OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Baunscheidtism

Baunscheidtism is a form of alternative medicine created in the 19th century. The practice, a form of homeopathy, is named for its founder Carl Baunscheidt (1809–1873), a German mechanic and inventor.
The legitimacy of baunscheidtism as an effective medical practice was questioned by at least 1880, when a Melbourne practitioner named Samuel Fischer lost a lawsuit he brought against a patient who failed to pay him, based on the objection that Fischer (a bootmaker) was not a qualified medical practitioner.

## Lebenswecker

The lebenswecker (lit. 'life awakener' in German) or "artificial leech" was a medical device invented by Baunscheidt to pierce the skin with many fine needles. Billed as being able to cure myriad illnesses, the lebenswecker was used on skin treated with toxic oil. The resulting inflammation was alleged to draw the body's attention away from the patient's illness, thus effecting a cure. The diseases that could allegedly be cured with the lebenswecker included whooping cough, baldness, toothaches, and mental disorders. The device's popularity was great enough to support a market for "counterfeit" versions of the lebenswecker that were produced by Baunscheidt.
# Claude Askolovitch

Claude Askolovitch (born 18 December 1962) is a French journalist and author.

## Early life

Claude Askolovitch was born on 18 December 1962 in Paris. He earned a bachelor's degree in economics from Paris Dauphine University and a postgraduate degree from the Centre de formation des journalistes.

## Career

Askolovitch began his career at RFO. He later worked for Le Matin de Paris and Le Sport, until he joined Europe 1. He became a journalist for L'Événement du jeudi in 1992. By 1999, he was a journalist for Marianne. He was a correspondent for L'Obs from 2001 to 2008. He became the editor-in-chief of Le Journal du Dimanche in 2008.
Askolovitch is the author of several books. He won the 1999 Prix Décembre for Voyage au bout de la France: Le Front National tel qu'il est.

## Works

* Askolovitch, Claude; Attal, Sylvain (1992). La France du piston. Paris: Laffont. ISBN 9782221069349. OCLC 26857160.
* Askolovitch, Claude; Boli, Basile (1994). Black Boli. Paris: Grasset. ISBN 9782246482314. OCLC 37095379.
* Askolovitch, Claude; Dicale, Bertrand; Sitruk, Joseph (1999). Chemin faisant : entretiens. Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 9782080672186. OCLC 44446673.
* Askolovitch, Claude (1999). Voyage au bout de la France : le Front national tel qu'il est. Paris: Grasset. ISBN 9782246519218. OCLC 41530122.
* Askolovitch, Claude (2001). Lionel. Paris: Grasset. ISBN 9782246603818. OCLC 48613737.
* Askolovitch, Claude; Beisson, Eric (2007). Qui connaît Madame Royal ?. Paris: Grasset. ISBN 9782246726517. OCLC 150262336.
* Askolovitch, Claude; Dati, Rachida (2007). Je vous fais juges : entretien avec Claude Askolovitch. Paris: Grasset. ISBN 9782246734017. OCLC 421739085.
* Askolovitch, Claude; Valls, Manuel (2008). Pour en finir avec le vieux socialisme... et être enfin de gauche. Paris: Laffont. ISBN 9782221110195. OCLC 228497766.
* Askolovitch, Claude; Bruel, Patrick (2001). Conversation avec Claude Askolovitch. Paris: Plon. ISBN 9782259201353. OCLC 770224632.
* Askolovitch, Claude (2013). Nos mal-aimés : ces musulmans dont la France ne veut pas. Paris: Grasset. ISBN 9782246801894. OCLC 859139080.
* Askolovitch, Claude (2015). Les grands garçons : Valls, Montebourg, Hamon. Paris: Plon. ISBN 9782259229715. OCLC 904484746.
* Askolovitch, Claude (2017). Comment se dire adieu. Paris: Editions JC Lattès. ISBN 9782709656825.
# Cabrio coach

A cabrio coach or semi-convertible is a type of car that has a retractable textile roof, similar to a convertible/cabriolet. The difference is that where a convertible often has the B-pillar, C-pillar and other bodywork removed, the cabrio coach retains all bodywork to the top of the door frames and just replaces the roof skin and rear window with a retractable fabric panel.
An advantage of the cabrio coach, particularly for unibody designs is that retaining more of the car's original structure means that structural rigidity is higher (or the vehicle weight is lower) than traditional cabriolets.
If a vehicle's roof includes metal panels as well as the soft-top, it may be considered to be a canvas top design or a fixed-roof vehicle with a sunroof, instead of being a cabrio-coach. These have the advantage that they may be more easily retrofitted to an existing car; it was a factory option (although listed as a separate model) for the Volkswagen Beetle up to 1963.

## History

This type of roof was popular in Germany in the 1930s, and was found on cars such as the Citroën 2CV, Fiat 500, and others. The cabrio coach version of the Nash Rambler was marketed as a "convertible landau".
Some more modern cars have also featured this roof style, for instance Nissan Figaro, Citroën Visa Décapotable, Fiat 500 (2007), and the Citroën C3 Pluriel.
# Athena Protects the Young Hero

Athena Protects the Young Hero (German: Der junge Held wird von Athena beschützt) is an 1854 sculpture by Gustav Bläser, installed on Schlossbrücke in Berlin, Germany.
# Al-Hassan Conteh

Dr. Al-Hassan Conteh is a Liberian academic and was the President of the University of Liberia. Conteh earned his doctorate at the University of Pennsylvania in 1993.

## Faculty experience

Prof. Conteh has previously been a member of the African Studies Center of the University of Pennsylvania and the Geography and Urban Studies Department at Temple University. Conteh was also a Research Fellow at the Solomon Asch Center for Study of Ethno-political Conflict at Pennsylvania from 2001 to 2005. He served as the University of Liberia's 12th president from 1 December 2004, until 2008 and was succeeded by Dr. Emmett Dennis. Conteh is now Liberia's Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOWASAll Africa

## Sources

* ↑ Gray, Josephus Moses. "Dr. Al-Hassan Conteh Inaugurated as the Twelfth President of the University of Liberia", The Perspective, 8 December 2004.
* 1 2 The Analyst (November 19, 2008). "Liberia; New UL President Meets Pres. Johnson-Sirleaf". Africa News.
* Biography at unpenn.edu
* This Liberian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* This biography of an African academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Autotype

Autotype is a function in some computer applications or programs, typically those containing forms, which fills in a field once you have typed in the first few letters. Most of the time, such as in a web browser, the entries that appear in the list depend on the form's name, so as to not propose street names in a last name field or vice versa.

## Background

Autotype can also refer to automatically determining a peripheral's configuration or a program's variables.
Autotype is defined as a "true representation of the original" (see O.E.D).
The term autotype was coined in the late 19th century and referred to a process for making photographic prints using a carbon process. Many autotype prints were produced and the process was popular well into the 20th century, particularly since autotype prints are very long lasting (it is said that an autotype could last up to 500 years without fading).
Autotype may also refer to halftone printing. The term may also apply to the Autotype Company, founded in London in 1868 as the "Autotype Fine Art Company", which was one of the pioneers in the carbon print and autotype reproduction process and which still exists as a supplier of coated films. Autotype is now part of the Platform Speciality Products group of companies.
# Alex Gardner (artist)

Alex Gardner (born 1987, Long Beach, California) is an American visual artist working as a figurative painter. Gardner is based in Los Angeles, and has exhibited his work in cities across the United States, Europe and Asia.

## Work and Career

Alex Gardner holds a BFA from California State University, Long Beach (2011).
His acrylic paintings often depict anonymous and faceless Black subjects against light colored backgrounds. His human figures are painted in tons of gray, black and blue, and often perform daily and relational tasks. The artist has referenced Old Masters such as Michelangelo and El Greco in previous interviews and statements.
In a 2016 interview for Juxtapoz Magazine, Gardner stated that he is interested "in the entire spectrum of human emotion" through his paintings.
His first museum solo show in the United States, Guest Room was presented in 2019 at SCAD Museum of Art, in the campus of Savannah College of Art and Design, Georgia, and gathered newly produced paintings and commissioned artworks. The pictures in the show commented on identity issues such as race and gender in American as well as European art historical narratives from Mannerism to Renaissance.
In 2020, Alex Gardner started developing the Blues series, a body of work depicting his signature human figures in shades of blue. The series was later on view at The Hole in New York City in a solo show titled Blues showcasing a set of 10 new paintings. In an interview to Metal Magazine, the artist comments on creating work as a coping mechanism during the covid-19 global pandemic.
The Long Beach Museum of Art, in his California hometown, organized the solo exhibition We All Exist Right Now, in 2022. The show included 17 paintings pointing to Gardner's career and painting trajectory. The accompanying catalog was co-published with Friend Editions, an independent publishing house in New York.
In 2023, Gardner was one of eleven international visual artists selected to collaborate with fashion house Dior for their yearly Dior Lady Art collaboration celebrating the handbag's historical design.
Gardner's work is included in the collections of the Pérez Art Museum Miami; Florida; Institute of Contemporary Art Miami, Florida; Museo Jumex, Mexico City; and X Museum, Beijing, China.
# Centrophorus

Centrophorus is a genus of squaliform sharks. These deep-water sharks, found in temperate and tropical oceans throughout the world, are characterized by grey or brown bodies, large green eyes, and spines on both dorsal fins. These spines give them their name, from Greek κεντρον, kentron meaning "thorn" and φέρειν, pherein meaning "to bear".
The genus is present in the fossil record from the Paleocene (C. squamosus) onwards.

## Species

* Centrophorus atromarginatus Garman, 1913. (dwarf gulper shark)
* Centrophorus granulosus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (gulper shark)
* Centrophorus harrissoni McCulloch, 1915 (dumb gulper shark)
* Centrophorus isodon Y. T. Chu, Q. W. Meng & J. X. Liu, 1981 (blackfin gulper shark)
* Centrophorus lusitanicus Barbosa du Bocage & Brito Capello, 1864 (lowfin gulper shark)
* Centrophorus moluccensis Bleeker, 1860 (smallfin gulper shark)
* Centrophorus seychellorum Baranes, 2003 (Seychelles gulper shark)
* Centrophorus squamosus Bonnaterre, 1788 (leafscale gulper shark)
* Centrophorus tessellatus Garman, 1906 (mosaic gulper shark)
* Centrophorus uyato Rafinesque, 1810 (little gulper shark)
* Centrophorus westraliensis W. T. White, Ebert & Compagno, 2008 (western gulper shark)
* Centrophorus zeehaani W. T. White, Ebert & Compagno, 2008 (southern dogfish)
* Centrophorus sp. A Not yet described (minigulper)
* Centrophorus sp. B Not yet described (slender gulper)
# Claudio!

Claudio!, is an album by Brazilian trumpeter Claudio Roditi which was recorded in 1985 and released by the Uptown label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
On AllMusic Scott Yanow states, "The music is mostly quite boppish, with Don Sickler and Roditi contributing arrangements for a notable sextet ... This is still one of his best recordings to date".

## Track listing

* "Karioka" (Kenny Dorham) – 5:11
* "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" (Jerome Kern, Oscar Hammerstein II) – 6:22
* "Nefertiti" (Wayne Shorter) – 6:33
* "The Eternal Triangle" (Sonny Stitt) – 6:46
* "Lament" (J. J. Johnson) – 6:11
* "My Romance" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 5:13

## Personnel

* Claudio Roditi – trumpet, flugelhorn, arranger
* Slide Hampton – trombone
* Howard Kimbo – tenor saxophone
* Mulgrew Miller – piano
* Rufus Reid – double bass
* Akira Tana – drums
* Steve Sacks – synthesizer (tracks 3 & 5)
* Don Sickler – arranger
# Cadmium permanganate

Cadmium permanganate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Cd(MnO$_4$)$_2$. It can form the hexahydrate Cd(MnO$_4$)$_2$·6H$_2$O.

## Preparation

Cadmium permanganate can be obtained by reacting cadmium sulfate and barium permanganate. After removing the barium sulfate precipitate, the solution is crystallized in the dark:
    Ba(MnO$_4$)$_2$ + CdSO$_4$ → Cd(MnO$_4$)$_2$ + BaSO$_4$↓
Cadmium permanganate can also be produced by reacting manganese heptoxide with cadmium oxide or cadmium hydroxide.

## Properties

Cadmium permanganate hexahydrate loses water of crystallisation at 61~62 °C, and anhydrate can be obtained at a constant temperature of 90 °C. The anhydrous form begins to decompose at 108 °C:
    Cd(MnO$_4$)$_2$ → CdMnO$_3$ + MnO$_2$ + 3/$_2$ O$_2$↑
# Atabəy

Atabəy (also, Atabek and Atabey) is a village and municipality in the Shamkir Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 654.
# Alastor zoroaster

Alastor zoroaster is a species of wasp in the family Vespidae.
# Centropleura Spur

Centropleura Spur (71°17′S 163°11′E﻿ / ﻿71.283°S 163.183°E﻿ / -71.283; 163.183) is the southwest spur of a small massif enclosing a cirque, located at the head of Carryer Glacier, 3 nautical miles (6 km) northeast of Mount Jamroga, in the Bowers Mountains, a major mountain range lying within Victoria Land, Antarctica. The geographical feature lies situated on the Pennell Coast, a portion of Antarctica lying between Cape Williams and Cape Adare. This spur was the first discovery of Cambrian fossils in this part of Antarctica.

## Paleontology

Centropleura Spur consists of the deeply eroded and steeply dipping strata of the Camp Ridge Quartzite and Spurs Formation. Scientific parties visiting this area in 1974–75 and 1981–82 found rare identifiable specimens of the eponymous Middle Cambrian trilobite, Centropleura, and other fossils in an outcrop of the Spurs Formation on Centropleura Spur.
# Baader-Meinhof (disambiguation)

The Baader-Meinhof Group, also known as Red Army Faction, was a left-wing militant group active in West Germany from 1970 to 1998.
Baader-Meinhof may also refer to:
* Der Baader Meinhof Komplex, a 2008 film by Uli Edel
* Baader Meinhof (album), a 1996 album by Luke Haines
* "Baader-Meinhof", a 1978 song by the band Cabaret Voltaire
* "Baader-Meinhof Blues", a song by Brazilian rock group Legião Urbana on their eponymous 1985 album Legião Urbana
* Frequency illusion, a cognitive bias colloquially known as the Baader–Meinhof effect
* A pseudonym for the rapper Ghostemane
# Birger Fredrik Sinding-Larsen

Birger Fredrik Sinding-Larsen (12 October 1867 – 27 November 1941) was a Norwegian military officer.

## Personal life

He was born in Kristiania as a son of jurist and writer Alfred Sinding-Larsen (1839–1911) and Elisabeth Lange (1841–1887). He was a brother of physician Christian Magnus Sinding-Larsen, architect Holger Sinding-Larsen and painter Kristofer Sinding-Larsen, and also a grandnephew of mining engineer Matthias Wilhelm Sinding, second cousin of painter Sigmund Sinding, maternal great-grandson of founding father Christian Magnus Falsen and nephew of Balthazar Lange.
In September 1892 in Kristiania he married Emilie Rustad (1871–1904). They had the daughter Kirsten Sinding-Larsen, a notable architect. He was also an uncle of architect Knut Martens Sinding-Larsen and journalist Henning Sinding-Larsen.

## Career

He finished his secondary education in 1885, then enrolled at the Norwegian Military Academy from which he graduated in 1888. He was a second lieutenant in the infantry from 1888, and was promoted to premier lieutenant in January 1889, captain in March 1899 and major in July 1911. In June 1915 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and on 1 January 1918 to colonel.
He was an inspection officer at several military schools: 2. Akershusiske Infanteribrigades Underofficersskole from 1894 to 1896 and the Norwegian Military Academy from 1897 to 1899. His father was a teacher at the Military Academy during the same period, from 1889 to 1905. Birger Fredrik Sinding-Larsen was then a teacher at Infanteriets Skyteskole from 1901 to 1910 and director of the school from 1911 to 1917. From 1911 to 1917 he was also editor of the military research journal Norsk Militært Tidsskrift. He was also awarded with the King's Medal of Merit in Gold for making a Festschrift for the Norwegian Military Academy's 150th anniversary in 1900.
He retired from the military in May 1929. He died in November 1941 in Oslo.
# Cadmium phosphide

Cadmium phosphide (Cd$_3$P$_2$) is an inorganic chemical compound. It is a grey or white bluish solid semiconductor material with a bandgap of 0.5 eV. It has applications as a pesticide, material for laser diodes and for high-power-high-frequency electronics.

## Synthesis and reactions

Cadmium phosphide can be prepared by the reaction of cadmium with phosphorus:
    6 Cd + P$_4$ → 2 Cd$_3$P$_2$

## Structure

Cd$_3$P$_2$ has a room-temperature tetragonal form.
The crystalline structure of cadmium phosphide is very similar to that of zinc phosphide (Zn$_3$P$_2$), cadmium arsenide (Cd$_3$As$_2$) and zinc arsenide (Zn$_3$As$_2$). These compounds of the Zn-Cd-P-As quaternary system exhibit full continuous solid-solution.

## Applications

Over the last decade, interest in cadmium phosphide as a source for fast, near-IR emission has grown due to the development of cadmium phosphide quantum dots. Literature has demonstrated that these quantum dots possess tunable emission between 700 nm to 1500 nm. A recent paper investigated the effect of surface passivation on these quantum dots and showed that cadmium phosphide quantum dots may have an intrinsic band-edge relaxation time less than 100 ns.

## Safety

Like other metal phosphides, it is acutely toxic when swallowed due to the formation of phosphine gas when it reacts with gastric acid. It is also carcinogen and dangerous for the skin, eyes and other organs in a large part due to cadmium poisoning.
# Atarra railway station

Atarra railway station is a grade B railway station in the Banda district, Uttar Pradesh with code ATE. It serves Atarra town.

## Infrastructure

The station consists of two platforms. The station is a Category A station of Jhansi railway division of the North Central Railway zone. Recently the electrification of the tracks has started. There is no waiting room for AC and NON-AC. Public washroom are available to all.
# Alastorynerus

Alastorynerus is a genus of potter wasps.
# Alexa Sand

Alexa Kristen Sand is an American art historian and educator. A scholar of medieval art, Sand is currently Professor of Art History at Utah State University.

## Career

Sand graduated from Williams College with a Bachelor of Arts in Art History and Anthropology in 1991, as cum laude. She continued on to earn a Master of Arts in Art History from the University of California, Berkeley in 1994. There, the subject of her thesis was Villard de Honnecourt. Five years later, Sand received a Doctor of Philosophy in Art History from the same school. Her doctoral dissertation was on the Psalter–Hours of Yolande de Soissons held at the Morgan Library and Museum. It was written under the supervision of Harvey Stahl with Michael Baxandall, Joseph Duggan, and Geoffrey Koziol.
A scholar of medieval art, Sand began her teaching career at Sonoma State University in 2001 as adjunct professor of Art History. Three years later, she was hired at Utah State University as assistant professor of Art History in 2004. She was promoted to the Associate level in 2011. Six years later, Sand was made full Professor. In 2018, she also became the Associate Vice President for Research at the school.
# Certificate of disposition

A certificate of disposition is a New York court document that indicates the current status of a case or its final disposition.

## Availability

Certificates of Disposition are available from the clerk's office in either the Criminal Court or the Supreme Court, Criminal Term, both trial courts in New York City. It is also available in all other city courts in Upstate New York, for example, Binghamton, New York, and Plattsburgh, New York.
Only the criminal defendant, defendants representation, or a person with written and notarized permission of the defendant, can access this court record.
There are 13 branches of New York City Criminal Courts, and five branches of the Supreme Court handling felonies in New York City. There are also 61 city courts outside of New York City.
# Bae'e River

The Ba'e River is a river of Papua New Guinea, located in Eastern Highlands Province, in Ayura Valley.
# California State Auditor

The California State Auditor's Office (CSA), formerly known as the Office of the Auditor General and later the Bureau of State Audits (BSA), is the supreme audit institution of the Government of California. It is headed by the State Auditor who is appointed by the Governor to a 4-year term from a list of 3 qualified individuals submitted by the Joint Legislative Audit Committee of the California State Legislature.
California law requires the bureau to examine and report annually upon the financial statements prepared by the executive branch of the state; perform other related assignments, including performance audits, that are mandated by statute; administer the Reporting of Improper Governmental Activities Act; and conduct audits and investigations of public entities requested by the Joint Legislative Audit Committee to the extent that funding is available.
The auditors investigate whistleblower complaints against state agencies and provides the report to the governor and legislature. The agencies have 60 days to report on any disciplinary and corrective actions they take.
The CSA also helps implement the Citizens Redistricting Commission per California Proposition 11 (2008) and California Proposition 20 (2010).
Although the bureau is located within the executive branch, state law grants the CSA independence from executive branch oversight. The bureau is overseen by the Little Hoover Commission, an independent state oversight agency.
# Athol Milne

Athelstane "Athol" Milne (10 December 1889 – 19 September 1946) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the University Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
He later served in World War I.

## Sources

* ↑ Holmesby, Russell; Main, Jim (2014). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers: every AFL/VFL player since 1897 (10th ed.). Seaford, Victoria: BAS Publishing. p. 613. ISBN 978-1-921496-32-5.
* ↑ "Athelstane Milne – Discovering Anzacs". National Archives of Australia.
* ↑ "Family Notices". The Argus. Melbourne, Australia. 21 September 1946. p. 23.
# Alain (surname)

Alain is a surname, and may refer to:
* Jehan Alain (1911–1940), French organist and composer
* Marie-Claire Alain (1926–2013), French organist and organ teacher
* Olivier Alain (1918–1994), French organist, pianist, musicologist and composer