OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ashford Lake

Ashford Lake is a small, shallow, privately owned pond located in the eastern part of the town of Ashford in northeastern Connecticut, along the town's border with Eastford. The pond has an area of 52.6 acres and a maximum depth of approximately 12 feet. Its normal surface elevation is 659 feet above sea level.

## History

Ashford Lake was created in 1949 when an earthen dam was constructed on Goss Brook.
On July 17, 2018, an EF0 tornado -- the first tornado to touch down in Windham County since 1992 -- struck Ashford Lake and the surrounding neighborhoods, downing trees, damaging homes, and killing three household rabbits.

## Description

Ashford Lake's inflows consist of intermittent small streams and runoff, along with springs at the bottom of the pond. The pond's waters are held back by an earthen embankment dam on its south shore. Ashford Lake's outlet is Goss Brook, which flows over the dam's spillway and eventually into the Mount Hope River.

## Recreation

Ashford Lake is only accessible to homeowners and their guests. The pond is home to private beaches which can be used by residents. Ashford Lake has no boat launch, but residents may use their own boats as long as electric motors are used. NO GAS

## Flora and fauna

Ashford Lake is home to abundant aquatic vegetation, but most of it cannot be seen from the surface, and thus it poses little negative impacts on recreation. The pond has no invasive plant species. Patches of Sparganium sp. are common along the shore, while Eleocharis acicularis, Isoetes sp., Nuphar variegata and Brasenia schreberi are sparse. A progression of plant species occur with increasing depth. Najas flexilis dominates areas from one to six feet deep, Utricularia radiata occurs in six to nine feet of water and Potamogeton foliosus is present in water from nine to twelve feet.
Fish are occasionally spotted in Ashford Lake's waters, such as largemouth bass.
# Hemidiaptomus

Hemidiaptomus is a genus of freshwater copepods in the family Diaptomidae, containing the following species:
* Hemidiaptomus ignatovi G. O. Sars, 1903
* Hemidiaptomus monticola Weisig & Ali-Zade, 1938
* Hemidiaptomus rylovi Charin, 1928
* Hemidiaptomus tarnogradskii Rylov, 1926
# T. T. Rajah

Thampore Thamby Rajah (28 December 1919 – 13 March 1996), better known as T. T. Rajah, was a Singaporean politician and lawyer who served as Secretary-General of the People's Action Party for a short period of time in 1957 before joining the Barisan Sosialis in 1961.

## Early life

Rajah was born in British Ceylon on 28 December 1919. Prior to his arrival in Singapore, he lived in British Malaya for more than 20 years, gaining Singapore citizenship on 1 November 1957.

## Career
### Politics

Rajah became a member of the People's Action Party's (PAP) 4th Central Executive Committee (CEC) following the party conference on 4 August 1957.
Shocked at losing half the seats in the CEC, several rank-and-file members of the PAP led by Lee Kuan Yew refused to take office. Rajah's appeals for Lee to remain in his post failed. On 13 August 1957, Rajah became the secretary-general, saying "they [he and his allies] had no choice but to hold positions". Alarmed by the leftist takeover, the Lim Yew Hock government arrested Rajah's leftist allies on 22 August 1957 but spared him.
Rajah resigned as the secretary-general "on health grounds" on 3 September 1957, having been in his post for only 21 days. He left the party on 11 October 1957 citing differences with Lee and accusing the latter of running a "one-man show".
In 1961, he joined the Barisan Sosialis founded by breakaway leftist members of the PAP, becoming its legal advisor.
In 1974, Rajah was arrested under the Internal Security Act with the Government alleging that he was part of the Malayan National Liberation Front, a Malayan Communist Party organisation. Rajah was released 18 months later on condition that he would not have any professional contact with political prisoners. In response to a government statement that he had disassociated himself from 'communist activities', Rajah replied that he had "not recanted and there's nothing to recant".

### Law practice

In 1953, Rajah was called to the Singapore Bar.
In 1973, Rajah was suspended from practice for two years after handling private summons for several political prisoners which resulted in disclipinary actions by the Law Society.
In 1976, Rajah founded the legal firm, Tann Wee Tiong & T. T. Rajah, (now known as Rajah & Tann) with Tann Wee Tiong.

## Personal life

Rajah has a son, V. K. Rajah, who became a Judge of Appeal of the Supreme Court and then Attorney-General of Singapore.
Rajah died from a heart attack at 5:30am on 13 March 1996 while warded at the Mount Elizabeth Hospital, leaving behind his wife and two sons. His funeral was attended by former Barisan Sosialis leader Lee Siew Choh, while wreaths were sent by the Chinese ambassador and family of the late Malaysian Communist Party leader Eu Chooi Yip.
# Völu-Steinn

Völu-Steinn is an Icelandic skald of the mid-10th century. Two half-stanzas have come down to us, both preserved in Snorri Sturluson's Skáldskaparmál (3, 57). As Landnámabók (S 142) mentions Völu-Steinn's great sorrow at the death of his son Ögmundr, it is generally admitted that these verse belong to a poem in memory of his son. Sigurður Nordal suggested Völu-Steinn as a possible author of Völuspá.
# Chamusca (Chamusca)

Chamusca is a former civil parish in the municipality of Chamusca, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Chamusca e Pinheiro Grande. It covers an area of 35.3 km² and had a population of 3,659 as of 2001.
# Layia elegans

Layia elegans is a species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It is found in California.
# Aspecialthing Records

Aspecialthing Records is a stand-up comedy record label started by Matt Belknap and Ryan McManemin. Belknap was the creator of aspecialthing.com, an internet message board especially popular with West Coast comedy fans. McManemin was an executive at Sony/MGM and longtime member of the message board.
Using the site as a launching pad, in late 2006 they announced to the web community that they would be starting their own record label, Aspecialthing Records. In February of the following year, comedian Jen Kirkman's Self Help was the first album released on the new label.

## Podcasts

In addition to making comedy albums, Belknap and McManemin are active podcast producers. Belknap produces and co-hosts Never Not Funny, the Jimmy Pardo Podcast, and with McManemin produces Doug Benson's Doug Loves Movies and Greg Proops's The Smartest Man in the World, among other shows.

## Awards

In 2017 Aspecialthing won the 2017 Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album and both McManemin and Belknap received award statues. They also received certificates that stated that they were not to melt down their statues nor charge admission to see them.

## Releases

* Jen Kirkman - Self Help
* Jonah Ray - This Is Crazy Mixed Up Plumbing (7")
* Never Not Funny: Volume One
* Paul F. Tompkins - Impersonal
* Scott Aukerman - Scott Aukerman's Koo Koo Roo's Greatest Hits
* The Sklar Brothers - Sklar Maps
* Doug Benson - Professional Humoredian
* Andrew Daly - Nine Sweaters
* R.O. Manse - R.O. Magic: The Best of R.O. Manse
* Jimmy Pardo & Scott Aukerman - Never Not Christmas
* Comedy By The Numbers© - Book-On-Tape CD!
* Greg Proops - Elsewhere
* Paul F. Tompkins - Freak Wharf
* Comedy Death-Ray - Xmas CD 2009
* Kyle Kinane - Death of the Party
* Wayne Federman - The Chronicles of Federman (three volumes)
* Greg Proops - Proops Digs In! (EP)
* John Roy - "Alexander Hamilton"
* Dan Telfer - Fossil Record (EP)
* Paul F. Tompkins - Sir, You Have Fooled Me Twice (EP)
* Comedy Death-Ray - Xmas CD 2010
* Dave Hill - Let Me Turn You On
* Paul F. Tompkins - You Should Have Told Me (DVD)
* Jen Kirkman - Hail to the Freaks
* Liam McEneaney - Comedian
* Baron Vaughn - Raised By Cable
* Jay Larson - Self-Diagnosed
* WTF with Marc Maron: The First 100 Episodes
* Jonah Ray - Hello, Mr. Magic Plane Person, Hello (10")
* Dan Telfer - Tendrils of Ruin
* Jim Hamilton - Poems About the Ocean
* Michelle Biloon - You Can Be an Asshole
* Brent Weinbach - Mostly Live
* Nate Bargatze - Yelled At By a Clown
* Jimmy Pardo - Sprezzatura
* Mike Schmidt - The Big Angry
* Bob Odenkirk and Brandon Wardell - Amateur Hour
* Megan Koester - Tertium Non Datur
# Colin Holmes

Colin Holmes may refer to:
* Colin Holmes (historian) (born 1938), British author, scholar, and historian
* Colin Holmes (Gaelic footballer), Gaelic football player for County Tyrone
# Ashford Reservoir

Ashford Reservoir is a small reservoir on the eastern side of the Quantock Hills near the villages of Charlynch and Spaxton in Somerset, England. It was constructed 1934 as a water supply reservoir for Bridgwater.
Originally the reservoir was contained by a small embankment dam. In 2009 the banks were removed and replaced by a concrete wall that could contain 45,000,000 litres (9,900,000 imp gal; 12,000,000 US gal) of water. The reservoir collects the water of Peart Water which is also dammed at Hawkridge Reservoir. Below the reservoir the Peart Water joins the Currypool stream to form the Cannington Brook. Fishing is allowed and catches include; Bream, Perch and Roach. The water treatment centre provides educational opportunities.
# Hemidiptera

Hemidiptera is a monotypic genus of bug with a single species Hemidiptera haeckeli. It has wings that look somewhat like that of a fly (order Diptera) from which the genus name is derived. The original specimen was collected in Sri Lanka by Ernst Haeckel who brought it along with pond skaters and it was at first glance thought to be a fly because of its wings but the bug like rostrum or beak was also readily observable. Leon who described it thought it was a new order that was intermediate between the flies and the bugs. It was misclassified and thought to be similar to aquatic bugs in the Hydrometridae and the hairy legs were considered as adaptations for swimming. It is now placed within the subfamily Orsillinae but nothing is really known about the insect. It is suggested that the forewings of the type specimen may have been damaged since no new specimens of this have been found since the time of its description.
# Vyacheslav Tokarev

Vyacheslav Tokarev (born 17 June 1986, in Almaty) is a Kazakhstani professional ice hockey player currently playing for Arystan Temirtau in the Kazakhstan Hockey Championship league.
# Beta encoder

A beta encoder is an analog-to-digital conversion (A/D) system in which a real number in the unit interval is represented by a finite representation of a sequence in base beta, with beta being a real number between 1 and 2. Beta encoders are an alternative to traditional approaches to pulse-code modulation.
As a form of non-integer representation, beta encoding contrasts with traditional approaches to binary quantization, in which each value is mapped to the first N bits of its base-2 expansion. Rather than using base 2, beta encoders use base beta as a beta-expansion.
In practice, beta encoders have attempted to exploit the redundancy provided by the non-uniqueness of the expansion in base beta to produce more robust results. An early beta encoder, the Golden ratio encoder used the golden ratio base for its value of beta, but was susceptible to hardware errors. Although integrator leaks in hardware elements make some beta encoders imprecise, specific algorithms can be used to provide exponentially accurate approximations for the value of beta, despite the imprecise results provided by some circuit components.
An alternative design called the negative beta encoder (called so due to the negative eigenvalue of the transition probability matrix) has been proposed to further reduce the quantization error.
# Chalunka

Chalunka (also known as Chalunkha or Chulungkha) is a small mountainous village, in Nubra tehsil and Turtuk community development block, in Chorbat area of Shyok River valley in Ladakh, India. At the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, it was on the cease-fire line agreed between the India and Pakistan. After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the village came under the jurisdiction of Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir.

## History

Chalunka, along with Tyakshi, Turtuk and Thang, became part of the Pakistani-administered Northern Areas following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948.
During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, on 10 December 1971, the Ladakh Scouts under the command of Major Chewang Rinchen cleared the village of the Pakistani forces (two companies of Karakoram Scouts). Advancing further, they attacked Turtuk on 11 December, and captured it by 14 December.
After the Simla Agreement of 1972, they were incorporated into the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Following the reorganisation of the state in August 2019, these villages became part of the union territory of Ladakh.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Chulungkha has 42 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 91.1%.
Demographics (2011 Census) :
| | Total | Male | Female |
| Population | 516 | 403 | 113 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 44 | 22 | 22 |
| Scheduled caste | 53 | 53 | 0 |
| Scheduled tribe | 223 | 110 | 113 |
| Literates | 430 | 372 | 58 |
| Workers (all) | 362 | 348 | 14 |
| Main workers (total) | 353 | 342 | 11 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 36 | 27 | 9 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Other | 316 | 314 | 2 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 9 | 6 | 3 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 4 | 4 | 0 |
| Non-workers | 154 | 55 | 99 |
# Layia fremontii

Layia fremontii is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name Frémont's tidytips. Both its common name, and its specific epithet are derived from John C. Frémont.
It is endemic to California, where it grows in the northern Coast Ranges, the Central Valley, and the Sierra Nevada foothills.

## Description

Layia fremontii is an annual herb growing a nonglandular erect stem to a maximum height approaching 40 centimeters. The linear or lance-shaped leaves are somewhat fleshy, with the lower ones multilobed and approaching 7 centimeters in maximum length.
The flower head has a base of phyllaries with fuzzy margins and hairy, bumpy surfaces. Like many other species of tidytips, the ray florets are bright yellow tipped neatly with white. The disc florets are yellow with purple anthers. The fruit is a hairy achene with a pappus of many white scales.
# Bahnzeit

Bahnzeit (German, literally "railway time") may refer to:
* Bahnzeit, the German television programme produced by Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk on the subject of railways
* Bahnzeit, the former name (to May 2006) of DB Welt, the internal magazine for employees of the German national railway company, Deutsche Bahn
* Eisenbahnzeit, German for the time to be used for railway operations i.e. railway time
# Stéphanie Atger

Stéphanie Atger (born 11 October 1975) is a French politician of La République En Marche! (LREM) who was member of the National Assembly from 2019 until 2022, representing Essonne's 6th constituency.

## Political career

Atger became a member of the National Assembly when Amélie de Montchalin was appointed Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs. As her substitute, Atger took her place in the Assembly.
In parliament, Atger served on the Committee on Cultural Affairs and Education from 2019 until 2020 before moving to the Committee on Social Affairs.
She stood down at the 2022 French legislative election.

## Political positions

In July 2019, Atger voted in favor of the French ratification of the European Union’s Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with Canada.
# Columbia University Science Honors Program

The Columbia University Science Honors Program (SHP) is a science program at Columbia University that runs during the school year for tenth-, eleventh-, and twelfth-grade high-school students.

## Curriculum

Since 1958, SHP has offered courses spanning the full range of the pure and applied sciences, from organic chemistry, neuroscience and physiological psychology, to computer programming in Java and calculus in the complex plane, as well as introductions to special relativity, quantum theory, particle physics and physical cosmology. The program was directed by educator Donald Barr from its inception until 1964, and during that period admitted students as young as ten years old. It boasts many famous alumni, including the creator of GNU, Richard Stallman, and several Nobel Laureates. The program was run by Professor Allan Blaer for many years, and has recently been taken over by Professor Jeremy Dodd.

## Administration

Classes are held each Saturday throughout the academic year, from September through May at Pupin Hall and Mudd Hall at Columbia University. There were previously no tuition charges for the program; however, beginning in the 2022-2023 school year, a fee of $300 per semester (for a total of $600 annually) was implemented. Students must provide their own transportation expenses to and from Columbia's campus in New York City. The program receives funding from the university, and donations from corporations and foundations, as well individual donations from students.

## Admission

To apply to the SHP, students must go online to the Columbia SHP website; however, this was not the procedure in 1958 when the program started. The main portion of the application process is a rigorous, three-hour examination proctored in the Columbia University campus that contains questions in both mathematics and science. The exam is tripartite, consisting of a 50 question "easy" mathematics section, a 75 question survey science section, and a 15 question "challenge" mathematics section. The average acceptance rate for the program is usually around 10%. There are 300-400 participants in the program across all 3 grades (10,11,12).
Applications are mailed to schools within a 75-mile radius of Columbia's New York City campus, and there are several more requirements besides the test: A transcript of the student's grades, a recommendation by a science or math teacher, and a student essay are also required.
# Stranded costs

In discussions of electric power generation deregulation, stranded costs represent a public utility's existing infrastructure investments that may become redundant after substantial changes in regulatory or market conditions. An incumbent electric power utility will have made substantial investments over the years and will carry debt. The whole-life cost of electricity includes payments on this debt.
As technology improves, with all else equal, the cost of generating electricity falls. A new entrant to the market, unencumbered by debt, can build a modern plant and generate electricity at a lower cost than existing providers. Logical customers leave the incumbent utility for the new entrant, reducing the incumbent's revenue and spreading its debt payments across fewer remaining customers.
The problem is often caused by overlong depreciation schedules for capital investments by utilities, presuming that regulatory and market conditions would not change substantially.
Solutions to the stranded costs problem include assigning a portion of the incumbent utility's debt to the new entrant as a condition of entry, or charging all customers in the market area a "stranded cost recovery fee". In some cases, a government may assume a portion of an incumbent utility's debt and assign it to the public debt, thus freeing the incumbent to compete more efficiently against new entrants.
# Teymur Pasha Khan

Teymur Pasha Khan was the sixth khan of the Maku Khanate from 1866 to 1895.
# Hipstedt

Hipstedt is a municipality in the district of Rotenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
Hipstedt belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712-1715) - and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1807 the ephemeral Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Duchy, before France annexed it in 1810. In 1813 the Duchy was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which - after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 - incorporated the Duchy in a real union and the Ducal territory, including Hipstedt, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.
# Tag und Nacht (film)

Tag und Nacht (lit. 'Day and night') is a 2010 Austrian film directed by Sabine Derflinger. The film won Best Costume at Diagonale 2011, Best Lead Actor for Anna Rot at the New York International Film Festival in 2011, and the best narrative at the Geneva Film Festival in 2012. The film concerns two Austrian women, played by Anna Rot and Magdalena Kronschläger, who consider prostitution an adventure until harsh reality intervenes.
# Telioneura ateucer

Telioneura ateucer is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1914. It is found in Panama.
# Stéphanie

Stéphanie is a feminine French feminine given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Stéphanie, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (born 1984), Belgian noble; wife of Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg
* Princess Stéphanie (disambiguation), several people
* Stéphanie Arricau (born 1973), French golfer
* Stéphanie Atger (born 1975), French politician
* Stéphanie Blake (born 1968), author of children's stories
* Stéphanie Bouvier (born 1981), short track speed-skater
* Stéphanie de Beauharnais (1789–1860), consort of Karl, Grand Duke of Baden
* Stéphanie Cohen-Aloro (born 1983), French tennis player
* Stéphanie Dixon (born 1984), Canadian swimmer
* Stéphanie Dubois (born 1986), Canadian tennis player
* Stéphanie Falzon (born 1983), French hammer thrower
* Stéphanie Félicité du Crest de Saint-Aubin (1746–1830), French writer and educator
* Stéphanie Foretz (born 1981), French tennis player
* Stéphanie Jiménez (born 1974), Andorran mountain runner
* Stéphanie Lapointe (born 1984), Canadian singer, songwriter, and actress
* Stéphanie Mbanzendore, Burundian feminist activist
* Stéphanie Moisdon (born 1967), French curator and art critic
* Stéphanie Amélie Mismaque (1881–1958), commonly known as Fanny Rozet, French artist
* Stéphanie Possamaï (born 1980), French judoka
* Stéphanie St-Pierre (born 1985), Canadian freestyle skier
* Stéphanie Vallée (born 1971), Canadian politician, lawyer and negotiator
* Stéphanie Vongsouthi (born 1988), French tennis player
# Colobothea propinqua

Colobothea propinqua is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1865. It is known from Brazil and Peru.
# Stranded cable

Stranded cable may refer to:
* Stranded wire
* Wire rope