OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Falkland Islands Magazine

The Falkland Islands Magazine (from 1908, the Falkland Islands Magazine and Church Paper), was a monthly periodical published in the Falkland Islands between 1889 and 1933. It was the first regular publication in the islands.
The Magazine was established in 1889 by Lowther Edward Brandon, then the Colonial Chaplain to the Falkland Islands, and later Dean of Christ Church Cathedral. It was published monthly, and contained a wide range of material, including local news and personal announcements, as well as commercial advertisements, shipping notices, and church bulletins. The Rev Rev. C. McDonald Hobley wrote that, "The entire work is produced at “the Cathedral Press ” by the local Cathedral Clergy, aided by two of their girl Choristers."
Notable issues include:
January 1915, No. IX, Vol. XXVI - carried a report on “Naval Action of the Falklands” - the Battle of the Falkland Islands
July 1916, No. III, Vol. XXVIII - report "The Antarctic Expedition" re to Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914–1917 and the loss of the Endurance, it was written after his arrival at Stanley and before rescue attempts were successful.
October 1916, No. VI, Vol. XXVIII - report on “Sir Shackleton’s Expedition: The Report of Mr. Wild.”, (Colonial Annual Report Falkland Islands 1916, pages 10–11, also wrote about this under the heading of General Observations). It reported the final rescue.
The Magazine ceased publication in 1933. Subsequent Falklands periodicals have included the short-lived The Penguin (1929 to 38), the Falkland Islands weekly news (active 1944 to 1949), the Falkland Islands monthly review (active 1958 to 1973), and the current Penguin News, published weekly since 1979. In addition, there is an annually-published academic journal, The Falkland Islands Journal (1967 onwards), and a twice-yearly Falkland Islands newsletter, published by the UK-based Falkland Islands Association.
# Chestnut Hill East Branch

The Chestnut Hill East Branch is a railway line in Pennsylvania. It runs 5.5 miles (8.9 km) from a junction with the SEPTA Main Line in Nicetown–Tioga, a neighborhood in Philadelphia, to Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. The oldest part of it was built in 1832 by the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad. It was part of the Reading Company system from 1870 until 1976. Today it is owned by SEPTA and hosts the Chestnut Hill East Line commuter rail service. The line runs roughly parallel to the Chestnut Hill West Branch, formerly of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

## History

The Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad's initial line ran from Ninth and Green in Philadelphia to Germantown. This 6-mile (9.7 km) line opened on June 6, 1832. Plans to build north from Germantown to Norristown were abandoned in favor a different route that branched off the existing line at what is now 16th Street Junction. Germantown remained the northernmost station on the branch until 1854 when the Chestnut Hill Railroad, leased by the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad, extended the line 4 miles (6.4 km) to Chestnut Hill. This extension opened on December 1, 1854.
The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, a forerunner of the Reading Company, leased the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad on December 1, 1870. In 1879, the Reading built the Tabor Branch to link the former PG&N line with the North Pennsylvania Railroad's main line, thus making the former PG&N line south of Wayne Junction the Reading's primary passenger route into Philadelphia.
The Reading continued to run regular commuter service on what it called variously the Germantown and Chestnut Hill Branch or simply the Chestnut Hill Branch. The Reading electrified the branch on February 5, 1933. The Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad continued to exist on paper, owning that part of the branch between Wayne and Germantown, but the Chestnut Hill Railroad was merged into the Reading in 1948. With the Reading Company's final bankruptcy in 1976, the Chestnut Hill Branch was conveyed to Conrail and then SEPTA. SEPTA activated positive train control on the Chestnut Hill East Branch on July 25, 2016.
# Circuit noise level

At any point in a transmission system, the ratio of the circuit noise at that point to an arbitrary level chosen as a reference.
The circuit noise level is usually expressed in dBrn0, signifying the reading of a circuit noise meter, or in dBa0, signifying circuit noise meter reading adjusted to represent an interfering effect under specified conditions.
This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. (in support of MIL-STD-188).
* This article related to telecommunications is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Ben Shulver

Ben Shulver, is an English professional rugby league footballer who has played in the 2010s for the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats in the Super League, Queanbeyan Kangaroos and Hunslet Club Parkside, as a prop or second-row.

## Career

Shulver started his career with the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, playing and scoring in one Challenge Cup match against Hemel Stags on 20 April 2013. During his first spell with the club, Ben failed to make his début in Super League.
During the 2015 season, Shulver played in Australia for Queanbeyan Kangaroos.
On 25 Feb 2024 he played at Loose forward for Hunslet ARLFC in their Challenge Cup defeat to Wakefield Trinity.
# Disgraceland (podcast)

DISGRACELAND is an American true crime music podcast written and hosted by Jake Brennan. It is produced by Double Elvis Productions. The podcast was adapted into a book written by Brennan entitled "DISGRACELAND: Musicians Getting Away with Murder and Behaving Very Badly" published by Grand Central Publishing in 2019.

## Reception

Complex named the series one of the "Best Music Podcasts". Cosmopolitan named the series one of its "25 best podcasts of 2018" in December 2018. Hot Press also selected the series as one of its top podcasts for 2020.

### Accolades

* Winner of the 2019 iHeart Music Best Music Podcast
* Winner of the 2021 Webby for Best Music Podcast
* Winner of the 2023 Ambie Award for Best Original Score and Music Supervision
# Feature-oriented positioning

Feature-oriented positioning (FOP) is a method of precise movement of the scanning microscope probe across the surface under investigation. With this method, surface features (objects) are used as reference points for microscope probe attachment. Actually, FOP is a simplified variant of the feature-oriented scanning (FOS). With FOP, no topographical image of a surface is acquired. Instead, a probe movement by surface features is only carried out from the start surface point A (neighborhood of the start feature) to the destination point B (neighborhood of the destination feature) along some route that goes through intermediate features of the surface. The method may also be referred to by another name—object-oriented positioning (OOP).
To be distinguished are a "blind" FOP when the coordinates of features used for probe movement are unknown in advance and FOP by existing feature "map" when the relative coordinates of all features are known, for example, in case they were obtained during preliminary FOS. Probe movement by a navigation structure is a combination of the above-pointed methods.
FOP method may be used in bottom-up nanofabrication to implement high-precision movement of the nanolithograph/nanoassembler probe along the substrate surface. Moreover, once made along some route, FOP may be then exactly repeated the required number of times. After movement in the specified position, an influence on the surface or manipulation of a surface object (nanoparticle, molecule, atom) is performed. All the operations are carried out in automatic mode. With multiprobe instruments, FOP approach allows to apply any number of specialized technological and/or analytical probes successively to a surface feature/object or to a specified point of the feature/object neighborhood. That opens a prospect for building a complex nanofabrication consisting of a large number of technological, measuring, and checking operations.
# Bingham Township, Michigan

Bingham Township is the name of several places in the U.S. state of Michigan:
* Bingham Township, Clinton County, Michigan
* Bingham Township, Huron County, Michigan
* Bingham Township, Leelanau County, Michigan
# Charles Jackson (judge)

Charles Jackson (31 May 1775 – 13 December 1855) was an American jurist based in Massachusetts.

## Biography

Jackson was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts. He was the son of Newburyport merchant and Continental Congress Massachusetts delegate Jonathan Jackson and Hannah Tracy.
Jackson graduated from Harvard University in 1793, studied law with Chief Justice Parsons, and began to practice in 1796 at Newburyport. In 1803, he relocated to Boston, where, associated with Judge Hubbard, he had a most lucrative practice, probably more lucrative than any other in New England had been up until that time.
Jackson was judge of the Massachusetts Supreme Court (1813–1824), a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1820, and one of the commissioners to revise the Massachusetts State Laws in 1833, drawing up the second part of the “Revised Statutes.” He also wrote Treatise on the Pleadings and Practice in Real Actions in 1828. Jackson was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1817.

## Family

Jackson was the brother of Lowell, Massachusetts, industrialist Patrick Tracy Jackson and Massachusetts General Hospital proponent James Jackson. His daughter, Amelia Lee Jackson, married physician Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., later becoming mother of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

## Sources

* Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1879). "Jackson, Charles" . In Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A. (eds.). The American Cyclopædia.
* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Jackson, Charles" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
# Emits Showers of Sparks

Emits Showers of Sparks is the second album by the American band Sixteen Deluxe, released in 1998. The first single was "Purple". The band supported the album with a North American tour that included film projection and a liquid light component. The album was delayed several months, and Warner Bros. Records eventually dropped the band, in part due to Sixteen Deluxe's reluctance to keep touring.

## Production

Recorded at Hyde Street Studios, in San Francisco, the album was produced by John Croslin. Most of the songs were written on acoustic guitar. Unlike on their debut album, Sixteen Deluxe were less concerned about burying their pop songs under effects and distortion. "Large Animal Clinic" uses Carrie Clark's lead vocal backed by her vocal harmonies.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Atlanta Journal-Constitution | B+ |
| Austin American-Statesman | |
| Entertainment Weekly | B+ |
| Fort Worth Star-Telegram | |
| Knoxville News Sentinel | |
| Lincoln Journal Star | |
| Los Angeles Daily News | |
| USA Today | |
The Salt Lake Tribune noted that "the formula isn't new, a hard-edged guitar attack with pop melodies, laced with psychedelic effects." The San Diego Union-Tribune said that "the most successful efforts here, 'Let It Go' and 'Captain Kirk's Z-Man House of Fun/Mixed Up', are bluesy, melodic and multilayered gems that culminate in slick psychedelic guitar noise." Entertainment Weekly opined that "Sixteen Deluxe offers a witty pastiche of clean-cut '80s pop layered with up-to-the-second guitar-and-electronica distortion." USA Today labeled Emits Showers of Sparks "warm classic pop made rugged by guitar fuzz, electronic static and ... barbed harmonies."
The Lincoln Journal Star stated that, "through the entrancing, softly cool vocals of Carrie Clark and a gruffer variety from Chris Smith, Sixteen Deluxe mixes quality melodies with lots of noise, primarily from guitars, but gets extra depth from percussion and organ." The Los Angeles Daily News determined that the band "create little dark musical corners in even the seemingly cheeriest places." CMJ New Music Monthly concluded that the album "brings on uneasy relief by inducing alternating states of feverish anxiety and narcoleptic bliss." The Knoxville News Sentinel noted that, while "Clark sprints over the blustery tracks with lithe melody, occasional lead vocalist Chris Smith is a weak and flavorless liability."
AllMusic wrote that the "lyrics are more prominent throughout ... no matter who is singing them, at times perhaps embracing a Generation X aesthetic a touch too closely." In 2009, Spin included Sixteen Deluxe on its list of "The 100 Greatest Bands You've (Probably) Never Heard", deeming Emits Showers of Sparks one of "the 1990s' most pleasurably squalling albums."
# Draa Essamar

Draa Essamar is a town and commune in Médéa Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census, it has a population of 7,465.
# Cloven Hoof

A cloven hoof is a hoof split into two toes. Cloven Hoof otherwise refers to:
* The Cloven Hoof, an early bulletin publication from the Church of Satan
* Cloven Hoof (band), a heavy metal group from Wolverhampton active since 1979
** Cloven Hoof (album), the band's 1984 eponymous studio release
* Cloven Hooves, a 1991 fantasy novel by Megan Lindholm
* Cloven paw, a genetic abnormality in the paws of dogs and cats.
# Chile at the 2002 Winter Paralympics

Chile competed at the 2002 Winter Paralympics in Salt Lake City, United States. 2 competitors from Chile won no medals and so did not place in the medal table.
# Claire Fraser

Claire Fraser may refer to:
* Claire M. Fraser (born 1955), American microbiologist
* Claire Fraser (character), a fictional character in the Outlander series of novels
* Claire Fraser (cyclist) (born 1985), road cyclist from Guyana
# Ben Silbermann

Ben Silbermann (born July 14, 1982) is an American Internet entrepreneur. He is the co-founder and executive chairman of Pinterest, a visual discovery engine which lets users organize images, links, recipes and other things.

## Early life

Silbermann was born in Iowa in 1982. He was raised in Des Moines, Iowa. His parents, Jane Wang and Neil Silbermann, are ophthalmologists. In 1998, Silbermann attended the Research Science Institute at MIT. He graduated from Des Moines Central Academy and Des Moines Roosevelt with the class of 1999. He then graduated from Yale University in the spring of 2003 with a degree in Political Science.

## Career

Before Pinterest (which launched in March 2010), Silbermann worked at Google in the online advertising group. However, after a short time with the company he left and started designing his own iPhone apps with friends. After his initial application, Tote, failed to gain traction, he teamed up with Evan Sharp to create a pinboard product that would eventually be named Pinterest. Silbermann says that the genesis of Pinterest came from his love of collecting as a kid. "Collecting tells a lot about who you are," he said, and when they looked at the web "there wasn't a place to share that side of who you were." Raising capital to start Pinterest was a hurdle that Silbermann thought laterally about. Silbermann entered the NYU Stern Business Plan Competition. "The prize was meeting with venture capitalists First Mark Capital in New York, which gave us half our money." A little over nine years after starting Pinterest, the company held its IPO in April 2019 which valued the company around 12 billion dollars.
On June 28, 2022, it was announced Silberman would step down as Chief Executive Officer and transition to the role of Executive Chairman. Google executive Bill Ready will become Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors. During this time, Silbermann was listed on the Forbes billionaires 30 under 30 list.

## Personal life

Silbermann is married to Divya Bhaskaran, with whom he has two children. His wife graduated from Clark University in 2004 with a degree in Psychology. The couple resides in San Francisco, California.
# Division of Evans

The Division of Evans was an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. The division was created in 1949 and abolished in 1977. It was named for George Evans, an early explorer. It was located in the inner western suburbs of Sydney, including Ashfield, Croydon and Drummoyne. It was a marginal seat, held by both the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal Party.
Prior to its abolition in 1977 and except in 1961, Evans was a bellwether seat that was won by the party that formed government afterwards.

## Members

| Member | Party | Term | Notes |
| Frederick Osborne (1909–1996) | Liberal | 10 December 1949 – 9 December 1961 | Served as minister under Menzies. Lost seat |
| James Monaghan (1921–2007) | Labor | 9 December 1961 – 30 November 1963 | Lost seat |
| Malcolm Mackay (1919–1999) | Liberal | 30 November 1963 – 2 December 1972 | Served as minister under McMahon. Lost seat |
| Allan Mulder (1928–2009) | Labor | 2 December 1972 – 13 December 1975 | Lost seat |
| John Abel (1939–2019) | Liberal | 13 December 1975 – 10 November 1977 | Failed to win preselection for the Division of Lowe when Evans was abolished in 1977 |
# Bill Noden

William George Noden (November 30, 1898 – July 1, 1973) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1951 to 1967 who represented the northern Ontario riding of Rainy River.

## Background

He was born in Sand Point Lake, Ontario, on the border of the U.S. state of Minnesota and Ontario. From 1926 to 1958, Noden was the co-owner the Gillmor-Noden Hardware Store on Scott, the main street in Fort Frances. He was a Mason and a member of Granite Lodge #446.

## Politics

Noden ran as the Progressive Conservative candidate in the 1951 provincial election. He defeated Liberal-Labour incumbent James Newman by 452 votes. He was re-elected three times before retiring in 1967. He sat as a backbench supporter of the governments of Leslie Frost and John Robarts. In recognition of his public service, the three and a half mile causeway linking Rainy River to Atikokan and carrying Ontario Highway 11, was named the "Noden Causeway," which opened on June 28, 1965, while Noden was still an MPP.
# Feature (archaeology)

In archaeological excavation, a feature is a collection of one or more contexts representing some human non-portable activity, such as a hearth or wall. Features serve as an indication that the area in which they are found has been interfered with in the past, usually by humans.
Features are distinguished from artifacts in that they cannot be separated from their location without changing their form. Artifacts are portable, while features are non-portable. Artifacts and features can both be made from any available material, with the primary distinction being portability.
Features and artifacts differ from ecofacts. Ecofacts are natural remains, such as plants and animals.

## Types

Features are categorized by the time period, as either historic or prehistoric. Prehistoric archaeology refers to the time in history before human life was recorded or documented, while historic archaeology refers to the time period where there was a documented human past.
In relation to site stratigraphy, features generally have a vertical characteristic, such as pits, walls, or ditches. On the contrary, elements that have horizontal characteristic, such as a layer, dump, or surface, is not a feature. General horizontal elements are part of the stratigraphic sequence. Features tend to have an intrusive characteristic or associated cuts. This is not definitive as surfaces can be referred to as features of a building and free standing structures with no construction cut can still be features. Middens (dump deposits) are also referred to as features due to their discrete boundaries. This is seen in comparison to leveling dumps, which stretch out over a substantial portion of a site. The concept of a feature is, to a certain degree, abstract, as it will change depending on the scale of excavation.

## Context

Features have a specific stratigraphic context as well as helping to provide details of context for artifacts. Often times an artifact's provenience can be defined in part by the feature it is associated with (if such a feature exists). In circumstances where a stratigraphic layer cannot be defined by soil color or consistency, such as in the excavation of several features such as wells or cisterns, arbitrary layers can be defined by an archaeologist based on equal levels of depth, allowing for the categorization of artifacts based on relative placement within a feature.

## Examples

Features specific to certain architecture types or eras such as trilithon for the purposes of this article are not considered generic. Generic features are feature types that can come from a broad section in time of the archaeological record if not all of it. Generic types can include:
* Cuts
* Re-cuts
* Pits
* Post holes
* Stake holes
* Construction cuts
* Robber trenches
* Walls
* Foundations
* Ditches
* Drains
* Wells
* Cisterns
* Hearths
* Stairs and steps
* Enclosures
* Lynchets
* Graves
* Burials
* Middens
* Pit-houses
* Fire pits
# Emita, Tasmania

Emita is a rural locality on Flinders Island in the local government area of Flinders in the North-east region of Tasmania. It is located about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) north-west of the town of Whitemark. The 2016 census determined a population of 68 for the state suburb of Emita.

## History

Emita was gazetted as a locality in 1970. The name is an Aboriginal word for “sand”, and has been used by the Aboriginal community since the 1800s. The first European name was Settlement Point, which had been changed to Emita by 1916.

## Geography

Bass Strait forms the north-west, west, and south-west boundaries.

## Road infrastructure

The B85 route (Palana Road) enters from the south and runs through, via the village, to the north before exiting. Route C801 (Fairhaven Road) starts at an intersection with B85 near the northern boundary and runs east before exiting.
# Driscoll Glacier

Driscoll Glacier is a glacier 13 nautical miles (24 km) long in the Heritage Range, draining southeast between the Collier Hills and the Buchanan Hills to enter Union Glacier. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1961–66, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Commander Jerome M. Driscoll, an administration officer with U.S. Navy Squadron VX-6 during Operation Deep Freeze 1965.
# Clearwave Communications

Clearwave Communications, Inc, LLC, is a facilities-based competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC) headquartered in Harrisburg, Illinois; offering voice and data services in Southern Illinois.

## History

In business since 1996, Clearwave Communications offers a package of telecommunications services for business and residential users, including voice solutions, high-speed data and Internet access and Internet services.
With Corporate Headquarters in Harrisburg, Illinois., Clearwave Communications is a facilities-based service provider that owns and manages its own network equipment. In addition to a line of voice and data services, a number of other products and services are offered.
In November 2015 Clearwave launched a new pay-per-view streaming service, which customers can use on demand. This will be entitled World Nation Live Entertainment.
# Chicacao

Chicacao is a town and municipality in the Suchitepéquez department of Guatemala. It is situated at 600 metres above sea level. The town has a population of 26,309 (2018 census). Originally a German settlement, it is famous for a clock that is now over 100 years old.