OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Covered smut (barley)

Covered smut of barley is caused by the fungus Ustilago hordei. The disease is found worldwide and it is more extensively distributed than either loose smut or false loose smut.

## Symptoms

Infected plants do not demonstrate symptoms until heading. Kernels of infected plants are replaced by masses of dark brown smut spores. Smutted heads are hard and compact. Infected plants may be stunted. Occasionally smut sori may also develop in leaf blades, where they appear as long streaks.

## Disease cycle

Infection is seed-borne within the seed, the fungus penetrating the endosperm while the grain is being formed. Infected seeds give rise to systemically infected plants. The mycelium advances through the host tissue and becomes established behind the growing point.
The spores are not readily blown or washed away by wind or rain. Spores are sticky in nature when present inside the membrane due to oily coating. At harvest, spore masses are broken up, scattering spores on grain. Frequently, masses of spores remain intact and appear in harvested grain. The fungus overwinters as teliospores on seed or in soil.

## Pathotypes

At least 13 pathotypes are known; virulence is governed by at least three single recessive and independent gene pairs.

## Management

Resistant cultivars and seed treatments are used to manage this disease.

### Fungicides

Seed treatments: carboxin, fenpiclonil, tebuconazole, triadimenol, triticonazole.
# Bernard Woodward

Bernard Woodward may refer to:
* Bernard Barham Woodward (1853–1930), British malacologist, son of Samuel Pickworth Woodward
* Bernard Bolingbroke Woodward (1816–1869), British minister and librarian, brother of Samuel Pickworth Woodward
* Bernard Henry Woodward (1846–1916), British-born Australian museum director, son of Samuel Pickworth Woodward
# Dypsis sahanofensis

Dypsis sahanofensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is found only in Madagascar. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Dicymolomia metalliferalis

Dicymolomia metalliferalis is a moth of the family Crambidae described by Alpheus Spring Packard in 1873. It is found in western North America, from southern Vancouver Island and Washington through Oregon to California and western Arizona.
The wingspan is about 16 mm.
The larvae have been recorded feeding on decaying seed pods of Lupinus species (L. albifrons and L. latifolius).
# Cerace vietnamna

Cerace vietnamna is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in northern Vietnam.
The wingspan is about 20 mm.
# Badigeru Swamp

5°20′00″N 32°02′00″E﻿ / ﻿5.33333°N 32.0333°E﻿ / 5.33333; 32.0333 The Badigeru swamp (or Bedigeru, Badingilu) swamp lies in South Sudan, in the Central Equatoria and Eastern Equatoria states between Terekeka and Lafon.
Badigeru is a valley swamp with papyrus along the river and typical grasses for the region in the floodplain. Although not protected, it is relatively undisturbed by human activity. The swamps are fed by the Kinyeti River and others that drain the northern slopes of the Imatong Mountains. These swamps, running in a SSW-NNE direction for 100 kilometres (62 mi), are discontinuous. They may be as wide as 25 kilometres (16 mi) in the rainy season, but average 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) in width. The swamps in turn may drain westward into the Bahr el Jebel section of the White Nile or eastward into the Veveno River.
Lt. Colonel P. Molloy visited the swamp in the dry season between 23 and 25 February 1950, possibly the first European to reach the area. Starting from Mongalla, he traveled eastward across dry, open grassland for between 20 miles (32 km) and 25 miles (40 km) to a pool on the Khor Son, the name given to the Kinyeti River near the swamp. According to the local people, the Badigeru was the only reliable source of water between Mongalla and Lafon. Molloy's observations of wildlife tended to confirm that the water, which he found drinkable, remained year round. When Molloy visited, the Khor Son was between 150 and 200 yards wide, winding across a flat plain between a series of shallow depressions. In the winter, the 10 miles (16 km) wide plain would be flooded to form the swamp.
Molloy described rich wildlife in and around the swamp. He observed large numbers of pelicans, open-billed storks, wood ibis, sacred ibis, marabout, saddleback and hammerheaded storks, fishing eagles, lily-trotters, grey herons, spurwing geese, comb duck, whistling teal and common teal. In the burnt grassland around the swamp he saw zebra, hartebeest, tiang, reedbuck and Mongalla Gazelle. He also saw giraffe, ostrich, elephant and lion.
# Crystal Theatre (Elko, Nevada)

Crystal Theatre is a historic theater in Elko, Nevada. It is located at 676 Commercial Street. It is now known as the Crystal 5 and is part of UEC Theatres. The theater was part of a Nevada Supreme Court case in the 1970s.
# Cyta (disambiguation)

Cyta may refer to:
* Cyta, a city of Colchis and the birthplace of Medea
* Cyta (mite)
* Cyta, Cypriot telecommunications provider
* Pembroke Airport, Canada (by ICAO code)
# Charles Brockman

Charles Brockman may refer to:
* Charles Samuel Brockman (1845–1923), explorer and pastoralist in Western Australia
* Charlie Brockman (1928–2005), American broadcaster
# Cottondale, Mississippi

Cottondale is a ghost town located in Sunflower County, Mississippi. Cottondale is located on U.S. Highway 49W and is approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Ruleville and approximately 2.6 miles (4.2 km) north of Doddsville.
# Dyspessa infuscata

Dyspessa infuscata is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Russia, Ukraine and the Near East (Syria and Turkey).
The wingspan is 19–21 mm. The wings are uniform dark brownish grey.
# Availles-Thouarsais

Availles-Thouarsais (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.
# Dicranodontium

Dicranodontium is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Dicranaceae.
The genus was first described by Bruch and Wilhelm Philippe Schimper.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
# Ceraceomyces

Ceraceomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Amylocorticiaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains 16 species.

## Species

* Ceraceomyces borealis
* Ceraceomyces cerebrosus
* Ceraceomyces corymbatus
* Ceraceomyces cremeo-ochraceus
* Ceraceomyces crispatus
* Ceraceomyces cystidiatus
* Ceraceomyces microsporus
* Ceraceomyces oligodontus
* Ceraceomyces reidii
* Ceraceomyces serpens
* Ceraceomyces sublaevis
* Ceraceomyces sulphurinus
* Ceraceomyces tessulatus
* Ceraceomyces variicolor
* Ceraceomyces violascens
# Bacterium (disambiguation)

Bacterium may refer to:
* Singular form of bacteria
* Bacterium (genus)
* Bacterium (film), a 2006 film
# Cristóvão de Aguiar

Luís Cristóvão Dias de Aguiar (8 September 1940 – 5 October 2021), commonly known as Cristóvão de Aguiar, was a Portuguese writer.
His most significant work is the novel trilogy "Raiz Comovida" (1979–1981), 'Marilha', narrative sequence (two novels: Grito em Chamas e Ciclone de Setembro", Passenger in Transit; "Diaries (Relação de Bordo, I,II, III," "A Tabuada do Tempo"; short stories: "Trasfega", "Cães Letrados", "A descoberta da cidade e outras histórias";Poetry: "Mãos Vazias"; "O pão da Palavra", "Sonetos de Amor Ilhéu"; Essays:"No Segundo Centenário da Reforma Pombalina"; "Com Paulo Quintela À Mesa da Tertúlia", "Charlas Sobre a Língua Portuguesa"; "Miguel Torga, o Lavrador das Letras" "Emigração e outros temas Ilhéus"; Translations: "Adam Smith, the Wealth of Nations"; "Noble Architecture" (from Portuguese into English).
# Cytaea ponapensis

Cytaea ponapensis is a species of jumping spider.

## Name

The species is named after the island of Ponape in the Caroline Island, where the first specimens were collected.

## Distribution

Cytaea ponapensis is only known from Ponape in the Caroline Islands.
# Chasseral Ouest

The Chasseral Ouest is a prominence west of the Chasseral, in the Jura Mountains. It is located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Neuchâtel and Bern. The Chasseral Ouest reaches an elevation of 1,552 metres above sea level and is the highest point of the canton of Neuchâtel.
The summit is easily accessible to hikers and is located near the Chasseral Pass road (1,502 m).
# Craggaunowen

Craggaunowen is an archaeological open-air museum in eastern County Clare, Ireland. It is named for the 16th-century castle which is one of its main components.
Craggaunowen is located 10 km east of Quin village. The name Craggaunowen derives from its Irish name Creagán Eoghain (Owen's little rocky hill). The site is operated by Shannon Heritage.

## Open-air museum

The open-air museum, sometimes described as a "Living Past Experience", was started by John Hunt on the site around the castle. It containis reconstructions of ancient Irish architecture including a dolmen, a crannog and the currach boat used in Tim Severin's recreation of "The Voyage of St. Brendan the Abbot". It also shows reconstructions of a Ringfort, Fulachta Fia (Bronze Age cooking and industrial site) and Standing Stone (Ogham Stone).

### Castle
#### Origins to ruins

Craggaunowen Castle was built around 1550 by John MacSioda MacNamara, a descendant of Sioda MacNamara, who built Knappogue Castle in 1467. It was left in ruins in the 17th century, and rendered uninhabitable by the removal of the roof and staircase, and indefensible by removal of the battlements, at the time of the Cromwellian confiscations around 1653.

#### 19th century

The Tower House remained a ruin until it and the estate of Cullane House across the road, were inherited in 1821 by "Honest" Tom Steele, a confederate of Daniel O’Connell, "The Liberator".
Steele had the castle rebuilt as a summer house in the 1820s and he used it, and the turret on the hill opposite, as places of recreation. His initials can be seen on one of the quoin-stones to the right outside. Following his death in 1848 the lands were divided, Cullane going to one branch of his family, Craggaunowen to his niece Maria Studdert. Eventually, having passed through the hands of his descendants, the castle and grounds were acquired by the "Irish Land Commission". Much of the poor quality land was given over to forestry and the castle itself was allowed to fall into disrepair.
By the time of the First Ordnance Survey in the 1840s, the castle was in ruins again. In the mid-19th century, the castle, herder's house and 96 acres were reported in the possession of a Reverend William Ashworth, who held them from a Caswell (a member of a family from County Clare just north of Limerick).

#### 20th century and restoration

In 1906, a mansion house at the site was owned by Count James Considine (from a family based at Derk, County Limerick).
Craggaunowen Castle was bought and restored by antiquarian John Hunt in the 1960s. Hunt added an extension to the ground floor, which for a while housed part of his collection of antiquities. The collection was later moved to the University of Limerick and as of 2022 is held at the Hunt Museum in the city of Limerick.
# Duzhdovnitsa

Duzhdovnitsa is a village in Kardzhali Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.
# Available light

In photography and cinematography, available light (also called ambient light or practical light) refers to any source of light that is not explicitly supplied by the photographer for the purpose of taking pictures. The term usually refers to light sources in the surrounding environment that are present naturally (such as sunlight or moonlight) or artificial lighting that is already pre-existing (such as street lights or room lights). It generally excludes flashes, although arguably flash lighting provided by other photographers shooting simultaneously in the same space could be considered available light. Light sources that affect the scene and are included in the actual frame are called practical light sources, or simply practicals.
Available light is an important factor in candid photography in order not to disturb the subjects.
The use of available light may pose a challenge for a photographer. The brightness and direction of the light is often not adjustable, except perhaps for indoor lighting. This will limit the selection of shutter speeds, and may require the use of shades or reflectors to manipulate the light. It can also influence the time, location, and even orientation of the photo shoot to obtain the desired lighting conditions. Available light can often also produce a color cast with color photography.
Levels of ambient light are most frequently considered relative to additional lighting used as fill light, in which case the ambient light is normally treated as the key light. In some cases, ambient light may be used as a fill, in which case additional lighting provides the stronger light source, for example in bounce flash photography. The relative intensity of ambient light and fill light is known as the lighting ratio, an important factor in calculating contrast in the finished image.
Generally, the technology of digital photography extended the range for available light photography strongly. While it is possible to make decent images of night scenes in streets or in rooms without flash even with the cameras of standard smartphones of 2022, this was virtually impossible with the former photographic film, with the only exception of highly sensitive black and white film which had various drawbacks.

## Sources
### Indoor

* Candles
* Fluorescent lamps
* Lightbulbs
* Light shining in a window

### Outdoor

* The Aurora
* Clouds
* Fires
* Fireworks
* Flashlights (torches)
* Lanterns
* Light pollution
* Lightning
* The moon
* The sky
* Stars (very dim)
* Street lights
* The sun (see also golden hour)
# Diana David

Diana Pilli David (born 2 March 1985) is a cricketer who represents India. She is a right hand batswoman and bowls right-arm off-breaks. She has played six ODIs, taking eight wickets.

## Early life

She was born in Chirala, Andhra Pradesh.

## Career

She made her ODI debut against the West Indies in 2004 and played her last ODI for the country in 2010 and the last Twenty20 International in February 2012.
# Centennial Woods

Centennial Woods is a 65-acre natural area adjacent to the University of Vermont in Burlington, Vermont. It contains a variety of different plants and wildlife, as well as several miles of hiking trails. The woods are managed by the Vermont Land Trust, although it existed as private property for many years before it became available to public recreation.

## History

Since the early 20th century, Centennial Woods passed through the hands of a variety of private landowners before it came to belong to the Vermont Land Trust. The river which flows through the park, called Centennial Brook, has been an object of concern among ecologists because of its water quality, particularly during a 75-gallon oil spill which occurred in 1982.

## Features

The Woods, which were originally used as farmland by many of their private owners, have since grown back a variety of natural habitats. It has areas of forest and marshland interspersed with more developed areas, including a string of power lines which run down the center of the park. It formerly offered ski facilities in the winter, although these have since been closed down. Although the terrain is fairly hilly, it contains a variety of bridges and maintained trails to make it more navigable.

## Flora and fauna

The plant life found in Centennial Woods includes pines, hemlock trees, and horsetail. It also contains several beaver dams and a variety of local animals.
# Badlot

Badlot is a village and Union Council of Jhelum District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is part of Jhelum Tehsil, and is located at 32°55'0N 73°36'E and has an altitude of 231 metres (761 feet).
# Ctenophora ornata

Ctenophora ornata is a true crane fly species in the genus Ctenophora.
It is found in Europe.
# DCSS

DCSS could refer to
* Dame Commander of Saint Sylvester, female variant of class in one of the orders of knighthood of the Holy See
* Delta Cryogenic Second Stage
* Discontinuous Saved Segments, a rebasing method in some IBM operating systems
* Dougherty County School System
* Dungeon Crawl Stone Soup
# Charles Saltzman

Charles Saltzman may refer to:
* Charles McKinley Saltzman (1871–1942), American general
* Charles E. Saltzman (1903–1994), his son, American soldier, businessman and State Department official
# Emese Antal

Emese Antal (born February 13, 1971, in Târgu Mureș) is a former ice speed skater from Romania, who after her marriage with an Austrian became known as Emese Dörfler-Antal. She represented Austria in two consecutive Winter Olympics, starting in 1994 in Hamar, Norway.
# E. L. Hitch Potato House

E. L. Hitch Potato House is a historic potato house located near Laurel, Sussex County, Delaware. It one of the last surviving examples of its building type. It was built about 1920, and is a 1+1⁄2-story, gable fronted, balloon frame structure. It retains a number of important elements characteristic of potato house including: minimal fenestration, triple siding, interior and exterior doors, tightly shuttered windows, interior chimney, and storage bins.
It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
# Autobahn (disambiguation)

Autobahn is the high-speed intercity highways of Germany.
Autobahn is German for motorway or highway and may refer to:

## Entertainment

* Autobahn (album), a 1974 Kraftwerk album
** "Autobahn" (song), the album's title song
* Autobahn (play), a 2004 play by Neil LaBute
* The name of the fictional German band in the 1998 film The Big Lebowski

## Transportation highways

* Autobahns of Austria
* Motorways of Switzerland

## Other

* Autobahn Country Club, auto racing course in Joliet, Illinois
# Dieter Hebig

Dieter Hebig (born 23 February 1957) is a German archivist and historian.

## Life

Born in Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Hebig comes from the Thuringian region of Eichsfeld. After attending school, he completed a vocational training with a high school diploma as a mechanic for data processing and office machines. During this time, Hebig was already involved in voluntary work for the preservation of floors and monuments. After one year as a museum guide in Kloster Veßra, he studied archaeology and history for five years at the Humboldt-University of Berlin. He completed his studies in 1982 with Botho Brachmann as a graduate archivist.
He then became a research assistant at the Staatliche Archivverwaltung [de] (State Archive Administration) at the Ministry of the Interior of the GDR in Potsdam. His last position there was chief editor of the journal Archivmitteilungen [de] for theory and practice of archiving. In 1991, Hebig was also affected by the dissolution of the State Archive Administration, which had meanwhile been transformed into the Central Archive Office of the GDR.
He then became self-employed and operated the company Archiv-Service Potsdam until 2007. Since then, Hebig has been working for the company Schempp Bestandserhaltung GmbH in Kornwestheim. There, he is head of the departments of conservation and damage restoration as well as protective packaging for cultural property.

## Work

* 1000 Jahre deutsche Geschichte: Dokumente aus Archiven der DDR.
* "Das 'Manuscriptum Nawense' im Staatsarchiv Potsdam – einer der ältesten Papiercodices im Gebiet der feudalen deutschen Ostexpansion." In Jahrbuch für Geschichte des Feudalismus, vol. 9, Berlin, 1985, pp. 129–143.
* "Mittelalterliche Wehranlagen in Südwestthüringen – Grundzüge ihrer Entwicklung und Funktion." In Jahrbuch für Regionalgeschichte, vol. 15, 1988, pp. 234–243.
* Zur Herausgabe der Methodischen Richtlinien zur Bewertung von dienstlichem Schriftgut. In Archivmitteilungen 38 (1988), pp. 160–162.
* with Gabriele Baumgartner (ed.): Biographisches Handbuch der SBZ/DDR. 1945–1990. Vol. 1: Abendroth – Lyr. K. G. Saur Verlag, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-598-11176-2.
* with Gabriele Baumgartner (ed.): Biographisches Handbuch der SBZ/DDR. 1945–1990. Vol. 2: Maassen – Zylla. K. G. Saur, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-598-11177-0.
# Centennial Wash (Maricopa County)

Centennial Wash is an ephemeral dry wash that forms the final watershed of the Gila River in central Arizona – before the river turns south. From the Centennial Wash confluence, the Gila turns south, then southwest to exit Arizona on the California border adjacent Yuma.
The Centennial Wash drainage is adjacent to the south-flowing Hassayampa River Drainage on the east; the next drainage east is the Agua Fria Drainage (as shown on map). To the south as the Gila River makes its turns, arriving at the Painted Rock Reservoir, the Hassayampa and Centennial Wash drainages abut the Lower Gila–Painted Rock Reservoir Drainage.
# Backyard Babies (disambiguation)

Backyard Babies are a punk rock band from Nässjö, Sweden.
Backyard Babies may also refer to:
* Backyard Babies (1990 album)
* Backyard Babies (2008 album)
# Ctenophion

Ctenophion is a genus of the parasitic wasp family Ichneumonidae. It currently consists of only one species, Ctenophion niger, from the Nearctic.
The genus is larger than the usual Ichneumonidae wasp, with its body length ranging from 4 to 5.5 millimeters.
# DCSC

DCSC may refer to:
* Defense Construction Supply Center
* Delphi Community School Corporation
* Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross
# Craggy Island (Tasmania)

Craggy Island is a rugged granite island, with an area of 38.88 ha, in south-eastern Australia. It is part of Tasmania’s Bass Pyramid Group lying in northern Bass Strait between Flinders Island and the Kent Group.

## History

Robinson reports there was a sealing camp on the island in 1831.

## Fauna

Recorded breeding seabird and wader species include little penguin, short-tailed shearwater, fairy prion, common diving-petrel, Pacific gull and sooty oystercatcher. The metallic skink is present.
# Emese Danks

Emese Danks is a Hungarian politician who served as spokeswoman of the Hungarian government from 1 August 2006 to 5 March 2007. She was the spokeswoman of the Tesco-Global Áruházak Zrt. between 2002 and 2006.
# Détour De Seta

Détour De Seta is a 2004 documentary film directed by Salvo Cuccia about Vittorio De Seta.

## Synopsis

By tracing the places of Vittorio De Seta films and looking for people who had contact with him, as the Cozzo Disi sulfur miners, Ganzirri swordfish fishermens and shepherds who attended in drama Banditi a Orgosolo, the documentary focuses on great change started in local cultures of the Southern Italy from 1945.
The film includes an interview with De Seta, conversations with the film directors Luciano Tovoli, Franco Maresco, Gianfranco Pannone, writers Vincenzo Consolo, Goffredo Fofi, Eugenio Turri and the critic Marco Gazzano.
Set in Calabria, Sardinia and Sicily, the film was shot in 35mm film and digital, contains stock footage and images taken by De Seta.

## Festivals

* Détour De Seta was screened for the first time at the 2004 Locarno Film Festival.
* In order to celebrate Vittorio De Seta, the documentary was introduced by Martin Scorsese at the 2005 Tribeca Film Festival and Full Frame Documentary Film Festival.
* 2007. BigScreen Festival: Docs & Movies. Kunming (Yunnan - China).
* 2008. Histoires d'It. Le nouveau documentaire italien. Italian Cultural Institute in Paris.

## Awards

* It won as best documentary in the 2005 Genova Film Festival.
# Autoreplace

Autoreplace can mean different things. Are you looking for:
* Autocomplete, Word prediction software, to make it easier and faster to spell and write.
* Autocorrect, automatic correction of spelling.
* Shorthand, for practical use today, see Autocomplete.
* Shorthand, history of different forms of shorthand methods, like stenography, etc..