# Convoy PQ 13

PQ 13 was a British Arctic convoy that delivered war supplies from the Western Allies to the USSR during World War II. The convoy was subject to attack by German air, U-boat and surface forces and suffered the loss of five ships, plus one escort vessel. Fifteen ships arrived safely.

## Ships

PQ 13 comprised 19 merchant ships; seven British, four American, one Polish, four of Panamanian and one of Honduran registry. It was commanded by Commodore D. A. Casey in River Afton. The convoy was escorted for the first stage of its voyage, from Scotland to Iceland, by a Local Escort Group, of two destroyers and an ASW Trawler. For the second stage, from Iceland to the Soviet Union, the Ocean escort was two destroyers and two trawlers, augmented by three whalers being transferred to the Soviet Navy. The Ocean escort was commanded by Capt. L. S. Saunders, in the cruiser HMS Trinidad.
In support of the convoy escort, and guarding against a sortie by the German battleship Tirpitz, was a Heavy Cover Force, comprising the battleships Duke of York (Vice Admiral A. T. B. Curteis commanding), King George V, battlecruiser Renown, aircraft carrier HMS Victorious, the cruisers Kent and Edinburgh and sixteen destroyers, Ashanti, Bedouin, Echo, Escapade, Eskimo, Faulknor, Foresight, Icarus, Inglefield, Ledbury, Marne, Middleton, Onslow, Punjabi, Tartar and Wheatland. This force was intended to accompany PQ 13 at a distance until it was past Bear Island.

## Action

The convoy sailed from Loch Ewe in Scotland on 10 March 1942 and arrived in Reykjavík on 16 March 1942. After the departure of three ships, bound from Loch Ewe to Reykjavík only and the first stage escort, collecting a further three ships bound from Reykjavík to Murmansk and the close escort for the voyage, PQ 13 left Reykjavík on 20 March 1942. The voyage was uneventful until 24 March, when the convoy was struck by a four-day storm, which left the convoy scattered and in disarray. The ships were dispersed over a distance of 150 nmi (280 km; 170 mi). Over the next few days the ships coalesced into two groups, of eight and four, with four others proceeding independently.
On 28 March the ships were sighted by German aircraft, and attacked. Raceland and Empire Ranger were sunk. A German force of three Narvik class destroyers, Z24, Z25 and Z26, under the command of KzS G. Ponitz, sortied from Kirkenes. The German destroyers intercepted and sank Bateau on the night of 28/29 March, before falling in with Trinidad and Fury in the early hours of 29 March. Z26 was badly damaged by Trinidad, sinking later after a combined counter-attack of Oribi, Eclipse and the Soviet destroyer Sokrushitelny but in the course of the action Trinidad was hit by her own torpedo (the torpedo's gyroscope froze). The remaining German ships broke off the action and Trinidad, escorted by Fury and Eclipse, limped into Kola Inlet, arriving midday on 30 March.
The ships of PQ 13 came under U-boat attack. Induna was sunk by U-376, and Effingham by U-435. Fury attacked an asdic contact and was credited with the destruction of U-585 but post-war analysis found that U-585 was lost elsewhere. By 30 March most ships had arrived at Murmansk; the last stragglers came in on 1 April. Six ships were lost in this convoy. The Germans sank five freighters. One whaler, (HMS Sulla), was lost, probably due to heavy icing, and the cruiser, Trinidad, was damaged. Against this one German destroyer had been sunk. Fourteen ships had arrived safely, more than two-thirds of the convoy. The freighter Tobruk was credited with shooting down one bomber and another probable on 30 April.

## Ship list

The convoy to Russia consisted of 19 freighters, a Fleet Oiler and 3 whalers
PQ13 main body: Loch Ewe to Murmansk :
| Ship | Captain | GRT | Flag | Sailors | Total Armed Guard or DEMS |
| SS Dunboyne | Ernest Prather | 3,515 | United States | 35 | 11, Ensign Brinn |
| SS Effingham | Charles H. Hewlett | 6,421 | United States | 34 | 9, Ensign Gamblin |
| SS El Estero | Ivo Beatovic | 4,219 | Panama | 39 | none |
| SS Eldena | Ole M. Nilsen | 6,900 | United States | 37 | 13, Ensign Fink |
| SS Empire Cowper | J.H. Wigham | 7,164 | United Kingdom | 36 | 11 |
| SS Empire Ranger | Maurice E. Sadler | 7,008 | United Kingdom | 43 | 7 |
| SS Empire Starlight | William H. Stein | 6,850 | United Kingdom | 66 | 12 |
| SS Gallant Fox | Eric Lundh | 5,473 | Panama | 39 | none |
| SS Harpalion | Henry W. Williams | 5,486 | United Kingdom | 44 | 8 |
| SS Induna | William N. Collins | 5,086 | United Kingdom | 50 | 10 |
| SS Mana | Oermulff Berg-Johannessen | 3,283 | Honduras | 36 | None |
| SS Mormacmar | Wilfred H. Senior | 5,453 | United States | 30 | 9, Ensign Smith |
| SS New Westminster City | William J. Harris | 4,747 | United Kingdom | 44 | 6 |
| SS Raceland | Sverre Brekke | 4,815 | Panama | 45 | None |
| SS River Afton | Harold W. Charlton | 5,479 | United Kingdom | 43 | 10 |
| SS Tobruk | Bronisław Hurko | 7,048 | Poland | 47 | At least 1 |
Reykjavík to Murmansk group :
| Ship | Captain | GRT | Flag | Merchant Marines | Armed Guard/DEMS |
| SS Ballot | Henry Bejer | 6,131 | Panama | 38 | 2 |
| SS Bateau | Johan A. Haltlid | 4,687 | Panama | 44 | 2 |
| SS Scottish American | P. Sun | 6,999 | United Kingdom | 38 | 6 |
Loch Ewe to Reykjavík group :
| Ship | Captain | GRT | Flag |
| Groenland | b | 1,220 | United Kingdom |
| Lars Kruse | b | 1,807 | United Kingdom |
| Mano | b | 1,418 | United Kingdom |
PQ13: Fleet replenishment oiler :
| Ship | Captain | GRT | Flag | Merchant Marines | Total Armed Guard/DEMS |
| RFA Oligarch | A.V. Barton | 6,897 | United Kingdom | 39 | 7 |
PQ13 Whalers :
| Ship | Captain | GRT | Flag | Merchant Marines |
| HMS Silja | | 251 | Royal Navy | 21 |
| HMS Sumba | | 251 | Royal Navy | |
| HMS Sulla | John Edward Thundercliffe | 251 | Royal Navy | |
* Lars Kruse, Mano and Groenland sailed with the convoy from Loch Ewe to Iceland, but didn't sail to the Soviet Union.
* Ballot, Bateau and Scottish American joined the convoy in Iceland.
* All other ships departed from Loch Ewe, for Murmansk.
* Three whalers: HMS Silja, HMS Sulla and HMS Sumba were under transfer to the Soviet Navy and would become magnetic mine minesweepers.
In Russia, HMS Silja was renamed T-107 and HMS Sumba was renamed T-106.

## Convoy escorts

For the first stage, from Loch Ewe to Reykjavík, PQ 13 had a local escort of two destroyers and an ASW Trawler.
From Iceland to Murmansk the close escort consisted of the cruiser Trinidad and the destroyers Fury and Eclipse, two armed trawlers and three minesweepers.
For the final leg the convoy was supported by the local escort based at Kola; two Soviet destroyers and four RN minesweepers.
Loch Ewe – Reykjavík: 10–16 March. Leaving Loch Ewe in the afternoon of the 10th, the convoy was escorted by:
* Destroyer ORP Błyskawica (left the convoy on the 13th)
* Destroyer Lamerton
* ASW Trawler Paynter
On the 11th, another escort joined the convoy:
* Destroyer Saladin
Reykjavík – Murmansk: 18–31 March. Leaving Reykjavík in the morning of the 18th, the convoy was escorted by:
* Trawler Celia, Bute and Wheatland. (left the convoy on the 23rd)
On the 23rd, other escorts joined the convoy:
* Destroyers Fury and Eclipse (left the convoy on the 25th)
* Light Cruiser Trinidad (left the convoy on the 25th)
The Barents Sea – Murmansk: 27 March – 3 April;
On the 27th, the convoy was joined by two Soviet destroyers:
* Destroyers Gremyashchiy and Sokrushitelney
On 28 March the convoy was assisted by the involvement of the Sixth Minesweeping Flotilla operating here.
HMS Harrier, HMS Gossamer, HMS Speedwell and HMS Hussar of the Sixth Minesweeping Flotilla, under command of commander E.P. Hinton, sailed on 28 April for a patrol in the Arctic waters. On the 29th Harrier went for a search for survivors of the Empire Ranger. On the 29th Speedwell attempted to intercept Harpalion, but failed to find her. HMS Oribi found abandoned boats of Empire Ranger on the 29th which indicated they were picked up by other boats. (A German wireless claimed prisoners from a merchant ship, it was obvious they were from Empire Ranger) On 30 March, Gossamer found Scottish American, Effingham and Dunboyne. But Gossamer received orders to proceed to the position of the torpedoed Indua, but failed to find her. Hussar made contact with a group of 9 ships of PQ 13 and a whaler. Escorted by two Russian destroyers and a trawler. Oribi sighted the whaler Silja who had run out of fuel. Oribi was ordered to go to the aid of River Afton which was reported to have been hit by a U-boat. Harrier took Silja in tow and Speedwell escorted them. On 1 April, Niger (also of the Sixth Minesweeping Flotilla) sailed to search for Sulla, but returned on 3 April, having failed to find her.

## Convoy losses

After an attack on 28 March 1942, 16 crewmembers of Ballot left the ship in a lifeboat, were picked up by Silja and put on board Induna.
Merchant ships losses :
| Date | Ship | GRT | Flag | Sunk by | Notes |
| 28 March | Raceland | 4,815 | Panama | Luftwaffe | 72°40′N 20°20′E﻿ / ﻿72.667°N 20.333°E﻿ / 72.667; 20.333 45 crew, 13 killed, 32 rescued |
| 28 March | Empire Ranger | 7,008 | United Kingdom | Luftwaffe | 72°10′N 30°00′E﻿ / ﻿72.167°N 30.000°E﻿ / 72.167; 30.000 55 crew, no casualties |
| 29 March | Bateau | 4,687 | Panama | Kriegsmarine Z26 | 72°30′N 27°00′E﻿ / ﻿72.500°N 27.000°E﻿ / 72.500; 27.000 47 crew, 6 killed, 41 rescued |
| 30 March | Induna | 5,086 | United Kingdom | Kriegsmarine U-376 | 70°55′N 37°18′E﻿ / ﻿70.917°N 37.300°E﻿ / 70.917; 37.300 66 crew, 42 killed* |
| 30 March | Effingham | 6,421 | United States | Kriegsmarine U-435 | 70°28′N 35°44′E﻿ / ﻿70.467°N 35.733°E﻿ / 70.467; 35.733 42 crew, 12 rescued |
* 12 of them were former crewmembers of the SS Ballot
Whaler lost from the convoy :
| Date | Ship | GRT | Flag | Sunk by | Position | Crew | POW | Died |
| 29 March | HMS Sulla | 251 | Royal Navy | Icing | 21 | 0 | 21 |

## Aftermath

Merchant ships lost in harbour or return Convoy QP 10 :
| Ship | GRT | Flag | Sunk | Notes |
| Empire Starlight | 6,850 | United Kingdom | Luftwaffe | Bombed at Murmansk, 3 April, 68 crew, 1 killed |
| New Westminster City * | 4,747 | United Kingdom | Luftwaffe | Bombed at Murmansk, 3 April, 52 crew, 2 killed |
| Empire Cowper | 7,164 | United Kingdom | Luftwaffe | Sunk 11 April, Convoy QP 10, 68 crew, 18 killed + 1* |
| Harpalion | 5,486 | United Kingdom | Kriegsmarine U-435 | Sunk 13 April, Convoy QP 10, 52 crew, no loss |

## Footnotes

* ↑ Ruegg & Hague 1993, p. 29.
* 1 2 Miciński, Huras & Twardowski (1999), pp. 319–324.
* ↑ Miciński, Huras & Twardowski (1999), pp. 315–316.