OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dickinson Estate Historic District

The Dickinson Estate Historic District encompasses the core holding of an early 20th century country estate in rural northern Brattleboro, Vermont. It includes a sophisticated Colonial Revival mansion house, built in 1900, and a variety of agricultural outbuildings dating to the same period. The estate, and in particular its barnyard complex, are well-preserved remnants of this era. The property is also notable for its association with Rudyard Kipling, who owned the estate for several years. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. The district covers 30 acres (12 ha) of what is now the main campus of the World Learning organization, a larger subset of the original Dickinson Estate.

## Description and history

The former Dickinson Estate is located in rural northern Brattleboro, near its border with Dummerston, on the west side of Kipling Road. The World Learning campus occupies more than 160 acres (65 ha) of a large farm property that was known in the 19th century as the Bliss Farm. In 1899 the Bliss Farm was purchased by Frederick and Harriet Dickinson; he was a prominent local businessman, she the daughter of a New York City millionaire. The farm became the core of a gentleman's farm country estate that reached 500 acres (200 ha) at its greatest extent. The Dickinsons built a 20-room Colonial Revival mansion house (to a design by Belgian architect Maurice Fornachon), and constructed a number of agricultural outbuildings to support farm operations on the property, demolishing most of the older buildings on the farm in the process. The only older building to survive on the property is an 1860s Greek Revival cottage, in which the Kiplings gave birth to their daughter while construction of nearby Naulakha was underway.
The central portion of the Dickinson estate was purchased in 1937 by Thomas Bibby, who continued to operate the farm. His widow remarried, to Henry Persons, a principal in the Experiment in International Living, now World Learning. That organization bought a subset of the estate (excluding the main complex of farm buildings) in 1962, and gradually expanded its holdings to more than 160 acres (65 ha).
The property is historically significant as having one of the few surviving country estate houses left in Brattleboro, and for its remarkably well-preserved early-20th century farmyard, which was also designed by the architect Fornachon. The elaborate and deliberate arrangement of the buildings in the farm complex is particularly unique in the state.
# Dorchester South Burying Ground

The Dorchester South Burying Ground is a historic graveyard on Dorchester Avenue in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. Established in 1814, it is the second oldest cemetery in Dorchester, after the North Burying Ground. It is a roughly 2-acre (0.81 ha) parcel on the west side of Dorchester Avenue, north of Dorchester Lower Mills. A paved roadway provides circulation around the perimeter of the property. There is some evidence that the cemetery was formally terraced, due to the sloping terrain, but there is no evidence of curbing that might have been used for this purpose. One of the cemetery's most prominent features is a line of granite tombs along the southern boundary.
The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.
# Downing Street Historic District

Downing Street Historic District, also known as The English Village, is a national historic district located at Hollister, Taney County, Missouri. The district encompasses 12 contributing buildings built between 1909 and the 1920s as part of a planned village in the Tudor Revival style. The buildings feature walls made of stone and stucco in a light beige color, with decorative boards painted a dark brown. Notable buildings include the U.S. Post Office - Gwinn Ceramics, Christian Science Society, Ye Old English Inn, and Hollister City Hall (formerly Missouri Pacific Railroad Depot, 1910).
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
# Vladimir Okhotnik

Vladimir Okhotnik (Ukrainian: Володимир Ілліч Охотник, romanized: Volodymyr Illich Okhotnyk; born 28 February 1950) is a French chess player of Ukrainian origin.
In 1979 he won the 44th Ukrainian championship at Dnipropetrovsk. In 2011 he won the World Senior Championship and this achievement automatically earned him the title of Grandmaster. Okhotnik won his second world senior title (in the 65+ category) in 2015.
Tournament results include the following:
* 1984: first at Mezőhegyes
* 1986: equal 2nd at Satu Mare
* 1987: first at Samos; 4th at Halle
* 1988: first at the Cappelle-la-Grande Open
* 2012: equal first at Villach
In the 1990s he moved to France, taking up French nationality.
Together with Bogdan Lalić, he wrote two chess books:
* Carpathian Warrior book one. Secrets of a Master, Pandora Press, 2005 (370 pp.), covering the Pirc, the Modern Defense, the Czech and the Philidor
* Carpathian Warrior 2, Pandora Press, 2008, covering lesser known lines vs. the Pirc and the Modern, as well as other Black systems with a king's side fianchetto.
# Downtown Burlington Historic District

Downtown Burlington Historic District is a national historic district located at Burlington, Alamance County, North Carolina, United States. It encompasses 40 contributing buildings in the central business district of Burlington, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
The district includes commercial, industrial, and transportation-related buildings. The majority of the buildings are one to three-story brick commercial buildings dating to the mid-19th and early-20th centuries. Among the buildings located in the district are:
* Alamance Hotel
* Atlantic Bank and Trust Company Building
* Efird Building
* Southern Railway Passenger Station
* United States Post Office
Other notable buildings include the former May Hosiery Mill, C. F. Neese Jewelers Building (1887), Strader Building (1913–1918), McClellan Stores Building (c. 1895), Troxler-Cammack Building (1908), and Morris Plan Bank Building (c. 1930).
# Downtown Butler Historic District

Downtown Butler Historic District is a national historic district located at Butler, DeKalb County, Indiana. The district encompasses 30 contributing buildings in the central business district of Butler. The district developed between about 1860 and 1950, and includes notable examples of Italianate and Early Commercial style architecture. Notable buildings include the Butler Carnegie Library (1916), Marshall Clothing Company, Old Dimestore (1863), First National Bank Building (1913), Butler Hotel (1914), Oberlin Building (1907), Towne Hardware / Broadway Cafe Buildings (1880s), Thompson Block (1903), and Mutzfeld Building (1912).
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.
# Downtown Elkin Historic District

Downtown Elkin Historic District is a national historic district located at Elkin, Surry County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 51 contributing buildings and 2 contributing structures in the central business district of Elkin. They were primarily built between about 1890 and 1950 and include notable examples of Early Commercial and Bungalow / American Craftsman architecture. Notable buildings and structures include the Gwyn-Foard House (c. 1855), Hugh G. Chatham Bridge (1931), Liberty Tobacco Warehouse (c. 1920), Harris Building (1902), U.S. Post Office (1937) designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect under Louis A. Simon, former Elkin Town Hall (1938–1939) built by the Works Progress Administration, Dobbin's Store (c. 1940), and the Riverside Hotel (1915–1925).
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.
# Fish Creek Mountains Wilderness

The Fish Creek Mountains Wilderness is located about 25 miles west of Brawley, California, and southeast of the Vallecito Mountains in the United States. The wilderness is located in the Fish Creek Mountains region in the northern part of the Carrizo Impact Area, which is closed to the public.

## Geography

The Fish Creek Mountains resemble a plateau rising as a great wall above the desert basin. From a distance, few dramatic peaks are visible. However, on closer examination, a rugged land of jagged ridges and peaks appears above twisting canyons and small valleys, creating a pristine natural environment. The steep mountain slopes contain limestone outcrops that have resisted erosion. As a result, water from cloudbursts has created narrow chutes swirling with water. Shielded from the sun's evaporating rays, water at the base of these chutes remains year-round serving wildlife as natural tanks. A portion of the ancient Lake Cahuilla shoreline is visible within this wilderness. The lake was a great body of freshwater once covering the Imperial and Coachella Valleys, receding 500 years ago.

## Visiting

Camping is permitted outside of the Carrizo Impact Area, but is limited to 14 days. After 14 days, campers must relocate at least 25 miles (40 km) from previous site. The wilderness covers 21,425 acres (86.70 km$^2$). It is south of Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in the Colorado Desert, and west of the Imperial Valley.
# Fort Niobrara Wilderness

The Fort Niobrara Wilderness is located in the U.S. state of Nebraska, near Valentine. Created by an act of Congress in 1976, the wilderness is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and covers an area of 4,635 acres (18.75 km$^2$) within Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge. The wilderness lies along the northern banks of the Niobrara River (which is designated as the Niobrara National Scenic River through the refuge and beyond), providing sanctuary to bison, prairie dogs, mule deer, river otter and the bald eagle. A mixture of flat prairie and wooded ravines, there are no maintained trails in the wilderness. Access is only allowed during daylight hours and there is no camping or fires allowed.
U.S. Wilderness Areas do not allow motorized or mechanized vehicles, including bicycles. Although camping and fishing are allowed with a proper permit, no roads or buildings are constructed and there is also no logging or mining, in compliance with the 1964 Wilderness Act. Wilderness areas within National Forests and Bureau of Land Management areas also allow hunting (in season).
# Antwerp City Hall

The City Hall (Dutch: Stadhuis) of Antwerp, Belgium, stands on the western side of that city's Grote Markt (main square). Erected between 1561 and 1565, after designs made by Cornelis Floris de Vriendt and several other architects and artists, this Renaissance building incorporates both Flemish and Italian influences. The building is listed as one of the Belfries of Belgium and France, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## History

In the 16th century, Antwerp became one of the busiest trading ports and most prosperous cities in Northern Europe. The municipal authorities wished to replace the city's small medieval City Hall with a more imposing structure befitting the prosperity of the great port city. The local architect Domien de Waghemakere drafted a plan (c. 1540) for a new building in a style typical of the monumental Gothic town halls of Flanders and Brabant.
The threat of war, however, prevented any progress on the project. The building materials intended for the City Hall were instead used to shore up the city's defenses. It was not until about 1560 that new plans were developed. In the meantime, Gothic architecture had gone out of fashion, so the City Hall was designed in the new Renaissance style. Completed in 1565, the building lasted hardly a decade before being burnt to a shell in the Spanish Fury of 1576. It was restored three years later.

## Description

The low arcaded ground story is of rusticated stone, and at one time housed little shops. Above are two stories with Doric and Ionic columns separating large mullioned windows, and a fourth story forming an open gallery. The richly ornamented central section, which rises above the eaves in diminishing stages, holds female statues representing Justice, Prudence, and the Virgin Mary, and bears the coats of arms of the Duchy of Brabant, the Spanish Habsburgs, and the Margraviate of Antwerp.
Renovations during the late 19th century by architects Pierre Bruno Bourla, Joseph Schadde and Pieter Jan August Dens drastically modified the interior. Much of the stately decoration dates from this period, as does a roof over what was once an open-air inner courtyard. Many leading local historical painters were invited to assist with the decorations. Henri Leys painted a series of murals depicting key events in the city's history and portraits of former Belgian rulers for the Leys Hall.

## Influence abroad

Antwerp's City Hall became an exemplar for the new Renaissance style in architecture in the Netherlands and Northern Europe. The Stadhuis of Vlissingen and of The Hague in the Netherlands and the design of the Rathaus of Emden and the portico of the Rathaus of Cologne (1557) in Germany and the Green Gate (designed by Regnier or Reiner of Amsterdam) in Gdańsk, Poland were inspired by this new style.
# Gates of the Mountains Wilderness

The Gates of the Mountains Wilderness is located in the U.S. state of Montana. Created by an act of Congress in 1964, the wilderness is managed by Helena National Forest. A day use campground near the Gates of the Mountains, Meriwether Picnic site, is named in honor of Meriwether Lewis.
Gates of the Mountains Wilderness (then known as the Gates of the Mountains Wild Area) was the site of the 1949 Mann Gulch fire, which claimed the lives of 13 firefighters and which was the subject of Norman Maclean's book Young Men and Fire.
U.S. Wilderness Areas do not allow motorized or mechanized vehicles, including bicycles. Although camping and fishing are allowed with proper permit, no roads or buildings are constructed and there is also no logging or mining, in compliance with the 1964 Wilderness Act. Wilderness areas within National Forests and Bureau of Land Management areas also allow hunting in season.

## History

The Gates of the Mountains Wilderness were named by Lewis and Clark. Captain Lewis wrote on July 19, 1805,
   this evening we entered much the most remarkable clifts that we have yet seen. these clifts rise from the waters edge on either side perpendicularly to the height of 1200 feet. ... the river appears to have forced its way through this immense body of solid rock for the distance of 5-3/4 Miles ... I called it the gates of the rocky mountains.
In 1918, when Holter Dam was built forming Holter Lake, the water level of the Missouri River in the Gates was raised approximately 14 feet (4.3 m).
The Gates of the Mountains area was considered multiple times for inclusion in the national park system. In 1922, Montana senator Thomas J. Walsh suggested the idea to National Park Service (NPS) director Stephen Mather, writing, "you must be familiar with the locality and with the wonderfully graphic account of its marvels and beauties found in the journal of Lewis and Clark." Mather visited the site but decided that it lacked national significance and that local or state protection would be adequate to preserve it. The NPS dropped the proposal at the end of 1922, only to reconsider it in 1935 and again in the 1960s. Both times, officials reached the same conclusion: "The area is suitable for a county park or a state park." The area received its wilderness designation under the Wilderness Act of 1964.

## Geology

The prominent gray cliffs along the Missouri River in the Gates of the Mountains are formed by Madison Limestone. At the southern entrance to the canyon the trace of the Eldorado thrust fault juxtaposes Proterozoic Belt Supergroup Greyson Shale over much younger Madison Limestone; this faulting was part of the Sevier orogeny. Within the canyon, caves and folded layers of Madison Limestone are found. Near the north end of the canyon, at Mann Gulch and further north, alternating ridges and valleys reflect the alternating resistance of younger rock layers overlying the Madison Limestone. The entire canyon is an example of a superposed or antecedent stream, in which the river pre-dates the uplift of the rocks and kept pace with erosion as uplift occurred.
# George D. Aiken Wilderness

The George D. Aiken Wilderness is one of eight wilderness areas in the Green Mountain National Forest in the U.S. state of Vermont. The wilderness area, created by the Vermont Wilderness Act of 1984, is named in honor of George Aiken (1892–1984), former U.S. Senator from Vermont who advocated for the passage of the Eastern Wilderness Areas Act of 1975. Today the George D. Aiken Wilderness consists of 4,800 acres (1,900 ha) managed by the U.S. Forest Service.
# Gros Ventre Wilderness

The Gros Ventre Wilderness (/ˌɡroʊ ˈvɑːnt/ groh-VAHNT) is located in Bridger-Teton National Forest in the U.S. state of Wyoming. Most of the Gros Ventre Range is located within the wilderness.
U.S. Wilderness Areas do not allow motorized or mechanized vehicles, including bicycles. Although camping and fishing are allowed with proper permit, no roads or buildings are constructed and there is also no logging or mining, in compliance with the 1964 Wilderness Act. Wilderness areas within National Forests and Bureau of Land Management areas also allow hunting in season.
Etymology : In French, Gros Ventre means big belly / big stomach.
# Downtown Monett Historic District

Downtown Monett Historic District is a national historic district located at Monett, Barry County, Missouri. It encompasses 35 contributing buildings in the central business district of Monett. The district developed between about 1892 and 1947, and includes representative examples of Classical Revival and Streamline Moderne architecture. Notable buildings include the Ozark Fruit Growers Association (1926), Armstrong and Sons Grocers (1914), Wilson Opera House (1893), Zumwalt Lunch Stand (1928), Callaway Furniture Store (1916), Hoberg Building (1893), First National Bank (c. 1900), Main Variety (1945), Bill Martin's Chevrolet (c. 1940), Monett State Bank (c. 1903), City Hall and Fire Station (c. 1929), Gas Service Company and Battery Factory (1917), Post Office (1936), and Masonic Temple (1922).
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.
# Huston Park Wilderness

The Huston Park Wilderness is located in south central Wyoming in the United States. Entirely within Medicine Bow National Forest, the wilderness was designated in 1984 to preserve the northernmost section of the central Rocky Mountains, an area of high mountain peaks and coniferous forest.
U.S. Wilderness Areas do not allow motorized or mechanized vehicles, including bicycles. Although camping and fishing are allowed with proper permit, no roads or buildings are constructed and there is also no logging or mining, in compliance with the 1964 Wilderness Act. Wilderness areas within National Forests and Bureau of Land Management areas also allow hunting in season.
# John Muir Wilderness

The John Muir Wilderness is a wilderness area that extends along the crest of the Sierra Nevada of California for 90 miles (140 km), in the Inyo and Sierra National Forests. Established in 1964 by the Wilderness Act and named for naturalist John Muir, it encompasses 652,793 acres (2,641.76 km$^2$). The wilderness lies along the eastern escarpment of the Sierra from near Mammoth Lakes and Devils Postpile National Monument in the north, to Cottonwood Pass near Mount Whitney in the south. The wilderness area also spans the Sierra crest north of Kings Canyon National Park, and extends on the west side of the park down to the Monarch Wilderness.

## Geography and geology

The wilderness contains some of the most spectacular and highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada, with 57 peaks over 13,000 feet (4,000 m) in elevation. The peaks are typically made of granite from the Sierra Nevada Batholith, and are dramatically shaped by glacial action. The southernmost glacier in the United States, the Palisade Glacier, is contained within the wilderness area. Notable east-side glaciated canyons are drained by Rock, McGee and Bishop Creeks.
The eastern escarpment in the wilderness rises from 6,000 to 8,000 feet (1,800 to 2,400 m) from base to peak, in 5 to 6 miles (8 to 10 km). The Sierra crest contains peaks from 12,000 to 14,000 feet (3,700 to 4,300 m) in elevation, including Mount Whitney, the highest peak in the continental United States. Other notable mountains in the wilderness area include the Palisades and Mount Humphreys. Mount Muir is located 2 miles south of Mount Whitney. Mount Williamson is the second-highest peak in the wilderness, at 14,375 feet (4,382 m): it rises in one continuous sweep of granite from the floor of the Owens Valley to a peak just east of the main range.

## Ecology

The John Muir Wilderness contains the largest contiguous area above 10,000 feet (3,000 m) in the continental United States. It contains large areas of subalpine meadows and fellfields above 10,800 feet (3,300 m), containing stands of whitebark and foxtail pine. From 9,000 feet (2,700 m) to 10,800 feet (3,300 m), the wilderness is dominated by lodgepole pines. Below the lodgepole forest is forest dominated by Jeffrey pine.
Common animals in the wilderness include yellow-bellied marmots, pikas, golden-mantled ground squirrels, Clark's nutcrackers, golden trout, and black bears. The wilderness area also includes California bighorn sheep zoological areas, which are set aside for the protection of the species.

## Recreation

The wilderness contains 589.5 miles (948.7 km) of hiking trails, including the John Muir Trail and the Pacific Crest Trail, which run through the wilderness from north to south. The John Muir Wilderness is the second most-visited wilderness in the United States, and quotas for overnight use have been implemented on virtually all trailheads.

## Lakes

* Dingleberry Lake
* Disappointment Lake
* Hell for Sure Lake
* Loch Leven
* Lake of the Lone Indian
* Mills Lake
* Nüümü Hu Hupi
* Pee Wee Lake
* Lake Virginia
# Jonas R. McClintock

Jonas Roup McClintock (January 8, 1808 – November 25, 1879) was an American physician and Democratic politician from Pennsylvania who served as the 8th Mayor of Pittsburgh from 1836 to 1839. He also served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1850 to 1854 and the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 22nd district from 1854 to 1856.

## Early life and education

Jonas Roup McClintock was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1808 to John and Elizabeth (Roup) McClintock. He graduated from Western University of Pennsylvania, the forerunner to the University of Pittsburgh, and received a M.D. degree from the University of Maryland Medical School in 1830. He rose to local prominence due to his efforts in treating Pittsburgh residents during the cholera epidemics in the early 1830s. In 1832 he organized Pittsburgh's first board of health. He was a member of the local vigilance committee and Captain of the Vigilant Fire Company.

## Career

He became mayor of Pittsburgh at age 28. He was the youngest mayor in Pittsburgh (until Luke Ravenstahl) and was known affectionately as the "Boy Mayor". His administration established the Pittsburgh Police Department. He also implemented major infrastructure improvements in the city including the original "cut" of Grant's Hill, a steep bluff boxing the city in on the east. The "cut" allowed for settlement of an area of the city previously uninhabitable because of the grade of the land. The city also expanded during his time as mayor with the annexation of the Northern Liberties Borough.
He worked as a melter and refiner at the Philadelphia Mint from 1840 to 1847.
McClintock served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1850 to 1854 and the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 22nd district from 1854 to 1856. As a state senator, he sponsored legislation which established free secondary education in Pennsylvania.
After leaving public service, he worked in the iron business and farming.
During the U.S. Civil War, McClintock help organize a troop company of over 3,500 men. He was the first captain of the 12th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment also known as the Duquesne Grays.