OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Leonard I. Schiff

Leonard Isaac Schiff was born in Fall River, Massachusetts, on March 29, 1915 and died on January 21, 1971, in Stanford, California. He was a physicist best known for his book Quantum Mechanics, originally published in 1949 (a second edition appeared in 1955 and a third in 1968).

## Education

Leonard Schiff entered Ohio State University at age 14. Schiff received his B.S. & M.S. (working under L. H. Thomas) from Ohio State University and his doctorate from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1937 under Philip M. Morse with thesis Theory of the Collision of Light Elements.

## Career

Schiff was a theoretical physicist who, after completing his doctorate, worked as a research associate for two years at the University of California and the California Institute of Technology. From 1940 to 1945 he was a faculty member at the University of Pennsylvania. From 1945 to 1947, he worked at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and joined the physics faculty at Stanford University in 1947.
In 1948, Schiff became one of the initial directors of Varian Associates who provided technical support to the company, along with Edward Ginzton, William Hansen, and Marvin Chodorow.
In 1959 and 1960 Schiff and fellow physicist George Pugh wrote papers which advocated using orbiting gyroscopes to test general relativity. Schiff teamed with fellow Stanford faculty Bob Cannon and Bill Fairbank to conduct research that provided part of the foundation for the Gravity Probe B (GP-B) to test Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.
He was the first chairman of the Faculty Senate at Stanford.

## Family

Leonard Schiff was the son of Edward and Mathilda Schiff and was of Lithuanian Jewish descent. He married Francis Ballard in 1941. They were the parents of two children: Leonard Schiff and Ellen Schiff. His wife was a cousin of Artemus Ginzton, the wife of Schiff's friend and colleague Edward Ginzton.

## Recognition

Schiff became a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1939. He was elected to membership in the National Academy of Sciences in 1957. In 1966, he received the Oersted Medal of the American Association of Physics Teachers. Also, he received the Dinkelspiel Award for Excellence in Teaching at Stanford University.
Schiff Hall, an undergraduate dormitory at Stanford, is named for him.
# Avoider-Enforcer game

An Avoider-Enforcer game$^{:43–60}$ (also called Avoider-Forcer game or Antimaker-Antibreaker game$^{:sec.5}$) is a kind of positional game. Like most positional games, it is described by a set of positions/points/elements ($X$) and a family of subsets (${\mathcal {F}}$), which are called here the losing-sets. It is played by two players, called Avoider and Enforcer, who take turns picking elements until all elements are taken. Avoider wins if he manages to avoid taking a losing set; Enforcer wins if he manages to make Avoider take a losing set.
A classic example of such a game is Sim. There, the positions are all the edges of the complete graph on 6 vertices. Players take turns to shade a line in their color, and lose when they form a full triangle of their own color: the losing sets are all the triangles.

## Comparison to Maker-Breaker games

The winning condition of an Avoider-Enforcer game is exactly the opposite of the winning condition of the Maker-Breaker game on the same ${\mathcal {F}}$. Thus, the Avoider-Enforcer game is the Misère game variant of the Maker-Breaker game. However, there are counter-intuitive differences between these game-types.
For example, consider the biased version of the games, in which the first player takes p elements each turn and the second player takes q elements each turn (in the standard version p=1 and q=1). Maker-Breaker games are bias-monotonic: taking more elements is always an advantage. Formally, if Maker wins the (p:q) Maker-Breaker game, then he also wins the (p+1:q) game and the (p:q-1) game. Avoider-Enforcer games are not bias-monotonic: taking more elements is not always a disadvantage. For example, consider a very simple Avoider-Enforcer game where the losing sets are {w,x} and {y,z}. Then, Avoider wins the (1:1) game, Enforcer wins the (1:2) game and Avoider wins the (2:2) game.
There is a monotone variant of the (p:q) Avoider-Enforcer game-rules, in which Avoider has to pick at least p elements each turn and Enforcer has to pick at least q elements each turn; this variant is bias-monotonic.$^{:45–46}$

## Partial avoidance

Similarly to Maker-Breaker games, Avoider-Enforcer games also have fractional generalizations.
Suppose Avoider needs to avoid taking at least a fraction t of the elements in any winning-set (i.e., take at most 1-t of the elements in any set), and Enforcer needs to prevent this, i.e., Enforcer needs to take less than a fraction t of the elements in some winning-set. Define the constant: $c_{t}:=(2t)^{t}\cdot (2-2t)^{1-t}=2\cdot t^{t}\cdot (1-t)^{1-t}$(in the standard variant, $t=1,c_{t}\to 2$).
* If $\sum _{E\in {\mathcal {F}}}{c_{t}}^{-|E|}<1$, and the total number of elements is even, then Avoider has a winning strategy when playing first.$^{:thmA5}$
# Suomalainen Ooppera

Suomalainen Ooppera ('The Finnish Opera'), was an opera active in Helsinki i Finland between 1873 and 1879. It was a pioneer institution as the first Finnish language opera and as such plays an important role in Finnish cultural history.

## History

At the time of its foundation, both opera and dramatic theatre had until then been performed in the Swedish language in Finland, since that was the traditional language of the aristocracy. The Finnish Opera was the lyric eqvivalent of the Finnish National Theatre, another pioneer institution which had been founded a year prior, and the two pioneering institutions used the same building, but they were managed as two separate institutions.
The Finnish language theatre was to become permanent. However, although the Opera did achieve artistic success, it was not economically successful, and it was dissolved in 1879. No new opera was to be established in Finland until the foundation of the Finnish National Opera and Ballet in 1910.
# Auld Dubrach

Peter Grant (1714?–1824), known as Auld Dubrach, was the last known survivor of the Jacobite rising of 1745. According to folklore he was introduced to King George IV in 1822 during his visit to Edinburgh as "His Majesty's oldest enemy". However, this story is probably not true.
A portrait of him resides in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.
# Lepechinia rossii

Lepechinia rossii is a rare species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name Ross' pitcher sage.
It is endemic to the Transverse Ranges of California on the north edge of the Greater Los Angeles Area. This species was first described to science only in 2006.

## Distribution

The plant is known from four occurrences, two in the Topatopa Mountains of Ventura County near Fillmore, and two in the Sierra Pelona Mountains east of Castaic Lake in Los Angeles County. The former location spans about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi), and the latter location contains no more than about 1000 individual plants.
Its habitat is chaparral of the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion.

## Description

Lepechinia rossii is a perennial herb or shrub with hairy, glandular herbage. The leaves have toothed or serrated oval blades measuring up to 13 centimeters long.
The inflorescence is an open raceme of flowers with large, leaflike bracts at the base. The flowers have bell-shaped calyces of reddish or purple-tinged sepals and bell-shaped white or purplish corollas.

## Conservation

Threats to this rare species include off-road vehicles, power line maintenance activity, petroleum drilling and exploration, introduced plant species such as brome grasses, and alterations in the fire regime in the southern California chaparral where it grows.
# Lepechinia leucophylloides

Lepechinia leucophylloides is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, endemic to the State of Hidalgo in Mexico. It was first described in 1982 as Neoeplingia leucophylloides, which was the only species in the genus Neoeplingia. Neoeplingia was found to be embedded within Lepechinia, so the species was transferred to that genus in 2014.
# Chimarra africana

Chimarra africana is a species of fingernet caddisfly in the family Philopotamidae. It is found in Africa.
# Chimarra akana

Chimarra akana is a species of fingernet caddisfly in the family Philopotamidae. It is found in Africa.
# Chimarra akarawitta

Chimarra akarawitta is a species of fingernet caddisfly in the family Philopotamidae. It is found in South Asia.
# Helmut Brunner (politician)

Helmut Brunner (born 14 September 1954 in Kötzting) is a German politician, representative of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria. He became a member of the Landtag of Bavaria in 1994.
# David Snedden

David Samuel Snedden (1868–1951) was an American educator. The first Commissioner of education in Massachusetts, he left the position to serve on the faculty of Teachers College, Columbia University (1916-1935). Snedden was a pioneer in the field of educational sociology and the social efficiency movement, which promoted vocational education.
Snedden was born on a farm in Kavilah, California before attending St. Vincent's College in Los Angeles.
# David Smythe, Lord Methven

The Hon David Smyth or David Smythe, Lord Methven FRSE LLD (1746–1806) was a Scottish lawyer and judge who rose to be a Senator of the College of Justice.

## Life

The son of David Smythe of Methven (d.1764), and Mary Graham, daughter of James Graham of Braco, he was born at the family home of Methven Castle on 17 January 1746.
Having studied for the law, he was admitted advocate on 4 August 1769. From 1786 to 1793 he served as Sheriff Depute of Perthshire. In 1788 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Robert Arbuthnot, Dugald Stewart and Alexander Fraser Tytler.
Smythe was raised to the bench, in succession to Francis Garden of Gardenstone, on 15 November 1793, taking the title of Lord Methven. He was appointed a commissioner of justiciary on the death of Lord Abercromby, 11 March 1796, resigning the post in 1804. In 1797 he was living at 15 St Andrew Square.
He was taken ill suddenly while walking and died half an hour later at his house at 28 St Andrew Square in Edinburgh on 30 January 1806. He is buried in Canongate Kirkyard on the Royal Mile with his second wife. The grave lies within the eastern extension, close to the church.

## Family

Smythe married, first, on 8 April 1772, Elizabeth, only daughter of Sir Robert Murray, bart., of Hillhead; she died on 30 June 1785, leaving three sons and four daughters. By his second wife, Euphemia Amelia Murray of Lintrose, a noted singer, daughter of Mungo Murray of Lintrose, who was reckoned a beauty of her time and was the subject of one of Robert Burns's songs, he had two sons and two daughters. Euphemia was known as "The Flower of Strathmore".
Smythe was succeeded in the estate by Robert Smythe, only surviving son of his first marriage; when Robert died in 1847 without issue, the succession fell to the elder son of the second marriage, William Smythe (1805–1895) of Methven Castle.
In 1827 his daughter, Catherine Campbell Smythe, married one of his legal colleagues, David Boyle, Lord Boyle.
# Victor Livingston

Victor Livingston is an American film and television editor known for his work on documentaries. He majored in English at Cornell University in the 1960s before moving to San Francisco to pursue film, initially inspired by Joseph Strick's Ulysses. After dropping out of San Francisco State's film program, Livingston was hired as an apprentice editor on The Wanderers (1979). Livingston later became known for Crumb (1994), for which he was nominated an Eddie Award.

## Partial filmography
### Film

* Crumb (1994)
* Bukowski: Born into This (2003)
* You're Gonna Miss Me (2005)
* The Dungeon Masters (2008)

### Television

* David Blaine: Street Magic (1996)
* Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century (2002)
* Real World (1994–2010), various episodes
* Starting Over (2005), several episodes
* Greensburg (2008), several episodes

## Citations

* ↑ Oldham 2012, pp. 245–246.
* ↑ Oldham 2012, p. 247.
* ↑ Oldham 2012, p. 243.
# Are You Ready to Fly

"Are You Ready to Fly" is a song by Zambian-born singer Rozalla, released in February 1992 by Pulse 8 as a single from her second album, Everybody's Free (1992). The song was written by Nigel Swanston and Tim Cox, and produced by Band of Gypsies. It achieved a certain success in many countries, including the United States, where it topped the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. The single reached number 14 on the UK Singles Chart and was also a hit across continental Europe, peaking within the top five in Belgium, Denmark and Spain. New York City-based director Ed Steinberg directed its music video. The song won an award in the category "Best Single of the Year" on the 1993 Hi-NRG Music Awards in New York.
In 1995, the song was covered by German happy hardcore band Dune with reasonable success in Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands.

## Critical reception

Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "The furor surrounding Rozalla's No. 1 hit, "Everybody's Free", has hardly started to subside, and she launches into an equally delightful trip into the realm between rave and hi-NRG." He noted further that the song "benefits from a plethora of strong remixes that work just about every format angle imaginable. An instant club smash." Amy Linden from Entertainment Weekly described it as "incandescent". A reviewer from Music & Media commented that "the Zimbabwean singer takes off for another flight to the top. This third single in her bouncing pop/dance style completes her hat trick."
Andy Beevers from Music Week stated that the song "is in much the same vein" as "Faith (In the Power of Love)" and "Everybody's Free (To Feel Good)". James Hamilton from the Record Mirror Dance Update deemed it "another Yazz-style smoothly soaring and shuffling galloper". Charles Aaron from Spin found that "the beats are really, really fast and the synths occasionally sinister, so this is technicially techno, but it's more like soul salvation raving in the wilderness." Sylvia Patterson from Smash Hits called it a "hugely merrily Italo-House piano-filled frollicker not unlike "Everybody's Free" except slightly less manic and even more singable."

## Appearance in other media

The song was used in the TV commercial of the NBA in 1993, featuring Michael Jordan, Harold Miner, Shawn Kemp, Clyde Drexler and others.

## Cover versions

The song was covered by German happy hardcore band Dune in 1995 with reasonable success in Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands.
American songwriter, record producer and remixer Jason Nevins remixed the song for his 2003 album.
# Davide Roda

Davide Roda (born 21 January 1972 in Como) is an Italian auto racing driver. His first serious drive came in 2002 when he drove the Italian Alfa 147 Cup. From 2003, he spent the next three years competing in the European Alfa 147 Challenge. In 2006 he drove in the FIA World Touring Car Championship with an independent SEAT Leon. The Seat Sport Italia only managed to fund him and team mate Roberto Colciago for the first four rounds. He returned to the WTCC in 2007 for just two rounds at Brno with Proteam Motorsport in a BMW 320si. In 2008 he drove in the Spanish SEAT Leon Supercopa and the new SEAT León Eurocup.
# Davy Larmour (boxer)

David Larmour (born 2 April 1949) is a former boxer from Northern Ireland who as an amateur won a Commonwealth Games gold medal in 1974 and competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics, and as a professional won the British bantamweight title in 1983.

## Amateur career

Born in the Shankill Road area of Belfast, Larmour boxed out of the Albert Foundry Boxing Club. He won a bronze medal at flyweight at the 1970 Commonwealth Games. After being beaten in the National Senior final in both 1971 and 1972 by Neil McLaughlin, he won the 1973 Irish flyweight championship with a win over Brendan Dunne. He went on to represent Ireland in November 1973 against Romania. In August 1974 he represented Ireland at the World Amateur Boxing Championships in Havana, Cuba, losing in the first round to eventual bronze medalist Constantin Gruiescu.
Larmour represented Northern Ireland at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games in Christchurch, beating Chandra Narayanan of India in the flyweight final to take the gold medal. He represented Ireland at the 1975 European Championships in Poland, reaching the flyweight quarter-final where he lost to Charlie Magri of Great Britain.
Larmour beat Tony Noonan in the Irish National Senior flyweight final in 1976, earning a place at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. With many African countries boycotting the games, Larmour got byes in the first two rounds, losing in the quarter final to eventual gold medalist Leo Randolph of the USA.

## Professional career

After the Montreal Olympics, Larmour made the decision to turn professional, making his pro debut in July 1977 with a first-round knockout of Jimmy Bott. He was stopped in his next two fights (by John Feeney and George Sutton) before beating Alan Oag (via disqualification) in May 1978. In June he was stopped in the seventh round by Johnny Owen.
In October 1978 he successfully challenged for Neil McLaughlin's BBBofC Northern Ireland Area bantamweight title, beating the defending champion on points. He won his next five fights before losing to Steve Sims on points in September 1980.
In March 1981 he faced Dave Smith in a final eliminator for the British title, but lost by a single point. After beating Ivor Jones in April 1982 he faced Hugh Russell in October in another British title final eliminator, with the Northern Ireland Area title and the Irish title also at stake. Larmour again lost by a single point over the twelve rounds.
After Russell had taken the British title from Feeney, in March 1983 his first defence was against Larmour. This time, having put Russell down in the fifth round, Larmour took the decision to become British and Northern Ireland Area bantamweight champion. Larmour made one defence of the title, losing it to Feeney in November 1983. He subsequently retired from boxing.

## Legacy

Larmour has participated in talks to schoolchildren in Northern Ireland, discussing his career and how boxing can help break down sectarian divisions. He is commemorated, along with Jimmy Warnock and Tommy Armour, on the 'Shankill Road Boxing' mural on Hopewell Crescent in his native area of Belfast.
# Davidson Wildcats basketball

Davidson Wildcats basketball may refer to either of the basketball teams that represent Davidson College:
* Davidson Wildcats men's basketball
* Davidson Wildcats women's basketball
# Henry Reynolds-Moreton, 2nd Earl of Ducie

Henry George Francis Reynolds-Moreton, 2nd Earl of Ducie (8 May 1802 – 2 June 1853), styled the Hon. Henry Reynolds-Moreton from 1808 to 1837 and the Lord Moreton from 1837 to 1840, was a British Whig politician, agriculturalist and cattle breeder.

## Early life

Ducie was born on 8 May 1802, the son of Thomas Reynolds-Moreton, 1st Earl of Ducie, and his wife Lady Frances Herbert, daughter of Henry Herbert, 1st Earl of Carnarvon. He was educated at Eton. Lord Ducie married the Hon. Elizabeth, daughter of John Dutton, 2nd Baron Sherborne, on 29 June 1826. They had eleven sons and four daughters.

## Career

Lord Moreton entered Parliament for Gloucestershire in 1831, a seat he held until the following year when the constituency was abolished, and then represented Gloucestershire East until 1835. After entering the House of Lords on the death of his father in 1840 he served in the Whig administration of Lord Russell as a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) from 1846 to 1847, when he resigned. In Parliament he gained a reputation as an advocate of free trade. He supported the repeal of the Corn Laws and, as an agriculturalist, his views were influential.
Between 1848 and 1853, a new Tortworth Court was built for Ducie, in a Tudor style, to designs by the architect Samuel Sanders Teulon.
Despite his political career, Ducie is best remembered as a leading agriculturalist and as a breeder of shorthorns. From 1851 to 1852 he was President of the Royal Agricultural Society. The sale of his famous shorthorns shortly after his death in 1853 generated £9,000.
He was a prominent member of the Evangelican Alliance.

## Later life

He died on 2 June 1853 at his home, Tortworth Court, Whitfield, Gloucestershire aged 51, and was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son Henry. His wife, the Countess of Ducie, died in 1865. As his son Henry died in October 1921 without a living son, the earldom passed to another of Lord Ducie's sons Berkeley who had immigrated to Queensland, Australia.

## Legacy

The "Ducie cultivator" usually ascribed to him is in fact believed to have been invented by the managers of his ironworks at Uley.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Henry Reynolds-Moreton, 2nd Earl of Ducie :
* CoronetA Coronet of an Earl
* CrestA Moorcock's Head Or combed and wattled Gules between two Wings displayed Azure
* EscutcheonQuarterly: 1 and 4th, Argent a Chevron Gules between three Square Buckles Sable (Moreton); 2 and 3rd, Or two Lions passant guardant Gules (Ducie)
* SupportersOn either side a Unicorn Argent armed unguled maned and tufted Or, each gorged with a Ducal Coronet per pale Gold and Gules
* MottoPerseverando (By persevering)
# Henrik Nikolai Krøyer

Henrik Nikolai Krøyer (22 March 1799 – 14 November 1870) was a Danish zoologist.
Born in Copenhagen, he was a brother of the composer Hans Ernst Krøyer. He started studying medicine at the University of Copenhagen in 1817, which he later changed to history and philology. While a student, he was a supporter of the Philhellenic movement, and he participated as a volunteer in the Greek War of Independence along with several fellow students.
Upon his return to Denmark, Krøyer gained an interest in zoology. In 1827, he took the position as assistant teacher in Stavanger, where he met, and later married, Bertha Cecilie Gjesdal. Bertha's sister, Ellen Cecilie Gjesdal, was deemed unfit to bring up her child, so Henrik and Bertha adopted the boy, who took on the name Peder Severin Krøyer, and later became a well-known painter.
Krøyer returned to Copenhagen in 1830 where he was employed as a teacher in natural history at the Military Academy. As the course lacked a textbook, Krøyer wrote and published Grundtræk til Vejledning ved naturhistorisk Undervisning (1833).
During his career, he often travelled along the coasts of Denmark where he studied marine life, especially fish and crustaceans, and this resulted in his main work Danmarks Fiske ("The Fish of Denmark", 3 volumes, 1838–1853). Krøyer also founded the journal Naturhistorisk tidsskrift, for which he served as editor and to which he contributed numerous articles. During his life he visited most of the coasts of Western Europe as well as Newfoundland. But his health eventually deteriorated and in 1869 he had to take his leave of his position of head of the Natural Museum of Copenhagen which he had held since 1847. He gained the title of professor in 1853.
# Henagehuwala

Henagehuwala is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.