# Tram types in Adelaide

   * Tramways in Adelaide, on which the trams ran
   * Adelaide's 21st century tramways revival (2006–)
   * Glenelg tram line (trains 1873–1929, trams 1929–present)
   * Horse trams era (1878–1914)
   * Electric street network era (the Municipal Tramways Trust) (1907–1975)
   * W.G.T. Goodman, Chief Engineer and General Manager of the MTT (1907–1950)
   * State Transport Authority (1975–1994)
   * TransAdelaide (1994–2010), branded as Adelaide Metro since 2000.
This article describes the tram types in Adelaide that have operated for the past 146 years: from early days when they undertook a major share of the public transport task before car ownership was well established; through the 49-year period when only one tram line operated; to the city's 21st-century tramways revival.

## The three eras of Adelaide trams since 1878

The evolution of public and private transport in Adelaide has closely reflected the economic and social development of South Australia. Growth of the Adelaide conurbation also reflected the development of efficient public transport. Horse-drawn transport characterised the foundation years, but with industrial development and the growth of the suburbs the extension of tramway (and railway) networks was a feature of urban transport and development until the Second World War.
There have been three generations of trams over the 146 years since street vehicles first ran on steel (or iron) rails in Adelaide:
* 1878–1917, horse trams built in the United States and locally: more than 150 lightweight horse-drawn trams travelled along about 120 km (75 mi) of lines in the streets of the city's centre and its suburbs.
* 1909–1952, electric trams built locally, at first from American kits: more than 300 electric trams ran on more than 100 km (62 mi) of routes similar to those of the horse trams until all street tram services ceased in 1958. From then until 2006 only the 1929-vintage "Glenelg" trams survived, running mostly off-street on the 10.9 km (6.8 mi) line from Adelaide's centre to the beach.
* Since 2006, contemporary trams built overseas: Twenty-four state-of-the-art trams of two makes replaced the by-then vintage trams on the Glenelg line and subsequently on 5.4 km (3.4 mi) of newly built line extensions north through the city centre and on to the city's cultural and entertainment precincts.

## Horse trams

* At a glance
* Adelaide was an early adopter, in 1878, of horse trams but the last of Australia's capital cities to subsequently move to more efficient technologies. Eleven private companies eventually competed on their own lines that totalled 119 kilometres (74 miles) by 1901. More than 150 trams were built in the United States or, later, to almost identical designs by local coachbuilders or horse tram companies.
* Since the horse tram companies lacked the capital to upgrade their technology after drought and a long economic depression, the South Australian Government bought the assets of most of them in 1907. It established the Municipal Tramways Trust to rapidly construct an electrified network. Horse trams operated during the new lines' construction until the last was withdrawn from Adelaide-centric lines in 1914 (and in 1917 in Port Adelaide).
* First electric trams acquired after the horse tram era: Type A and Type B in 1908.
During the 39-year horse-drawn era that started on 10 June 1878,$^{:24}$ trams were mainly double-decked with an enclosed saloon 12 to 16 feet (3.7 to 4.9 metres) long and an open seated area of the same length above it; and single-decked cars 10 to 12 feet (3.0 to 3.7 metres) long. Although they were owned by 11 companies, their designs were similar: extremely lightweight in construction and with minimal springing. However, even at an average speed of 8 kilometres per hour (5 miles per hour) they were a vast improvement on the speed and comfort of horse-drawn street carriages. Their light weight was reflected in horse trams that ran to Henley Beach not being fitted with an upper-deck canvas awning for fear that a sea breeze would blow the tram over, and by the practice followed when horse trams met while travelling in opposite directions on single track: the one with the fewer passengers, derailed by able-bodied males, was pulled out of the way to allow the other car to pass.$^{:36}$
An Adelaide company, Duncan & Fraser Ltd of Franklin Street, assembled the city's first 20 horse-drawn trams manufactured (and dismantled for shipping) by the John Stephenson Company, New York City. The company that ordered them, the Adelaide & Suburban Tramway Company, manufactured horse trams in its own factory at Kensington from 1897.$^{:11}$
By 1907 there were 162 trams, drawn by 1056 horses, servicing routes totalling about 120 kilometres (75 miles) in length.$^{:326–331}$ Except in minor respects the trams' designs did not evolve during the 36 years in which they operated.
The South Australian government purchased the assets of almost all of the companies in 1907 and in December incorporated the Municipal Tramways Trust (MTT) to introduce an electrified system. While the electric lines were being built, the trust operated many of the acquired horse trams but in decreasing numbers, withdrawing horse tram services altogether in July 1914 in the City of Adelaide and, after delays caused by the war, in 1917 on the isolated Port Adelaide system.

## A battery tram trialled in 1889

Adelaide's horse tram era was briefly punctuated by a technology that foreshadowed the direction in which public transport would be transformed around the world. In 1889 – eight years after the world's first commercially successful electric tram ran in Germany, and in the same year that Melbourne introduced overhead-powered electric trams – the Adelaide and Hindmarsh Tramway Company Limited conducted trials of a tram powered by Julien's Patent electric traction technology. It was a battery-powered tramcar, which was promoted as offering the advantages of electrical power without the cost of erecting overhead wires.$^{:29}$
On 9 January 1889 the car, adapted from a double-deck horse car built by Adelaide coachbuilders Duncan & Fraser, made the first of several fast journeys to Henley Beach. The project ended the following year when the two proponents were killed in a railway level crossing accident. Adelaide had to wait another 20 years for electrification.

## Electric trams

In total, 337 electric trams of 14 types have operated over Adelaide's tramways, which totalled a little more than 100 km (62 mi) until 1958, when the street tramways were closed down, and which now total 16 km (9.9 mi). During the 44 years between the inauguration of the first electric tram in 1909 and the delivery of the last tram in 1953 the Municipal Tramways Trust commissioned 313 of the first 12 electric tram types described in this article.
Details of the trams in the order of their introduction are in the following panel, expandable by clicking [show].
Adelaide electric tram types in date order of their introduction or conversion$^{:155}$ :
| First ran | Designation | Known as | Qty built | Tram nos | Last ran | Seating and crush load</ref> |
| 1909 | Type A | California combination | 70 | 1–30, 61–100 | 1952 | 40 / 101 |
| 1909 | Type B | Open crossbench ("toast rack") | 30 | 31–60 | 1930s | 50 / 102 |
| 1910 | Type E | Bogie open combination | 20 | 101–120 | 1936 | 54 / 152 |
| 1911 | Type D | Bogie closed combination | 54 | 121–170, 191–194 | 1954 | 54 / 152 |
| 1917 | Type A1 (conversions from Type B) | California combination | [17] | 44–60 | 1950 | 40 / 101 |
| 1917 | Type A2 (conversions from Type B) | "Tanks" | [3] | 41–43 | 1935 | 40 / 101 |
| 1918 | Type C | "Desert Gold" and "Bouncing Billies" | 20 | 171–190 | 1954 | 40 / 102 |
| 1922 | Type F | Dropcentre | 50 | 201–250 | 1958 | 60 / 170 |
| 1925 | Type F1 (almost identical variant of Type F) | Dropcentre | 34 | 251–284 | 1958 | 60 / 170 |
| 1925 | Type G | Birney safety car | 4 | 301–304 | 1935 | 32 / 80 |
| 1929 | Type H (later, 300 Series) | "Glenelg tram", "Bay tram" | 30 | 351–380 | 2015 | 64 / 170 |
| 1936 | Type E1 (conversions from Type E) | Bogie saloon | [20] | 101–120 | 1958 | 49 / 152 |
| 1953 | Type H1 (prototype) | "The streamliner" | 1 | 381 | 1957 | 52 / 184 |
| 2006 | 100 Series | "Flexity" | 15 | 101–115 | N/a (15 in service as at 2018) | 64 / 115 |
| 2009, 2017 | 200 Series | "Citadis" | 9 | 201–209 | N/a (9 in service as at 2018) | 54 / 186 |

## Trams of the 20th century

The MTT's 100 inaugural trams were of two North American designs, manufactured by the J.G. Brill Company of Philadelphia and shipped for final assembly by Adelaide coachbuilders Duncan & Fraser, who subsequently built 20 more cars. Between 1910 and 1912 another Adelaide coachbuilder, A. Pengelley & Co. of Edwardstown, assembled 50 more Brill trams, bringing a total of tram constructions before the First World War to 170.$^{:38}$
In 1913 the MTT had developed its first design to meet the specific requirements of its own system. Eighty-four of these fast-loading "dropcentre" trams were to become the mainstay of the street network until it was closed in 1958. However, the constraints of the First World War delayed their construction until 1921. As a stopgap to meet demand from extended routes, 20 four-wheeled trams were built cheaply in 1918, to almost the same design as the first of the inaugural tram types. Four Brill lightweight trams were imported in 1925 to handle the lightly trafficked, isolated Port Adelaide system.$^{:60,64}$
In 1929, twenty years after a false start, the Glenelg railway line was converted to electric operation. Since most of the line was in a private reservation, the MTT designed an interurban-style high-speed (for the time) end-loading saloon tram with power-operated doors and folding steps. Thirty of them, capable of running coupled together, were built hurriedly for the line's opening. Popularly known as "Glenelg" or "Bay" trams, they were to operate in revenue service for 77 years. An updated version of the Glenelg trams was designed in 1939, but post-war material shortages delayed the introduction of the first – and ultimately the only – car until 1953.$^{:86}$
While the last tram was being built, a parliamentary select committee concluded a report into the MTT in June 1952. The South Australian government then replaced the local government councillors comprising most of the MTT board with its government officials and announced its intention to close all of Adelaide's tram services, to be replaced by buses. The last street tram operated on 22 November 1958, leaving only the Glenelg line and its unique trams to survive, on a route from Victoria Square, the geographic centre of Adelaide, to Moseley Square, Glenelg.$^{:12}$
By 2006 the Glenelg trams had been in full-time operation for 77 years. In January a new generation of tram was introduced to run not only on a newly upgraded Glenelg line but also on 4.2 km (2.6 mi) of new street lines that were to be extended north of Victoria Square through busy central Adelaide thoroughfares. These new trams were designated the 100 Series. By year's end the 1929-vintage trams had been largely phased out of normal revenue service (the last being in 2008), only running occasionally on special occasions. In 2009 the second series of new trams went into service as the 200 Series; more arrived in 2017, bringing the total number of trams on the system to 24.
* A confusing classification system
* During the MTT's first 15 years, trams were identified only by their numbers. In 1923, the differing designs were allocated as "Type A" to "Type F". Subsequent acquisitions were allocated to new letters. For ease of reference, trams are described in this article using the 1923 alphabetical classifications, regardless of whether they were introduced or converted before or after that year.
* The alphabetical order of types did not fully correspond to the order of trams' introduction: Type C was the classification given to trams introduced seven years after Type D. Further, when 20 open-sided "toast rack" Type B cars were enclosed, they were reclassified as Types A1 and A2 rather than B1 and B2. As the less confusing option, MTT trams are listed in this article in alphabetical order of their type.
* A chronological listing is in the table above, and the last line in each "At a glance" panel shows the next tram type introduced.
* The classification system was changed to a numeric one when the first of Adelaide's new generation of trams was delivered in 2006. These 100 Series (Bombardier Flexity Classic) trams were designated as the "100 Series" and the Type H was changed to "300 Series". Three years later, when the second new class (Alstom Citadis 302) was delivered, it was designated as the "200 Series". The new trams are listed after the alphabetical series list.

### Type A

* At a glance
* When the Municipal Tramways Trust was set up in December 1906 to build an electric tramway system in place of Adelaide's horse trams, work proceeded hurriedly on all fronts. It was necessary to obtain 100 tramcars as quickly as possible.
* Seventy trams in the first order, delivered in 1908 and 1909, were four-wheelers known as "California combination" cars. Their wooden bodies were built to a popular American design by a US manufacturer, dismantled before being shipped, and assembled by Adelaide coachbuilders. Steel undergear and electrical equipment were sourced separately from the UK and US. The trams could carry a crush load of 101 passengers, including 40 on seats – many more than horse trams.
* These trams became the work-horses of the network until they were withdrawn and stored in the 1930s. During the Second World War and for five years afterwards they were returned to service, most in coupled pairs, because continuing petrol rationing obliged most people to use public transport. The last ran in 1952.$^{:107}$
* For more than a decade, all the Adelaide trams were known only by their numbers. In 1923 an alphabetical classification system was introduced; these trams were designated as Type A.$^{:38}$
* Introduced concurrently with Type B. Next types acquired: Type E in 1910 and Type D in 1911.
Type A details :
| Introduced | 1909 |
| No. built | 70 |
| Builder | J.G. Brill Company; assembled in Adelaide by Duncan & Fraser |
| Crush load | 101, of whom 40 were seated |
| Weight | 11.07 tonnes (10.90 long tons, 12.21 short tons) |
| Height | 3.290 m (10.79 ft) 9+1⁄2 ins |
| Length | 10.185 metres (33 feet 5.0 inches)s) |
| Width | 2.692 metres (8 feet 10.0 inches)s) |
| Truck type | Brill 21E |
| No. of motors | 2 |
| Power/motor | 25 kW (34 hp) |
On 9 March 1909, a balmy South Australian autumn day, many thousands turned out to see a procession of 14 trams going slowly along the thoroughfares of Adelaide and nearby eastern suburbs for the official opening of the city's electric tramway system. The leading cars had a central saloon compartment somewhat similar to that of a horse tram and a compartment with cross-bench seating at each end, open to the weather. The design was popular in southern California, where the climate is similar to Adelaide's for much of the year. Thus they were officially described as "four-wheeled, drop-ended 'California combination' cars" – the "combination" referring to the two types of accommodation.$^{:38–40}$
Seventy of the inaugural order of 100 trams were built to this design. In 1923, when an alphabetical classification system was introduced, they were designated as Type A.$^{:38}$
Seating capacity was 40 passengers (20 in the saloons and 10 each end on the open benches); a further 60 could be accommodated standing, giving a total crush load of 100. Capable of speeds up to 35 kmh (22 mph), the trams presented a vast improvement in schedules and comfort over the horse trams they replaced. It was not only the trams' design that made for a smoother ride: the tracks laid by the MTT to replace the horse tram tracks were built to very high specifications – and they were brand new. However, the huge overhang from the four-wheeled truck at both ends of the car, almost double the truck's wheelbase – caused oscillations at higher speeds.$^{:36}$
All 70 were built in 1908 and 1909 by Adelaide coachbuilders Duncan & Fraser, incorporating running gear and electrical equipment sourced from the UK and the US. Duncan & Fraser had an established record building horse tram cars for the Adelaide & Suburban Tramway Company and both horse and electric trams for several operators in Melbourne, Ballarat, Bendigo, and Geelong.$^{:29–30}$ The company initially constructed the cars, and Type B cars, in the machinery building of the Jubilee Exhibition grounds. However, when the building was required by the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society of South Australia the work was moved to Hackney Depot, delaying construction of cars and preventing electric services from beginning on the planned date of 23 December 1908.$^{:38}$
Type A trams were the work-horses of the newly opened lines, including those to Kensington, Marryatville, Maylands, Payneham, Walkerville, North Adelaide, Parkside, Unley and Hyde Park. Later they were relegated to the quieter routes such as Croydon and Port Adelaide as larger trams became available. They were gradually retired in the 1930s, only to come out of storage in 1941 on account of wartime petrol rationing, which boosted patronage. Fifty-eight (and four Type A1 cars) were configured in permanently coupled pairs: although both trams in a pair still needed a conductor to collect fares, the need for only one driver per pair reduced staffing needs by 25 per cent – an important economy during wartime labour shortages.$^{:36}$ The paired trams soon became nick-named "Bib and Bub" after characters created by renowned children's author May Gibbs. They stayed in service after the war as the Australian Government continued petrol rationing until 1950.
Although at the time the MTT was established air brakes were being installed on streetcars in the US since they are much faster in application and release and therefore safer than mechanical brakes, Type A trams were never fitted with them; neither were any trams built before 1920. For normal stopping the Adelaide trams had a handbrake, operated by the motorman manually winding a wheel in the cab, and electromagnetic track brakes, energised by power generated by the motors as the cars slowed down, for emergencies.$^{:65}$
Three Type A cars were sold in 1936 to the State Electricity Commission of Victoria. The remainder were withdrawn from service by May 1952; many were sold for use as shacks.
The Tram Museum, St Kilda restored Type A cars 14 and 15 in a major project lasting 15 years, which culminated when they entered service in 2021.
For Types A1 and A2 trams, see the sections headed "Type B conversion to Type A1" and "Type B conversion to Type A2".

### Type B

* At a glance
* The second component of the MTT's inaugural order of electric trams in 1908 consisted of 30 four-wheeled tramcars which later came to be designated Type B. As with their sister Type A trams, their wooden bodies were built to a popular American design by a US manufacturer, dismantled before being shipped, and assembled by Adelaide coachbuilders. Steel undergear and electrical equipment were sourced separately from the UK and US. They had completely open sides, so they soon earned the nickname, "toast racks".
* They were popular when it was warm but decidedly unpopular in inclement weather. Twenty of the 30 in the class were enclosed in 1917, becoming Type A1 and Type A2. Their crush load, similar to the Type A trams, was 102, including 50 on seats.
* Most were retired by the mid-1930s.
* Introduced concurrently with Type A. Next types acquired: Type E in 1910 and Type D in 1911.
Type B details :
| Introduced | 1909 |
| No. built | 30 |
| Builder | J.G. Brill Company; assembled in Adelaide by Duncan & Fraser |
| Crush load | 102, of whom 50 were seated |
| Weight | 11.07 tonnes (10.90 long tons, 12.21 short tons) |
| Height | 3.293 m (10.80 ft) 9+5⁄8 ins) |
| Length | 9.906 metres (32 feet 6.0 inches)s) |
| Width | 2.565 metres (8 feet 5.0 inches)s) |
| Truck type | Brill 21E |
| No. of motors | 2 |
| Power/motor | 25 kW (34 hp) |
For the MTT's inaugural order in 1909, Duncan & Fraser built another 30 trams, of a US design different from that of the Type A. They too were four-wheeled cars but they lacked the closed saloon compartment of the Type A. All passengers were accommodated on cross-bench seats in one completely open compartment, which soon gave rise to the nickname, "toast racks". The trams carried 50 passengers seated and 50 standing for a crush load of 100, the same total as the Type A trams.$^{:38}$
These vehicles, later designated Type B, were popular for summer trips to the beach and to concerts arranged by the MTT at Kensington Gardens, Henley Beach and Semaphore. However, only pull-down canvas blinds offered weather protection and they were inadequate for Adelaide's rainy winter months, which are cooler than in southern California.$^{:30}$ For that reason they were particularly unpopular with both passengers and conductors in inclement weather. Conductors were also exposed to danger in having to collect fares by walking along the often swaying footboards on the outside of the car.$^{:38}$
Eventually 20 of the 30 Type B trams were modified to become "combination trams": a new central closed saloon compartment was built, leaving two facing cross-benches at each end. In 1923 seventeen were designated as Types A1 and 3 as A2. These are described in the next two sections. One "toastrack" was retained for use by the MTT band on the Port Adelaide system$^{:60}$ and in 1929 one was substantially converted for use during construction of the electrification infrastructure of the Glenelg tram line.
Almost all Type B cars and those converted to Types A1 and A2 were withdrawn from service in 1936 and scrapped in 1946.$^{:87}$

### Type B conversions to Type A1

* At a glance
* Eight years after they were built, 17 of the 30 unpopular open Type B "toast racks" were converted by building a five-windowed saloon where the six central cross-bench seats were – similar to the original Type A cars. Designated later as Type A1, they were converted by an Adelaide coach-building company.
* Converted from Type B. Next type acquired: Type C in 1918.
Type A1 details :
| Introduced | 1917 |
| No. rebuilt | 17, from Type B |
| Crush load | 101, of whom 40 were seated |
| Rebuilt by | Duncan & Fraser |
| Other details | As for Type B |
In 1917 the MTT responded to longstanding complaints by crews and passengers that Type B "toast rack" trams were unacceptable in wet or cold weather. Seventeen were converted by Duncan & Fraser (although it is possible that one of these was converted by the MTT) into "California combination" trams, halving the number of exposed seats in the process. This work was done after the Type B conversions to Type A2 had taken place. Under the alphabetical classification system of 1923 they were designated as Type A1.
After conversion the trams were similar to the existing Type A – a design also continued in the subsequent Type C cars. Seven were converted for the isolated Port Adelaide tram system operated by the MTT between 1917 and 1935. Type A1 cars were rated with the same passenger capacity (seated and crush load) as the Type A.
Four Type A1 trams were converted into permanently coupled "Bib and Bub" pairs, a wartime labour-saving configuration applied to most Type A cars. These four were the last of the Type A1 cars to be withdrawn from service in 1950, together with the sets of Type A trams not converted back into single car operation.
Type A1 is one of the two MTT tram sub-types not in the collection of the Tram Museum, St Kilda.

### Type B conversions to Type A2

* At a glance
* A further three of the unpopular Type B "toast racks" were also converted in 1917 – this time by the MTT – in the same way as the Type A1 cars by putting a saloon in the middle, but with three large windows. They were later designated as Type A2.
* Converted from Type B. Next type acquired: Type C in 1918.
Type A2 details :
| Introduced | 1917 |
| No. rebuilt | 3, from Type B |
| Crush load | 101, of whom 40 were seated |
| Rebuilt by | MTT Hackney Workshops |
| Other details | As for Type B |
The three trams of this type were converted, like the A1, from the unpopular Type B "toast rack" trams, and similarly entered service on the Port Adelaide tram system in 1917. Work on the three cars was undertaken by the MTT at their Hackney workshops rather than by contractors. Rebuilding involved removing six cross-bench seats and their pillars from the centre of the car, then installing a heavily constructed saloon in their place. The trams were essentially the same as the Type A1, but easily distinguishable in having three large windows instead of five small arched ones, and heavy, riveted steel sides. This latter feature led to their nickname, "tanks", after the revolutionary British Army weapons newly deployed in the First World War.$^{:60}$
The seating and standing capacity for these trams was the same as for Types A, A1 and C.
The Type A2 trams operated on the isolated Port Adelaide system until its closure in 1935, after which they were transferred to Hackney workshops. In 1946 the bodies of two were sold to private buyers. The third was kept at Hackney workshops until 1958, when it was made available to the Tramway Museum, St Kilda. The museum rebuilt it into its original Type B "toast rack" configuration in preference to retaining its A2 configuration. Consequently, Type A2 is the second of the two MTT tram sub-types not in the museum collection.

### Type C

* At a glance
* These trams received their classification as Type C out of sequence: Type D trams had been introduced eight years before them.
* During the First World War, when patronage rose and tram lines were extended, it became urgent to increase the capacity of the fleet, which at that time consisted of 150 cars of Types A, B and D. Wartime austerity mandated only a stop-gap design. Therefore, when 20 were built by an Adelaide coachbuilder in 1918 they did not follow the large bogie car design of 1910 (Type D).
* Type C trams were similar in basic design to the Type A of a decade earlier, but with a domed roof. Fitted with powerful traction motors from refitted trams, they were quickly nicknamed after a famous racehorse of the day, "Desert Gold". The last was withdrawn in 1953.
* Next type acquired: Type F in 1922, followed by its variant Type F1 in 1925.
Type C details :
| Introduced | 1918–1919 |
| No. built | 20 |
| Builder | Duncan & Fraser |
| Crush load | 102, of whom 40 were seated |
| Weight | 11.38 tonnes (11.38 long tons, 12.54 short tons) |
| Height | 3.175 metres (10 feet 5.0 inches)s) |
| Length | 10.363 metres (34 feet 0 inches)s) |
| Width | 2.718 metres (8 feet 11.0 inches)s) |
| Truck type | Brill 21E |
| No. of motors | 2 |
| Power/motor | 37 kW (50 hp) |
During World War 1 the MTT urgently needed more tramcars to handle increases in patronage and route extensions. However, wartime austerity made it impossible to proceed with a planned introduction of large trams. As an interim measure, 20 small combination cars similar to Type A were built by Duncan & Fraser in 1918–1919. These cars, subsequently designated Type C, had a more modern domed roof instead of a clerestory roof. During their construction they were fitted with motors removed from Type E trams. Rated at 37 kW (50 hp) each, two-thirds again higher than the 37 kW (50 hp) motors of the Type A, they enabled much faster acceleration. They soon became popularly known as Desert Gold trams, after a New Zealand racehorse that had won races in Australia at the same time.$^{:62}$ Their speed combined with the four-wheeled design gave rise to their other nickname, "bouncing billies". They helped the MTT's competition against unlicensed buses in the 1920s, and they were used in peak periods until 1952. Their last use was during the royal visit of March 1954.

### Type D

* At a glance
* As the new electrified routes were being opened, the MTT designed a class of tram much larger than the previous ones, mandating bogies instead of a fixed four-wheel wheelbase.
* Seventy such trams were built between 1910 and 1912. Like the earlier trams their wooden bodies were built by a US manufacturer, dismantled before being shipped, and assembled by an Adelaide coachbuilding company. Steel undergear components and electrical equipment were sourced separately from the UK and US.
* Half the body was an enclosed saloon, the other half an open area of cross-bench seats. When 20 had been completed, a change was made to the design of the remaining 30: sliding doors were fitted to the open area for protection from inclement weather. The order was increased by a further 20, bringing the Type D total to 50 (until 1927, when four nearly identical trams acquired from Melbourne were added). The crush load of both types, 152 passengers, was half as many again as their predecessors.
* A huge safety hazard was that conductors were obliged to walk along the external footboards to collect fares because there was no aisle through the middle of the cross-benches.
* These trams operated until the street tram system was shut down in 1958.$^{:44–45}$
* Next type acquired: Type C in 1918.
Type D details :
| Introduced | 1910–1912 |
| No. built | 54, including 4 bought fourth-hand in 1926 |
| Builder | J.G. Brill Company; assembled in Adelaide by A. Pengelley & Co. |
| Crush load | 152, of whom 54 (50 after 1934 conversion) were seated |
| Weight | Nos. 121–125 and 191–194: 16.56 tonnes (16.30 long tons, 18.26 short tons) Nos. 126–170: 16.05 tonnes (15.80 long tons, 17.70 short tons |
| Height | 3.5305 metres (11 feet 7.00 inches)s) |
| Length | 13.106 metres (43 feet 0 inches)s) |
| Width | 2.2356 m (7.335 ft) 8+3⁄4 ins) |
| Truck type | Brill 22E |
| No. of motors | 2 |
| Power per motor | Nos. 121–125 and 191–194: 48 kW (64 hp) Nos. 126–170: 37 kW (50 hp) |
In May 1909, soon after the opening of the first electric lines, it became evident that 100 cars would not be enough to meet traffic demand. In May 1909 the MTT called for tenders for trams it had designed which were much larger than the existing four-wheeled cars.$^{:44}$
Local tenders were much higher in price than others and the Trust declined to accept them on commercial grounds. A Melbourne company, Noyes Brothers (Melbourne) Pty Ltd, eventually won the contract for 50 cars (later increased to 70). Their tender stated that the car bodies would be manufactured by the J.G. Brill Company in Philadelphia, erected there, dismantled and packed, and re-erected in Australia. Prompted by public opposition to work going out of the state, the MTT asked that assembly be in South Australia. Noyes Brothers then negotiated with Adelaide coachbuilders A. Pengelley & Co. to erect the bodies under their supervision at the same tendered price, reported in The Register as being £36,673 and 13 shillings. As with previous trams, running gear and electrical equipment were necessarily sourced from the UK and US.
The 70 trams, built between 1910 and 1912, could carry 154 passengers in total (54 seated and 100 standing). When 20 had been completed, a change was made to the design of the remaining 30 (subsequently increased to 50): sliding doors were fitted to enclose each row of bench seats to give for protection from inclement weather. These trams came to be designated as Type D ("closed combination metropolitan bogie cars"); the first 20 became Type E.
The design of these larger cars featured maximum traction trucks, recognisable by one pair of wheels being much smaller in diameter (508 mm or 20 inches) than the other (838 mm or 33 inches, the same diameter as on the earlier types). The driving axle, with large wheels, was driven; the other was not. By locating the truck pivot off-centre, more weight rested on the driving axle, providing greater traction. The smaller wheels guided the truck on the rails, bearing a relatively small portion of the weight.$^{:44,155}$
A further four almost identical trams, which Duncan & Fraser had built in 1912 for tramways trusts in Melbourne, were acquired by the MTT in 1927 and incorporated into the D fleet.
Since there was no means of moving along the tram inside the cross-bench area, conductors had to make their way along the external footboards to collect fares while the tram was in motion – a task even more dangerous in cold or rainy weather when the sliding doors had to be opened. In 1934, after conductors had been injured while collecting fares, a centre aisle was cut through the centre bulkhead and through four of the six cross-bench seats of these trams.$^{:65}$
The Type D trams operated in regular service until the street network was closed in 1958.

### Type E

* At a glance
* In 1909 twenty of the new bogie combination trams had been built before the design was changed to include sliding side doors to protect passengers from the elements. The doors were not retro-fitted on cars that had just been built. Classified as Type E, the trams retained their completely open cross-bench seating until 1936, when they were enclosed, becoming Type E1. Until then, as on the Type D, conductors were obliged to walk along the external footboards to collect fares from passengers sitting on the cross-benches.
* Some Type E trams remained in service, like their Type D counterparts, until the street tram system was shut down in 1958.
* Next types built: Type D in 1911 then Type C in 1918.
Type E details :
| Introduced | 1910–1912 |
| No. built | 20 |
| Builder | J.G. Brill Company; assembled in Adelaide by A. Pengelley & Co. |
| Crush load | 152, of whom 54 were seated |
| Weight | 14.73 tonnes (14.50 long tons, 16.24 short tons) |
| Height | 3.531 metres (11 feet 7.0 inches)s) |
| Length | 13.106 metres (43 feet 0 inches)s) |
| Width | 2.236 m (7.34 ft) 8+3⁄4 ins) |
| Truck type | Brill 22E |
| Power/motor | 37 kW (50 hp) |
Of the seventy-car "combination metropolitan bogie cars" ordered from A. Pengelley & Co. in 1910, the first twenty (as Type E) were very similar to the Type D but the open section had only roller blinds to protect passengers from bad weather. Continuous crossbench seats required the conductor to collect fares from the footboard. The Type E trams had the same passenger load rating as the Type D: 54 seated and 100 standing. The trams were especially popular for taking families to picnics at Burnside and Magill at a charge of 24 shillings ($A2.20) for the whole group.
Local opinion was strongly opposed to building new trams outside of South Australia. Consequently, Type E trams were built by the J.G. Brill Company in Philadelphia, then imported in parts and assembled by Pengelley from 1910 to 1912. As before, mechanical and electrical components were sourced from the UK and US.$^{:45}$
In 1918, all Type E cars were fitted with 65 hp traction motors, replacing motors rated at 50 hp.
During 1936 the open area on all Type E cars was enclosed by an extended saloon. The converted cars were designated Type E1.
Some Type E trams survived in revenue service until the close of street tram operation in 1958.

### Type E conversions to Type E1

* At a glance
* In 1936, with the Great Depression preventing funding of new trams, the saloons of all 20 Type E cars were extended to reduce passengers' exposure to the weather and end the practice of conductors having to collect fares from the external footboards. The converted trams were reclassified as Type E1.
* Converted from Type E. Next type acquired: Type H1 prototype in 1953.
Type E1 details :
| Introduced | 1936 |
| No. rebuilt | 20 |
| Rebuilt by | MTT Hackney Workshops |
| Crush load | 152, of whom 49 were seated |
| Weight | 16.05 tonnes (15.80 long tons, 17.70 short tons) |
| No. of motors | 2 |
| Power/motor | 48 kW (64 hp) |
| Other details | As for Type E |
By the mid-1930s, more than half of the MTT's cars were almost 30 years old. The enormous financial stringencies of the Great Depression prevented the construction of new cars, but improvements were made to older cars at the MTT's workshops. The conversion of all Type E trams to Type E1 involved removing the crossbenches and extending the saloon for the entire car length except for one retained cross-bench seat behind the motorman's bulkhead. The original (non-smoking) saloon received new upholstered seating; the removed timber saloon seats were transferred to the new saloon.
The converted trams were immediately unpopular because there was only one small door at each end, making them difficult to board in rush hours. However, enclosing the open section eliminated the severe safety hazard that external footboards posed to conductors.

### Type F and its variant F1

* At a glance
* F and F1 were the classifications allocated to two almost identical designs built over a span of nine years, starting in 1921–22. The first batch (Type F) had a combined steel and timber frame; the second (Type F1) had an all-steel underframe. Both variants are described here.
* By 1921 the MTT had developed its first design to meet the specific requirements of the Adelaide system: a bogie tram with fast-loading access for six lines of passengers and a carrying capacity two-thirds greater than all but one of its predecessors. However, the severe constraints of the First World War (which had led to 20 Type C cars being built as a stop-gap) prevented construction from starting until 1921. During the next nine years 84 were built.
* These speedy, comfortable Type F and F1 trams took the leading role in the street tram system until it was shut down in 1958.
* Next type acquired: Type G in 1925.
Types F and F1 details :
| Introduced | Type F: 1921–1925 Type F1 variants: 1925–1929 |
| No. built | 84 (Type F: 50; Type F1: 34). |
| Builder | Types F and F1: A. Pengelley & Co. (qty 81) Type F1: MTT Hackney workshops (qty 3) |
| Crush load | 170, of whom 60 were seated (some: 56 after 1953) |
| Weight | Nos. 201–225: 19.96 tonnes (19.64 long tons, 22.00 short tons) Nos. 226–250: 20.02 tonnes (19.70 long tons, 22.06 short tons) Nos. 251–262: 20.33 tonnes (20.01 long tons, 22.41 short tons) Nos. 263–284: 20.42 tonnes (20.10 long tons, 22.51 short tons) |
| Height | 3.048 metres (10 feet 0 inches)s) |
| Length | 14.935 metres (49 feet 0 inches)s) |
| Width | 2.692 metres (8 feet 10.0 inches)s) |
| Truck type | Nos. 201–262: Brill 77E2 Nos. 263–284: Commonwealth Steel |
| No. of motors | 4 |
| Power per motor | Nos. 201–225: 30 kW (40 hp) Nos. 226–250: 37 kW (50 hp) Nos. 251–262: 30 kW (40 hp) Nos. 263–284: 37 kW (50 hp) |
At last released from the severe constraints of the First World War, the MTT's chief engineer and general manager W.G.T. Goodman designed a new "dropcentre" tram that could be loaded and unloaded very quickly by six lines of passengers. They entered or left the tram's open section, which had a lower floor than the enclosed saloons on either side, made possible by more modern running gear that took up less space.
These Type F trams and their variant Type F1 seated 60 and had standing room for a further 110, totalling a crush load of 170 passengers, two-thirds more than all but one of their predecessor types. They were a highly popular design, providing much more space and comfort than previous MTT trams. Their acceleration and braking was significantly better than their predecessors' on account of a 40-hp traction motor on each of the four axles (on which all wheels were the same 673 mm (26.5 in) diameter), and air brakes (the first to be fitted from inception).
A total of 84 were built, making them the most common trams used in Adelaide. Local coach builders A. Pengelley & Co. built the initial 50 cars in 1921–22, a further 11 of almost identical design (designated Type F1) in 1925, and 20 more F1 cars in 1928. The MTT built one Type F1 in 1927 and two more in 1929.$^{:64}$ The main difference between the two types lay in the construction of the underframe: the Type F cars combined steel and timber-frame construction whereas the Type F1 cars had an all-steel underframe. With so many trams of these types in service, many detail variations occurred in the fleet.
In 1929, two cars were fitted with additional air brake pipes to haul an unusual type of trailer – horse transport cars – on the Glenelg line between Adelaide and Morphettville Racecourse.
From October 1953, about half the trams in the Type F and F1 fleet were repainted from their tuscan-red and cream livery into silver and carnation red. Most of the repainted cars – and a few that were not repainted – had an emergency exit door fitted behind the motorman's compartment, reducing the seating capacity in these trams from 60 to 56.
Whether a passenger sat "inside" or not was governed by a strict custom. As John Radcliffe and Christopher Steele observed:$^{:65}$
   These cars were important in the development of an unusual custom by passengers of practising the de facto segregation of the sexes. The habit was quite without legal foundation, yet it was a custom firmly entrenched until the trams were replaced by buses. Passengers who sat in the wrong compartments were regarded as something in the nature of "social outcasts" by their fellow passengers. Men always occupied the centre (smoking) section of "dropcentre" cars, while women and children occupied the end saloons. Even married couples invariably split up after boarding the car. Father always purchased the tickets from the conductor as he passed through the centre of the car. When the conductor reached the end saloon, Mother would point out, amid much arm waving, which of the male passengers outside was her husband. Inspectors who periodically boarded the cars to check that everyone had tickets consequently had a difficult time.
The dropcentre cars had the leading role over the entire Adelaide street tram network for 37 years until the system, with the exception of the Glenelg line, was shut down on 22 November 1958. They were especially well suited to carry the crowds associated with race meetings, football matches and the agricultural show at the Wayville Showground.$^{:121}$
The fate of the street trams was the final consequence of many factors at work, including the fact that the number of cars registered in South Australia increased from 100,000 in 1946 to 240,000 in 1956, while during the same time the number of riders carried by all forms of public road passenger transport in Adelaide dropped from 100 million to 60 million.
More information about the closure of the street network is in the article Municipal Tramways Trust.

### Type G

* At a glance
* In 1925, rather than deploy larger trams on the isolated, low-traffic tramway system radiating from Port Adelaide to Semaphore, Largs, Rosewater and Albert Park, the MTT bought four economical four-wheeled trams, operated by one man. They were the shortest cars operated by the MTT, with just 32 passengers seated and space for 18 standing. Designated Type G, they were built by J.G. Brill and Co. of Philadelphia and assembled in the MTT workshops.
* Next type acquired: Type H in 1929.
Type G details :
| Introduced | 1924 |
| No. built | 4 |
| Builder | J.G. Brill Company |
| Crush load | 50, of whom 32 were seated |
| Weight | 7.7 tonnes (7.6 long tons, 8.5 short tons) |
| Height | 3.092 m (10.14 ft) 1+3⁄4 ins) |
| Length | 8.547 m (28.04 ft) 0+1⁄2 ins) |
| Width | 2.375 m (7.79 ft) 9+1⁄2 ins) |
| Truck type | Brill 79E1 |
| No. of motors | 2 |
| Power/motor | 19 kW (25 hp) |
Four Type G cars were built by the J.G. Brill Company in Philadelphia in 1924 and were placed in service in 1925. They were the company's standard "Birney safety car" – named after their designer, Charles Birney – that had become popular on lightly trafficked lines in the US. They incorporated several safety features and used little power, but owing to their small wheelbase were said to ride "like a rowboat out to sea". The trams filled a niche demand for economic operation over the lightly patronised Port Adelaide system, carrying only 50 passengers. They incorporated folding doors and steps and several safety features, and used little power, but due to their small wheelbase tended to "ride like a rowboat out to sea".$^{:60}$ They were the only trams in Adelaide able to be operated by the driver alone, doing away with the need for a conductor. Until the arrival of the 100 Series Flexity and 200 Series Citadis trams more than 80 years later, they were also the only trams in Adelaide to be entirely constructed overseas.
The Type G trams ran for 10 years before the Port Adelaide system was closed in 1935. The following year, the four were sold to the State Electricity Commission of Victoria for use in Geelong, joining two other, new, Birney cars. In 1947 the Commission transferred the four former Adelaide cars to its Bendigo tramways, to be followed by the remaining two in 1949. There, the trams were in revenue service until 1972 when the system was closed down.

### Type H (later, 300 Series)

* At a glance
* In 1929 the MTT took ownership of one of the steam railway lines from Adelaide to Glenelg and converted it from broad gauge to standard gauge and installed electric overhead wires. To provide a fast service on the 10.9 km (6.8 mi) line – 85% of it in an exclusive corridor – 30 Type H trams were designed and purchased.
* The trams were long, fully enclosed saloon cars with power-operated doors and bottom steps at either end, and they could run in coupled sets. To the travelling public they became known as "Glenelg" and "Bay" trams. They were designed by MTT chief engineer and general manager W.G.T. Goodman, whose starting point was the interurban designs of North America since the Glenelg line would allow relatively high speeds on its reservation. Considered "state of the art" in the 1920s the trams, refurbished from time to time, remained popular for 79 years.
* In 2006, following a major upgrade to the Glenelg line, new contemporary trams were progressively delivered and the Bay trams were withdrawn from daily revenue service – the last in 2008. All but five, which ran occasionally on special occasions until 2015, were sold or donated to various entities. The final two were placed in departmental storage in 2017 and donated to the Tramway Museum, St Kilda in 2021.
* Next type acquired: Type H1 prototype in 1953.
Type H (later, 300 Series) details :
| Introduced | 1929 |
| No. built | 30 |
| Body | A. Pengelley & Co., Edwardstown, South Australia |
| Crush load | 170, including 64 seated |
| Weight | 23.5 tonnes (23.1 long tons, 25.9 short tons) |
| Height | 3.597 m (11.80 ft) 9+5⁄8 ins) |
| Length | 17.170 metres (56 feet 4.0 inches)s) over bumpers |
| Width | 2.692 m (8.83 ft) 6+1⁄2 ins) |
| Truck type | Frames by Commonwealth Steel (MCB pattern), fabricated by Bradford Kendall Ltd, Alexandria, New South Wales; other components MTT Hackney workshops |
| Traction motors | As built: Dick, Kerr & Co., Preston, England; as re-motored: The English Electric Co. Ltd, Preston, England |
| No. of motors | 4 |
| Power/motor | As built: 45 kW (60 hp); as re-motored: 48 kW (64 hp) |
| Control and air brake equipment | General Electric Company, Schenectady, USA |
| Trolley-pole bases and Tomlinson couplers | Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, Ohio, USA |
| Pantographs (1986) | Austbreck |
| Seat mechanisms | G.D. Peters & Co. Ltd, Slough, England |
| Seat backs, cushions and sun blinds | C.W. Robertson & Co., Adelaide, South Australia |
| Source: Andrews (2014), p. 54 et seq. ||
In 1929, fortuitously just before the onset of the Great Depression, the MTT acquired the 56-year-old steam-hauled double-track South Terrace railway from the South Australian Railways. It was to be electrified with overhead catenary at 600 volts direct current. Track was re-laid to 1,435 mm (4.708 ft) 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge, the same as other Adelaide tram lines. By December of that year the track had been refurbished and gauge-converted, a flyover bridge built over the railway to Melbourne at Goodwood, and electrification infrastructure installed.$^{:86–89}$
To provide a fast service on the 10.9 km (6.8 mi) line between Adelaide and the beachside suburb of Glenelg – 85% of it in an exclusive corridor – 30 long, fully enclosed end-loading saloon cars were designed and built. They were in everyday service for 70 years after they entered service in December 1929.$^{:54}$

#### North American influence

The construction of the Glenelg tramway and its rolling stock was probably MTT chief engineer and general manager W.G.T. Goodman's greatest achievement.$^{:89}$ Though Goodman was an Englishman by birth, education and early professional experience, many of his ideas reflected a strong North American influence. In terms of rolling stock design it was evident not only in the Type H cars but also in the stock US streetcar designs, both in layout and detail, that he favoured in 1908–1912 for the inaugural Adelaide street tram system and in his 1918 design (not built) for fast-loading street trams.$^{:19–28}$ The design of the Type H was typical of many hundreds of interurban cars operating in North America at the time.$^{:19–28}$ The term "interurban" was applied to vehicles heavier and faster than urban trams ("streetcars" in North America), operating in city streets and on private right-of-way between built-up areas. Goodman had proposed a similar design for electrification of the line twenty years earlier, but the electrification bill introduced into the South Australian Parliament was defeated, as was a similar bill two years later.

#### A memorable experience

To the travelling public the trams became known by their destination as "Glenelg" and "Bay" trams (after Holdfast Bay, on which Glenelg is located). They were very popular from the beginning; a journey on a "Bay" tram gave the traveller a comfortable experience of 1920s technology that with the passing of the years became more memorable. Brian Andrews recalled his childhood journeys in City and Glenelg:$^{:xiii}$
   Boarding the big red car ... my mother and I would settle into a comfortable leather seat in the non-smoking saloon as the "connie" (conductor) walked through the tram, throwing over pairs of reversible seats with both hands, with a "kalunkada kalunkada kalunkada". Then, with a sharp hiss of escaping air and a "klunk" the folding doors would close and the steps fold up against the side of the tram, and with a slight jerk we would be off. The journey would be punctuated by the sound of the push-button buzzers actuated by passengers wishing to alight at the next stop, the blare of the hooter as the tram approached level crossings and the occasional "dugga dugga dugga" sounding mysteriously from beneath the floor as the air compressor cut in to restore air pressure for the brakes and control system.

#### Construction

The car bodies were manufactured by A. Pengelley & Co. of the Adelaide suburb of Edwardstown – a company that had built trams for the street network since 1910 – for £5,000 each. Steel undergear components and electrical equipment were sourced separately from the UK and US; the compensating-beam truck frames were supplied by the Australian agents of the Commonwealth Steel Company of Illinois and the rest of the truck was built by the MTT's Hackney workshops.$^{:55}$
The body, 17.170 metres (56 feet 4.0 inches)s) long, had tapered ends and a width slightly less than other trams to allow them to clear corners in streets, such as when going into depots or on suburban street lines: although designed specifically for the Glenelg line, they also saw service on the street tramway routes to Henley North, Kensington Gardens and Cheltenham. Air-powered double doors and bottom steps permitted quick loading at each end. From the entry vestibule, a step up led to a saloon with reversible leather seats, with a mid-car, full-height partition, originally to separate smokers and non-smokers. Their capabilities included multiple-unit operation (up to three cars but limited to two after a major accident in 1937), automatic acceleration and remote electro-pneumatic control, interconnected by the electrical and compressed-air connections on automatic Tomlinson couplers.$^{:43–44,55}$ Four 45 kW (60 hp) motors were fitted, limited to confine the trams to a maximum speed of 72 km/h (45 mph). After a few years in service, the trams were also fitted with air horns.

#### A design shortcoming

North American streetcars and interurbans had evolved from all-wood construction early in the 20th century through composite wood-and-steel to heavyweight steel (about 1909) and to lightweight steel in the 1920s. All-steel construction reduced maintenance and potential loss of life inherent in a collision in which a steel underframe scythed through the wooden body of an opposing car. Although four years earlier the MTT had imported Birney safety cars from the J.G. Brill Company built of lightweight steel, and despite the higher-than-normal speed of the Type H trams, the MTT did not incorporate this inexpensive feature in its design. Many Glenelg line collisions, particularly at level crossings, required substantial repairs, confirming their vulnerability.$^{:38}$

#### Modifications and refurbishing

During the 1930s, five trams' trolley poles were replaced experimentally with pantographs, each of a different pattern. However, the overhead wires at the time, although suspended in a catenary system, were configured near the centreline of the tram rather than being "zig-zagged" (staggered from one side to the other), which is essential to ensure the wire can "wipe" back and forth along the pantograph to prevent grooves forming. All pantographs in the experiment wore unevenly, so further work was discontinued.
The whole fleet was re-motored in 1956 with slightly more powerful 48 kW (64 hp) motor originally intended for the unrealised H1 fleet. Replacement air horns were installed; gongs remained.
In 1986, when operations were transferred from the Angas Street (City) depot to the new Glengowrie depot on the Glenelg line and the overhead wiring was re-engineered (including rigging the wire to "zig-zag"), 11 out of the 21 surviving cars were fitted with pantographs and all 21 had roller bearings fitted to their trucks.$^{:39}$ Ten of the cars underwent their first-ever major refurbishment at the State Transport Authority's workshops, based at the time in Regency Park.$^{:39}$
In 2001 and 2002, some Type H cars were modernised, asbestos was removed and electronic inverter controls replaced the original control gear. Five cars were given a complete rebuild.$^{:39}$
In 2005 all remaining cars were modified so they could operate past the upgraded passenger platforms built in readiness for new 100 Series Flexity Classic trams, which would be narrower.

#### Liveries

When introduced in 1929, the cars received a varnished tuscan-red and deep cream livery, with varnished wood interiors and black undergear, as for other Adelaide trams.$^{:55}$ Between 1952 and 1956 the livery of all Type H cars was changed to silver and carnation red and an Ashbury green interior. In 1959 and 1960, two cars were painted in a short-lived experimental grey and carnation red livery, and in 1971 two others received the same livery but with a "railway" red roof to overcome the problem of silver roofs soon appearing dirty; the idea was not adopted. All silver trams were returned to their original external and internal livery starting in 1971, when 18 cars were extensively refurbished.
Some cars received liveries different from the two mentioned. In 1979 car 377 was repainted with a black-and-gold livery to celebrate the 50th anniversary of tramway operation on the Glenelg line, which it retained for a few years. Car 380 was also briefly repainted in 1979 into a special livery by students in the Glenelg area as part of a South Australian schools festival. Car 378 gained a grey-roofed, royal blue, gold-lined livery in 1990 when it became a restaurant car.

#### Change to numerical classification

In 2006, when the first of the new trams purchased for Adelaide's tramways revival began operation, a numerical "series" classification replaced the old alphabetical system. From then until they ceased running in 2015, Type H trams were designated as the 300 Series, which conveniently accorded with their existing numbers.$^{:55}$

#### Withdrawal

The first withdrawal from service of Type H cars occurred in the late 1950s; by 1968 the fleet consisted of 26 cars. In September 2005, tenders were called for the sale and removal of 16 cars: ten operational; restaurant car 378; and five non-operational. Organisations such as museums with heritage experience could seek a tram as a gift or at minimum value. Their subsequent uses were as varied as a restaurant, an attraction at a bed-and-breakfast venue, a tourism display at Glenelg, and a media studies classroom in a Riverland high school.
In 2006, a transitional period started in which the cars were progressively withdrawn as new Flexity Classic trams arrived. Most were withdrawn by 2007; the final revenue service on the Glenelg Line was in 2008, by which time the cars were 79 years old. Five of them were retained at Glengowrie depot to operate a weekend "heritage tram" service and charter trips, the last of which occurred in 2015. They were acquired by tramways museums, where as of 2019 most were operable.

### Type H1

* At a glance
* In 1939, 18 years after the modernising Type F street tram was introduced and 10 years after the Type H "Glenelg" trams, the MTT planned to upgrade its fleet with 40 trams of a new design. However, the Second World War intervened, and post-war material shortages mandated that construction be delayed until the 1950s. The design – in effect a steel-bodied, streamlined version of the Type H – was tested by building a prototype that became Type H1 no. 381. It entered service in January 1953, just before a decision to abandon Adelaide's street tramways resulted in cancellation of the rest of the order. Now preserved in operating condition at the Tramway Museum, St Kilda, it remains one of a kind.
* Next type acquired: 100 Series in 2006.
Type H1 details :
| Introduced | 1952 |
| No. built | 1 |
| Builder | J.A. Lawton & Sons Ltd |
| Crush load | 184, of whom 52 were seated |
| Weight | 26.0 tonnes (26.0 long tons, 29.0 short tons) |
| Height | 3.400 m (11.15 ft) 1+7⁄8 ins) |
| Length | 17.170 metres (56 feet 4.0 inches)s) |
| Width | 8 ft 6+1⁄2 in (2.60 m) |
| Truck type | Commonwealth Steel |
| No. of motors | 4 |
| Power/motor | 48 kW (64 hp) |
When Adelaide's street tramways were closed in 1958, Type H1 car 381 was the most modern of the MTT fleet. It was the first of a projected order of 40 cars originally planned in 1939. However, the Second World War intervened, and post-war material shortages delayed construction until the 1950s. Built by Adelaide bus manufacturer J.A. Lawton & Sons as one of two prototypes, no. 381 was essentially a streamlined, all-steel version of the Type H with many constructional features of buses and one pair of doors in the middle of the tram instead of at the end. Although it captured the public's imagination, commonly being known as "the streamliner", it incorporated only marginal improvements over the Type H. It was introduced in January 1953 and for most of its short operational life it ran on the through-routed Kensington and Henley North lines.
In 1953, however, time was running out for Adelaide's trams. By February 1950 petrol rationing had ended and families aspired to buy motor cars; patronage on public transport had dropped from 95 million in 1946 to 78 million in 1951.$^{:12}$ In 1951 the lower house of the parliament of South Australia appointed a select committee to investigate the MTT following a forecast that in June 1952, for the first time since its inception, the trust would be unable to meet its financial obligations without assistance. in February 1952 the committee issued its interim findings criticising many of the operations of the trust, including a failure to plan for the future. Eleven months later, in the same month that the H1 car was introduced, the MTT board, which since 1907 had comprised mainly municipal council appointees, was reconstituted with a new board of state government appointees.$^{:128,133}$ The board initiated a complete re-examination of the transport system, and plans were made to replace all the existing tramways, including the Glenelg line, with bus operation.
Thus tram 381 became one of a kind; a partly constructed 382 was scrapped. It was withdrawn from revenue service in December 1957 and donated to the Tramway Museum, St Kilda in 1965, where it is operational. It spent only five years in revenue service but has spent 59 years in preservation.

## Trams of the 21st century
### 100 Series (Bombardier Flexity Classic)

* At a glance
* The Bombardier Flexity Classic was the first tram type introduced to implement Adelaide's tramways revival in 2006. The model is one of a range of trams and light rail vehicles operating internationally, manufactured by Bombardier Transportation. The eleven introduced in 2006 as the 100 Series (and four introduced in 2008) are identical to those of Frankfurt's light rail network, since they were taken expediently from a production line of intended Frankfurt vehicles.
* The trams have three segments, 70% low-floor capacity, seating for 64, and places for another 115 standing.
* Next type acquired: 200 Series in 2009.
100 Series details :
| Introduced | 2006, 2008 |
| No. built | 15 |
| Builder | Bombardier Transportation, Bautzen |
| Crush load | 91 standing, 64 seated |
| Weight | 40 tonnes (39 long tons; 44 short tons) |
| Height | 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in) |
| Length | 30.04 m (98 ft 7 in) |
| Width | 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) |
| Truck type | Bombardier FLEXX Urban 2000, pivoted |
| No. of motors | 4 × VEM DKCBZ 0211-4 |
| Power/motor | 105 kW (141 hp) |
| Axle arrangement | Bo′+2′2′+Bo′ |
Adelaide's tramway revival, which was first seen in the 2005 upgrading of the Glenelg tram line, continued with a $58 million investment in the first vehicles of a modern tram fleet. Starting in January 2006, eleven Bombardier Flexity Classic vehicles began operation, progressively replacing the Type H trams, by then 77 years old. Bombardier had won the supply tender against one other bidder, receiving an initial order for nine trams in September 2004. The company was able to effect unusually quick delivery from its factory in Bautzen, Germany, by supplying them on the back of a large order under way for VGF, the Frankfurt Transport Company.$^{:40}$
The trams are 30.04 metres (98 feet 7 inches) long, articulated in three segments, with low floor height for 70 per cent of the vehicle.
Several of the earlier Flexity cars were unloaded at Adelaide's Outer Harbor; later deliveries were first shipped to Melbourne and offloaded there before being hauled by road to Adelaide.
Initially the trams' air conditioning systems, built for the Hamburg climate, failed to cope with Adelaide's high summer temperatures, but they were rectified by engineering changes in 2007.
Another two Flexity trams were ordered in time for the Victoria Square to City West route extension to Adelaide railway station that opened in October 2007. By 2008 the state government was reported to be considering the unusual step of lengthening the trams, instead of purchasing more, to accommodate increasing passenger numbers. However, an order was placed with Bombardier in September 2008 for an additional four trams for the route extension from North Terrace to the Adelaide Entertainment Centre.
With the introduction of the Flexity Classic, the Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure changed the MTT's alphabetical classification of tram types to a numeric system, and the Flexity Classics became the 100 Series. In informal parlance they are often referred to as "Flexities"; to the general public they are "yellow trams".

### 200 Series (Alstom Citadis 302)

* At a glance
* The Citadis 302 model of tram operating in Adelaide is one of a large range of trams and light rail vehicles manufactured by Alstom. The six trams ordered as the 200 Series in 2009 and three in 2017 are identical to those of Madrid's Metro Ligero, from which they were purchased virtually new. They are very similar to others operated in 15 other cities around the world, including Melbourne.
* The trams have five segments, 100% low-floor capacity, seating for 54, and places for another 132 standing.
* This is the last series of tram so far built for the revived Adelaide tramways network.
200 Series details :
| Introduced | 2009, 2017 |
| No. built | 9 |
| Builder | Alstom, Barcelona |
| Crush load | 132 standing, 54 seated |
| Weight | 41 tonnes (40 long tons; 45 short tons) |
| Height | 3.6 m (11 ft 9+3⁄4 in) |
| Length | 32.3 m (106 ft 0 in) |
| Width | 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) |
| Truck type | Alstom Arpège, rigidly attached |
| No. of motors | 4 × Alstom 4-HGA-1433 |
| Power/motor | 120 kW (160 hp) |
| Axle arrangement | Bo′+2′+Bo′ |
The Citadis 302 is one model in a range of low-floor trams and light rail vehicles built by Alstom. As of 2018, more than 2,500 Citadis trams have been sold to operators in more than 50 cities in 20 countries, conveying 4 million passengers per day. Alstom claims the Citadis's energy cost is one-quarter that of buses and one-tenth of cars. Most Citadis vehicles are made in Alstom's factories in La Rochelle, Reichshoffen and Valenciennes in France; in Barcelona, Spain (as in the case of Adelaide's 200 Series trams); and Annaba, Algeria.
Alstom built the first of what became Adelaide's 200 Series trams as part of an order of 70 Citadis model 302 units from Spanish operator Metro Ligero for service in Madrid. A scaling down of plans as a result of the worldwide financial crisis resulted in a number of them being placed into storage, "as new", immediately after delivery. TransAdelaide, needing to meet demand on the new line to the Adelaide Entertainment Centre, subsequently acquired six and shipped them to Australia.
Alstom ran one as a demonstrator for two weeks in Melbourne after landing; before delivery to Madrid the company had used one in Stockholm to test a route extension.
Before arriving in Adelaide the six trams were modified at the Preston Workshops heavy maintenance facility in Melbourne.
A further three trams arrived in December 2017 to meet expected demand from expansion of lines in eastern North Terrace and King William Road.
Compared to the 100 Series Flexity Classic trams, the 200 Series trams have a higher crush load (186 passengers compared with 115) but 10 fewer seats; low floors for 100 per cent of the passenger space; and are formed of five articulated sections rather than three. At 32.3 m (106 ft 0 in) they are (7 ft 6+1⁄2 ins) longer than the 100 Series. In informal parlance they are referred to as "Citadis" trams; the public use the term "red trams".

## Preserved Adelaide trams

Several museums, preservation groups and other entities have Adelaide trams that are accessible for rides or on static display. The Tramway Museum, St Kilda, 24 km (15 mi) north of the centre of Adelaide, has at least one example of every principal tram type to have been in service on a city street system. Most of them are operational, running when rostered along 1.6 km (0.99 mi) of purpose-built track that runs between the museum and a large adventure playground.
For details of the preserved Adelaide trams as of 2022, click [show] in the following panel.
Preserved Adelaide trams :
| The following list was correct as of 2019. Additions since then are dated by their references. Some publicly accessible trams listed in museums are owned by entities other than the museum. Trams shown as "in storage" are generally inaccessible to the public. Privately owned trams not housed in a museum or other publicly accessible place are not included in the list. ||||
| Type | Number | Location | Notes |
| Horse | 15, 18 | Tramway Museum, St Kilda, South Australia | Car 18 is in fully restored running condition but is not operated. Car 15 is displayed (intentionally) in the deteriorated condition in which it was recovered. |
| A | 1, 10 | Tramway Museum, St Kilda | Operational, used on special occasions. Car 10 is restored as Ballarat Tramways 21. |
| " | 14, 15 | Tramway Museum, St Kilda | Operational as a coupled "Bib and Bub" set. |
| B | 42 | Tramway Museum, St Kilda | Operational, in regular service. |
| C | 179 | Portland Cable Trams, Portland, Victoria | Indoor static display. |
| " | 186 | Tramway Museum, St Kilda | Operational, in regular service. |
| D | 156 | Canberra Tradesmen's Union Club ("The Tradies"), Dickson ACT | Located indoors, used as a space for clientele to relax. |
| D | 192 | Tramway Museum, St Kilda | Formerly Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board tram 130 (see Type D section of this article). Operational, in regular service. |
| E | 118 | Tramway Museum, St Kilda | Converted back from a Type E1. Operational, in regular service. |
| E1 | 111 | Tramway Museum, St Kilda | Operational, in regular service. |
| F, F1 | 244, 264, 282 | Tramway Museum, St Kilda | Type F1 numbers 264 and 282 are operational, in regular service. Type F 244 is in storage indoors. |
| G | 303 | Tramway Museum, St Kilda | Operational, in regular service. |
| " | 301,302, 304 | Bendigo Tramways, Victoria | 302 is operational, in regular service. 301 and 304 are in storage (as nos 30 and 28). |
| H | 351, 352 | Tramway Museum, St Kilda | As of May 2023, 352 had re-entered service and 351 was being refurbished. |
| " | 357 | Sydney Tramway Museum, Loftus, NSW | Stored outdoors in Canberra. Not publicly accessible. |
| " | 358 | Sydney Tramway Museum | Operational, in regular service. |
| " | 360, 362, 364, 365 | Tramway Museum, St Kilda | 360 and 365 are operational, in regular service. 362 and 364 are on static display indoors. |
| " | 368 | Tramway Museum Society of Victoria, Bylands, Victoria | Stored. Not publicly accessible. |
| " | 369 | Bendigo Tramways | Operational. About once a month, runs as the "Blues Tram", organised and staged by Bendigo Blues & Roots Music Festival. |
| " | 371, 372 | Perth Electric Tramway Society, Whiteman Park, Perth | Operational, in regular service. |
| " | 373 | Tramway Museum Society of Victoria, Bylands, Victoria | In operational condition; awaiting re-accreditation. |
| " | 374 | Old Tailem Town pioneer village, near Tailem Bend, SA | Outdoor static display. |
| " | 378 | Tramway Museum, St Kilda | Former restaurant tram. Indoor static display. |
| H1 | 381 | Tramway Museum, St Kilda | Operational. |
Links to articles about Adelaide tramways, from the horse tram era to the contemporary era of tramways revival, are accessible in the panel at the beginning of this article: click to open it.