OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# José Maceda

José Montserrat Maceda (31 January 1917 – 5 May 2004) was a Filipino ethnomusicologist and composer. He was named a National Artist of the Philippines for Music in 1998.

## Life

Maceda was born in Manila, Philippines, he studied piano, composition and musical analysis at École Normale de Musique de Paris in France. After returning to the Philippines, he became a professional pianist, and later studied musicology at Columbia University, and anthropology at Northwestern University. He also started teaching at the University of the Philippines.
Starting in 1952, he conducted fieldwork on the ethnic Music of the Philippines. From about 1954, he was involved in the research and composition of musique concrète. In 1958, he worked at a recording studio in Paris which specialized in musique concrète. During this period, he met Pierre Boulez, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Iannis Xenakis. In 1963, Maceda earned a doctorate in ethnomusicology from the UCLA. He began pursuing a compositional career more vigorously. At the same time, he held concerts in Manila until 1969, in which he performed and conducted. This series of concerts introduced Boulez, Xenakis and Edgard Varèse to the Filipino public.

## Music

As an ethnomusicologist, Maceda investigated various forms of music in Southeast Asia, producing numerous papers and even composing his own pieces for Southeast Asian instruments. His notable works include: Pagsamba for 116 instruments, 100 mixed and 25 male voices (1968); Cassette 100 for 100 cassette players (1971); Ugnayan for 20 radio stations (1974); Udlot-Udlot for several hundred to several thousand people (1975); Suling-Suling for 10 flutes, 10 bamboo buzzers and 10 flat gongs (1985). In 1977, Maceda aimed to study Philippine folk songs which he describes as having more focus on rhythm rather than time measure. From the 1990s, he also composed for Western orchestra and piano. The examples are: Distemperament for orchestra (1992); Colors without Rhythm for orchestra (1999); Sujeichon for 4 pianos (2002).
Jose Maceda collected audio records materials of traditional music amongst various populations in Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia, part of these audio archives are deposited in the CNRS – Musée de l’Homme audio archives in France (a digitized version is available online). His entire musical collections were inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 2007, as submitted by the U.P. Center for Ethnomusicology and nominated by the Philippine government.

## Death

He died on May 5, 2004, in Quezon City, Philippines.
# Dilation (metric space)

In mathematics, a dilation is a function $f$ from a metric space $M$ into itself that satisfies the identity
    $d(f(x),f(y))=rd(x,y)$
for all points $x,y\in M$, where $d(x,y)$ is the distance from $x$ to $y$ and $r$ is some positive real number.
In Euclidean space, such a dilation is a similarity of the space. Dilations change the size but not the shape of an object or figure.
Every dilation of a Euclidean space that is not a congruence has a unique fixed point that is called the center of dilation. Some congruences have fixed points and others do not.
# Cheilobarbus

Cheilobarbus, commonly known as sawfins, is a small genus of freshwater ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Cyprinidae, the family which includes the carps, barbs and related fishes. The fishes in this genus are endemic to the Western Cape of South Africa.

## Taxonomy

Cheilobarbus was first proposed as a taxon, a monotypic subgenus of the genus Barbus, by the Scottish military surgeon and zoologist Andrew Smith in 1841 when he described Barbus (Cheilobarbus) capensis from the Olifants River on the western coast of South Africa. This genus is included in the subfamily Smiliogastrinae within the family Cyprinidae.

## Etymology

Cheilobarbus combines cheilos, meaning "lip", with the genus name Barbus, Smith described B. capensis as having "full and firm" lips.

## Species

Cheilobarbus contains the following species:
* Cheilobarbus capensis (A. Smith, 1841) (Cape whitefish)
* Cheilobarbus serra (W. K. H. Peters, 1864) (Sawfin)
Both species are tetraploid, like Pseudobarbus redfins, from which they were separated.

## Characteristics

Cheilobarbus fishes are among the largest of the South African barb species and reach standard lengths greater than 15 cm (5.9 in). They have a relatively longer snout than related genera with an elongated lacrimal bone. They have an inferior mouth which has large, firm lips and there are two pairs of barbels Adults show a reddening on the crown and on a scale row above the pectoral fins during the spawning season. The dorsal fin is over or a little to the rear of the pelvic fins. The last unbranched dorsal fin ray is slightly or clearly serratde along its posterior margin, and this is followed by eight branched rays. There are three unbranched and five or six branched fin rays in the anal fin.

## Distribution and habitat

Cheilobarbus fishes are endmeic to the Western Cape, the Cape whitefish is found in the Breede and Berg drainages and the sawfin is endmeic to the Olifants River system. These fishes prefer deeper parts of large rivers as adults, including impoundments. Cheilobarbus species reproduce in the summer and form large groups that spawn together on rocky bottoms.
# Carversville, Pennsylvania

Carversville is an unincorporated community and geographically isolated area in Solebury Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States, approximately 45 miles north of Philadelphia. It was originally a Lenape gathering place called Aquetong (translation: "many springs") more than 300 years ago the area's land was granted to James Harrison and Joseph Pike by William Penn. The Paunacussing Creek, also called Fleecydale, runs through Carversville and meets the Delaware River at Lumberville.
By 1730, roads had been formed into Carversville's dense forests so that settlers could haul out wool and farm produce and bring in lumber that had been rafted down the Delaware River from northern Pennsylvania.
Carversville was originally called Indian Village, though was later named Mill Town for the presence of its mills. Its name was later contracted into Milton before finally, in 1833, being renamed Carversville in honor of the first postmaster, whose last name was Carver.
Carversville was a center of commerce from its inception, and boasted enterprises such as Stovers Mill, Fretz Mill, Carver Mill, Suggin Bag Manufactury, a sash and blind mill, and the famous Roram Hat factory.
In 1859, the Excelsior Normal Institute was founded on the hill that overlooks the village. This five-story stone building became a well-known school which turned out scholars until it fell on hard times in the late nineteenth century. When teaching ended, pleasure began as the building became a resort. However, its lifespan was also short-lived. The final use for the property was as the Carversville Christian Orphanage. The building was razed in the mid-1900s.
Today, Carversville is home to some 100 residents, and is protected by a Historic District Ordinance which prevents the area from being marred by overdevelopment of new homes and businesses.
The center of Carversville, nicknamed the Town Square, is home to the Carversville Inn, a restaurant which dates back to 1813, the dental office of Dr. Howard Barsky, and the Carversville General Store. The Historic Carversville Society maintains an active schedule full of events for its residents, which includes Carversville Day (a town fair that includes the famed "pet parade"), Films in the Field (old movies shown once a month during the summer, projected on the side of the general store), and Carolling in the Square (where villagers gather in the square to sing Christmas carols and visit Santa Claus).
The Bridge in Solebury Township and Carversville Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## In popular culture

Carversville was home to noted artist Charles Hargens, famous for his cover art. Hargens painted covers for The Saturday Evening Post, Collier's, The Open Road for Boys, and many western novels of the 1930s and 1940s.
"Carversville" is the title of a song by the band Lincoln. During a concert in 1998, the band said that it was specifically about Carversville, Pennsylvania.
# Chiaki

Chiaki (ちあき, チアキ) is a unisex Japanese given name used mostly by females and is occasionally used as a surname.

## Written forms

Chiaki can be written using different kanji characters and can mean:
* 千秋, "thousand, autumn"
* 千明, "thousand, light"
* 千晶, "thousand, sparkle"
* 千晃, "thousand, clear"
* 千瑛, "thousand, crystal ball"
* 智昭, "wisdom, shining"
The name can also be written in hiragana or katakana.

## People

* Chiaki (tarento) (千秋; born 1971), Japanese tarento
* Chiaki Hayashi (林 千晶), Japanese businesswoman
* Chiaki Ishibashi (石橋 千彰, born 1991), Japanese swimmer
* Chiaki Ishikawa (智晶; born 1969), Japanese singer
* Chiaki Ishioka (石岡 千秋, born 1961), Japanese alpine skier
* Chiaki Ito (千晃; born 1987), member of the J-pop group AAA
* Chiaki J. Konaka (千昭; born 1961), Japanese writer and scenarist
* Chiaki Kawamata (千秋; born 1948), Japanese science fiction writer and critic
* Chiaki Kobayashi (小林 千晃, born 1994), Japanese voice actor
* Chiaki Kon (千秋), Japanese anime director
* Chiaki Kuriyama (千明; born 1984), Japanese actress, singer, and model
* Chiaki Kyan (ちあき; born 1986), Japanese singer
* Chiaki Matsumura (松村 千秋, born 1992), Japanese curler
* Chiaki Minamiyama (南山 千明, born 1985), Japanese women's footballer
* Chiaki Morosawa (千晶; born 1959), a Japanese anime screenwriter
* Chiaki Mukai (千秋; born 1952), Japanese doctor and astronaut
* Chiaki Ohara (千秋), Japanese pianist
* Chiaki Omigawa (千明; born 1989), Japanese voice actress
* Chiaki Satō (千亜妃; born 1988), Japanese actress and musician
* Chiaki Takahashi (actress) (たかはし 智秋, born 1977), Japanese voice actress
* Chiaki Takahashi (politician) (高橋 千秋, born 1956), Japanese politician
* Chiaki Yamada (山田 千愛, born 1966), Japanese women's footballer
* Naomi Chiaki (ちあき; born 1947), Japanese singer

## Fictional characters

* Chiaki Nagoya (千秋), a character in the manga/anime series Kamikaze Kaito Jeanne
* Chiaki Konoike (千秋), a character in the manga series Tenjho Tenge
* Chiaki Minami (千秋), a character in the manga series Minami-ke
* Chiaki Saionji, a central character in the manga series The Demon Ororon
* Chiaki Tani (千明), a character in Samurai Sentai Shinkenger
* Chiaki Mamiya, a major character in The Girl Who Leapt Through Time
* Shinichi Chiaki (千秋), a central character in Nodame Cantabile series
* Chiaki Tachibana, a character in the video game Shin Megami Tensei III: Nocturne
* Chiaki Yoshino (千秋), a male manga artist that pretends he is a female to the readers in the manga and anime series Sekaiichi Hatsukoi
* Chiaki Kurihara, a central character in the anime series Bodacious Space Pirates
* Chiaki Shinoda, a character in the anime Darker Than Black
* Chiaki Nanami (千秋) a main character in the video game Danganronpa 2: Goodbye Despair
* Chiaki Enno, a character in Zenki
* Chiaki Morisawa (千秋), a character in Rhythm game Ensemble Stars!
* Chiaki Koizumi (千秋), a character in the webcomic Rain
* Chiaki Ōgaki (千明), a character in the manga series Laid-Back Camp
* Chiaki Hoshinomori (千秋), a character in the light novel series Gamers!
* Chiaki Motomiya (元宮 チアキ), a character in video game Blue Archive
# New Jersey Transit Westwood Garage

Westwood is one of the 18 depots of New Jersey Transit that is located in Westwood, New Jersey.

## History

It is the former Rockland Coaches facility, which was leased to NJT to alleviate overcrowding at Oradell Garage. 100 buses were moved to the facility effective with the evening pullout on September 2, 2022. NJT announced its intentions on buying the property outright in late 2022. On September 5, 2022, Westwood began operations with the MCI D4500CT buses into the Lincoln Tunnel to Port Authority Bus Terminal. It was selected for Current Condition Assessments as Zero-Emission Bus Program Advances. The garage was put in a procurement New Jersey Transit calendar about being reconstructed. Progress on the garage was approved by a contract along with Ironbound Garage.

## Bus routes

155 157 165 167 168 177

## Fleet

Westwood Garage only houses cruiser buses previously based at Oradell Garage.
Table is TBD

## See Also

* Rockland Coaches
# Thomas Simpson (composer)

Thomas Simpson (Kent, 1582 – c. 1628) was an English composer who worked in Germany. Simpson, a generation younger than William Brade is first heard of at Heidelberg in 1608.
# Stanley Scarsbrook

Stanley Charles Scarsbrook (5 October 1908, date of death unknown) was an English track and field athlete who competed in the 1934 British Empire Games.

## Biography

Scarsbrook became the national steeplechase champion after winning the British AAA Championships title at the 1934 AAA Championships.
Shortly afterwards, he represented England at the 1934 British Empire Games, winning the gold medal in the 2 miles steeplechase event.
# Jalpaiguri Law College

Jalpaiguri Law College is a college imparting legal education in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal. It was established in the year 1981. It is the only government aided Law College in the entire District and its neighboring District of Cooch Behar. The college is affiliated to University of North Bengal. This college is also approved by the Bar Council of India.

## Courses

The college offers a five-years integrated B.A. LL.B (Hons) course & BA LL.B (Genl.) Course. The college also offers 2 years LL.M from the year of 2020.
# Pulo Jehat

Pulo Jehat is an island located in the Straits of Johor. The name means Wicked Island.
It is located south of Tioman Island. Heritiera littoralis can be found on the island.
In 1938, the British built three gun emplacements on the island to defend the straits. The island is the supposed resting place of a witch doctor named Merah, placed there because it was believed that his spirit could not cross water. Supposedly, any who disturb or disrespect his tomb are killed.
A Japanese kamikaze plane is supposed to have tried to destroy the emplacements, but crashed nearby in the sea.
The emplacements were abandoned at the end of the war and the island is now vacant. The waters nearby are a popular local dive site. There are some underwater caves also.

## Pulau Jahat Marine Park

A marine park was established in 1994.
# Laurence Garnier

Laurence Garnier (born 3 April 1978) is a French politician of The Republicans (LR) who has been a member of the Senate since 2020. From 2015 to 2020, she was a vice president of the Regional Council of Pays de la Loire. In the 2012 legislative election, she was a candidate for Loire-Atlantique's 2nd constituency.
From September to December 2024, Garnier briefly served as Secretary of State for Consumption in the government of Prime Minister Michel Barnier.
# Beltrame Feragut

Beltrame Feragut or Bertrand d'Avignon (Avignon c. 1385 – c. 1450) was a French composer. He was one of several French composers who worked in Italy; at Florence and Vicenza. Bertrand was either a priest or monk, since that was then a requirement to become maestro di cappella at Milan Cathedral (1426–1430).

## Recordings

* Francorum nobilitati – Ensemble Perlaro, PAN, 2010
# Intervalence charge transfer

In chemistry, intervalence charge transfer, often abbreviated IVCT or even IT, is a type of charge-transfer band that is associated with mixed valence compounds. It is most common for systems with two metal sites differing only in oxidation state. Quite often such electron transfer reverses the oxidation states of the sites. The term is frequently extended to the case of metal-to-metal charge transfer between non-equivalent metal centres. The transition produces a characteristically intense absorption in the electromagnetic spectrum. The band is usually found in the visible or near infrared region of the spectrum and is broad.
The process can be described as follows:
    L$_n$M$^+$-bridge-M'L$_n$ + hν → L$_n$M-bridge-M'$^+$L$_n$

## Mixed valency and the IT band

Since the energy states of valence tautomers affect the IVCT band, the strength of electronic interaction between the sites, known as α (the mixing coefficient), can be determined by analysis of the IVCT band. Depending on the value of α, mixed valence complexes are classified into three groups:
* class I: α ~ 0, the complex has no interaction between redox sites. No IVCT band is observed. The oxidation states of the two metal sites are distinct and do not readily interconvert.
* class II: 0 < α < $\scriptstyle 1/{\sqrt {2}}$ = 0.707, intermediate interaction between sites. An IVCT band is observed. The oxidation states of the two metal sites are distinct, but they readily interconvert. This is by far the most common class of intervalence complexes.
* class III: α > $\scriptstyle 1/{\sqrt {2}}$ = 0.707, interaction between redox sites is very strong. It is better to consider these sites as one united site, not as two isolated sites. An IVCT band is observed. The oxidation states of the two metal sites are essentially equivalent. In these situations, the two metals are often best described as having the same half integer oxidation state.
# Arques-la-Bataille

Arques-la-Bataille (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in north-western France.
The zoologist Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (1777–1850) was born in Arques.

## Geography

Arques is situated near the confluence of the rivers Eaulne, Varenne and Béthune, with the forest of Arques to the north-east. It lies 6 kilometres (4 mi) southeast of Dieppe at the junction of the D23, D154, and D56 roads.

## Main sights

The centre houses a castle dominating the town, which was built in the 11th century by William of Talou; his nephew, William the Conqueror, regarding it as a menace to his own power, besieged and occupied it. After frequently changing hands, it came into the possession of the English, who were expelled in 1449 after an occupation of thirty years. In 1589, its cannon decided the Battle of Arques in favour of King Henry IV of France.
Since 1869, the castle has been state property. The first line of fortification was the work of Francis I; the second line and the donjon date back to the 11th century. The church of Arques, a building of the 16th century, preserves a stone rood screen, statuary, stained glass and other relics of the Renaissance period.
Just outside the town is the World War I Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery, designed by J R Truelove, the final resting place of 377 men of the Chinese, West Indies, and South African Native Labour Corps.

## Cultural references

* Willa Cather's 1907 short story Eleanor's House is set in Arques-la-Bataille.
* Simon Raven's 1984 novel September Castle revolves around ancient hauntings in the Castle of Arques, and is set in the region.
* John Henry Twachtman's painting, Arques-la-Bataille (1885) hangs in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
# Merit

Merit may refer to:

## Religion

* Merit (Buddhism)
* Merit (Christianity)

## Companies and brands

* Merit (cigarette), a brand of cigarettes
* Merit Energy Company, an international energy company
* Merit Motion Pictures, an independent documentary film and television production company based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
* Merit Network, a nonprofit organization providing high-performance computer networking and related services to educational, government, health care, and nonprofit organizations, primarily in Michigan, United States
* Merit Packaging Limited, a subsidiary of the Lakson Group
* Merit (TV channel), a short-lived UK television channel
* Merit, a trading name used by J & L Randall
* A chain of gas stations owned by Meadville Corporation before it was purchased by Hess Corporation

## People

* Merit Cudkowicz, American neurologist and neuroscientist
* Merit Hertzman-Ericson (1911–1998), Swedish psychologist and author
* Merit Janow, American professor
* Merit or Meryt, an ancient Egyptian feminine name, from the Egyptian language meaning "beloved":
** Merit, wife of the ancient Egyptian royal scribe and architect Kha; interred with her husband in the tomb of Kha and Merit
** Merit, wife of the ancient Egyptian royal treasurer Maya

## Schools

* Merit School of Music, a music education organization in Chicago, Illinois, United States
* Merit Academy, a high school in Springville, Utah, United States

## Other uses

* Merit, Texas, United States, an unincorporated community
* USS Merit, a World War II coastal minesweeper
* Merit (indie rock band), an American band
* Merit, in mathematics a ratio associated with the prime gap
# Avala Film

Avala Film (Serbian Cyrillic: Aвала филм) is a Serbian film studio, founded in 1946 as the first studio founded in post-war Yugoslavia. It is currently declared bankrupt.

## Overview

In June 1946, the government of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia created the State Committee of Cinematography, in order to replace the provisional Film Enterprise of the SFRY. The Committee set out to establish film production companies in the various constituent states of Yugoslavia: the first and the largest of those was Avala Film, in the Socialist Republic of Serbia's capital Belgrade, which was founded on 15 July. The company was located in the future complex of Filmski Grad, which the committee had only begun planning.
In 1947, Avala Film produced the first feature film made in postwar Yugoslavia, Vjekoslav Afrić's Slavica. Until 2000, the studio participated in the creation of 400 documentaries, 200 feature films and 120 co-productions with foreign companies; its pictures won more than 200 awards in various festivals.
After the Breakup of Yugoslavia, the studio was partially privatized and 51% of its shares were sold to a company called Jugoexport, while the rest were retained by Avala Film's management. Since the mid-1990, it has produced few films, and its last one - Shadows of Memories - was released in 2000. The studio is facing financial troubles, and was threatened with liquidation after Jugoexport was declared bankrupt. Since 2005, plans to fully privatize it were proposed, but not carried out. In June 2011, the studio was announced to be bankrupt, after accumulating a debt of 111,000,000 Serbian dinar. In early 2012, the Serbian government announced plans to revitalize Avala Film. but assistance never materialized. The company's real estate, film rights, costumes, props and studios were scheduled to be sold-off in spring 2013.

## Selected filmography

* 1953 - Perfidy
* 1957 - Priests Ćira and Spira
* 1961 - Siberian Lady Macbeth
* 1964 - March on the Drina (Mars na Drinu)
* 1965 - Three
* 1966 - The Dream
* 1967 - I Even Met Happy Gypsies
* 1968 - It Rains in My Village
* 1970 - Liberation
* 1987 - Reflections
* 1989 - The Meeting Point

## Selected international co-productions

* 1954 - The Last Bridge
* 1962 - Taras Bulba
* 1963 - The Long Ships
* 1964 - Marco the Magnificent (La Fabuleuse aventure de Marco Polo)
* 1965 - Genghis Khan
* 1967 - The 25th Hour
* 1968 - Kelly's Heroes
* 1969 - Castle Keep
* 1972 - England Made Me
* 1984 - Quo Vadis? (miniseries)
* 1986 - Escape from Sobibor (TV movie)
* 1987 - The Fortunate Pilgrim (miniseries)
* 1987 - Crusoe
* 1988 - Around the World in 80 Days (miniseries)
* 1989 - Boris Godunov