OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Springfield Street Historic District

The Springfield Street Historic District is a predominantly residential historic district south of the downtown area of Chicopee, Massachusetts. It encompasses a significant number of Queen Anne style houses built in the second half of the 19th century by wealthy residents of Chicopee, as well as housing for skilled workers at the nearby textile mills. It is centered where Springfield Street and Fairview Avenue meet. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

## Description and history

Chicopee developed in the 19th century as a major industrial community in the Pioneer Valley of Massachusetts, with numerous textile mills lining the Chicopee River east of the Connecticut River. The Cabotville area, now its principal downtown, began industrial development around 1831, when the Springfield Canal Company was organized by Boston-based investors to provide water power to new mills. Springfield Street had long been a principal north-south route paralleling the eastern bank of the Connecticut River, and retained that importance after Cabotville was laid out. Prior to 1860, most development was restricted north of South Street, with farmland to the south. The upper areas, away from the mills, were typically developed by individuals engaged as skilled laborers or management in the mills. After 1860, development began to push southward along Springfield Street, with larger, handsomely appointed lots and more architecturally sophisticated housing.
The historic district is centered around the junction of Springfield Street with South and Fairview Streets, extending several blocks in each direction. At its northeastern corner is the Maple Grove Cemetery, and its southward boundary is the Gaylord Street east of Springfield (ending at the northern edge of the Elms College campus), and Casino Avenue to its west. The older developments to the north and west are primarily vernacular versions of Greek Revival and Italianate housing, while the later development to the east and south are more stately examples of the Queen Anne, Second Empire, and Colonial Revival. The district includes a small number of commercial buildings near its northern edge, as well as four churches.

## Contributing properties

A partial list of contributing properties within the Springfield Street Historic District includes:
* George M. Stearns House (1830s)
* George D. Robinson House (1869)
* Valentine School (Chicopee, Massachusetts) (1898)
# Vocabulary mismatch

Vocabulary mismatch is a common phenomenon in the usage of natural languages, occurring when different people name the same thing or concept differently.
Furnas et al. (1987) were perhaps the first to quantitatively study the vocabulary mismatch problem. Their results show that on average 80% of the times different people (experts in the same field) will name the same thing differently. There are usually tens of possible names that can be attributed to the same thing. This research motivated the work on latent semantic indexing.
The vocabulary mismatch between user created queries and relevant documents in a corpus causes the term mismatch problem in information retrieval. Zhao and Callan (2010) were perhaps the first to quantitatively study the vocabulary mismatch problem in a retrieval setting. Their results show that an average query term fails to appear in 30-40% of the documents that are relevant to the user query. They also showed that this probability of mismatch is a central probability in one of the fundamental probabilistic retrieval models, the Binary Independence Model. They developed novel term weight prediction methods that can lead to potentially 50-80% accuracy gains in retrieval over strong keyword retrieval models. Further research along the line shows that expert users can use Boolean Conjunctive Normal Form expansion to improve retrieval performance by 50-300% over unexpanded keyword queries.

## Techniques that may reduce mismatch

* Stemming
* Full-text indexing instead of only indexing keywords or abstracts
* Use of controlled vocabularies in both indexing and retrieval, such as taxonomies or ontologies
* Indexing text on inbound links from other documents (or other social tagging)
* Query expansion. A 2012 study by Zhao and Callan using expert created manual conjunctive normal form queries has shown that searchonym expansion in the Boolean conjunctive normal form is much more effective than the traditional bag of word expansion e.g. Rocchio expansion.
* Translation-based models
# The Writer's Block

The Writer's Block is an independent bookseller, publisher, and literacy educator in downtown Las Vegas. It is the first independent bookstore in Las Vegas and second in the state of Nevada.
Its bookstore has been recommended several times by publications and authors including Los Angeles Times, Tayari Jones, and Alta Journal. In 2024, it was chosen as Best Bookstore for the Las Vegas Weekly Best of Vegas list.

## Original location

Years before its establishment, 826NYC co-founder Scott Seeley and Drew Cohen came together with plans to found an independent bookstore in downtown Las Vegas. Beforehand, Cohen was warned severally that attempts to open an independent bookstore in the area would fail. In midst of its creation, entrepreneur Jennifer 8. Lee put Seeley and Cohen in touch with Zappos founder Tony Hsieh who, as part of his Downtown Project—a $350-million-dollar initiative to revitalize downtown Las Vegas—helped partially fund the Writer's Block.
In 2014, the Writer's Block was opened at 509 Fremont Street, a location previously occupied by a tattoo parlor, with former BSSco. store manager and Archway Editions publisher Chris Molnar.
Behind the bookstore front, at its original Fremont Street location, was the literacy education component of the Writer's Block, known as Codex. Similar in layout to the educational area behind 826NYC's Superhero Supply Store, Codex also featured movable walls, tables and desks. It was used for free writing workshops for children ages 5-18, in addition to readings, signings, and ongoing series such as Neon Lit, the monthly reading by MFA and PHD writing students at UNLV.

## Relocation

In 2019, the Writer's Block relocated to the Lucy, a new art center in downtown Las Vegas on 6th Street and Bonneville Avenue established by philanthropist Beverly Rogers, who now partially owns the Writer's Block. The location utilizes 3,000 square feet for bookselling and another 800 square feet for events. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the square footage was retooled for fulfilling online orders. Along with over 20,000 books, the location has a coffee shop, while regularly hosting creative writing workshops, book clubs, and author signing events.
# Braxton

Braxton may refer to:

## Places in the United States

* Braxton, Mississippi, a village
* Braxton County, West Virginia

## People

* Braxton (given name), a list of people with the given name
* Braxton (surname), a list of people with the surname

## Other uses

* The Braxtons, an American R&B girl group
* USS Braxton (APA-138), a World War II attack transport
# Takahagi, Ibaraki

Takahagi (高萩市, Takahagi-shi) is a city located in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 July 2020, the city had an estimated population of 27,522 in 11,651 households and a population density of 140 persons per km$^2$. The percentage of the population aged over 65 was 36.2%. The total area of the city is 193.58 square kilometres (74.74 sq mi).

## Geography

Located in northern Ibaraki Prefecture, Takahagi is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the east, and by Fukushima Prefecture to the northwest.

### Surrounding municipalities

Fukushima Prefecture
* Hanawa
Ibaraki Prefecture
* Hitachi
* Hitachiōta
* Kitaibaraki

### Climate

Takahagi has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Takahagi is 13.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1429 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 24.9 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.8 °C.

## Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Takahagi has declined in recent decades.

## History

During the Edo period, Takahagi was the jōkamachi of Matsuoka Domain, one of the feudal domains of the Tokugawa shogunate in Hitachi Province, ruled by the Nakamura clan, the hereditary karō of Mito Domain. With the creation of the modern municipalities system after the Meiji Restoration on April 1, 1889, the town of Matsubara, and the villages of Matsuoka, Takaoka, Kurosaki and Kushigata was established within Taga District, Ibaraki). Matsuoka was raised to town status on April 17, 1928. Matsubara was renamed Takahagi on October 1, 1937.
Takahagi merged with Matsubara, Takaoka and Kurosaki on November 23, 1954 and was raised to city status. The city suffered considerable damage in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

## Government

Takahagi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 14 members. Takahagi, together with neighboring Kitaibaraki, contributes two members to the Ibaraki Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Ibaraki 5th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

## Economy

Takahagi was once part of the Jōban coal fields, but the mines were exhausted by the 1960s. Since that time, the economy had been oriented towards light manufacturing and food processing. Agriculture and commercial fishing also play subordinate roles.

## Education

Takahagi has four public elementary schools and three public middle schools operated by the city government, and two public high schools operated by the Ibaraki Prefectural Board of Education. There is also one private high school

## Transportation
### Railway

JR East – Jōban Line
* Takahagi

### Highway

* Jōban Expressway – Takahagi Interchange
* National Route 6
* National Route 461

## Local attractions

* Hanazono-Hananuki Prefectural Nature Park
* Hananuki Dam
* Matsuoka Castle ruins
* Takado Beach

## Noted people from Takahagi

* Jinzō Matsumura, botanist
# South Middleton Township, Pennsylvania

South Middleton Township is a township in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 14,663 at the 2010 census, up from 12,939 at the 2000 census.

## History

The James Given Tavern was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

## Geography

The township is in the southern half of central Cumberland County and is bordered to the south by York and Adams counties. The northern half of the township lies within the Cumberland Valley region, while the southern half is occupied by large hills associated with the South Mountain range. The township is bordered to the north by the borough of Carlisle, the county seat. The borough of Mount Holly Springs is surrounded by the southwest part of the township but is a separate municipality. The unincorporated community of Boiling Springs is near the eastern edge of the township, on the north side of Yellow Breeches Creek.
Interstate 81 passes through the northern reaches of the township as it bypasses Carlisle, with access from Exits 44 through 49. Carlisle Airport is in the township on the south side of I-81, between Exits 47 and 48.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 49.0 square miles (127.0 km$^2$), of which 48.7 square miles (126.2 km$^2$) are land and 0.3 square miles (0.8 km$^2$), or 0.63%, is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 14,663 people, 5,081 households, and 3,805 families residing in the township. The population density was 296.2 inhabitants per square mile (114.4/km$^2$). There were 5,302 housing units at an average density of 107.2 per square mile (41.4/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 97.16% White, 0.67% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.94% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 0.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.90% of the population.
There were 5,081 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.7% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% were non-families. 21.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.91.
In the township the population was spread out, with 23.8% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.6 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $50,503, and the median income for a family was $60,511. Males had a median income of $40,427 versus $26,593 for females. The per capita income for the township was $24,370. About 3.4% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.8% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over.
# Hill Street Tai Hwa Pork Noodle

Hill Street Tai Hwa Pork Noodle (Chinese: 大华猪肉粿条面) is a street food stall in Kallang, Singapore. It is owned and run by Tang Chay Seng. In 2016, it became one of the first two street food locations in the world to be awarded a star in the Michelin Guide.

## Description

Hill Street Tai Hwa Pork Noodle is a street food stall, one of 6,000 such stalls within Singapore. It was founded in the 1930s by Tang Joon Teo, but after he fell ill during the 1960s, his second son Chay Seng took over its management. When Tang Joon Teo died in 1995, he left the stall to his three sons. Tang Chay Seng continues to run the stall, which was originally located at Hill Street, it moved in the 1990s to Marina Square and again in 2004 to Crawford Lane.
The stall serves bak chor mee (minced meat noodles), with the noodle component tossed through black vinegar, chilli paste and other ingredients, a recipe created by Tang Joon Teo. There are other affiliated stalls within Singapore, with his brother Tang Chai Chye formerly running High Street Tai Wah. His two sons now run two separate stalls under that brand name. Tang Chay Seng's nephew, Arthur Tung Yang Wee, runs the Lau Dai Hua stall within Terminal 2 of Singapore Changi Airport. These stalls resulted in a legal claim in 2008 by Tang Chay Seng when Arthur Tung Yang Wee ran an advertisement saying that his stall had moved from the original location of Hill Street. This resulted in a loss of business for Tang Chay Seng, as some customers believed that it was his stall which had moved. Tang Chay Seng lost the case, but was awarded a sum as a goodwill gesture.

## Reception

Hill Street Tai Hwa Pork Noodle became one of the first two street food stalls in the world to be awarded a Michelin Star, alongside Hong Kong Soya Sauce Chicken Rice and Noodle, gaining the recognition in the 2016 list for Singapore; this was the first time that Singapore had a Michelin Guide created for it. The award has resulted in the usual queue increasing from around 30 minutes to up to two hours.
# Robert Harvey Morrison Farm and Pioneer Mills Gold Mine

Robert Harvey Morrison Farm and Pioneer Mills Gold Mine, also known as Cedarvale, is a historic home and farm and national historic district located near Midland, Cabarrus County, North Carolina. The district encompasses five contributing buildings and three contributing sites. The house was built about 1846, and is a two-story, three bay Greek Revival style frame dwelling. It features a full width one-story, hip roof porch. Also on the property are the contributing smokehouse (c. 1846), log barn (c. 1846), shed (c. 1900), shop (c. 1900), and the remains of the Pioneer Mills Gold Mine including the mine shaft site (c. 1832), ore mill site (c. 1832), and miner's cabin site (c. 1855).
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
# Old Saybrook South Green

The Old Saybrook South Green is a 20-acre (8.1 ha) historic district that encompasses the historic town green and nearby streets in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. Established in the 1630s, most of the buildings arrayed around the green were built between 1760 and 1900, and reflect the prosperity of the town, which was a major port and shipbuilding center. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

## Description and history

Old Saybrook was founded in 1635 as the starting point of the Saybrook Colony, a Puritan English colonial settlement. It was initially limited to the Saybrook Neck, a peninsula separating North Cove from Long Island Sound on the west side of the Connecticut River. The colony flourished as a shipbuilding and maritime trade center, and its center of civic activity migrated westward to where the town center is now located, on the west side of the cove. The town green was laid out about 1760, and was soon lined with large and architecturally high-quality houses of successful businessmen and politicians. The area saw economic success into the late 19th century, and its architectural heritage reflects this.
The historic district is roughly triangular in shape, bounded by Main Street, Old Boston Post Road, and Pennywise Lane. The oldest building in the district is the c. 1767 Gen. William Hart House, which is also separately listed on the National Register. The c. 1785 Humphrey Pratt Tavern and the James Pharmacy are also individually listed on the National Register. Prominent non-residential buildings include the Gothic Revival Grace Episcopal Church (1872) and the Greek Revival Masonic Hall (c. 1830).
# Grantville, Victoria

Grantville is a town in Victoria, Australia. In the 2021 census, Grantville had a population of 1,168.
The town was named after Lieutenant James Grant who surveyed the area in 1801.

## History

Historically, Grantville belonged to the Indigenous Boonwurrung people, who lived around Grantville and the surrounding area for thousands of years before European settlement.
Grantville was probably named by surveyor Edmund Colbert in 1870 after James McPherson Grant, MLA, a lawyer who was a member of Parliament from 1855 to 1885, president of the board of lands and works and commissioner of crown lands and survey from September 1864 to May 1868. Although generally accepted, there is no evidence that Grantville is named after Lieutenant James Grant, who had sailed the Lady Nelson into Western Port in 1801.
Grantville was established as a supply port situated on the east coast of Western Port. Sawmills were soon built and Grantville took a turn to become a town centered on timber. Short tramways were constructed between the sawmills and the jetty. Ships arriving at the jetty would bring in supplies for the locals and the land selectors further out in the Gippsland hills, and on their return voyage they carried timber to Melbourne.
The town fell into decline after the closure of the last of the sawmills in the early 1900s however 60 years on saw a new industry emerge around sand extraction for the production of concrete, this activity has revitalized the town which has seen an influx of new residents, and of new home construction.

## Facilities

The town houses some small shops including a bakery, fast food which include pizza, sovlaki, pantry and fish & chips, and real estate agencies as well as a petrol station and a Foodworks. There are also some bed and breakfasts and a foreshore caravan park.
Near the coastline, there is a jetty as well as a small park, manual pad and adventure playground. There is also a boat ramp.
Grantville also has a Bendigo Community Bank, a pharmacy which trades 7 days a week, a news agency and Post office.
It also boasts medical facilities and a 24-hour ambulance service. It is well served by a volunteer Fire Brigade (CFA) 24/7.

## Attractions & Events

Grantville hosts a moderately sized festival and variety market on the fourth Sunday of each month. The event is held on a reserve adjacent to the Bass Highway near the western end of the town.
'Maru' the local wildlife park is one of the popular tourist attractions in the town. The park includes koalas, wombats, kangaroos, wallabies, quokkas, possums, squirrel gliders, daysurids, alpacas, donkeys, emus, cassowary, barn owls, cockatoos, freshwater crocodile, goannas, frilled lizards, turtle, carpet pythons, frogs and other animals.
# Spring Creek Township, Elk County, Pennsylvania

Spring Creek Township is a township in Elk County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 198 at the 2020 census, down from 233 in 2010.

## History

The Lake City School was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

## Geography

The township is in the southwestern part of Elk County and is bordered by Jefferson County to the southwest. The Clarion River crosses the township from east to west. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 64.4 square miles (166.7 km$^2$), of which 63.6 square miles (164.8 km$^2$) is land and 0.69 square miles (1.8 km$^2$), or 1.11%, is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 260 people, 111 households, and 77 families residing in the township. The population density was 4.1 people per square mile (1.6 people/km$^2$). There were 634 housing units at an average density of 10.0 units per square mile (3.9 units/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 99.23% White, and 0.77% from two or more races.
There were 111 households, out of which 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.3% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.84.
In the township the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 23.8% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 111.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 119.8 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $25,179, and the median income for a family was $31,250. Males had a median income of $22,159 versus $19,583 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,383. About 2.8% of families and 4.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under the age of eighteen and 4.8% of those sixty five or over.
# Habsi Gumbaz

Habsi Gumbaz or Saudagar Gumbaz is a tomb located on the outskirts of Junnar. It is listed as a monument of national importance.

## History

The date of the construction of the tomb is not known. However, Pushkar Sohoni states that it must be one of the earliest structures built by the Nizam Shahis.

## Description

The tomb has a square plan. It is built out of dressed stone blocks, held in place by lime mortar. Stucco is used for ornamentation. On each side, there are three large arches at the bottom, and five smaller arches at the top. The entrance is through the middle arch on the southern side. Over the entrance is an inscription relating to Shia beliefs. It is topped by a large dome.