OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cavan (unit)

Cavan, sometimes spelled Caban or Kaban) is a Filipino unit of mass and also a unit of volume or dry measure.

## Description

Cavan was defined in the 19th century by the government of the Spanish East Indies as being equivalent to 75 litres. Though officially the Philippines became entirely metric in 1860, this value was still in use well into the 20th century.
Cavan was reported in the late 19th century as a measure for rice equivalent to 98.28 litres. Various references from the same period describe it as a unit of mass: for rice, 133 lb (about 60.33 kg); for cocoa, 83.5 lb, (about 37.87 kg) one source says on the average 60 kg for rice and 38 kg for cacao). Other sources claim it was the equivalent of 58.2 kg.
In all likelihood, this is a case in which some commodities began to be traded by weight instead of volume, and a “caban of rice” became a certain mass rather than a certain volume. One source states that before 1973 a cavan of any type of rice weighed 50 kg. One source says that after 1973 a cavan of rough rice weighed 44 kg and a cavan of milled rice weighed 56 kg (the significance of the 1973 date is unclear).
Usage example: "At present, owing to the late scarcity of rice in Camarines and Leyte, the price of paddy at Iloilo has risen to 10 rials per province cavan, which is equal to one and a half of the measure (cavan del rey) used at Manila."
The term "cavan" (defined as 50kg) was still being used in the Philippines in 2022 but in the food markets one caban of rice refers to one bag full of rice with the bag size gradually being reduced over the years.
# Southampton Center Historic District

The Southampton Center Historic District encompasses the densely built center of the otherwise predominantly rural town of Southampton, Massachusetts. The district extends from Fomer Road in the south, along High Street and College Highway (Massachusetts Route 10) to Maple Street, and includes a line of houses along East Street from College to Elm. This area is the historic heart of the town, being first laid out in the 1730s. The district includes, in addition to a number of 18th- and 19th-century residences, the town's only church, the town hall, and the old public library. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

## Description and history

The area that is now Southampton was originally incorporated as part of Northampton 1654, but was not formally settled until 1730. It was separately incorporated in 1775. The plan for the town center was drawn in 1730, and has been relatively unchanged since then, with a broadly spaced grid of roads between College Highway and High Street. The town grew significantly after 1790, resulting in a range of high-quality Federal period residences, and the present Congregational Church, built in 1788 on or near the site of the town's first colonial meeting house. In addition to civic functions, the center served as the economic hub of the largely agrarian community. The town's economy suffered in the late 19th century, its agriculture from competition with larger midwestern farms, and its industry from the cooption of its waterways for use as public water supplies. There has been little significant development in the center since the early 20th century.
# Kweon Han-jin

Kweon Han-Jin (Korean: 권한진; born May 19, 1988) is a South Korean football player who plays for Incheon United.

## Club statistics

| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Total | Total |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Japan | Japan | Japan | League | League | Emperor's Cup | Emperor's Cup | J. League Cup | J. League Cup | Total | Total |
| 2011 | Kashiwa Reysol | J1 League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2012 | Kashiwa Reysol | J1 League | 2 | 0 | | | | | | |
| Country | Japan | Japan | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Total | Total | Total | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
# Tantalate

A tantalate is a tantalum-containing anion or a salt of such an anion. A commercially important example is heptafluorotantalate (TaF$_7$$^{2−}$) and its potassium salt (K$_2$TaF$_7$).
    Potassium heptafluorotantalate.
Many oxides of tantalum are called tantalates. They are viewed as derivatives of "tantalic acid", hypothetic compounds with the formulas Ta$_2$O$_5$·nH$_2$O or HTaO$_3$). Examples of such tantalates are lithium tantalate (LiTaO$_3$), lutetium tantalate (LuTaO$_4$), neodymium tantalate (NdTaO$_4$) and lead scandium tantalate (PST or Pb(Sc$_x$Ta$_{1-x}$)O$_3$. Polyoxometallates containing tantalum provide examples of discrete tantalum oxides that exist in solution.
# Twin Falls Original Townsite Residential Historic District

The Twin Falls Original Townsite Residential Historic District in Twin Falls, Idaho is a 264 acres (1.07 km$^2$) historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.
The district is roughly triangular, and roughly bounded by Blue Lakes Ave., Addison Ave., 2nd Ave. E, and 2nd Ave. W. It included 929 buildings, of which 624 were contributing buildings.
The district includes the Bickel School and the Lincoln School, both of which are listed separately on the National Register.
# Virginia Papaioannou

Virginia E. Papaioannou is a developmental biologist, recognized for who works in mammalian genetics. She is a Special Lecturer and Professor Emerita in the Department of Genetics and Development at Columbia University Irving Medical Center.

## Education and career

Papaioannou grew up in Ukiah, California. She earned her B.S. in Biological Sciences from the University of California, Davis in 1968 and her Ph.D. in Genetics from Cambridge University in 1972.

## Research

Throughout her career, she has focused on the genetic control of early mammalian development, from the first cleavage of the fertilized zygote through implantation, gastrulation, and early organogenesis. Papaioannou has extensively studied the T-box gene family, which plays a crucial role in mesoderm formation and organogenesis. Her research led to significant insights into developmental birth defects, producing mouse models for human syndromes such as DiGeorge syndrome (TBX1) and ulnar mammary syndrome (TBX3). Her work has been important for understanding how these genes control cell fate and tissue specification during early development.

## Selected publications

* Papaioannou, V. E.; Mcburney, M. W.; Gardner, R. L.; Evans, M. J. (1975). "Fate of teratocarcinoma cells injected into early mouse embryos". Nature. 258 (5530): 70–73. Bibcode:1975Natur.258...70P. doi:10.1038/258070a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 1186881.
* Mombaerts, Peter; Iacomini, John; Johnson, Randall S.; Herrup, Karl; Tonegawa, Susumu; Papaioannou, Virginia E. (1992-03-06). "RAG-1-deficient mice have no mature B and T lymphocytes". Cell. 68 (5): 869–877. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90030-G. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 1547488.
* Papaioannou, Virginia E.; Silver, Lee M. (1998). "The T-box gene family". BioEssays. 20 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199801)20:1<9::AID-BIES4>3.0.CO;2-Q. ISSN 1521-1878. PMID 9504043.
* Jerome, Loydie A.; Papaioannou, Virginia E. (2001). "DiGeorge syndrome phenotype in mice mutant for the T-box gene, Tbx1". Nature Genetics. 27 (3): 286–291. doi:10.1038/85845. ISSN 1061-4036. PMID 11242110.

## Honors and awards

Her contributions have been recognized with several honors, including the NIH MERIT award and the Dean's Distinguished Lecture in the Basic Sciences at Columbia University.
# Lowrey, California

Lowrey's was a settlement in Tehama County, California that was named for George M. Lowrey and located on Elder Creek. What remains of it today are a ranch and a road named Lowrey Road.

## Early history of George M. Lowrey and arrival in California

George Malay Lowrey came to California in 1849. He had been born in Montgomery County, Ohio on 1826-10-26; the fifth child of James Lowrey, a miller from Kentucky, and Nancy Lowrey (née Stoker) from Virginia. Having left school at 17, he had worked in the Mount Savage iron works, and as a carpenter for 3 years, both in Maryland.
He arrived at Sacramento on 1849-08-13, moved to Dry Diggings shortly thereafter, and in 1850 built himself and ran a hotel between Sacramento and Nevada City. He gave up the hotel after two years and went into teaming, going back to Ohio and then coming to California again in 1863. He was in the cattle industry with a business partner in Solano County for eight years from 1857, and also raised sheep.
He married Sarah Morrow Foster from Belfast (born 1826-03-21, and daughter of a farmer, cattleman, and drover) in Calvary Presbyterian Church in San Francisco on 1865-08-29. They were to have four daughters and three sons together.

## Establishment of Lowrey's

In 1870, Lowrey and a business partner bought 1,040 acres (420 ha) of land in Tehama, which he was to expand with additional purchases over time to a peak 4,000 acres (1,600 ha), which they used for sheep farming. He bought out his partner in 1874, and sold 7000 head of sheep and 2,825 acres (1,143 ha) of his ranchland to avoid bankruptcy, diversifying into cattle and hogs.
His home was the local post office, established in 1888 with himself as the postmaster. The application claimed the post office would serve a settlement of 425 people. The location was likely the south bank of the North Fork of Elder Creek. Its name changed to Lowrey in 1898, and it closed in October 1917 with mail thenceforward being handled at Red Bank.
The Lowrey school, which he also helped to organize, was established in 1873, and closed in 1943. He was the director of the school district and supported the local Union Church.
His daughter Katie became the postmaster at Tehama.

## Mining

There were three major chromite mines to the west of Lowrey's in the North Elder Creek area, the Grau Mine, the Kleinsorge Mine, and the Noble Electric Mine. The Grau Mine dates from 1893, the Noble Electric from 1886, and the Kleinsorge from 1916. One of the earliest mines lasted from 1890 to 1899, and only produced 500 tons (450 t) over its lifetime.
The Basler Mining and Development Company consolidated many of the mining claims in the area in the early 1900s. The Kleinsorge was on the mountainside and had a service road down to Lowrey and an aerial tramway for transporting ore down. The Noble Electric, which only produced comparatively little ore, had a service road built in 1919 and did not have its own mill.
# Josh Revak

Joshua Carl Revak (born January 21, 1981) is an American politician who served as a member of the Alaska Senate since November 2, 2019 from January 17, 2023. Originally elected to the Alaska House of Representatives in 2018, Revak was appointed to the Senate to replace Chris Birch, whom he replaced in the House, when Birch died suddenly in August 2019.

## Early life

Revak was born and raised on a farm in Minnesota. He enlisted in the United States Army shortly after the September 11 attacks. After being severely wounded by a mortar attack in Iraq, Revak was honorably discharged in 2008 and returned to Minnesota.

## Career

In 2009, Revak moved to Alaska, where he worked in the office of Congressman Don Young, serving as his military and veterans affairs liaison and political advisor. During this time, he earned a Master of Business Administration from Alaska Pacific University. In 2018, Revak was elected to serve in the Alaska House of Representatives to represent the 25th district. After the death of incumbent Chris Birch in 2019, Revak was nominated by Governor Mike Dunleavy to fill his vacant seat in the Alaska Senate.
# Macedonia (food)

Macedonia or macédoine is a French culinary term referring to a salad composed of small pieces of fruit or vegetables. Fruit Macedonia is a fresh fruit salad and is a common dessert in Greece, Romania, Spain, France, Italy and South America. Vegetable Macedonia or Macédoine de légumes nowadays is usually a cold salad or hors d'oeuvre of diced vegetables, in France often including red beans. Macédoine de légumes is also a hot vegetable dish consisting of the same vegetables served with butter. Prepared macédoine, a mixture of diced vegetables and often peas, is often sold canned or frozen. It is sometimes mixed with mayonnaise combined with aspic stock, making it similar to Russian salad.

## Etymology

The word macedonia was popularised in the middle of the 18th century in France to refer to mixed fruit salad. This probably alludes to the diverse origin of the people of Alexander's Macedonian Empire, but that is "not fully established". It is sometimes said that it refers to the ethnic mixture in 19th century Ottoman Macedonia. Starting later in the 18th century, macedoine could mean any medley of unrelated things, not necessarily edible.
# Godthåb Gulf

Godthåb Gulf (Danish: Godthåb Golf, spelled Godthaab pre-1948), also known as Clavering Fjord, Clavering Sound and Inner Bay, is a fjord in King Christian X Land, East Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park zone.

## History

The bay was named "Godthaab Golf" during the 1929–1930 Expedition to East Greenland by Lauge Koch after expedition ship Godthaab, a 287-ton barquentine built at Sandefjord (Norway) in 1898 and purchased by the Greenland Administration (Grønlands Styrelse).

## Geography

Godthab Gulf lies southwest of Clavering Island and north of Cape Stosch and the northern coastline of Hold with Hope. It is only 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) wide at the entrance, but it widens to almost 20 kilometres (12 mi) towards its head.
To the east lie the Finsch Islands, where the fjord widens and becomes Gael Hamke Bay. Loch Fyne fjord has its mouth in the southern and the Copeland Fjord in the northern shore, with Payer Land to the northwest. The Wordie Glacier has its terminus in Wordie Bay, a small bay at the head of the fjord. A. Schmidt Glacier, Nippoldt Glacier and Haussman Glacier are small glaciers flowing north into Wordie Bay from the Norlund Alps. Hudson Land lies to the southwest and further to the west is Steno Land.
| Map of Northeastern Greenland | East Greenland Terra/MODIS satellite image |
# Pee Dee River Rice Planters Historic District

Pee Dee River Rice Planters Historic District is a set of historic rice plantation properties and national historic district located near Georgetown, Georgetown County, South Carolina.

## Historic features

The district encompasses 10 contributing building, 16 contributing sites, and 34 contributing structures.

### Pee Dee River plantations

It includes extant buildings, structures, and ricefields associated with 12 rice plantations located along the Pee Dee River. They include:
* Hasty Point,
* Breakwater,
* Belle Rive,
* Exchange,
* Rosebank,
* Chicora Wood Plantation,
* Guendalos,
* Enfield,
* Birdfield,
* Arundel Plantation,
* Springfield,
* Dirleton

### Waccamaw River plantations

It also includes five rice plantations located along the Waccamaw River:
* Turkey Hill,
* Oatland,
* Willbrook,
* Litchfield,
* Waverly

### Rice planters culture

These plantations were part of a large rice culture in the county which flourished from about 1750 to about 1910.
This district includes:
* Four plantation houses (at Exchange, Rosebank, Chicora Wood, and Dirleton);
* Two rice barns (at Hasty Point and Exchange);
* Collections of plantation outbuildings (at Chicora Wood and Arundel);
* Rice mill and chimney (at Chicora Wood);
* Historic ricefields with canals, dikes, and trunks.
The plantation houses are all frame houses with a central hall plan.
The Pee Dee River Rice Planters Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
# Union City Commercial Historic District

Union City Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Union City, Randolph County, Indiana. The district encompasses 53 contributing buildings in the central business district of Union City. The district developed between about 1870 and 1948 and includes notable examples of Italianate and Romanesque Revival style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Raphael Kirshbaum Building. Other notable buildings include the Jackson Building (1892), J.K. Building (1889), Grazhs Building (1893), and Union City Post Office (1935).
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places, in 1999.
# Mabee Corner, Ohio

Mabee Corner (also previously known as Mabee's Stand and simply Mabee's) is an unincorporated community in Hamilton Township, Jackson County, Ohio, United States. It is located west of Oak Hill at the intersection of Bucklick Creek Road (County Road 63) and Ohio State Route 139, at 38°54′10″N 82°43′16″W﻿ / ﻿38.90278°N 82.72111°W﻿ / 38.90278; -82.72111.
The town is named for William Mabee, who built a store here in 1846 called "Mabee's Stand". The Mabees Post Office was originally established at Mabee's store on September 27, 1849 with James Mabee as the first Postmaster. It was the fourth post office established in the county. The post office was moved and the name was changed to Mabee Post Office on July 11, 1892. Later it was moved back to the store location, but ultimately discontinued on September 15, 1904. Mail service is now handled through the Oak hill branch. As of 1916, Mabee was the only community in the township.
# Southern Pines (Tampa)

Southern Pines is a neighborhood within the city limits of Tampa, Florida. As of the 2000 census the neighborhood had a population of 194. The ZIP Code serving the neighborhood is 33609.

## Geography

Southern Pines is located to the east of Dale Mabry Highway in the vicinity of Kennedy Boulevard. The platted boundaries of the subdivision are Kennedy Boulevard to the North, Azeele Street to the South, Mac Dill Avenue on the East and South Beverly Avenue to the West. Because Henderson Boulevard bisects the neighborhood, the area to the West of Henderson is sometimes thought of as part of the Gray Gables neighborhood. The neighborhood is located within the South Tampa region.
# Paul IV of Constantinople

Paul IV of Constantinople, known as Paul the New (Greek: Παῦλος; died December 784), was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 780 to 784. He had once opposed the veneration of icons but urged the calling of an ecumenical council to address the iconoclast controversy. Later, he resigned and retired to a monastery due to old age and illness. He was succeeded by Tarasios of Constantinople, who was a lay administrator at the time.
Paul IV is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, and his feast day is celebrated on 30 August.
# Heritage Academy Longmeadow

Heritage Academy is a private independent Jewish day school in Longmeadow, Massachusetts. It serves students in kindergarten through eighth grade and is fully accredited by Association of Independent Schools of New England. The school is not affiliated to any specific Jewish denomination and is a member of RAVSAK, The Jewish Community Day School Network.

## History

A charter to organize the Springfield Hebrew Day School was signed on March 1, 1951. The new school was housed in Kodimoh, a synagogue in Springfield, Massachusetts, and the school saw its first graduating class in 1956. A seventh grade was added in 1959 and by 1963, additional classroom space was rented.
In 1964, land in Longmeadow was acquired for the future home of the school and its name was changed to Heritage Academy. Kodimoh moved to a new building the same year, leading Heritage Academy's classes to be held in three locations: B'nai Jacob Synagogue, the Jewish Community Center, and the new Kodimoh location. The school faced closure in April 1966, but school board president Dr. Morris Borenstein appointed a committee to find a new building for the school and one was purchased in December 1966. The school moved into the Wessen House in Springfield where it stayed until 1982. The current building on the school's present site was built in the 1980s, with a wing added in 1995.
Technology has always played a large part within their curriculum; however, in April 2014, Heritage Academy partnered with World ORT to become the first pilot school in the United States to implement their technological program.

## Curriculum

The Heritage Academy curriculum is aligned with the guidelines of the Massachusetts State Frameworks. Additionally, students study Jewish texts, history, ritual, spirituality, music and culture. Programs in music, art, library, physical education, academic enrichment, computer technology, science, literature and writing are offered at all grade levels.
# Sigurjón Þórðarson

Sigurjón Þórðarson (born 29 June 1964) is an Icelandic politician. He was a member of the Althing for the Liberal Party from 2003 to 2007, and returned to the Althing in the 2024 election for the People's Party.
In 2010, he was elected leader of the Liberal Party. In the municipal elections in May 2010, Sigurjón was elected to the municipal council of Skagafjörður.
Sigurjón has a BS degree in biology from the University of Iceland and studied water pollution control technology at Cranfield University. Sigurjón is a goði—similar to a pagan priest—within Ásatrúarfélagið.
# Phelps Farms Historic District

The Phelps Farm Historic District encompasses a collection of farm and residential properties on Connecticut Route 183 and Prock Hill Road in Colebrook, Connecticut. This area is a virtually intact mid-19th century farmstead, with its land under a single family's ownership since the 18th century. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## Description and history

The Phelps Farm property consists of about 35 acres (14 ha) of land in northern Colebrook, a Litchfield County hill town on the state's northern border. The property is bounded on the west and south by Sandy Brook, and extends onto the east side of CT 183 and Prock Hill Road, where some of the district buildings are located. Most notable of these is the Arah Phelps Inn, at the junction of the two roads, a fine Federal period house that was also operated by the family as a tavern. On the west side is the Greek Revival house of Edward Phelps, along with a number of 19th century outbuildings. Most of the farm is open pastureland.
The farm's history really begins in the 1780s, when Arah Phelps dammed Sandy Brook and built a sawmill. He and his father Josiah built the inn in 1793, and it soon became the center of a small community. The inn was an economic success as the road (now CT 183) was part of the stagecoach route between Hartford, Connecticut and Albany, New York. In addition to operating the tavern and mill, Arah also sold his own farm products at the inn. His son Edward took over the property in the 1830s, and it is during his ownership that many of the surviving farm buildings were constructed. In addition to the new family house, he also built a fine Gothic Revival cottage as housing for farm hands. The family fortunes waned in the early 20th century, but Phelps family members continued to retain ownership of most of the nearly 500 acres (200 ha). More than 300 acres (120 ha) of surrounding land have been given to the Nature Conservancy, and the farmstead is under a preservation covenant with Historic New England.
# Unionville Square Historic District

Unionville Square Historic District is a national historic district located at Unionville, Putnam County, Missouri. The district encompasses 61 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure in the central business district of Unionville. It developed between about 1872 and 1951, and includes representative examples of Italianate and Colonial Revival style architecture. Notable buildings include the Putnam County Courthouse (1923-1924), O. J. Townsend Block (1889-1890), United States Farm Service Agency (1951), United States Soil Conservation Service (1951), Putnam County Library (1951), Putnam County Historical Museum (1912–13, 1928), United States Post Office (1930-1931), Unionville City Hall (1894-1897), and the Putnam County Senior Center (1892).
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.