OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cladoptosis

Cladoptosis (Ancient Greek κλάδος kládos "branch", πτῶσις ptôsis "falling" [noun]; sometimes pronounced with the p silent) is the regular shedding of branches. It is the counterpart for branches of the familiar process of regular leaf shedding by deciduous trees. As in leaf shedding, an abscission layer forms, and the branch is shed cleanly.

## Functions of cladoptosis

Cladoptosis is thought to have three possible functions: self-pruning (i.e. programmed plant senescence), drought response (characteristic of xerophytes) and liana defence.
* Self-pruning is the shedding of branches that are shaded or diseased, which are potentially a drain on the resources of the tree.
* Drought response is similar to the leaf-fall response of drought-deciduous trees; however, leafy shoots are shed in place of leaves. Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) provides an example, as do other members of the family Cupressaceae.
* In tropical forests, infestation of tree canopies by woody climbers or lianas can be a serious problem. Cladoptosis – by giving a clean bole with no support for climbing plants – may be an adaptation against lianas, as in the case of Castilla.
# Barbara Zoeke

Barbara Zoeke is a German writer. She grew up in Vogtland in Thuringia. She trained as a psychologist, has conducted research in the United States, and for many years was on the board of the International Society for Comparative Psychology. She researches and teaches at the universities of Münster, Frankfurt, Würzburg and Munich. In addition to her scholarly work, she publishes narrative prose, poetry and non-fiction. Zoeke lives in Berlin since 2008.

## Works

Her books include:
* Roloff, Gisbert; Angielczyk, Andrzej; Zoeke, Barbara (2014). Anleitung für Simulanten : Reiseführer ins Schummelland (in German). Mankau Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86374-153-2. OCLC 958579278.
* Zoeke, Barbara (2008). Wasserstände Gedichte (in German). Hockenheim. ISBN 978-3-934960-71-8. OCLC 318215217.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Zoeke, Barbara; Henkel, Lars (2017). Die Stunde der Spezialisten : Roman (in German). Berlin. ISBN 978-3-8477-0393-8. OCLC 1004323238.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (winner of the Brothers Grimm Prize of the City of Hanau, 2017)

### Dissertation

* Zoeke, Barbara (1975). Kategorialleistungen von Haustauben : ein vergleichend-experimenteller Beitr. z. Genese u. Dynamik von Bezugssystemen (in German). Meisenheim (am Glan): Hain. ISBN 3-445-01200-8. OCLC 1528812.
# Christian Tychsen

Christian Tychsen was the first head of the Danish Gold Coast to be given the title of Governor on a regular basis. Prior to his governorship, only Bartholomaus von Gronstein, Conrad Crull, and Magnus Prang had served as governors. He served as governor from 20 October 1766 until his death in 1768, governing from the capital of the colony, Fort Christiansborg.
Before Christian Tychsen, three Danes had been designated as commander. While Peter With (1677–1681) was Opperhoved in Friedensborg, Johann Ulrich served as commander at Fort Christiansborg (1677 to 1679); he was succeeded by Peter Boldt whose commandership lasted from 1679 to 1681 when Magnus Prang became governor. The last commander was Lieutenant Lykke.
# Black Velvet

Black Velvet may refer to:

## Music and entertainment

* The Black Velvets, an English rock band
* "Black Velvet" (song), a 1989 song by Alannah Myles
* "Black Velvet", a song by Ferry Corsten from the 2008 album Twice in a Blue Moon
* "Black Velvet", a song by Gass from the 1970 album Juju
* Black Velvet (Robin Lee album), 1990, featuring a cover of the song "Black Velvet"
* Black Velvet (O'Donel Levy album), 1971
* Black Velvet (revue), a revue at the London Hippodrome in 1939
* "Black Velvet", the former stage name taken by Charles Bradley when he performed as a James Brown impersonator
* Black Velvet (Charles Bradley album)
* Black Velvet (magazine), a British quarterly rock magazine
* Black Velvet or Schwarzer Samt, a 1964 German crime film
* "Don'cha Go 'Way Mad", a song originally recorded in 1949 as an instrumental called "Black Velvet"
* Black Velvet, Estonian band

## Beverages

* Black Velvet (whisky), a Canadian whiskey
* Black Velvet (beer cocktail), a mixed drink

## Other uses

* Black Velvet, a fabric
* Velvet painting, the application of paint onto velvet fabric
* Black Velvet Travel, which operates a bus company in Eastleigh, Southampton
# Daniel Anthony O'Donohue

Daniel Anthony O'Donohue (October 27, 1931 – May 16, 2019) was an American diplomat who served as United States Ambassador to Burma from November 1983 to December 1986, and to Thailand from July 11, 1988 to August 10, 1991. He was a career foreign service officer.
O'Donohue joined the foreign service in 1959 and went on to serve in Italy, South Korea, Ghana, Thailand, and Burma along with various offices in Washington D.C. as a part of the State Department.
# David Paton Balfour

David Paton Balfour (12 July 1841 – 13 July 1894) was a New Zealand sheepfarmer, station manager, roading supervisor and diarist. He was born in Monikie, Forfarshire, Scotland on 12 July 1841.
# Clan Troup

Clan Troup is a Scottish clan. The clan is considered an armigerous clan, meaning that it is considered to have had at one time a chief who possessed the chiefly arms; however, no one at present is in possession of such arms. The surname Troup is also considered a sept of Clan Gordon.

## History

The name Troup comes from the feudal barony of Troup in Aberdeenshire. Hammelin de Troup was in 1320, arrested for his involvement in a conspiracy against King Robert I of Scotland along with Roger de Mowbray, David, Lord of Brechin and Willian de Soules.

## Clan profile

* Motto: (Latin: Veritas Vincit - English Truth conquers)
* Crest: A hind's head erased, Proper.

## Castles

The following is a list of castles known to have been in the ownership of the family.
* Cullykhan Castle (Troup Castle), overlooking Cullykhan Bay, Aberdeenshire.
* Castle of Findon, overlooking Gamrie Bay, Aberdeenshire.
# Bee Rock, California

Bee Rock is a rural unincorporated community in northern San Luis Obispo County, California. Bee Rock is 3 miles (4.8 km) east-northeast of Tierra Redondo Mountain, in the southeastern Santa Lucia Range. It is located on Interlake Road, between Lake Nacimiento and Lake San Antonio reservoirs. It is known for having, in the 19th century, the "largest bee-hive in the world" housed within a granite boulder.

## Settlement

Although Bee Rock was inhabited earlier, the Bee Rock Ranch, in 1862, was homesteaded by a family of German cobblers, the Langenbecks. Elizabeth Langenbeck died in 1928. She and her husband had nine children. In the 1940s Fred Langenbeck still lived in Bee Rock.
In 1881, the Allen family also homesteaded in Bee Rock, it has been written that Jim Hardy Allen named the area Bee Rock. In the 1940s the old Allen family Ranch in Bee Rock became the Bee Rock Lodge. Allen spearheaded the founding of the Bee Rock School in the early 1880s by organizing fund raisers attended by local families. Ernest KoneKamp, a local rancher donated an acre of land on which the school was built. The school building doubled as a community hall, and would on occasion operate as a church when a clergyman would visit the town.
The area once held a public school (Bee Rock School), and also had a community hall (Bee Rock Hall) that operated for 26 years before it burned down in 1930. Dances were among the events held there.
A small branch of the San Luis Obispo County Free Library opened in Bee Rock in 1929.
By 1951 the old Bee Rock School was abandoned. In 1972 there was still a Bee Rock Store in operation. A new Bee Rock School was built in 1972 to serve the community.
The Bee Rock Fault zone passes through the community of Bee Rock.

## The bee rock

In the late 19th century the community became known for having the "largest bee-hive in the world." A granite boulder, located near the Arroyo Alcalde, riddled with fissures was inhabited by a "vast population of bees, and overflow[ing] with honey", producing hundreds of pounds of honey per year.
# Dactylotum bicolor

Dactylotum bicolor, also known as the rainbow grasshopper, painted grasshopper, or the barber pole grasshopper, is a species of grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is native to the United States, Canada and northern Mexico and exhibits aposematism (warning coloration). It was first described by the German entomologist Toussaint de Charpentier in 1843.

## Description

Dactylotum bicolor grows to an average length of about 20 mm (0.8 in) for males and 35 mm (1.4 in) for females. It is mainly black with distinctive reddish and yellowish markings, a pale green prothorax and pale green wingpads. The tibia of the hind leg bears six to eight spines. This species does not develop wings and is unable to fly.
Three subspecies are recognised:
* D. b. bicolor – Northern Texas, New Mexico and Mexico
* D. b. pictum – Northern and eastern part of range
* D. b. variegatum – Southern Arizona and western part of range
The coloring varies across the insect's range, with D. b. pictum being black with little red, D. b. variegatum having distinct red markings, and D. b. bicolor having a purplish or violet sheen to the background black color.
Before the discovery of Dichroplus silveiraguidoi in Uruguay in 1956, Dactylotum bicolor had the lowest known number of chromosomes among grasshopper species, with seventeen acrocentric chromosomes.

## Distribution and habitat

It is found in shortgrass prairie, desert grasslands, thinly vegetated areas and alfalfa fields throughout the western Great Plains of the United States (and southern Canada), southward to Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and into northern Mexico.

## Biology

Its eggs are laid in soft soil in several batches of about one hundred. These overwinter and hatch in late spring or early summer, with adults being present until September or October. There is a single generation each year.
Although adult rainbow grasshoppers are polyphagous and feed on many species of plant, the nymphs feed entirely on Wright's false willow (Baccharis wrightii) in Arizona and New Mexico. It has been found that the nymphs orient themselves relative to the sun, positioning themselves around the bush so as to thermoregulate (keep their body temperature within an acceptable range). In the morning and evening they feed near the ground in full sun, but at midday they move to the shady center. At night they roost in upper branches of the bush, but this may primarily be to avoid ground-based predators.
The insect's coloration was shown to be aposematic in an experiment of predation by little striped whiptail lizards. These brightly-colored grasshoppers were less attractive to the lizards as food than cryptically-colored Trimerotropis sp of similar size, even though the lizards were unfamiliar with the rainbow grasshopper, which was not present in their natural habitat. The lizards may previously have encountered other prey with warning colors such as stink bugs, seed bugs, or velvet ants. The rainbow grasshopper is also distasteful to birds.
# Barkhi Nafshi

4Q Barkhi Nafshi (Hebrew "Bless Oh My Soul", not to be confused with Psalm 104) is a Second Temple period Jewish work found at Qumran. It can be generally described a collection of Hebrew language hymns giving thanksgiving for deliverance and other benefits received from God. Seely identifies the text as a late Hasmonean or early Herodian sectarian work. The hymns contain abstraction of the concept of deliverance from the evil thought, or yetzer ha ra, as in 4Q438 4a ii.6 where Tigechelaar has demonstrated an intertextual relationship between the Satan of Zechariah 3 and the "clothing" of the speaker of Barkhi Nafshi.

## Components

* 4Q434 Barkhi Nafshi a SL71 156 SL93/93a Weinfeld, Seely, DJD XXIX (1999), plates XVII–XIX
* 4Q435 Barkhi Nafshi b SL73 327 SL93a Weinfeld, Seely, DJD XXIX (1999), pl. XX
* 4Q436 Barkhi Nafshi c SL72 325 SL73a Weinfeld, Seely, DJD XXIX (1999), pl. XXI
* 4Q437 Barkhi Nafshi d SL74 325 516 SL73a Weinfeld, Seely, DJD XXIX (1999), pls. XXII–XXIII
* 4Q438 Barkhi Nafshi e SL87 259 SL87 Weinfeld, Seely, DJD XXIX (1999), pls. XXIII–XXIV
# Drayton Valley Power

Drayton Valley Power is a 12MW biomass electricity generating station near Drayton Valley, Alberta, about 120 km west of Edmonton. The facility is operated by Algonquin Power, and uses wood refuse from the nearby Weyerhaeuser sawmill.
This facility is constructed of equipment that was originally located at North Fork, California. It was moved to Alberta in 1996 when logging near North Fork was prohibited to protect spotted owl habitat, thus ending the plant’s fuel supply.
Operations on the current site commenced in 1997, after the plant was re-commissioned by Yankee Energy for Drayton Valley Power Ltd. It was the first facility of the Drayton Valley Power Income Fund, and was the subject of its initial public offering (IPO) in 1997. Up to 10.5MW of facility capacity is sold to TransAlta Utilities Corporation annually pursuant to a long-term power purchase contract (The Drayton power purchase agreement), and any excess is sold exclusively to the Alberta Power Pool at the pool price.
The plant burns wood waste provided by the sawmill that manufactures dimensional lumber, without charge, to heat water and create steam. The facility consists of a boiler (Wickes Boiler - 1953) and a GE steam-turbine generator (1953) retrofitted with a bubbling fluidized bed when it was reconstructed at the new site. With only 21 employees this is one of the smallest grid producers in Alberta.
# Chris Harte

Chris Harte is an American newspaper executive and publisher. He has published newspapers in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Akron, Ohio, Portland, Maine and State College, Pennsylvania.
He was a corporate executive for Knight Ridder Newspapers and formerly the Chairman at the Star Tribune Company. He holds a bachelor's degree from Stanford University and an MBA from the University of Texas.

## Links

* http://www.minnpost.com/braublog/2009/09/publisher-chris-hartes-good-bye-letter-star-tribune-employees
* http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2007/12/chris-harte-star-tribunes-maine-man
* https://web.archive.org/web/20101013171857/http://blogs.citypages.com/blotter/2008/05/strib_publisher.php
* This publishing-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Blair Milan

Blair Milan (25 June 1981 – 17 April 2011) was an Australian actor, television presenter and voice over. He appeared in programs such as Home and Away and All Saints, and was a presenter for Nickelodeon's Coast to Coast and the Go! channel.
Milan had recently completed filming Lyndey and Blair's Taste of Greece with his mother, Lyndey Milan, when he was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia. He died on 17 April 2011, at age 29.
Following his death, the Theatre/Media Foundation of Charles Sturt University established the Blair Milan Fund to support a scholarship that encourages final year students of the faculty to demonstrate optimism, enthusiasm and a passion for their chosen field; and to support a touring production for the presentation of the work of final year faculty students before metropolitan and/or regional communities.
# Daniel Hünten

Daniel Hünten (1? September 1760, in Treis-Karden – 1 April 1823, in Koblenz) was a German organist, guitarist and composer.
He was baptised on 3 September 1760, probably one to three days after his birth. In 1784 Hünten was engaged as an organist at the court chapel of Prince Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony in Koblenz. He married Anna Weller (1750–1816) in 1786, and in 1788 his position as organist was made permanent.
During the French occupation he worked as an administrator, and from 1798 to 1803 he was the proprietor of a reading lounge with German and French newspapers, and also gave organ and guitar lessons. In 1803, although Catholic, he became the organist at the first Protestant church in Koblenz. In 1808 he was appointed professor of harmony and organ-playing at the newly reopened Normalschule, where he taught the young Henri Herz.
Hünten composed organ sonatas, fughettas and hymns, but few of his compositions survive. The only music by Hünten still regularly heard is a setting of Tauet, Himmel, den Gerechten.
He had four daughters and six sons, one of whom was the successful composer Franz Hünten. Two grandsons were painters: Emil Hünten and Daniel Dienz.
# David Patrick (writer)

David Patrick FRSE LLD (1849 – 22 March 1914) was a Scottish writer and editor. He edited Chambers's Encyclopaedia from 1888 to 1892, Chambers's Biographical Dictionary in 1897 and Chambers's Cyclopaedia of English Literature with F. H. Groome from 1901 to 1903.

## Life

David Patrick was born to the Rev. Joseph Patrick (1814–1871) in the Free Church manse at Ochiltree on 19 April 1849. His mother was Mary Barbour (b.1824),
He was educated at the Ayr Academy and then, planning to enter the Free Church of Scotland (as his father), attended the New College in Edinburgh, receiving the Cunningham Fellowship at the close of his four-year course. Patrick subsequently studied theology at Tübingen, Berlin, Leipzig and Göttingen before eventually deciding on a literary career.
It was while working under Dr. J M Ross of the Edinburgh High School, then producing the Globe Encyclopaedia series, that he was introduced to encyclopaedical work. Within a few years, he had attained a position with the publishing house of William & Robert Chambers. He first worked as an assistant to Dr. Andrew Findlater in the Literary Department, and ultimately became head of the literary staff.
In 1888 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir John Murray, Robert Cox. John Buchan, and Peter Guthrie Tait.
Between 1888 and 1892, he edited a revised version of Chambers's Encyclopaedia. He also edited Chambers's Biographical Dictionary in 1897 and Chambers's Cyclopaedia of English Literature with F.H. Groome from 1901 to 1903. He wrote the introduction to the later 1914 edition of Chambers's Encyclopaedia shortly before his death on 22 March 1914.
He had premises at 339 High Street on the Royal Mile and lived at 20 Mansionhouse Road in the Grange.

## References and sources
### References

* 1 2 Law, M.D. "Preface" in Chambers’s Encyclopædia. London: George Newnes, 1961, Vol. 1, p. vii.
* ↑ Ewing, William Annals of the Free Church
* 1 2 Who's Who, 1905. Vol. 57. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1905. (pg. 1246)
* 1 2 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Vol. 35. Edinburgh: Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1915. (pg. 9)
* ↑ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
* ↑ Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1910

### Sources

    This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via Wikisource.
# English Hours

English Hours is a book of travel writing by Henry James published in 1905. The book collected various essays James had written on England over a period of more than thirty years, beginning in the 1870s. The essays had originally appeared in such periodicals as The Nation, The Century Magazine, Scribner's Magazine, The Galaxy and Lippincott's Magazine. James wrote a new introduction for the book and extensively revised many of the essays to create a more coherent whole.

## Summary and themes

England was James' adopted country, so it is not surprising that the essays in English Hours are primarily positive and sometimes downright cheerful. The essay on London which begins the book gives full play to the British capital's definitely non-beautiful impression on James when he arrived in 1869:
"It was not lovely - it was in fact rather horrible; but as I move again through dusky, tortuous miles, in the greasy four-wheeler to which my luggage had compelled me to commit myself, I recognize the first step in an initiation of which the subsequent stages were to abound in pleasant things."
Some of the most pleasant things were James' trips to the English countryside, memorably described in essays such as "North Devon," "In Warwickshire" and "Old Suffolk." James grew particularly affectionate towards his eventual hometown of Rye, East Sussex and its surrounding area, as he recounts in "Winchelsea, Rye and 'Denis Duval'."
But James never loses his love for the metropolis on the Thames, as "he reflects with elation that the British capital is the particular spot in the world which communicates the greatest sense of life." He writes with unfailing enthusiasm of "the dreadful, delightful city" he would come to know so well.

### Table of contents

| London Browning in Westminster Abbey Chester Lichfield and Warwick North Devon Wells and Salisbury | An English Easter London at Midsummer Two Excursions In Warwickshire Abbeys and Castles | English Vignettes An English New Year An English Winter Watering-place Winchelsea, Rye and Denis Duval Old Suffolk |

## Critical evaluation

The essays in English Hours were written over a span of some three decades, and differences in style are evident despite James' attempt to revise the book into more of a uniform entity. So the book cannot claim the intensity and unity of The American Scene, or even the more relaxed wholeness of A Little Tour in France.
But this poses no real problem for the reader, because James' attitudes toward England did not shift much during his long residence in the country. His knowing affection for "this decent and dauntless people," as he would call the English during World War I, plays through all the essays regardless of their dates.
# Behmer

Behmer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Anke Behmer (born 1961), German athlete
* Ernst Behmer (1875–1938), German stage and film actor
* Hermann Fenner-Behmer (1866–1913), German artist
* Marcus Behmer (1879–1958), German writer and book illustrator, graphic designer and painter