# Discovering History in China

Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past is a book by Paul A. Cohen introducing the ideas behind American histories of China since 1840. It was published by Columbia University Press in 1984 and reprinted with a new preface in 2010.
Cohen presents a sympathetic critique of the dominant paradigms associated with John K. Fairbank and the historians he trained which shaped the field of Area Studies after World War II: "China's response to the West" (or "impact-response") and "Tradition and Modernity," which were popular in the 1950s, and Imperialism, which became fashionable in the 1960s in response to American involvement in Vietnam. Cohen, himself trained by Fairbank, sees these paradigms as placing China in a passive role and not being capable of change without a Western impact.

## Cohen's critique

Cohen prefaces the book by explaining “People who are not historians sometimes think of history as the facts about the past. Historians are supposed to know otherwise.... As times change, concerns shift... each generation of historians must rewrite the history written by the preceding generation.” Up through World War II, he continues, “American writing tended to stress those aspects which the West itself had been most immediately concerned," an intellectual bias which “equated modern with Western with important; for many Americans of this era, even educated ones, Westernized China and modern China were indistinguishable.”
    My real quibble in this book is not with the disciplined, descriptive, application of terms like imperialism, impact, response, or even modern to specific, precisely delimited processes or phenomena that have emerged in the past century or so of Chinese history; what I object to is the use of these concepts as broad, overarching intellectual constructs purporting to tell us what was important – and by implication not important – about an entire period of historical time.
Chapter 1, "The Problem with 'China's Response to the West,'" focuses on the "impact and response" framework made popular by Teng Ssu-yu and Fairbank's 1954 volume of annotated translations, China's Response to the West. Chapter 2, "Moving Beyond 'Tradition and Modernity'" focuses on Joseph R. Levenson, Mary C. Wright, and Albert Feuerwerker, all trained by Fairbank. Cohen is particularly doubtful about the analysis of Joseph Levenson, in such early books as Liang Ch'i-chao and the Mind of Modern China (Harvard University Press, 1954), which assumed that Confucianism and modernity were incompatible and that the traditional order had to be torn down before a modern one could be built up. Likewise Mary Wright, in The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism concluded that for China after the Taiping Rebellion, “the obstacles to successful adaptation to the modern world were not imperialist aggression, Manchu rule, mandarin stupidity, or the accidents of history, but nothing less than the constituent elements of the Confucian system itself.”
Chapter 3. "Imperialism: Reality or Myth?" does not see the concept "imperialism" as a useful tool.
Chapter 4. "Toward a China-Centered History of China" calls for "China-centered history of China" and praises scholarship of the 1970s which shows how to do it.
Cohen returned to the problems of historical writing in his History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth. New York: Columbia University Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0231106504.

## Reception

Harriet Zurndorfer's history of western Sinology called the work a "revealing book" and an "insider's discussion" which traces how scholars can move beyond these "Western-centric paradigms" towards a "China-centered" history based on "how the Chinese themselves experienced and wrote about it." Reviews in professional journals for the most part greeted the book. Albert Feuerwerker, writing in the Journal of Asian Studies praised Cohen but objected to "what I believe to be an undue defensiveness" in the analysis of what Cohen calls "the intellectual imperialism" of American historians, and an "excessive gravity" in treating "jejeune political tracts as 'paradigms'" in the chapter on imperialism." Dennis Duncanson was skeptical: "there is regrettably little novelty to stimulate reflection in this less than comprehensive survey," and did not agree with "finding fault with other people's 'perceptions'."

## Editions and translations

* Cohen, Paul A. (1984). Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231151924.
* —— (2010). Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231151924.
* Sato Shin'ichi, tr., Chi no teikokushugi: Orientizumu to Chugoku zo (Intellectual Imperialism: Orientalism and the image of China) (Heibonsha, Tokyo, 1988).
* Lin Tongqi, tr., Zhonghua, Beijing, 1989; expanded edition, Zhonghua, 2005
* Daoxiang Publishing, Taipei, 1991; Lianjing, Taipei, 1991
* Korean: Sansae Publishing Co., Seoul, 2003)

## References and further reading

* Cohen, Paul A. (1988). "Our Proper Concerns as Historians of China: A Reply to Michael Gasster". The American Asian Review. 6 (1): 1–24.
* —— (1993). "Cultural China: Some Definitional Issues". Philosophy East and West. 43 (3): 557–563. doi:10.2307/1399582. JSTOR 1399582.
* Duncanson, Dennis (1985). "(Review)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. New Series. 117 (1): 131–132. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00155510. S2CID 161287140. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
* Feuerwerker, Albert (1985). "(Review)". The Journal of Asian Studies. 44 (3): 579–580. doi:10.2307/2056276. JSTOR 2056276. S2CID 162458670.
* Gasster, Michael (1987). "Discovering China in the History: Some Comments on Paul Cohen's Discovering History in China". The American Asian Review.
* Lu, Hanchao (2007). "A Double-Sided Mirror: On Paul Cohen's Discovering History in China". The Chinese Historical Review. 14 (2): 189–191. doi:10.1179/tcr.2007.14.2.189. S2CID 143605546.
* van de Ven, Hans (1996). "Recent Studies of Modern Chinese History". Modern Asian Studies. 30 (2): 225–269. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00016462. S2CID 146237017.
* Xia, Mingfang (2007). "Modern Chinese History without "Modernity": Paul A. Cohen's Three Dogmas and the Logical Contradictions of the "China-Centred Approach"". Journal of Modern Chinese History. 1 (1): 53–68. doi:10.1080/17535650701521114. S2CID 143834418.
* Harriet Zurndorfer, (1988) (Review) T'oung Pao Second Series, Vol. 74, Livr. 1/3 (1988), pp. 150–154 .
* —— (1995). China Bibliography: A Research Guide to Reference Works About China Past and Present. Leiden; New York: E.J. Brill; reprint Honolulu: University of Hawa'i Press, 1999. ISBN 978-9004102781.