OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Griffith Baley Price

G. Baley Price (14 March 1905, Brookhaven, Mississippi – 7 November 2006, Lawrence, Kansas) was an American mathematician and historian of American mathematics. He was a president of the Mathematical Association of America.

## Career

After graduating with an A.B. from Mississippi College in 1925, G. B. Price went to Harvard University, where he received his M.A. in 1928 and his Ph.D. in 1932 under G. D. Birkhoff with thesis Double Pendulum and Similar Dynamical Systems. Apart from a period of service with the U.S. Army Air Force in England in World War II, Price was a mathematics professor at the University of Kansas from 1937 to 1975 and chair of the mathematics department from 1951 to 1970. John L. Kelley recalled Price's assistance when Kelley refused a loyalty oath at Berkeley.
Price was the co-author of two textbooks (published in 1966 and 1968), the author of a history of the department of mathematics of the University of Kansas and several articles related to the role of mathematics and mathematicians in World War II. He was president of the Mathematical Association of America (MAA) for the two years 1957–1958 and received the MAA's distinguished service award in 1970.
Price based his book about multicomplex spaces and functions on Corrado Segre's work where $\mathbb {C} _{n}$ has n imaginary units $i_{1},\ i_{2},\dots ,i_{n}$ all of which commute. But the book primarily treats bicomplex numbers $\mathbb {C} _{2}\ .$
Since $(i_{1}i_{2})^{2}=+1$ the numbers $e_{1}={\tfrac {1}{2}}(1+i_{1}i_{2})$ and $e_{2}={\tfrac {1}{2}}(1-i_{1}i_{2})$ are idempotent. The idempotents provide an alternate basis for the bicomplexes:
    $z_{1}+z_{2}i_{2}=(z_{1}-i_{1}z_{2})e_{1}+(z_{1}+i_{1}z_{2})e_{2}.$ (page 19)
Differentiable bicomplex functions f are shown to correspond to a pair of differentiable complex functions f$_1$ and f$_2$:
    $f(z_{1}-i_{1}z_{2})=f_{1}(z_{1}-i_{1}z_{2})e_{1}+f_{2}(z_{1}+i_{1}z_{2})e_{2}.$ (page 131)

## Works

* 1935: "On reversible dynamical systems", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 37(1): 51–59, doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1935-1501778-0, MR1501778
* 1947: "Some identities in the theory of determinants", American Mathematical Monthly 54:75–90, MR00190078
* 1951: "Bounds for determinants with dominant principal diagonal", Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 2: 497–502, doi:10.1090/s0002-9939-1951-0041093-2, MR0041093
* 1976: History of the department of mathematics at the University of Kansas, 1866–1970. Lawrence, Kansas: K. U. Endowment Association, U. of Kansas. 1976; xii+788 p.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link), link from Google Books
* 1984: Multivariable analysis. NY: Springer-Verlag. 11 June 1984. ISBN 0387909346; xiv+655 p.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
* 1988: "American Mathematicians in World War I", pages 267–73 in A Century of Mathematics In America Part I, Peter Duren editor, American Mathematical Society ISBN 0-8218-0124-4
* 1991: An introduction to multicomplex spaces and functions. NY: Marcel Dekker. 23 October 1990. ISBN 082478345X; xiii+402 p.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
# Lakeside Memorial Golf Course

Lakeside Memorial Golf Course is a golf course located in Stillwater, Oklahoma. Lakeside was opened in 1945 by architect and Oklahoma State University golf coach Labron Harris. It served as the home course for the 10-time national champion Oklahoma State University Men's Golf Team for almost 50 years until the opening of Karsten Creek Golf Club in 1994. Lakeside is currently owned and operated by the City of Stillwater.
Labron Harris, OSU golf coach and South Central PGA president, served as Head Golf Professional until 1974. Lakeside has been the home course and training facility for many notable PGA Tour, LPGA Tour, and prominent amateur players. Some of the world's most important golf trophies have been on display in the golf shop: the U.S. Amateur, the British Amateur, the team NCAA Championship, the individual NCAA Championship, the Walker Cup, Western Amateur, PGA Championship, American Cup, and World Cups have occupied positions of prominence on the modest mantel alongside less imposing trophies from tournaments such as the Oklahoma Open and Oklahoma Amateur.
In 1998, architect Tripp Davis renovated Lakeside to its current layout. The golf course stretches over 6,756 yards, with SR 1020 bentgrass putting surfaces, Tifway 419 bermuda fairways, and tee boxes with a mixture of zoysia and Tifway 419 bermuda. The golf course wanders through mature blackjack oaks in the gentle rolling hills of north central Oklahoma. Lakeside is consistently ranked as one of the top public golf courses in the state of Oklahoma by Golf Digest magazine. Lakeside was the recipient of the 2011, 2012, and 2014 South Central PGA Youth Player Development Awards and the 2013 South Central PGA Merchandiser of the Year Award.

## Notable players that have used Lakeside as their home course and training facility

* Scott Verplank, U.S. Amateur champion & multiple PGA Tour winner
* Bob Tway, 1989 PGA Championship winner & multiple PGA Tour winner
* David Edwards, PGA Tour winner
* Danny Edwards, PGA Tour winner
* Doug Tewell, Senior PGA Championship winner & PGA Tour
* Lindy Miller, PGA Tour winner
* Mark Hayes, PGA Tour winner
* Michael Henderson, South Central PGA President
* Bill Glasson, PGA Tour winner
* Labron Harris Jr., U.S. Amateur champion
* Jim Hardy, PGA Tour, golf instructor
* Bob Dickson, U.S. Amateur & British Amateur champion
* Earl Moeller, NCAA champion
* Grier Jones, NCAA champion

## Notable Head PGA Golf Professionals

* Labron Harris, PGA (1945–1973) & South Central PGA President (1972)
* Michael Henderson, PGA (2010–Present) & South Central PGA President (current)
# Monroe Township, Clarion County, Pennsylvania

Monroe Township is a township in Clarion County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, the township had a population of 1,496, a decrease from the figure of 1,544 tabulated in 2010.

## Geography

The township is near the center of Clarion County and is bordered on the north by the Clarion River. Piney Creek, a tributary of the Clarion, crosses the northern part of the township and passes through unincorporated Reidsburg, the largest settlement in the township. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 29.8 square miles (77.3 km$^2$), of which 29.5 square miles (76.3 km$^2$) is land and 0.39 square miles (1.0 km$^2$), or 1.35%, is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,587 people, 595 households, and 427 families residing in the township. The population density was 53.9 people per square mile (20.8 people/km$^2$). There were 648 housing units at an average density of 22.0 per square mile (8.5/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 99.31% White, 0.13% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.13% from other races, and 0.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.38% of the population.
There were 595 households, out of which 30.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.7% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.2% were non-families. 18.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the township the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 13.4% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $38,125, and the median income for a family was $45,329. Males had a median income of $32,083 versus $19,375 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,455. About 5.3% of families and 10.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.9% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.
# Argenton-sur-Creuse

Argenton-sur-Creuse (French pronunciation: , lit. 'Argenton on Creuse') is a commune in the Indre department in central France.

## Geography

Argenton-sur-Creuse lies on the river Creuse, about 28 km southwest of Châteauroux. Argenton-sur-Creuse station has rail connections to Vierzon, Limoges and Paris. The A20 autoroute (Vierzon–Limoges–Montauban) passes west of the town. The village of Saint-Benoît-du-Sault is 20 minutes away by road. South of Argenton is the valley of the river Creuse. The village of Gargilesse is nearby; there the home of the writer George Sand may be visited.

## History

The modern city is built close to the site of the Gallo-Roman city of Argentomagus which lies a little to the north. The site has been developed as a museum visitor attraction. The name of the ancient town probably derives from the Latin word for "silver", as the town was a center of silver work.
The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911) described the city as follows: "The river is crossed by two bridges, and its banks are bordered by picturesque old houses. There are numerous tanneries, and the manufacture of boots, shoes and linen goods is carried on". Since then, one of the riverside mills has been converted into the "Museum of the Shirt and Masculine Elegance".

## Notable people

* Antoine Berman (1942-1991), translator and philosopher
* Gilles Clément (born 1943), botanist and writer
* Raymond Rollinat (1859-1931), naturalist
* Germaine Rouillard (1881–1946)
* Michel Sapin (born 1952), politician

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 4,064 | — |
| 1821 | 3,770 | −0.27% |
| 1846 | 4,546 | +0.75% |
| 1886 | 6,388 | +0.85% |
| 1911 | 6,122 | −0.17% |
| 1936 | 5,710 | −0.28% |
| 1946 | 6,111 | +0.68% |
| 1962 | 6,344 | +0.23% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1968 | 6,400 | +0.15% |
| 1975 | 6,424 | +0.05% |
| 1982 | 5,848 | −1.33% |
| 1990 | 5,193 | −1.47% |
| 1999 | 5,146 | −0.10% |
| 2007 | 5,180 | +0.08% |
| 2012 | 5,021 | −0.62% |
| 2017 | 4,927 | −0.38% |
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :
# Arminda

Arminda is a feminine name derived from the Roman name Arminius.
Notable people with the name Arminda include:
* Arminda, a main character in Mozart's opera La finta giardiniera.
* Arminda, a character in the 1985 British video game Dread Dragon Doom
* Arminda Aberastury (1910–1972), Argentinian psychoanalyst
* Jane Arminda Delano (1862–1919), nurse and founder of the American Red Cross Nursing Service
* Arminda Schutte (1909–1995), Cuban pianist
* Arminda Lopes Coelho de Mira (1887–1964), Portuguese physicist. Pioneered early studies on radioactivity and radiation in Portugal during the 1920s - relatively new concepts at the time.
* Arminda Elisabeth, Countess von Schmettau (1676–1753), Prussian noblewoman
Flightless grasshopper genus:
# William W. Field

William Wells Field (October 31, 1824 – April 5, 1907) was an American farmer and politician. He was the 16th speaker of the Wisconsin State Assembly and served a total of six years in the Assembly, representing Grant County. In historical documents he is frequently referred to as W. W. Field.

## Early life and family

William Wells Field was born in the town of Lancaster, New Hampshire, one of six children born to Abel Waite Field and his wife, Sally. He is a descendant of William Field, an early settler at the Massachusetts Bay Colony. His contemporaries Marshall Field and Cyrus Field were distant cousins.
Field's father was a farmer and paid for his education at the Lancaster Academy. After finishing his education, Field taught for three years, then moved to Medford, Massachusetts, in 1845, where he worked as a farm laborer. After two years of farm labor, he relocated to Belfast, Maine, where he worked in the marble trade. He married Mahala Jane Howe on October 31, 1850.
In 1852, they traveled west to Wisconsin and purchased a tract of land in Fenniman, in Grant County.

## Wisconsin career

Shortly after arriving in Grant County, Field was elected to the Grant County Board of Supervisors, where he served at least four years. In 1854, he was elected to his first term in the Wisconsin State Assembly, serving as one of the first elected Republicans in the state legislature.
During the American Civil War, Field was a vocal proponent of the Union cause. He was returned to the Assembly in 1862, and was re-elected to the 1863, 1864, and 1865 sessions, serving as Speaker in the 1864 and 1865 sessions, when he presided over the National Union Party majority. He was a presidential elector for Abraham Lincoln in the 1864 United States presidential election.
After 1865, he rented his farm and relocated to Boscobel, Wisconsin, and, in 1873, moved to Madison. He was one of the incorporators of the Oshkosh and Mississippi Railroad Company and the Military Ridge and Grant County Railroad Company. In 1871 he was appointed a regent of the University of Wisconsin, and he served on the State Agricultural Society and was secretary of the State Board of Centennial Managers. In 1875, Field worked to secure the upset victory of Angus Cameron over incumbent Republican Senator Matthew H. Carpenter, with the assistance of Democratic votes in the Wisconsin Legislature.

## Iowa career

In 1879, Field left Wisconsin for Iowa. He bought a large tract of land in Wheeler Township, in Sac County, and developed the land until 1892. At that point he relocated to the town of Odebolt. He was one of the founders of the First National Bank of Odebolt, and was the first president of the bank. He also served as vice president and president of Iowa's State Agricultural Society. He was an advocate for the farmers of the state and worked to expand the adoption of improved farming methods.

## Death

William Field died in April 1907, in Sac County.
# Alan Stokes

Alan Stokes (born 19 January 1981) is a British professional surfer and surf model from Newquay, Cornwall. He won the 2009 UK Pro Surf Tour Championships.
He is a model for surf clothing in the UK. He is sponsored by Animal Clothing & Wetsuits, Creatures of Leisure Hardware, Quiver Surfboards, Luke Hart Shapes, Future Fins, and Maxi Muscle.

## Results/achievements

* 2003 Animal Beach Ball Shortboard Overall 1st
* 2004 British Pro Tour Shortboard Overall 1st
* 2004 British National Championships Shortboard Overall 1st
* 2004 Animal Beach Ball Shortboard Overall 1st
* 2004 UK Pro Surf Tour Champion
* 2005 English National Championships Shortboard Overall 1st
* 2005 Animal Beach Ball Shortboard Overall 1st
* 2005 British Pro Tour Newquay Shortboard Overall 1st
* 2005 British National Championships Shortboard Overall 1st
* 2006 British Pro Tour event three Shortboard Overall 1st
* 2009 Relentless Boardmasters 5th
* 2009 UK Pro Surf Tour Champion
# Kavalactone

Kavalactones are a class of lactone compounds found in kava roots and Alpinia zerumbet (shell ginger). and in several Gymnopilus, Phellinus and Inonotus fungi. Some kavalactones are bioactive. They are responsible for the psychoactive, analgesic, euphoric and sedative effects of kava.

## Bioactivity

Kava extract interacts with many pharmaceuticals and herbal medications. In human volunteers, in vivo inhibition includes CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 through use of probe drugs to measure inhibition.

## Research

Its anxiolytic and hepatotoxicity activities have been investigated.
The major kavalactones (except for desmethoxyyangonin) potentiate GABA$_A$ receptors, which may underlie the anxiolytic and sedative properties of kava. Further, inhibition of the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine, binding to the CB$_1$ receptor, inhibition of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, and monoamine oxidase B reversible inhibition are additional pharmacological actions that have been reported for kavalactones.
Kavalactone-type compounds may help protect against high glucose induced cell damage.

## Toxicity

Several kavalactones (e.g., methysticin and yangonin) affect a group of enzymes involved in metabolism, called the CYP450 system. Hepatotoxicity occurred in a small portion of previously healthy kava users, particularly from extracts, as opposed to whole root powders.

## Compounds

At least 18 different kavalactones are known, with methysticin being the first identified. Multiple analogues, such as ethysticin, have also been isolated. Some consist of a substituted α-pyrone as the lactone, while others are partially saturated.
The average elimination half-life of kavalactones typically present in kava root is 9 hr.
| Name | Structure | R$_1$ | R$_2$ | R$_3$ | R$_4$ |
| Yangonin | 1 | -OCH$_3$ | -H | -H | -H |
| 10-methoxyyangonin | 1 | -OCH$_3$ | -H | -OCH$_3$ | -H |
| 11-methoxyyangonin | 1 | -OCH$_3$ | -OCH$_3$ | -H | -H |
| 11-hydroxyyangonin | 1 | -OCH$_3$ | -OH | -H | -H |
| Desmethoxyyangonin | 1 | -H | -H | -H | -H |
| 11-methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain | 1 | -OH | -OCH$_3$ | -H | -H |
| 7,8-dihydroyangonin | 2 | -OCH$_3$ | -H | -H | -H |
| Kavain | 3 | -H | -H | -H | -H |
| 5-hydroxykavain | 3 | -H | -H | -H | -OH |
| 5,6-dihydroyangonin | 3 | -OCH$_3$ | -H | -H | -H |
| 7,8-dihydrokavain | 4 | -H | -H | -H | -H |
| 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroyangonin | 4 | -OCH$_3$ | -H | -H | -H |
| 5,6-dehydromethysticin | 5 | -O-CH$_2$-O- | -O-CH$_2$-O- | -H | -H |
| Methysticin | 7 | -O-CH$_2$-O- | -O-CH$_2$-O- | -H | -H |
| 7,8-dihydromethysticin | 8 | -O-CH$_2$-O- | -O-CH$_2$-O- | -H | -H |
Kavalactones: General structures :
| Structure 1 | Structure 2 | Structure 3 | Structure 4 |
| Structure 5 | Structure 6 | Structure 7 | Structure 8 |

## Biosynthesis

The kavalactone biosynthetic pathway in Piper methysticum was described in 2019.
# Arshad Al-Alawi

Arshad Said Saleh Said Al-Alawi (born 12 April 2000) is an Omani professional footballer who plays for Al-Seeb and the Omani national team.
He debuted internationally on 10 October 2019, during the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification, in a match against Afghanistan in a 3–0 victory.
On 14 November 2019, Al-Alawi scored his first goal in a major competition for Oman against Bangladesh in a 4–1 victory.
Arshad played in all three games of the group stage for Oman in the Arab Cup, and scored the opener against Bahrain in 3–0 victory to qualify for knockout stages.

## Career statistics
### International

Statistics accurate as of match played on 06 December 2021
Oman :
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2019 | 5 | 1 |
| 2020 | 0 | 0 |
| 2021 | 10 | 1 |
| Total | 13 | 2 |

## International goals

| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1. | 14 November 2019 | Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex, Muscat, Oman | Bangladesh | 3–0 | 4–1 | 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 2. | 6 December 2021 | Ahmed bin Ali Stadium, Al Rayyan, Qatar | Bahrain | 2–0 | 3–0 | 2021 FIFA Arab Cup |
| 3. | 10 December 2021 | Education City Stadium, Al Rayyan, Qatar | Tunisia | 1–1 | 1–2 | 2021 FIFA Arab Cup |
| 4. | 29 March 2022 | Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex, Muscat, Oman | China | 1–0 | 2–0 | 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 5. | 9 January 2023 | Basra International Stadium, Basra, Iraq | Yemen | 2–2 | 3–2 | 25th Arabian Gulf Cup |
| 6. | 20 June 2023 | Pakhtakor Central Stadium, Tashkent, Uzbekistan | Kyrgyzstan | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2023 CAFA Nations Cup |
| 7. | 31 December 2024 | Sulaibikhat Stadium, Sulaibikhat, Kuwait | Saudi Arabia | 1–0 | 2–1 | 26th Arabian Gulf Cup |
# French submarine Ajax

Ajax was a Redoutable-class submarine of the French Navy launched in 1930 at Brest, France. It participated in the Second World War, first on the side of the Allies from 1939 to 1940 then on the side of the Axis for the rest of the war. On 23 September 1940, during the Battle of Dakar she was badly damaged by depth charges from HMS Fortune and was then scuttled.

## Construction and characteristics

Ajax was ordered as part of the French fleet expansion program from in 1926. The project was an improvement of the first post-war French submarines - the Requin type. The design was designed to be especially faster and more maneuverable over the previous class, as well as a larger range and larger weapons storing capacities.
Ajax was one of 31 Redoutable-class submarines, also designated as the 1500 ton boats because of their displacement. The class entered service between 1931 and 1939.
92.3 m (302 ft 10 in) long, with a beam of 8.2 m (26 ft 11 in) and a draught of 4.9 m (16 ft 1 in), she could dive up to 80 m (260 ft). Redoutable-class submarines had a surfaced displacement of 1,572 tonnes (1,547 long tons) and a submerged displacement of 2,082 tonnes (2,049 long tons). Propulsion while surfaced was provided by two 6,000 hp (4,500 kW) diesel motors, with a maximum speed of 18.6 knots (34.4 km/h; 21.4 mph). The submarines' electrical propulsion allowed them to attain speeds of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) while submerged. Designated as "large cruiser submarines" (French: « sous-marins de grande croisière »), their surfaced range was 10,000 nautical miles (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), and 14,000 nautical miles (26,000 km; 16,000 mi) at 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph), with a submerged range of 100 nautical miles (190 km; 120 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph).
Ordered in 1927, Ajax was laid down on 1 September 1928 at the Brest Arsenal. She was launched on 28 May 1930; and commissioned on 1 February 1934.

## Second World War

At the start of World War II, Ajax was assigned to the 6th Submarine Division, based in Brest, along with her sister ships Persée, Archimède and Poncelet. In April 1940, with her sister ship Archimède, she escorted convoy HX 41 from Halifax to Britain. In front of the advancing German forces, she left Brest along 6:30 pm with thirteen other French submarines and one tanker. The force arrived at Casablanca on 23 June. After the attack on Mers-el-Kébir, she patrolled along the Moroccan coast.
On 23 September 1940, she arrived at Dakar with Persée and Poncelet. On the 23rd, she sighted the British force preparing to attack Dakar. She turned to attack it along with Persée, who was quickly sunk by British depth charges. Ajax itself was forced to crash-dive and was then depth charged, but sustained only minor damage. The next day, she attempted to torpedo the battleships HMS Barham and HMS Resolution but was detected on sonar and critically damaged by depth charges from the destroyer Fortune. She was forced to surface and scuttled by its crew, most of which was then rescued by lifeboats from Fortune.