OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bowditch effect

The Bowditch effect, also known as the Treppe phenomenon or Treppe effect or Staircase Phenomenon, is an autoregulation method by which myocardial tension increases with an increase in heart rate. It was first observed by Henry Pickering Bowditch in 1871.

## Mechanism

The underlying cause of the Bowditch effect is an increase in the calcium concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle cells, and its increased release into sarcoplasm.
One of the explanations for an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration is the inability of the Na$^+$/K$^+$-ATPase to keep up with influx of sodium at higher heart rates. When a higher heart rate occurs, for example due to adrenergic stimulation, the L-type calcium channel has increased activity. The sodium-calcium exchanger (which allows 3 Na$^+$ to flow down its electrochemical gradient in exchange for 1 Ca$^{++}$ ion to flow out of the cell) works to decrease the levels of intracellular calcium. As the heart rate becomes more robust, and the length of diastole decreases, the Na$^+$/K$^+$-ATPase, which removes the Na$^+$ brought into the cell by the Na$^+$/Ca$^{++}$ exchanger, does not keep up with the rate of Na$^+$ influx. This leads to a less efficient Na$^+$/Ca$^{++}$ exchange, since the gradient is decreasing for sodium and the driving force behind calcium transport is actually the concentration gradient of sodium, therefore Ca$^{++}$ builds up within the cell. This results in an accumulation of calcium in the myocardial cell via the sodium calcium exchanger and leads to a greater state of inotropism, a mechanism which is also seen with cardiac glycosides.
Alternatively, another mechanism is that the Na$^+$-Ca$^{++}$ membrane exchanger, which operates continually, has less time to remove the Ca$^{++}$ that arrives in the cell. This occurs because of the decreased length of diastole with positive chronotropy. With an increased intracellular Ca$^{++}$ concentration, there follows a positive inotropy.
It has also been observed that increased heart rate stimulates SERCA2a, which increases the calcium inflow and content in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This activation of SERCA2a is indirectly by the phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLN) by calmodulin kinase II (CAMK).

## Clinical significance

Positive Bowditch effect causes an increase in cardiac output due to the increased force of contraction of heart muscles.
This phenomenon is usually absent or even reversed (negative Bowditch effect) in heart failure and other diseases of heart, such as cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease. This is termed as the null or inverse staircase phenomenon. The probable cause for this effect is attributed to mutations in SERCA2a.

## History

The Bowditch effect was first observed by Henry Pickering Bowditch in 1871, after whom it is named.
# Brachyglene thirmida

"Brachyglene" thirmida is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by Hering in 1925. It is found in Bolivia.
Adults resemble Scea species.
# Brad Cecil

Brad Cecil (born December 29, 1999) is an American football center who is a free agent. He played college football at South Florida. He signed with the Detroit Lions as an undrafted free agent in 2023.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables :
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press |
| 6 ft 3+1⁄8 in (1.91 m) | 294 lb (133 kg) | 31+5⁄8 in (0.80 m) | 9+5⁄8 in (0.24 m) | 5.50 s | 1.79 s | 3.07 s | 4.69 s | 7.80 s | 29.0 in (0.74 m) | 9 ft 1 in (2.77 m) | 24 reps |
| All values from Pro Day ||||||||||||

### Detroit Lions

On May 12, 2023, the Detroit Lions signed Cecil to a three-year, $2,697,500 contract as an undrafted free agent. He was waived on August 29, 2023.
# Brancepeth Station

Brancepeth Station is a large, historically significant agricultural station in the Wairarapa, New Zealand.
The largest building on the property is a 36-room farmhouse. Other buildings still standing include the original whare (built in 1865), the first homestead (1858), a woolshed (1858), a coach house and stables, station school and the library (1884).
Victoria University of Wellington now holds all the books which were previously in the Brancepeth Library. Professor Lydia Wevers said "Going into the Brancepeth Station Library was like suddenly being in the 19th century, for someone had literally walked out the door 100 years ago and left it there".
Heritage New Zealand has designated Brancepeth as a Category 1 historic place.
# Bouley (surname)

Bouley is a French surname.

## List of people with the surname

* Bernard Bouley (born 1950), French politician
* David Bouley (1953–2024), American chef
# Branson (surname)

Branson is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alan Branson, American politician
* Brad Branson (born 1958), American professional basketball player
* Catherine Branson (born 1948), Australian human rights commissioner
* Clive Branson (1907–44), British artist and poet
* David Branson (1963–2001), Australian theatre director
* David H. Branson (1827–1896), American politician from Pennsylvania
* Don Branson (1920–66), American racecar driver
* Edith Branson (1891–1976), American painter
* Edward Branson, American geologist and paleontologist
* Frederick Woodward Branson (1851–1933), British chemist, glassblower, instrument maker and X-ray pioneer
* G. A. H. Branson (1871–1951), judge of the High Court of England and Wales
* George Branson (1918–1999), Australian politician
* Herman Branson (1914–1995), African-American physicist
* Jeff Branson (born 1977), American actor
* Jeff Branson (baseball player) (born 1967), American Major League baseball player
* Jesse Branson (1942–2014), American basketball player
* Noreen Branson (1910–2003), British Communist activist
* Richard Branson (born 1950), British entrepreneur
* Tony Branson (1946–2020), Australian rugby league footballer
* Vernon Mostyn Branson (1908–1992), Australian author and publisher
* William Henry Branson (1887–1961), American Seventh-day Adventist
# Bras du Nord

Bras du Nord may refer to:
* Bras du Nord (Valin River tributary), Le Fjord-du-Saguenay Regional County Municipality, Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec, Canada
* Bras du Nord (Sainte-Anne River tributary), river in Saint-Raymond, Portneuf Regional County Municipality, Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, Canada
* Bras du Nord, a tributary of the Machiche River in Quebec, Canada; see List of rivers of Quebec#North shore of St Lawrence river – between Repentigny and Trois-Rivières
* Bras du Nord-Ouest, a tributary of the Rivière du Gouffre in Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, Canada
# Branko Elsner

Branko Elsner (23 November 1929 – 17 November 2012) was a Slovenian football manager and player, most known for being the manager of the Austria national team twice.
Elsner had his first success as a football coach in his Slovenian homeland with Olimpija, whom he trained from 1964 to 1967.

## Personal life

His son Marko Elsner, and grandsons Luka Elsner and Rok Elsner, were all professional footballers.
# Agariya

Agariya may refer to:
* Agariya people
* Agariya language
* Agariya, Bhopal, a village in Madhya Pradesh
# 1940–41 Bohemian-Moravian Hockey League season

The 1940-41 Bohemian-Moravian Hockey League season was the second season of the Bohemian-Moravian Hockey League. Six teams participated in the league, and I. CLTK Prag won the championship.

## Regular season

| Pl. | Team | GP | W | T | L | GF–GA | Pts. |
| 1. | I. ČLTK Prag | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 28-4 | 10 |
| 2. | LTC Prag | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 36-3 | 8 |
| 3. | AC Sparta Prag | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 10-12 | 6 |
| 4. | SK Horácká Slavia Třebíč | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 7-20 | 4 |
| 5. | ČSK Vítkovice | 5 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 5-12 | 2 |
| 6. | SK Velké Popovice | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 3-38 | 0 |

## Promotion

Semifinals:
* AC Stadion České Budějovice – SK Podolí Prag 2:0
* SK Meteor Svobodné Dvory – SK Židenice 1:0 n.V.
Final:
* AC Stadion České Budějovice – SK Meteor Svobodné Dvory 3:1 n.V.
AC Stadion Ceske Budejovice was promoted to the Bohemian-Moravian League for 1941–42.
# Bisaltes chilensis

Bisaltes chilensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1939.
# Black rattler

Black rattler may refer to:
* Sistrurus catenatus, also known as the massasauga, a venomous pitviper species found primarily in the United States.
* Crotalus helleri, also known as the Southern Pacific rattlesnake, a venomous pitviper species found in South-West California and south into Baja California.
* Crotalus viridis, also known as the prairie rattlesnake, a venomous pitviper species native to the western United States, southwestern Canada,
# Blacksand

Blacksand is a British guitar-based electronic music duo consisting of Nick Franglen of Lemon Jelly and C.J. Casey of Akasha.
They are noted for the unusual places in which they play their improvised music, which include down a mine, on a submarine and in an abandoned industrial testing facility. They released their first album, Barn, in May 2008.
# Black cow

Black cow or Black Cow can refer to:
* A root beer float
* Black Cow Vodka, a brand of vodka made from whey, a byproduct of cheesemaking
* "Black Cow", a song on Steely Dan's 1977 album Aja
# Blagojevići

Blagojevići (Cyrillic: Благојевићи) is a village in the municipalities of Novo Goražde, Republika Srpska and Goražde, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was nil, down from 15 in 1991.
# Blake's New Jerusalem

Blake's New Jerusalem is an album by Tim Blake, recorded and originally released in 1978 on Barclay.
The album was remastered and expanded in 2017, adding three more tracks.
The title is a reference to the popular British hymn "Jerusalem", which is based on William Blake's 1804 poem "And did those feet in ancient time".
Tim Blake performed the tracks "Lighthouse" and "Blake's New Jerusalem" live with Hawkwind. "A Song for a New Age" was covered by Hawkwind bandmates Dave Brock, Niall Hone and Richard Chadwick under the name Hawkwind Light Orchestra for the album Stellar Variations.

## Track listing

* "Song for a New age" — 5:12
* "Lighthouse" — 6:46
* "Generator (Laserbeam)" — 3:34
* "Passage sur la Cité de la Révélation" — 7:43
* "Blake's New Jerusalem" — 16:12

## Remastered edition additional tracks, 2017

* "The Woodland Voice" - 3:39
* "From Outer Space" - 19:09
* "Jupiter to Jerusalem" - 16:07

## Personnel

** As listed in liner notes on back cover:
* Tim Blake: Vocals, Acoustic and Electric Guitars, EMS Custom Synthesizers, Roland 100 System, Mini-Moog, ARP Omni and Korg Polyphonic Ensembles
* Jean-Phillipe Rykiel: Mini-Moog Synthesizers on "Passage sur la Cité de la Révélation" and "Blake's New Jerusalem"
# Blocked (video game)

Blocked is a 2009 puzzle game for the iPhone and iPod Touch made by Joel Rosenberg.

## Development

The game was based on the puzzle game Rush Hour.

## Game description

The player maneuvers around gray blocks until a blue rock can escape. Blocks can only move left and right or up and down. The game has 100 challenges in 20 levels: easy, medium, hard, harder, and hardest.

## Reception

James Savager of Macworld noted that Blocked is the perfect puzzle game for those quick moments during the day when you've got some time to kill and need a puzzle to solve. Lew Reed of Slide To Play pointed to the game's simplicity as being crucial to its success.
# ACML

ACML or variant, may refer to:
* AMD Core Math Library (ACML)
* Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML)
* American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ACML), a type of cutaneous leishmaniasis
* Asian Conference on Machine Learning, founded by Zhou Zhi-Hua
* Analytical Chemistry & Microscopy Laboratory, Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Forestry Service
# AR Inc.

AR Inc. is a Pennsylvania-based provider of microwave instrumentation products. The company was founded in 1969 by Don Shepherd and Dan Roth. It is accredited ISO 17025:2005 by the American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA).

## Company overview
### Formation

Shepherd and Roth started AR Inc. in 1969. In 1973, they moved to the current headquarters in Souderton, Pennsylvania and the company has been operating from here since then. AR Inc. recorded sales of $1 million in 1979 and $25 million in 1996.

### Expansion

The company offers amplifiers, antennas, receiver systems, chambers, EMC field monitoring and power measuring equipment with applications in the US Army and US Navy. It expanded to operate offices in United Kingdom, France, Benelux and Germany. In 1988, it developed the 100 W solid-state power amplifier covering 100 MHz to 1 GHz, and by 2015 it had achieved a 50,000 W CW, class A, solid state amplifier.

### Acquisitions

In 2017, AR Inc. acquired Sunol Sciences Corporation, now renamed as SunAR RF Motion. SunAR provides precision positioners and reverb stirrers for EMC, OTA, and shielding effectiveness testing; as well as distributed antenna systems for wireless markets. In 2019, AR Inc. became an exclusive distributor of NEXIO products and services.

### Recognition

AR Inc. was the winner of EMC LIVE Product of the Year in 2017 and 2018.
# ANME

ANME can mean:
* anaerobic methanotroph, a type of microorganism associated with the anaerobic oxidation of methane
* Asociación Nacional de Mujeres Españolas, a Spanish feminist organization
# A Good Man Is Hard to Find (song)

"A Good Man Is Hard to Find" is a song written by African-American songwriter and later actor Eddie Green, and first published in 1917. It was first recorded by Marion Harris in 1919. It is regarded as "one of the classic blues standards from the Roaring Twenties".

## History

The song was written by Green "in a bluesy style", and was first copyrighted in December 1917. It was initially available as a piano roll. By January 1919, the sheet music was reputed to have sold one million copies. Green also used the song in a Broadway show in 1927.
The recording by Harris – the first widely-known white singer to sing blues songs – for Victor Records was released in February 1919. Other popular early recordings were made by Wilbur Sweatman's Original Jazz Band (1919), Ernest Hare (1919), Ted Lewis (1928), and Bessie Smith (1928). The song became the signature tune of Sophie Tucker, who also first sang it in 1919.
Among later recordings of the song are those by Fats Waller (1939), Cass Daley (1949), Frank Sinatra and Shelley Winters in the film Meet Danny Wilson (1952), Teresa Brewer (1955), Brenda Lee (1959), Nancy Wilson (1962), Alberta Hunter (1980), and Maria Muldaur (2007). There are at least 150 recorded versions of the song.
The inversion of the phrase, as "A hard man is good to find", is generally attributed, though with some uncertainty, to Mae West, or possibly to Sophie Tucker.
The song's title was used as the title of a 1953 short story by Flannery O'Connor.
The title was reused for a song by Bruce Springsteen recorded in 1982 that was not released until his Tracks box set release in 1998.
The Flannery O'Connor story inspired a song of the same name released by Sufjan Stevens on the 2004 album Seven Swans.
The song was featured in the 2020 Canadian survival horror movie Butchers.
# A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories

A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories (published in the United Kingdom as The Artificial Nigger and Other Tales) is a collection of short stories by American author Flannery O'Connor. The collection was first published in 1955. The subjects of the short stories range from baptism ("The River") to serial killers ("A Good Man Is Hard to Find") to human greed and exploitation ("The Life You Save May Be Your Own"). The majority of the stories include jarring violent scenes that make the characters undergo a spiritual change. The short stories commonly have tones of Catholicism related to life and death scenarios. For instance, in the story "A Good Man Is Hard To Find" the villain states, "She would have been a good woman if it had been somebody there to shoot her every minute of her life."

## Contents

It contains the following stories:
* "A Good Man Is Hard to Find"
* "The River"
* "The Life You Save May Be Your Own"
* "A Stroke of Good Fortune"
* "A Temple of the Holy Ghost"
* "The Artificial Nigger"
* "A Circle in the Fire"
* "A Late Encounter with the Enemy"
* "Good Country People"
* "The Displaced Person"

## Title

The title was taken from the blues song, "A Good Man Is Hard to Find", written by Eddie Green and popularized by the singer Bessie Smith in 1927.

## Adaptations

A television adaptation of the short story "The Life You Save May Be Your Own", starring Gene Kelly, was broadcast on the CBS network's Schlitz Playhouse on March 1, 1957. O'Connor was not pleased with the results, as evidenced in a letter to a friend: "The best I can say for it is that it conceivably could have been worse. Just conceivably."
A short film adaptation of the story "A Good Man Is Hard to Find", titled "Black Hearts Bleed Red", was released in 1993. The film was directed by New York filmmaker Jeri Cain Rossi and stars noted New York artist Joe Coleman.
Musician Sufjan Stevens wrote a song titled "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" on his album Seven Swans; it is told from the viewpoint of the Misfit even though he is not the focus of the story.
# A Good Mom Is Better Than a Good Teacher

A Good Mom Is Better Than a Good Teacher is a Chinese language book by Yin Jianli. It goes into detail about how parents should listen to their children. It is in opposition to perceived trends where getting into the best schools is a parent's highest priority.
The material of the book, and its runaway success in China, was covered in The Wall Street Journal in 2010.
# A Daughter of Maryland

A Daughter of Maryland is a lost 1917 silent film drama directed by John B. O'Brien and starring Edna Goodrich. It was produced and released by Mutual Film.

## Cast

* Edna Goodrich - Beth Treadway
* William T. Carleton - Major Treadway(*William T. Carlton)
* Helen Strickland - Sarah Treadway
* Carlton Brickert - John Standish (*Carl Brickett)
* Jack Hopkins - Rippley
* Charles Martin - Pennell
* Florence Miller - Dorothy Pennell
* Morgan Thorpe - Haskell
* S. J. Burton - Neb
* Myra Brooks - Mandy
* Frederick Truesdell - (*Fred Truesdell)
# A Current Affair

A Current Affair may refer to:
* A Current Affair (Australian TV program), 1971–present Australian current affairs program that airs on Nine Network
* A Current Affair (American TV program), a 1986–1998 American television newsmagazine program that aired in syndication, and was revived in 2005
# A History of My Brief Body

A History of My Brief Body is an autobiographical series of essays by Billy-Ray Belcourt, published July 14, 2020, by Penguin Canada.

## Reception

A History of My Brief Body received starred reviews from Kirkus Reviews, and Quill & Quire, as well as positive reviews from Rabble.ca, Full Stop, Cloud Literary, The Washington Post, The Rumpus, Booklist, and The Nerd Daily.
Kirkus Reviews, CBC, The Globe and Mail, and Largehearted Boy named the book one of the best of the year, and Book Riot and The Globe and Mail included it on other reading lists.
The book also received the following accolades:
* Lambda Literary Award for Gay Memoir/Biography finalist (2021)
* Hubert Evans Non-Fiction Prize winner (2021)
* Governor General's Literary Award for Nonfiction finalist (2020)
* Jim Deva Prize for Writing that Provokes finalist (2021)
# A Drop of Water

A Drop of Water is the debut album by Keiko Matsui, released in 1987 by Passport.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Keiko Matsui except where noted

## Personnel

* Keiko Matsui – piano, shakuhachi, synthesizer
* Kazu Matsui – shakuhachi
* David Garfield – piano, synthesizer
* Derek Nakamoto – synthesizer
* Walt Fowler – flugelhorn
* Brandon Fields – saxophone
* Robben Ford – guitar
* Grant Geissman – guitar
* Suzie Katayama – cello
* Matt Bissonette – bass guitar
* Nathan East – bass guitar, vocals
* Jimmy Johnson – bass guitar
* John Leftwich – bass guitar
* Gregg Bissonette – drums
* Vinnie Colaiuta – drums
* Bernie Dresel – drums
* Luis Conte – percussion
* Michael Fisher – percussion
* Carl Anderson – vocals, background vocals
* Maxi Anderson – vocals
* Marlena Jeter – vocals
* Marva King – vocals
* Molly Pasutti – vocals
# A Nymph of the Foothills

A Nymph of the Foothills is a 1918 American silent drama film directed by Frederick A. Thomson and starring Gladys Leslie, Alfred Kappeler and Walter Hiers.

## Cast

* Gladys Leslie as Emmy Chaney
* Alfred Kappeler as Ben Kirkland
* Walter Hiers as Tubby
* Charles A. Stevenson as Henry Kirkland
* Arnold Lucy as Old Man
# A South Bronx Story

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| NME | (8/10) |
| Spin | (9/10) |
A South Bronx Story is a 2000 compilation album by rock band ESG. Prior to the release of A South Bronx Story, the band's back catalog had been almost impossible to find.

## Critical reception

The Village Voice wrote that the group's "drums’n’chants sound resembled a Mardi Gras Indian tribe or Yoruba percussion ensemble as much as the stripped-down funk that Prince and Cameo were pioneering." The Guardian wrote: "Bridging the gap between dance and punk (they once appeared on the same bill as Grandmaster Funk and the Clash), their sound was utterly their own, as this compilation of material from 1980-87 attests."
It ranked #7 on Spin's list of the top 10 reissues of 2000.

## Track listing

* all songs written by ESG
* "You're No Good" – 3:12
* "Moody" – 2:48
* "UFO" – 2:56
* "It's Alright" – 2:39
* "Moody (Spaced Out)" – 4:18
* "Tiny Sticks" – 3:03
* "My Love For You" – 2:55
* "Come Away" – 3:14
* "Dance" – 4:32
* "Parking Lot Blues" – 2:54
* "Chistelle" – 1:54
* "About You" – 2:05
* "Erase You" – 4:08
* "Get Funky" – 2:35
* "Hold Me Right" – 2:56
* "I Can't Tell You What To Do" – 4:06

## Personnel

* Deborah Scroggins – bass, vocals
* Renee Scroggins – lead vocals, guitar
* Valerie Scroggins – drums, vocals
* Marie Scroggins – congas, vocals
* Tito Libran – congas