OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# RAF Little Snoring

Royal Air Force Little Snoring or more simply RAF Little Snoring is a former Royal Air Force station located immediately north of the Norfolk village of Little Snoring, approximately 2 miles (3 km) east-northeast from the town of Fakenham. The airfield remains open for general aviation use as Little Snoring Airfield.

## History

The station opened in July 1943 and was built to be a satellite station and dispersal for RAF Foulsham which is 6.0 miles (9.7 km) south-east of Little Snoring. Just a month after the station became operational, the stations status changed when No. 3 Bomber Group gave the station full status.
| Squadron | Period | Aircraft |
| 23 Squadron | 1944–1945 | de Havilland Mosquito VI and XX |
| 115 Squadron | 1943 | Avro Lancaster II |
| 141 Squadron | 1945 | de Havilland Mosquito XXX |
| 169 Squadron | 1943–1944 | de Havilland Mosquito II |
| 515 Squadron | 1943–1945 | Bristol Beaufighter, de Havilland Mosquito II and VI |
| 1678 Heavy Conversion Flight | 1943 | Avro Lancaster II |
After this the airfield was retained on a care and maintenance until an anti-aircraft co-operation unit on civilian contract operated from Little Snoring for several years during the 1950s. Supermarine Spitfire were the main type used, but were replaced by de Havilland Vampires before the unit was disbanded in 1958.

### Additional units

* No. 2 Civilian Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit
* No. 15 Heavy Glider Maintenance Section
* No. 274 Maintenance Unit RAF

## Current use

The site is currently used as Little Snoring Airfield, operated by the McAully Flying Group, formerly the Fakenham Flying Group. Airfield facilities include a private hangar and a clubhouse with pre-flight briefing facilities, kitchen and toilets. The eastern and southern parts of all three runways have been removed but the remainder are retained for flying.
The airfield is also used for aircraft manufacturing, The Light Aircraft Company has an aircraft maintenance facility which produces the Sherwood Ranger microlight.
The former mortuary is now a toilet and shower block at the villages' camp site. The site also features an air raid shelter and concrete pads for vehicles and temporary buildings.
* The former mortuary
* Modern aircraft hangars, 2014
# Ferrate(VI)

Ferrate(VI) is the inorganic anion with the chemical formula [FeO$_4$]$^{2−}$. It is photosensitive, contributes a pale violet colour to compounds and solutions containing it and is one of the strongest water-stable oxidizing species known. Although it is classified as a weak base, concentrated solutions containing ferrate(VI) are corrosive and attack the skin and are only stable at high pH. It is similar to the somewhat more stable permanganate.

## Nomenclature

The term ferrate is normally used to mean ferrate(VI), although it can refer to other iron-containing anions, many of which are more commonly encountered than salts of [FeO$_4$]$^{2−}$. These include the highly reduced species disodium tetracarbonylferrate Na$_2$[Fe(CO)$_4$], K$_2$[Fe(CO)$_4$] and salts of the iron(III) complex tetrachloroferrate [FeCl$_4$]$^−$ in 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate. Although rarely studied, ferrate(V) [FeO$_4$]$^{3−}$ and ferrate(IV) [FeO$_4$]$^{4−}$ oxyanions of iron also exist. These too are called ferrates.

## Synthesis

Ferrate(VI) salts are formed by oxidizing iron in an aqueous medium with strong oxidizing agents under alkaline conditions, or in the solid state by heating a mixture of iron filings and powdered potassium nitrate.
For example, ferrates are produced by heating iron(III) hydroxide with sodium hypochlorite in alkaline solution:
    2 Fe(OH) $_3$ + 3 OCl$^−$ + 4  OH$^−$ → 2 [FeO $_4$]$^{2−}$ + 5 H$_2$O + 3 Cl$^−$
The anion is typically precipitated as the barium(II) salt, forming barium ferrate.

## Properties

Fe(VI) is a strong oxidizing agent over the entire pH range, with a reduction potential (Fe(VI)/Fe(III) couple) varying from +2.2 V to +0.7 V versus SHE in acidic and basic media respectively.
    [FeO $_4$]$^{2−}$ + 8  H$^+$ + 3 e$^−$ ⇌ Fe$^{3+}$ + 4 H$_2$O; E$_0$ = +2.20 V (acidic medium)
    [FeO $_4$]$^{2−}$ + 4 H$_2$O + 3 e$^−$ ⇌ Fe(OH) $_3$ + 5 OH$^−$ ; E$_0$ = +0.72 V (basic medium)
Because of this, the ferrate(VI) anion is unstable at neutral or acidic pH values, decomposing to iron(III): The reduction goes through intermediate species in which iron has oxidation states +5 and +4. These anions are even more reactive than ferrate(VI). In alkaline conditions ferrates are more stable, lasting for about 8 to 9 hours at pH 8 or 9.
Aqueous solutions of ferrates are pink when dilute, and deep red or purple at higher concentrations. The ferrate ion is a stronger oxidizing agent than permanganate, and oxidizes ammonia to molecular nitrogen.
The ferrate(VI) ion has two unpaired electrons and is thus paramagnetic. It has a tetrahedral molecular geometry, isostructural with the chromate and permanganate ions.

## Applications

Ferrates are excellent disinfectants, and are capable of removing and destroying viruses. They are also of interest as potential as an environmentally friendly water treatment chemical, as the byproduct of ferrate oxidation is the relatively benign iron(III).
Sodium ferrate (Na$_2$FeO$_4$) is a useful reagent with good selectivity and is stable in aqueous solution of high pH, remaining soluble in an aqueous solution saturated with sodium hydroxide.
# Lakshmi Niwas Birla

Lakshmi Niwas Birla (11 July 1909 – 29 August 1994) was one of the scions of Birla family and a noted Industrialist , philanthropist , writer and art connoisseur.
He was the eldest son of Ghanshyam Das Birla and his first wife Durgadevi. He was later adopted by Jugal Kishore Birla. He later married to Sushila Devi and had one son Sudarshan Kumar Birla from marriage born in 1934.
He served as president of Indian Chamber of Commerce in 1951 and the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry for year 1967.
He wrote many books in English and Hindi and was also noted art connoisseur.
He donated monies to build Hindu temples. The idols of Hindu temple at Durban had been bought out of his donations.
He established Birla High School also called as Hindi High School in the year 1941.
# Kolbe Academy and Trinity Prep

Kolbe Academy & Trinity Prep is a private school in Napa, California. It offers grades from pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade and embraces a classically based Catholic educational model. It is located within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santa Rosa, though it operates independently.

## Background

Kolbe Academy was established in 1980 by Fran & Marge Crotty, Jerry & Dianne Muth, and Vince & Lucille Cortese in Napa, California. In 1995, the academy's homeschooling program, Kolbe Academy, began. Trinity Grammar and Prep was established in 1995 by Jack Kersting, Tony Ryan and others.
The two schools merged in 2008, and the homeschool program split off into an independent homeschool program.

## Curriculum

The school's curriculum is grounded in the Ignatian tradition. The spoken arts of grammar and rhetoric are emphasized. Grade levels at the school are combined in pairs — first-and second graders are in one classroom, third-and fourth graders are in another, for example. Students are exposed to the greatest works of Western Civilization and also study Latin and public speaking.

## History

Kolbe Academy was founded in 1980 as a 1st through 7th grade school, with a grade per year added until it was 1st-12th Grades. Trinity Education Center, Inc. was founded in 1991 in Fairfield, California as a home school. In 1995 it began doing business as Trinity Grammar and Prep as a 1st through 12th Grade school with 50 students.
In 2008, the two schools united to form Kolbe Academy & Trinity Prep.
# Plum Vera Wang dress of Keira Knightley

The Plum Vera Wang dress of Keira Knightley refers to the evening gown worn by British actor Keira Knightley at the 78th Academy Awards on March 5, 2006. The full-length taffeta dress was created by designer Vera Wang and had a single shoulder strap and fishtail skirt. It was accessorised with a Bulgari necklace.
In a subsequent poll by British retail chain Debenhams published in The Daily Telegraph, the dress was voted the 6th greatest red carpet gown of all time. Cosmopolitan magazine also cited it as one of the Best Oscar dresses of all time, saying Knightley looked: "super-graceful in this eggplant taffeta gown custom-made by Vera Wang."
# Alvah Washington Townley Farmstead Historic District

Alvah Washington Townley Farmstead Historic District, also known as Osage County Museum, is a historic farm and national historic district located at Chamois, Osage County, Missouri. It encompasses five contributing buildings. They are the two-story, frame I-house (c. 1856) with modest Greek Revival styling; a smokehouse (c. 1875); multipurpose barn (c. 1872); wood and machine shed (c. 1874); and a combination poultry house, outhouse, and storage shed (c. 1870). The property was deeded it to the Osage County Historical Society, who operate it as a museum.$^{:5,21}$
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.
# Adham Al-Akrad

Adham Al-Akrad, also known by his kunya as Abu Qusay, (1974 – 14 October 2020), was a Syrian rebel leader in Daraa Governorate during the Syrian Revolution. He agreed to a settlement with the government after the entire governorate came under the Syrian army's control in 2018.
Al-Akrad was a strong critic of the regime and the Iranian presence in the south. He was killed on his way to a meeting in Damascus in October 2020.

## Personal life

He was living in the United Arab Emirates before the start of the Syrian civil uprising in March 2011. Where he was the manager of an energy engineering company there, as an energy engineer. Al-Akrad also resided in Russia for a while. He was married to his cousin and they had five sons.
# Iraqi Air Defence Command

The Iraqi Air Defence Command (Arabic: قيادة الدفاع الجوي العراقي, romanized: Qiyad al-Difaa' al-Jawiya al-Iraqi) is one of the branches of the Iraqi Armed Forces. It was established on February 1, 1993. It is responsible for the protection of Iraqi airspace. Before 1993 a considerable anti-aircraft gun and missile force had been built up, but not under a separate command. After the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the dissolution of all Iraqi Armed Forces it was reformed in 2011. In 2023 the commander was Lieutenant General Maan al-Saadi.
Iraqi air defence began with the purchase of 20-mm and 40-mm anti-aircraft guns for the Iraqi Army, and each of its divisions had an anti-aircraft battalion by the 1950s. Thereafter the force saw continual growth. But after the Israelis destroyed the atomic reactor at the Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center in 1981 through the air raid Operation Opera, the defences wee extensively redesigned. A network of radars, surface-to-air missiles and anti-aircraft guns were installed, centered on the strategic and industrial facilities of Baghdad.
In 1988 the Air Defence Command had about 10,000 personnel.
After the Gulf War of 1991, the force became a separate service in 1993.

## Status in 2002

By 2002 the IADC had four air defence sectors and at least five missile brigades, the 145th, 146th, 147th, 148th, and 195th. It was commanded by General Yassin Mohammed Shaheen, who had been deputy air defence commander during the 1991 Gulf War, and had an estimated strength of about 17,000. The ADC HQ, part of which was underground, was close to Muthenna Air Base in the Mansour area of Baghdad. The four regional SOCs co-ordinated SAM and anti-aircraft gun batteries. The longer-range SAMs consist primarily of the SA-2 and SA-3, with the SA-6 fulfilling a mobile, medium-range role. Jane's reported in May 2002 that other equipment includes Roland SAMs, anti-aircraft guns, and a mix of Western and Soviet-designed radar.
The air defence system consisted of the National Air Defence Operations Center in Baghdad and four air defence sectors:
* Central Region Air Defence Sector, with an operations center in Taji and operations centers in Taji, Taqaddam, Salman Pak, Kut, Najaf and Nukhib.
* Western Air Defence Sector, with its headquarters close to H3 airfield
* Southern Air Defence Sector
* Northern Air Defence Sector, headquarters Al-Hurriya Air Base close to Kirkuk
Each sector had missile brigades; anti-aircraft artillery; and early warning radar units.
# Theudalis

Theudalis, also known as Teudali, was a Roman era civitas (town) of the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis. The ancient city is tentatively identifiable with ruins at Henchir-Aouam in Tunisia.
Teudali was the seat of an ancient episcopal see suffragan of the Archdiocese of Carthage. Three bishops are documented from Teudali.
* The Catholic Bishop Urban Council of Carthage (411) (at the time, the Teudali had no Donatist bishops).
* Habetdeus exiled by the Vandal king Genseric in 457, as recalled by Victor Vitensis in his History of the Vandal Persecution;
* Habetdeus' name appears in the Roman martyrology on the date of 28 November. Finally, Victor took part in the Council of Carthage (484) called by the Vandal king Huneric, after which he too was exiled.
Today, Teudali survives as a titular bishopric. The current titular bishop is José María Baliña of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
# List of Lehi members

The following is a list of notable Lehi members. Twenty percent of Lehi members were women. Many notable Lehi members were originally Irgun members.

## Members

* Yaakov Banai, commander of Lehi's combat unit
* Shaltiel Ben-Yair
* Eliyahu Bet-Zuri, executed for his role in the assassination of Lord Moyne
* Geula Cohen, member of the Knesset
* Israel Eldad, leader in the Israeli national camp
* Boaz Evron, left-wing journalist
* Maxim Ghilan, Israeli journalist, author and peace activist
* Eliyahu Giladi
* Uri Zvi Greenberg
* Eliyahu Hakim, executed for assassinating Lord Moyne
* Amos Kenan, writer
* Baruch Korff
* Yitzhak Shamir, Israeli prime minister 1983–1984 and 1986–1992.
* Avraham Stern, founder
* Shimon Tzabar
* Natan Yellin-Mor, member of the Knesset 1949–1951, leftist advocate of peace with Arabs.

## Commanders

* Juli Torenberg-Elasar, commander of the women's group
* Tzelnik Yitzhak "Shimon", commander of Lehi in Jerusalem in 1941-1942 (before Avraham Stern's murder)
* Shpilman Anshel "Aryeh", notable commander who left Irgun, and was subsequently involved with many major Lehi operations
* Shomron Sovol Tzfoni, intelligence coordinator, head of training department, member of operations headquarters
# Celerina (see)

Celerina is an Ancient city, former bishopric and present Latin Catholic titular see in North Africa.
It's presumably located near Guebeur-Bou-Aoun, in modern Algeria.

## History

The city was important enough in the Roman province of Numidia to become a suffragan bishopric of the capital's Metropolitan Archbishop. However it faded, presumably under Islam.

## Titular see

The diocese was nominally restored in 1933 as a titular bishopric.
It has had the following incumbents, all of the lowest (episcopal) rank :
* Georges-Louis Mercier, White Fathers (M. Afr.) (1948.06.21 – 1955.09.14)
* Luís Victor Sartori (1956.01.10 – 1960.09.14)
* Karl Gnädinger (1960.11.05 – 1995.03.12)
* Marko Sopi (1995.11.02 – 2006.01.11)
* Athanasius Schneider, Crosier Canons (O.R.C.) (2006.04.08 – ...), Auxiliary Bishop of Mary Most Holy in Astana (Kazakhstan)
# Reuben Chesire

Reuben Kiplagat Chesire (27 March 1941 - 15 November 2008) was a prominent Kenyan politician who served as an MP for Eldoret North Constituency and cabinet minister from 1988 to 1997.
Chesire was born on 27 March 1941 in Kabarnet, Baringo County, the son of Isaiah Chemwetich Chesire and Elizabeth Kobilo Chesire. They grew up with the late former President of Kenya, H.E Hon Daniel Toroitich Arap Moi, a relative who lived with the Chesire's family for most of his childhood. He attended Kapropita Primary School and in 1960 the Royal Technical College Nairobi Kenya, leaving in 1962 after successfully passing his A-levels. He was appointed as the District Officer (DO) in Kwale later that year. He was the youngest DO ever in Kenya at the age of 21. In 1972, Chesire was elected the first African Chairman of the Kenya Farmers Association. Between 1973 and 1981 he served as the chairman of the African Tours and Hotels, which was listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange. He also chaired the boards of the Kenya Dairy Board, Industrial Development Bank, ICDC amongst many others.
A passionate farmer and livestock breeder, he is regarded a ‘mid wife’ figure to Kenya’s agriculture sector having pioneered many reforms in the agriculture sector during his term as KFA chairman and later as the Minister of Livestock.
His Ayrshire dairy herd at Makongi Farm is world renowned and he is distinguished as having served as President of the Ayrshire breeders societies worldwide.
In the 1988 Kenyan general election he was elected as the member of parliament for Eldoret North Constituency, located in the former Uasin Gishu County, representing the Kenya African National Union. He was subsequently re-elected at the 1992 Kenyan general elections. He lost his seat to the current president William Samoei Ruto in the general elections held in December 1997. He unsuccessfully challenged Ruto for the Eldoret North Constituency at the 2002 Kenyan general elections.
# Urusi

Urusi was a civitas and ancient episcopal see of the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis in present-day Tunisia.
The town flourished from 30BC until 640AD and has been tentatively identified with ruins at Henchir Soudga, (35°59′14″N 9°34′38″E﻿ / ﻿35.98709°N 9.57727°E﻿ / 35.98709; 9.57727) in Siliana Governorate. The ruins lie just outside the Jebel Serj National Park.

## Bishopric

The town was made famous by the courage of the martyr Mansuetus of Urusi, who was burned alive, according to Victor of Vita at the gate of Urusi. In 305, during the same persecution the basilicas of Lemsa, Zama and Furni, Tunisia had been burned.
The diocese was established in 1933 as a titular see.

### Leadership
#### Known bishops

* Mansuetus, bishop of Urusi
* Quintianus of Urusi fl.484

#### Titular bishops and archbishops

* William Thomas Porter, 1933–1950
* Teófilo José Pereira de Andrade, 1951–1954
* Peter Bernard Pereira 1955–1966
* Dante Frasnelli Tarter, 1967–1977
* Celso José Pinto da Silva 1978–1981
* José Carlos Castanho de Almeida 1982–1987
* Luca Brandolini, 1987–1993
* Jesús Esteban Catalá Ibáñez 1996–1999
* José María Libório Camino Saracho 1999–2002
* Buenaventura Malayo Famadico 2002–2003
* Julian Charles Porteous 2003–2013
* Jose Elmer Imas Mangalinao 2016-2018
* Aquilino Bocos Merino, C.M.F. 2018
* Luis Cabrera Herrera 2024–
# Arthur Greville Collins

Arthur Greville Collins (September 5, 1896 – September 1, 1980) was a British-born film director.

## Career

Collins was born in London, and began directing for the stage, including productions of Fata Morgana, No Man's Land, and Tarnish.
In 1921, he married actress Betty Ross Clarke and accompanied her in her theatrical career in Great Britain, the United States, and Australia. In 1934 he wed Rhoda Shepherd.
He moved to Los Angeles and directed some plays there, then moved into movie making as a dialogue director for Warner Bros. He worked in that capacity for two years then became a director, making several B pictures.
He moved to Australia in May 1939 to make Seven Little Australians (1939) and decided to stay there. He served in the RAAF during World War II, being discharged as a squadron leader. He also was stationed as administrative officer for two years at Port Pirie and Mount Gambier.
In 1947 Collins managed to source funding to make another movie, Strong Is the Seed (1949). He later announced plans to make a film about Cobb and Co but this did not eventuate. In 1950, Collins travelled to New Zealand where he produced the musical comedy Chu Chin Chow for the Christchurch Operatic Society to favourable reviews.

## Partial filmography

* They Can't Be Snookered (1932 short) – producer
* The Widow from Monte Carlo (1935) – director
* Personal Maid's Secret (1935) – director
* Nobody's Fool (1936) – director
* Thank You, Jeeves! (1936) – director
* Paradise Isle (1937) – director
* Shots and Shots (1937 short) – co-director
* Saleslady (1938) – director
* Seven Little Australians (1939) – director
* Strong Is the Seed (1949) – director
* Port of Escape (1960) – producer, incomplete
# Desert Reconnaissance Battalion

The Desert Reconnaissance Battalion (DRB) (also known as Unit 585 or the Bedouin Battalion) is a armoured cavalry unit of the 7643rd Territorial Brigade "Gefen", 143rd "Fire Fox" Division that specialized in controlling and surveillance immigrants from crossing the border illegally, CQB/CQC in urban areas, patrolling with armed armored vehicles to maintain border security, raiding with maneuver warfare tactics and small unit tactics, support counterinsurgency, and tracking targets in border areas.
It is an ethnic minority unit consisting of volunteers from the Bedouin, Christian, Muslim, Druze and Circassian ethnoreligious groups, while the majority of the IDF and the Israeli population are Jews. The DRB was founded in the late 1980s and since then has largely been deployed on the border with the Gaza Strip on security duties.

## Description

The Desert Reconnaissance Battalion (DRB), also known as Unit 585, was one of three ethnic minority units in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). The others are the Sword Battalion for the Druze and the Bedouin Trackers. The Sword Battalion has since been disbanded.
The vast majority of the service personnel in the IDF are Jews, the predominant ethnoreligious group in Israel, who along with the Druze and Circassians are subject to compulsory service. Other groups are able to volunteer in the IDF and the DRB includes Bedouin, Christians, Muslims, Druse and Circassians.
The majority in the DRB are Bedouin and the unit is sometimes referred to as the "Bedouin Battalion". Most of the Arabs in the IDF are Bedouin from southern Israeli Naqab. Around 80% of the Naqab Bedouin recruits elect to serve in the DRB or the Bedouin Trackers, with most selecting the DRB.
Around 1,500 Bedouin currently serve in the IDF, though the leadership have made efforts to increase this number. Since the founding of the state in 1948 more than 110 Bedouin have been killed while serving in the IDF.

## Operational history

The DRB was founded in the late 1980s. It has largely served on the border between Israel and the Gaza Strip. It has a base nearby at Kissufim. The battalion serves alongside the Bedouin Trackers on patrols, using tracking techniques to search for terrorists and to prevent infiltration of the border. Because some members face threats and harassment from members of their community, they are permitted to travel to and from duty out of uniform.
The Desert Reconnaissance Battalion is equipped with MDT David light armoured personnel carriers, Wolf Armoured Vehicles and Humvees. It is part of the 143rd "Fire Fox" (Territorial) Division of Southern Command.
For much of its history, the Desert Reconnaissance Battalion had been deployed to the dangerous Rafah Border Crossing. Five soldiers of the battalion were killed there in 2004, after which the Israeli newspaper Haaretz asked whether the unit had been assigned this post due to the perceived lower social standing of its soldiers. It had spent the preceding four years at Rafah, while other frontline units were rotated through the post. The unit's first Bedouin commanding officer was appointed in December 2004.