OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cyanation

In organic synthesis, cyanation is the attachment or substitution of a cyanide group on various substrates. Such transformations are high-value because they generate C-C bonds. Furthermore nitriles are versatile functional groups.

## Cyanation to form sp$^3$ nitriles

Typically, alkyl nitriles are formed via S$_N$1 or S$_N$2-type cyanation with alkyl electrophiles. Illustrative is the synthesis of benzyl cyanide by the reaction of benzyl chloride and sodium cyanide. In some cases cuprous cyanide is used instead of sodium cyanide.
Cyanation of ketones or aldehydes yields the corresponding cyanohydrins, which can be done directly with the cyanide ion (the cyanohydrin reaction) or by using bisulfite, followed by displacement of sulfite:
A related reaction is hydrocyanation, which installs the elements of H-CN.

## Cyanation of arenes

Cyanation of arenes offers access to benzoic acid derivatives, as well as the utility of aryl nitriles themselves in as fine chemicals:
A variety of mechanistically distinct pathways are known to cyanate arenes:

### With arene as two-electron electrophile

While the classical Rosenmund Von-Braun reaction utilizes stoichiometric copper(I) cyanide as a cyanation source, newer variants have been developed that are catalytic in copper:
In addition, palladium-catalyzed cyanations of aryl halides have been extensively explored. Generally, KCN or its less toxic surrogate Zn(CN)$_2$ are used as nucleophilic cyanide sources. To further diminish toxicity concerns, potassium ferricyanide has also been used as a cyanide source. Catalytic cycles are believed to proceed through a standard Pd (0/II) pathway with reductive elimination forging the key C-C bond. Deactivation of Pd(II) with excess cyanide is a common problem. Palladium catalysis conditions for aryl iodides, bromides, and even chlorides have been developed:
Nickel-catalyzed cyanations avoid the use of precious metals, and can take advantage of benzyl cyanide or acetonitrile as a cyanide source, via reductive C-C bond cleavage:
Sandmeyer cyanation is a means of converting aniline derivatives to benzonitriles. The cyanation is generally postulated to be two-electron, while with radical mediators in absence of metals, the reaction is likely radical.

### With arene as a two-electron nucleophile

Metalated arenes can be cyanated with electrophilic cyanide sources, including cyanamides, cyanates, dimethylmalononitrile, or ethyl (ethoxymethylene)cyanoacetate. These methods can proceed with or without transition metal mediation:

### With arene as a radical electrophile

Radical approaches to arene C-H cyanation are known. Photoredox mediators (metallic or organic) are most common:
# Chaetopsis (fungus)

Chaetopsis is a genus of fungus in the Ascomycota. It is considered incertae sedis within the division. It contains the following species:
* Chaetopsis canovae
* Chaetopsis cubensis
* Chaetopsis cylindrospora
* Chaetopsis fusca
* Chaetopsis graminicola
* Chaetopsis grisea
* Chaetopsis hennebertii
* Chaetopsis intermedia
* Chaetopsis macroclada
* Chaetopsis oligosperma
* Chaetopsis probosciophora
* Chaetopsis romantica
* Chaetopsis roseola
* Chaetopsis stachyoloba
* Chaetopsis ulicis
* Chaetopsis wauchii
# Homeless ministry

Homeless ministry is the intentional interaction between Christians and homeless persons, regardless of their faith. The ministering typically occurs in the environment in which the homeless reside. It may include distribution of provisions such as food, clothing, and blankets. The ministry often involves building relationships with the homeless and providing them with information and relational care. Prayer, conversation, and ministering to spiritual needs are part of the process.
# Hoplopholcus figulus

Hoplopholcus figulus is a cellar spider species found in Greece.
# Cevdet Can

Cevdet Can (born 1 July 1969) is a Turkish alpine skier. He competed in three events at the 1992 Winter Olympics.
# Cevat Yerli

Cevat Yerli (born 1978 in Coburg, Germany, to Turkish immigrants from Giresun) is a video game developer. He co-founded Crytek, one of the largest video game developers in Germany, and served as its CEO and President until February 2018.
In 2017 Cevat Yerli launched The TMRW Foundation, a new for-profit deep tech organization.

## Crytek

Yerli founded Crytek in 1997 and formally turned it into a company in 1999. His brothers, Faruk and Avni, joined Crytek in 2000 and 2001, respectively. The company developed games such as Far Cry and the Crysis series. In 2006 Cevat visited South Korea and, influenced by the country’s gaming culture, he launched Gface in 2012. GFACE was a social gaming network that hosted free-to-play titles streamed over the internet. Yerli was the director and executive producer on nearly all games until stepping down on 28 February 2018.

### Games created

| Year | Game | Notes |
| 2004 | Far Cry | creator, game director, executive producer |
| 2007 | Crysis | creator, game director, executive producer |
| 2011 | Crysis 2 | game director, executive producer |
| 2012 | Warface | co-creator, executive producer |
| 2012 | Fibble | Executive Producer |
| 2013 | Crysis 3 | game director, executive producer |
| 2013 | Ryse: Son of Rome | game director, executive producer |
| 2014 | The Collectables | executive producer |
| 2016 | Robinson - The Journey | executive producer |
| 2016 | The Climb | executive producer |

## The TMRW Foundation

In 2017 Cevat launched a new company, The TMRW Foundation, independently from Crytek. It is a for-profit organisation that develops AI- and 3D-related technologies. One of the foundation’s initial projects involved being contracted by the UAE Ministry of Health in the creation of a metaverse service centre. As of October 2022, the TMRW Foundation employed 100 people. In 2022, Cevat and The TMRW Foundation premiered ROOM 3D at the GITEX Technology Fair in Dubai. ROOM 3D, a virtual teleconferencing platform, had taken approximately three years to develop and the aim is to reduce video call fatigue and let users interact with objects and their peers in a natural and learned way. It is the first live product operating on patented and browser first RealityOS, a cloud-based social 3D communications platform which has been developed by the TMRW Foundation.
# Chalandry

Chalandry (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
# Horace Evans

Horace Evans may refer to:
* Horace Evans, 1st Baron Evans, Welsh physician
* Sir Horace Moule Evans, Indian Army officer
# Czechoslovakia national under-21 football team

The Czechoslovakia national under-21 football team was the national football team for the under-21s of Czechoslovakia, before the country split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia (For information about the national teams of the two countries, see the articles Czech Republic national under-21 football team and Slovakia national under-21 football team.)
Following the realignment of UEFA's youth competitions in 1976, Czechoslovakia's Under-21 team was formed. Despite the end of the country in January 1993, the team played until March 1994, fulfilling its fixtures in the UEFA U-21 Championship as a combined team. Since the under-21 competition rules state that players must be 21 or under at the start of a two-year competition, technically it is an U-23 competition. Czechoslovakia's record for the preceding U-23 competitions is also shown.
In its twelve U-23 and U-21 competitions, the team had a decent record, winning the first competition in 1972 and reaching the quarter-finals on seven occasions. The team failed to qualify for the final eight on four occasions.

## UEFA U-23 Championship Record

Czechoslovakia were randomly chosen to play holders Bulgaria for the title, which they did not win. The competition was abandoned in summer 1970 for a larger competition, Czechoslovakia's next competitive match was in qualification for that competition, which ended in 1972 with them as champions.
* November 15, 1967: Bulgaria 2-1 Czechoslovakia
* 1972: Champions.
* 1974: Losing quarter-finalists.
* 1976: Did not qualify. Finished 3rd of 3 in qualification group.

## UEFA U-21 Championship Record

* 1978: Losing quarter-finalists.
* 1980: Losing quarter-finalists.
* 1982: Did not qualify. Finished 2nd of 3 in qualification group.
* 1984: Did not qualify. Finished 2nd of 4 in qualification group.
* 1986: Did not qualify. Finished 3rd of 4 in qualification group.
* 1988: Losing quarter-finalists.
* 1990: Losing quarter-finalists.
* 1992: Losing quarter-finalists.
* 1994: Losing quarter-finalists.
# Czeluścin

Czeluścin may refer to:
* Czeluścin, Gniezno County
* Czeluścin, Gostyń County
# DRK (car)

The DRK is a three-wheeled kit car produced by DRK Kits of Ellesmere Port, England, between 1987 and 1998. The car was introduced at the Cheshire Kit Car show in May 1986, where its positive reception prompted the formation of the company to build it.
The car has a two front wheels, one rear wheel configuration, with front-wheel drive. Its wooden body is encased in 20 swg aluminium, secured to a steel chassis. The mechanical components needed to complete the DRK could come from a Renault 4, 5 or 6, which gave a choice of engines from 845 cc (51.6 cu in) to 1300 cc (79 cu in) turbo. Kits were available from about £2400, but most customers had the mechanical components fitted by the factory.
In 1990 DRK Kits was sold to a firm of body repairers, Callister & Roscoe; until then building the cars had been a part-time hobby for its designers. Derek and Robert Callister became full-time partners in the new venture, building customised DRKs to order. The Callister brothers decided to retire in 1998 and production ended, by which time 59 cars had been built.
# Arcadia Valley

Arcadia Valley is a valley in the St. Francois Mountains of the Ozark Plateau in Iron County, Missouri, United States. Located about 80 miles south of St. Louis, the valley includes the towns of Arcadia, Ironton and Pilot Knob, all founded in the 19th century.
Arcadia Valley has been a non-indigenous settlement for over 300 years. It became a permanent settlement as a mining community, primarily mining iron and lead ore. It is known for its graceful antebellum homes and turn-of-the-20th-century mercantile buildings, as well as the red brick Iron County courthouse. It was a popular 19th-century summer resort. In 1864, during the Civil War, the valley was the site of a significant battle at Fort Davidson in Pilot Knob.
Elephant Rocks State Park is located in the valley, and Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park and Taum Sauk State Park are nearby.
# Vicente Padula

Vicente Padula (July 14, 1898 – January 16, 1967) was an Argentine film actor. Padula moved to the United States, and appeared regularly in Hollywood films. He also made films in Mexico. Padula was a friend of the Argentine film star Carlos Gardel and appeared in several of his American films including Suburban Melody (1933) which was one of the highest-grossing film in their native Argentina that year.

## Partial filmography

* Winds of the Pampas (1927) - Emilio
* Charros, gauchos y manolas (1930) - Argentinian Artist
* El cuerpo del delito (1930) - Sargento Heath
* La fuerza del querer (1930) - Steve
* Amor audaz (1930) - Silvestre Corbett
* Del mismo barro (1930) - Señor Fullerton
* El último de los Vargas (1930) - Blanco
* El presidio (1930) - Dunn
* Monsieur Le Fox (1930)
* Gente alegre (1931) - Max
* The Lights of Buenos Aires (1931) - Ciriaco
* La barra de Taponazo (1932)
* Suburban Melody (1933) - Gutiérrez
* Aves sin rumbo (1934) - El Italiano
* Downward Slope (1934) - Jorge Linares
* The Tango on Broadway (1934) - Juan Carlos
* La viuda quería emociones (1935)
* La justicia de Pancho Villa (1939) - Vicente Múgica
* Una luz en mi camino (1939)
* Explosivo 008 (1940)
* Las cinco advertencias de Satanás (1941)
* The Road of the Llamas (1942)
* Cuando quiere un mexicano (1944)
* Gran Hotel (1944) - Conde Zapattini
* Los hijos de Don Venancio (1944) - Fontanals
* El camino de las llamas (1944)
* Bésame mucho (1945) - Tío Guiseppe
* Bartolo toca la flauta (1945) - Renard
* Canaima (1945) - Vellorini el bueno
* Una vírgen moderna (1946)
* The Associate (1946) - Don Fortunato
* La hija del payaso (1946)
* Los nietos de Don Venancio (1946) - Fontanals (uncredited)
* Se acabaron las mujeres (1946) - Che Gómez
* Ella (1946) - Carlos
* Nace la libertad (1949)
* The Avengers (1950) - El Mocho / Hernandez
* Three Coins in the Fountain (1954) - Dr. Martinelli (uncredited)
* The Last Command (1955) - General Cos (uncredited)
* The Girl Rush (1955) - Maitre d' (uncredited)
* Serenade (1956) - Pagnil (uncredited)
* The Three Outlaws (1956) - Mr. Gutzmer
* The Brass Legend (1956) - Sanchez
* The Cyclops (1957) - The Governor
* Hell Canyon Outlaws (1957) - Julio
* The Flame Barrier (1958) - Julio
* Pier 5, Havana (1959) - General (uncredited)
* Raymie (1960) - Veulo
* Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1962) (Season 7 Episode 35: "The Children of Alda Nuova") - Waiter (credited as Vincent Padula)
# Charlie McKenna

Charlie McKenna is the former Executive Director of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority and former Chief Counsel to the Governor of New Jersey.

## Biography

In 1982, McKenna received a Bachelor of Arts from Fordham University. In 1986, McKenna received a J.D. from St. John's University School of Law
McKenna spent 18 years employed by the United States Attorney's Office, District of New Jersey. From 1999 to 2002, McKenna was the US Attorney's Office Liaison to the FBI Joint Terrorism Task Force. From 2002 to 2008, McKenna was Executive Assistant to then-US Attorney Chris Christie. In 2008, McKenna was appointed to the post of Chief of the Criminal Division. In January 2010, McKenna was Director of the New Jersey State Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness.
In December 2011, Charles McKenna was appointed to serve as Chief Counsel to Governor Chris Christie.
On December 19, 2013, Gov. Christie announced McKenna's appointment as Executive Director of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority.
McKenna is one of several New Jersey state employees within the governor's office who has been subpoenaed by the New Jersey Legislature panel investigating the Fort Lee lane closure scandal. The United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey, which is conducting a parallel investigation ask that the panel postpone taking testimony.
# Calgary Girls Charter School

Calgary Girls Charter School (CGCS) is an all-female public charter school in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It currently teaches grades 4–9.
Established in 2003, the school operates in Lakeview after selling the Bel-Aire campus. Students at CGCS are required to wear a uniform.
Calgary Girls Charter School is renowned for its "Go Girls" curriculum in which girls talk about image, bullying, and the amount of pressure placed on girls.
The CGCS is administered by the Calgary Girls' School Society, a non-profit organization dedicated exclusively to administering the school. As one of 23 charter schools in Alberta, CGCS operates with its own board of directors, and is accountable directly to the Minister of Education. As a public charter school, it receives the same provincial funding per student of any public school. With public funding comes the obligation to accept any female student that it is able to accommodate, without charging tuition. Like any public Alberta school, it is allowed to charge fees, but they are not tied to the right of admission.

## Opposition

The Calgary Board of Education (CBE) and its main union are generally opposed to the idea of charter schools. Organizers of the CGCS initially (as required by law) applied to get the same school run under the authority of the CBE.
# Coleotechnites alnifructella

Coleotechnites alnifructella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Virginia.
The wingspan is about 12 mm. The forewings are black with a white dorsal edge and with an indistinct white, outwardly curved costal streak at the apical fourth and an opposite oblique dorsal white streak limiting the apical area, which is slightly mottled with lighter scales. There are three small black tufts of raised scales on the border of the white dorsal part. The hindwings are silvery fuscous, semitransparent, in the male with a long ochreous expansible hairpencil at the base.
The larvae feed in the catkins of alder and hazel. Full-grown larvae reach a length of about 12 mm. They have a white body and light brown head.
# Battle of Cancha Rayada

Battle of Cancha Rayada may refer to:
* First Battle of Cancha Rayada (1814), also known as the Disaster of Cancha Rayada, a Patriot defeat during the Patria Vieja Campaign
* Second Battle of Cancha Rayada (1818), also known as the Surprise of Cancha Rayada, a Patriot defeat during the Patria Nueva Campaign
# Colias tamerlana

Colias tamerlana is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is found in the eastern Palearctic realm (western Siberia, northern China, and Mongolia).

## Description

It is a large and very dark member of the genus Colias.

## Biology

The larva feeds on Oxytropis oligantha

## Subspecies

* C. t. tamerlana Xinjiang, Kirgizia (eastern Issyk Kul)
* C. t. mongola Alphéraky, 1897 Altai, Sayan
* C. t. sidonia Weiss, 1968 northern Mongolia

## Taxonomy

It was accepted as a species by Josef Grieshuber & Gerardo Lamas but may be a subspecies of Colias nastes.
# Colias sagartia

Colias sagartia is a butterfly of the family Pieridae. It is found in the Elburz mountains in northern Iran and the mountains of north-western Iran.
The wingspan is 48–54 mm. Adults are on wing from June to July in one generation per year.
The larvae feed on Acantholimon and Astragalus species.

## Gallery

* Male
* Female
* Underside of the wings
# Battle of Embata

The Battle of Embata was a naval battle fought in 356 BC between the Chians and the Athenians led by Chares.

## Battle

The Athenians possessed a fleet of 120 naval vessels while the Chians possessed 100 galleys. This specific naval battle was fought within the straits between the island of Chios and the Anatolian mainland. The arrival of stormy weather compelled Chares's collaborators, Iphicrates and Timotheos (or Timoleon), to abandon the overall expedition. Chares, left with only one-third of his fleet, attacked the Chians and suffered defeat with heavy losses.

## Aftermath

On a more specific note, Iphicrates and Timotheos both commanded a supplementary force of 60 naval vessels and joined up with Chares's fleet in the summer of 356 BC. After Chares suffered defeat in the autumn expedition, he ultimately established a lawsuit against both Timotheos and Iphicrates. Timotheos faced impeachment in the aftermath of the lawsuit, which led to his ruination. As a result, Isocrates developed a personal hatred for Chares since Timotheos was one of his closest pupils.
# Colobothea roppai

Colobothea roppai is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné in 1993. It is known from Brazil.
# Colobothea rubroornata

Colobothea rubroornata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Dmytro Zajciw in 1962. It is known from Brazil and Paraguay.
# Dumfries, New Brunswick

Dumfries is an unincorporated community in York County, New Brunswick, Canada. It is named for Dumfries, Scotland, the original home of Adam Allen, an early settler.
# David Shoji Tani

The Right Reverend David Shoji Tani (谷昌二) was the bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Okinawa in the Anglican Church in Japan. He was consecrated to the episcopate on April 25, 1998.
# Cycling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's scratch race

The men's scratch race at the 2022 Commonwealth Games, as part of the cycling programme, took place on 31 July 2022.

## Schedule

The schedule was as follows:
All times are British Summer Time (UTC+1)
| Date | Time | Round |
| Sunday 31 July 2022 | 11:50 | Qualification |
| Sunday 31 July 2022 | 16:28 | Final |

## Results
### Qualification

Race distance: 30 laps (7.5km). First 10 riders in each heat qualify to final.

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Rider | Laps Down | Notes |
| 1 | Rhys Britton (WAL) | | Q |
| 2 | Oliver Wood (ENG) | | Q |
| 3 | Graeme Frislie (AUS) | | Q |
| 4 | Corbin Strong (NZL) | | Q |
| 5 | Campbell Stewart (NZL) | | Q |
| 6 | Joe Holt (WAL) | | Q |
| 7 | Michael Foley (CAN) | | Q |
| 8 | Mark Stewart (SCO) | | Q |
| 9 | James Moriarty (AUS) | | Q |
| 10 | Akil Campbell (TTO) | | Q |
| 11 | Naman Kapil (IND) | | |
| 12 | Jyme Bridges (ANT) | DNF | |
| 12 | Stephen Belle (SEY) | DNF | |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Rider | Laps Down | Notes |
| 1 | Ethan Vernon (ENG) | | Q |
| 2 | Red Walters (GRN) | | Q |
| 3 | William Roberts (WAL) | | Q |
| 4 | John Archibald (SCO) | | Q |
| 5 | Vishavjeet Singh (IND) | | Q |
| 6 | Joshua Duffy (AUS) | | Q |
| 7 | Kyle Gordon (SCO) | | Q |
| 8 | George Jackson (NZL) | | Q |
| 9 | Jamol Eastmond (BAR) | | Q |
| 10 | Derek Gee (CAN) | DNF | |
| 10 | Matt Walls (ENG) | DNF | |
| 10 | Matthew Bostock (IOM) | DNF | |
| | Mathias Guillemette (CAN) | DSQ | |

### Final

60 laps (15 km) were raced.
| Rank | Rider | Laps Down |
| | Corbin Strong (NZL) | |
| | John Archibald (SCO) | |
| | William Roberts (WAL) | |
| 4 | Ethan Vernon (ENG) | –1 |
| 5 | Rhys Britton (WAL) | –1 |
| 6 | Graeme Frislie (AUS) | –1 |
| 7 | Campbell Stewart (NZL) | –1 |
| 8 | Oliver Wood (ENG) | –1 |
| 9 | Joe Holt (WAL) | –1 |
| 10 | George Jackson (NZL) | –1 |
| 11 | Mark Stewart (SCO) | –1 |
| 12 | Michael Foley (CAN) | –1 |
| 13 | Joshua Duffy (AUS) | DNF |
| 13 | James Moriarty (AUS) | DNF |
| 13 | Jamol Eastmond (BAR) | DNF |
| 13 | Red Walters (GRN) | DNF |
| 13 | Vishavjeet Singh (IND) | DNF |
| 13 | Akil Campbell (TTO) | DNF |
| 19 | Kyle Gordon (SCO) | DNS |
# Verran, South Australia

Verran is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the Eyre Peninsula about 241 kilometres (150 miles) west of the state capital of Adelaide. Its name is derived from the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Verran, which was named for former Premier John Verran.
Verran began as a government town surveyed during May 1914 and proclaimed by Governor Galway on 30 July 1914. The government town was declared to “cease to exist” on 29 October 1970. Boundaries for the locality were created in December 1998 and include the “ceased Government Town of Verran.”
The Verran Siding School opened in 1913 and closed in 1941. A postal receiving office opened at Verran on 21 June 1912, became a post office in June 1915, and closed on 29 February 1972.
The principal land use within the locality is ‘primary production’ which mainly concerned with "grazing and cropping." It also includes the protected area known as the Verran Tanks Conservation Park.
Verran is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Flinders and the local government area of the District Council of Cleve.