OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cibotium menziesii

Cibotium menziesii, the hāpuʻu ʻiʻi or Hawaiian tree fern, is a species of tree fern that is endemic to the islands of Hawaiʻi. It is named after the Scottish naturalist Archibald Menzies. It is also known as the male tree fern, and Cibotium glaucum is deemed the female tree fern due to differences in color.

## Biology

Hāpuʻu ʻiʻi can grow up to 35 feet (11 m) tall but are usually 7 to 25 feet (2.1 to 7.6 m) in height with a diameter of nearly 3 feet (0.91 m), making it Hawaiʻi's largest tree fern. The trunk is made of stiff hard fibres surrounding a starchy pith in the centre. The green fronds have yellow midribs and are paler on the underside. They grow to as long as 12 feet (3.7 m). Stems are covered in red or black bristles. The fronds are singularly divided but divide at the end where the spores form.

### Reproduction

This species reproduces through the use of spores, which form at and are released from the end of the fronds. For domestic and commercial reproduction, spores are collected from the lower fronds of the plant, which are heated, treated with water and kept refrigerated. The side shoots off the main trunk are also viable but need to be cut close to the trunk.

### Habitat

Cibotium menziesii is endemic to the windward portions of the main Hawaiian islands. It is found in rainforests at elevations of 305 to 1,830 metres (1,001 to 6,004 ft). They can grown on the ground or on trees as an epiphyte. Despite its origin, it is very adaptable and can withstand long cool winters; even without fronds, little heat is needed to stimulate new growth. Due to the effects of invasive species, especially feral pigs, and commercial harvesting, populations of this species are currently in decline.

## Uses
### Food

The starchy core of the trunk can be cooked (often stewed) and eaten; it was a staple food during times of famine. This part of the trunk is an important food source for feral pigs.

### Medicine

The pith of the hāpuʻu ʻiʻi is combined with ʻolena (Curcuma longa) roots, pawale (Rumex giganteus), and ʻokolehao liquor to create a 'blood purifier'. A treatment for chest pain is prepared from hāpuʻu ʻiʻi and ʻamaʻumaʻu (Sadleria cyatheoides) piths, kukui (Aleurites moluccana) bark, ʻohiʻa ʻai (Syzygium malaccense) bark, ʻahakea (Bobea spp.) bark, ʻuhaloa (Waltheria indica) root bark, popolo (Solanum americanum), ʻaukoʻi (Senna occidentalis), noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit, and ko kea (Saccharum officinarum). Heated fibres from the fronds are used to cure numerous bodily ailments such as muscle pain and joint stiffness.

### Other uses

The pulu (frond fibres) are used to absorb bodily fluid from corpses in preparation for traditional burials. These same fibres are also used in handcrafted pillows that are sold as souvenirs on the islands. The trunk was hollowed out by Native Hawaiians and used as a planter for uhi (Dioscorea alata), and this practice continues.
# Blyth Bridge

Blyth Bridge is a small hamlet in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, near to West Linton.
It is located in a bend on the A701 which goes from Moffat to Edinburgh, close to the junction with the East-West road the A72 which goes to Peebles.
Places nearby include the Lyne Water, Carlops, Romannobridge, and the Deepsyke Forest.
There is an aqueduct carrying a large water main which supplies Edinburgh and passes over Tarth Water.
There are a number of iron age forts on the hills nearby, and the historic Drochil Castle is a short distance away.

## Climate

Climate data for Blyth Bridge: 253 m (830 ft) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1960–2006 :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 13.0 (55.4) | 14.4 (57.9) | 17.8 (64.0) | 24.4 (75.9) | 26.0 (78.8) | 27.7 (81.9) | 28.4 (83.1) | 28.5 (83.3) | 25.5 (77.9) | 19.4 (66.9) | 15.4 (59.7) | 12.6 (54.7) | 28.5 (83.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) | 6.0 (42.8) | 8.0 (46.4) | 10.2 (50.4) | 13.5 (56.3) | 15.8 (60.4) | 17.9 (64.2) | 17.9 (64.2) | 15.1 (59.2) | 11.1 (52.0) | 8.1 (46.6) | 5.6 (42.1) | 11.2 (52.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) | 3.1 (37.6) | 4.7 (40.5) | 6.6 (43.9) | 9.3 (48.7) | 11.9 (53.4) | 13.8 (56.8) | 13.9 (57.0) | 11.4 (52.5) | 8.1 (46.6) | 5.3 (41.5) | 2.8 (37.0) | 7.8 (46.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) | 0.3 (32.5) | 1.4 (34.5) | 2.8 (37.0) | 5.1 (41.2) | 7.9 (46.2) | 9.7 (49.5) | 9.8 (49.6) | 7.7 (45.9) | 4.9 (40.8) | 2.4 (36.3) | 0.0 (32.0) | 4.4 (39.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −21.5 (−6.7) | −16.7 (1.9) | −17.7 (0.1) | −7.9 (17.8) | −4.4 (24.1) | −1.1 (30.0) | −0.1 (31.8) | 1.0 (33.8) | −4.3 (24.3) | −7.5 (18.5) | −12.2 (10.0) | −16.3 (2.7) | −21.5 (−6.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 94.4 (3.72) | 79.9 (3.15) | 65.7 (2.59) | 63.0 (2.48) | 62.4 (2.46) | 67.2 (2.65) | 66.0 (2.60) | 81.5 (3.21) | 73.4 (2.89) | 109.0 (4.29) | 93.6 (3.69) | 98.1 (3.86) | 954.2 (37.59) |
| Average precipitation days | 15.4 | 13.5 | 13.1 | 12.5 | 11.4 | 12.9 | 12.6 | 12.1 | 12.8 | 15.7 | 15.3 | 14.7 | 162 |
| Source 1: Météo Climat ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: KNMI (extremes) ||||||||||||||
# Dave Casinelli

David Anthony "Bull" Casinelli (May 23, 1940 – October 11, 1987), was an American football fullback. He played college football for the Memphis State Tigers from 1960 to 1963.
In 1963, Casinelli led Memphis State to an undefeated season and a #14 ranking in the final UPI Coaches' Poll. He also became the first Memphis State player to lead the NCAA in a major individual statistical category and the first Southern player to win the NCAA rushing title since John Dottley in 1949. Going into the final game of the 1963 season, he ranked third in rushing yardage but totaled 210 rushing yards in the final game to finish ahead of Jimmy Sidle and Gale Sayers. He led the NCAA for the 1963 season in rushing yardage (1,016 yards) and rushing carries (219). He also tied with Cosmo Iacavazzi for the national scoring title with 84 points, each having scored 14 touchdowns.
During his four years at Memphis State, Casinelli established school records with 2,796 total yards from scrimmage and 36 career touchdowns. In January 1964, he signed with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League. Casinelli died as the result of injuries sustained in an automobile accident in 1987 in Leon County, Florida.
# David Silver

David Silver may refer to:
* David Silver (Beverly Hills, 90210), a character on the TV series Beverly Hills, 90210
* David Silver (drummer), American musician, drummer of Season to Risk and Offworld
* David Silver (computer scientist) (born 1976), researcher at DeepMind and professor of computer science at University College London
* David Silver (roboticist), active at MIT in the 1970s
* David Silver (Philadelphia), American politician
# Closed convex function

In mathematics, a function $f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ is said to be closed if for each $\alpha \in \mathbb {R}$, the sublevel set $\{x\in {\mbox{dom}}f\vert f(x)\leq \alpha \}$ is a closed set.
Equivalently, if the epigraph defined by ${\mbox{epi}}f=\{(x,t)\in \mathbb {R} ^{n+1}\vert x\in {\mbox{dom}}f,\;f(x)\leq t\}$ is closed, then the function $f$ is closed.
This definition is valid for any function, but most used for convex functions. A proper convex function is closed if and only if it is lower semi-continuous.

## Properties

* If $f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ is a continuous function and ${\mbox{dom}}f$ is closed, then $f$ is closed.
* If $f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ is a continuous function and ${\mbox{dom}}f$ is open, then $f$ is closed if and only if it converges to $\infty$ along every sequence converging to a boundary point of ${\mbox{dom}}f$.
* A closed proper convex function f is the pointwise supremum of the collection of all affine functions h such that h ≤ f (called the affine minorants of f).
# Epitoky

Epitoky is a process that occurs in many species of polychaete marine worms wherein a sexually immature worm (the atoke) is modified or transformed into a sexually mature worm (the epitoke). Epitokes are pelagic morphs capable of sexual reproduction. Unlike the immature form, which is typically benthic (lives on the bottom), epitokes are specialized for swimming as well as reproducing. The primary benefit to epitoky is increased chances of finding other members of the same species for reproduction.
There are two methods in which epitoky can occur: schizogamy and epigamy.

## Schizogamy

Many species go through schizogamy, where the atoke uses asexual reproduction to produce buds from its posterior end. Each bud develops into an epitoke and, once fully formed, will then break off from the atoke and become free-swimming. Many genetically identical epitokes are formed in this way, thus allowing a higher chance of finding a mate of the same species and subsequent passing of genes to the next generation. Atokes may then live through another season to form more epitokes.

## Epigamy

Epigamy is another common way to form epitokes. For species that use this method, the atoke undergoes physiological and morphological modifications as it transforms into the epitoke. Typically, male worms undergo a more pronounced transformation from atoke to epitoke. Modifications may include an increase in size of parapodia and the development of paddle-like chaetae for enhanced swimming ability, atrophy of the gut, filling of the body cavity with gametes (eggs or sperm), the development of large eyes, and the musculature may even change to perform swimming movements instead of feeding movements. The majority of species that undergo epigamy are unable to revert to the atoke form and die after reproducing.
Male and female epitokes are produced and swim to the water's surface only at certain times of the year and are often synchronized with moon cycles in a behavior called swarming. Swarming brings individuals of the same species together so that there is an increased rate of fertilization. Some polychaete species have been found to use bioluminescence, presumably to compact and maintain swarms. Both schizogamous and epigamous epitokes are non-feeding individuals that die once gametes have been released into the water.
In the past, epitokes were thought to be a separate group of polychaete marine worms, because epitokes may look very different than atokes. For instance, the atokes of Platynereis dumerilii are yellowish-brown, while the female epitokes are yellow because of the eggs they contain, and the male epitokes are white in the front part due to sperm and red in the hind part due to blood vessels (see pictures).
# Bedford Automile

The Bedford Automile is an area of Bedford, Ohio, that has been set aside specifically for car dealerships. The Bedford Automile was officially created in 1956 by the Bedford Automile Dealers Association to create a unified group to speak for the car dealerships in the area. It has since grown to include 26 new and used car dealerships and currently employs about 1,700 employees. It is widely regarded as one of the largest congregations of car dealerships in Ohio.
The Bedford Automile got its start when Lynn L. Horton and his brother, Ralph E. Horton, opened the first car dealership in Bedford in the early 1920s. The original dealership sold Ford Motor Company cars, but quickly expanded to offer other makes of cars, such as Chevrolet, De Soto and Plymouth.
Eventually the Horton brothers went into business with another brother, William Horton, and friends Floyd Mosher and Thomas Lally. This resulted in the dealerships eventually being renamed to Mosher-Lally, and later as Lally Chevrolet. Lally Chevrolet still operates in Bedford on the Bedford Automile under the name of Tim Lally Chevrolet. (Tim Lally is a descendant of Thomas Lally.)
As the success of the car sales in Bedford increased, other car dealers opened new dealerships around the original car dealership, expanding along Broadway Avenue. This grouping of car dealerships eventually formed the Bedford Automile Dealers Association. This group not only works to represent its interests in the Bedford area, but also donates heavily to the surrounding community, schools and city to help maintain the integrity of the surrounding area.
In April 2013, the city of Bedford established monuments to the historic Automile.
# Daishin Noboru

Daishin Noboru (born August 2, 1937 as Tomeo Nagata; died March 20, 2012) was a sumo wrestler from Oshamambe, Hokkaidō, Japan. His highest rank was maegashira 8. He was an original member of the Miyagino stable founded by yokozuna Yoshibayama. He made his professional debut in May 1956, reaching the top makuuchi division in July 1965. He won the jūryō division championship or yūshō in May 1966. He retired in March 1969.
# Baseball at the 1959 Pan American Games

Baseball at the 1959 Pan American Games was contested between nine teams. The 1959 edition was the first Pan American Games held in the United States and the third overall. Games were held at Comiskey Park and Wrigley Field in Chicago from August 27 through September 7. This remains the only Pan American Games baseball championship won by Venezuela.

## Team summaries

Venezuela went 6–1 to claim the title. The team was managed by José Antonio Casanova and featured future big leaguer Dámaso Blanco. Infielder José Flores led the event with three triples while Enrique Capecchi was 2-0 pitching against Brazil and the US, also Manuel Pérez Bolaños was 2-0 on the mound, as well as 18-year-old Luis Peñalver, about to embark on a 19-year Minor League career, mostly in AAA.
Puerto Rico won Silver, thanks to a 5–1 record. Irmo Figueroa led the competition in average (.500) while Carlos Pizarro had the most hits (12). R. Vazquez led in RBI (10) and tied for the home run lead with 2.
United States won Bronze at 4–3; their 3–2 win over Cuba helped them lock up the Medal. An A. Hall, presumably Alan Hall, tied for the homer lead with two. Charles Davis had the best ERA (0.69). Future Hall Of Famer Lou Brock was 1-for-10. Another future major leaguer was outfielder Ty Cline. Third baseman Jack McCartan later won a gold medal as the goaltender for the United States hockey team at the 1960 Winter Olympics.
Cuba had a very disappointing tourney, going 2–4 and failing to take a medal, a contrast with the upcoming state-sponsored Fidel Castro era teams that breached the amateur code and won 10 Pan Am Games Gold Medals in a row. Urbano Gonzalez hit .353 and Pedro Chavez was 5-for-9.
Mexico was 5th at 3–2. Roberto Coto led the event with 5 doubles. Mauro Ruiz went 2–0, the only non-Venezuelan to post that record.
Costa Rica had one of their best events ever, going 3–3 to finish 6th. They were followed by Nicaragua (7th, 2–4) and Dominican Republic (8th, 2–3). Brazil finished last, losing all six of their games.

## Final standing

| Place | Team |
| | Venezuela |
| | Puerto Rico |
| | United States |
| 4 | Cuba |
| 5 | Mexico |
| 6 | Costa Rica |
| 7 | Nicaragua |
| 8 | Dominican Republic |
| 9 | Brazil |
* 1959 Pan American Games
* Venezuela First title

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's | Venezuela Rubén Millán Francisco López William Tronconis Eduardo Amaya Miguel Giron José Flores Tadeo Flores Raúl Landaeta Dámaso Blanco Domingo Martín Luis Manuel Hernández Manuel Pérez Bolaños Luis Peñalver José Pérez Lucas Ferreira Enrique Capecchi Francisco Oliveros | Puerto Rico Carlos Pizarro Santiago Rosario Angel Fuentes Reinaldo Vásquez Luís Marrero Jorge Pacheco Ignacio Rios Héctor Valle José A. Meléndez José Marrero Irmo Figueroa Raúl Rodríguez Juan López José V. Meléndez José Calderon Héctor Santiago Enrique Irizarri Ricardo Delgado | United States Lou Brock Ron Causton Ty Cline Charles Davis Jerry Droscher Terry Gellinger Alan Hall Ralph Hochgrebe Robert Hoover Arley Kangous Allen Kennedy Ron Klepfer Jack McCartan Perry McGriff William Mansfield Grayson Mersch Tom Orton Roger Rudeen |
# Dumčius

Dumčius is a Lithuanian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Arimantas Dumčius [lt] (born 1940), Lithuanian cardiac surgeon, politician and public figure
* Mindaugas Dumčius (born 1995), Lithuanian handball player
# Château Hervé

Château Hervé is a château in the commune of Dachstein, in the department of Bas-Rhin, Alsace, France. It became a Monument historique on 1 October 1986.
# Blood and Sand

Blood and Sand may refer to:
* Sangre y arena, a 1908 novel by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, which was the basis for one play and four films:
** Blood and Sand (1916 film), directed by Ibáñez himself
** Blood and Sand (1922 film), starring Rudolph Valentino, Lila Lee, and Nita Naldi (also based on Cushing's play)
** Blood and Sand (1941 film), directed by Rouben Mamoulian starring Tyrone Power, Linda Darnell, and Rita Hayworth
** Blood and Sand (1989 film), Spanish film starring Chris Rydell, Sharon Stone, and Ana Torrent
** Blood and Sand (play), play by Tom Cushing
* Fort Graveyard, a 1965 Japanese war film also known as Chi to Suna (Blood and Sand).
* Spartacus: Blood and Sand, a 2010 television series
* Blood and Sand (cocktail), a Scotch-based cocktail
# Dave Pearson (pool player)

Dave Pearson is a British professional pool player.
Pearson was the runner-up in the International Speed Pool Challenge four years in a row, losing to Luc Salvas in the 2006 and 2009 finals, and to Bobby McGrath in the 2007-2008 finals.
# David Robertson (Canadian politician)

David Robertson (July 9, 1841 – August 8, 1912) was an Ontario physician and political figure.
He was born in Esquesing Township, Halton County, Canada West in 1841, the son of Alexander Robertson, a Scottish immigrant, and Nancy Moore, a native of New England. Robertson studied at McGill College and graduated with an M.D. in 1864. He first practised medicine in Nassagaweya before moving to Milton. Robertson was a captain in the local militia and raised a company of volunteers that served during the Fenian raids. He owned a large amount of real estate, including a large farm. In 1867, he married Jennie S. Morse.

## Political career

He served four years as mayor of Milton and eight years as treasurer for the board of education.
Henderson represented Halton in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1879 to 1883 as a Liberal member, but was defeated in the 1883 election.

## Electoral history

vte1879 Ontario general election: Halton :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | David Robertson | 1,765 | 50.46 | −0.80 |
| | Conservative | W.C. Beaty | 1,733 | 49.54 | +0.80 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 3,498 | 66.63 | −1.55 |
| Eligible voters | Eligible voters | Eligible voters | 5,250 |
| | Liberal hold | Liberal hold | Swing | Swing | −0.80 |
| Source: Elections Ontario |||||||
vte1883 Ontario general election: Halton :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Conservative | William Kerns | 2,004 | 51.93 | +1.33 |
| | Liberal | D. Robertson | 1,855 | 48.07 | -1.33 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 3,859 | 100.0 |
| | Conservative gain from Liberal | Conservative gain from Liberal | Swing | Swing | +1.33 |
| Source: Canadian Parliamentary Companion, 1874 |||||||
# Clear Lake Reservoir

Clear Lake Reservoir is a reservoir in the Klamath Basin and the Modoc National Forest, in northwestern Modoc County, California.
It is part of the Klamath Project. and about 40 mi (64 km) northwest of Alturas. It is formed by Clear Lake Dam on the Lost River, a tributary of the Klamath River, and has a capacity of 527,000 acre-feet (650,000,000 m$^3$). The reservoir is not to be confused with Clear Lake, a large natural lake on Cache Creek in Lake County, California.

## Clear Lake Dam

The original dam was constructed of rockfill and completed in 1910. It was 42 feet (13 m) tall from the bottom of the foundation to the crest, 32 ft (10 m) if measured from the crest to the original stream bed. It was replaced with a concrete dam near the old dam in 2002. The old dam had deteriorated and the water level was kept low to prevent it from failing. Its crest is at the same height as the old dam and the reservoir's capacity is about the same. There is a small hydroelectric plant at the dam with a capacity of 3 MW. The dam is owned by the United States Bureau of Reclamation.
The dam and reservoir were created to reduce flows into the reclaimed wetlands of Tule Lake. It also reduces flows into Tule Lake Sumps in the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge.
The reservoir created by the dam has a very large surface area, 25,760 acres (104.2 km$^2$), and its average depth at maximum capacity is only about 20 feet (6 m), so it has a very high rate of evaporation. In 1998, 74,500 acre-feet (91,900,000 m$^3$) of water from the reservoir evaporated, more than any other lake in the state besides Shasta Lake, which has over 8 times the volume. Because of this, Clear Lake Reservoir is not an efficient water storage reservoir. This is a problem since the dam now provides water for irrigation in the eastern half of the Klamath Basin.
The reservoir is in Modoc National Forest and Clear Lake National Wildlife Refuge, so recreation opportunities are limited.
# Chickering

Chickering may refer to:
* Chickering, Suffolk, a place in Suffolk, England
* Chickering & Sons, the piano company that was created by Jonas Chickering
* Arthur M. Chickering, an arachnologist
* Arthur W. Chickering, a researcher of student development theories
* Charles R. Chickering, an American illustrator and stamp designer
* Elmer Chickering, an American photographer
* Jonas Chickering, an American piano manufacturer
* Lawrence Chickering, Hoover Institute public policy analyst, Lawyer
* Roger Chickering, historian
# Dacryodes rostrata

Dacryodes rostrata is a tree in the family Burseraceae. The specific epithet rostrata is from the Latin meaning 'beaked', referring to the narrow-tipped leaves.

## Description

Dacryodes rostrata grows up to 45 metres (150 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 200 centimetres (80 in). The dark grey bark is smooth to scaly. The oblong or ovoid fruits ripen blue and measure up to 3.5 cm (1 in) long.

## Distribution and habitat

Dacryodes rostrata grows widely in Vietnam and western Malesia. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forest from sea-level to 800 metres (2,600 ft) altitude.
# Basil Frederick Hood

Paymaster-Captain Basil Frederick Hood CBE DSO (20 September 1886 – 10 January 1941) was a senior officer in the Royal Navy.

## Life

Basil Frederick Hood was born on 20 September 1886, the son of Rev. J.F. Hood BA and Mrs C. du plat Hood (née Richardson Griffiths). He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead.
Hood joined the Royal Navy in 1904 and was appointed Assistant Paymaster in 1907, Paymaster in 1911 and Secretary to the Admiral of Patrols between 1912 and 1914. During World War II he was Secretary to the Vice-Admiral commanding the East Mediterranean during the Gallipoli Campaign between 1915 and 1916 where he was mentioned in despatches twice and made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order. He was promoted to Paymaster Lieutenant-Commander in 1917, Paymaster-Commander in 1923 and Paymaster-Captain in 1934.
Hood was made CBE in 1937.
# Duméril

Duméril is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* André Marie Constant Duméril (1774–1860) (author abbreviation in zoology: Duméril)
* Auguste Duméril (1812–1870), French zoologist, son of André