OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mokobé

Mokobé Traoré (born 24 May 1980 in Vitry-sur-Seine, France), better known by the mononym Mokobé, is a Malian–French rapper and part of the music collective 113 alongside Rim'K and AP and within the greater French musical project and collective Mafia K-1 Fry. He also has his own solo career with two album releases Mon Afrique in 2007 and Africa Forever in 2011.
Mokobé was born to a Malian–Senegalese father and a Malian–Mauritanian mother. He was a founding member of 113 and his works appeared in the collective albums of the band. He was also actively involved in the artistic aspects of the band and took part in the live shows of the band. He was also responsible for the band's mediatic image (Visuals, music videos, DVDs, interviews, public relations), becoming a de facto manager of the 113 operations.
His solo album Mon Afrique was in collaboration with David Tayorault in Abidjan and was released on 11 June 2007. Le Molare, Tiken Jah Fakoly, Oumou Sangaré, Patson, Fally Ipupa, and hip hop stars like Diam's and Booba.
His album Africa Forever included collaborations with Soprano), Nathalie Bleue, Oumou Sangare, Despo Rutti, Fode Baro, J-Mi Sissoko, Jah Cure, Mbaye Dieye Faye, Soumbill and Apocalypse.

## Discography
### Solo albums

| Year | Album | Peak positions | Certification |
| Year | Album | FR | Certification |
| 2007 | Mon Afrique | 18 | |
| 2011 | Africa Forever | 35 | |

### Albums with 113

* 2000: Les Princes de la ville (certified platinum)
* 2002: 113 fout la merde (certified gold)
* 2003: Dans L'urgence (reedition) (certified gold)
* 2005: 113 Degrés (certified gold)
* 2010: Universel

### Singles

| Year | Title | Peak positions | Album |
| Year | Title | FR | Album |
| 2007 | "C'est dans la joie" (feat. Patson) | 9 | Mon Afrique |
| 2011 | "Oulala" (feat. Yorobo) | 29 | Africa Forever |
| 2014 | "CDouxDeh" | 117 | |
| 2014 | "Getting Down" (feat. P-Square) | 17 | |
| 2015 | "Wesh (#TuMeDisDesWesh) " (feat. Gradur) | 8 | |
| 2016 | "J'ai trop dansé" | 42 | |
| 2018 | "Wakanda" | 11 | |

#### Other releases

* 2011: "50 CFA"
* 2011: "Taxi Phone" (feat. Soprano)
* 2012: "Africa For Ever" (feat. Jah Cure)

#### Featured in

| Year | Album | Peak positions | Album |
| Year | Album | FR | Album |
| 2012 | "Happy Birthday" (Matt Houston feat. Mokobé) | 160 | |
| 2015 | "Chupluskleurkeul" (Jaymax VI & Salomé Je T'aime feat. Mokobé) | 55 | |
# Euryphura achlys

Euryphura achlys, the forest green butterfly or mottled-green nymph, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. The southernmost limit is Ongoye Forest, South Africa. It is also found in the forests of eastern Zimbabwe, around Mulanje Massif in south eastern Malawi, Mozambique and Kenya.
The wingspan is 48–55 mm for males and 55–65 mm for females. Adults are on wing year round, but mainly from March to June.
Larval food plants are the common coca tree (Erythroxylum emarginatum) and Craibia brevicaudata.
# 13 Block

13 Block is a French hip hop group originating from Sevran, Seine-Saint-Denis. It was formed in 2012, and is made up of the artists Stavo, Zed, Zefor and OldPee, all from the Beaudottes area in Sevran. It is inspired by American-based drill from Chicago and trap from Atlanta. They have released two albums and a number of mixtapes.

## Discography
### Studio albums

| Title | Year | Peak positions | Peak positions | Peak positions | Peak positions | Certification |
| Title | Year | FRA | BEL (Fl) | BEL (Wa) | SWI | Certification |
| BLO | 2019 | 5 | — | 15 | 31 | |
| BLO II | 2020 | 12 | 181 | 17 | 33 | |

### Mixtapes

| Title | Year | Peak positions | Peak positions | Certification |
| Title | Year | FRA | BEL (Wa) | Certification |
| Violence Urbaine Émeute | 2016 | 163 | — | |
| ULTRAP | 2016 | 150 | — | |
| Triple S | 2018 | 39 | 74 | |

### Singles

| Title | Year | Peak positions | Peak positions | Album |
| Title | Year | FRA | BEL (Wa) | Album |
| "Somme" | 2017 | 188 | — | |
| "Vide" | 2017 | 125 | — | |
| "Balayer" | 2018 | 154 | — | |
| "Zidane" | 2018 | 102 | — | BLO |
| "Faut que" | 2019 | 110 | — | BLO |
| "Tieks" (feat. Niska) | 2020 | 18 | 16* (Ultratip) | BLO II |
| "Babi" | 2020 | 42 | 33* (Ultratip) | BLO II |
*Did not appear in the official Belgian Ultratop 50 charts, but rather in the bubbling under Ultratip charts.

### Featured in

| Title | Year | Peak positions | Peak positions | Album |
| Title | Year | FRA | BEL (Wa) | Album |
| "Clic clac" (Hamza feat. 13 Block) | 2019 | 64 | 25* (Ultratip) | |
| "On ira" (Soolking feat. 13 Block) | 2020 | 174 | — | |
*Did not appear in the official Belgian Ultratop 50 charts, but rather in the bubbling under Ultratip charts.

### Other songs

| Title | Year | Peak positions | Peak positions | Album |
| Title | Year | FRA | BEL (Wa) | Album |
| "Calibre" | 2018 | 193 | — | |
| "Amis d'avant" | 2019 | 76 | — | BLO |
| "Petit cœur" | 2019 | 64 | — | BLO |
| "Fuck le 17" | 2019 | 25 | 39* (Ultratip) | BLO |
| "Où je vais" | 2019 | 82 | — | BLO |
| "CR" | 2019 | 88 | — | BLO |
| "Ghetto" | 2019 | 89 | — | BLO |
| "Pas vu pas pris" | 2019 | 119 | — | BLO |
| "Binks 2.0" | 2019 | 121 | — | BLO |
| "93 Gangstérisme" | 2019 | 123 | — | BLO |
| "Métagorique" | 2019 | 154 | — | BLO |
| "Pente noire" | 2019 | 160 | — | BLO |
| "Si j'avais" | 2019 | 163 | — | BLO |
| "Bombarder" | 2019 | 184 | — | BLO |
| "Boîte 6 40 kil" | 2020 | 125 | — | Non-album release |
| "Riina Toto" (feat. Maes) | 2020 | 32 | — | BLO II |
| "Pavel" (feat. SCH) | 2020 | 65 | — | BLO II |
| "Aminata" (feat. PLK) | 2020 | 71 | — | BLO II |
| "Kobe" (feat. Zola) | 2020 | 74 | — | BLO II |
| "Akira" | 2020 | 107 | — | BLO II |
| "Les dodanes" | 2020 | 111 | — | BLO II |
| "Heps ou Plata" | 2020 | 114 | — | BLO II |
| "Diplomatico" | 2020 | 134 | — | BLO II |
| "La ramasse" | 2020 | 146 | — | BLO II |
| "Bendo" | 2020 | 166 | — | BLO II |
| "Oiseaux" | 2020 | 168 | — | BLO II |
| "Énervé" | 2020 | 189 | — | BLO II |
*Did not appear in the official Belgian Ultratop 50 charts, but rather in the bubbling under Ultratip charts.
# Djemai Family

Djemai Family is an Algerian TV series broadcast during the months of Ramadan 2008, 2009 and 2011. It is produced by SD-BOX, written by Osama Benhassine and Djaffar Gacem, dialogued by Mohamed Charchal.
The series tells the everyday life of an Algerian family with fresh and simple stories, dealing with originality the problems and challenges of contemporary Algerian society in a comic concept. It premiere on 2008 on Télévision Algérienne, A3 and Canal Algérie.

## Cast

* Salah Aougrout as Djemai
* Samira Sahraoui as Meriem
* Bouchra Okbi as Sarah
* Mohamed Bouchaïb as Rezki/Aristo
* Doudja Abdoun as Khoukha
* Farida Karim as Khalti Boualem
* Othmane Ben Daoud as Pedro
* Wissam Boualem as Wissam
* Azzeddine Bouchaïb as Samy
* Kawther El Bardi as Sakina
* Blaha Ben Ziane as Kadda
* Kamel Bouakkaz as Azzouz
* Mustapha Himoune as Lakhdar
* Hakim Zelloum as The inspector Fahem
# Denise Clark-Bradford

Denise Darchell "Niecy" Clark-Bradford (born Denise Darchell Clark; September 10, 1953) is an American Grammy Award-winning gospel singer. Clark–Bradford is best known as an original member of family vocal group The Clark Sisters and as a daughter of pioneering choral director Mattie Moss Clark. As a member of The Clark Sisters, Clark–Bradford has been honored with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

## Biography

Clark-Bradford was born in Detroit, Michigan to world-renowned gospel choir director, gold-certified singer, and musician Mattie Moss Clark and Pastor Elbert Clark. Clark-Bradford was taught to sing alongside her sisters at a young age, with the goal of forming a powerful group of female evangelists who would win souls for God with their voices. By 1966, Clark-Bradford and her sisters were performing behind their mother at church services, usually singing her songs.
Clark-Bradford left The Clark Sisters in 1986 and began her own ministry in California. Her last contribution to the group was that year's Heart & Soul album, which was released after a four-year gap.

## Awards
### Dove Awards

The Dove Awards are awarded annually by the Gospel Music Association. Clark-Bradford has received 1 award.
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
| 1987 | Heart & Soul | Contemporary Gospel Album of the Year | Won |

### Grammy Awards

The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Clark-Bradford has earned a Lifetime Achievement award as well as 2 competitive nominations.
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
| 1983 | Sincerely | Best Soul Gospel Performance by a Duo or Group | Nominated |
| 1987 | Heart & Soul | Best Soul Gospel Performance by a Duo or Group, Choir or Chorus | Nominated |
| 2024 | The Clark Sisters | Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award | Honored |

### NAACP Image Awards

The NAACP Image Awards are awarded annually by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Clark-Bradford has received 1 award.
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
| 1983 | The Clark Sisters | Outstanding Gospel Artist | Won |

### Soul Train Awards

The Soul Train Music Awards are awarded annually. Clark-Bradford has received 1 nomination.
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
| 1988 | Heart & Soul | Best Gospel Album – Group or Choir | Nominated |
# Epicenter (book)

Epicenter: Why Current Rumblings in the Middle East Will Change Your Future is a 2006 non-fiction Christian book by political column poster Joel C. Rosenberg. The book was released on September 1, 2006 through Tyndale House Publishers, Inc and concerns how current events in the Middle East and other places in the world resemble prophecies from the Book of Ezekiel.
An updated version of the book entitled Epicenter 2.0 was released in 2008 in paperback.

## Synopsis

In Epicenter Rosenberg examines current events in Russia, the Middle East, and other countries, as well as interviewing various leaders from Israel, Palestine, and Russia. Rosenberg then takes this information, along with his interviews and experience with events and leaders in Washington, D.C. to compare these changes and events to prophecies made in the Book of Ezekiel. He argues that these are signs of upcoming change, not all of which might be positive, that will change the world completely.

## Other media
### Conference

In 2008 Rosenberg began hosting a series of yearly conferences titled Epicenter that discussed events in the Middle East. The first conference was held in Jerusalem, Israel and stated that their primary purpose was to educate Christians "as to the serious threats facing the Jewish State and her neighbors, and mobilized Christians around the world to pray for the peace of Jerusalem and provide humanitarian relief to the poor, needy and those suffering from war and terrorism".

### DVD

In 2007 Rosenberg released a one-hour documentary that discussed his theories in Epicenter and the potential conflicts in the world.

## Reception

Of the audiobook, AudioFile commented that while Rosenberg was a skilled writer, when it came to narrating the book he was "the wrong person for the job."
# Cho Won-kwang

Cho Won-Kwang (Korean: 조원광; born 23 August 1985) is a South Korean footballer, who plays for Cheonan City FC in the Korea National League.
His previous club was Anyang LG Cheetahs and Incheon United at K-League in South Korea and FC Sochaux-Montbéliard in France. He played reserve match at both team.
In November 2009, he was moved to Jeju United.

## Club career statistics

| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| South Korea | South Korea | South Korea | League | League | KFA Cup | KFA Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Asia | Asia | Total | Total |
| 2002 | Anyang LG Cheetahs | K-League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | |
| 2003 | Anyang LG Cheetahs | K-League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
| France | France | France | League | League | Coupe de France | Coupe de France | Coupe de la Ligue | Coupe de la Ligue | Europe | Europe | Total | Total |
| 2003–04 | Sochaux-Montbéliard | Ligue 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 |
| 2004–05 | Sochaux-Montbéliard | Ligue 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 |
| 2005–06 | Sochaux-Montbéliard | Ligue 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 |
| South Korea | South Korea | South Korea | League | League | KFA Cup | KFA Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Asia | Asia | Total | Total |
| 2007 | Incheon United | K-League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 |
| 2008 | Incheon United | K-League | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | - | - | 4 | 0 |
| 2009 | Cheonan City | N-League | 23 | 0 | | | - | - | - | - | 23 | 0 |
| 2010 | Jeju United | K-League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 |
| Total | South Korea | South Korea | 25 | 0 | | | 2 | 0 | | | | |
| Total | France | France | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 25 | 0 | | | 2 | 0 | | | | |
# Celia

Celia may refer to:

## Film and television

* Celia (1949 film), British comedy thriller
* Celia (1989 film), Australian drama
* Celia (Colombian TV series), a Spanish-language telenovela based on the life of Celia Cruz
* Celia (Spanish TV series), a Spanish TV-series based on Elena Fortún's novels

## Literature

* Celia (As You Like It), a character in Shakespeare's As You Like It
* Celia, the title character in the novels by Elena Fortún, including:
** Celia, lo que dice (1929)
** Celia en el colegio (1932)
** Celia en el mundo (1934)

## Music
### Albums

* Celia (album), an album by Tiwa Savage
* Celia, tribute album by Angélique Kidjo 2019
* "Celia" (song), a 2011 single by Annah Mac

### Songs

* "Celia", a jazz tune by Bud Powell on his 1950 album "Jazz Giant"
* "Celia", a song by Phil Ochs on his 1964 album All the News That's Fit to Sing
* "Celia", B-side of the 1974 single "Billy Don't Be a Hero" by Paper Lace
* "Celia", a song by Camila Cabello on her 2022 album Familia

## People

* Celia (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the name

## Other uses

* Celia, a subgenus of carabid beetles of the genus Amara
* Celia, the last natural-born Pyrenean Ibex
* Celia (virtual assistant), AI virtual assistant by Huawei
* Hurricane Celia (disambiguation), a number of hurricanes assigned the name
* SS Celia, a number of ships with this name
# Badminton at the 2011 Pacific Games

Badminton at the 2011 Pacific Games in Nouméa, New Caledonia was held on September 5–9, 2011.

## Medal summary
### Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | New Caledonia | 5 | 4 | 3 | 12 |
| 2 | Fiji | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 3 | Tahiti | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (3 entries) | Totals (3 entries) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 |

### Results

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's Singles | Marc-Antoine Desaymoz New Caledonia | Arnaud-Claude Franzi New Caledonia | William Jannic New Caledonia |
| Men's doubles | Arnaude-Claude Franzi and Fabien Kaddour New Caledonia | Marc-Antoine Desaymoz and Sébastien Arias New Caledonia | Shivneil Chand and Burty James Molia Fiji |
| Women's singles | Andra Whiteside Fiji | Valérie Sarengat New Caledonia | Johanna Kou New Caledonia |
| Women's doubles | Cécile Kaddour and Johanna Kou New Caledonia | Danielle Whiteside and Andra Whiteside Fiji | Valérie Sarengat and Mélissa Sanmoestanom New Caledonia |
| Mixed doubles | William Jannic and Cécile Kaddour New Caledonia | Marc-Antoine Desaymoz and Johanna Kou New Caledonia | Burty James Molia and Andra Whiteside Fiji |
| Mixed team | New Caledonia | Fiji | Tahiti |
# Chris Monson

Chris Monson was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, elected in 1910. Other positions he held include town clerk of Akan, Wisconsin, postmaster of Five Points, Richland County, Wisconsin and justice of the peace. He was a Republican. Monson was born in Akan on August 25, 1875.
# William Seaman

William Casper Seaman (January 19, 1925 – December 6, 1997) was an American photographer from Grand Island, Nebraska.
He won the 1959 Pulitzer Prize for Photography citing "Wheels of Death", a "dramatic photograph of the sudden death of a child in the street". He was photographer for the Minneapolis Star from 1945 to 1982.
In 1990, Pennsylvania new wave band Bang Chamber 8 used "Wheels of Death" for the cover art of their self-titled demo EP.
He died in Minneapolis of natural causes.
# Mount Hope Historic District

Mount Hope Historic District is a national historic district located at Mount Hope, Fayette County, West Virginia. The district encompasses 144 contributing buildings, one contributing site, four contributing structures, and one contributing object. It includes commercial and industrial buildings; public and private institutional properties; domestic architecture; Stadium Terrace, a 1939 25-unit public housing project designed by H. Rus Warne; along with roadways; historic retaining walls; a cemetery; and the Municipal Stadium. The U. S. Post Office dates to 1940 and was designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect under Louis A. Simon. Located in the district is the previously listed New River Company General Office Building.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.
# Tortas de aceite

Torta de aceite, is a light, crisp and flaky sweet biscuit in the shape of a torta.
The main ingredients are wheat flour, olive oil, almonds, sugar, sesame seeds, anise seeds and anise flavor.
The true origin of the olive oil tortas is unknown. On one hand, it is said that they come from an ancient Arab recipe, it is also said that olive oil torta was a traditional sweet created in southern Spain.

## Literary references

Guzmán de Alfarache, a novel from the end of 16th or beginning of the 17th century, mentions olive oil tortas; saying:
   Dale mis encomiendas, aunque no lo conozco, y dile que me pesa mucho y parte con él de aquesa conserva, que para ti, bien mío, la tenía guardada. Mañana es día de amasijo y te haré una torta de aceite con que sin vergüenza puedas convidar a tus camaradas. (Guzmán, Cátedra, 1987, 486)
   Give him my regards, though I do not know him, and tell him I am sorry and bring them this preserved food I kept for you. Tomorrow is the day for kneading and I will prepare an olive oil torta for you to invite your comrades.
They are also mentioned in the novel Don Quijote de la Mancha:
   Por eso digo—dijo el del Bosque—que nos dejemos de andar buscando aventuras; y pues tenemos hogazas, no busquemos tortas, y volvámonos a nuestras chozas, que allí nos hallará Dios, si Él quiere. (Quijote, Rico, 734)
   This is the reason why I say—said the man of the forest—let's stop looking for adventure; and as we have loaves, we are not going to look for tortas, and let us return to our huts, God will find us there, if He wills.
# Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay

Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay (French pronunciation: ) is a former commune in the Calvados department, region of Normandy, northwestern France. It was merged with May-sur-Orne to form Saint-Martin-de-May on 1 January 2025.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 589 | — |
| 1800 | 539 | −1.26% |
| 1806 | 482 | −1.85% |
| 1821 | 454 | −0.40% |
| 1831 | 451 | −0.07% |
| 1836 | 437 | −0.63% |
| 1841 | 450 | +0.59% |
| 1846 | 453 | +0.13% |
| 1851 | 456 | +0.13% |
| 1856 | 460 | +0.17% |
| 1861 | 498 | +1.60% |
| 1866 | 472 | −1.07% |
| 1872 | 428 | −1.62% |
| 1876 | 443 | +0.86% |
| 1881 | 429 | −0.64% |
| 1886 | 422 | −0.33% |
| 1891 | 436 | +0.65% |
| 1896 | 410 | −1.22% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1901 | 418 | +0.39% |
| 1906 | 432 | +0.66% |
| 1911 | 419 | −0.61% |
| 1921 | 449 | +0.69% |
| 1926 | 452 | +0.13% |
| 1931 | 510 | +2.44% |
| 1936 | 502 | −0.32% |
| 1946 | 348 | −3.60% |
| 1954 | 647 | +8.06% |
| 1962 | 766 | +2.13% |
| 1968 | 895 | +2.63% |
| 1975 | 1,319 | +5.70% |
| 1982 | 1,418 | +1.04% |
| 1990 | 1,884 | +3.62% |
| 1999 | 1,881 | −0.02% |
| 2007 | 2,188 | +1.91% |
| 2012 | 2,571 | +3.28% |
| 2017 | 2,560 | −0.09% |
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :

## Twin towns – sister cities

* Stockstadt am Main, Germany, since 1993
* Biganos, France, since 1991
# Yakisugi

Yakisugi (Japanese: 焼杉, lit. 'burnt Japanese cedar ') is a traditional, very old Japanese method of wood preservation. It is referred to in the West as burnt timber cladding and is also available as shou sugi ban (焼杉板), a term which uses the same kanji characters, but an alternative pronunciation. The ban character means "plank".
By slightly charring the surface of the wood without combusting the whole piece, the surface becomes water-resistant through the carbonization and at the same time its hygroscopy is decreased due to chemical cell-changing process during carbonization, which results in increased durability. It additionally protects the wood against insects, fungi and mold, as well as making the wood a rather fire-resistant material.
However, some studies showed that a mere charring of the surface does not improve durability or fire resistance. It also doesn't make the wood waterproof.
This old technique has several similarities with the modern thermal wood modification methods used in Europe and elsewhere.

## Examples

Contemporary architect Terunobu Fujimori works with yakisugi. In addition, Japanese architect Kengo Kuma uses this charred wood material in his modern creations.
# Washington's 12th legislative district

Washington's 12th legislative district is one of forty-nine districts in Washington state for representation in the state legislature.
The rural district in north central Washington contains all of Chelan County and parts of King and Snohomish counties in Western Washington. It was redrawn again in 2024 following a U.S. District Court judge's order to amend 15th district in Yakima County; the 12th district was expanded across the Cascades and lost Wenatchee and East Wenatchee to the 7th district.
As of 2025, the district's legislators are state senator Keith Goehner and state representatives Brian Burnett (position 1) and Mike Steele (position 2), all Republicans. The 2024 redistricting has made the 12th district more competitive for both parties, especially for the Democratic Party, which did not field candidates in some past elections.
# Wang Yuanhua

Wang Yuanhua (Chinese: 王元化; November 30, 1920 – May 9, 2008) was a Chinese scholar and literary theorist who was a leading figure in the New Enlightenment movement in mainland China in the 1980s. As an influential liberal intellectual in China, Wang was a professor at the East China Normal University, and served as the director of the Publicity Department of Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (1983–1985). He founded the journal New Enlightenment in Shanghai in 1988.

## Biography

Wang Yuanhua was born to a Christian family in Wuchang, Hubei on November 30, 1920. Wang Yuanhua's parents got married in 1906, and his father, Wang Fangquan (王芳荃), obtained master's degree of education at the University of Chicago in the United States before returning to Tsinghua University in 1915 where he taught English; Wang Yuanhua thus spent his childhood in Beijing.
Wang joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1938 and attended the Great China University from 1939–1941. In 1948, Wang married his wife Zhang Ke (张可). After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Wang served in the China Writers Association in Shanghai. He was seriously affected by the "Anti-Hu Feng Campaign" in 1955, even being expelled from the CCP.
After the Cultural Revolution in 1976, Wang was rehabilitated and returned to the CCP, serving as the director of the Publicity Department of Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (1983–1985). He taught at the East China Normal University, and became an advocate for thought liberation in the 1980s and for Chinese liberalism in the 1990s. In particular, Wang played a leading role in the New Enlightenment movement in the 1980s and founded the New Enlightenment magazine in Shanghai in 1988. He was also recognized as an influential literary theorist.
Wang passed away on May 9, 2008, in Shanghai.