OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Airuno

Airuno (Brianzöö: Irün) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lecco in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northeast of Milan and about 11 kilometres (7 mi) south of Lecco. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,749 and an area of 4.3 square kilometres (1.7 sq mi).
Airuno borders the following municipalities: Brivio, Colle Brianza, Olgiate Molgora, Olginate, Valgreghentino. It is served by Airuno railway station.

## History

The presence of a settlement in Roman times is evidenced by the discovery of a lanceolate funerary stele, with Latin inscriptions, dating back to the late Roman period that came to light during excavations at the current Via Postale Vecchia. From Airuno, in Roman times, passed the Via Spluga, a Roman road that connected Milan with Lindau passing by the Spluga Pass.
It is mentioned in the will, dating back to 960, of a Lombard nobleman named Alcherio, resident in the Fortress of Airuno; watchtower at the time of the Romans, it was transformed by the Lombards into a fortified castle.
During the struggles that saw the Serenissima and the Duchy of Milan opposing each other for the control of the Colle di Brianza between 1447 and 1450, the fortress of Airuno was the operative base of Francesco Sforza, who at the end of the conflict obtained the lordship over the country and granted privileges and exemptions to the inhabitants. Where the fortress once stood, now stands the Sanctuary of the Madonna.
During the Spanish domination of the Duchy of Milan, in 1652 the governor Luigi de Benavides granted Airuno the ransom from the fiefdom.
# Air pressurized water

Air pressurized water (APW) extinguishers are a type of fire extinguisher that use ordinary water (H$_2$O) to suppress fire. The water is propelled by ordinary air (atmosphere), pressurized in the extinguisher. They are also known by the slang term water can. Although only effective on Class A fires, they have the advantages of being inexpensive to build and maintain, and leaving no special chemical residue when used.

## Construction

A standard APW extinguisher in the United States contains 9.5 litres (2.5 US gal) of water in a stainless steel tank. The water is discharged by means of a 13 mm (1⁄2 in) hose, with a smooth-bore nozzle attached to the tip. They will initially produce a 12–15 m (40–50 ft) stream of water, with a discharge time of about 50 seconds.
APW extinguishers are easily refilled by unscrewing the top and filling the cylinder with water about three-quarters of the way up. The top is then screwed back on, and the unit is pressurized with an air compressor via the Schrader valve located on the back of the main valve body.

## Conversion to foam

APW extinguishers are commonly converted into makeshift CAFS extinguishers by drilling two 1.6–3.2 mm (1⁄16–1⁄8 in) holes in the pickup tube. The unit is then filled with 5.7 litres (1.5 US gal) of water and Class A foam, aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), film-forming fluoroprotein (FFFP) or commercial detergent is added to the water in a 1% ratio for class A fires and a 3–6% ratio for Class B fires. Typically, the tip of the smooth-bore application nozzle is then cut off to allow the foam to properly expand. Keeping the nozzle will result in wetter foam and longer range. Cutting the nozzle will result in an expanded, dry foam but will lack the range of the standard water nozzle. Water extinguishers can also be fitted with air aspirators when used with foam (commonly used on AFFF and FFFP foam extinguishers) which will result in a more expanded foam but will lack the durability or heat resistance of compressed air foam.
# Akermoor Loch

Akermoor Loch is a remote upland lochan (small loch) in Selkirkshire, Scotland, approximately 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) west of the village of Ashkirk.
The loch has a large timber plantation on its northwest shore. Langhope Rig Wind Farm, constructed between 2008 and 2017, sits to its south.
Akermoor Loch has been a Site of Special Scientific Interest since 1971 due to its mesotrophic waters, which have produced "an abundance of organisms adapted to naturally high nutrient status". The loch supports flora not commonly found in the Scottish Borders, including several species of pondweed, moss, and wild grasses.
The loch has a stock of brown trout and is a common site for angling. An old access track leads to the loch's northeast end.
Akermoor Loch sits in a bed of greywacke, as part of the Hawick Group. In the 18th century, marl was extracted from the loch for agricultural purposes.
# Al Ackland

Al Ackland (born c. 1940) is a former Canadian football offensive end. Ackland played in two games for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League during the 1961 season.
# Aizenberg

The German and Ashkenazi Jewish surname Eisenberg may be rendered in different ways via other languages.
* Aizenberg is a phonetic transliteration commonly via Russian Айзенберг.
* Ajsenberg is a Polish-language rendering.
* Other variants include Aisenberg, Aisemberg, etc.
Notable people with these surnames include:
* Joanna Aizenberg (born 1960), Russian-born chemist and biomimetics expert
* Geraldine Aizenberg (born 1978), Argentine tennis player
* Roberto Aizenberg (1928–1996), Argentine painter and sculptor
* Adriana Aizemberg (born 1938), Argentine film and television actress
* Isaac Aisemberg (1918–1997), Argentine writer, screenwriter and dramatist
* Fay Ajzenberg-Selove (1926–2012), American nuclear physicist
* Alan Aisenberg (born 1993), American actor
# Alan Joyce

Alan Joyce may refer to:
* Alan Joyce (footballer) (born 1942), Australian rules footballer
* Alan Joyce (businessman) (born 1966), Irish-born Australian businessman
# Alakazam

Alakazam is a magic word or incantation along the lines of abracadabra.
Alakazam or Allakazam may also refer to:
* Alakazam (Pokémon), a Pokémon species
* Alakazam the Great, a 1960 Japanese anime film
* "Alakazam !", a 2016 song by Justice
* The Magic Land of Allakazam, an American television series
# Albert Manthe

Albert August Karl Manthe (18 August 1847, in Angermünde – 4 February 1929, in Berlin) was a German sculptor.
He studied at the Prussian Academy of Art under August Julius Streichenberg, Hermann Schievelbein and Hugo Hagen. After some further training in London, he lived in Berlin for the rest of his life. Models, sketches and other items from his estate may be seen at the Heimatmuseum Angermünde.

## Selected major works

* 1888: Berlin, Statues representing "Kriegskunst" and "Naturwissenschaft" (The Art of War and the Natural Sciences) in the City Palace (destroyed).
* 1888: Berlin, Colossal bust of the young Kaiser Wilhelm II, carved in gypsum.
* 1890: Berlin, Marble bust of Gustav Meyer on a red granite base in Treptower Park.
* 1892: Spandau, Statue of Kaiser Friedrich III, at the north end of the Charlotte Bridge. It was dismantled in 1926 and reassembled at Hakenfelde in 1932. Its whereabouts are currently unknown.
* 1893: Weißwasser, Upper Lusatia, Memorial for the Franco-Prussian War with a double figure of Kaisers Wilhelm I and Friedrich III, on the Kaiserplatz
* 1900: Berlin, Siegesallee (Victory Avenue) project, Group 18, with John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg as the central figure, flanked by Eitelwolf von Stein (died 1515), co-founder of the University of Viadrina, and Busso VII von Alvensleben, Landeshauptmann of Altmark.
* 1900: Stralsund, Ernst Moritz Arndt Memorial, at the Gymnasium.
* 1909: Small statues of Fritz Reuter which served as models for the Reuter Monument in Stavenhagen.
* 1916: Berlin, bronze bust of Franz Ludwig Späth at the Späth family burial grounds in the Luisenstädtischer Friedhof.

## Sources

* Iris Berndt; Kornelia Woitalka: Der künstlerische Nachlaß des Bildhauers Albert Manthe im Heimatmuseum Angermünde. Angermünde, 1996, no ISBN
* Catalog: Albert Manthe als Mensch und Künstler, from the "Ehm Welk and Heimatmuseum Angermünde", edited by Judith Winkler, Iris Berndt and Jörg Kuhn, Angermünde 2007
# Alalay Lake

Laguna Alalay is a lake in the Cochabamba Department, Bolivia. At an elevation of 2570 m, its surface area is 2.4 km$^2$. The lake has a flood control dam that regulates floods of the Rocha River. The lake perimeter features a bicycle path and jogging track called circuit Bolivia (Circuito Bolivia).
During the late 20th century, the lake experienced increasing pollution relating to urbanization of the surrounding Cochabamba area leading to eutrophication of the lake. In 1997, a restoration effort was undertaken to remove sediment from the lake, and in 2004 and 2005, floating macrophytes were removed from the lake for use as fertilizer. It was during the same 1997 effort that the bicycle path, bird observatory, and waterfowl conservation area were established. The lake is known for its high diversity of waterfowl.
# Alaska dairy industry

Dairy is a small part of the overall agricultural production of the U.S. state of Alaska. As of 2020, the state has one dairy.

## History

From 1869 to 1965, there were over 12 dairies in the agricultural region around Juneau. The farms were operated by people who had come from the lower 48 states as well as by immigrants from Europe.
During the Presidency of Franklin Roosevelt, the federal government sent more than 200 families to the Matanuska Valley to farm, establishing the Matanuska Valley Colony in and around Palmer. Many of these families started dairy operations. In the Matanuska Valley, the Alaska Railroad ran a creamery from 1927 to 1932. In the early 1940's, the establishment of air service into southeast Alaska allowed the direct importation of fresh milk. This made Alaska dairying lose a great deal of its profitability. In 1959, there were 525 dairy farms in the state. From 1964 to 1980, the state's cattle population and milk production decreased. This was partially due to urban pressure from Anchorage on the valley. Milk production value began rising in the early 1970's, and rose over $7 million from 1984 to 1986 (adjusted for inflation). The Trans-Alaska Pipeline was starting to be constructed at this time, and as the value of other farm products rose, it's likely that Alaskans were investing in local industries. In 1988, the dairy industry's receipts represented 21% of all farm receipts in the state.
In 2019, in governor Mike Dunleavy's proposed budget, he eliminated the funding for the state’s only dairy inspector, which would force the closure of the states last commercial dairy- Havemeister Dairy in Palmer, Alaska. On October 8, 2021, Havemeister Dairy shut down.
# Alatinidae

Alatinidae is a family of box jellyfish within class Cubozoa, containing the following genera and species:
* Alatina
** Alatina alata (Reunaud, 1830)
** Alatina grandis (Agassiz & Mayer, 1902)
** Alatina madraspatana (Menon, 1930)
** Alatina mordens Gershwin, 2005 [synonym of A. moseri]
** Alatina moseri (Mayer, 1906)
** Alatina obeliscus (Haeckel, 1880)
** Alatina philippina (Haeckel, 1880)
** Alatina pyramis (Haeckel, 1880)
** Alatina rainensis Gershwin, 2005
** Alatina tetraptera (Haeckel, 1880)
** Alatina turricola (Haeckel, 1880)
* Manokia
** Manokia stiasnyi (Bigelow, 1938)
* Keesingia
** Keesingia gigas (Gershwin, 2014)
# Albanian Party of Democratic Reforms

Albanian Party of Democratic Reforms (in Albanian: Partia e Reformave Demokratike Shqiptare) is a political party in Albania led by Skender Halili.
PRDSH is part of the coalition Democratic Movement for Integration. Halili is the leader of the coalition.
# Alan D. Cohn

Alan D. Cohn is an American lawyer and former government official who served as Assistant Secretary for Strategy, Planning, Analysis & Risk in the United States Department of Homeland Security Office of Policy from 2012 to 2015.

## Biography

Cohn received his A.B. in history and political science from Columbia University in 1993 and a J.D. degree from Georgetown University Law Center in 1997.
From 1990 to 1994, he was an emergency medical technician in New York City, working for Columbia Area Volunteer Ambulance, a student-operated volunteer ambulance corps that provides pre-hospital emergency medical care to residents in Columbia-owned buildings on its Morningside Heights campus. He was also a FEMA Disaster Assistance Employee from 1995 to 2006, and a Planning Officer on the Fairfax County Urban Search & Rescue Task Force from 1998 to 2006.
From 1997 to 1999, he worked at Littler Mendelson as an associate. He was an associate and of counsel at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld from 2000 to 2006.
Cohn joined the United States Department of Homeland Security as the Director of Emergency Preparedness and Response Policy in the Department of Homeland Security's Office of Policy Development, serving in that role from 2006 to 2008. In 2007, he joined the Senior Executive Service.
From 2008 to 2012, he was Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy (Strategic Plans). From 2012 to 2015, he served as Assistant Secretary for Strategy, Planning, Analysis & Risk, where his work was responsible for strategy development, assessment, and evaluation, strategic environment assessment, risk modeling, assessment, and analysis, capability and vulnerability assessment, and economic and statistical analysis.
As Assistant Secretary, Cohn established the cyber policy office within the DHS Office of Policy and designed department policy on cybersecurity information sharing, cybercrime and cyber-related sanctions, and cyber incident management. He also represented the DHS on the Committee on Foreign Investments in the United States, designed and led the first two Quadrennial Homeland Security Reviews. He also helped implement DHS Secretary Jeh Johnson’s Unity of Effort Initiative to reform DHS governance and management.
In 2015, Cohn joined Steptoe & Johnson, becoming partner and co-chair of the firm's blockchain and cryptocurrency practice.
# Alan D. Schnitzer

Alan D. Schnitzer (born in1965) is an American executive who is the chairman and chief executive officer at The Travelers Companies, Inc., a provider of property casualty insurance for auto, home and business.

## Education

Schnitzer received a bachelor's degree from the University of Pennsylvania and his J.D. from Columbia Law School.

## Career

Schnitzer became a partner in the law firm Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP early in his career. During that time he advised on the merger of Travelers with the St. Paul Companies in 2004.
In 2007 Schnitzer joined Travelers as vice chairman and chief legal officer and was on the company's management committees. In July 2014, he was named chief executive officer of business and international insurance, overseeing areas such as field management, corporate communications, and public policy.
Schnitzer became chief executive officer of Travelers in December 2015, and was elected chairman of the board in August 2017.

## Advisory positions

Schnitzer is a trustee at the University of Pennsylvania, the New York City Ballet, and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Additionally he is the chair of the American Property Casualty Insurance Association.
He is a member of the Business Roundtable and the Council on Foreign Relations. Previously he was on the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s Investor Advisory Committee created under the Dodd-Frank Act.

## Personal life

Schnitzer married Anne Berman, step-daughter of Robert Lipp in 1994. They met while both attended the University of Pennsylvania and have two children.
# Alberta Citylink

Alberta Citylink was an airline based in Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada. It operated domestic passenger service for Air Canada as an Air Canada Connector air carrier via a code sharing agreement. Its main base was Medicine Hat Airport, with a hub at Calgary International Airport

## History

The airline was established and initiated operations in 1996. Scheduled services were also operated by Bar XH Air (established in 1974) under the name Alberta Citylink. However, scheduled services are no longer operated.

## Air Canada Connector routes in 1999

According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG), Alberta Citylink was operating Air Canada Connector code share services on behalf of Air Canada with BAe Jetstream commuter propjets at this time with nonstop flights between Calgary and Cold Lake, Alberta, Cranbrook, BC, Lethbridge, Lloydminster and Medicine Hat, and also nonstop between Edmonton and Cold Lake.

## Fleet

The Alberta Citylink fleet consisted of the following turboprop aircraft:
* 1 — BAe Jetstream 31
* 2 — BAe Jetstream 32
# Albert IV

Albert IV may refer to:
* Albert IV, Count of Tyrol (c. 1180–1253)
* Albert IV, Count of Habsburg (c. 1188–1239)
* Albert IV, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (1315–1343)
* Albert IV, Duke of Mecklenburg (before 1363–1388)
* Albert IV, Duke of Austria (1377–1404)
* Albert IV, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen (died 1423)
* Albert IV, Margrave of Meissen (1443–1500)
* Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria (1447–1508)
* Albert IV, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (1599–1644)
# Albert A. Brown

Albert A. Brown (July 29, 1895 – June 19, 1971) was a Canadian politician, barrister, lawyer and professional Canadian football player. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Member of the Conservative Party in the 1935 election to represent the riding of Hamilton East. He was a candidate in the 1940 election for the Parliament of Canada, and lost the election.
# Alaska, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania

Alaska was possibly a populated place in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States. There was a coal mine at the site in the 1890s.
# Alaska, Wisconsin

Alaska is an unincorporated community located on Wisconsin Highway 42 in the town of Pierce, Kewaunee County, Wisconsin. Alaska falls between East Alaska Lake and West Alaska Lake and is an important tourist and fishing spot. As well as home to Troop 3 Alaska in the area, it is also home to the Alaskan Golf Club, a public course located on East Alaska Lake.
The community was named after the Alaska Territory, and was done so because the community's post office was established the same year that the United States acquired Alaska from Russia.

## Gallery

* Sign on WIS 42 in August
* Sign on WIS 42 in February
* Lakeside picnic tables in February
# Alcohol law in Washington

Alcohol law in Washington may refer to:
* Alcohol law in Washington (state)
* Alcohol law in Washington, D.C.
# Alcathousites superstes

Alcathousites superstes is a species of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae. It was described by Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson in 1847, and is known from Peru and Ecuador.
# Alcithoe tigrina

Alcithoe tigrina is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Volutidae, the volutes.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 140 mm, its diameter 64 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species is endemic to New Zealand and occurs between the Bay of Plenty to Mahia.
# Burlington Historic District (Burlington, New Jersey)

The Burlington Historic District in Burlington, New Jersey, United States, is a historic district bounded by the Delaware River and High, West Broad, Talbot, and Reed streets; it is listed on state and federal registers of historic places. The oldest building in Burlington County and one of the oldest residences in New Jersey, the Revell House, is a contributing property. St. Mary's Episcopal Church, built in 1703 and the oldest church in New Jersey, is also within the district; the new St. Mary's, designed by Richard Upjohn and completed in 1854, has separate status as a National Historic Landmark. This district is adjacent to the city's High Street Historic District.
# Castle of Ottrott

The Castles of Ottrott is a medieval castle ruin, above the town of Ottrott, in the Bas-Rhin department of eastern France (Alsace). The site contains the remains of two neighbouring castles that were separated by a moat: Lutzelbourg (also: Vorderlutzelbourg) and Rathsamhausen (also: Hinterlutzelbourg).

## History

The castles of Ottrott were built on the plateau of Elsberg about 500 metres above the surrounding land. Two ruins, separated by barely fifty metres, now stand here: the "Rathsamhausen" on the west of the site and the "Lutzelbourg" in the east.
Recent excavations uncovered the foundations of a primitive castle between the current ruins of the castles. This primitive castle, named Old Lutzelbourg, was most certainly built before 1076 on the initiative of the counts of Eguisheim solicitors of Hohenbourg's monastery (Sainte-Odile) located some kilometres away.
This first structure was destroyed by the Hohenstaufens at the beginning of the 12th century but was immediately raised again by them to be finally enfeoffed to Conrad de Lutzelbourg in 1196. In 1198, it was destroyed by arson by the Eguisheim-Dabos.
The construction of the new castle, known in the middle of the 16th century as "Rathsamhausen", was begun by the beginning of the 13th under Otto of Burgundy who had decided to take back control of the region.
The works must have ended after 1220, the Lutzelbourg being always present on the scene, because in 1230 Elisabeth de Lutzelbourg was appointed abbess of the monastery of Hohenbourg. By the middle of the 13th century the castle presently called "Lutzelbourg" was built just below "Rathsamhausen".
Visitors to the site notice that the defences of "old Lutzelbourg" are turned towards its neighbour, always in the hands of the Hohenstaufen. Historians suppose that it was built on the initiative of the Bishop of Strasbourg, Henri de Stahleck, to gain control of the imperial possessions.
During the works, the defenders of "Rathsamhausen" were not idle and built an impressive keep facing its neighbour.
By the end of the 13th century, the Hohenstaufen had already lost all their influence on the Empire and some kind of agreement was probably found between Rudolph of Habsburg and the episcopal party. In 1392, "Lutzelbourg" was enfeoffed to the counts of Andlau who ceded their rights the following year to the Rathsamhausen-Ehenweiers already in possession of the nearby castle. They undertook to reconstruct both at the beginning of the 15th century.
"Old Lutzelbourg" was again destroyed between 1470 and 1570, probably in 1525 during the War of the Boorish, whereas "Rathsamhausen" was successively enfeoffed in 1424 to Henri de Hohenstein and then to his son-in-law, Daniel de Mullenheim.
Important Renaissance style renovation works were begun by the Mullenheims between 1520 and 1530. Conrad de Rathsamhausen finally bought back the castle by 1557 from Caspar de Mullenheim.
It has since been known as "Rathsamhausen", the name it has today. The castle was plundered and ruined during the Thirty Years' War.
The castles of Ottrott are nowadays private property. They have been listed as Monuments historiques since 1985.