# List of parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place between 1973 and 1982. The Convention was opened for signature on 10 December 1982 and entered into force on 16 November 1994 upon deposition of the 60th instrument of ratification.
The Convention has been ratified by 170 parties, which includes 169 states (166 United Nations member states plus the UN Observer state Palestine and non-member states the Cook Islands and Niue) and the European Union. An additional 14 UN member states have signed, but not ratified the Convention.
Subsequently, the "Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea" was signed in 1994, effectively amending the original Convention. The Agreement has been ratified by 152 parties (all of which are parties to the Convention), which includes 151 states (148 United Nations member states plus the UN Observer state Palestine, as well as the Cook Islands and Niue) and the European Union. An additional three UN member states (Egypt, Sudan, USA) have signed, but not ratified the Agreement.
As per Article 4 of the Agreement, following adoption of the Agreement any state which ratifies the Convention also becomes a party to the Agreement. Additionally, only states which have previously established or establishes at the same time its consent to be bound by the Convention can become parties to the Agreement.

## List of parties

States with a dagger (†) are landlocked states.
| State | Convention | Convention | Convention | Agreement | Agreement | Agreement |
| State | Signed | Deposited | Method | Signed | Deposited | Method |
| Albania | | Jun 23, 2003 | Accession | | Jun 23, 2003 | Accession |
| Algeria | Dec 10, 1982 | Jun 11, 1996 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jun 11, 1996 | Ratification |
| Angola | Dec 10, 1982 | Dec 5, 1990 | Ratification | | Sep 7, 2010 | Accession |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Feb 7, 1983 | Feb 2, 1989 | Ratification | | May 3, 2016 | Accession |
| Argentina | Oct 5, 1984 | Dec 1, 1995 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Dec 1, 1995 | Ratification |
| Armenia † | | Dec 9, 2002 | Accession | | Dec 9, 2002 | Accession |
| Australia | Dec 10, 1982 | Oct 5, 1994 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Oct 5, 1994 | Ratification |
| Austria † | Dec 10, 1982 | Jul 14, 1995 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jul 14, 1995 | Ratification |
| Azerbaijan † | | Jun 16, 2016 | Accession | | Jun 16, 2016 | Accession |
| Bahamas | Dec 10, 1982 | Jul 29, 1983 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jul 28, 1995 | Ratification |
| Bahrain | Dec 10, 1982 | May 30, 1985 | Ratification | | | |
| Bangladesh | Dec 10, 1982 | Jul 27, 2001 | Ratification | | Jul 27, 2001 | Accession |
| Barbados | Dec 10, 1982 | Oct 12, 1993 | Ratification | Nov 15, 1994 | Jul 28, 1995 | Ratification |
| Belarus † | Dec 10, 1982 | Aug 30, 2006 | Ratification | | Aug 30, 2006 | Accession |
| Belgium | Dec 5, 1984 | Nov 13, 1998 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Nov 13, 1998 | Ratification |
| Belize | Dec 10, 1982 | Aug 13, 1983 | Ratification | | Oct 21, 1994 | Accession |
| Benin | Aug 30, 1983 | Oct 16, 1997 | Ratification | | Oct 16, 1997 | Accession |
| Bolivia † | Nov 27, 1984 | Apr 28, 1995 | Ratification | | Apr 28, 1995 | Accession |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | | Jan 12, 1994 | Succession from Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | | May 26, 2021 | Accession |
| Botswana † | Dec 5, 1984 | May 2, 1990 | Ratification | | Jan 31, 2005 | Accession |
| Brazil | Dec 10, 1982 | Dec 22, 1988 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Oct 25, 2007 | Ratification |
| Brunei | Dec 5, 1984 | Nov 5, 1996 | Ratification | | Nov 5, 1996 | Accession |
| Bulgaria | Dec 10, 1982 | May 15, 1996 | Ratification | | May 15, 1996 | Accession |
| Burkina Faso | Dec 10, 1982 | Jan 25, 2005 | Ratification | Nov 30, 1994 | Jan 25, 2005 | Ratification |
| Cabo Verde | Dec 10, 1982 | Aug 10, 1987 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Apr 23, 2008 | Ratification |
| Cameroon | Dec 10, 1982 | Nov 19, 1985 | Ratification | May 24, 1995 | Aug 28, 2002 | Ratification |
| Canada | Dec 10, 1982 | Nov 7, 2003 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Nov 7, 2003 | Ratification |
| Chad † | Dec 10, 1982 | Aug 14, 2009 | Ratification | | Aug 14, 2009 | Accession |
| Chile | Dec 10, 1982 | Aug 25, 1997 | Ratification | | Aug 25, 1997 | Accession |
| China | Dec 10, 1982 | Jun 7, 1996 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jun 7, 1996 | Ratification |
| Comoros | Dec 6, 1984 | Jun 21, 1994 | Ratification | | | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | Aug 22, 1983 | Feb 17, 1989 | Ratification | | | |
| Republic of the Congo | Dec 10, 1982 | Jul 9, 2008 | Ratification | | Jul 9, 2008 | Accession |
| Cook Islands | Dec 10, 1982 | Feb 15, 1995 | Ratification | | Feb 15, 1995 | Accession |
| Costa Rica | Dec 10, 1982 | Sep 21, 1992 | Ratification | | Sep 20, 2001 | Accession |
| Côte d'Ivoire | Dec 10, 1982 | Mar 26, 1984 | Ratification | Nov 25, 1994 | Jul 28, 1995 | Ratification |
| Croatia | | Apr 5, 1995 | Succession from Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | | Apr 5, 1995 | Accession |
| Cuba | Dec 10, 1982 | Aug 15, 1984 | Ratification | | Oct 17, 2002 | Accession |
| Cyprus | Dec 10, 1982 | Dec 12, 1988 | Ratification | Nov 1, 1994 | Jul 27, 1995 | Ratification |
| Czech Republic † | Feb 22, 1993 | Jun 21, 1996 | Ratification Succession to the signature of Czechoslovakia † | Nov 16, 1994 | Jun 21, 1996 | Ratification |
| Denmark | Dec 10, 1982 | Nov 16, 2004 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Nov 16, 2004 | Ratification |
| Djibouti | Dec 10, 1982 | Oct 8, 1991 | Ratification | | | |
| Dominica | Mar 28, 1983 | Oct 24, 1991 | Ratification | | | |
| Dominican Republic | Dec 10, 1982 | Jul 10, 2009 | Ratification | | Jul 10, 2009 | Accession |
| Ecuador | | Sep 24, 2012 | Accession | | Sep 24, 2012 | Accession |
| Egypt | Dec 10, 1982 | Aug 26, 1983 | Ratification | Mar 22, 1995 | | |
| Equatorial Guinea | Jan 30, 1984 | Jul 21, 1997 | Ratification | | Jul 21, 1997 | Accession |
| Estonia | | Aug 26, 2005 | Accession | | Aug 26, 2005 | Accession |
| Eswatini † | Jan 18, 1984 | Sep 24, 2012 | Ratification | Oct 12, 1994 | Sep 24, 2012 | Ratification |
| European Union | Dec 7, 1984 | Apr 1, 1998 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Apr 1, 1998 | Ratification |
| Fiji | Dec 10, 1982 | Dec 10, 1982 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jul 28, 1995 | Ratification |
| Finland | Dec 10, 1982 | Jun 21, 1996 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jun 21, 1996 | Ratification |
| France | Dec 10, 1982 | Apr 11, 1996 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Apr 11, 1996 | Ratification |
| Gabon | Dec 10, 1982 | Mar 11, 1998 | Ratification | Apr 4, 1995 | Mar 11, 1998 | Ratification |
| Gambia | Dec 10, 1982 | May 22, 1984 | Ratification | | | |
| Georgia | | Mar 21, 1996 | Accession | | Mar 21, 1996 | Accession |
| Germany | | Oct 14, 1994 | Accession | Jul 29, 1994 | Oct 14, 1994 | Ratification |
| Ghana | Dec 10, 1982 | Jun 7, 1983 | Ratification | | Sep 23, 2016 | Accession |
| Greece | Dec 10, 1982 | Jul 21, 1995 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jul 21, 1995 | Ratification |
| Grenada | Dec 10, 1982 | Apr 25, 1991 | Ratification | Nov 14, 1994 | Jul 28, 1995 | Ratification |
| Guatemala | Jul 8, 1983 | Feb 11, 1997 | Ratification | | Feb 11, 1997 | Accession |
| Guinea | Oct 4, 1984 | Sep 6, 1985 | Ratification | Aug 26, 1994 | Jul 28, 1995 | Ratification |
| Guinea-Bissau | Dec 10, 1982 | Aug 25, 1986 | Ratification | | | |
| Guyana | Dec 10, 1982 | Nov 16, 1993 | Ratification | | Sep 25, 2008 | Accession |
| Haiti | Dec 10, 1982 | Jul 31, 1996 | Ratification | | Jul 31, 1996 | Accession |
| Honduras | Dec 10, 1982 | Oct 5, 1993 | Ratification | | Jul 28, 2003 | Accession |
| Hungary † | Dec 10, 1982 | Feb 5, 2002 | Ratification | | Feb 5, 2002 | Accession |
| Iceland | Dec 10, 1982 | Jun 21, 1985 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jul 28, 1995 | Ratification |
| India | Dec 10, 1982 | Jun 29, 1995 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jun 29, 1995 | Ratification |
| Indonesia | Dec 10, 1982 | Feb 3, 1986 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jun 2, 2000 | Ratification |
| Iraq | Dec 10, 1982 | Jul 30, 1985 | Ratification | | | |
| Ireland | Dec 10, 1982 | Jun 21, 1996 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jun 21, 1996 | Ratification |
| Italy | Dec 7, 1984 | Jan 13, 1995 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jan 13, 1995 | Ratification |
| Jamaica | Dec 10, 1982 | Mar 21, 1983 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jul 28, 1995 | Ratification |
| Japan | Feb 7, 1983 | Jun 20, 1996 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jun 20, 1996 | Ratification |
| Jordan | | Nov 27, 1995 | Accession | | Nov 27, 1995 | Accession |
| Kenya | Dec 10, 1982 | Mar 2, 1989 | Ratification | | Jul 29, 1994 | Accession |
| Kiribati | | Feb 24, 2003 | Accession | | Feb 24, 2003 | Accession |
| South Korea | Mar 14, 1983 | Jan 29, 1996 | Ratification | Nov 7, 1994 | Jan 29, 1996 | Ratification |
| Kuwait | Dec 10, 1982 | May 2, 1986 | Ratification | | Aug 2, 2002 | Accession |
| Laos † | Dec 10, 1982 | Jun 5, 1998 | Ratification | Oct 27, 1994 | Jun 5, 1998 | Ratification |
| Latvia | | Dec 23, 2004 | Accession | | Dec 23, 2004 | Accession |
| Lebanon | Dec 7, 1984 | Jan 5, 1995 | Ratification | | Jan 5, 1995 | Accession |
| Lesotho † | Dec 10, 1982 | May 31, 2007 | Ratification | | May 31, 2007 | Accession |
| Liberia | Dec 10, 1982 | Sep 25, 2008 | Ratification | | Sep 25, 2008 | Accession |
| Lithuania | | Nov 12, 2003 | Accession | | Nov 12, 2003 | Accession |
| Luxembourg † | Dec 5, 1984 | Oct 5, 2000 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Oct 5, 2000 | Ratification |
| Madagascar | Feb 25, 1983 | Aug 22, 2001 | Ratification | | Aug 22, 2001 | Accession |
| Malawi † | Dec 7, 1984 | Sep 28, 2010 | Ratification | | Sep 28, 2010 | Accession |
| Malaysia | Dec 10, 1982 | Oct 14, 1996 | Ratification | Aug 2, 1994 | Oct 14, 1996 | Ratification |
| Maldives | Dec 10, 1982 | Sep 7, 2000 | Ratification | Oct 10, 1994 | Sep 7, 2000 | Ratification |
| Mali † | Oct 19, 1983 | Jul 16, 1985 | Ratification | | | |
| Malta | Dec 10, 1982 | May 20, 1993 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jun 26, 1996 | Ratification |
| Marshall Islands | | Aug 9, 1991 | Accession | | | |
| Mauritania | Dec 10, 1982 | Jul 17, 1996 | Ratification | Aug 2, 1994 | Jul 17, 1996 | Ratification |
| Mauritius | Dec 10, 1982 | Nov 4, 1994 | Ratification | | Nov 4, 1994 | Accession |
| Mexico | Dec 10, 1982 | Mar 18, 1983 | Ratification | | Apr 10, 2003 | Accession |
| Micronesia | | Apr 29, 1991 | Accession | Aug 10, 1994 | Sep 6, 1995 | Ratification |
| Moldova † | | Feb 6, 2007 | Accession | | Feb 6, 2007 | Accession |
| Monaco | Dec 10, 1982 | Mar 20, 1996 | Ratification | Nov 30, 1994 | Mar 20, 1996 | Ratification |
| Mongolia † | Dec 10, 1982 | Aug 13, 1996 | Ratification | Aug 17, 1994 | Aug 13, 1996 | Ratification |
| Montenegro | | Oct 23, 2006 | Succession from Serbia and Montenegro | | Oct 23, 2006 | Succession from Serbia and Montenegro |
| Morocco | Dec 10, 1982 | May 31, 2007 | Ratification | Oct 19, 1994 | May 31, 2007 | Ratification |
| Mozambique | Dec 10, 1982 | Mar 13, 1997 | Ratification | | Mar 13, 1997 | Accession |
| Myanmar | Dec 10, 1982 | May 21, 1996 | Ratification | | May 21, 1996 | Accession |
| Namibia | Dec 10, 1982 | Apr 18, 1983 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jul 28, 1995 | Ratification |
| Nauru | Dec 10, 1982 | Jan 23, 1996 | Ratification | | Jan 23, 1996 | Accession |
| Nepal † | Dec 10, 1982 | Nov 2, 1998 | Ratification | | Nov 2, 1998 | Accession |
| Netherlands | Dec 10, 1982 | Jun 28, 1996 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jun 28, 1996 | Ratification |
| New Zealand | Dec 10, 1982 | Jul 19, 1996 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jul 19, 1996 | Ratification |
| Nicaragua | Dec 9, 1984 | May 3, 2000 | Ratification | | May 3, 2000 | Accession |
| Niger † | Dec 10, 1982 | Aug 7, 2013 | Ratification | | Aug 7, 2013 | Accession |
| Nigeria | Dec 10, 1982 | Aug 14, 1986 | Ratification | Oct 25, 1994 | Jul 28, 1995 | Ratification |
| Niue | Dec 5, 1984 | Oct 11, 2006 | Ratification | | Oct 11, 2006 | Accession |
| North Macedonia † | | Aug 19, 1994 | Succession from Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | | Aug 19, 1994 | Accession |
| Norway | Dec 10, 1982 | Jun 24, 1996 | Ratification | | Jun 24, 1996 | Accession |
| Oman | Jul 1, 1983 | Aug 17, 1989 | Ratification | | Feb 26, 1997 | Accession |
| Pakistan | Dec 10, 1982 | Feb 26, 1997 | Ratification | Aug 10, 1994 | Feb 26, 1997 | Ratification |
| Palau | | Sep 30, 1996 | Accession | | Sep 30, 1996 | Accession |
| Palestine | | Jan 2, 2015 | Accession | | Jan 2, 2015 | Accession |
| Panama | Dec 10, 1982 | Jul 1, 1996 | Ratification | | Jul 1, 1996 | Accession |
| Papua New Guinea | Dec 10, 1982 | Jan 14, 1997 | Ratification | | Jan 14, 1997 | Accession |
| Paraguay † | Dec 10, 1982 | Sep 26, 1986 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jul 10, 1995 | Ratification |
| Philippines | Dec 10, 1982 | May 8, 1984 | Ratification | Nov 15, 1994 | Jul 23, 1997 | Ratification |
| Poland | Dec 10, 1982 | Nov 13, 1998 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Nov 13, 1998 | Ratification |
| Portugal | Dec 10, 1982 | Nov 3, 1997 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Nov 3, 1997 | Ratification |
| Qatar | Nov 27, 1984 | Dec 9, 2002 | Ratification | | Dec 9, 2002 | Accession |
| Romania | Dec 10, 1982 | Dec 17, 1996 | Ratification | | Dec 17, 1996 | Accession |
| Russia | Dec 10, 1982 | Mar 12, 1997 | Ratification | | Mar 12, 1997 | Accession |
| Rwanda † | Dec 10, 1982 | May 18, 2023 | Ratification | | May 18, 2023 | Accession |
| Samoa | Sep 28, 1984 | Aug 14, 1995 | Ratification | Jul 7, 1995 | Aug 14, 1995 | Ratification |
| San Marino † | | Jul 19, 2024 | Accession | | | |
| Sao Tome and Principe | Jul 13, 1983 | Nov 3, 1987 | Ratification | | | |
| Saudi Arabia | Dec 7, 1984 | Apr 24, 1996 | Ratification | | Apr 24, 1996 | Accession |
| Senegal | Dec 10, 1982 | Oct 25, 1984 | Ratification | Aug 9, 1994 | Jul 25, 1995 | Ratification |
| Serbia † | | Mar 12, 2001 | Succession as Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | May 12, 1995 | Jul 28, 1995 | Ratification |
| Seychelles | Dec 10, 1982 | Sep 16, 1991 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Dec 15, 1994 | Ratification |
| Sierra Leone | Dec 10, 1982 | Dec 12, 1994 | Ratification | | Dec 12, 1994 | Accession |
| Singapore | Dec 10, 1982 | Nov 17, 1994 | Ratification | | Nov 17, 1994 | Accession |
| Slovakia † | May 28, 1993 | May 8, 1996 | Ratification Succession to the signature of Czechoslovakia † | Nov 14, 1994 | May 8, 1996 | Ratification |
| Slovenia | | Jun 16, 1995 | Succession from Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Jan 19, 1995 | Jun 16, 1995 | Ratification |
| Solomon Islands | Dec 10, 1982 | Jun 23, 1997 | Ratification | | Jun 23, 1997 | Accession |
| Somalia | Dec 10, 1982 | Jul 24, 1989 | Ratification | | | |
| South Africa | Dec 5, 1984 | Dec 23, 1997 | Ratification | Oct 3, 1994 | Dec 23, 1997 | Ratification |
| Spain | Dec 4, 1984 | Jan 15, 1997 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jan 15, 1997 | Ratification |
| Sri Lanka | Dec 10, 1982 | Jul 19, 1994 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jul 28, 1995 | Ratification |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | Dec 7, 1984 | Jan 7, 1993 | Ratification | | | |
| St. Lucia | Dec 10, 1982 | Mar 27, 1985 | Ratification | | | |
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | Dec 10, 1982 | Oct 1, 1993 | Ratification | | | |
| Sudan | Dec 10, 1982 | Jan 23, 1985 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | | |
| Suriname | Dec 10, 1982 | Jul 9, 1998 | Ratification | | Jul 9, 1998 | Accession |
| Sweden | Dec 10, 1982 | Jun 25, 1996 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Jun 25, 1996 | Ratification |
| Switzerland † | Oct 17, 1984 | May 1, 2009 | Ratification | Oct 26, 1994 | May 1, 2009 | Ratification |
| Tanzania | Dec 10, 1982 | Sep 30, 1985 | Ratification | Oct 7, 1994 | Jun 25, 1998 | Ratification |
| Thailand | Dec 10, 1982 | May 15, 2011 | Ratification | | May 15, 2011 | Accession |
| Timor-Leste | | Jan 8, 2013 | Accession | | Jan 8, 2013 | Accession |
| Togo | Dec 10, 1982 | Apr 16, 1985 | Ratification | Aug 3, 1994 | Jul 28, 1995 | Ratification |
| Tonga | | Aug 2, 1995 | Accession | | Aug 2, 1995 | Accession |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Dec 10, 1982 | Apr 25, 1986 | Ratification | Oct 10, 1994 | Jul 28, 1995 | Ratification |
| Tunisia | Dec 10, 1982 | Apr 24, 1985 | Ratification | May 15, 1995 | May 24, 2002 | Ratification |
| Tuvalu | Dec 10, 1982 | Dec 9, 2002 | Ratification | | Dec 9, 2002 | Accession |
| Uganda † | Dec 10, 1982 | Nov 9, 1990 | Ratification | Aug 9, 1994 | Jul 28, 1995 | Ratification |
| Ukraine | Dec 10, 1982 | Jul 26, 1999 | Ratification | Feb 28, 1995 | Jul 26, 1999 | Ratification |
| United Kingdom | | Jul 25, 1997 | Accession | Jul 29, 1994 | Jul 25, 1997 | Ratification |
| Uruguay | Dec 10, 1982 | Dec 10, 1992 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Aug 7, 2007 | Ratification |
| Vanuatu | Dec 10, 1982 | Aug 10, 1999 | Ratification | Jul 29, 1994 | Aug 10, 1999 | Ratification |
| Vietnam | Dec 10, 1982 | Jul 25, 1994 | Ratification | | Apr 27, 2006 | Accession |
| Yemen | Dec 10, 1982 | Jul 21, 1987 | Ratification as the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. Also signed by the Yemen Arab Republic on Dec. 10 1982 prior to Yemeni unification. | | Oct 13, 2014 | Accession |
| Zambia † | Dec 10, 1982 | Mar 7, 1983 | Ratification | Oct 13, 1994 | Jul 28, 1995 | Ratification |
| Zimbabwe † | Dec 10, 1982 | Feb 24, 1993 | Ratification | Oct 28, 1994 | Jul 28, 1995 | Ratification |

## Signatories

An additional 13 UN member states have signed the Convention but have not ratified it. One UN member state has signed the Agreement but has not ratified it. Therefore, none of these States are currently parties to either the Convention or the Agreement.
| State | Signed Convention | Signed Agreement |
| Afghanistan † | Mar 18, 1983 | |
| Bhutan † | Dec 10, 1982 | |
| Burundi † | Dec 10, 1982 | |
| Cambodia | Jul 1, 1983 | |
| Central African Republic † | Dec 4, 1984 | |
| Colombia | Dec 10, 1982 | |
| El Salvador | Dec 5, 1984 | |
| Ethiopia † | Dec 10, 1982 | |
| Iran | Dec 10, 1982 | |
| North Korea | Dec 10, 1982 | |
| Libya | Dec 3, 1984 | |
| Liechtenstein † | Nov 30, 1984 | |
| United Arab Emirates | Dec 10, 1982 | |
| United States | | Jul 29, 1994 |

## Other states

There are 14 United Nations member and observer states which have neither signed nor acceded either the Convention or the Agreement:
* Andorra †
* Eritrea
* Israel
* Kazakhstan †
* Kyrgyzstan †
* Peru
* South Sudan †
* Syria
* Tajikistan †
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan †
* Uzbekistan †
* Holy See †
* Venezuela

## United States position

Although the United States helped shape the Convention and its subsequent revisions, and though it signed the 1994 Agreement, it has not signed the Convention as it objected - among other things - to Part XI of the Convention.
In 1983 President Ronald Reagan, through Proclamation No. 5030, claimed a 200-mile exclusive economic zone. In December 1988 President Reagan, through Proclamation No. 5928, extended U.S. territorial waters from three nautical miles to twelve nautical miles for national security purposes. However a legal opinion from the Justice Department questioned the President's constitutional authority to extend sovereignty as Congress has the power to make laws concerning the territory belonging to the United States under the U.S. Constitution. In any event, Congress needs to make laws defining if the extended waters, including oil and mineral rights, are under state or federal control.
On 16 July 2012, the U.S. Senate had 34 Republican Senators who indicated their intention to vote against ratification of the Convention if it came to a vote. Since at least two-thirds of the 100 member Senate (at least 67 Senators) are required to ratify a treaty, consideration of the Convention was deferred again.
Some American commentators, including former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, have warned that ratification of the Convention might create a precedent with regard to resources of outer space.