OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Juan Ojeda (Argentine footballer)

Juan Marcelo Ojeda (born 10 November 1982 in Arroyo Seco, Santa Fe) is an Argentine football goalkeeper who plays for Deportivo Madryn.

## Career

Ojeda made his debut for Rosario Central on May 28, 2004, in a 1–0 defeat against Colón de Santa Fe, he continued to play regularly for Central until his transfer to River during the January 2007 transfer window.
He was the first choice keeper at the beginning of the Apertura 2007 tournament, when incumbent Juan Pablo Carrizo was expected to depart for Lazio. However, Carrizo's transfer was delayed by a year, and he forced his way back into the squad, relegating Ojeda to the bench. In 2008, he was part of the River Plate squad that won the Clausura 2008 tournament, without making a single league appearance. Carrizo's transfer to Lazio was finally confirmed in June 2008.
# Sumpter Valley Railway, Middle Fork (John Day River) Spur

The Sumpter Valley Railway, Middle Fork (John Day River) Spur, near Bates, Oregon, was built in 1916. Also known as the Oregon Lumber Company Railroad, it was designed by engineer Joseph A. West. A linear historic district including 16.2 miles out of 23 original miles on the spur, from near Bates, Oregon, to the Mitchell Tract, historic end of the railroad, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. The listing included three contributing structures: the roadbed, the Davis Creek Bridge, and a water tower at Big Boulder Creek.
The National Register's NRIS database recorded the name as Sumpter Valley Railway, Middle Fork-John Day River, which seems garbled, but is echoed in various internet webpages. The property was delisted in 2023.
# Cell Ausaille

The Diocese of Cell Ausaille is now a titular see of the Catholic Church.
When it was a residential see, it had its centre at Killossy, near Naas, County Kildare, Ireland.
The first titular bishop of this ancient see was appointed on 24 April 1970.
For an adjectival form in Latin referring to the see, use is made of Cellae Sancti Auxilii.
# Rabbi Naftali Riff Yeshiva

39°52′30″N 86°10′31″W﻿ / ﻿39.875047°N 86.175228°W﻿ / 39.875047; -86.175228 The Rabbi Naftali Riff Yeshiva was a private Jewish boarding school academy originally located in South Bend, Indiana, and later relocated to Indianapolis, Indiana. Founded in 1984 by Rabbi Yisrael Gettinger, it became Indiana's first rabbinical college in 1987. The yeshiva is no longer active in Indianapolis.

## Outside reference websites

* https://web.archive.org/web/20120626224317/http://www.riffyeshiva.org/ Yeshiva website
* http://www.education.com/schoolfinder/us/indiana/indianapolis/the-rabbi-naftali-riff-yeshiva/ Education.com
* https://web.archive.org/web/20120702025729/https://www.education.com/schoolfinder/us/indiana/indianapolis/the-rabbi-naftali-riff-yeshiva/ (archived COPY of the) Education.com entry for this school
* https://www.privateschoolreview.com/the-rabbi-naftali-riff-yeshiva-profile another (more up-to-date ... as of 2020) entry for this school [from "privateschoolreview.com"]
* http://www.schooldigger.com/go/IN/schools/9999910905/school.aspx SchoolDigger.com
# Aşağıcanören, Aziziye

Aşağıcanören is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Aziziye, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 105 and is inhabited by Turks (2022).
# Rabindranath Maity

Rabindranath Maity is an Indian politician from Bharatiya Janata Party. In May 2021, he was elected as a member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Bhagabanpur (constituency). He defeated Ardhendu Maity of All India Trinamool Congress by 27,549 votes in 2021 West Bengal Assembly election.
# Caris (name)

Caris is a given name.

## Given name

* Caris LeVert (born 1994), American basketball player
* Caris Roane, American writer
* Caris Sima, a pseudonym of Clara Mountcastle (1837–1908), Canadian artist and author
* Caris Tiivel, Australian model and beauty pageant winner

### Fictional characters

* Caris Wooler, one of the main characters in the Ken Follett novel World Without End

## Surname

* Cipriano de Caris (died 1534), Catholic bishop
* George Caris (1927–2013), Australian rules footballer
* Gerard Caris (1925–2025), Dutch sculptor and artist
* Magnus Caris (born 1968), Swedish darts player
* Rene Caris (born 1999), Australian rules footballer
* Tugal Caris, 17th century French sculptor and architect
# K-Poincaré group

In physics and mathematics, the κ-Poincaré group, named after Henri Poincaré, is a quantum group, obtained by deformation of the Poincaré group into a Hopf algebra. It is generated by the elements $a^{\mu }$ and ${\Lambda ^{\mu }}_{\nu }$ with the usual constraint:
    $\eta ^{\rho \sigma }{\Lambda ^{\mu }}_{\rho }{\Lambda ^{\nu }}_{\sigma }=\eta ^{\mu \nu }~,$
where $\eta ^{\mu \nu }$ is the Minkowskian metric:
    $\eta ^{\mu \nu }=\left({\begin{array}{cccc}-1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&1\end{array}}\right)~.$
The commutation rules reads:
* $[a_{j},a_{0}]=i\lambda a_{j}~,\;[a_{j},a_{k}]=0$
* $[a^{\mu },{\Lambda ^{\rho }}_{\sigma }]=i\lambda \left\{\left({\Lambda ^{\rho }}_{0}-{\delta ^{\rho }}_{0}\right){\Lambda ^{\mu }}_{\sigma }-\left({\Lambda ^{\alpha }}_{\sigma }\eta _{\alpha 0}+\eta _{\sigma 0}\right)\eta ^{\rho \mu }\right\}$
In the (1 + 1)-dimensional case the commutation rules between $a^{\mu }$ and ${\Lambda ^{\mu }}_{\nu }$ are particularly simple. The Lorentz generator in this case is:
    ${\Lambda ^{\mu }}_{\nu }=\left({\begin{array}{cc}\cosh \tau &\sinh \tau \\\sinh \tau &\cosh \tau \end{array}}\right)$
and the commutation rules reads:
* $[a_{0},\left({\begin{array}{c}\cosh \tau \\\sinh \tau \end{array}}\right)]=i\lambda ~\sinh \tau \left({\begin{array}{c}\sinh \tau \\\cosh \tau \end{array}}\right)$
* $[a_{1},\left({\begin{array}{c}\cosh \tau \\\sinh \tau \end{array}}\right)]=i\lambda \left(1-\cosh \tau \right)\left({\begin{array}{c}\sinh \tau \\\cosh \tau \end{array}}\right)$
The coproducts are classical, and encode the group composition law:
* $\Delta a^{\mu }={\Lambda ^{\mu }}_{\nu }\otimes a^{\nu }+a^{\mu }\otimes 1$
* $\Delta {\Lambda ^{\mu }}_{\nu }={\Lambda ^{\mu }}_{\rho }\otimes {\Lambda ^{\rho }}_{\nu }$
Also the antipodes and the counits are classical, and represent the group inversion law and the map to the identity:
* $S(a^{\mu })=-{(\Lambda ^{-1})^{\mu }}_{\nu }a^{\nu }$
* $S({\Lambda ^{\mu }}_{\nu })={(\Lambda ^{-1})^{\mu }}_{\nu }={\Lambda _{\nu }}^{\mu }$
* $\varepsilon (a^{\mu })=0$
* $\varepsilon ({\Lambda ^{\mu }}_{\nu })={\delta ^{\mu }}_{\nu }$
The κ-Poincaré group is the dual Hopf algebra to the K-Poincaré algebra, and can be interpreted as its “finite” version.
# Akhil Giri

Akhil Giri is an Indian politician and the present Minister of Fisheries in the Government of West Bengal. He is also an MLA, elected from the Ramnagar constituency in the 2011 West Bengal state assembly election.
# 1963–64 Bulgarian Cup

The 1963–64 Bulgarian Cup was the 24th season of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army). Slavia Sofia won the competition, beating Botev Plovdiv 3–2 in the final at the Vasil Levski National Stadium.

## First round

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Lokomotiv Ruse | 1–5 | Lokomotiv GO | 1–2 | 0–3 |
| Svetkavitsa | 1–7 | Spartak Pleven | 0–1 | 1–6 |
| Pirin Blagoevgrad | 1–6 | Marek Dupnitsa | 0–3 | 1–3 |
| Botev Plovdiv | 3–3 (8–7 p) | Septemvri Sofia | 2–0 | 1–3 |
| Lokomotiv Sofia | 3–2 | Montana | 2–1 | 1–1 |
| Minyor Pernik | 0–1 | Slavia Sofia | 0–0 | 0–1 |
| Minyor Dimitrovgrad | 3–7 | Sliven | 1–2 | 2–5 |
| Rodopa Smolyan | 2–10 | Spartak Plovdiv | 2–3 | 0–7 |
| Dobrudzha Dobrich | 1–4 | Dunav Ruse | 1–1 | 0–3 |
| Beloslav | 6–8 | Spartak Varna | 4–5 | 2–3 |
| Levski Sofia | 11–2 | Litex Lovech | 8–0 | 3–2 |
| Geolozhka Baza Varna | 1–9 | Cherno More Varna | 1–4 | 0–5 |
| Gigant Belene | 1–6 | CSKA Sofia | 0–3 | 1–3 |
| Maritsa Plovdiv | 0–2 | Lokomotiv Plovdiv | 0–1 | 0–1 |
| Hadzhi Dimitar Sliven | 5–4 | Beroe Stara Zagora | 5–2 | 0–2 |
| Spartak Sofia | (w/o) | Velbazhd Kyustendil | – | – |

## Second round

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Lokomotiv GO | 3–3 (6–7 p) | Levski Sofia | 3–0 | 0–3 |
| Marek Dupnitsa | 3–3 (3–6 p) | Slavia Sofia | 3–0 | 0–3 |
| Lokomotiv Sofia | 6–7 | Cherno More Varna | 2–3 | 4–4 |
| Spartak Sofia | 1–2 | Botev Plovdiv | 0–0 | 1–2 |
| Sliven | 5–9 | CSKA Sofia | 2–3 | 3–6 |
| Spartak Varna | 0–3 | Dunav Ruse | 0–2 | 0–1 |
| Spartak Plovdiv | 6–3 | Hadzhi Dimitar Sliven | 5–1 | 1–2 |
| Lokomotiv Plovdiv | 2–3 | Spartak Pleven | 1–0 | 1–3 |

## Quarter-finals

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Slavia Sofia | 7–3 | Dunav Ruse | 4–0 | 3–3 |
| Cherno More Varna | 4–3 | Spartak Plovdiv | 3–0 | 1–3 |
| CSKA Sofia | 2–4 | Botev Plovdiv | 2–0 | 0–4 |
| Spartak Pleven | 2–4 | Levski Sofia | 1–0 | 1–4 |

## Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Slavia Sofia | 4–3 | Levski Sofia | 2–2 | 2–1 |
| Cherno More Varna | 2–4 | Botev Plovdiv | 1–1 | 1–3 |

## Final
### Details

| Slavia | Botev |
# Paresh Murmu

Paresh Murmu is an Indian politician member of All India Trinamool Congress. He is an MLA, elected from the Keshiary constituency in the 2016 West Bengal state assembly election. In 2021 assembly election he was re-elected from the same constituency.
# Atlıkonak, Aziziye

Atlıkonak is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Aziziye, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 197 and is inhabited by Karapapakhs (2022).
# 1985–86 Bulgarian Cup

The 1985–86 Bulgarian Cup was the 46th season of the Bulgarian Cup. Levski Sofia won the competition, beating CSKA Sofia 2–1 in the final at the Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia.

## First round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| 1985 |||
| Dimitrovgrad | 1–0 | Dorostol Silistra |
| Lokomotiv Ruse | 1–0 | Svetkavitsa |
| Chernomorets Burgas | 4–1 | Rilski Sportist |
| Chirpan | 1–0 | Rozova Dolina |
| Neftochimic Burgas | 1–0 | Lokomotiv GO |
| Balkan Botevgrad | 1–0 | Haskovo |
| Ludogorets Razgrad | 4–1 | Minyor Pernik |
| Montana | 2–1 | Dobrudzha Dobrich |
| Arda Kardzhali | 0–0 (a.e.t.) (4–3 p) | Spartak Plovdiv |
| Vihren Sandanski | 2–0 | Litex Lovech |

## Second round

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| 1985 |||
| Dimitrovgrad | 0–2 | Neftochimic Burgas |
| Lokomotiv Ruse | 4–1 | Akademik Svishtov |
| Chirpan | 2–1 (a.e.t.) | Botev Vratsa |
| Etar Veliko Tarnovo | 3–2 | Slavia Sofia |
| Spartak Varna | 2–1 | Chernomorets Burgas |
| Ludogorets Razgrad | 5–3 | Vihren Sandanski |
| Montana | 3–2 | Cherno More Varna |
| Arda Kardzhali | 1–2 (a.e.t.) | Dunav Ruse |
| Spartak Pleven | 2–2 (a.e.t.) (6–4 p) | Beroe Stara Zagora |
| Sliven | 4–2 (a.e.t.) | Lokomotiv Plovdiv |

## Third round
### Group 1

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 | Place |
| 2 February 1986 ||||
| Levski Sofia | 3–1 | Botev Plovdiv | Stara Zagora |
| Lokomotiv Sofia | 2–0 | Montana | Kazanlak |

### Group 2

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 | Place |
| 2 February 1986 ||||
| Lokomotiv Ruse | 2–0 | Ludogorets Razgrad | Riltsi |
| CSKA Sofia | 4–2 | Chirpan | Sandanski |

### Group 3

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 | Place |
| 2 February 1986 ||||
| Etar Veliko Tarnovo | 9–1 | Neftochimic Burgas | Sliven |
| Dunav Ruse | 2–1 | Balkan Botevgrad | Nova Zagora |

### Group 4

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 | Place |
| 2 February 1986 ||||
| Spartak Pleven | 1–0 (a.e.t.) | Spartak Varna | Burgas |
| Sliven | 5–0 | Pirin Blagoevgrad | Pomorie |

## Quarter-finals
### Group 1

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 | Place |
| 5 February 1986 ||||
| Levski Sofia | 3–2 | Lokomotiv Sofia | Sofia |

### Group 2

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 | Place |
| 5 February 1986 ||||
| CSKA Sofia | 3–1 | Lokomotiv Ruse | Sandanski |

### Group 3

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 | Place |
| 5 February 1986 ||||
| Etar Veliko Tarnovo | 2–1 | Dunav Ruse | Sliven |

### Group 4

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 | Place |
| 5 February 1986 ||||
| Sliven | 3–2 | Spartak Pleven | Burgas |

## Semi-finals

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| 8 February 1986 |||
| CSKA Sofia | 4–3 | Sliven |
| Etar Veliko Tarnovo | 3–7 | Levski Sofia |

## Third place play-off

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| 26 April 1986 |||
| Etar Veliko Tarnovo | 2–0 | Sliven |

## Final
### Details

| Levski | CSKA |
# Forest Lawn High School

Forest Lawn High School is a high school in Calgary, Alberta, Canada in the southeast community of Forest Lawn. The senior high school has sports teams, who are known as the Titans, drama productions, dance, band, and choir. The school is located on 44th street, and is near Ernest Morrow Junior High, Jack James Senior High, Bob Bahan Memorial Pool, and Ernie Star Arena.
Forest Lawn serves the communities of Abbeydale, Albert Park, Applewood Park, Dover, Erin Woods, Forest Heights, Forest Lawn, Marlborough, Marlborough Park, Penbrooke Meadows, Pineridge, Radisson Heights, Red Carpet/Mountview Mobile Home Park, Rundle, Southview, Temple, and Whitehorn. Junior high feeder schools to Forest Lawn High School are Ernest Morrow, Ian Bazalgette, Langevin, and Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Dr. Gladys McKelvie Egbert, Bob Edwards, Clarence Sansom, Dr. Gordon Higgins, Annie Gale.

## About the school

The school was built in 1968 and is situated on 25.0 acres. The school has 84 classrooms, a full commercial foods kitchen, a cosmetology program and a full auto motives service program featuring auto-mechanics, auto-body and welding courses at all three grade levels. Forest Lawn also offers Advanced Placement courses in the four core subjects and a full range of academic and complementary courses. The school was named after the community that it serves (Forest Lawn).
The school provides French/Spanish and English language as a primary language instruction. The school offers various performing and visual arts programs, and offers a certificate to recognize students that have made fine arts a focus of learning at the high school level.
The school is part of the Action for Bright Children Society.

## Notable alumni

* Jevon Cottoy (2014), professional football player
# Başkurtdere, Aziziye

Başkurtdere is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Aziziye, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 172 and is inhabited by Turks (2022).
# International Conference on Digital Audio Effects

The annual International Conference on Digital Audio Effects or DAFx Conference is a meeting of enthusiasts working in research areas on audio signal processing, acoustics, and music related disciplines, who come together to present and discuss their findings. The conference evolved from an EU-COST-G6 project “Digital Audio Effects” in 1998.
The acronym DAFx stands for Digital Audio Effects and is also the name of a book which was written by people in the community around the conference
A list of past and upcoming conferences together with an archive of all proceedings can be found at the website.

## Scheduled and past conferences

* DAFX, 2020 - Vienna, Austria
* DAFX, 2019 - Birmingham, UK
* DAFX, 2018 - Aveiro, Portugal
* DAFX, 2017 - Edinburgh, UK
* DAFX, 2016 - Brno, Czech Republic
* DAFX, 2015 - Trondheim, Norway
* DAFX, 2014 - Erlangen, Germany
* DAFX, 2013 - Maynooth, Ireland
* DAFX, 2012 - York, UK
* DAFX, 2011 - Paris, France
* DAFX, 2010 - Graz, Austria
* DAFX, 2009 - Como, Italy
* DAFX, 2008 - Espoo, Finland
* DAFX, 2007 - Bordeaux, France
* DAFX, 2006 - Montreal, Quebec, Canada Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine
* DAFX, 2005 - Madrid, Spain
* DAFX, 2004 - Naples, Italy
* DAFX, 2003 - London, UK
* DAFX, 2002 - Hamburg, Germany
* DAFX, 2001 - Limerick, Ireland
* DAFX, 2000 - Verona, Italy
* DAFX, 1999 - Trondheim, Norway
* DAFX, 1998 - Barcelona, Spain
# MKA

MKA may refer to:

## Companies and organization

* Magnusson Klemencic Associates, an American engineering consulting firm
* Majlis Khuddam-ul Ahmadiyya, the young men's branch of the Ahmadiyya Muslim community
* Malaysian Kennel Association (Malay: Persatuan Kenel Anjing Malaysia), a Malaysian dog club
* Mandakini Ki Awaaz, a community radio station in Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand, India
* Makani Kai Air, a small Hawaiian airline
* Montclair Kimberley Academy, a private school in Montclair, New Jersey, U.S.

## Media

* Mario Kart Advance, the Japanese title for the 2001 kart racing video game Mario Kart: Super Circuit
* Mortal Kombat Annihilation, a 1997 American martial arts fantasy film
* Mortal Kombat: Armageddon, a 2006 video game

## Other uses

* MACsec Key Agreement Protocol, a protocol for exchanging keys for use in the MACsec network security standard (IEEE 802.1AE)
* Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, a twin pair of American actresses and fashion designers
* .mka, the file extension for audio in the Matroska Multimedia Container format, developed by the Matroska project
* Matthew Knight Arena, an arena in Eugene, Oregon, U.S.
* Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881 – 1938), the first president of Turkey
* Milwaukee Airport Railroad Station, a train station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S., by Amtrak station code
# Horace Coignet

Horace Coignet (13 May 1736 – 29 August 1821) was a French amateur violinist, singer and composer. He was active in Lyons as a pattern-designer and dealer in embroidered goods, as an official clerk and as musical director of the city from 1794. He became the music instructor to the Duchesse d'Aumont in Paris (at the same time serving as corresponding member of the Lyons Academy), and later returned to Lyons where he served on the directorial board of the conservatory. He was known as a gifted violinist, and composed harpsichord pieces, romances, a set of Trois duos concertants de violon et fugues, a revolutionary hymn for the Rousseau celebration at Lyons (14 October 1794) and some theatrical music (including an opera comique, Le medicin de l'amour, and an overture to La Harpe's Melanie.) His most notable work the music for Jean-Jacques Rousseau's 1762 short play Pygmalion, first performed in Lyon in 1770 was a success and soon became known throughout Europe.

## Sources

* http://www.servinghistory.com/topics/Horace_Coignet
# James Arthur (disambiguation)

James Arthur (born 1988) is a British singer and winner of The X Factor in 2012.
James Arthur may also refer to:
* James Arthur (album), the singer's self-titled debut album
* James Arthur (theologian) (died 1670), Irish Dominican friar and theologian
* James Arthur (mathematician) (born 1944), Canadian mathematician
* James Arthur (poet) (born 1974), American-Canadian poet
* James Arthur (educational researcher), editor of British Journal of Educational Studies
* James Arthur, founder of House of Fraser
* James Osborne Arthur (1887–1971), missionary for the Reformed Church of America
* James B. Arthur (1831–1905), figure in the early founding of Fort Collins, Colorado and Northern Colorado
* James Arthur McCausland, Canadian politician
* James Arthur (discus thrower) (born 1898), American discus thrower and shot putter, two-time All-American for the Stanford Cardinal track and field team
# Francis George Claudet

Francis George Claudet (1837-1906) was an assayer for the Royal Mint in British Columbia, Canada, photographer and the youngest son of Antoine François Jean Claudet, the French photographer-inventor who produced daguerreotypes.

## Career

Francis Claudet was born on 15 February 1837 in Islington, London, the youngest of eight children of Antoine and Julia Claudet. In 1859 the Royal Mint appointed him as the Assayer for the Colony of British Columbia, Canada. Initially he lived in Victoria, Vancouver Island travelling widely in both British Columbia and Vancouver, including aboard HMS Satellite, the ship on which Lieutenant Richard "Arctic" Roche served. Claudet lived in New Westminster over the next thirteen years, working in various civil service roles before returning to England with his family and taking a position in Runcorn, Cheshire as a chemical engineer managing a copper works. Around 1890 he returned to London with his wife Fanny and three of their six children, living first in Camberwell, before moving to their final home in Kilburn.

## Photography

Claudet inherited an interest in photography from his father and took images of New Westminster and its residents, as well as subjects he encountered on official duties. He knew other professional photographers, including Frederick Dally in Victoria, David Withrow in New Westminster & Moodyville, and possibly Richard and Hannah Maynard, whom he is likely to have met in 1862 on board a steamer from San Francisco. He does not appear to have pursued his interest in photography, as there is no record of him exhibiting any photographs after returning to England.
In 1946 one of his sons, who had emigrated to Canada, sold some family papers, including photograph albums, to the British Columbia Archives.

## Death

Claudet died at his home, 181 Willesden Lane, Kilburn, London on 13 March 1906 and is buried in a family grave on the west side of Highgate Cemetery.
# Héctor Gramajo

Héctor Alejandro Gramajo Morales (11 August 1940 – 12 March 2004) was a general in the Guatemalan Army who served as Defense Minister from 1 February 1987 to 20 May 1990, during the long years of the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996). He ran unsuccessfully in 1995 elections as the presidential candidate for the coalition between the Frente de Unidad Nacional (FUN) and Partido Institucional Democrático (PID) parties.

## Early life and education

Héctor Gramajo Morales was born in 1940 in San Juan Ostuncalco, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala.

## Career

He entered the Army as a young man in 1957 and rose in the ranks. His graduating class at the Escuela Politécnica (1959) included officers who would later be among the founding members and leaders of Guatemala's guerrilla insurgency, such as his friends Luis Augusto Turcios Lima and Luis Trejo Esquivel. He became a brigadier general in 1984 and a division general in 1987. In February 1987 he was appointed as Defense Minister of the first government elected under Guatemala's new Constitution from 1985.
He continued the fight against dissident elements from both the Marxist-inspired guerrillas and right-wing hardliners, including some within the army. He supported the Thesis of National Stability as an alternative to the Doctrine of National Security, seeking a new role for the army in a democratic society and political solutions to the country's long and bloody civil war. This in part paved the way for the peace negotiations between the government and the Marxist insurgency, which began in 1987 and culminated with the signing of peace accords in 1996. During his term as Defense Minister, he played a pivotal role in upholding the elected government from at least two coup attempts led by civil and military right-wing hardliners, in May 1988 and May 1989.
After finishing his term as Defense Minister, Gramajo entered the graduate program at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, where he obtained a degree in public administration in 1991. That year he also served as commencement speaker at the US Army's School of the Americas at Fort Benning, Georgia.
While in the United States, he was served in a combined suit under Alien Tort Claims Act by the Center for Constitutional Rights, representing eight Kanjobal Indians, who survived the destruction of their village in the early 1980s, and the American nun Dianna Ortiz, who had been abducted and tortured in Guatemala in 1989. They accused him of having command responsibility for the abuses that took place.
In 1995 Gramajo was judged civilly liable and ordered to pay a total of $47.5 million in damages: $1 to 9 million each to each of the Guatemalans, and $5 million to Sister Dianna. for having command responsibility under the Torture Victim Protection Act.
He did not contest the lawsuit or pay the damages. In 1995, the United States revoked his entry visa, barring him from the United States.
He died on 12 March 2004 at his ranch at Santa Lucía Milpas Altas, Sacatepéquez department. He and his son were attacked by a swarm of Africanized bees and died from their many stings.
Hector Gramajo