of 'early warning' signs that can be used to promptly detect abnormal physiological states.
# Aminul Islam Mintu

Aminul Islam Mintu (c. 1939 – 18 December 2020) was a Bangladeshi film editor.

## Biography

In his career, he was awarded 4 times Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Editing for the film Aghat (1986), Opekkha (1987), Goriber Bou (1990), Ajante (1996).
Mintu died from COVID-19 on 19 December 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh.

## Selected films

* Mala - 1965
* Aakhri Station - 1965
* Chakori - 1967
* Chand Aur Chandni - 1968
* Pitch Dhala Path - 1968
* Daagh - 1969
* Bijli - 1969
* The Rain - 1976
* Ki Je Kori - 1976
* Jadur Bashi - 1977
* Sareng Bou - 1978
* Angaar - 1978
* Anuraag - 1979
* Jinjir (1979)
* Aradhona - 1979
* Rajanigandha - 1982
* Nantu Ghotok - 1982
* Chandon Diper Rajkonna - 1984
* Awara - 1985
* Didar - 1987
* Surrender - 1987
* Sondhi - 1987
* Opekkha - 1987
* Hisab Chai - 1988
* Bidhata - 1989
* Byathar Daan - 1989
* Nawab Sirajuddaula - 1989
* Ankhi Milon - 1990
* Mayer Doa - 1990
* Goriber Bou - 1990
* Dangga Fasaad - 1990
* Chorer Bou - 1992
* Ondho Prem - 1993
* Abujh Sontan - 1993
* Kaliya - 1994
* Banglar Nayok - 1995
* Shopner Prithibi - 1996
* Nirmom - 1996
* Ajante - 1996
* Praner Cheye Priyo - 1997
* Sagarika - 1998
* Kajer Meye - 1999
* Eri Naam Dosti - 2001
* Shwashurbari Zindabad - 2002

## Awards and nominations

National Film Awards
| Year | Award | Category | Film | Result |
| 1986 | National Film Award | Best Editing | Aghat | Won |
| 1987 | National Film Award | Best Editing | Opekkha | Won |
| 1990 | National Film Award | Best Editing | Goriber Bou | Won |
| 1996 | National Film Award | Best Editing | Ajante | Won |
# American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine

The American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) is a multidisciplinary association dedicated to advancing the use of ultrasound in medicine through professional and public education, research, development of guidelines, and accreditation.
The AIUM's membership consists of more than 10,000 sonographers, physicians, scientists, engineers, other health care providers, manufacturers of ultrasound equipment, and students. The AIUM is directed by a Board of governors and Executive Committee who are assisted by committees and a Council on Sections, representing many ultrasound specialties. The AIUM's official journal is the Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine.
# Butlers Marston

Butlers Marston is a village and civil parish on the River Dene in south-eastern Warwickshire, England. The village is part of Stratford-on-Avon district. In the 2001 census it had a population of 226, increasing to 232 in the 2011 Census. Butlers Marston is located one mile south-west of Kineton and roughly four miles south-east of Wellesbourne.

## History

The village originally lay to the east, beyond the church, but was evacuated after the Black Death in 1349. The church of St Peter and St Paul, though mainly Victorian, has a Norman arcade and a 17th-century aisle.
# Tighedouine

Tighedouine or Tighdouine is a small town and rural commune in Al Haouz Province of the Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 22353 people living in 3143 households. The town lies in a fertile valley 29.8 kilometres (18.5 mi) by road to the southeast of Ait Ourir and 63.1 kilometres (39.2 mi) southeast of the city centre of Marrakesh.
# Lasse Olsen

Lasse Olsen (born 18 November 1973) is a Norwegian former footballer who played as a forward for Gjelleråsen, Strømsgodset, Aalesund, and Mjøndalen.
He is the son of former Vålerenga player Terje Olsen.
After the 2008 season, his contract with Aalesund was not renewed. He initially contemplated retirement, but in late December he was signed by SK Herd together with former teammate Karl Oskar Fjørtoft. From 2012 he continued to play in the lower divisions of Møre og Romsdal.
Embarking on a manager career, he remained as junior and B team coach in SK Herd. He managed Averøykameratene in 2018 before moving on to Tomrefjord. He was hired in IL Valder on a two-year contract ahead of the 2021 season, but was fired after relegation from the 2021 4. divisjon.
# Henry Cundell

Henry Cundell (1810-1886) was a Scottish painter, artist, and early photographer. He exhibited for a short time in the 1850s.

## Biography

Trade card in the British Museum collection says
   Henry Cundell, Chymist and Druggists... Makes and Sells all Sorts of Cymical and Galenical Medicines, with all Sorts of Drugs, Pyrmont and Spa Waters, &c. Physicians Perscriptions carefully Prepar'd, & Medicine-Chests fitted out in the neatest Manner, &c. likewise, Hamilton's Tincture for the Tooth-Ach [sic], and preserving the Teeth and Gums... Spirit of Pepper-Mint, Perfectly pure... Spirit of Penny-Royal & Mint...Pectoral Balsam of Honey... Chymical liquor for the Itch... [etc., etc.].
Henry Cundell's photographs are often attributed to either his brothers—George, Joseph, and Edward—or to his contemporary, Joseph Cundall. Sara Stevenson and A. D. Morrison-Low wrote that Henry Cundell "figured in touring exhibitions set up by the London Society of Arts between 1852 and 1854. His photographs ranged from pictures taken in North Wales, to Perthshire, Durham, and Kensington."
His best-known photo of London in 1844 was wrongly attributed to Joseph Cundall. Julie L. Mellby of the Princeton University wrote about that calotype:
   One day in 1844, twenty-six year old Joseph Cundall walked from his printing shop on Old Bond Street down to the Thames River carrying the box camera he recently designed and built, along with bottles of’ silver nitrate and gallic acid. Once settled on the Blackfriars Bridge, under a black cloth, he painted the chemistry onto some writing paper that had already been treated with silver nitrate and potassium iodide and then, inserted it into the camera. Focusing on St. Paul's Cathedral in the distance, Cundall opened the lens and made a single exposure.
   This calotype (paper negative) was used later to make several positive prints, one of which was given to his friend, optician Richard Willats, who pasted it into an album. That album and what might be the earliest photograph taken by Joseph Cundall is now at Princeton University.
# Phostria atrisignalis

Phostria atrisignalis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1912. It is found in Singapore.
# Congress: The Electoral Connection

Congress: The Electoral Connection is a book by David Mayhew, first published in 1974, that applies rational choice theory to the actions of American Congressmen. Mayhew argues that Congressmen are motivated by re-election.
Mayhew uses pieces from Anthony Downs's and Richard Fenno's works to build his own argument and present his own rational choice model for members of Congress.

## Book
### Opening Statements

Mayhew claims that the book is theoretical; it pursues an argument and considers the implications for exploratory purposes.
Mayhew's model rests on the assumption that all members of congress are single-minded seekers of reelection. He references the decreasing turnover rate of congressmen as evidence for the transition to full-time politicians interested in advancing their careers. It is also the goal that must be reached in order for any other goals (legislation) to be achieved.

### 1: The Electoral Incentive

Whereas the British system (GB) is adept at producing candidates representative of their party, the American system (US) produces more individualized candidates, candidates who may or may not reflect local interests more than their parties' national stances.
* (GB) the system produces candidates "who will vote the party line if and when they reach Parliament"
* (GB) candidates have to rely on their party's base for support; (US) candidates must find support independent of their party
* (GB) Party cohesion is incentivized by cabinet positions
Questions introduced in Section 1: the Electoral Incentive
* Do members of Congress have any control in getting reelected?
* Is there a connection between what they do in office and their need to be reelected? (37)
* Do members of Congress believe their activities have an electoral impact? (37)
* Do members of Congress' activities have an electoral impact? (37)
Other Points
* the need for money in primary elections (43)

### 2: Processes and Policies

The goal of this part of Mayhew's work is to show what happens when members who need to engage in these activities assemble for collective action.
* Examines the salient structural units of Congress (offices, committees, and parties) and the ways in which these units are arranged to meet electoral needs.
* Explores the "functions" that Congress fulfills or is thought to fulfill.
* Examines structural arrangements in Congress that promote institutional maintenance.
* Discusses the place of assemblies in governance in the U.S. and elsewhere.
* Considers "reform" efforts provoked by dissatisfaction with congressional performance.

## Terminology
### Single-Minded Seekers of Reelection

Congress is made up of single-minded seekers of reelection. This mindset affects how they gather support, interact with interest groups, make policy, virtually everything within Congress and on Capitol Hill.

### Credit Claiming

To claim credit for something that benefits constituents

### Position Taking

Politicians get "reward for taking positions rather than achieving effects"
# Caspar Hedio

Caspar Hedio, also written as Kaspar Hedio, Kaspar Heyd, Kaspar Bock or Kaspar Böckel (Ettlingen, 1494 - Strasbourg, 17 October 1552) was a German historian, theologian and Protestant reformer.
He was born into a prosperous family and attended a famous school in Pforzheim. In 1513. he began his studies in Fribourg and later studied theology in Basel, where he received his degree in 1519. At that time, he began his relationship with Ulrich Zwingli and corresponded with Martin Luther. He took his doctorate in Mainz and obtained a position as a preacher at the Strasbourg Cathedral in 1523. His Protestant convictions were made clear when he married Margarete Trenz.
In Strasbourg, he collaborated with Wolfgang Capito and Martin Bucer and participated in the Marburg Colloquy. His influence extended to Alsace, the Margraviate of Baden and the Palatinate. When Philipp Melanchthon went to France, Hedio was asked to accompany him. In 1541, he moved to Regensburg to join Bucer and others in developing Protestant doctrine. As a representative of Strasbourg, he participated in the debate at the Diet of Worms of 1545.
Hedio translated many tracts by the Church Fathers, published a chronicle of the early Christian church based on the works of Eusebius and Sozomen and compiled a world history.

## Sources

* T. W. Röhrich: Mitteilungen aus der Geschichte der evangelischen Kirche des Elsasses. Band 3, 1855.
* W. Baum: Capito und Butzer. Elberfeld 1860.
* Ch. Spindler: Caspar Hedio 1864.
* Himmelheber: Caspar Hedio Karlsruhe 1881.
* C. Varrentrapp: Hermann von Wied und sein Reformationsversuch in Köln. Leipzig 1878.
* F. Roth: Friedrich II. von der Pfalz und die Reformation. Heidelberg 1904.
* J. Adam: Versuch einer Bibliographie Kasper Hedio's (ZGO N. F. 31 1916, 424-429).
* J. Adam: Evangelische Kirchengeschichte der Stadt Straßburg. 1922. 54ff. u. ö.
* J. Adam: Evangelische Kirchengeschichte der elsässischen Territorien. Straßburg 1928.
* W. Gunzert. Kleine Beiträge zur Geschichte der Grafschaft Hanau-Lichtenberg (Elsaß-lothr. Jb. 19, 1941, 129-141).
* H. Keute. Kaspar Hedio als Historiograf. Göttingen 1980
* This biographical article about person in connection with Christianity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# HMS Goldfinch

Four ships of the Royal Navy and one shore establishment have borne the name HMS Goldfinch, probably after the bird the European goldfinch.

## Ships

* HMS Goldfinch (1808) was a 6-gun brig launched in 1808 that became a Post Office Packet Service packet, sailing out of Falmouth, Cornwall. She was sold in 1838.
* HMS Goldfinch (1856) was an Albacore-class wooden screw gunboat launched on 2 February 1856 and broken up 1869.
* HMS Goldfinch (1889) was a Redbreast-class composite gunboat launched in 1889 and sold in 1907.
* HMS Goldfinch (1910) was an Acorn-class destroyer launched in 1910. She was wrecked on Start Point, Sanday Island, Orkney on 18 February 1915, and subsequently broken for scrap in April 1919.

## Shore establishment

* HMS Goldfinch was the name given to Ta' Qali airfield in Malta when it was transferred to the Fleet Air Arm on 1 April 1945 for use as a Fleet Requirements Unit.
# Cuvier (name)

Cuvier is both a French surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:
Surname:
* Frédéric Cuvier (1773–1838), French zoologist
* Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), French naturalist and zoologist
* Sébastien Cuvier (born 1970), French footballer
Given name:
# Phonomyography

Phonomyography (PMG) (also known as acoustic myography, sound myography, vibromyography, and surface mechanomyogram) is a technique to measure the force of muscle contraction by recording the low frequency sounds created during muscular activity.
Although, until recently, less precise than the more traditional mechanomyography, it is considerably easier to set up. The signal is measured using condenser microphone elements, piezoelectric sensors, accelerometers, or a combination of sensors attached to the skin. Hydrophones have also been used to measure muscles immersed in water. Improvements in microphones and contact transducers (piezoelectric devices), as well as recording systems, has meant that they have become available in a size and of a quality that enables them to be applied to a normal daily setting outside the clinic and the laboratory setting. These new possibilities provide a clinical tool for the assessment of patients with musculoskeletal complaints during daily activities, or assessment of athletes in terms of efficiency in use of muscles.
The sound created by muscle movement can be heard with the ear pressed up to a contracting muscle, but most of the energy is low frequency, below 20 Hz, making it inaudible infrasound.
Electromyography signals are typically bandpass filtered from 10 Hz to 500 Hz, by comparison. PMG signals are limited to 5 Hz to 100 Hz in some experiments. Orizio states that the low-frequency response of the sensor is the most important feature, and should go as low as 1 Hz.
Images of PMG waves are available in this creative commons-licensed document, "Mechanomyographic amplitude and frequency responses during dynamic muscle actions: a comprehensive review".

## History

Muscle sounds were first described in print by the Jesuit scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi in a posthumous publication of 1665, which influenced the work of the English physician William Hyde Wollaston and the German scientist Paul Erman. The latter enlisted the aid of René Laennec. Mechanical amplification was first employed by Hermann von Helmholtz. The past two centuries of repeated rediscovery and neglect of the phenomenon were summarised by Stokes and Blythe in 2001.