# STOBAR

STOBAR ("short take-off but arrested recovery" or "short take-off, barrier-arrested recovery") is a system used for the launch and recovery of aircraft from the deck of an aircraft carrier, combining elements of "short take-off and vertical landing" (STOVL) with "catapult-assisted take-off but arrested recovery" (CATOBAR).
Aircraft launch under their own power using a ski-jump to assist take-off (rather than using a catapult). However, the planes are conventional, rather than STOVL aircraft, and thus require arrestor wires to land on the ship. The STOBAR system is simpler to build than CATOBAR. As of 2018, it has been used widely on Russian, Indian, and Chinese carriers.

## Advantages

Compared to CATOBAR, STOBAR is less expensive to develop. It is easier to operate than a CATOBAR configuration, which requires large number of operators to launch the aircraft. The lack of any moving parts in a ski-jump makes it less expensive to maintain than a catapult. It does not require any additional system to generate force required to launch the aircraft, unlike CATOBAR where an external force is needed to be generated either from steam catapult or Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) to launch the aircraft.

## Limitations

One major limitation of STOBAR configuration is that it only works with fighter aircraft that have a high thrust-to-weight ratio such as Su-33 or MiG-29K and thus limits the kind of aircraft that can be operated from the carrier. It is not known what restrictions ski-jump takeoff implies on maximal aircraft weight. According to some sources, in order to become airborne, the aircraft may be required to limit its weaponry and fuel package in order to reduce the launch weight of the aircraft. However, according to other sources, the Super Hornet can take-off from a ski-jump with a significant weapons load. Using ski-jump can limit the ability to conduct sorties faster on STOBAR aircraft carrier. STOBAR carriers must maintain a speed of 20–30 kn (37–56 km/h) in order to generate wind speed required on deck which is essential for conducting aircraft launch operations.

## List of STOBAR aircraft

* HAL Tejas – two naval variants are being developed for the Indian Navy; a prototype (NP-1) is currently undergoing flight testing.
* Mikoyan MiG-29K – currently active with the Indian Navy and the Russian Navy.
* Shenyang J-15 – partially based on the Su-33, operated by the People's Liberation Army Navy on Liaoning.
* Sukhoi Su-33 – developed from Su-27 and only operated by the Russian Navy.

## Users

As of January 2025, three countries currently operate STOBAR-type carriers; Russia, India and China have built a STOBAR ship for operation, while both India and China have procured STOBAR ships that were built by Russia and have had them converted for their own use.

### Active STOBAR aircraft carriers

| Class | Origin | No. of ships | Propulsion | Displacement | Operator | Aircraft carried | Notes |
| Kuznetsov | Soviet Union | 1 | Steam turbine | 58,000 tons | Russian Navy | Su-33 MiG-29K Ka-27 | |
| Kuznetsov | Soviet Union | 1 | Steam turbine | 58,000 tons | People's Liberation Army Navy | J-15 Z-18 | |
| Kiev (INS Vikramaditya) | Soviet Union | 1 | Steam turbine | 45,500 tons | Indian Navy | MiG-29K Ka-31 Sea King | Built as STOVL carrier and converted to STOBAR |
| Shandong | China | 1 | Steam turbine | 70,000 tons | People's Liberation Army Navy | J-15 Z-18 Z-9 | Upgraded Kuznetsov type design, first aircraft carrier built in China |
| Vikrant | India | 1 | Gas turbine | 45,000 tonnes | Indian Navy | | First aircraft carrier built in India |