# List of monarchs of the Netherlands

This is a list of monarchs of the Netherlands (Dutch: Koningen der Nederlanden). By practical extension, the list includes the stadtholders of the House of Orange Nassau since 1556. However, they were voted into office by, and were civil servants and generals of, the semi-independent provinces of the Dutch Republic and cannot be seen as monarchs. From William IV they were the direct male line ancestors of later monarchs when the monarchy was established in 1813 (first as a Sovereign Principality, but in 1815 as a Kingdom).

## Dutch Republic (1581–1795)

The origin of the Dutch monarchy can be traced back to the appointment of William I, Prince of Orange as stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht in 1559 by Philip II of Spain. However, he was removed from office and became the leader of the Dutch Revolt. Consequently, the States-General appointed him as stadtholder of both rebelling provinces, Holland and Zeeland, in 1572. During the Dutch Revolt, most of the Dutch provinces declared their independence with the Act of Abjuration, signed on 26 July 1581 in The Hague in conformation with the decision made by the States-General. The representative function of the stadtholder became obsolete in the rebellious northern Netherlands – the feudal Lord himself having been abolished – but the office nevertheless continued in these provinces who now united themselves into the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. All stadtholders after William I were drawn from his descendants or the descendants of his brother, who were also the descendants of his granddaughter Albertina Agnes of Nassau-Orange.
In 1795 the Republic was overthrown by the French Republic and replaced with the Batavian Republic. In 1806 Napoleon abolished the new republic and made his brother King of Holland. However, in 1810 Napoleon invaded the Netherlands and annexed them to France. In 1813, Allied forces drove out the French. The Dutch called back William Frederick, the son of the last stadtholder, to head the new government. He was proclaimed "sovereign prince". In 1815, he raised the Netherlands to the status of a kingdom and proclaimed himself King William I. The kingdom was enlarged with the Southern Netherlands, now Belgium and Luxembourg, soon after.

### Stadtholderate under the House of Orange-Nassau

| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| William Ithe SilentWillem I | (1533-04-24)24 April 1533 – 10 July 1584(1584-07-10) (aged 51) | 26 July 1581 | 10 July 1584 | Stadtholder, son of William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen and Juliana of Stolberg | Orange-Nassau |
| MauriceMaurits | (1567-11-14)14 November 1567 – 23 April 1625(1625-04-23) (aged 57) | 14 November 1585 | 23 April 1625 | Stadtholder, son of William I and Anna of Saxony | Orange-Nassau |
| Frederick HenryFrederik Hendrik | (1584-01-29)29 January 1584 – 14 March 1647(1647-03-14) (aged 63) | 23 April 1625 | 14 March 1647 | Stadtholder, son of William I and Louise de Coligny | Orange-Nassau |
| William IIWillem II | (1626-05-27)27 May 1626 – 6 November 1650(1650-11-06) (aged 24) | 14 March 1647 | 6 November 1650 | Stadtholder, son of Frederick Henry and Amalia of Solms-Braunfels | Orange-Nassau |
| William IIIWillem III | (1650-11-04)4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702(1702-03-08) (aged 51) | 4 July 1672 | 8 March 1702 | Stadtholder, son of William II and Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange also King of England, Scotland and Ireland | Orange-Nassau |
| William IVWillem IV | (1711-09-01)1 September 1711 – 22 October 1751(1751-10-22) (aged 40) | 4 May 1747 | 22 October 1751 | First formally hereditary Stadtholder of the United Netherlands, son of John William Friso and Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel | Orange-Nassau |
| William VWillem V | (1748-03-08)8 March 1748 – 9 April 1806(1806-04-09) (aged 58) | 22 October 1751 | 19 January 1795 | Hereditary Stadtholder of the United Netherlands, son of William IV and Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, deposed by the Batavian Revolution | Orange-Nassau |
When William III died childless, the patrilineal ancestry of Orange-Nassau became extinct. In contrast to other provinces of the Dutch Republic, Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe had mostly drawn its stadtholders from the House of Nassau, that starting with John VI, the brother of William of Orange, and comprises in addition a matrilineal ancestry with the house of Orange-Nassau.

### Stadtholderate under the House of Nassau

| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| John VIthe ElderJan VI | (1536-11-22)22 November 1536 – 8 October 1606(1606-10-08) (aged 69) | 1578 | 1581 | Stadtholder, son of William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen and Juliana of Stolberg, brother of William I | Nassau |
| William LouisOur FatherWillem Lodewijk | (1560-03-13)13 March 1560 – 31 May 1620(1620-05-31) (aged 60) | 1584 | 1620 | Stadtholder, son of John VI and Countess Elisabeth of Leuchtenberg | Nassau |
| Ernest Casimir IErnst Casimir I | (1573-12-22)22 December 1573 – 2 June 1632(1632-06-02) (aged 58) | 1620 | 1632 | Stadtholder, son of John VI and Countess Elisabeth of Leuchtenberg | Nassau |
| Henry Casimir IHendrik Casimir I | (1612-01-21)21 January 1612 – 13 July 1640(1640-07-13) (aged 28) | 1632 | 1640 | Stadtholder, son of Ernest Casimir I and Sophia Hedwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg | Nassau |
| William FrederickWillem Frederik | (1613-08-07)7 August 1613 – 31 October 1664(1664-10-31) (aged 51) | 1640 | 1664 | Stadtholder, son of Ernest Casimir I and Sophia Hedwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg | Nassau |
| Henry Casimir IIHendrik Casimir II | (1657-01-18)18 January 1657 – 25 March 1696(1696-03-25) (aged 39) | 18 January 1664 | 25 March 1696 | Hereditary Stadtholder, son of William Frederick and Albertine Agnes of Nassau, maternal grandson of Frederick Henry | Nassau |
| John William FrisoJohan Willem Friso | (1687-08-04)4 August 1687 – 14 July 1711(1711-07-14) (aged 23) | 25 March 1696 | 14 July 1711 | Hereditary Stadtholder, son of Henry Casimir II and Princess Henriëtte Amalia of Anhalt-Dessau, succeeded by his son William IV of Orange-Nassau, Hereditary Stadtholder of the United Netherlands | Nassau |

## Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810)

| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
| Louis Ithe GoodLodewijk I | (1778-09-02)2 September 1778 – 25 July 1846(1846-07-25) (aged 67) | 5 June 1806 | 1 July 1810 | Son of Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon | Bonaparte | |
| Louis IILodewijk II | (1804-10-11)11 October 1804 – 17 March 1831(1831-03-17) (aged 26) | 1 July 1810 | 9 July 1810 | Son of Louis I and Hortense de Beauharnais | Bonaparte | |

## Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands (1813–1815)

| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
| William FrederickWillem Frederik | (1772-08-24)24 August 1772 – 12 December 1843(1843-12-12) (aged 71) | 6 December 1813 | 16 March 1815 | Son of the last Stadtholder William V and Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange, raised the Netherlands to a Kingdom status in 1815 | Orange-Nassau | |

## Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–present)

| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| William IWillem I | (1772-08-24)24 August 1772 – 12 December 1843(1843-12-12) (aged 71) | 16 March 1815 | 7 October 1840 | Son of the last Stadtholder William V and Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange Abdicated | Orange-Nassau |
| William IIWillem II | (1792-12-06)6 December 1792 – 17 March 1849(1849-03-17) (aged 56) | 7 October 1840 | 17 March 1849 | Son of William I and Wilhelmine of Prussia | Orange-Nassau |
| William IIIWillem III | (1817-02-19)19 February 1817 – 23 November 1890(1890-11-23) (aged 73) | 17 March 1849 | 23 November 1890 | Son of William II and Anna Pavlovna of Russia | Orange-Nassau |
| Wilhelmina | (1880-08-31)31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962(1962-11-28) (aged 82) | 23 November 1890 | 4 September 1948 | Daughter of William III and Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont Abdicated | Orange-Nassau |
| Juliana | (1909-04-30)30 April 1909 – 20 March 2004(2004-03-20) (aged 94) | 4 September 1948 | 30 April 1980 | Daughter of Wilhelmina and Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Abdicated | Orange-Nassau |
| Beatrix | (1938-01-31) 31 January 1938 (age 86) | 30 April 1980 | 30 April 2013 | Daughter of Juliana and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld Abdicated | Orange-Nassau |
| William-AlexanderWillem-Alexander | (1967-04-27) 27 April 1967 (age 57) | 30 April 2013 | Incumbent | Son of Beatrix and Prince Claus, Jonkheer van Amsberg | Orange-Nassau |