OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Arthur S. Lodge

Arthur Scott Lodge (20 November 1922 – 24 June 2005) was a prominent rheologist and the originator of the Lodge elastic liquid constitutive equation and inventor of the Lodge Stressmeter. Author of two important textbooks in rheology (Elastic Liquids and Body Tensor Fields in Continuum Mechanics) he was one of the founding members of the Rheology Research Center at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA.
Lodge was born in Liverpool and received his bachelor's degree in Mathematics (1945) and DPhil in Theoretical Nuclear Physics (1948) from Oxford University. In 1949, he took a position at the British Rayon Research Association, where his supervisor was Karl Weissenberg, inventor of the Weissenberg rheogoniometer. In 1961, Lodge joined the faculty of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST). In 1964, Lodge authored the text Elastic Liquids (Academic Press), and spent the academic year 1965–1966 in Madison, Wisconsin, USA as a visiting professor; in 1968 the Lodge family moved to Madison permanently. On his arrival at UW–Madison, Lodge and colleagues Bob Bird, John Ferry, John Schrag, and Millard Johnson founded the Rheology Research Center (RRC). Lodge chaired the RRC Executive Committee for 23 years until his retirement in 1991.
Elastic Liquids introduced the Lodge rubberlike liquid constitutive equation, the foundation for contemporary nonlinear viscoelasticity. The Lodge rubberlike liquid managed to explain most of what could be reliably measured at the time (other than non-constant shear viscosity) and also anticipated nonlinear behavior not reliably measured until years later, such as the Lodge-Meissner relation. In 1974, Lodge followed up Elastic Liquids with his second text, Body Tensor Fields in Continuum Mechanics (Academic Press, 1974). Lodge was an inventor and entrepreneur, designing and marketing the on-line Lodge Stressmeter, a device for making accurate measurements of shear normal stress differences using pressure-driven slit flow.

## Honours

Lodge was awarded the Society of Rheology Bingham Medal in 1971 and the Gold Medal of the British Society of Rheology in 1983. In 1992, he was elected to membership in the United States National Academy of Engineering.
# Arthur Hay, 9th Marquess of Tweeddale

Colonel Arthur Hay, 9th Marquess of Tweeddale, FRS FRSE FZS (9 November 1824 – 29 December 1878), known before 1862 as Lord Arthur Hay and between 1862 and 1876 as Viscount Walden, was a Scottish soldier and ornithologist.

## Life

Lord Arthur Hay was born at Yester House near Gifford, East Lothian, the son of General Sir George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale and his wife, Lady Susan Montague. He was sent to university in both Leipzig and Geneva.
Training in the military he received a commission in the British Army in 1841. He rose to be a Colonel in the Grenadier Guards. He served as a soldier in India and the Crimea. He succeeded his father in the Marquessate in 1876.
Hay purchased a lieutenancy in the Grenadier Guards in 1841. He purchased a captaincy in 1846 and was promoted lieutenant-colonel without purchase in 1854 and Colonel in 1860. In 1866 he transferred to the 17th Lancers.
He was president of the Zoological Society of London from 16 January 1868. He had a private collection of birds, insects, reptiles and mammals and employed Carl Bock to travel to Maritime Southeast Asia and collect specimens. Tweeddale described about 40 species collected by Bock for the first time and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1871. The holotype specimen of the Critically Endangered and enigmatic Malabar Civet was obtained by him and gave it to Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1845.
His ornithological works were published privately in 1881 by his nephew, Captain Robert George Wardlaw-Ramsay, with a memoir by Dr W. H. Russell, and the attribution Walden is used in taxonomic listings.
Lord Tweeddale died at Walden Cottage in Chislehurst, London on 28 December 1878. As he had no issue, he was succeeded as Marquess of Tweeddale by his brother, William.

## Family

He married twice: firstly in 1857 to Helene Kilmansegge (d.1871) and secondly in 1873 to Julia Mackenzie of Seaforth, daughter of Lt.-Colonel Keith William Stewart-Mackenzie (9 May 1818 – June 1881) and of Hannah Charlotte Hope Vere. After Hay's death she married secondly Sir John Rose, 1st Baronet; and thirdly after his death William Evans-Gordon, MP. (All without issue).
# Arthur Rhodes (footballer)

Arthur Rhodes was an English professional footballer who played as a forward. He played in the Football League for Bournemouth and Boscombe Athletic, Torquay United and Cardiff City. He appeared as a guest player for Leeds United during World War II.
# Arthur Knowles Sabin

Arthur Knowles Sabin (1879-1959), was a writer, poet and printer, best known for his development of the Bethnal Green Museum, now the Museum of Childhood, in London.

## Life

Arthur K Sabin was born in Rotherham in 1879, the son of a Sheffield steel worker. He was largely self-educated. He married Elizabeth Thompson in 1903.
He moved to Cranleigh, in Surrey. Here he wrote several poems, and became involved in the Samurai Press, which had been set up in Norwich by Harold Browne and Harold Monro. The press had moved to Cranleigh in 1906.
In 1909, he took up a post as Keeper at the Victoria and Albert Museum and bought a house at 14 Palmerston Road, East Sheen, where he established a printing press in a shed. He issued several books and pamphlets which are now collectors' items, under the imprint of the Temple Sheen Press.
In 1922, he was appointed as curator of the Victoria and Albert's Bethnal Green Museum, and left East Sheen. Noting how children were bored by the museum’s contents and layout, he began to collect toys and other childhood-related items. He was enthusiastically supported by Queen Mary, who donated some of her own childhood toys, and Mary Greg. He remained in this post until 1940.
He died in 1959.

## Literary output

* Typhon and other Poems (1902)
* The Death of Icarus and Other Poems, together with a new translation in terza rima from the Purgatory of Dante (Canto XXVIII.) (1906)
* The Wayfarers (1907)
* The rustic choir and other poems (1908)
* Dante and Beatrice (1908)
* Medea and Circe, and other poems, with an introduction by Richard G. Moulton (1911)
* War Harvest 1914 (1914)
* Christmas 1914 (1914)
* New poems (1915)
* War posters issued by belligerent and neutral nations 1914-1919(1920: with Martin Hardie)
* East London Poems and others (1931)
Sabin was also responsible for several catalogues at the Victoria and Albert and Bethnal Green Museums.
# Asala

Asala may refer to:
* Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia, an Armenian militant organization
* Asalah Nasri, Syrian singer
* Asala Party, a Salafist political party in Egypt
* Al Asalah, a Salafist political party in Bahrain
* Asalha Puja, a Theravada Buddhist festival which typically takes place in July, on the full moon of the eighth lunar month
# Asal

Asal may refer to:
* Association for the Study of Australian Literature
* Algerian Space Agency
* Asal (film), a 2010 Indian Tamil-language film starring Ajith Kumar
** Aasal (soundtrack), the soundtrack album from that film
* Asal, Yemen, a village in western central Yemen
* Asal, King of the Golden Pillars, a figure in Irish Celtic mythology
* Asal (grape), a Portuguese wine grape
* Mostafa Asal (born 2001), Egyptian squash player
* Asal (given name), the given name
# Aruppukkottai taluk

Aruppukkottai taluk is a taluk of Virudhunagar district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Aruppukkottai.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Aruppukkottai had a population of 248,186 with 123,337 males and 124,849 females. There were 1,012 women for every 1,000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 77.3%. Child population in the age group below 6 years were 11,668 Males and 11,087 Females.
# Asano Nagayoshi

Asano Nagayoshi (1927–2007) was the 30th family head of the Asano clan, which ruled over Hiroshima Domain before 1871.

## Early life

Asano's parents were Asano Nagatake and Princess Yamashina no miya Yasuko, daughter of Prince Yamashina Kikumaro.
# Arvind Mehendale

Arvind Mehendale (born 11 September 1943) is an Indian cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm off-break bowler who played for Maharashtra. He was born in Poona.
Mehendale made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1974–75 season, against Gujarat. From the tailend, he scored 3 not out in the first innings in which he batted, and 1 not out in the second.
Mehendale bowled 7 overs in the match, conceding 8 runs.
Between 1997 and 2002, Mehendale refereed 7 first-class matches.
# Arvind Kumar Singh (Jharkhand politician)

Arvind Kumar Singh, also known as, Malkhan Singh, is an Indian politician. He has been elected as a Member of Legislative Assembly three times from Ichagarh constituency in past. Arvind lives in Adityapur.

## Career

Singh started his political career with Indian National Congress. In 1995 election he wanted to contest from Ichagarh constituency but the party didn't give him the ticket. Arvind decided to contest as an independent candidate and won the election. In 2000 election, Bharatiya Janata Party gave him the ticket from the same constituency and he won the elections again. However, he lost the 2005 election when he contested as a BJP candidate again. He decided to leave BJP and join Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (JVM – P) and he contested 2009 election from Ichagarh and defeated the then deputy chief minister – Sudhir Mahto. In 2014, he again contested but lost the elections. In 2019, he left the party.
# Aryaman Vikram Birla Institute of Learning

Aryaman Vikram Birla Institute of Learning is an English medium co-educational day school located in the city of Haldwani, Uttarakhand.
Aryaman Vikram Birla Institute of Learning was established on 30 March 2004 by renowned industrialist Mr. B.K. Birla and Late Mrs. Sarla Birla. It has a large campus of 15 acres and more than 80 teachers.

## Affiliation & Certification

The school is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi.

## Academics
### Core subjects include

* Languages - English (compulsory), Hindi and/or Sanskrit,
* Mathematics,
* Science (Physics, Chemistry and Biology),
* Social Studies (History, Civics, Geography, Economics),
* Life skills,
* Health Education,
* Computer Science,
* French

### Subjects offered in classes XI - XII

Science Stream:
* Optional - Informatics Practices / Computer Science / Hindi / Economics(any one)
* English,
* Physics,
* Chemistry,
* Mathematics / Biology,
* Physical Education.
Commerce Stream:
* Optional- Informatics Practices / Mathematics/ Computer Science / Hindi(any one)
* English,
* Accountancy,
* Business Studies,
* Economics,
* Physical Education
Humanities Stream:
* Optional - Informatics Practices / Mathematics/ Computer Science / Hindi (any one)
* English,
* History,
* Geography,
* Economics,
* Physical Education

## Co-curricular Activities

The school offers the following co-curricular activities:
* Art and craft
* Dance and dramatics
* Vocal and instrumental music
* Creative writing
* Debating

## Sports

The school provides coaching in games like Pool, Lawn Tennis, Table Tennis, Badminton, Kho-Kho, Cricket, Football, Basketball, Volleyball, Hockey, Handball, Athletics and Tae-kwon-do.
# Ashagy Emirkhanly

41°09′N 48°55′E﻿ / ﻿41.150°N 48.917°E﻿ / 41.150; 48.917
Aşağı Əmirxanlı (also, Ashagy Emirkhanly) is a village in the Shabran Rayon of Azerbaijan.
# Asher Hucklesby

Asher John Hucklesby JP (1844 – 3 January 1908) was an English businessman who was the five-time mayor of Luton, Bedfordshire between 1892 and 1906. A major hat manufacturer, he became known as the "straw hat king."
From modest beginnings as the son of a grocer in Stopsley, he became the owner of the largest hat business in Luton. Hucklesby began working for hat manufacturer CJ Rosson at the age of 13. When he eventually started his own business, it was an immediate success. In 1880 he bought the site of the old Luton Times offices and the neighbouring Spencer's Yard in George Street for £4,500 and built a large warehouse (now demolished).
Hucklesby also used the upper floor of 48 George Street as a warehouse as well as 12 Guildford Street. Buying the site in George Street was a very shrewd business move. The building of the proposed tramway in George Street had made it impossible for businesses along that road to load goods for the railway station but Hucklesby already owned Bond Street, which ran from George Street to Barber's Lane, giving him a private and direct link with the railway station. Bond Street is now lost as a road in Luton, it would have run roughly where Primark now is. The warehouse he built is now the site of MacDonalds and Snappy Snaps. His business went on to be Lutons most successful hat manufacturing business during the 19th Century.
As well as his council duties and his thriving business, Hucklesby also found time to serve as a JP and was active in the local church. He was president of the local YMCA and also the Temperance Federation. He was keen on educating the people of Luton and the University of Bedfordshire is on the site of Luton Secondary (later Modern) School, which he helped to found in 1904 and was a member of the governing body.
Along with councilor Edwin Oakley, Hucklesby purchased the estate that became Wardown Park for £16,500 in 1904 and sold it to Luton Council at the cost price, for the perpetual enjoyment of the people of Luton. Hucklesby lived in Leaside Villa which was built in 1878 and is now a hotel and restaurant (The Leaside Hotel) and the newly constructed road outside the hotel bares his name (Hucklesby Way).
On his death in 1908, he was given a civic funeral, the largest the town has ever seen, with hundreds of people lining the route to his burial in Rothesay Road cemetery. He left a massive fortune of £164,862 (£21.7 million as of 2024).
# Aseptatorina

Aseptatorina is a suborder of parasitic alveolates of the phylum Apicomplexa

## Taxonomy

There are eleven families recognised in this suborder. There are ~400 species in these families.
Five families — Allantocystidae, Diplocystidae, Enterocystidae, Ganymedidae and Schaudinnellidae — have only one genus. Aikinetocystidae has two genera.
Two families in this suborder — Ganymedidae and Thiriotiidae — infect crustaceans.
The taxonomy of this suborder may be in need of revision as it has been shown based on SSU 18S rDNA sequences that four families — Ganymedidae from the Aseptatorina and Cephalolobidae, Porosporidae and Uradiophoridae from the Septatorina appear to form a superfamily. The name Cephaloidophoroidea has been proposed for this superfamily

## History

This suborder was created by Chakravarty in 1960.

## Description

The gamont of the species in this suborder have a single compartment. An epimerite or mucron is found in some species.
Syzygy occurs.
# Ash borer

The ash borer (Podosesia syringae), or lilac borer, is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae. It is found throughout North America and can be a pest of ash and lilac.

## Appearance

Like other clear wing moths, ash borers have partially transparent wings due to a lack of colored scales on the wings. The body is brown with yellowing striping on the legs and abdomen, and can give the appearance that the ash borer is a paper wasp.

## Hosts and life cycle

Ash borer adults feed on nectar and will lay their eggs in the bark of lilac, ash, and privet, but can attack closely related plants in its range within North America. Larvae feed beneath the bark by chewing into the sapwood. Larval feeding can destroy the tree's phloem, weakening and possibly killing already stressed or very young trees by increasing the potential for wind damage or wilting. Pupae overwinter in the feeding gallery and emerge as adults the following spring. Adults begin to emerge between April and July or 300 to 500 growing degree days above 50 °F (10 °C) or about one week after full bloom of lilac.
* Adults mating
* Larva
* Damage

## Monitoring and treatment

Pheromone traps can be used to monitor for the presence of ash borers. Minimizing tree stress through mulching, watering during drought, and avoiding damage from equipment can reduce the occurrence of damage. In areas where ash borers are present and causing damage, insecticides can be applied to the trunk and branches before larvae chew into the bark. However, insecticides, are not effective once larvae are inside the tree. Even systemic insecticides that are incorporated by the tree that are normally effective for other wood-boring insects are not effective.
# Asbury College

Asbury College may refer to:
* Asbury College (Maryland), a former Methodist college in Baltimore, Maryland
* Asbury University, a liberal arts school in Wilmore, Kentucky, formerly known as Asbury College
* DePauw University, a liberal arts college in Greencastle, Indiana, formerly known as Indiana Asbury College or Asbury College
# Ashmont

Ashmont can mean:
* Ashmont, Alberta a hamlet in Canada
* Ashmont, Massachusetts, a section of the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts
** Ashmont (MBTA station), an MBTA subway station in Dorchester, Boston
* Ashmont, New South Wales, a suburb of Wagga Wagga in Australia
# Aspergillus neoflavipes

Aspergillus neoflavipes is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Flavipedes section. The species was first described in 2015.

## Growth and morphology

A. neoflavipes has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.
* Aspergillus neoflavipes growing on CYA plate
* Aspergillus neoflavipes growing on MEAOX plate
# Aspergillus neocarnoyi

Aspergillus neocarnoyi is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Aspergillus section. The species was first described in 1989. It has been reported to produce asperentins, asperflavin, auroglaucin, a bisanthron, dihydroauroglaucin, echinulins, flavoglaucin, neoechinulins, questin, questinol, tetracyclic, and tetrahydroauroglaucin.

## Growth and morphology

A. neocarnoyi has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.
* Aspergillus neocarnoyi growing on CYA plate
* Aspergillus neocarnoyi growing on MEAOX plate
# Aspiration therapy

Aspiration therapy is a bariatric approach to siphon ingested food from the stomach via an implanted tube and port to the outside of the body to be discarded. The device for this approach was developed by researchers at Washington University in St. Louis to treat obesity and has been named AspireAssist. The device has also been termed a reverse feeding tube. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 14, 2016.
AspireAssist is made by Aspire Bariatrics. It is inserted in an outpatient setting using an endoscope during an about 15 minutes procedure. People with the device can discharge yet undigested food via the port into the toilet, typically 20 to 30 minutes after a meal. Critics have called the approach “assisted bulimia”. In an initial study 18 people those with the device lost more weight than controls. The therapy is supported by a lifestyle counseling program, and requires regular medical supervision.
Candidates for the device cannot have an eating disorder, should be 22 years old or more, and should have a body mass index of 35 to 55. Short-term use is not encouraged. Contraindications for the device are certain eating disorders (i.e. bulimia), certain types of previous abdominal surgery, pregnancy, stomach ulcers and inflammatory bowel disease. Side effects reported are local skin irritation at the port site and abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea. Local infection may require removal of the tube.
The device is removable. Removal is performed on an outpatient basis and requires about ten minutes.
# Aspire

Aspire may refer to:

## Architecture

* Aspire Parramatta, a proposed skyscraper in New South Wales, Australia
* Aspire Tower, a skyscraper in Doha, Qatar

## Arts, entertainment, and media

* Aspire (sculpture), a 2008 sculpture at the University of Nottingham, England
* Aspire TV (American TV network), a United States television network
* Aspire TV (Australian TV channel), an Australian television network
* "Aspire", a song by Northlane from their album Singularity

## Automobiles

* Ford Aspire, a nameplate used on two different subcompact cars
** Ford Festiva, sold in North America as the Ford Aspire
** Ford Figo, a sedan variant called Ford Figo Aspire in India
* Honda City, a Japanese subcompact sedan, sold in Pakistan as Honda City Aspire
* Mitsubishi Aspire, a Japanese mid-size sports sedan

## Other uses

* Aspire (political party), an English minor political party
* Aspire Academy, a sports academy in Qatar
* Acer Aspire, a series of computers
* USS Aspire, transferred to the Soviet Union as Soviet minesweeper T-119
* Aspire (Energy), an energy drink
# Astragalus geminiflorus

Astragalus geminiflorus is a species of legume in the family Fabaceae. It is found only in Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.
# Athletics at the 1967 Pan American Games – Men's 800 metres

The men's 800 metres event at the 1967 Pan American Games was held in Winnipeg on 1 and 2 August.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Wade Bell United States | Bill Crothers Canada | Brian MacLaren Canada |

## Results
### Heats

| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | Brian MacLaren | Canada | 1:50.70 | Q |
| 2 | 1 | Wade Bell | United States | 1:51.14 | Q |
| 3 | 1 | Lennox Yearwood | Trinidad and Tobago | 1:51.85 | Q |
| 4 | 1 | Alex McDonald | Jamaica | 1:52.10 | Q |
| 5 | 1 | Federico Vera | Mexico | 1:52.40 | |
| 6 | 2 | Jere Van Dyk | United States | 1:54.52 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | Bill Crothers | Canada | 1:54.54 | Q |
| 8 | 2 | Neville Myton | Jamaica | 1:54.63 | Q |
| 9 | 2 | Roberto Silva | Mexico | 1:54.99 | Q |
| 10 | 1 | Orlando Gutiérrez | Colombia | 1:55.24 | |
| 11 | 1 | Jorge Arriaga | Peru | 1:55.91 | |
| 12 | 2 | Jorge Grosser | Chile | 1:55.46 | |
| 13 | 2 | Augusto Paredes | Peru | 1:58.30 | |
| 14 | 2 | Ricardo Leguiza | Argentina | 1:58.96 | |
| | 2 | Carver King | Trinidad and Tobago | DNS | |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Wade Bell | United States | 1:49.20 |
| | Bill Crothers | Canada | 1:49.91 |
| | Brian MacLaren | Canada | 1:50.31 |
| 4 | Jere Van Dyk | United States | 1:50.53 |
| 5 | Alex McDonald | Jamaica | 1:52.30 |
| 6 | Neville Myton | Jamaica | 1:52.58 |
| 7 | Lennox Yearwood | Trinidad and Tobago | 1:52.86 |
| 8 | Roberto Silva | Mexico | 1:53.45 |