OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Daniel Newman (academic)

Daniel Lawrence Newman (born 1963) is a British writer, scholar and translator of Arabic literature. He serves as a special advisor to the Islamic Criminal Justice Project at the Centre for Criminal Law & Justice, Durham Law School, and served as a member of council at the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies from 2008 to 2012.

## Academic career

Newman received his doctorate from the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London.
Newman's research in Arabic studies centres on linguistics (phonetics and dialectology) and literature. He is a specialist on the 19th-century Nahda (Arab Renaissance) movement in Egypt and Tunisia and has published extensively on this topic. He is also involved in a long-term project on mediaeval Arabic erotic literature which will result in the edition and translation of original manuscripts.
Newman has translated several works of Arabic literature, both from the pre-modern and modern era. These include Takhlis al-Ibriz fi Talkhis Bariz by Rifa'a al-Tahtawi (under the title An Imam in Paris) and Modern Arabic Short Stories. In 2008, he was the co-recipient of the Republic of Tunisia International Prize for Islamic Studies for the book Muslim Women in Law and Society.
Since 2011, Newman has been cited as an expert on the Middle East for Al Jazeera and the Voice of America, among others.

## Books
### Author

* The Exile’s Cookbook: Medieval Gastronomic Treasures from al-Andalus & North Africa, London, Saqi Books, 2023.
* The Sultan’s Feast: A Fifteenth-Century Egyptian Cookbook, London, Saqi Books, 2020.
* The Sultan’s Sex Potions: Arab Aphrodisiacs in the Middle Ages, Saqi Books, 2014.
* A to Z of Arabic-English-Arabic Translation, London, Saqi Books, 2013 (co-authored with R. Husni).
* Modern Arabic Short Stories: A Bilingual Reader - Twelve Stories by Contemporary Masters from Morocco to Iraq, London, Saqi Books, 2008 (co-authored with R. Husni).
* Arabic-English Thematic Lexicon, Routledge, 2007.
* Muslim Women in Law and Society: Annotated translation of al-Tahir al-Haddad’s Imra ‘tuna fi ‘l-sharia wa ‘l-mujtama, with an introduction, Routledge, 2007 (co-authored with R. Husni).
* An Imam in Paris: Al-Tahtawi's Visit to France (1826-1831), London, Saqi Books, 2004 (2nd revised edition 2011).
* Elsevier’s Dictionary of Ports and Shipping (English, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Dutch, German), Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1993 (co-authored with J. Van der Tuin).

### Editor

* Proceedings of the 1st Annual International Conference on Language, Literature & Linguistics (L3 2012), Singapore, 2012.
* Maritime Terminology: Issues in Communication and Translation. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Maritime Terminology, Brussels, 1999 (with M. Van Campenhoudt).
# David H. Pinkney

David H. Pinkney (1914–1993) was a renowned scholar of French history, author, and emeritus professor of history at the University of Washington, from 1967 until his retirement in 1984.
Pinkney, born in Elyria, Ohio, attended Oberlin College and received his doctorate in history from Harvard University in 1941. During World War II, he served in the Office of Strategic Services and the U.S. Navy. After military service, Pinkney began his long teaching career at the University of Missouri. In 1966 he moved to the University of Washington where he taught until his retirement in 1984.
Pinkney authored five books and multiple articles on French history, specifically the French Revolution of 1789 and the post-revolution years. Pinkney was one of the co-founders of the Society for French Historical Studies and held many positions within the society over the years, including president from 1975–1976, as well as member of the Executive Board for twenty-seven years. From 1966 to 1975 he was editor-in-chief for the journal of French Historical Studies.
Pinkney received international acclaim for his contributions to French history and received an honorary doctorate from the University of Nantes. He was elected president of the American Historical Association in 1980 and participated in drafting a new constitution for the organization. He was chosen as fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1984. The David H. Pinkney prize for best French history book by an American or Canadian professor is awarded yearly through the Society for French Historical Studies.
# Circulation problem

The circulation problem and its variants are a generalisation of network flow problems, with the added constraint of a lower bound on edge flows, and with flow conservation also being required for the source and sink (i.e. there are no special nodes). In variants of the problem, there are multiple commodities flowing through the network, and a cost on the flow.

## Definition

Given flow network $G(V,E)$ with:
    $l(v,w)$, lower bound on flow from node $v$ to node $w$,
    $u(v,w)$, upper bound on flow from node $v$ to node $w$,
    $c(v,w)$, cost of a unit of flow on $(v,w)$
and the constraints:
    $l(v,w)\leq f(v,w)\leq u(v,w)$,
    $\sum _{w\in V}f(u,w)=0$ (flow cannot appear or disappear in nodes).
Finding a flow assignment satisfying the constraints gives a solution to the given circulation problem.
In the minimum cost variant of the problem, minimize
    $\sum _{(v,w)\in E}c(v,w)\cdot f(v,w).$

### Multi-commodity circulation

In a multi-commodity circulation problem, you also need to keep track of the flow of the individual commodities:
    $\,f_{i}(v,w)$The flow of commodity $i$ from $v$ to $w$. $\,f(v,w)=\sum _{i}f_{i}(v,w)$The total flow.
There is also a lower bound on each flow of commodity.
    $\,l_{i}(v,w)\leq f_{i}(v,w)$
The conservation constraint must be upheld individually for the commodities:
    $\ \sum _{w\in V}f_{i}(u,w)=0.$

## Solution

For the circulation problem, many polynomial algorithms have been developed (e.g., Edmonds–Karp algorithm, 1972; Tarjan 1987-1988). Tardos found the first strongly polynomial algorithm.
For the case of multiple commodities, the problem is NP-complete for integer flows. For fractional flows, it is solvable in polynomial time, as one can formulate the problem as a linear program.

## Related problems

Below are given some problems, and how to solve them with the general circulation setup given above.
* Minimum cost multi-commodity circulation problem - Using all constraints given above.
* Minimum cost circulation problem - Use a single commodity
* Multi-commodity circulation - Solve without optimising cost.
* Simple circulation - Just use one commodity, and no cost.
* Multi-commodity flow - If $K_{i}(s_{i},t_{i},d_{i})$ denotes a demand of $d_{i}$ for commodity $i$ from $s_{i}$ to $t_{i}$, create an edge $(t_{i},s_{i})$ with $l_{i}(t_{i},s_{i})=u(t_{i},s_{i})=d_{i}$ for all commodities $i$. Let $l_{i}(u,v)=0$ for all other edges.
* Minimum cost multi-commodity flow problem - As above, but minimize the cost.
* Minimum cost flow problem - As above, with 1 commodity.
* Maximum flow problem - Set all costs to 0, and add an edge from the sink $t$ to the source $s$ with $l(t,s)=0$, $u(t,s)=$∞ and $c(t,s)=-1$.
* Minimum cost maximum flow problem - First find the maximum flow amount $m$. Then solve with $l(t,s)=u(t,s)=m$ and $c(t,s)=0$.
* Single-source shortest path - Let $l(u,v)=0$ and $c(u,v)=1$ for all edges in the graph, and add an edge $(t,s)$ with $l(t,s)=u(t,s)=1$ and $c(t,s)=0$.
* All-pairs shortest path - Let all capacities be unlimited, and find a flow of 1 for $v(v-1)/2$ commodities, one for each pair of nodes.
# Eodelphis

Eodelphis, from eo- (dawn) and [Di]delphis (a genus of Opossum), thus meaning "dawn opossum", is a genus of stagodont metatherians from the Late Cretaceous of North America, with distinctive crushing dentition. Named species include E. browni and the more advanced E. cutleri. Both come from the Late Campanian (Judithian "Land Mammal Age") of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta. Specimens are also known from the Judith River Formation of Montana. E. cutleri is related to the Maastrichtian genus Didelphodon as indicated by its enlarged premolars and more robust jaw. Eodelphis was probably an aquatic predator like its relative Didelphodon, and may have weighed about 0.6 kg (1.3 lb), making it one of the largest mammals of its time.
# DDD (EXID song)

"DDD" (Korean: 덜덜덜; RR: deoldeoldeol) is a song recorded by South Korean girl group EXID for their fourth extended play, Full Moon (2017). The song was released by Banana Culture on November 7, 2017, as the EP's lead single.
The song peaked at number 9 on the Gaon Digital Chart. It has sold over 494,267 downloads as of December 2017.

## Composition

The song was written and produced by Shinsadong Tiger, LE and V!VE. It samples the 2015 song "WTF (Where They From)" by Missy Elliott featuring Pharrell Williams. The song was described by Billboard's Tamar Herman as an electro-pop song, "[k]icking off with a powerful bass beat and wailing synths". She added that the song "begins as a mid-tempo track before a breathy pre-chorus builds into a climactic chorus that's filled with groovy instrumentals and is enhanced by LE’s garbled titular chant". Lyrically, the song "tell[s] the story of a woman demanding the truth from a lover who cheats on her time and time again but trembles in fear before her, as she alternates between reactions ranging from regret to anger to self-blame."

## Chart performance

The song debuted at number 9 on the Gaon Digital Chart, on the chart issue dated November 5–11, 2017, with 89,441 downloads sold and 1,819,529 streams. In its second week, the song fell to number 15, with 59,553 downloads sold and 2,628,760 streams. The song debuted at number 14 on the chart for the month of November 2017, with 222,859 downloads sold and 8,941,891 streams accumulated.
It also debuted at number 34 on Billboard Korea's Kpop Hot 100. In its second week, the song rose to number 21 and peaked at number 13 a week later. The song also debuted at number 6 on Billboard's World Digital Song Sales chart, becoming the group's third top ten entry.

## Music video

A music video teaser was released on November 5, 2017. The music video was officially released on November 7 through the group's official YouTube channel. Member Solji is absent from the music video due to health issues, but her vocals can be heard on the song.

## Live performances

The group performed the song two times before the official release, the first time on the 2017 Dream Concert on November 4 and the second time in an improvised live performance on a Seoul street on November 6. The group held their first comeback stage on November 9, on Mnet's M Countdown. They continued on KBS's Music Bank on November 10, SBS's Inkigayo on November 12 and SBS MTV's The Show on November 14. In the latter, the group was nominated for first place, but ended second with 6,865 points but won the following week with 7,388 points.

## Charts

| Chart (2017) | Peak position |
| South Korea (Gaon) | 9 |
| South Korea (Kpop Hot 100) | 13 |
| US World Digital Songs (Billboard) | 6 |

## Awards
### Music programs

| Programs | Date |
| SBS MTV's The Show | November 21, 2017 |
# Downtown Columbia Historic District

Downtown Columbia Historic District may refer to:
* Downtown Columbia Historic District (Columbia, Louisiana), listed on the NRHP in Louisiana
* Downtown Columbia Historic District in Columbia, Mississippi, listed on the NRHP in Mississippi
* Downtown Columbia, Missouri, which includes a Downtown Columbia Historic District listed on the NRHP in Missouri
# Christian Louis

Christian Louis may refer to:
* Christian Louis I, Duke of Mecklenburg (1623–1692)
* Christian Louis, Count of Waldeck (1635–1706)
* Christian Louis, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1622–1665)
* Duke Christian Louis of Mecklenburg (1912–1996)
* Christian Louis de Massy (born 1949), son of Princess Antoinette of Monaco
# Blain Southern

Blain|Southern was a contemporary art gallery with branches in London, Berlin and New York. It was started in September 2010 by Harry Blain and Graham Southern, who had sold their previous gallery, Haunch of Venison, to Christie's. The gallery was originally at 21 Dering Street, but moved to 4 Hanover Square, London W1, in October 2012.
The London gallery opened on 13 October 2010 with an exhibition by Mat Collishaw. In 2011 the gallery opened a branch in the former print room of Der Tagesspiegel in the Potsdamer Straße in Berlin.
The first show was of work by Tim Noble and Sue Webster, with the participation of David Adjaye. Subsequent exhibitions have included drawings by Lucian Freud in 2012; a collaboration between Damien Hirst and Félix González-Torres in 2013; sculpture by Lynn Chadwick in 2014; work by Andreas Schmitten, Gereon Lepper [de] and Mathias Lanfer, curated by Tony Cragg, in 2015; and Bill Viola’s Moving Stillness later that year. In May 2019, the gallery presented The Mariners Meadow by Cuban/American artist Enrique Martínez Celaya.
In 2019 the gallery opened a space in New York with an inaugural exhibition by Abdoulaye Konaté.
The gallery permanently closed all three locations in 2020, saying that it was "unable to secure the gallery’s future long term".
# Dangerous Earth

Dangerous Earth: What We Wish We Knew About Volcanoes, Hurricanes, Climate Change, Earthquakes, and More is a non-fiction book by Ellen J. Prager, a marine biologist.

## Overview

Prager's book delves into the scientific exploration of a range of natural hazards, such as volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, landslides, rip currents, and the perilous issue of climate change. Each chapter centers around a particular hazard, commencing with a significant historical event that transformed scientific knowledge and highlighting the enigmatic aspects that continue to surround these dynamic phenomena. The book also features perspectives from dedicated scientists who diligently interpret Earth's indications, convey its messages to humanity, and work towards preventing disastrous outcomes.

## Reception

Lars Backstrom writing for the Geological Society of London, "The book has an extensive list of resources, but lacks an index. Considering the width of the topics covered in this very short volume some things just had to be left out. I will not go into what, because that would give an unfair impression of an otherwise very comprehensive book that manages to go into surprising depth on the topics included."
In a book review article for The Hindu Business Line, Sudhirendar Sharma writes; "[the book] makes absorbing reading on the unexpected, and acts as an alert on knowing how to protect lives, property, and economic stability. Much has been written in recent times on climatic events, but it is the well-reasoned and engaging explanation offered by Prager that makes it a riveting read. Given the recent spurt in extreme weather events, scientists now consider this a whole new field of science which may be with or without the influence of climate change."
Writing for Geography Realm, G.T. Dempsey writes, "I thought of terming this book a primer on natural disasters and, if that is taken to mean a thorough introduction for the ordinary reader on what goes on on our planet and why, then it is very much that. But ‘primer’ can sound dismissive. So let's be clear. This short book is both a model of how to explain what our scientists have discovered about natural disasters and particularly climate change and how they have done so and an unequivocal caution for all of us to believe in their science."
# David O'Connor Henchy

David O'Connor-Henchy (23 May 1810 – 1 December 1876) was an Irish Whig politician. From 1852 to 1859, he was one of the two Members of Parliament (MPs) for Kildare, representing the county in the United Kingdom House of Commons.
He was born David O'Connor, the son of Valentine O'Connor and Mary Henchy, and adopted the additional surname of Henchy. He lived at Stonebrook, County Kildare.
He was appointed High Sheriff of Kildare for 1844–1845. He was first elected to the UK Parliament at the general election in July 1852, when he defeated a Conservative opponent to succeed the Marquess of Kildare as the second of Kilkare's two MPs. He was re-elected unopposed at the general election in 1857, pledged to support the creation of an independent Irish opposition, but did not stand again in 1859.
He married Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir John Burke, 2nd Baronet of Marble Hill, Co. Galway and was succeeded by his son Henry.
# Claire de Duras

Claire, Duchess of Duras (née de Kersaint; 1777–1828) was a French writer best known for her 1823 novel called Ourika, which examines issues of racial and sexual equality, and which inspired the 1969 John Fowles novel The French Lieutenant's Woman.

## Biography

Claire de Duras left her native France for London during the French Revolution in 1789, and returned to France in 1808 as the Duchess of Duras. She maintained a famous literary salon in post-Revolutionary Paris and was the close friend of Chateaubriand, who she had met while in exile in London, and who helped her to publish her books.
Ourika was published anonymously in 1823, one of five novels Claire de Duras had written during the previous year; only two of them were published during her lifetime. The three novellas that she did publish were only done so in order to prevent any possible plagiarism.
Claire de Duras treated complex and controversial subjects, primarily dealing with oppressed/marginalized characters. She explored many fundamental principles of the French Revolution, and touched upon the intellectual debates of the Age of Enlightenment, particularly the equality of all men—and women. In holding with these subjects, tragedy is a common theme. For a long time she was seen as the writer of small and unimportant sentimental novels, but recent criticism has revealed her works to be treasure troves of postmodern identity theory.

## Works
### Published during her life

* Olivier, ou le secret (1822)
* Ourika (1823)
* Edouard (1825)

### Published posthumously

* Pensées de Louis XIV, extraites de ses ouvrages et de ses lettres manuscrites. Thoughts of Louis XIV: extracts of his writings. (1827)

### Unfinished works

* Le Moine du Saint-Bernard. The Monk of Saint-Bernard.
* Les Mémoires de Sophie. Sophie's Memoirs.
# Eocypselus

Eocypselus is a genus of prehistoric birds believed to be ancestral to modern hummingbirds and swifts. Five species of Eocypselus are currently known. Compared with modern apodiforms, it was a better percher and had shorter wing feathers, and might have been nocturnal.

## Species

* Eocypselus geminus Mayr & Kitchener, 2024
* Eocypselus grandissimus Mayr & Kitchener, 2024
* Eocypselus paulomajor Mayr & Kitchener, 2024
* Eocypselus rowei Ksepka et al., 2013
* Eocypselus vincenti Harrison, 1984
# Barbados at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships

Barbados competed at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships in Fukuoka, Japan from 14 to 30 July.

## Swimming

Barbadian swimmers have achieved qualifying standards in the following events.

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Jack Kirby | 50 m backstroke | 26.17 | 39 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Jack Kirby | 100 m backstroke | 56.08 | 38 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Luis Sebastian Weekes | 100 m breaststroke | 1:05.15 | 57 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Luis Sebastian Weekes | 200 m breaststroke | 2:22.94 | 39 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Danielle Treasure | 200 m freestyle | 2:08.88 | 50 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Danielle Treasure | 400 m freestyle | 4:32.39 | 37 | — | — | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Danielle Titus | 100 m backstroke | 1:04.40 | 43 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Danielle Titus | 200 m backstroke | 2:21.36 | 35 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
# Driscoll (disambiguation)

Driscoll may refer to:
* Driscoll (surname), people with the surname Driscoll
* Driscoll, North Dakota, United States
* Driscoll, Texas, United States
* Driscoll Independent School District, in Driscoll, Texas, United States
* Driscoll Catholic High School, in Addison, Illinois, United States
* Driscoll's Block, a historic block in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States
* Driscoll Expressway, a proposed highway in New Jersey, United States
* Driscoll Bridge, a toll bridge in New Jersey carrying the Garden State Parkway
# Christian Ude

Christian Ude (born 26 October 1947) is a German politician who served as mayor of Munich from 1993 to 2014. He is a member of the German Social Democratic Party.

## Career

Ude was born in Munich. From 1967 to 1969 he worked for the daily newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung. He studied legal science in Munich 1969-1977. From 1979 to 1990 he worked as a lawyer.
He was elected as deputy mayor of Munich on 2 May 1990, two months after he was elected into the city council of Munich.
On 12 September 1993, Ude was elected as lord mayor and successor of Georg Kronawitter. He was re-elected three times, on 13 June 1999 with 61.2 per cent of all votes, on 3 March 2002 with 64.5 per cent and on 2 March 2008 with 66.8 per cent. In August 2011 Christian Ude announced his intention to become the SPD's leading candidate for the upcoming Bavarian state election in 2013.

## Personal life

In addition to his position as lord mayor, Ude is also a political cabaret artist. Ude has been married to Edith von Welser-Ude since 1984, it is his first and her second marriage.

## Other activities

Additionally, Ude was a member of the board of directors of the 1860 Munich until 2009.
In 2005, he was elected to the post of President of the German cities association.
There is a "Culture and Education Center" named after Christian Ude in Tunceli, Pülümür. Construction started in 2007 with a ceremony with his participation. At the same time, he is an honorary member of Pülümür.
# Blaincourt-lès-Précy

Blaincourt-lès-Précy (French pronunciation:, literally Blaincourt near Précy, before 1992: Blaincourt) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.
# Danish palaces

Danish Palaces or Danish palaces may refer to:
* Danish Palaces (Fabergé egg)
* List of Danish royal residences
* List of castles and palaces in Denmark
# David Jones (Upper Canada politician)

David Jones (1792 – June 26, 1870) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in Upper Canada. He represented Leeds from 1824 to 1828 and Brockville from 1834 to 1836 in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada as a Conservative member.
He was born in Montreal, the son of Daniel Jones, a United Empire Loyalist, and Margaret Hartley. Jones married Catherine Eliza Hayes. He lived in Brockville. He served in the militia, reaching the rank of lieutenant-colonel and also was a justice of the peace and registrar for Leeds County. Jones was named a judge in the court for the Eastern District in 1825. He resigned from the bench in 1842 because legislation had been passed that would have forced him to reside in Dundas County.