OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Uummarmiutun

Uummarmiutun (Inupiaq:), Uummaġmiutun or Canadian Iñupiaq is the variant of Iñupiaq (or Inuvialuktun) spoken by the Uummarmiut, part of the Inuvialuit, who live mainly in the communities of Inuvik and Aklavik in the Northwest Territories of Canada.
This dialect is essentially the same as that spoken by the Inupiat of Alaska, and is present in Canada because of migration from Alaska in the 1910s, reoccupying traditionally Siglit Inuit lands abandoned during the devastating disease outbreaks of the previous century.
Because Inuvik and Aklavik are ethnically mixed communities where English is the near-exclusive language of communication, few young people speak Uummarmiutun and the language is very endangered.
It is one of the three dialects – Kangiryuarmiutun and Siglitun are the other two – of the Inuit language grouped together under the label Inuvialuktun.

## Phonology

Uummartmiutun has thirty-one phonemes, six of which are vowels, three short and three long, five of which are diphthongs, the rest being consonants:
* Vowels: /a, i, u, aː, iː, uː, ai, ui, iu, ua, ia/
* Consonants: /p, t, k, g, q, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, f, v, ʁ, h, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, j, r, l, ɫ, j/

## Vocabulary comparison

A comparison of some animal names in the two dialects of Iñupiatun.
The similarity in names is sometimes obscured by the different spelling conventions used in Alaska and Canada.
| Alaskan Iñupiaq | Canadian Iñupiaq | meaning |
| Uummaġmiutun | Uummarmiutun | Uummarmiut dialect |
| siksrik | hikr̂ik/sikr̂ik | ground squirrel |
| qugruk | qugr̂uk | tundra swan |
| aaġlu | arlu | killer whale |
| amaġuq | amaruq | gray wolf |
| isuŋŋaġluk | ihun’ngaq | Pomarine jaeger |
| kaŋuq | kanguq | snow goose |
| qunŋiq | qun’ngiq | reindeer |
| tiġiganniaq | tiriganiaq | Arctic fox |
| umiŋmak | umingmak | muskox |
* ↑ The name reindeer for semi-domesticated subspecies (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). The wild subspecies (Porcupine tuttu).
# Maniilaq

Maniiḷaq (English: /məˈniːlək/; Inupiaq:) is a figure of Iñupiat legend and history. He lived in the 19th century before colonialists arrived in his area of northwest Alaska. He lived as a hunter and a healer in northwest Alaska. Various stories about him include that he heard voices predicting that people would come to Alaska, that he had prophetic visions of boats that were propelled by fire or that flew in the air, and that he heard voices from a higher power who he said identified as abba. Some also say that Maniiḷaq rested every seventh day. Other prophecies attributed to Maniiḷaq include the prophecy that the village of Ambler, Alaska would one day become a large metropolis, and that a whale would swim upriver and appear at Ambler. It is said that Maniiḷaq practiced traditional medicine, and also that he resisted the dominant cultural order of shamanism. He is an important figure in Northwest Alaska Christian communities. The most distant future event he predicted was a day that was split in two, which is probably a reference to the Solar eclipse of July 1, 2057.
Maniiḷaq is also used as the symbol for a tribally-operated health and social services organization based in Kotzebue, Alaska. Maniilaq Association runs the Maniiḷaq Health Center in Kotzebue, which includes a hospital, clinic, and public health services, as well as clinics in 11 outlying arctic villages, including Ambler, Buckland, Deering, Kiana, Kivalina, Kobuk, Noatak, Noorvik, Selawik, Shungnak and Pt. Hope. These clinics are staffed by trained Community Health Aides.
# WorldPop Project

WorldPop is a research programme based in the School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton. The programme employs a multidisciplinary team of researchers, analysts, GIS technicians, and project specialists who construct open data on populations and population attributes at high spatial resolution. Created from a combination of The AfriPop Project, AmeriPop, and AsiaPop projects in 2013, WorldPop engages in geospatial demographic projects with governments and institutions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as well as collaborations with partner organisations, such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, United Nations agencies, the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, commercial data providers and other international development organisations. The programme provides training in population modelling to ministries of health and national statistical offices in LMICs and works with them to support health and demographic surveys to achieve Sustainable Development Goals

## Areas of interest

* Demography
* Geographic information system data
* Satellite imagery
* Remote sensing
* Effects of Non-pharmaceutical intervention (epidemiology) on COVID-19
* Geospatial predictive modeling

## Population estimation

WorldPop develops statistical population modelling methods to produce gridded population estimates that support census activities. The programme develops new methods for data synthesis that use demographic and health surveys, census, satellite imagery, cell phone and other data to create consistent gridded outputs and map detailed population densities.
A case study evaluating several geospatial datasets against the 'gold-standard' census data for Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea found that while the WorldPop Constrained dataset for the area matched best at lower population densities, WorldPop Unconstrained data performed poorly at all densities.

### Population of Papua New Guinea

Although the government of Papua New Guinea had estimated the country's population at 9.4 million, unpublished findings of a population estimation study funded by the United Nations Population Fund and conducted by WorldPop in November 2022 suggested the true population was close to 17 million. This estimate was reviewed and amended to less than 11 million and the methodology used to calculate this figure was published in July 2023.

## WorldPop Database

Outputs from WorldPop research contribute to a spatial database of linked information on contemporary census data, satellite-imagery-derived settlement maps, and land cover information. The resultant API, datasets, methods, and maps are available under Creative Commons license on the project's websites. Through collaboration with Esri, gridded population datasets produced by WorldPop are also available in the ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World
# Collapsing manifold

In Riemannian geometry, a collapsing or collapsed manifold is an n-dimensional manifold M that admits a sequence of Riemannian metrics g$_i$, such that as i goes to infinity the manifold is close to a k-dimensional space, where k < n, in the Gromov–Hausdorff distance sense. Generally there are some restrictions on the sectional curvatures of (M, g$_i$). The simplest example is a flat manifold, whose metric can be rescaled by 1/i, so that the manifold is close to a point, but its curvature remains 0 for all i.

## Examples

Generally speaking there are two types of collapsing:
(1) The first type is a collapse while keeping the curvature uniformly bounded, say $|\sec(M_{i})|\leq 1$.
Let $M_{i}$ be a sequence of $n$ dimensional Riemannian manifolds, where $\sec(M_{i})$ denotes the sectional curvature of the ith manifold. There is a theorem proved by Jeff Cheeger, Kenji Fukaya and Mikhail Gromov, which states that: There exists a constant $\varepsilon (n)$ such that if $|\sec(M_{i})|\leq 1$ and ${\rm {Inj}}(M_{i})<\varepsilon (n)$, then $M_{i}$ admits an N-structure, with ${\rm {Inj}}(M)$ denoting the injectivity radius of the manifold M. Roughly speaking the N-structure is a locally action of a nilmanifold, which is a generalization of an F-structure, introduced by Cheeger and Gromov. This theorem generalized previous theorems of Cheeger-Gromov and Fukaya where they only deal with the torus action and bounded diameter cases respectively.
(2) The second type is the collapsing while keeping only the lower bound of curvature, say $\sec(M_{i})\geq -1$.
This is closely related to the so-called almost nonnegatively curved manifold case which generalizes non-negatively curved manifolds as well as almost flat manifolds. A manifold is said to be almost nonnegatively curved if it admits a sequence of metrics $g_{i}$, such that $\sec(M,g_{i})\geq -1/n$ and ${\rm {diam}}(M,g_{i})\leq 1/n$. The role that an almost nonnegatively curved manifold plays in this collapsing case when curvature is bounded below is the same as an almost flat manifold plays in the curvature bounded case.
When curvature is bounded only from below, the limit space called $X$ is an Alexandrov space. Yamaguchi proved that on the regular part of the limit space, there is a locally trivial fibration form $M_{i}^{n}$ to $X$ when $i$ is sufficiently large, the fiber is an almost nonnegatively curved manifold. Here the regular means the $(\delta ,n)$-strainer radius is uniformly bounded from below by a positive number, or roughly speaking, the space locally closed to the Euclidean space.
What happens at a singular point of $X$? There is no answer to this question in general. But on dimension 3, Shioya and Yamaguchi give a full classification of this type collapsed manifold. They proved that there exists a $\varepsilon (n)$ and $\delta (n)$ such that if a 3-dimensional manifold $M$ satisfies ${\rm {Vol}}(M)<\varepsilon (n)$ then one of the following is true: (i) M is a graph manifold or (ii) $M$ has diameter less than $\delta (n)$ and has finite fundamental group.
# De Lancey's Brigade

De Lancey's Brigade, also known as De Lancey's Volunteers, De Lancey's Corps, De Lancey's Provincial Corps, De Lancey's Refugees, and the "Cowboys" or "Cow-boys", was a Loyalist British provincial military unit, raised for service during the American War of Independence. Its commanders were Brigadier General Oliver De Lancey and his nephew James De Lancey.

## History

De Lancey's Brigade was raised in September 1776 on Long Island, New York, after the Patriot forces had lost the Battle of Brooklyn during the British New York Campaign. The Brigade consisted of three battalions of five hundred men each, with De Lancey serving both as brigadier general and colonel of the 1st Battalion.
In the winter of 1776–1777, De Lancey's three battalions were stationed (one each) at Oyster Bay, Huntington, Brookhaven, Long Island, and Kingsbridge, Bronx. In May 1777, the 1st and 2nd Battalions moved to the Kingsbridge area, north of Manhattan. The following month, the 1st returned to Long Island, while the 2nd remained at Kingsbridge. In the spring of 1778, the forts that had been erected at Huntington and Brookhaven were abandoned, and the 1st and 3rd Battalions removed to encamp near New Town.
Brigadier General Oliver De Lancy conducted regular operations in the region north of New York City, in Westchester County, New York, between Morrisania and the Croton Rivers, which was known as the "Neutral Ground". Lawlessness and guerrilla warfare were carried out by De Lancey's "Cowboys" and their compatriots, the New Jersey Volunteers, known by their nickname, the "Skinners." Both were British loyalist marauders who stole cattle, looted, and gathered military intelligence in the New York countryside.
In November 1778, although the Brigade had originally been formed "for the defense of Long Island", the 1st and 2nd Battalions were ordered South, where they served under Lt. Col. Archibald Campbell. The 1st and 2nd Battalions fought successfully in the Siege of Ninety-Six and at the Battle of Eutaw Springs and other battles in the Carolinas. The 3rd Battalion remained on Long Island for the entire war, as did De Lancey himself.
The entire brigade was disbanded in Woodstock, New Brunswick in 1783. Many of the regiment settled in Nova Scotia after the war. A detachment of the 2nd regiment was shipwrecked off the coast of Nova Scotia on 27 April 1783, killing 99 of 174 on board.
# Zamburak

Zamburak (Persian: زنبورک, romanized: zanburak, lit. 'culverin', lit. 'little wasp'), was a specialized form of self-propelled artillery from the early modern period featuring small swivel guns mounted on and fired from camels. Its operator was known as a zamburakchi. It was used by the gunpowder empires, especially Safavid Iran, the Timurid Empire, and Afsharid Iran, due to the ruggedness of the Iranian plateau, which made typical transportation of heavy cannons difficult.
The zamburak became a popular mode of warfare in the 18th century in the Indian subcontinent. The Pashtuns used it in the Battle of Gulnabad, routing a numerically superior imperial Safavid army. It was also used successfully in the campaigns of Nader Shah when the shah and military genius Nader Shah utilized a zamburak corps in conjunction with a regular corps of conventional cannon to devastating effect in numerous battles, such as at the Battle of Damghan (1729), the Battle of Yeghevārd, and the Battle of Karnal. A large number of zamburaks were also successfully employed by Ahmad Shah Durrani during his raid in the North Indian plain in the Third Battle of Panipat against the Maratha Confederacy.

## Use

Zamburaks were one of the royal guard units in the Qajar Army. A Persian zamburak regiment was accompanied by musicians with huge camel-mounted drums, to further intimidate the enemy. Zamburaks were also used during the First Anglo-Afghan War and the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars.
By the eighteenth century, usage of Zamburak became popular in the Indian subcontinent as well. In 1761, the Durrani conqueror, Ahmed Shah Durrani (also Ahmed Shah Abdali) used around 2000 camel guns in a battle against the Marathas, which proved to be a decisive factor in routing the Maratha forces near Panipat.
A zamburak consisted of a soldier on a camel with a mounted swivel gun (a small falconet) hinged on a metal fork-rest protruding from the camel's saddle. To fire it, the camel was put on its knees. The name is derived from the Persian word for wasp zambur (زنبور), possibly in reference to the sound earlier camel-mounted crossbows made. The camel's mobility combined with the swivel gun's flexibility and heavy firepower made an intimidating military unit, although the cannon's accuracy and range were rather low. The light cannon was also not particularly useful against heavy fortifications.
The Dzungar Khanate used camel-mounted miniature cannons in battle.$^{:89}$ Gunpowder weapons like guns and cannons were used by both sides during the Dzungar–Qing Wars.$^{:95}$
After their invention in 1861, Gatling guns were mounted on camels as well.
# Indiana Memorial Union

The Indiana Memorial Union (IMU) is a student union building at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana United States. It is located at 900 E 7th Street, facing the Campus River and the Dunn Meadow.
The Indiana Memorial Union was dedicated on June 13, 1932. At nearly 500,000 square feet (46,000 m$^2$), it is one of the world's largest student unions. The IMU contains a hotel, restaurants, a bookstore, a bowling alley, an electronics store and gathering spaces for lecturers, meetings, conferences and performances. The building also houses IU's student government offices within the Student Activities Tower, where as many as 50 campus organizations conduct regular meetings.
Initial construction of the building took place from 1931 to 1932, and was designed by the firm Granger and Bollenbacher. The Biddle Hotel and Conference Center was added in 1960. The wing contains 189 guest rooms and over 50,000 square feet of meeting space. The IMU hosts more than 17,000 events every year.
On the first floor of the IMU the Memorial Room pays tribute to members of the Indiana University community that have served in the U.S. military. Contained within this room is the Golden Book, which contains the names of IU's service members going back to the War of 1812.
John Whittenberger, a student, founded the Indiana Union in 1909. Every student at Indiana University's Bloomington campus is a member of the Indiana Memorial Union by default. The Indiana Memorial Union Board is the governing body of the Indiana Memorial Union. The Union Board is led by a group of 16 student directors, a faculty representative, an administrative representative, an alumni representative, and the Executive Director of the Indiana Memorial Union. This 20-person committee is known as the Union Board of Directors.
# Too Bad (Doug and the Slugs song)

"Too Bad" is a song by the Canadian band Doug and the Slugs that was written by the group's lead vocalist, Doug Bennett. It reached No. 20 on Canada's RPM singles chart on July 26, 1980. The single performed higher on some local charts, including No. 2 on Vancouver's CFUN listing, and No. 1 on Regina's CJME chart. Slugs member John Burton has explained this difference between the national and local charts as being because the national chart was sales-based, while local charts were partly determined by radio requests.
Burton has recalled an early moment of realization for the band of the single's success: One day during the song's chart run, three members were at an ice cream parlour when the song came on the shop's radio. Two teenage girls working at the parlour "went bananas" shouting "OH MY GOD! OH MY GOD! I LOVE THIS SONG!" and were "almost trampling each other over" to reach the radio and turn up the volume.
The song won the award for the best independent single of 1980 at the West Coast Music Awards, a precursor to the Western Canadian Music Awards, as well as being nominated for Single of the Year and Composer of the Year (Doug Bennett) for the country-wide Juno Awards. It was voted among the best singles in The Province's readers poll for 1980, and the best local single in the Vancouver Sun's readers' poll for the same year; Vancouver Sun critic Fiona McQuarrie likewise named it one of the best local singles of the first half of the year, writing that "Even after hearing it a thousand times on the radio, you still don't hate it—the test of a great song." "Too Bad" was included on The Georgia Straight's 2017 list of the best 50 songs to come out of Vancouver.
The song was released on Doug and the Slugs' 1980 album Cognac and Bologna (1980), as well as their greatest hits albums Ten Big Ones (1984) and Slugcology 101 (1996). It also appeared on the multi-artist compilations Hitline (1980, K-Tel Records) and Oh What a Feeling: A Vital Collection of Canadian Music Vol. 2 (2001). "Too Bad" was used as the theme song to The Norm Show, which ran from 1999 to 2001.

## Footnotes

* 1 2 Too Bad: Review (Mason)
* ↑ Top Singles - Volume 33, No. 19 - Aug 02, 1980
* ↑ Burton 2023, p. 64
* ↑ 140 CFUN Weekly Survey—Week of May 10, 1980, p. B4
* ↑ Regina's favourite CJME Radio: Hits—Chart No. 810—April 25, 1980, p. 44
* ↑ Burton 2023, p. 65
* ↑ Burton 2023, pp. 65–66
* ↑ McQuarrie 1981, p. C6
* ↑ Canadian Music Awards
* ↑ Juno Nominees (The Brandon Sun), p. 13
* ↑ Harrison 1981, p. 11
* ↑ Rock poll: Joel and Benetar top the vote, p. L8
* ↑ McQuarrie 1980, p. 5L
* ↑ Lucas 2017
* ↑ Cognac and Bologna: Review (Mason)
* ↑ Ten Big Ones: Review (Kennedy)
* ↑ Slugcology 101: Review (Kennedy)
* ↑ Hitline
* ↑ Oh What a Feeling, Vol. 2: A Vital Collection of Canadian Music—Various Artists
# Autobrake

An autobrake is a type of automatic wheel-based hydraulic brake system for advanced airplanes. The autobrake is normally enabled during takeoff and landing procedures, when the aircraft's longitudinal deceleration system can be handled by the automated systems of the aircraft itself in order to keep the pilot free to perform other tasks.

## Landing

While landing, the autobrake can help to free up the pilot to allow monitoring other systems (such as the execution of the landing flare). There are usually several settings for the rate of deceleration. The selection of these settings are normally undertaken on the aircraft instrument panel before landing. Aircraft have multiple autobrake settings, with higher settings providing more aggressive braking forces. These are set based on factors such as runway length or desired exit point from the runway.
When the landing feature of the autobrake is engaged, the aircraft automatically engages pressurized wheel braking upon touchdown to the landing surface. During the roll out, application of the brake pedals transfers control back to the pilot.
One of the main advantages of engaging the autobrake as opposed to manually pressing on brake pedals is the uniform deceleration mechanism of the autobrake. The aircraft automatically decelerates at the selected level regardless of other factors, such as aircraft drag and other deceleration methods such as deployment of thrust reversers or spoilers.

## Rejected takeoff

While taking off, the aircraft's autobrake can be set to the rejected takeoff mode, commonly indicated on an aircraft instrument panel as RTO. In case of the Airbus A300-600 and A320 family models, "MAX" mode is set. In RTO setting, the aircraft monitors certain variables, depending on the autobrake model. Most autobrakes engage RTO braking if the pilot returns the throttle to the "idle" position, or if reverse thrust is engaged. Other autobrake systems may monitor critical flight controls for failures.
# Bo'ness Academy

Bo'ness Academy (BA) is a mixed secondary school in Bo'ness, Falkirk, Scotland. The Headteacher is Mrs Catriona Reid, who was appointed in 2020.

## History

The first Bo'ness Academy building opened in 1931. The building had an extension added in the late 1950s, then was further extended in 1971. New school buildings opened in 2000. Ownership of the buildings is expected to transfer to the Falkirk Council in August 2025.
# Ethan Browne

Ethan Browne is a New Zealand actor, known for playing Tane Parata on the Australian soap opera Home and Away since 2020.

## Early life and career

He grew up in Wairoa in the Hawke's Bay region of the North Island. At the age of 16, he became a father to a daughter. After high school, he took a gap year and then studied civil engineering. In 2015, Browne left New Zealand and relocated to Brisbane in Australia to live closer to his daughter. He pursued a career as a civil engineer.
He then decided to pursue his passion for acting, beginning with weekly acting classes in Brisbane. He was then accepted to study a BA in acting at the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in Sydney, where he studied alongside his future Home and Away co-star, Nicholas Cartwright. He worked as a bouncer at night to support his studies.
After graduating from NIDA, Browne landed the role of Tane Parata, brother of Ari Parata in Home and Away in late 2019.
He has also appeared in Australian action films, Suka and Life After Fighting with Bren Foster.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2020–present | Home and Away | Tane Parata | Series regular |
| 2023 | Suka | Jay | Film |
| 2024 | Life After Fighting | Samuel | Film |