# Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)

Jammu and Kashmir, also known as Kashmir and Jammu, was a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with the British East India Company from 1846 to 1858 and under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, from 1858 until the Partition of India in 1947, when it became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: China, India, and Pakistan. The princely state was created after the First Anglo-Sikh War, when the East India Company, which had annexed the Kashmir Valley, from the Sikhs as war indemnity, then sold it to the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, for rupees 75 lakhs.
At the time of the partition of India and the political integration of India, Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, delayed making a decision about the future of his state. However, an uprising in the western districts of the state followed by an attack by raiders from the neighbouring Northwest Frontier Province, supported by Pakistan, forced his hand. On 26 October 1947, Hari Singh acceded to India in return for the Indian military being airlifted to Kashmir, to engage the Pakistan-supported forces. The western and northern districts now known as Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan passed to the control of Pakistan after it occupied it, while the remaining territory stayed under Indian control, later becoming the Indian administered state of Jammu and Kashmir. India and Pakistan defined a cease-fire line dividing the administration of the territory with the intercession of the United Nations which was supposed to be temporary but still persists.

## Administration

According to the census reports of 1911, 1921 and 1931, the administration was organised as follows:
* Jammu province: Districts of Jammu, Jasrota (Kathua), Udhampur, Reasi and Mirpur.
* Kashmir province: Districts of Kashmir South (Anantnag), Kashmir North (Baramulla) and Muzaffarabad.
* Frontier districts: Wazarats of Ladakh and Gilgit.
* Internal jagirs: Poonch, Bhaderwah and Chenani.
In the 1941 census, further details of the frontier districts were given:
* Ladakh wazarat: Tehsils of Leh, Skardu and Kargil.
* Gilgit wazarat: Tehsils of Gilgit and Astore
* Frontier illaqas: (under the Gilgit Agency) Punial, Ishkoman, Yasin, Kuh-Ghizer, Hunza, Nagar, Chilas.

### Prime ministers (Jammu & Kashmir)

| # | Name | Took office | Left office |
| 1 | Raja Sir Daljit Singh | 1917 | 1921 |
| 2 | Raja Hari Singh | 1925 | 1927 |
| 3 | Sir Albion Banerjee | January 1927 | March 1929 |
| 4 | G. E. C. Wakefield | 1929 | 1931 |
| 5 | Hari Krishan Kaul | 1931 | 1932 |
| 6 | Elliot James Dowell Colvin | 1932 | 1936 |
| 7 | Sir Barjor J. Dalal | 1936 | 1936 |
| 8 | Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar | 1937 | July 1943 |
| 9 | Kailash Narain Haksar | July 1943 | February 1944 |
| 10 | Sir B. N. Rau | February 1944 | 28 June 1945 |
| 11 | Ram Chandra Kak | 28 June 1945 | 11 August 1947 |
| 12 | Janak Singh | 11 August 1947 | 15 October 1947 |
| 13 | Mehr Chand Mahajan | 15 October 1947 | 5 March 1948 |
| 14 | Sheikh Abdullah | 5 March 1948 | 9 August 1953 |

## Demographics
### Population

Population of Jammu & Kashmir Princely State by Province (1901–1941) :
| Census Year | Jammu Province | Jammu Province | Kashmir Province | Kashmir Province | Frontier Regions | Frontier Regions | Jammu & Kashmir Princely State | Jammu & Kashmir Princely State |
| Census Year | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % |
| 1901 | 1,521,307 | 52.36% | 1,157,394 | 39.83% | 226,877 | 7.81% | 2,905,578 | 100% |
| 1911 | 1,597,865 | 50.6% | 1,295,201 | 41.01% | 265,060 | 8.39% | 3,158,126 | 100% |
| 1921 | 1,640,259 | 49.4% | 1,407,086 | 42.38% | 273,173 | 8.23% | 3,320,518 | 100% |
| 1931 | 1,788,441 | 49.05% | 1,569,218 | 43.04% | 288,584 | 7.91% | 3,646,243 | 100% |
| 1941 | 1,981,433 | 49.27% | 1,728,705 | 42.99% | 311,478 | 7.75% | 4,021,616 | 100% |

### Religion

Religious groups in Jammu & Kashmir Princely State (British India era) :
| Religious group | 1901 | 1901 | 1911 | 1911 | 1921 | 1921 | 1931 | 1931 | 1941 | 1941 |
| Religious group | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % |
| Islam | 2,154,695 | 74.16% | 2,398,320 | 75.94% | 2,548,514 | 76.75% | 2,817,636 | 77.28% | 3,101,247 | 77.11% |
| Hinduism | 689,073 | 23.72% | 690,390 | 21.86% | 692,641 | 20.86% | 736,222 | 20.19% | 809,165 | 20.12% |
| Buddhism | 35,047 | 1.21% | 36,512 | 1.16% | 37,685 | 1.13% | 38,724 | 1.06% | 40,696 | 1.01% |
| Sikhism | 25,828 | 0.89% | 31,553 | 1% | 39,507 | 1.19% | 50,662 | 1.39% | 65,903 | 1.64% |
| Jainism | 442 | 0.02% | 345 | 0.01% | 529 | 0.02% | 597 | 0.02% | 910 | 0.02% |
| Christianity | 422 | 0.01% | 975 | 0.03% | 1,634 | 0.05% | 2,263 | 0.06% | 3,509 | 0.09% |
| Zoroastrianism | 11 | 0% | 31 | 0% | 7 | 0% | 5 | 0% | 29 | 0% |
| Tribal | — | — | — | — | — | — | 134 | 0% | 51 | 0% |
| Judaism | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 10 | 0% |
| Others | 60 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 95 | 0% |
| Total population | 2,905,578 | 100% | 3,158,126 | 100% | 3,320,518 | 100% | 3,646,243 | 100% | 4,021,616 | 100% |
| Note: The Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir includes the contemporary administrative divisions of Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh, Azad Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan. |||||||||||

#### Jammu Province

Including Jammu District, Kathua District, Udhampur District, Reasi District, Mirpur District, Chenani Jagir, and Poonch Jagir.
Religious groups in the Jammu Province of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941) :
| Religious group | 1901 | 1901 | 1911 | 1911 | 1921 | 1921 | 1931 | 1931 | 1941 | 1941 |
| Religious group | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % |
| Islam | 876,599 | 57.62% | 953,293 | 59.66% | 989,644 | 60.33% | 1,091,021 | 61% | 1,215,676 | 61.35% |
| Hinduism | 626,177 | 41.16% | 626,439 | 39.2% | 626,806 | 38.21% | 665,246 | 37.2% | 722,835 | 36.48% |
| Sikhism | 13,113 | 0.86% | 16,659 | 1.04% | 21,627 | 1.32% | 29,282 | 1.64% | 38,566 | 1.95% |
| Buddhism | 4,831 | 0.32% | 452 | 0.03% | 442 | 0.03% | 507 | 0.03% | 522 | 0.03% |
| Jainism | 439 | 0.03% | 345 | 0.02% | 528 | 0.03% | 591 | 0.03% | 901 | 0.05% |
| Christianity | 145 | 0.01% | 672 | 0.04% | 1,207 | 0.07% | 1,753 | 0.1% | 2,788 | 0.14% |
| Zoroastrianism | 0 | 0% | 5 | 0% | 5 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 23 | 0% |
| Tribal | — | — | — | — | — | — | 41 | 0% | 29 | 0% |
| Judaism | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0% |
| Others | 3 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 93 | 0% |
| Total population | 1,521,307 | 100% | 1,597,865 | 100% | 1,640,259 | 100% | 1,788,441 | 100% | 1,981,433 | 100% |

#### Kashmir Province

Including Baramulla District (Kashmir North District), Anantnag District (Kashmir South District), and Muzaffarabad District.
Religious groups in the Kashmir Province of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941) :
| Religious group | 1901 | 1901 | 1911 | 1911 | 1921 | 1921 | 1931 | 1931 | 1941 | 1941 |
| Religious group | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % |
| Islam | 1,083,766 | 93.64% | 1,217,768 | 94.02% | 1,324,403 | 94.12% | 1,478,287 | 94.21% | 1,615,478 | 93.45% |
| Hinduism | 60,682 | 5.24% | 62,414 | 4.82% | 64,594 | 4.59% | 69,296 | 4.42% | 85,580 | 4.95% |
| Sikhism | 12,637 | 1.09% | 14,772 | 1.14% | 17,742 | 1.26% | 21,190 | 1.35% | 27,034 | 1.56% |
| Christianity | 244 | 0.02% | 218 | 0.02% | 341 | 0.02% | 339 | 0.02% | 555 | 0.03% |
| Zoroastrianism | 11 | 0% | 26 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 5 | 0% | 6 | 0% |
| Jainism | 2 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 9 | 0% |
| Buddhism | 0 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 2 | 0% | 5 | 0% | 10 | 0% |
| Tribal | — | — | — | — | — | — | 93 | 0.01% | 20 | 0% |
| Judaism | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 10 | 0% |
| Others | 52 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 2 | 0% |
| Total population | 1,157,394 | 100% | 1,295,201 | 100% | 1,407,086 | 100% | 1,569,218 | 100% | 1,728,705 | 100% |

#### Frontier Regions

Including Ladakh District, Astore District, Gilgit Leased Area, and Gilgit Agency.
Religious groups in the Frontier Regions of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941) :
| Religious group | 1901 | 1901 | 1911 | 1911 | 1921 | 1921 | 1931 | 1931 | 1941 | 1941 |
| Religious group | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % |
| Islam | 194,330 | 85.65% | 227,259 | 85.74% | 234,467 | 85.83% | 248,328 | 86.05% | 270,093 | 86.71% |
| Buddhism | 30,216 | 13.32% | 36,057 | 13.6% | 37,241 | 13.63% | 38,212 | 13.24% | 40,164 | 12.89% |
| Hinduism | 2,214 | 0.98% | 1,537 | 0.58% | 1,241 | 0.45% | 1,680 | 0.58% | 750 | 0.24% |
| Sikhism | 78 | 0.03% | 122 | 0.05% | 138 | 0.05% | 190 | 0.07% | 303 | 0.1% |
| Christianity | 33 | 0.01% | 85 | 0.03% | 86 | 0.03% | 171 | 0.06% | 166 | 0.05% |
| Jainism | 1 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 3 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
| Zoroastrianism | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
| Tribal | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0% | 2 | 0% |
| Judaism | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0% |
| Others | 5 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
| Total population | 226,877 | 100% | 265,060 | 100% | 273,173 | 100% | 288,584 | 100% | 311,478 | 100% |