OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii

Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii is a species of fungus that occurs as an endophyte inside the needles of Douglas-fir trees. It is responsible for causing the nonlethal disease known as Swiss needle cast, which results in needle loss and reduction in growth in Douglas-fir.
Traditionally, it has been considered part of family Venturiaceae, but molecular studies have confirmed its placement in Mycosphaerellaceae. Three different lineages of N. gaeumannii are known, each with distinct ecological, morphological, and molecular characteristics.

## Distribution

This species of fungus is native to western North America. Remarkably, the disease’s name, Swiss needle cast, arises from the fact that the fungus was first discovered in Switzerland in the 1930s where it was found to be causing disease in plantations of Douglas-fir. It has since been introduced almost everywhere Douglas-fir is grown, and is now widespread in Europe, New Zealand, and Chile. Although the fungus had been known in North America almost since its first discovery, for decades it was not considered to cause disease in its native range, and was largely ignored there until an outbreak occurred in the 1980s and 1990s.

## Ecology

N. gaeumannii is an obligate endophyte of Douglas-fir needles. In the spring, ascospores infect young needles, briefly growing epiphytically before the hyphae penetrate the needle tissue via stomata. The fungus then spends most of its life cycle growing intercellularly inside the needle. After maturing for approximately nine months, the fungus produces pseudothecia which emerge from the stomata of the needle, dispersing new spores the following spring.

## Disease

Normally, when low in abundance, N. gaeumannii is a relatively benign symbiont of Douglas-fir needles. However, when the fungus is abundant it is responsible for causing the nonlethal disease known as Swiss needle cast. It produces small, spherical black fruiting bodies (pseudothecia) which obstruct the needle’s stomatal openings. The pseudothecia block gas exchange into and out of the needle, which prevents photosynthesis in heavily infected needles. This causes yellowing (chlorosis) of the needles, with eventual necrosis and premature needle-drop. In some heavily infected stands of trees, the only needles remaining are those of the current year, in which the disease has not yet had time to fully develop.
Due to the reduced photosynthesis caused by needle loss, the tree experiences a diminished rate of growth by 52% or more. Increased disease severity tends to occur in climates with mild winters and high humidity where the fungus thrives, and appears to be increasing in severity as a result of climate change.
# Naka-Itabashi Station

Naka-Itabashi Station (中板橋駅, Naka-Itabashi-eki) is a railway station on the Tobu Tojo Line in Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Tobu Railway.

## Lines

Naka-Itabashi Station is served by the Tobu Tojo Line from Ikebukuro in Tokyo. Located between Ōyama and Tokiwadai, it is 4.0 km from the Ikebukuro terminus. Only "Local" (all-stations) services stop at this station, with eight trains per hour in each direction during the daytime.

## Station layout

The station consists of two island platforms serving four tracks. Platforms 2 and 3 are used to allow non-stop trains to pass stopping trains.

### Platforms

| 1/2 | TJ Tobu Tojo Line | for Kami-Itabashi, Narimasu, and Shiki |
| 3/4 | TJ Tobu Tojo Line | for Ōyama and Ikebukuro |
* The north entrance in April 2016
* The up end of the platforms in April 2016
* The passenger lift on platform 3/4 in April 2016
* The station viewed from the level crossing at the east (Ikebukuro) end in April 2016
* The south entrance in April 2016
* Tokiwadai Station visible from the end of the platforms in April 2016

## History

The station opened on 12 July 1933.
From 17 March 2012, station numbering was introduced on the Tobu Tojo Line, with Naka-Itabashi Station becoming "TJ-05".

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2014, the station was used by an average of 26,961 passengers daily. The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below.
| Fiscal year | Daily average |
| 2010 | 26,784 |
| 2011 | 25,978 |
| 2012 | 26,527 |
| 2013 | 27,093 |
| 2014 | 26,961 |

## Surrounding area

* Shakujii River
# Zōshuku Station

Zōshuku Station (蔵宿駅, Zōshuku-eki) is the railway station in Ōaza Magarikawa, Arita Town, Saga Prefecture. It is operated by Matsuura Railway and is on the Nishi-Kyūshū Line.

## Lines

* Matsuura Railway
** Nishi-Kyūshū Line

## Adjacent stations

| ← | | Service | | → |
| Nishi-Kyūshū Line |||||
| Kurogō | Kurogō | Local | Nishi-Arita | Nishi-Arita |

## Station layout

The station is ground level with two platforms and two tracks.

## Environs

* National Route 202
* Arita River
* Zōshuku Post Office

## History

* August 7, 1898 - Opens for business by Imari Railway.
* December 1, 1898 - Kyushu Railway merges Imari Railway.
* July 1, 1907 - The Railroad Ministry nationalizes all lines of Kyushu Railway.
* 1913–Present station building is established.
* April 1, 1987 - Railways privatize and this station is inherited by JR Kyushu.
* April 1, 1988 - This station is inherited by Matsuura Railway.
# Manganji Station

Manganji Station (万願寺駅, Manganji-eki) is a station on the Tama Toshi Monorail Line in Hino, Tokyo, Japan.

## Lines

Manganji Station is a station on the Tama Toshi Monorail Line and is located 9.3 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Kamikitadai Station.

## Station layout

Manganji Station is a raised station with two tracks and two opposed side platforms, with the station building located underneath. It is a standardized station building for this monorail line.

### Platforms

| 1 | ■ Tama Toshi Monorail Line | Tachikawa-Kita, Tamagawa-Jōsui, Kamikitadai |
| 2 | ■ Tama Toshi Monorail Line | Takahatafudō, Tama-Center |

## History

The station opened on 10 January 2000.
Station numbering was introduced in February 2018 with Manganji being assigned TT08.

## Surrounding area

The station is above Tokyo Metropolitan Route 503 at its intersection with National Route 20 (Hino Bypass). Atagosan Sekidenji, the birthplace and gravesite of the former deputy leader of the Shinsengumi, Hijikata Toshizō, is located nearby. Other points of interest include:
* Tokyo Bureau of Sewerage Asagawa Water Reclamation Center
* Hino City Clean Center
* Tokyo Metropolitan Hino Senior High School
* Sekiden Bridge
* Hino Tax Office
# Hodokubo Station

Hodokubo Station (程久保駅, Hodokubo-eki) is a station on the Tama Toshi Monorail Line in Hino, Tokyo, Japan.

## Lines

Hodokubo Station is a station on the Tama Toshi Monorail Line and is located 11.3 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Kamikitadai Station.

## Station layout

Hodokubo Station is a raised station with two tracks and two opposed side platforms, with the station building located underneath. It is a standardized station building for this monorail line.

### Platforms

| 1 | ■ Tama Toshi Monorail Line | Takahatafudo, Tachikawa-Kita, Tamagawa-Jōsui, Kamikitadai |
| 2 | ■ Tama Toshi Monorail Line | Tama-Center |

## History

The station opened on 10 January 2000.
Station numbering was introduced in February 2018 with Hodokubo being assigned TT06.

## Surrounding area

The station is above Tokyo Metropolitan Route 503 as it parallels the Keiō Dōbutsuen Line. The area is primarily residential. Other points of interest include:
* Hino City Yumegaoka Elementary School
* Hino Takahatadai Post Office
* Hino City Furusato Museum
# Iwahara Station

Iwahara Station (岩原駅, Iwahara-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Minamiashigara, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, operated by the Izuhakone Railway.

## Lines

Iwahara Station is served by the Daiyūzan Line, and is located 6.0 kilometers from the line’s terminus at Odawara Station.

## Station layout

The station consists of a single side platform with no station building. The station is unmanned.

## Adjacent stations

| ← | Service | → |
| Sagami-Numata | Daiyūzan Line | Tsukahara |

## History

Iwahara Station was officially opened on October 15, 1925.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 746 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).
The passenger figures (boarding passengers only) for previous years are as shown below.
| Fiscal year | daily average |
| 2005 | 890 |
| 2010 | 836 |
| 2015 | 804 |

## Surrounding area

Prefectural Road 74 runs on the west side of the station, and the Karikawa River on the east side. Minamiashigara City Iwahara Elementary School is about 300 meters south of the station, and Iwahara Castle ruins and Iwahara Hachiman Shrine are relatively close to each other about 1 km southwest of the station.
# Izu-Nagaoka Station

Izu-Nagaoka Station (伊豆長岡駅, Izu-Nagaoka-eki) is a railway station located in the city of Izunokuni, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan operated by the private railroad company Izuhakone Railway. It is located in the former town of Nirayama.

## Lines

Izu-Nagaoka Station is served by the Sunzu Line, and is located 11.4 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Mishima Station.

## Station layout

The station has one side platform and one island platform connected to the station building by a footbridge. However, only the island platform serving tracks 2 and 3 is in normal use for passenger traffic, and is used for bidirectional traffic for both normal and express services. The station building has automatic ticket machines, a staffed service counter and shops.

### Platforms

| 1 | ■ Sunzu Line | For Ōhito and Shuzenji |
| 2 | ■ Sunzu Line | For Ōhito and Shuzenji |
| 2 | ■ Sunzu Line | Bidirectional (For Daiba, Mishima, Atami, Numazu, Fuji, Ōhito and Shuzenji) |

## History

Izu-Nagaoka Station was opened on May 20, 1898 as Nanjō Station (南条駅, Nanjō -eki) as the terminal station for the first phase of construction of the Sunzu Line. The line was extended onwards to Ōhito on July 17, 1899. The station was given its present name on May 25, 1919. The station building was rebuilt in 1986.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 2444 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

* Izu-Nagaoka onsen
* former Izu-Nagaoka Town Hall
# Ōhito Station

Ōhito Station (大仁駅, Ōhito-eki) is a railway station located in the city of Izunokuni, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan operated by the private railroad company Izuhakone Railway.

## Lines

Ōhito Station is served by the Sunzu Line, and is located 16.6 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Mishima Station.

## Station layout

The station has an island platform and a side platform connected to the station building by a level crossing. The station building has both a staffed service counter and automatic ticket machines.

### Platforms

| 1 | ■ Sunzu Line | For Shuzenji |
| 2 | ■ Railway Sunzu Line | For Izu-Nagaoka, Daiba and Mishima |

## History

Ōhito Station was opened on July 17, 1899 as part of the extension of the Sunzu line from Nanjō Station (present-day Izu-Nagaoka. The line was further extended to its present terminus at Shuzenji in 1924.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 1255 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

* Ōhito onsen
* Ōhito High School
# Chiwata Station

Chiwata Station (千綿駅, Chiwata-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the town of Higashisonogi, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Kyushu.

## Lines

The station is served by the Ōmura Line and is located 24.0 km from the starting point of the line at Haiki. Besides the local services on the line, some trains of the Rapid Seaside Liner also stop at the station.

## Station layout

The station consists of a side platform serving a single track by the coast of Ōmura Bay. The station building was built in 1928 and is a timber building with a tiled roof of traditional Japanese design. A ramp leads up from the station forecourt to the building but another short flight of steps is needed to access the platform. Parking and a bike shed are available at the station forecourt.
The ticket window is not staffed by JR Kyushu but a kan'i itaku agent has converted the station waiting room into a cafe and also sells some kinds of tickets on site.

## History

Japanese Government Railways (JGR) opened the station on 20 April 1928 as an additional station on what was then the Nagasaki Main Line. On 1 December 1934, another route was given the designation Nagasaki Main Line and the track from Haiki, through Chiwata to Isahaya was designated the Ōmura Line. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor of JGR, on 1 April 1987, control of the station passed to JR Kyushu.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2014, there were a total of 29,848 boarding passengers, giving a daily average of 82 passengers.

## Surrounding area

* Japan National Route 34
* Chiwata Post Office
* Higashisonogi Town Chiwata Elementary School
# Ōja Station

Ōja Station (大蛇駅, Ōja-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the town of Hashikami, Sannohe District, Aomori Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Ōja Station is served by the Hachinohe Line, and is 25.8 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Hachinohe Station.

## Station layout

The station has a single ground-level side platform serving one bi-directional track. There is a small rain shelter built on the platform, but there is no station building. The station is unattended.

## History

The station opened on December 10, 1956. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on April 1, 1987, it came under the operational control of JR East.

## Surrounding area

* Ōja fishing port
# Satsuma-Matsumoto Station

Satsuma-Matsumoto Station (薩摩松元駅, Satsuma-Matsumoto-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Kagoshima, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Kyushu.

## Lines

The station is served by the Kagoshima Main Line and is located 383.3 km from the starting point of the line at Mojikō.

### Layout

The station is an above-ground station with one island platform. The station building on the platform is accessed through an underground passage. The station is unattended.

### Platforms

| 1 | ■ ■ Kagoshima Main Line | for Ijuin and Sendai |
| 2 | ■ ■ Kagoshima Main Line | for Kagoshima-Chūō |

## History

The station was a petition station opened on 11 February 1954. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor of JGR, on 1 April 1987, JR Kyushu took over control of the station.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2020, the station was used by an average of 473 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), and it ranked 221st among the busiest stations of JR Kyushu.

## Surrounding area

* Matsumoto Junior High School
* Matsumoto Hiranooka Gym
* Matsumoto Post Office
* Kagoshima City Hall Matsumoto Branch Office
# Kaone Vanderwesthuizen

Kaone Vanderwesthuizen (born 1 December 1994) is a Motswana footballer playing for Township Rollers F.C. in the Botswana Premier League.

## International career

Vanderwesthuizen made his Botswana debut in a 2–0 loss to Eritrea in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers.

## Honours
### Club
#### Township Rollers

* Botswana Premier League:4
       2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19
* Mascom Top 8 Cup:1
       2017-18
# Kadonohama Station

Kadonohama Station (角の浜駅, Kadonohama-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the town of Hirono, Kunohe District, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Kadonohama Station is served by the Hachinohe Line, and is 29.5 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Hachinohe Station.

## Station layout

Kadonohama Station has a single ground-level side platform serving one bi-directional track. There is a small rain shelter built on top of the platform, but there is no station building. The station is unattended.

## History

Kadonohama Station opened on August 5, 1954. On April 1, 1987, upon the privatization of the Japanese National Railways, the station came under the operational control of JR East.

## Surrounding area

* National Route 45
# Nakata Station

Nakata Station (中田駅, Nakata-eki) is a railway station located in the city of Tsugaru, Aomori Prefecture, Japan, operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Nakata Station is a station on the Gonō Line, and is located 97.4 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Higashi-Noshiro.

## Station layout

Nakata Station has one side platform serving a single bi-directional track. There is no station building, only a small weather shelter on the platform. The station is unattended.

## History

Nakata Station was opened on November 11, 1956 as a Japanese National Railways station in the former village of Morita, Nishitsugaru District. With the privatization of JNR on April 1, 1987, the station came under the operational control of JR East.

## Surrounding area

The station is surrounded by rice fields, and Mount Iwaki is clearly visible from the platform.
* National Route 101
# Noel Christopherson

Noel Charles Christopherson, MC (21 December 1890 – 29 May 1968) was an Anglican priest who was the dean of Peterborough in the Church of England from 1943 until 1965.

## Biography

Christopherson was educated at Uppingham School and St John's College, Oxford.
He was ordained in 1913 and began his career with a curacy at St John's, Walworth. He was then appointed domestic chaplain to the Bishop of Newcastle. During the Great War, Christopherson was a temporary chaplain to the forces (TCF). At his interview in August 1916, it was noted that he was 25, single and could write and speak French. He was posted, first to the camp at Clipstone and then, in October, 1916, to the Western Front. The deputy chaplain-general on the Western Front noted that Christopherson was 'strong and fit'.
Christopherson remained a TCF until he was demobilised in 1919, having earned a Military Cross and a Mention in Despatches. The MC was gazetted on 30 May 1919, as part of the 1919 Birthday Honours, in a list of 'rewards for distinguished service in connection with military operations in France and Flanders'. When peace returned he became vicar of St John's, East Dulwich then archdeacon of Colombo. While there he was proposed as bishop of Melanesia but was not in the end appointed because an Evangelical was sought and he was Anglo-Catholic. From 1935 he was Vicar of Eltham and after that Rural Dean of Woolwich before his elevation to the deanery. He was considered for the vacant post of bishop of Lincoln in 1946 but Archbishop Fisher did not support his candidature, writing 'I am sure he is in his right place where he is and that he has not got the qualities' adding that he is 'likeable but unpunctual Christopherson, therefore, remained at Peterborough until his retirement.
# Todoroki Station (Aomori)

Todoroki Station (驫木駅, Todoroki-eki) is a railway station on the Gonō Line in the town of Fukaura, Aomori Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Todoroki Station is served by the single-track Gonō Line, and lies 76.0 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Higashi-Noshiro. As of March 2015, the station is served by just five services in each direction daily.

## Station layout

Todoroki Station has a single side platform, serving bidirectional traffic. The station is unattended. The station building is a wooden structure built onto the platform.

## History

The station was opened on December 13, 1934, as a station on the Japanese National Railways (JNR). With the privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987, it came under the operational control of JR East.

## Surrounding area

* National Route 101
* Sea of Japan.

## Gallery

* Station building during the winter, February 2018
* Platform, September 2019
# Ōdose Station

Ōdose Station (大戸瀬駅, Ōdose-eki) is a railway station located in the town of Fukaura, Aomori Prefecture, Japan, operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Ōdose Station is a station on the Gonō Line, and is located 83.9 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Higashi-Noshiro.

## Station layout

Ōdose Station has one ground-level side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station was built with dual opposed side platforms, but only the former southbound platform is now used. The station is unattended and is managed from Goshogawara Station. There is no station building.

## History

Ōdose Station was opened on November 5, 1933 as a station on the Japan National Railways (JNR). It has been unattended since March 19, 1984. With the privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987, it came under the operational control of JR East. The station has been unattended since May 1, 2002.

## Surrounding area

* National Route 101
# Hiroto Station

Hiroto Station (広戸駅, Hiroto-eki) is a railway station located in the town of Fukaura, Aomori Prefecture Japan, operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Hiroto Station is a station on the Gonō Line, and is located 70.8 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Higashi-Noshiro.

## Station layout

Hiroto Station has one ground-level side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station is unattended, and is managed from Goshogawara Station. There is a small weather shelter on the platform but no station building.

## History

Hiroto Station was opened on December 25, 1954 as a station on the Japan National Railways (JNR). With the privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987, it came under the operational control of JR East.

## Surroundings

* National Route 101
* Sea of Japan, the station is located on the shoreline with a high fence adjacent to the tracks to block waves in stormy weather.
# Kassemba Station

Kassemba Station (合戦場駅, Kassemba-eki) is a railway station in the city of Tochigi, Tochigi, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Tobu Railway. The station is numbered "TN-13".

## Lines

Kassemba Station is served by the Tobu Nikko Line, and is 50.0 km (31 mi) from the starting point of the line at Tōbu-Dōbutsu-Kōen.

## Station layout

This station consists of two opposed side platforms serving two tracks, connected to the station building by a footbridge.

### Platforms

| 1 | ■ Tobu Nikko Line | for Shin-Tochigi and Tōbu-Dōbutsu-Kōen |
| 2 | ■ Tobu Nikko Line | for Tōbu-Nikkō |

## History

Kassemba Station opened on 1 April 1929.
From 17 March 2012, station numbering was introduced on all Tobu lines, with Kassemba Station becoming "TN-13".

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 347 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

* Kassemba Post Office
# Kita-Kanuma Station

Kita-Kanuma Station (北鹿沼駅, Kita-Kanuma-eki) is a railway station in the city of Kanuma, Tochigi, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Tobu Railway. The station is numbered "TN-19".

## Lines

Kita-Kanuma Station is served by the Tobu Nikko Line, and is 69.8 km from the starting point of the line at Tōbu-Dōbutsu-Kōen.

## Station layout

The station has two opposed side platforms serving two tracks. The platforms are linked by a footbridge.

### Platforms

| 1 | ■ Tobu Nikko Line | for Shin-Tochigi and Tōbu-Dōbutsu-Kōen |
| 2 | ■ Tobu Nikko Line | for Tōbu-Nikkō |

## History

Kita-Kanuma Station opened on 10 December 1931. It became unstaffed from 1 September 1973.
From 17 March 2012, station numbering was introduced on all Tobu lines, with Kita-Kanuma Station becoming "TN-19".

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 185 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

* National Route 293
* National Route 352
* Kanuma Cultural Center