OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kopeck

The kopeck or kopek is or was a coin or a currency unit of a number of countries in Eastern Europe closely associated with the economy of Russia. It is usually the smallest denomination within a currency system; 100 kopeks are worth 1 ruble or 1 hryvnia.
Originally, the kopeck was the currency unit of Imperial Russia, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and then the Soviet Union (as the Soviet ruble). As of 2020, it is the currency unit of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. The Russian kopeck is also used in two regions of Georgia, and the partially recognised states (including by Russia) of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Partially recognised Transnistria has its own kopeck. In the past, several other countries influenced by Russia and the Soviet Union had currency units that were also named kopecks.
The name of the coin of Azerbaijan comes from the word kopeck – gapik (Azerbaijani: qəpik, 1⁄100 manat).
No country's kopeck is currently subdivided, although the denga (1⁄2 kopeck) and polushka (1⁄4 kopeck) were minted off and on for centuries, until the fall of the Romanov dynasty in February 1917 (O.S.)/March 1917 (N.S.).

## Origins

The word kopek, kopeck, copeck, or kopeyka (in Russian: копейка, kopeyka) is a diminutive form of the Russian kop'yo (копьё)—a spear. The first kopek coins, minted at Novgorod and Pskov from about 1534 onwards, show a horseman with a spear. From the 1540s on, the horseman bore a crown; doubtless the intention was to represent Ivan the Terrible, the grand prince of all Russia until 1547, and tsar thereafter. Subsequent minting of the coin, starting in the 18th century, instead bore Saint George striking down a serpent with spear, hence kopek from kop'yo (копьё).
* kopeck of Ivan IV of Russia
* kopeck of Feodor II, circa 1605
* copper five-kopecks coin of Catherine II, 1783
* Russian SFSR 50 kopeck coin, 1921
* Soviet 20 kopeck coin, 1989
* Russian 50 kopeck coin, 2003

## Expressions

In French, kopeck usually designates something of little value or interest: "cela ne vaut pas un kopek ".
# Ro-318220

Ro-318220 is a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor of the bisindolylmaleimide class.
# Moa (name)

Moa is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

## Surname

* Anika Moa (born 1980), New Zealand singer-songwriter
* Iyasus Mo'a (1214–1294), saint of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
* Pío Moa (born 1945), Spanish writer and journalist
* Taniela Moa (born 1985), Tongan rugby player

## Given name

* Moa Arimoto (born 1986), Japanese actress and model
* Moa Kikuchi (born 1999), also known as MOAMETAL, Japanese idol, singer and model
* Moa Lignell (born 1994), Swedish singer
* Moa Martinson (1890–1964), Swedish author

## Nickname

* Mohammed Abdellaoue (born 1985), Norwegian football player nicknamed "Moa"
# Cevizli, Çukurca

Cevizli (Kurdish: Gûzereş) is a village in the Çukurca District in Hakkâri Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Pinyanişî tribe and had a population of 59 in 2023.
The four hamlets of Başak (Gundik), Güven (Pîrî), Sütlü (Xanê sê gund) and Yaylak (Mezrî) are attached to Cevizli. Güven and Sütlü are unpopulated.
Cevizli was depopulated in the 1990s during the Kurdish–Turkish conflict.

## History

The village of Gûzereş was the only Kurdish village in the valley of Tkhuma prior to Sayfo, the current hamlets of Başak (Gundik), Sütlü (Xanê sê gund), and Yaylak (Mezrî) were Assyrian villages prior to World War I. They existed under the names Gundiktha, Khani and Mazra'a respectively.
In 1698, a scribe in Qudshanis named Abraham was from the village of Mazra'a. Also, in 1785 a manuscript was copied by deacon Hajo of Gundiktha. Both are notable manuscript references to the villages.
The village of Khani was established toward the end of the 19th century.
The village of Mazra'a contained the famous church of Mar Pethiōn, while the village of Gundiktha had the church of Mar Khananya.

## Population

Population history of the village from 1965 to 2023:

### Pre-Assyrian Genocide Population

The village of Gûzereş itself was inhabited by 50 Kurdish families in 1914 according to Agha Petros.
The following Assyrian populations are given by Bagder (1850) and Cutts (1877)
Gundiktha: 110 families (1850), 150 families (1877)
Mazra'a: 130 families (1850), 180 families (1877)
Khani: 50 families (1909)
# Karge meri

Karge meri (The Harsh Sea) is a novel by the Estonian author August Gailit. It was first published in 1938.
In 1981 the novel was adapted into a film of the same name, directed by Arvo Kruusement and starring Merle Talvik, Tõnu Kark, Mikk Mikiver, Ita Ever, Raine Loo, Rein Aren, Aarne Üksküla, Lembit Ulfsak, Ines Aru, Margus Oopkaup, Salme Reek, Silvia Laidla, and Arvi Hallik.
# Giasuddin Molla

Giasuddin Molla is the member of the Legislative Assembly from Magrahat Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency) in West Bengal.

## Career

In 1997, Mamata Banerjee left the Indian National Congress Party in West Bengal and founded the All India Trinamool Congress. Molla also left the Congress Party and joined newly established Trinamool Congress Party. The party won 184 of 294 seats in the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. Molla defeated Dr. Abul Hasnat of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) to win his seat. Molla is serving as Minister of State for Minority Affairs.
# Beecher H. Duncan Farm

The Beecher H. Duncan Farm, also known as Brookvale Farm, is a historic farm property at 26 Shorey Road in Westfield, Maine. Built in 1910-12, the farm complex (consisting of a house, cottage, barn, and modern garage), it is a well-preserved family farm dating to the period of Aroostook County's heyday as a potato growing area. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

## Description and history

The Duncan Farm is set on 129 acres (52 ha) of land in north-central Westfield, abutting the town line with Presque Isle. The farmstead is set on the east side of Shorey Road, which runs through the property. The house is a two-story wood frame structure with vernacular Queen Anne styling. Its main gabled roofline runs east-west, with a lower projecting two-story ell to the south, and a single-story porch in the corner created by the projection. The house was built in 1912 by Henry Duncan. South of the house stands a massive gambrel-roofed barn, built by Duncan in 1910. Its west-facing main facade has a large sliding door at the center, topped by a transom window, with a smaller personnel entrance to the right. At the southeast corner of the property stands an abandoned 1-1/2 story cottage.
The core of the farm property was purchased by Henry Duncan in 1904, with a potato house and small barn (both no longer extant) standing on it, indicating it had already been partly cleared and cultivated. Needing a larger barn to provide storage for hay and feed for his workhorses, Duncan built the large barn in 1910. The family typically planted 50 acres (20 ha) in potatoes, another 50 in hay and oats, and left the remaining land fallow. They kept cows and chickens for personal use (the latter in a shed built off the side of the barn, which has since been removed). The type of barn Duncan built fell into decline with the advent of mechanized agriculture, for which the large hay and feed storage areas were not needed. Beecher Duncan, who succeeded to the farm after his father's death in 1915, acquired a gasoline-powered tractor in 1944, sold off his workhorses, and removed stalls housing them from the barn.
# 4-Fluoromethamphetamine

4-Fluoromethamphetamine (4-FMA) is a stimulant drug related to methamphetamine and 4-fluoroamphetamine. It has been reported to be sold as a designer drug, but little is known about its pharmacology or toxicology. It was first detected from legal highs sold in Japan in 2006 and became illegal to sell or to possess for the purpose of distribution (although not to simply possess for personal use) in Japan in 2008. It was initially reported to be contained as an ingredient in some of the range of party pills sold internationally by the Israeli company Neorganics from around 2006 onwards, but this was later shown to be incorrect and this ingredient was eventually identified as the closely related compound 2-fluoromethamphetamine.

## Pharmacology

4-FMA is a CYP450 inhibitor. It reduces the metabolism of methamphetamine, which has the effect of increasing its potency, duration and systemic toxicity while also reducing its cellular toxicity.

## Legal status
### Australia

4-FMA is considered a Schedule 9 substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (October 2015). A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.

### Canada

As of 1996, 4-FMA is a controlled substance in Canada, due to being an analog of methamphetamine.

### China

As of October 2015 4-FMA is a controlled substance in China.

### Finland

Scheduled in the "government decree on narcotic substances, preparations and plants" and is therefore illegal.

### United States

As a close analog of scheduled controlled substance, sale or possession of 4-FMA could be potentially be prosecuted under the Federal Analogue Act.
# Tuija Pulkkinen

Tuija I. Pulkkinen (born 1962) is a Finnish space physicist. Her primary research foci are studying the energy flow from the solar wind to the near-Earth space environment and the energy dissipation processes in the magnetosphere.

## Early life and education

Pulkkinen was born in 1962. She received M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in theoretical physics from the University of Helsinki in 1987 and 1992.

## Research and career

Pulkkinen's main research contributions are related to modelling current in the magnetotail during the growth of storms and understanding its importance for magnetotail instabilities. She has broad experience in both modeling and data analysis.
Pulkkinen received the American Geophysical Union Macelwane Medal in 1998 for outstanding research by a young scientist.
Pulkkinen was affiliated with the Finnish Meteorological Institute from 1998 to 2010. In 2011 she became Dean of the School of Electrical Engineering at Aalto University; she was vice president for Research at the same institution for 2014–2018. She became chair of the Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering at the University of Michigan in 2018.

## Awards and honors

* 1988: Macelwane Medal, American Geophysical Union
* 2001: Member of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters
* 2010: Member of the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters
* 2011: Foreign Member of the Academia Europaea.
* 2014: Foreign Member, U.S. National Academy of Sciences
* 2017: Julius Bartels Medal, European Geosciences Union
# Peter Ross-Edwards

Peter Ross-Edwards AM (11 July 1922 – 10 October 2012) was an Australian politician who served as Leader of the National Party in the Victorian Parliament from 1970 to 1988.
He was born in Corowa to Rupert Ross-Edwards, a minister of religion, and Una Regan. He attended state schools in Corowa and then Geelong Grammar School, after which he enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force in 1942. He served in the United Kingdom, Italy, North America and the Middle East as a flying officer, but shortly after he was discharged in 1946 he was hospitalised with tuberculosis, remaining in care until 1948.
After leaving hospital he studied law at Melbourne University, graduating with a Bachelor's degree and becoming a solicitor. From 1952 he was a solicitor in Shepparton. On 27 April 1953 he married Joy Elizabeth Perry, with whom he had four sons and one daughter.
He was also active in the Country Party, serving as secretary and treasurer of the Shepparton branch from 1957 to 1967. In 1967 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the member for Shepparton. He was elected parliamentary leader of the party in 1970, a post he held until 1988 (the party changed its name to the National Party of Australia in 1982).
He was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in 1989. Ross-Edwards resigned from parliament in 1991, and was Chief Commissioner of the City of Greater Bendigo from 1994 to 1995.
He died in 2012.
# Overbrook School for the Blind

The Overbrook School for the Blind in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was established in 1832. Its present site, in the city's Overbrook neighborhood, was acquired in 1890. Along with the Pennsylvania School for the Deaf, the Western Pennsylvania School for Blind Children and the Western Pennsylvania School for the Deaf, it is one of four state-approved charter schools for blind and deaf children in Pennsylvania.

## History

The Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind opened in March 1832. A few years later, on October 27, 1836, a new building was dedicated on the northwest corner of Schuylkill Third (now Twentieth) and Sassafras (now Race) Streets on what is today the site of the Franklin Institute in the Logan Square neighborhood of Philadelphia.
The school's founder, Julius R. Friedlander, died on 17 March 1837, after years of poor health. At the time of his death, he was not quite 36 years old.$^{:122}$
During the early 1900s, the school offered athletic programs for its students. In June 1907, Overbrook's track and field team members defeated their rivals from the Baltimore School for the Blind in the annual intercollegiate competition held between the schools.
That same month, Professor Olin H. Burrit became the new superintendent of the school. He had previously been employed as the superintendent of the New York State School for the Blind.
In December 1907, the school's forty-member choir performed at the dedication of Philadelphia's Grace Baptist Temple.
The school was renamed the Overbrook School for the Blind in 1946, expanding and growing over the next decades. The school building suffered a fire in 1960.
The building began to experience leaks in 2012 and a complete roof replacement was undertaken that same year. The building's Ludowici tiles were replaced with new ones produced by the original manufacturer.

## Notable people

Anne V. Ward (1877–1971) was both an alumna and a faculty member of Overbrook.
Elisabeth Freund (1898–1982) developed a Touch and Learn Center for the school that was a model for other blind centers internationally.
# Pyritinol

Pyritinol also called pyridoxine disulfide or pyrithioxine (European drug names Encephabol, Encefabol, Cerbon 6) is a semi-synthetic water-soluble analog of vitamin B$_6$ (Pyridoxine HCl). It was produced in 1961 by Merck Laboratories by bonding 2 vitamin B$_6$ compounds (pyridoxine) together with a disulfide bridge. Since the 1970s, it has been a prescription and OTC drug in several countries for cognitive disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, and learning disorders in children. Since the early 1990s it has been sold as a nootropic dietary supplement in the United States.

## Availability

It is approved for "symptomatic treatment of chronically impaired brain function in dementia syndromes" and for "supportive treatment of sequelae of craniocerebral trauma" in various European countries, including Austria, Germany, France, Italy, Portugal, and Greece. In France it is also approved for rheumatoid arthritis as a disease modifying drug, on the basis of the results of clinical trials. In many countries it is available over the counter and is widely advertised on the internet as being for "memory disturbances."

## Adverse effects

Adverse effects include nausea, headache, and rarely allergic reaction (mild skin reactions). A 2004 survey of six case reports suggested a link between pyritinol and severe cholestatic hepatitis when on several drugs for certain diseases.
Other rare side effects: acute pancreatitis and photoallergic eruption.
# Waverly East Bremer Avenue Commercial Historic District

The Waverly East Bremer Avenue Commercial Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Waverly, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. At the time of its nomination it contained 53 resources, which included 41 contributing buildings, and 12 non-contributing buildings. The historic district covers a portion of the city's central business district between the Cedar River on the west and the former right-of-way for the Chicago Great Western Railway on the east.
The buildings are generally brick and two stories in height, but there are one- and three-story buildings as well. The first floors continue to house commercial retail stores, while the upper floors house offices, apartments or are vacant. The exceptions are the Chicago Great Western Railway Depot (1904), the Waverly Municipal Hydroelectric Powerhouse (1909), the US Post Office building (1936), and the Lutheran Mutual Aid Society Home Office Building (1932, with later additions). The powerhouse is individually listed on the National Register. The period of significance is from 1855 to 1964, and the buildings are constructed during that time frame. Most of the buildings are second generation structures that replaced single-story frame structures. Architectural influence came from the commercial Italianate, Queen Anne and Neoclassical styles. Most of the buildings line both sides of East Bremer Avenue, with a few on First Avenue SE.
# Ohio dairy industry

Dairy is a significant part of the overall agricultural production of the state of Ohio. The state ranks 11th in milk production in the United States. In 2018, the roughly 2,000 dairy farms with 263,000 cows produced more than 5.59 billion pounds, or 650 million gallons, of milk.

## History

The first dairy cows came to what is now Ohio in the mid to late 18th century. Native Americans managed small cattle herds, which they acquired by trade or gift from Fort Detroit and by raiding frontier settlements in what is now Pennsylvania and Virginia.

## Present day

The increasing growth of large, industrial dairy farms combined with low milk prices has led to the loss of many of Ohio's small family dairies.
Ohio lost nearly a quarter of its dairy farms from January 2017 to January 2019. The state went from 2,647 dairy farms to 2,045.

## Environmental impact

Large scale production of dairy in Ohio has had notable impacts on water and air quality in surrounding area, largely from cow manure. The dairy industry in Ohio produces around 23 million kilograms of manure daily as of 2016. Inside that manure is around 136,000 kg of nitrogen and 15,000 kg of phosphorus which often runs off and pollutes surrounding bodies of water such as Lake Erie.
# Usman Zamnagawa

Usman Zamnagawa Dan Shekarau, known as Usman Zamnagawa (also spelled Osumanu Zamnagawa) was the King of Kano from 1343 to 1349.

## Ascension and reign

Usman became King after he usurped his half-brother Tsamiya and murdered him, which earned him the epithet "Zamnagawa". His reign was characterized by peace throughout the land. At the behest of the Rumawa whose town had become populated and prosperous, he made his son "Sarkin Rumawa". He ruled for seven years and was succeeded by his nephew, Ali Yaji Dan Tsamiya.

## Biography in the Kano Chronicle

Below is a full biography of Usman Zamnagawa from Palmer's 1908 English translation of the Kano Chronicle.
   The 10th Sarki was Zamnagawa, called Osumanu. The name of his mother was Kumyerku.
   He was called Zamna-gawa because he killed Tsamia. He shut the doors of the palace and remained in his house for 7 days. After that day he went out. It is not known how Tsamia was made away with; whether Zamnagawa ate him or buried him, no one knows.
   In the time of Zamnagawa, there was no war in the land, east and west, north and south. All was peace.
   The Maguzawa left the city and went to live in the country at Fongui. The Rumawa came in a body to the Sarki. They said to him, “You are our Sarki, you have made a Sarkin Gazarzawa and a chief of the Kurmawa, make us a chief also.”
   The Sarki said, “I hear.”
   So they went back to their homes. The Sarki then took counsel with his men and said, “I want to give my son the chieftainship of the Rumawa.” And all his men said, “We agree.” So he gave his son the chieftainship of the Rumawa, whose town had become great and populous.
   Zamnagawa ruled 7 years.
# Buellia sharpiana

Buellia sharpiana is a species of crustose lichen in the family Physciaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 2013 by lichenologists James Lendemer and Richard Harris. The type specimen was collected from the summit area of Mount Le Conte at an altitude of 6,300 ft (1,900 m). The specific epithet sharpiana honors Evelyn Bunches Sharp, wife of bryologist Aaron J. Sharp. The Sharps collected samples for the cryptogamic herbarium at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, especially after the original collection was destroyed by a fire in 1998.
In 2020, the lichen was assessed as a vulnerable species by the IUCN.
# Navel of the World (disambiguation)

The Navel of the World or Earth usually refers to the axis mundi or world axis, the supposed centre of the world or universe.
Navel of the World or Navel of the Earth may also refer to:

## Locations

* The omphalion ("navel") in Delphi, Greece
* The Foundation Stone in Jerusalem, Israel
* Calvary in Jerusalem, Israel
* Israel itself (טבור כדור הארץ, Tabbur HaAres, Ezek. 38:12)
* The Bodhi Tree in the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, India
* Mualiman napa, Kuopio
* The Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey
* Babylon in present-day Iraq
* The altar at Paphos, present-day Kouklia, Cyprus
* Cusco, Peru, according to Incan tradition
* Baboquivari Peak Wilderness in Arizona, US, according to the O'odham nation
* A lithic site near Ahu Te Pito Kura, Easter Island
* Mir Mine, Sakha Republic, Siberia

## Popular culture

* El Ombligo del Mundo, an earlier name of the Argentinian radio program La Venganza Será Terrible
* Umbilicum mundi, a major plot device in Umberto Eco's novel Foucault's Pendulum
* "Navel of the World", part of the music of Chrono Trigger
* The Fountain of Cho in Mercadia in Magic: The Gathering
* Zenith (comics) - Axis Mundi is the central Universe, where the Lloigor plan to rule all alternate universes via the Omnihedron
# Thích Thiên-Ân

Thích Thiên-Ân (釋天恩) (September 22, 1925—November 23, 1980) was an American teacher and Buddhist monk of Vietnamese Thiền (Zen) Buddhism and was active in the United States from 1966 to 1980. He was ordained at Chua Chau Lam in Hue, Vietnam.
Thích Thiên-Ân came to the United States from Vietnam in the summer of 1966 as an exchange professor. He taught philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles. After discovering he was not only a renowned scholar but a Zen Buddhist monk as well, his students convinced him to teach Zen meditation and to start a Buddhist study group on the UCLA campus.
A few years later, his enthusiastic students encouraged Thích Thiên-Ân to apply for permanent residence and open a meditation center that included a place for practitioners to live and study Zen Buddhism. In 1970, he founded the International Buddhist Meditation Center in the Koreatown section of Los Angeles, California .
Once established, Thích Thiên-Ân taught the traditions of Zen Buddhism at his center. In addition, he taught Eastern Philosophy and Asian Studies at Los Angeles City College. He retired from teaching at the college when he was diagnosed with liver cancer in 1979. He continued teaching at his center until he died in 1980 at the age of 54, succumbing to the effects of the liver cancer.
The International Buddhist Meditation Center he founded continues to thrive.
Thích Thiên-Ân authored the following books: Zen Philosophy, Zen Practice (ISBN 0-913546-33-X);and Buddhism and Zen in Vietnam copyright 1975 (ISBN 0-8048-1144-X).

## Quotes

* "We all shed salty tears and shed red blood. All is one."