OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Barritus

Barritus (barrītūs) is a battle cry documented in writing since the 1st century among Germanic tribes. The technique of Barritus later became popular among Germanic auxiliary troops in the Roman Army. In the 4th century, Ammianus Marcellinus describes Barritus as typical for Germanic auxiliary troops. Publius Cornelius Tacitus describes the Barritus in his work Germania (3, 1 as barditus).

## Spelling and etymology

The terms Barritus, Baritus, and Barditus are various spellings of the same word.
Barditus from the 1st century probably evolved into Barritus by the 4th century. A universally satisfying explanation of the word has not been provided yet. It's interpreted either as "shield-song," derived from Old Norse bardi = shield, or as "beard-way" (the humming in the beard), imitating the thunderous voice of the god Donar.

## Battle song

The Barritus opens the battle and is meant to boost the morale of one's own side while intimidating and frightening the opponent. The battle chant is started by the entire army, beginning with shields held to their mouths, murmuring softly, rebounding off the shield, and then escalating to a loud thundering.
   It begins with a faint hum, gradually intensifying, like the roaring of the ocean waves crashing against cliffs.
       — Ammianus Marcellinus 16,12,43
The tone rises from low to high notes. According to Tacitus' description, it is a song-like battle cry with substance. Tacitus links this battle cry to a religious connection with Hercules. Following the Roman interpretation, "Hercules" can be associated with Donar/Thor. Depending on the strength of the Barritus, it either startles and frightens the opponent while igniting one's own courage or reveals weakness and a lack of self-assurance. The troops made predictions on the outcome of the battle based on the nature of the Barritus.
The technique of Barritus later became popular among Germanic auxiliary troops in the Roman Army. In the 4th century, Ammianus Marcellinus describes Barritus as typical for Germanic auxiliary troops. Vegetius, also in the 4th century, describes the technique as standard for the Roman Army to initiate the battle. He generally recommends using Barritus just before the clash of battle lines, as an early Barritus would miss its effect. According to descriptions by Ammianus Marcellinus and Flavius Vegetius Renatus, it seems that in the 4th century, Barritus transformed from a battle cry into a rather simple war chant within the Roman Army.
In the late Roman Army, the Germanic auxiliary troop (Auxilia palatina) known as the Cornuti was famous for their Barritus. The Cornuti are documented from the 4th to the 5th century. Their Barritus comprised both a battle chant and dance steps.

## Literature

* Maximilian Ihm: Barditus.(in German) In: Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Vol. III,1, Stuttgart 1897, col. 10 f.
# Candamir: The First Settlers

Candamir: The First Settlers is a German board game. It is the first game of the Catan Adventure series of games, which share a common theme (but not mechanics) with the Settlers of Catan games. As such, it was created by Klaus Teuber, and distributed by Kosmos in German and Mayfair Games in English. The name "Candamir" comes from the Settlers of Catan novel by Rebecca Gablé, where Candamir is the name of the main character. The same character is prominently featured in this game.
In this game, each of the players takes the role of a settler on the newly settled island of Catan, having lost most of their belongings in a shipwreck. The game details the adventures of these players as they settle in a nearby village. The name Candamir is said to be taken from one of the villagers. Like many designer board games Candamir is played to a certain number of victory points, which are represented in this game by markers. To win the game, a player must place all of their markers on the board.

## Gameplay

The game is played on a square board, to which one side contains a closeup view of the village. There, four of the village's inhabitants require goods or livestock that the players must build with their resources. The completion of each good or the gathering of livestock will grant a player one victory point, and possibly other benefits, depending on the villager.
Each player is represented by a character, which have varying amounts of inherent strength in four attributes as well as a number of special abilities. Eight character cards are provided with the game (four characters in two genders), and players are encouraged to create their own through the use of the online character creator found on the game's official website.
At the start of each turn, players may choose to explore and move towards a destination on the board, or may choose to build items for the villagers. Movement in the game is controlled by the use of a deck of movement cards, through which players may encounter natural hazards, ingredients, or adventures. If a player reaches their goal, they may obtain experience or equipment that may boost their own attributes, resources for building, or livestock that immediately grant victory points.
Players seek to collect resources, gathered from around the board, to build items for the villagers, as well as ingredients to create potions that restore their own vitality. Certain encounters may reduce the health of the player, and if the health of the player reaches zero, they are forced to skip a turn to restore their vitality. Like Settlers, Candamir allows players to trade resources, ingredients, and potions for an agreed upon price.

## Reviews

* Pyramid
# Banjo shark

Banjo shark may refer to:
* Thornback guitarfish (Platyrhinoidis triseriata) of the eastern Pacific
* Fiddler rays (Trygonorrhina spp.) of Australia
# Caladenia drummondii

Caladenia drummondii, commonly known as the winter spider orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a relatively small, hairy leaf at flowering and usually only one cream and deep purplish-red flower with downswept lateral sepals and petals.

## Description

Caladenia drummondii has a single leaf, 10–40 mm (0.4–2 in) long and 8–10 mm (0.3–0.4 in) wide at first, but which enlarges after flowering to 50–70 mm (2–3 in) long and 12–15 mm (0.5–0.6 in) wide. The leaf is hairy, green on the upper surface and purplish beneath. The flower stem is 60–100 mm (2–4 in) tall and usually bears a single flower 20–30 mm (0.8–1 in) long and about 20 mm (0.8 in) wide. The flower is white with darker lines and the sepals and petals have brownish glandular tips 8–16 mm (0.3–0.6 in) long. The dorsal sepal is erect, 15–30 mm (0.6–1 in) long and 1–1.5 mm (0.04–0.06 in) wide at the base. The lateral sepals are 15–30 mm (0.6–1 in) long, 2–3 mm (0.08–0.1 in) wide and spreading near the base but with the tips hanging down. The petals are 12–30 mm (0.5–1 in) long, 3–3.5 mm (0.12–0.14 in) wide and also turn downwards with twisted ends. The labellum is dark purplish-red with short, blunt teeth on the edges and its tip curving downwards and there are four or more rows of dark red calli along its centre line. Flowering occurs from late April to June.

## Taxonomy and naming

Caladenia drummondii was first described by George Bentham in 1873 in from a specimen collected by James Drummond near the Swan River. The description was published in Flora Australiensis. The specific epithet (drummondii) honours the collector of the type specimen, James Drummond.

## Distribution and habitat

The winter spider orchid is widespread between Lake King and Nerren Nerren station near Kalbarri. It grows in mallee communities, Melaleuca thickets and York gum woodland in the Avon Wheatbelt, Geraldton Sandplains, Mallee, Yalgoo biogeographic regions.

## Conservation

Caladenia drummondii is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.
# Calceolaria rosmarinifolia

Calceolaria rosmarinifolia is a species of plant in the Calceolariaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador.
# Calamus thwaitesii

Calamus thwaitesii is a species of rattan palm in the family Arecaceae. It is native to Southwest India and Sri Lanka.
# Calamus viminalis

Calamus viminalis, one of many Calamus species commonly referred to as rattan, is a plant of the Arecaceae, or palm, family native to: Java and Bali in Indonesia; Peninsular Malaysia; all parts of Thailand; Cambodia; Cochinchina and Central Annam in Vietnam; all parts of Laos; Myanmar; Bangladesh; Andaman and Nicobar Islands; North-east, North-central, and South India; and probably north-west and south Yunnan in China.
The plant grows with clustered stems, either climbing on other plants or forming thickets. The stems can reach 35m with a diameter up to 4 cm. The whitish or yellowish globose fruit, up to 1 cm in diam., are sometimes borne in pairs. In Tripura state, India, the palm flowers and fruits from November to January.
It grows at village margins and in scrub, forest edge and (locally) inside evergreen forest, from 0-600m elevation. In Cambodia it occurs in semi-dense forests and at the rear of mangrove formations.
As the palm is favoured by forest loss and tolerates harvesting well, it is of no conservation concern.
Vernacular names include: Thai, wai ngamkhao, wai namhang, wai sambai, wai mon, wai som, wai dong; Khmer phdau kraek (phdau=rattan), phdao chhvaing krek; Hmong, katengparua; Alak, rebou; Lao, wai ton, wai nyair, wai na, wai khom, wai namhang, wai keethao, wai nang, wai tiudeet, wai namleuang; Khamu, blong chang; Andaman Islands dudh beth (beth is common to rattans); in Tripura state, India, bet gota, rigorusam; in Songhason Hills, Assam, pri; Chinese 柳条省藤 liu tiao sheng teng.
The rattan or cane is of moderate quality, and is used in many places for handicrafts and sometimes traded. In Cambodia it is described as being used to make rough baskets, ropes and canes. Villages in Kampong Chhnang, Mondulkiri and Ratanakiri provinces in Cambodia grow this palm in plantations, and use the stems for making furnishings, it is regarded as having medium market value and conservation value.
The shoot of the germinating plant is edible, in Southeast Asia they are about 1m long when harvested, and sold in bundles with the leaf sheaths in place, if the sheaths are removed the shoot must be cooked immediately, otherwise they can remain fresh for a week. The fruit is sometimes sold for food. In the Andaman Islands, the stem is not used for commercial purposes, though may be used for domestic items, it is regarded as easily breakable, but the fruit is eaten. Amongst forest-dwelling people of Tripura state, India, the sour-tasting ripe fruit is eaten with salt and chili. In the Songhason Hills of Karbi Anglong District of Assam the fruit and shoots are used as food while the stems are used for construction and craft, it is suggested that the plant has potential for horticultural production.
# Calvin Ashford

Calvin Ashford, Jr. (c, 1935 – June 24, 2008) was an African-American interior designer based in Chicago, Illinois. He was the principal designer and the design director at Gilmore-Ashford-Powers Designs, which he opened in the 1970s. He also founded The Black Interior Designers Association in 1998, and was active in The Organization of Black Designers until his death.

## Early life and family

Ashford was born in Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 1935. He was the son of Calvin Ashford and Alice Ashford. His father was a construction worker.
Ashford grew up in Willow Run, Michigan as the oldest of five boys (Nick Ashford, Albert Ashford, Paul Ashford, Henry Ashford).

## Education

Ashford finished high school early, then moved to New York City to attain a fine arts degree in interior design at the Columbia University, and graduated at the age of 18. Afterwards, he went to London to complete an apprenticeship. He continued his academic career at University of Michigan and pursued a master's degree in microbiology. It was hard for him to find a job as an interior designer as an African-American, but African Americans could be teachers. He then got his doctorate degree in microbiology at the University of Illinois at Chicago Medical. He was offered a job as an assistant professor at the University of Illinois.

## Career

Ashford opened Gilmore-Ashford-Powers Designs at the Lake Point Tower, which was the tallest apartment building in the world at the time (1977) until 1991.
In the same building as his interior design company Gilmore-Ashford-Powers Designs, Calvin worked with Richard Green, a radiologist at the Cook County Hospital, to design a bachelor-vibe infused interior on the 45th floor of the Lake Point Tower. The apartment was decorated in accordance to the client's style, which was a combination of contemporary and color.
He was the principal designer and design director at Gilmore-Ashford-Powers Designs, where he closely worked with Keith Moore for 18 years.
His brother Nickolas Ashford of the Ashford and Simpson duo (with Valerie Simpson) introduced Diana Ross and Dionne Warwick to Calvin, and from then on, his fame grew, as did his celebrity clientele list.
Some of the celebrities he worked with were the following: Maya Angelou, Whitney Houston, Sammy Sosa, Jalen Rose, Juwan Howard, Diana Ross, Dionne Warwick, Eddy Curry, Kendall Gill, Michael Finley, Lauren Bacall, Lana Turner, Gina Lollobrigida, Mickey Rooney, and Raquel Welch.
Calvin also designed the interiors of many private residencies in Chicago, New York, Palm Springs (U.S., Canada, Great Britain), including one in Trump Tower.

## Recognition

* Ashford founded the Black Interior Designers Association in 1998 to support the African-American youths in interior design.
* He was active in the Organization of Black Designers.
* In 1990, Ashford won one of the Chicago Design Awards.
* He was listed in "Who's Who in Interior Design".
* He was awarded the Design Pioneer award.

## Death

On June 24, 2008, Ashford died at his home in Gold Coast at the age of 73 from cancer.
# Cairano

Cairano (Irpino: Cariàne) is a town (commune) in the province of Avellino, Campania, Italy.
# Calliophis bilineatus

Calliophis bilineatus, the two-stripped coral snake , is a species of snake of the family Elapidae.
The snake is found in the Philippines.
# Cambodunum

Cambodunum is a Latinized Celtic placename which may refer to:
* Cambodunum (Britain), present-day Slack, West Yorkshire
* Cambodunum (Germany), present-day Kempten
# Calligraphidia tessellata

Calligraphidia tessellata is a moth in the family Noctuidae. It was first described by George Hamilton Kenrick in 1917 and is known from Madagascar.
The forewings of this species are brown with a violet shade, the costa with a series of dark brown spots; an ochreous-basal patch, irrorated (sprinkled) with black, followed by an irregular double violet line, an indistinct dark median line and a strongly marked dark postmedian line. The wingspan of this species is 50 mm.
# Calliini

Calliini is a tribe of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae.

## Taxonomy

* Acreana Lane, 1973
* Alical Galileo, Santos-Silva & Bezark, 2016
* Amucallia Galileo & Martins, 2008
* Anapsicomus Galileo & Martins, 1988
* Ardeocomus Galileo & Martins, 1988
* Asemolea Bates, 1881
* Callia Audinet-Serville, 1835
* Calliomorpha Lane, 1973
* Callisema Martins & Galileo, 1990
* Callityrinthia Galileo & Martins, 1991
* Camitocomus Galileo & Martins, 1991
* Canindea Galileo & Martins, 1990
* Chalcolyne Bates, 1866
* Chereas Thomson, 1864
* Cicatricallia Martins & Galileo, 2012
* Colombicallia Galileo & Martins, 1992
* Drycothaea Thomson, 1868
* Eumathes Pascoe, 1858
* Eumimesis Bates, 1866
* Euryestola Breuning, 1940
* Graminea Thomson, 1864
* Gryllica Thomson, 1860
* Harringtonia Lane, 1973
* Hastatis Buquet, 1857
* Hemicladus Buquet, 1857
* Hemilophopsis Tavakilian & Santos-Silva, 2019
* Hirticallia Galileo & Martins, 1990
* Icelastatis Galileo & Martins, 1991
* Igualda Thomson, 1868
* Lustrocomus Martins & Galileo, 1996
* Mesestola Breuning, 1980
* Micatocomus Galileo & Martins, 1988
* Miguelia Galileo & Martins, 1991
* Mimolaia Bates, 1881
* Nagma Bezark & Santos-Silva, 2020
* Nappella Santos-Silva, Nascimento & Drumont, 2019
* Neocallia Fisher, 1933
* Pandemicus Bezark & Santos-Silva, 2020
* Paracallia Martins & Galileo, 1998
* Paradrycothaea Galileo & Martins, 2010
* Parasemolea Martins & Galileo, 1990
* Rumuara Martins & Galileo, 1990
* Schiacallia Galileo & Martins, 1991
* Xenocallia Galileo & Martins, 1990
* Zenicomus Thomson, 1868
# Caldana, Gavorrano

Caldana is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Gavorrano, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 980.

## Geography

Caldana is about 28 km from Grosseto and 8 km from Gavorrano, and it is situated on a hill in the south-eastern side of the massif of Monte Calvo.

## History

The village dates back to the Early Middle Ages, when it was a property of the bishops of Roselle. It was then ruled by the Pannocchieschi family and conquered by the Republic of Siena during the 14th century.

## Main sights

* San Biagio (16th century), main parish church of the village, it is attributed to Renaissance architect Antonio da Sangallo the Elder. The bell tower was built in 1828. Inside the church there is a fresco by Giuseppe Nicola Nasini.
* Canonica of San Biagio, original building of the primitive 13th century church, it was renewed during the late 16th century.
* Oratory of Sant'Antonio da Padova (17th century), built in 1670, it was renewed with a new facade during the 19th century.
* Convent of Sant'Agostino, former building of the Order of Saint Augustine, it was suppressed in 1652. It is now used for residential purpose.
* Walls of Caldana, old fortifications which surround the village since 13th century.

## Media

The German TV series Ein Haus in der Toscana was set and filmed in Caldana.
# Cambes

Cambes may refer to several communes in France:
* Cambes, Gironde, in the Gironde département
* Cambes, Lot, in the Lot département
* Cambes, Lot-et-Garonne, in the Lot-et-Garonne département
* Cambes-en-Plaine, in the Calvados département
# Caloschemia pulchra

Caloschemia pulchra is a species of moth of the family Callidulidae. It is found in Madagascar.
# Calorophus

Calorophus is a group of plants in the Restionaceae described as a genus in 1806. The entire genus is endemic to Australia, found in the States of Victoria and Tasmania.

## Species

* Calorophus elongatus Labill. - Victoria and Tasmania
* Calorophus erostris (C.B.Clarke) L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs - Tasmania
# Calosaturnia

Calosaturnia is a genus of moths in the family Saturniidae first described by Smith in 1886. The genus is sometimes included in Saturnia.

## Species

* Calosaturnia albofasciata J.W. Johnson, 1938
* Calosaturnia mendocino (Behrens, 1876)
* Calosaturnia walterorum Hogue & J.W. Johnson, 1958
# Camille-Auguste Gastine

Camille-Auguste Gastine (1819 – 1867) was a French painter.

## Life

A student of Nicolas-Auguste Hesse, Paul Delaroche and François-Édouard Picot, he was trained at the École des Beaux-arts de Paris. He exhibited a Holy Family at the 1844 Salon, then travelled to Italy and stayed in Rome. He frequently collaborated on several monumental decorative schemes - that of the old Abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés, with Hippolyte Flandrin in 1856; that of the chapel at the château de Broglie with Savinien Petit; and that of the chapelle Saint-Joseph in the Cathédrale Saint-André de Bordeaux with Sébastien Cornu.
He also designed stained glass windows, such as for a church of St Stephen and for the cathedrals at Lodève and Béziers, along with decorative schemes for the churches of Saint-Laurent-Rochefort, Chazelles-sur-Lyon, Montant and Saint-Albain. He also took part in the decorative schemes for the Maison pompéïenne at 16-18 Avenue Montaigne in Paris, the hôtel Granger, the hôtel Pereire, the hôtel du duc de Galliera, comte Murat's château and the Palais des Études of the École des beaux-arts de Paris between 1854 and 1855 and at the musée d'Amiens (now the Musée de Picardie). He also exhibited a Saint Catherine of Alexandria at the 1855 Exposition Universelle and produced portraits and several paintings of saints.
# Camille-Melchior Gibert

Camille-Melchior Gibert (18 September 1797 – 30 July 1866) was a French dermatologist who was a native of Paris.
He studied medicine in Paris, where in 1818–19 he served as an interne to Laurent-Théodore Biett at the Hôpital Saint-Louis. In 1822 he received his medical doctorate and in 1826 he obtained his agrégation. From 1836 he was a physician at the Hôpital Lourcine, and from 1840 to 1863, was associated with the Hôpital Saint-Louis. In 1847 he became a member of the Académie de médecine. He died during the 1866 Paris cholera epidemic.
Gibert contributed to the Medical section of the Encyclopédie Méthodique.
Gibert is remembered for providing the first accurate description of a papulosquamous skin disorder that he named pityriasis rosea. Historically, this condition was also referred to as "Gibert disease". His best written work on skin diseases was a book called "Traité pratique des maladies spéciales de la peau" (second edition, 1840).
In 1859, with Dr. Joseph-Alexandre Auzias-Turenne (1812–1870), Gibert took part in controversial experiments in which three volunteers were inoculated with secondary syphilis.
# Calosoma externum

Calosoma externum is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily of Carabinae. It was described by Say in 1823.
# Calosoma glabratum

Calosoma glabratum is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily of Carabinae. It was described by Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean in 1831.
# Campbell Park Cricket Ground

Campbell Park is a cricket ground in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, located in Campbell Park. The first recorded match on the ground in 1981, when the Northamptonshire Second XI played the Leicestershire Second XI in the Second Eleven Championship.
The first List-A match held on the ground came in 1997 when Northamptonshire played Nottinghamshire in AXA Life League. In 1999, the ground hosted a List-A match between New Zealand A and Sri Lanka A. As of March 2012, the most recent List-A match held on the ground came in 2004 when Northamptonshire played Hampshire in the Totesport League.
In 2000, Campbell Park hosted a single first-class match between a First-Class Counties Select XI and New Zealand.
In 2005, the ground hosted its first Twenty20 match when Northamptonshire played Gloucestershire in the 2005 Twenty20 Cup. From 2005 to 2008, the ground 4 Twenty20 matches, the last of which saw Northamptonshire play Warwickshire in the 2008 Twenty20 Cup.
Between 1998 and 2000, Buckinghamshire used the ground for Minor Counties matches, playing 2 Minor Counties Championship matches against Staffordshire and Suffolk and a single MCCA Knockout Trophy match against the Sussex Cricket Board.
Campbell Park has held 2 Women's One Day Internationals; the first was between England women and South Africa women in 1997 and the second between India women and Ireland women in 1999.
In local domestic cricket, the ground was the home venue of the Northamptonshire Cricket Academy who play in the Northamptonshire Cricket League.
As of 2022, Campbell Park is used by Stony Stratford Cricket Club for their Premier Division and Division 2 fixtures in the Northamptonshire Cricket League.
# Camope

Camope is a village in Ancuabe District in Cabo Delgado Province in northeastern Mozambique.