OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# David G. Robinson (theatre pioneer)

Dr. David G. Robinson (nicknames: "Doc"; "Yankee"), an American druggist by training, was an early theatrical pioneer in Northern California. Along with others, he established the San Francisco-Sacramento-Placerville entertainment circuit of the day; as well as some of San Francisco's first theaters.
He was married to Mariette (née Dorman). Both families were Colonialists; the Dormans were English army people and the Robinsons were Puritans. Great-grandfather Robinson served in Edward Braddock's ill-fated army. Their son, the artist Charles Dorman Robinson, was born in East Monmouth, Maine in 1847, and soon after, the family moved to Newport, Vermont.
Robinson left for California without his family in 1848. Robinson and a partner opened the 280 seat Dramatic Museum in San Francisco in 1850; and his wife and son arrived in the same year. When the Dramatic Museum burned down, he built the 2,000 seat American Theater, considered to be one of the first real theaters in the city. In 1851, a citizen's committee gave Robinson $50,000 to build the Adelphi Theater. Robinson was also a partner in backing the Bryant Minstrels. Robinson and a partner staged opera, minstrel, and burlesque productions, the first being a farce written by Robinson, Seeing the Elephant. Robinson also did "Yankee" impersonations, gaining the nickname "Yankee" Robinson. He was a stage personality who entertained along the old Barbary Coast, setting the tone for the first generation of California popular music. He was the first of the great professional entertainers after the California Gold Rush, was one of San Francisco's first Board of Aldermen, and was a member of the city's Vigilance Committee, 1851-56. In 1857, he left California, appeared in Mobile, Alabama, and then vanished.
# St Mary's Church, Grassendale

St Mary's Church is in St. Mary's Road, Grassendale, a district of Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Liverpool South Childwall, the archdeaconry of Liverpool, and the diocese of Liverpool. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.

## History

The church was built in 1852–53 to serve the residents of the newly created private estates of Grassendale Park and Cressington Park. It was designed by Arthur Hill Holme. The foundation stone was laid on 2 September 1852, and the church was consecrated in July 1854 by the Bishop of Chester. It was designed to provide seating for 700 people.

## Architecture
### Exterior

St Mary's is constructed in stone, and has a roof of hexagonal slates. Its architectural style is Decorated. The plan consists of a broad nave without aisles, wide north and south transepts, a short chancel with a canted apse, a southeast vestry, and a northwest tower with a broach spire. The windows along the sides of the nave have two lights, and at the west end is a three-light window flanked by two-light windows. The transepts have diagonal buttresses, three-light windows to the north and south, and two-light windows on the east and west sides. The central window in the chancel has three lights, and the flanking windows have two lights. The windows contain Geometric tracery. The tower has diagonal buttresses, and an entrance on the north side above which is a hood mould, its stops carved with heads. In the stage above are two-light windows and roundels with crocketed ogival hoods. In the top stage are two-light bell openings, and on the spire are two tiers of lucarnes and a weathervane.

### Interior

Inside the church, the laminated timber beams of the roof form a flying cross at the crossing. The stained glass includes three windows in the chancel of 1884 by Evans, and the west window of 1953 was designed by Joseph Edward Nuttgens. The two-manual pipe organ was built in 1903 by Norman and Beard. When the church was built, it had a ring of six bells, but these were rehung for chiming in 1938.
# Heinz Schäfer

Heinz Schäfer (born c. 1930/31) is a former East German Stasi officer who was present during at least two significant European events of the Cold War, the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and the Fall of the Berlin Wall.

## Checkpoint Charlie

On 27 October 1961, Soviet and US forces confronted one another at Berlin's Checkpoint Charlie, creating the potential for all-out war between the powers. Heinz Schäfer was an East German border guard at the time, and states that only by keeping calm did both sides avoid catastrophic confrontation.

## Opening of the Berlin Wall

9 November 1989 marked the opening of the Berlin Wall. Schäfer—at the time a Stasi colonel—claims to have been the first to open the wall, having ordered his men to deactivate the automatically triggered weapons at his Waltersdorf Chaussee/Rudow Chaussee border crossing, and then to have ordered the opening of the gate. His account places his actions hours ahead of Harald Jäger, who has long been recognized as the first East German officer to breach the wall, at the Bornholmer crossing. However, unlike Jäger's station, Schäfer's facility at Waltersdorf-Rudow was small and had no television coverage. Therefore, there is no confirming documentation of Schäfer's account. Jäger maintains that Schäfer is lying.
Schäfer came forward with these conflicting claims during a 2009 gathering of school girls. If true, his actions would explain reports of East Berliners in West Berlin hours before the opening of Jäger's Bornholmer checkpoint.
From accounts by both Schäfer and Jäger, the two made their decisions independently of one other, without orders from supervisors.
# Heavy ICBM

Heavy ICBM is a term that was created in the 1970s to describe a class of Soviet and Russian ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles). They were characterized by a heavy throw-weight of 60 to 90 metric tons, several times that of an LGM-30 Minuteman, and a length of over 35 meters, and were thus capable of delivering a large number of warheads in a single MIRV missile.
This term usually refers to R-36 / "SS-9 Scarp", R-36M (SS-18) variants / "SS-18 Satan", and the RS-28 Sarmat missiles.
RS-28 Sarmat is called a "superheavy" ICBM. Superheavy ICBMs date back to the UR-500 which was designed to deliver the 50 megaton (potentially, 100 megaton) Tsar Bomba warhead. The UR-500 was developed into the Proton which successfully launched the first living beings to orbit the Moon and return safely, on Zond 5.

## Deliveries

The SS-9 was a silo-launched missile capable of delivering warheads of 5–18 megatons, with a range of up to 15,500 km. These were then replaced by the similar SS-18, with payloads of 18–25 megatons. The silos used for launching were the same for both, once modified.
# Hege Jensen

Hege Jensen (born 12 April 1971) is a Norwegian politician for the Progress Party.
She served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Hedmark during the term 2013–2017. In total she met during 129 days of parliamentary session. She hails from Stange.
# Hege Kvitsand

Hege Kristine Kvitsand (born 14 June 1973) is a Norwegian handball player who played for the club Bækkelagets SK and the Norwegian national team in the 1990s. She was born in Trondheim. She competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, where the Norwegian team finished fourth.
# David Clerson

David Clerson (born 1978 in Sherbrooke, Quebec) is a Canadian novelist from Quebec, who won the Grand Prix littéraire Archambault in 2014 for his debut novel Frères. Brothers, the novel's English translation by Katia Grubisic, was published in November 2016 and was a shortlisted finalist for the Governor General's Award for French to English translation at the 2017 Governor General's Awards.
His second novel, En rampant, was published in 2016.
His third book, Dormir sans tête was published in 2019 and was a shortlisted finalist for the Grand Prix du livre de Montréal. This short story collection is translated by Katia Grubisic under the title Too See Out The Night.
# David Higham Prize for Fiction

The David Higham Prize for Fiction was inaugurated in 1975 to mark the 80th birthday of David Higham, literary agent, and was awarded annually to a citizen of the Commonwealth, Republic of Ireland, Pakistan, or South Africa for a first novel or book of short stories. It was cancelled in 1999 due to "the lack of publicity its winners received."

## Past winners

* 1975 - Jane Gardam - Black Faces, White Faces and Matthew Vaughan - Chalky
* 1976 - Caroline Blackwood - The Stepdaughter
* 1977 - Patricia Finney - A Shadow of Gulls
* 1978 - Leslie Norris - Sliding: Short Stories
* 1979 - John Harvey - The Plate Shop
* 1980 - Ted Harriot - Keep On Running
* 1981 - Christopher Hope - A Separate Development
* 1982 - Glyn Hughes - Where I Used to Play on the Green
* 1983 - R. M. Lamming - The Notebook of Gismondo Cavalletti
* 1984 - James Buchan - A Parish of Rich Women
* 1985 - Patricia Ferguson - Family Myths and Legends
* 1986 - Jim Crace - Continent
* 1987 - Adam Zameenzad - The Thirteenth House
* 1988 - Carol Birch - Life in the Palace
* 1989 - Tim O'Grady - Motherland
* 1990 - Russell Celyn Jones - Soldiers and Innocents
* 1991 - John Loveday - Halo
* 1992 - Elspeth Barker - O Caledonia
* 1993 - Nicola Barker - Love Your Enemies
* 1994 - Fred D'Aguiar - The Longest Memory
* 1995 - Vikram Chandra - Red Earth and Pouring Rain
* 1996 - Linda Grant - The Cast Iron Shore
* 1997 - Ronald Wright - A Scientific Romance
* 1998 - Gavin Kramer - Shopping
# Veselago

Veselago is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Yegor Veselago [ru] (1770-1823), Russian naval captain-commander
* Feodosiy Veselago [ru] (1817-1895) - Russian naval historian
* Victor Veselago (1929—2018), Soviet and Russian physicist
# David Nixon (director)

David Nixon is an American film director and film producer. He is the director and producer of Letters to God and a co-producer and assistant director of Fireproof and Facing the Giants. He is the creator of the film company Possibility Pictures and president of DNP Studios which has produced commercials for Subway Restaurants, Nickelodeon, the New York City Convention and Visitors Bureau, Campus Crusade and Walt Disney World.
He is the son of missionaries in Australia. He graduated from Taylor University in 1979 with a degree in biblical studies.
# Heinz Koppel

Heinz Koppel (29 January 1919, Berlin - 1 December 1980, Cwmerfyn, Wales) was a British artist of German origin, who spent much of his life working in Wales.

## Life

Koppel was born to Jewish parents in Berlin, where he grew up, but after the Nazi takeover of Germany, they emigrated to Prague, Czechoslovakia in 1933, where he began his education as an artist. In 1938, he and his father Joachim fled to the United Kingdom. His mother, Paula, was plagued by severe arthritis attacks and remained in Czechoslovakia. During the Holocaust, she was deported to Theresienstadt and was eventually murdered in the Treblinka extermination camp.
Joachim worked in a factory in Pontypridd, whilst Heinz studied art in London, with the German emigre artist, Martin Bloch, who was to be a great influence on Koppel's later work. Bloch also taught Koppel's cousin, the artist Harry Weinberger, who had fled to England from Czechoslovakia a year after Koppel. In addition, Koppel became interested in Freudian psychoanalysis, which is reflected in his work. Other influences included German Expressionism and Surrealism.
From 1944 onwards, Koppel lived in Dowlais, near Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, where he taught art to both children and adults, and the surrounding countryside was an important subject in his paintings, showing mystical influences and often bordering on the fantastic. The decaying industrial areas of Wales were also present in his work, whilst his murdered mother is a motif in a series of papers.
In early 1949 he married fellow artist Renate Fischl a German exile born in Dresden, herself a painter of some repute and student of the East Anglian School of Painting and Drawing.
In 1956, Koppel left Wales with his wife and children and for a time, he lived in London and Liverpool, where he continued to work as an art teacher and it was during this time that his work began to be regularly exhibited in London galleries. Finally, in 1974, he settled down in Cwmerfyn, near Aberystwyth, remaining active as an artist, and in his later work he experimented with various materials such as fibreglass and resin.
He was one of the original members of the 56 Group Wales, which set out to raise the profile of modern Welsh art.
Koppel's son Gideon Koppel is a film maker and a Professor of Media at Manchester School of Art.
Koppel died suddenly on 1 December 1980, at the age of 61.

## Works

Many of Koppel's works are in museums and galleries in South Wales. In his homeland, however, he is largely unknown. The first exhibition of his works in Germany was held in Berlin between August 2009 and January 2010 at the Centrum Judaicum.
# St Mark's Church, Surbiton

St Mark's Church, Surbiton, is one of two Church of England parish churches in Surbiton, London - the other is St Andrew's. It is dedicated to Saint Mark, and is situated near the top of St Mark's Hill, near the junction with Church Hill Road.

## History

Saint Mark's is the oldest church in Surbiton, dating back to 1845. During the course of the 19th century, it was extended, and the spire added towards the end of the century.
St Mark's suffered severe bomb damage during the London Blitz of 1940. Its spire survived but the roof and much of the chancel was destroyed, and the graves in the churchyard scattered.
The church was closed for two decades before being reopened in 1960, after major restoration work. During this time a temporary church hall with a tin roof was used for worship.
In September 2010 the church was closed for restoration again, during which the congregation worshipped at Saint Andrew's. Saint Mark's reopened its doors once more on 24 June 2012. During the restoration, a new hall was installed and the pews replaced by seats.
The church has two books of remembrance scribed by the calligrapher, Mildred Ratcliffe.

## Building

Saint Mark's has a light airy interior, with a traditional layout of chancel and nave, and also a Lady chapel. The church is orientated in the traditional way, with the high altar at the east end. The main entrance is through the south porch and door. The tower, spire and north wall were the only surviving parts of the original church which survived the bombing, although the tower has since had to be repaired. They are thus the only places where the work of the Victorian masons and stone carvers can be seen. Most of the gravestones have been removed from the churchyard, as they were broken and damaged, but some interesting monuments remain.

## Gallery

* St Mark's Church
* Stained glass by W T Carter Shapland (1960)
* Interior
# St Mark's Church, Rabat

The Church of St Mark is a Roman Catholic Augustinian church located in Rabat, Malta.

## History

Augustinians first arrived in Malta in 1383. Their first convent and church were built outside the walls of Mdina however these were demolished in 1555 due to an attack by the Ottomans. A new land and an adjacent church dedicated to St Mark were given to the Augustinians to build their new friary. Plans were drawn up by Girolamo Cassar and work commenced in 1571. The church and convent were completed in 1588. The church was built with a Renaissance style facade, unique to Malta. Only few alterations were made since then, preserving the church in the original state as it was when built. The church facade was restored in 2016.
# St Mark's Church, Stockland Green

St Mark's Church, Stockland Green is a Church of England parish church in Birmingham.

## History

The church originated as Stockland Green mission room from St Barnabas' Church, Erdington in 1908. In 1920 it was dedicated to St Mark, and in 1934 a new church was opened, to the designs of A T Gray. Built of brick, it is a low building with a steeply pitched roof.
In 1934 a parish was assigned with land taken from the parish of All Saints' Church, Gravelly Hill.
# Archaeological Museum of Thebes

The Archaeological Museum of Thebes is a museum in Thebes, Greece dedicated to the Boeotia region.

## History

The history of the museum began in 1894 when barracks on the site of the current museum where turned into exhibition rooms for archaeological finds from across Boeotia. In 1905 a new building was erected with funds from the Archaeological Society at Athens. The current building was built in 2007.

## Gallery

* A Hellenistic Greek encaustic painting on a marble tombstone depicting the portrait of a young man named Theodoros, dated 1st century BC during the period of Roman Greece
# Hellinsia varius

Hellinsia varius is a moth of the family Pterophoridae that is found in the US states of California and Arizona. The species was first described by William Barnes and Arthur Ward Lindsey in 1921.
The wingspan is 19–23 millimetres (0.75–0.91 in). The head is whitish, faintly touched with brown above. The antennae are white and usually vaguely brown dotted above. The thorax and abdomen are white. The forewings are soft, pale, brownish gray with a variably heavy white overscaling which is slightly thinner on the costa and often appears to be confined to the spaces between the veins on the lobes so that the veins appear to be dark lined. The fringes and hindwings are concolorous but without white scales.
# Hellinsia umrani

Hellinsia umrani is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is endemic to India.
# St Patrick's Stream

St Patrick's Stream or Patrick Stream is a backwater of the River Thames in England, which flows into the River Loddon near Wargrave, Berkshire. It leaves the Thames on the reach above Shiplake Lock near Buck Ait, downstream of Sonning.
It is believed that the stream was originally a branch of the River Loddon that flowed into the Thames. However, when Shiplake Lock was built, the water level was raised to such an extent that it became an outfall. Evidence to support this includes a 13th-century charter stating, "Where the Lodone falls into the Thames under the park of Suninges", the contention that the stream is private and not public Thames water and the shape of the junction point which suggests a tributary rather than an outflow.
# Aqueduc de Louveciennes

L'Aqueduc de Louveciennes (Louveciennes Aqueduct), sometimes called Aqueduc de Marly (Marly Aqueduct) is an aqueduct built in the 17th century under the reign of Louis XIV, located in Louveciennes (now in the French département of the Yvelines, in the west suburb of Paris). Now out of service, the aqueduct has been listed as a Monument historique since 1953. It was a part of the hydraulic network intended to provide water for the Château de Marly and the Gardens of Versailles from the Seine river, using a huge pump called the Machine de Marly.
The aqueduct consists of 36 arches. Its length is 643m for a width varying from 2 to 4.4m, and a height from 10 to 20 metres.

## History

It was built by Jules Hardouin-Mansard, then Robert de Cotte, from 1681 to 1685. A monumental machine, called the machine de Marly, situated on the Seine river at Bougival, pumped water out of the river with the help of 14 paddle wheels. By pipes put on two paved inclines, the water was pumped up the 126 metres of the hill of Louveciennes. The water flowed into the reservoir at the summit of the tour du Levant ("East tower") at the north-eastern end of the aqueduct. Using gravity by a one metre wide and two metres deep canal, sealed inside with lead, the water was directed toward the tour du Jongleur ("tower of the Juggler") at the southern end of the aqueduct. From there, a siphon ensured the supply of a reservoir called réservoir des Deux Portes and the nearby tanks of Marly and Louveciennes.
The aqueduct was retired from service in 1866 and replaced by underground pipes.
During the Siege of Paris (1870-1871), the tour du Levant was used as an observation point by the future German emperor William I and the chancellor Bismarck. This tower was renovated between 1998 and 2000.

## Gallery

* La tour du Levant, at the northern end and where the water came from the Machine de Marly.
* Arches of the aqueduct, north-east side, not far away from the tour du Levant.
* Arches on the south-east side, not far away from the tour du Jongleur.
* La tour du Jongleur, at the south end where a siphon brought water to the tanks of Marly and Louveciennes.
# Baron Offaly

There have been two creations of the title Baron Offaly, both in the Peerage of Ireland.
Two earlier medieval creations as Baron of Offaly existed for an earlier FitzGerald, who owned land in County Kildare, Ireland, including what was then "Offelan", a word that derived from the Irish Uí Faelain and not from what is now County Offaly. The original grant of the lordship of Offelan was in 1175 to Maurice FitzGerald, one of Strongbow's main supporters.
In 1538–50 the title was recreated for Brian O'Connor Faly, who was based in neighbouring County Offaly.
The first modern creation by Queen Mary I was for Gerald FitzGerald on 13 May 1554, who was also created Earl of Kildare at the same time and later restored to the senior earldom of Kildare (forfeit by his half-brother, Thomas) in 1569. The title (as well as the second creation of the earldom), became extinct in 1599 when the 13th earl's branch of the family became extinct and the senior earldom passed to his cousin, Gerald.
The second creation of the title was for Lettice Digby on 29 July 1620. She was the daughter of Gerald FitzGerald, Lord Offally (1559–1580; the eldest son of the 11th earl, who predeceased his father) and the wife of Sir Robert Digby. Her eldest son, Robert, was created Baron Digby on the same day. The patent of the barony stipulated that it was not to pass to Lord Digby, but instead to the head of the House of Kildare, who, at the time of Baroness Offaly's death in 1658, was George FitzGerald, 16th Earl of Kildare. The 20th earl was later created Duke of Leinster in 1766 and the dukedom and barony remain united.

## FitzGerald Barons of Offaly

* Gerald FitzMaurice, 1st Lord of Offaly (c. 1152 – c. 1203)
* Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Lord of Offaly (1190–1257)
* Maurice FitzGerald, 3rd Lord of Offaly (1238–1286)
* John FitzThomas FitzGerald, 4th Lord of Offaly (1287-1316).
for further Barons of Offaly, see Duke of Leinster

## O'Conor Faly Barons of Offaly

* Brian O'Connor Faly (1525–1556) (In Irish, Brian mac Cathaoir Ó Conchobhair Failghe) attainted in 1550

## Barons Offaly, first creation (1554–1599)

* Gerald FitzGerald, 11th Earl of Kildare, 1st Baron Offaly (1525–1585)
* Henry FitzGerald, 12th Earl of Kildare, 2nd Baron Offaly (1562–1597)
* William FitzGerald, 13th Earl of Kildare, 3rd Baron Offaly (died 1599)

## Barons Offaly, second creation (1620–present)

* Lettice Digby, 1st Baroness Offaly (c. 1578–1658)
* George FitzGerald, 16th Earl of Kildare, 2nd Baron Offaly (1612–1660)
for further Barons Offaly, see Duke of Leinster
# Symmetrischema draculinum

Symmetrischema draculinum is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povolný in 1989. It is found in Argentina.
# Cenn Fáelad

Cenn Fáelad mac Blathmaic (died 675) followed his father Blathmac mac Áedo Sláine (d. 665) and his brother Sechnassach (d. 671) as High King of Ireland and king of Brega. He belonged to the Síl nÁedo Sláine kindred of the southern Uí Néill which took its name from his grandfather Áed Sláine (died 604).
He was killed, probably in an ambush during a royal circuit of Ireland, near Lough Derg, by his first cousin, rival, and eventual successor, Fínsnechta Fledach (died 695).
The Fragmentary Annals of Ireland say of this:
   The soldiers from the west of the land closed about Fínnachta; Cenn Fáelad's kingship was shorn from him—great its propriety.
While the Baile Chuinn Chétchathaig, compiled in the reign of Fínsnechta, does not include Cenn Fáelad among its High Kings, the Chronicle of Ireland, on which other Irish annals were founded, named him as a High King. The omission of Cenn Faelad from this king list may be deliberate as it was compiled in the reign of his killer Fínsnechta Fledach.
His descendants the Uí Chinn Fháelad sept played no major role.