OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Constantine I of Imereti

Constantine I (Georgian: კონსტანტინე I, Konstantine I; died 1327), from the Bagrationi dynasty, was king of Western Georgia from 1293 to 1327.

## Accession and civil war

A son of the Georgian king David VI Narin and his wife, Tamar Amanelisdze, or a Palaeologian princess. Constantine succeeded to the throne of Western Georgia upon his father's death in 1293. Unlike his eastern Georgian counterparts, Constantine remained independent from the Ilkhanid hegemony, but he faced serious internal unrest as his younger brother Michael opposed his accession and seized control of the regions of Racha, Lechkhumi, and Argveti. In vain did the nobles of Imereti try to reconcile the brothers and internecine conflict continued to upset the country.
The great nobles took advantage of the situation to assert their autonomy. Giorgi I Dadiani, Duke of Mingrelia, subjugated much of the duchy of Tskhumi and expanded his possessions up to Anakopia. The Sharvashidze entrenched in Abkhazia, the Gurieli in Guria, and Vardanidze in Svaneti, showing little subservience to the royal authority. Constantine died amid these disturbances in 1327, having had no children, and his brother Michael succeeded him as king.

## Culture

Constantine is known to have restored Monastery of the Cross in Jerusalem to the Georgian ownership in 1305. He also had the monastery refurbished and repainted. His contributions are emphasized in a document instituting the Agape feast, in his own lifetime, on 21 May, the feast day of Constantine the Great. Constantine might have been an unidentified royal person depicted on a fresco in Ienashi in Upper Svaneti. His links to that region is also known from a charter issued by Constantine to the Svan Goshkoteliani clan.
# Elkathurthy

Elkathurthy is a village and mandal headquarter in Hanumakonda district of the Indian state of Telangana.
Villages
Total Number of Villages in this Mandal are (13).
* Baopet
* Damera
* Dandepalle
* Elkathurthy
* Gopalpur
* Jeelgul
* Keshwapur
* Kothulnaduma
* Penchakalpeta
* Suraram
* Thimmapur
* Vallabhapur
* Veeranarayanapur
# Arvid Källström

Arvid Källström (17 February 1893 – 27 October 1967) was a Swedish sculptor. His work was part of the art competitions at the 1932 Summer Olympics and the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was the maternal grandfather of Håkan Juholt.
# Canton of Brest-5

The canton of Brest-5 is an administrative division of the Finistère department, northwestern France. It was created at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Brest.
It consists of the following communes:
# Cornubite

Cornubite is a rare secondary copper arsenate mineral with formula: Cu$_5$(AsO$_4$)$_2$(OH)$_4$. It was first described for its discovery in 1958 in Wheal Carpenter, Gwinear, Cornwall, England, UK. The name is from Cornubia, the medieval Latin name for Cornwall. It is a dimorph of cornwallite, and the arsenic analogue of pseudomalachite.

## Physical properties

Cleavage is distinct in two directions, both perpendicular to the enlarged faces of the tabular crystals, intersecting at about 70°. Cornubite is fairly soft, with hardness 4, the same as fluorite, and specific gravity 4.64, which is similar to another copper arsenate, clinoclase, at 4.38, but much denser than quartz, at 2.66.

## Optical properties

All triclinic minerals are biaxial; cornubite is biaxial (−). Its refractive indices are quite high, close to 1.9, similar to zircon and garnet. It is green, as are many copper minerals, usually translucent, with a vitreous luster and a light green streak.

## Unit cell

Cornubite belongs to the triclinic crystal class 1, space group P1, meaning that it has a very low symmetry, with only a center of symmetry and no mirror planes or axes of symmetry. In 1984 Sieber, Hofmeister, Tillmans and Abraham reported new data from microprobe analysis of cornubite, which gave unit cell parameters a = 6.121 Å, b = 6.251 Å, c = 6.790 Å, α = 92.93°, β = 111.3°, γ = 107.47° and Z = 1.

## Structure

The structure is made up of sheets of edge-shared Cu(O,OH)$_6$ octahedra, with a copper atom Cu in the middle of the octahedron and either oxygen O or hydroxyl OH at each of the six vertices. These sheets are connected together by AsO$_4$ groups with an arsenic As atom in the middle and O at each of the four vertices. In the AsO$_4$ groups three of the Os are shared with octahedra in one octahedral sheet, and the fourth O is shared with an octahedron in the adjacent sheet. Hydrogen bonds also connect the sheets together.

## Crystal habit

Crystals, which are very rare, are tabular, often in aggregates as rosettes. Cornubite is generally fibrous, botryoidal, globular or massive.

## Environment

Cornubite is a secondary mineral found in the oxidised zone of copper deposits. In Cornwall it is found in drusy quartz associated with malachite, Cu$_2$(CO$_3$)(OH)$_2$, olivenite, Cu$_2$(AsO$_4$)(OH), cuprite, Cu$_2$O, cornwallite, Cu$^{2+}$$_5$(AsO$_4$)$_2$(OH)$_2$, and liroconite, Cu$^{2+}$$_2$Al(AsO$_4$)(OH)$_4$·4H$_2$O. Some of the world's best specimens come from the Majuba Hill Mine in the Antelope District, Nevada, US. Cornubite occurs there as light green botryoidal crusts on rhyolite or as balls and crusts on cornwallite, also as coatings on clinoclase and pseudomorphs after parnauite. Other associations are with chalcophyllite, chenevixite, pseudomalachite, bayldonite, tyrolite, azurite and chrysocolla.

## Type locality

The type locality is Wheal Carpenter, Gwinear, Cornwall, UK. The type material is conserved at the Natural History Museum, London, reference BM.1958,122.
# Available water capacity

Available water capacity is the amount of water that can be stored in a soil profile and be available for growing crops. It is also known as available water content (AWC), profile available water (PAW) or total available water (TAW).
The concept, put forward by Frank Veihmeyer and Arthur Hendrickson, assumed that the water readily available to plants is the difference between the soil water content at field capacity (θ$_{fc}$) and permanent wilting point (θ$_{pwp}$):
    θ$_a$ ≡ θ$_{fc}$ − θ$_{pwp}$
Daniel Hillel criticised that the terms FC and PWP were never clearly defined, and lack physical basis, and that soil water is never equally available within this range. He further suggested that a useful concept should concurrently consider the properties of plant, soil and meteorological conditions.
Lorenzo A. Richards remarked that the concept of availability is oversimplified. He viewed that: the term availability involves two notions: (a) the ability of plant root to absorb and use the water with which it is in contact and (b) the readiness or velocity with which the soil water moves in to replace that which has been used by the plant.
Plant available water in sandy soils can be increased by the presence of sepiolite clay
# Crich (disambiguation)

Crich is a village in Derbyshire, England.
Crich may also refer to:

## Places

* Crich-El-Oued, village in Tunisia
* Crich Stand, a war memorial tower in Crich, Derbyshire
* Crich Tramway Village, trading name of National Tramway Museum at Crich, Derbyshire

## People

* Crichy Crich, musician featuring on 2018 single by Orgy
* David Crich, chemist after whom Crich beta-mannosylation is named
* Gerard Crich (fictional), character in D H Lawrence's Women in Love

## Science

* Crich beta-mannosylation, a synthetic strategy in organic chemistry
# Caversham Bridge

Caversham Bridge is a bridge across the River Thames between Caversham and the town centre of Reading. The bridge is situated on the reach above Caversham Lock, carrying the A4155 road across the river and also providing pedestrian access to the adjacent mid-river Pipers Island.
The first bridge on the site was built sometime between 1163, when a famous trial by combat was fought on nearby De Montfort Island, and 1231, when Henry III wrote to the Sheriff of Oxfordshire, commanding him:
    "to go in person, taking with him good and lawful men of his county, to the chapel of St Anne on the bridge at Reading over the Thames one side of which is built on the fee of William Earl Marshal and by the view and testimony of those men see that the abbot has the same seisin of the said chapel as he had on the day the said earl died."
William Marshal was the first Earl of Pembroke, the principal landowner in the Caversham area, and regent during the early years of Henry's reign. He had died at his home at Caversham Park in 1218.
The old bridge was the site of a skirmish during the English Civil War in 1643 and was left with a wooden drawbridge structure on the Berkshire half. The bridge was still in this state when it was depicted by Joseph Mallord William Turner in 1806/7, in a painting entitled Caversham Bridge with Cattle in the Water.
In 1869, the entire bridge was replaced by an iron lattice construction. When Reading Bridge was completed in 1923 work began on replacing Caversham Bridge with the current structure which is of concrete with a granite balustrade. It was opened in 1926 by Edward Prince of Wales.
Since late 2018, Caversham bridge has featured on the club crest of local football team Caversham United Football Club.
# Elkay Apartments

The Elkay Apartments is a historic five-unit two-story multi-family building located at 638-642 Kelton Avenue, in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California.

## History

Designed in 1948 in the International Style of architecture by Los Angeles architect Richard Neutra, it was completed in 1948 for violist Louis Kievman. The name Elkay is derived from his initials.
The building is a part of a collection of homes designed by Neutra and built in North West Westwood Village, including the Landfair Apartments and Strathmore Apartments. It is next door to the Kelton Apartments, which Neutra designed in 1941 for himself. The Elkay Apartments is the last home designed by Neutra in North Westwood Village. On June 21, 1988, despite objections from the owners of the Apartments at the time, the City of Los Angeles designated the building as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument.
# Doubles

Men's doubles, Women's doubles or Mixed doubles are sports having two players per side, including;
* Beach volleyball
* Doubles badminton
* Doubles curling
* Footvolley
* Doubles pickleball
* Doubles squash
* Doubles table tennis
* Doubles tennis
Doubles may also refer to:

## Entertainment

* Doubles (1985 play), a Broadway production by David Wiltse
* Doubles (2000 film), a 2000 Tamil-language film
* Doubles (2011 film), a 2011 Malayalam-language film

## Other

* Doubles (food), a Trinidadian food item
* Doubles (bells), a ringing method rung on five church bells
* A type of semi-trailer truck
# Decompression (surgery)

In medicine, decompression refers to the removal or repositioning of any structure compressing any other structure.
Common examples include decompressive craniectomy (removal of part of the skull to relieve pressure on the brain), a spinal decompression to relieve pressure on nerve roots, and a nerve decompression for peripheral nerve entrapments.
# Artés

Artés (Catalan pronunciation:) is a Spanish town in the province of Barcelona, Bages comarca (county), in Catalonia.

## Location

The town of Artés is located at the center of Catalonia, at the eastern edge of the plain zone of Bages -commonly known as Pla de Bages. The town is in the basin of the Gavarresa river and of its affluent, the stream of Malrubí.
It is bordered on the North by the towns of Sallent and Avinyó, in the South by Calders and it shares a small border in the West with Navarcles, on the limit of the Llobregat river.
The town is near the Artés Formation, a unique geological formation that owes its name to its proximity with the town.

## History

The name of Artés is believed to derive from the Latin word Artium , which means "fortified hill". This is based on the evidence of the existence of a 6th-century fortified church on the top of the hill of Artés, where the first settlers began to expand the village into the valley.
Little evidence of the Prehistory of Artés has been discovered to date. However, a document from the year 938 indicates the presence of three dolmens; and abundant samples of Iberian pottery have been found in the valley of Salabernada.
The archeological remains of the Classical Period are numerous and confirm the existence of continuous settlement for seven centuries. In particular, archeological finds have been made at Matacans, where there used to be a Roman villa, and at the Plaça Vella (Old Square) where three Roman inscriptions of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, one necropolis and an ancient Paleochristian Church -that can be dated between 6th and 7th centuries- were found.
The name of Artés is one of the first documented names of all the towns in Bages. Specifically, a grant dated on 24 June 889, by which the King Odó gave to the Church of Sant Pere de Vic several goods and rights; among them de Valley of Artés.

## Economy

At present, the most important activity of the town is industry, which counts on some important multinational companies established in the town. In 1973 the Industrial Zone of Santa Maria d'Artés was opened and in 1991 an important enlargement of it was made, even though it is now reaching its limit of usable ground.
The Rossignol Skis Group produces Rossignol and Dynastar alpine skis and Rossignol nordic skis in Artés.
Artés is also well known for its production of wine and cava. In 1996, together with other towns of the surrounding area, Artés achieved the Denomination of Origin Pla de Bages for its wines and, at the same time, it celebrated the tenth birthday of the denomination of the Cava of Artés.
# Canton of La Ferté-Macé

The canton of La Ferté-Macé is an administrative division of the Orne department, northwestern France. Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in La Ferté-Macé.
It consists of the following communes:
* Banvou
* Beauvain
* Bellou-en-Houlme
* La Coulonche
* Dompierre
* Échalou
* La Ferrière-aux-Étangs
* La Ferté-Macé
* Lonlay-le-Tesson
* Messei
* Les Monts d'Andaine
* Saint-André-de-Messei
* Saires-la-Verrerie
# Corda River

The Corda River is a river of Maranhão state in northeastern Brazil.
# Aurora Basket Jesi

Aurora Basket Jesi is an Italian professional basketball club based in Jesi. It plays in the second division Serie A2 as of the 2015-16 season.

## History

In 1965, Gianni Rossetti (a television journalist for RAI), Carlo Barchiesi (current president) and Primo Novelli (then responsible for the club's junior sides) helped form Aurora Basket Jesi along with president Mario Gherardi. At the time, Springoil had been strongest side of Jesi, flirting with a promotion to the top-tier, but it disappeared due to financial difficulties. Roberto Vigo suggested to Gianni Rossetti that a basketball team should be set up within the Aurora Group.
The team started play during the 1965-66 season in the highest regional division. Slowly moving up the divisions, the club moved up to the national Serie D in 1973. Jesi moved up to the Serie C2 after the 1979-80 season, thanks to players such as Giovannini, Carnevali and Castelli from Fabriano and Paccapelo from Lineaerre Team Pesaro. The team reached the Serie C2 playoffs in its first season, the next season it lost in the finals against Basket Barcellona. Jesi would achieve promotion to the Serie C1 after the 1983-84 season, finishing the regular season in second place before winning the promotion playoffs They were relegated from the C1 at the end of their first season, but returned the following year. Later returning to the Serie D, Jesi rejoined the Serie C in 1989-90.
The club reached the second division Serie A2 after the 1996-97 season in which it beat Gaverina Bergamo in the playoff finals in May 1997. The 1999-00 season saw the side reach the Final Eight of the Italian Cup, the 2003-04 season saw a historic promotion to the Serie A.
However, the club struggled in the Serie A, firing coach Luigi Gresta as they were relegated. in 2005, they would recruit coach Luca Banchi and small-forward Romain Sato, reaching the playoffs at the end of the season. The Latini family, major backers, withdrew their sponsorship of a club they had helped for sixteen years at the end of the season. In 2006, the club scrambled to find new financing, ultimately securing backing, with Fileni becoming their main sponsor. A team containing Brion Rush reached the playoffs, losing in the semifinals.

## Arena

When it was starting to play in the Serie D, the team used to practice at the Jesi Fencing Club gymnasium and later on in a newly constructed gym in the San Sebastiano area of Prato Road.
The club plays in the UBI BPA Sport Center (capacity:3,500), opened in 1992, as of the 2015-16 season.

## Sponsorship names

Throughout the years, due to sponsorship, the club has been known as:
* Sicc Jesi (1992–2006)
* Fileni Jesi (2006–2015)
* Betulline Jesi (2016)
* Termoforgia Jesi (2017-)
# Catland

Catland may refer to:
* a 2020 book by Sarah Archer, identifying Japan as "Catland"
* a 2024 book by Kathryn Hughes, identifying the UK as "Catland" and featuring commentary on Louis Wain
* a 1977 cat art book edited by Rodney Dale and featuring Louis Wain's art
* a conjectured early spelling of Shetland
# Constitutional Amendment 1

Constitutional Amendment 1 may refer to:
* 2004 Georgia Amendment 1
* 2004 Kentucky Amendment 1
* 2004 Louisiana Amendment 1
# Charles Blackburn

Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Charles Bickerton Blackburn KCMG OBE (22 April 1874 – 20 July 1972) was an Australian university chancellor and physician. Blackburn was born in Greenhithe, Kent, England, to the cleric and entomologist Thomas Blackburn and his wife Jessie Ann, née Wood. Mainly known as a long-serving chancellor (1941–1964) and member of the Senate of the University of Sydney, serving on the University Senate from 1919 to 1964. He was Dean of the Faculty of Medicine 1932–1935. He was also a councillor of the Australian Medical Association and the Association of Physicians of Australasia.
Blackburn served in World War I as a lieutenant-colonel for the Australian Army Medical Corps. He was appointed an OBE for his services towards the Medical Corps, and became the chair of the Commonwealth Royal Commission on the assessment of war service disabilities, in 1924. In World War II, Blackburn served in the 113 Australian General Hospital, in Concord.
Blackburn graduated from the University of Adelaide (B.A. 1893) and went on to study medicine, transferring to the University of Sydney in 1896 – M.B. B.S.; Ch.M., 1899; M.D., 1903. He began his medical career at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney, Australia. He set up his own private practice in 1903, but he still remained connected with the hospital.
His son was also called Charles (Charles Ruthven Bickerton Blackburn AC), was similarly a Lieutenant-Colonel for the Australian Army Medical Corps (World War II), and was similarly associated with the University of Sydney, becoming the Bosch Professor and Head of the Department of Medicine in 1957.
Blackburn died in 1972 in the Sydney suburb of Bellevue Hill, at the age of 98.
# Draba stylosa

Draba stylosa is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is found only in Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# De Krant

Maandblad de Krant (formerly de Hollandse Krant) is a monthly magazine for Dutch immigrants in Canada and the United States. Since April 2008 it has been published by Mokeham Publishing Inc. First in Penticton, British Columbia, in 2013 the publishing firm relocated to Oakville, Ontario. Previously it was published by the Timmer Publishing Company in Langley. Maandblad de Krant is also known to its readers as De Krant, which is Dutch for "the Newspaper". It is printed in a tabloid newspaper format and is the only North American publication that caters to Dutch immigrants. De Krant has a monthly column in West Frisian, covering a quarter page. It is the only publication in North America that publishes original material in the West Frisian language.
De Krant brings a selection of news stories related to the Netherlands, but its main focus is the publication of personal columns and editorials by a number of Dutch immigrants to Canada and the United States. These include the editor, Tom Bijvoet, Lia Wolters from Toronto, Ontario, Henny Campbell from Ottawa, Ontario, Stefanie Prins from British Columbia, Aubrey Beauchamp from San Clemente, and Herman Thorbecke from Georgia. In addition to news and columns De Krant publishes letters to the editor and carries advertisements for ethnic Dutch businesses in North America.
De Krant has approximately 6,000 subscribers throughout North America, with about 1500 each in Ontario and British Columbia, its two largest markets. The paper is sold in a small number of "Dutch Stores" (grocery stores catering to the Dutch immigrant community) in Western Canada, Ontario, Texas, California and Oregon.
De Hollandse Krant first appeared in 1969.
# Artémire (tragedy)

Artémire was Voltaire's second tragedy in five acts. When it failed at its premiere on February 15 1720 at the Comédie-Française, Voltaire withdrew it and cancelled the printing.

## Action

The action is set in Larissa in Thessaly after the death of Alexander the Great. Artémire, the virtuous wife of the usurper Cassandre, who actually loves the rightful aspirant of Philotas, is persecuted by her husband, and is ultimately saved by his unexpected death.$^{:408–10}$
The publishers of the Kehl edition of Voltaire's complete works could not find a synopsis for the play, so their arrangement of the surviving fragments was based on a parody of Artémire listed in the Comédie-Italienne in an act by Dominique, only two days after the premiere.

## Contemporary reception

The play was originally conceived as a vehicle for the famous actress Adrienne Lecouvreur, who was to become Voltaire's lover. It was first performed at Sully by a group of aristocratic amateurs, guests of the Duke.
After being withdrawn from the public theatre, Artémire had seven further performances by request of the Regent's mother Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine. The literary review L'Europe savante reported the play had had few performances, and that it contained the same weaknesses and favourable points as Voltaire's first tragedy Oedipe though it failed where Oedipe had succeeded. Voltaire reused some of the material from Artémire in his 1724 play Hérode et Mariamne.
Although not popular with the theatre-going public, Artémire was sufficiently well-received at court to secure Voltaire's permission to return to Paris, from where he had been banished for offending the Regent.

## Printed editions

Voltaire retained the manuscript of the play. Two short fragments from the fourth act were first published by Pierre Desfontaines in the appendix to the Bernard edition of La Ligue in Amsterdam in 1724. A summary and arrangement of the surviving fragments was contained in the 1785 in the Kehl edition of Voltaire's works. Additional fragments from a manuscript of Decroix were incorporated into the Beuchot edition of the works of Voltaire (1829–1840).