OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tree throw

A tree throw or tree hole is a bowl-shaped cavity or depression created in the subsoil by a tree.
They are formed either by the long-term presence and growth of tree roots or when a large tree is blown over (as a windthrow) or has its stump pulled out which tears out a quantity of soil along with the roots. The resultant hole will often slowly fill with organic material and can be identified during archaeological fieldwork.
The pit left in the ground after a rootwad is removed can be several meters across and 1–2 metres (3.3–6.6 ft) deep.
Fresh tree throws also provide a degree of shelter amongst the roots for animals. Some also contain evidence of prehistoric human activity such as flint tools suggesting that they were sometimes used by people in the distant past.
Tree throws expose humus-poor, mineral-rich soil. Over time the hole will fill with rain water, fallen leaves, animal excrement and other organic matter which over time becomes a habitat for decomposers which soon form a community on the thick organic layer and so are able to nurture certain types of organisms.
Tree throws contribute to bedrock weathering and soil formation, and why it is fastest in soils of intermediate thickness. In thin soils, fresh bedrock fragments are a large proportion of the upturned rootwad, but trees are sparse; in deeper soils less rock is upturned, but trees are more common, and in soils deeper than the depth of roots, no bedrock is upturned. The advent of trees roughly 370 million years ago led to dramatic ecosystem changes, as before then bedrock weathering was too slow to maintain thick soils in hilly terrain.
Pits from tree throws, together with mounds from decaying fallen trees, are part of the characteristic pit-and-mound topography of old growth forest.
# Shree Jagannath Sanskrit University

Shree Jagannath Sanskrit University, also known as Shri Jagannath Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya, is a Sanskrit language university located in Puri, Odisha, India.

## About

Shree Jagannath Sanskrit University was established as a teaching-cum-affiliating university by the then Chief Minister Prajnana Vachaspati Sj. Janaki Ballabh Patnaik, a scholar of Sanskrit, who laid the foundation on 7 July 1981 at Mouza Balukhand for the promotion, research & higher studies in Sanskrit Language. It is named after Jagannath, a deity in Hinduism. It is the third oldest sanskrit university in India.

## Academics

At present the university grants degrees in Undergraduate, Postgraduate, Siksha Shastri (B.Ed), Visisthacharya (M.Phil), Vidyavaridhi (Ph.D) and D.Litts in different fields of studies in Sanskrit language.

## Departments

There are at present eight Postgraduate departments and Siksha Shastri (B.Ed.) department. The latter started from the academic session 2012-13.
* Advaita Vedanta
* Dharmashastra
* Jyotirvigyan
* Nyaya
* Sahitya
* Sarvadarshan
* Veda
* Vyakarana
* Siksha Shastri

## Affiliation & Accreditation

There are 167 of Sanskrit Higher Secondary Schools (Upashastri) and 138 Sanskrit Degree Colleges (Shastri) of Odisha affiliated to this institution out of them 94 have been brought under the fold of Permanent Affiliation. NAAC Peer Team assessed the university in the last week of July 2016 and accredited it with B+ Grade.

## Facilities

* Central Library
* Health Centre
* Gents Hostel
* Ladies Hostel
* Guest House
* Computer Application Centre
* Centre of Advanced Research in Sanskrit (CARS)
* Publication wing for journal Shree Jagannatha Jyotih, News Bulletin Shreevihara-Bharati and other research works.
* Career Counseling Cell
* Study Centre for Odisha State Open University
* NET Coaching provision for university Students
* Civil Service Coaching Centre
* NSS Wing
* Manuscript Resource Centre (MRC) in collaboration with National Mission for Manuscripts, Ministry of Culture (India).
# Washington and Lee University Historic District

The Washington and Lee University Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing the historic core elements of the campus of Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia. The campus's Colonnade constitutes one of the nation's finest assemblages of Classical Revival educational buildings, and includes Washington Hall, the school's oldest surviving building. The district also includes University Chapel, itself a National Historic Landmark. The district was listed in 1971.

## Description and history

Washington and Lee University was founded as Augusta Academy in 1749. Washington Hall, its oldest surviving building, was built in 1824 by John Jordan, a self-taught builder. It is a three-story brick building distinguished by a six-column Doric portico and a cupola topped by a statue of George Washington. Its flanking wings are also fronted by portico styling. This colonnaded Classical style set the tone for later buildings on the campus, including Newcomb Hall and Tucker Hall, which stand on either side. Newcomb, a Late Victorian building, was modified in the 1920s to conform to the Washington Building's style, and Tucker Hall was added in 1935. Flanking the three central buildings are two pairs of faculty residence halls built in 1843, each the four-column Greek Revival porticos.
This row of buildings occupy the top of a roughly north-south ridge. Down the hill to the east stands Lee Chapel, named for Robert E. Lee, who served as Washington College's president and is interred in a crypt within. After Lee's death, the school was renamed Washington and Lee to also honor his role in raising the school's status.
In 1926, the poet and dramatist John Drinkwater, author of Robert E. Lee and other plays, wrote of W&L, "This Lexington university is one of the loveliest spots in the world." Jonathan W. Daniels, North Carolina author, newspaper editor and White House Press Secretary to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, wrote that it was "the South at its most beautiful: the green sloping campus to the red-brick buildings with the tall white porticoes....I wish it were the picture of the South. I wish, indeed, it were the picture of America." Washington and Lee History Professor Ted DeLaney, who was born and grew up in Lexington during Jim Crow and spent more than 45 years of his 60-year career at W&L, more than a quarter-century as a professor, including serving as the first Black chair of the History Department, said in 2019, "W&L is unique because the entire campus is a Confederate monument."
# UNSW Lowy Cancer Research Centre

The Lowy Cancer Research Centre is a facility at The University of New South Wales. It is Australia's first facility bringing together researchers in childhood and adult cancers, and one of the country's largest cancer research facilities, housing up to 400 researchers. The centre, named for businessman Frank Lowy, who donated $10 million towards the project, was officially opened on 28 May 2010. It is home to researchers from the UNSW Faculty of Medicine and Children's Cancer Institute Australia. The inaugural director is Professor Philip Hogg, winner of the Cancer Institute NSW Premier's Award for Outstanding Cancer Research in 2009.

## Building facilities

The Lowy Cancer Research Centre was built with funding from numerous private and government organisations, including Frank Lowy, who gifted $10 million; the Australian Government, that granted $13.3 million; the Australian Cancer Research Foundation (ACRF), that granted $3.1 million for the establishment of the ACRF Drug Discovery Centre for Childhood Cancer; and the bulk of the $127 million cost was generated from the sale of the Little Bay sporting fields at UNSW, which were sold for $103 million. Lahznimmo Architects, in association with Wilson Architects, designed The Lowy Cancer Research Centre with environmental sustainability in mind.

### Official opening

The centre was officially opened on 28 May 2010 by the Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and the NSW Premier Kristina Keneally. At the official opening Rudd said:
   "To take us further we need research. And that is where the Lowy Centre will come into its own.

## Research impact
### Lowy Cancer Symposium

The Lowy Cancer Symposium is a biennial cancer conference, hosted by the Lowy Cancer Research Centre in Sydney. Designed for basic research scientists, oncologists and other healthcare professionals, this cancer symposium is Australia's only Cancer Drug Discovery Symposium and focuses on the three key phases of cancer therapeutic development: discovery, pre-clinical and clinical.
The symposium brings together Australian and international leading cancer researchers to discuss real-time breakthroughs in cancer treatments and cures.
The first Lowy Cancer Symposium with the theme Discovering Cancer Therapeutics was held on 16–18 May 2010 leading up to the official opening of the new Centre. Among the notable guests were Nobel Laureate K Barry Sharpless, Vishva Dixit, and Nicholas Dracopoli.
Launch celebrations for the new ACRF Drug Discovery for Childhood Cancer, which is housed in the Lowy Cancer Research Centre, were also held during the symposium.
The second Lowy Cancer Symposium was held 15–17 May 2013 at UNSW, highlighting Australasia's cancer research breakthroughs and showcasing some of the best international cancer research, including an address from Dr Lewis Cantley, director of the Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York.
# Mohammad Taher Vadi

Mohammad Taher Vadi (Persian: محمد طاهر وادی; born 10 October 1989, in Mashhad) is an Iranian volleyball player who plays as a setter for the Iranian national team. He has played for national team in several tournaments like 2012, 2014 and 2016 Asian Cup, 2014 FIVB World Championship qualification tournament and 2015 Asian Championship.

## Honours
### National team

* Asian Championship
** Silver medal (×2): 2015, 2023
* Asian Games
** Gold medal (×1): 2018
* Asian Cup
** Gold medal (×1): 2016
** Silver medal (×1): 2012
* Asian U20 Championship
** Gold medal (×1): 2008

### Individual

* Best Server: 2012 Asian Cup
* Best Server: 2023 Asian Championship
# Georges Barboteu

Georges Yves Barboteu (1 April 1924 – 30 September 2006) was a French horn player and composer.

## Biography

He was the son of a horn teacher at the Conservatoire d'Alger, he himself started playing the horn at the age of nine, and won first prize at eleven. He joined the Algiers Radio Symphony Orchestra at the age of fourteen and then the Orchestre national de France in 1948. He entered the conservatoire de Paris in 1950, where he received the honorary prize that same year.
In 1951 he won first prize in the Geneva International Music Competition. He was the main horn player of the Orchestre Lamoureux and from 1969 onwards of the Orchestre de Paris. He taught his instrument at the Conservatoire from 1969 to 1989.
He left an important discography, recording many pages of chamber music and concertante music, from the 17th century to the contemporary era.
Among his landmark recordings are Michael Haydn's horn concerto, Joseph Haydn's double horn concerto and Telemann's D concerto, all recorded with the Jean-François Paillard chamber orchestra.
Worth mentioning is Weber's Concertino for Horn and Orchestra, which combines all the technical difficulties for the horn, recorded with Theodor Guschlbauer.
Most of his recordings were made by the Erato Records label.
Barboteu wrote horn study books, but also composed about forty pieces for horn alone or with other instruments that were often used in Conservatory examinations.
# Penick, Texas

Penick is a ghost town in Jones County, Texas, United States. A station on the Wichita Valley Railway, it was settled in the 1880s and named for rancher R. L. Penick. It was abandoned by the 1940s.
# South West Slammers

South West Slammers is an NBL1 West club based in Bunbury, Western Australia. The club fields a team in both the Men's and Women's NBL1 West. The Slammers play their home games at Eaton Recreation Centre and represent Western Australia's South West region.
The club has gone through a number of name changes over the years.

## Club history
### Men's team

1989 saw the formation of the State Basketball League (SBL) with both a men's and women's competition. A team from Bunbury, known as the Slammers, entered the Men's SBL for its inaugural season. The Slammers won championships in 1995, 1996, 1998 and 1999, while also making grand final appearances in 1991 and 1992. Following this period, the Slammers had an 11-year stretch without making the finals and an overall record of 46–225, which included two winless seasons and two years where they had just the one win. The Slammers returned to the finals in 2013, 2014 and 2015, with 2015 culminating in a grand final loss to the Joondalup Wolves.

### Women's team

In 1992, a Slammers women's team entered the Women's SBL. The team struggled over their first three seasons, as they finished in ninth place each year while registering a 6–14 record in both 1992 and 1993, and a 3–17 record in 1994. The team subsequently exited the league following the 1994 season and had a five-year hiatus, returning in 2000. In 2012, after 15 seasons of not playing in the finals, the Slammers finished in third place with a 15–7 record. They went on to reach the grand final, where they defeated the Rockingham Flames 85–48 to win their maiden championship.
In 2021, the SBL was rebranded as NBL1 West.
Coming into the 2024 season, the Slammers women had lost 32 straight matches and 73 of their last 74.

## Accolades

Women
* Championships: 1 (2012)
* Grand Final appearances: 1 (2012)
* Minor premierships: Nil
Men
* Championships: 4 (1995, 1996, 1998, 1999)
* Grand Final appearances: 7 (1991, 1992, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2015)
* Minor premierships: 3 (1992, 1996, 1999)
# Jacobus Zegers

Jacobus Zegers (died 14 January 1644) was an academic printer and bookseller in Leuven, with many clients among the faculty of Leuven University. He was the printer of Cornelius Jansen's Augustinus (1640).

## Life

Zegers settled in Leuven around 1631, married twice, and had a thriving business as an academic publisher and bookseller. His clients included Nicolaus Vernulaeus and Diodorus Tuldenus.
Having printed Cornelius Jansen's massive three-volume Augustinus in 1640, the papal condemnation of the work and the ensuing controversies drove Zegers to the brink of bankruptcy and led to his untimely death. His widow continued the bookshop, with the support of Jansenist patrons.

## Publications

* 1631: Cornelius Jansen, Notarum spongia
* 1635: anonymous (Cornelius Jansen) Mars Gallicus
* 1639: Cornelius Jansen, Tetrateuchus, sive Commentarius in sancta Iesu Christi evangelia
* 1640: Nicolaus Vernulaeus, Virtutum augustissimae gentis austriacae. Libri tres
* 1640: Cornelius Jansen, Augustinus
* 1641: Cornelius Jansen, Pentateuchus: sive commentarius in quinque libros Moysis
* 1641: Nicolaus Vernulaeus, Laudatio funebris principi Ferdinando
# Blue-rumped manakin

The blue-rumped manakin (Lepidothrix isidorei) is a species of bird in the family Pipridae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitat is montane forest and, in Ecuador, the species is considered a foothill specialty. This tiny manakin, which averages 8 cm (3.1 in) in length, is infrequently encountered away from its lek, where the black, white-capped and blue backed males display for female attentions.
# Chinmoy Deb Barman

Chinmoy Deb Barman is an Indian politician from Bharatiya Janata Party. In May 2021, he was elected as a member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Gazole (constituency). He defeated Basanti Barman of All India Trinamool Congress by 1,798 votes in 2021 West Bengal Assembly election.
# Julien Van Campenhout

Julien Van Campenhout (20 February 1898 – 26 August 1933) was a Belgian long-distance runner. He competed in the men's 5000 metres at the 1920 Summer Olympics.
# I as in Icarus

I as in Icarus (French: I... comme Icare) is a 1979 French thriller film directed by Henri Verneuil. The title refers to Icarus, a Greek mythological figure.

## Selected cast

* Yves Montand as Henri Volney
* Michel Etcheverry as Frédéric Heiniger
* Roger Planchon as Prof. David Naggara
* Pierre Vernier as Charly Feruda
* Jacques Denis as Despaul
* Georges Staquet as Le gardien de l'immeuble d'assassinat
* Brigitte Lahaie as Ursula Hoffman

## Plot

The film's plot is based on the Kennedy assassination and subsequent investigation. The film begins with the assassination of President Marc Jarry, who is about to be inaugurated for a second six-year term of office. Henri Volney, state attorney and member of the commission charged with investigating the assassination (based on the Warren Commission) refuses to agree to the commission's final findings. According to the commission's rules, the member who refuses to go along with the conclusion of the investigation is tasked with re-investigating the assassination. Volney and his staff subsequently find many discrepancies in the official story, eventually uncovering a conspiracy between organized crime and the country's intelligence agency to assassinate president Jarry.

## Fictional state

The action takes place in a fictional Western state where the spoken language is mainly French, but German, English and Spanish also are spoken. Its location, or even continent, is unknown. The capital city is made only of modern buildings, like Brasília. The political regime is presidential, the President being Marc Jarry at the beginning of the film.

## Location

The new town of Cergy in the northwestern suburbs of Paris was used as a filming location for the movie. The EDF-GDF tower designed by architect Renzo Moro is the building from which the shots were fired to assassinate president Marc Jarry. The governor's palace was the prefecture of the Val d'Oise. The huge room used for council meetings is the High Court of Justice. The long scene of the psychological experiment towards the end of the film, supposed to take place at the University of Laye, in fact takes place at ESSEC Business School in Cergy. This fictional Laye University is Yale University and the experiment shown in the film is the famous Milgram experiment, Stanley Milgram being a professor at Yale University. The filmmakers chose the modern and innovative architecture of the new town to avoid depicting any particular country.

## Accolades

The film was awarded the Grand prix du cinéma français for Best French Movie in 1979. It received five César Award nominations in 1980, including Best Movie, Best Actor (Yves Montand), Best Screenplay, Best Music and Best Production Design.
# James Touchstone

James Touchstone (died December 14, 1872) was an American politician from Maryland. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Cecil County from 1868 to 1870.

## Career

Touchstone was a Democrat. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Cecil County from 1868 to 1870.
Touchstone wrote about politics in newspapers. He worked as a blacksmith.

## Personal life

Touchstone lived in Port Deposit. His son was James M. Touchstone, who also served in the Maryland House of Delegates.
He died on December 14, 1872, at the age of 56, in Port Deposit.
# Emanuel Bonavia

Emanuel W. Bonavia (also spelled Emmanuel) (15 July 1829 – 14 November 1908) was a Maltese surgeon in the Indian Medical Service who wrote on many aspects of natural history, economic botany, and pioneered horticultural research in Lucknow. He was the first superintendent of the Lucknow Provincial Museum and the founder of the Lucknow Horticultural Gardens.

## Life and work

Bonavia was born in Valletta in British colonial Malta, the third son of Mary née Hobson and Calcedonio Bonavia. An older brother Giuseppe became an architect in the Royal Engineers while another brother George became an artist. Emanuel studied medicine at the University of Malta and at the University of Edinburgh qualifying MRCS in 1857. He was commissioned Assistant Surgeon in the Indian Medical Service on 4 August 1857 and was present at the capture of Lucknow in March 1858 and saw action at the trans-Gogra campaign. He was promoted Surgeon Major in 1876 and Brigade Surgeon in 1885, retiring in 1888. He served as Principal of the medical school at Balrampur in 1873. Trained in medical botany, he came to take charge of the Lucknow garden in 1876. The Lucknow botanical garden began as a park after 1857. He then began to study the cultivation of citrus, date palms (an interest in date palms also led to studies on floral depiction in Assyrian monuments, suggesting that the Assyrian sacred tree was based on multiple trees of value including a date palm as the trunk) and other plants of economic importance. He wrote a book examining the prospects of cultivating date palms in India and The Villager's Domestic Medicine (1885). He speculated on the ancestry of Indian acid lime. He also published on sericulture in Oudh. He was also interested in other aspects of natural history and wrote a book on evolution which examined such aspects as the evolution of spots and stripes in wild cats and the origins of other animal skin patterning. He speculated that these patterns were derived from armoured ancestors such as glyptodonts with the ancestral rosette as seen in the leopard consolidated into spots in cheetahs, blotches, and stripes in other cats. In his Contributions to Christology (1869) he attempted to identify rational explanations for miracles involving animals. He corresponded with Charles Darwin, and naturalists in India such as Allan Octavian Hume to whom he sent bird specimens. He was one of the founders of the Lucknow museum (Oudh provincial museum), established in 1863. He contributed specimens to the museum, including that of a pink-headed duck, obtained from the local market. Bonavia also maintained careful records of weather and examined long-term variation in the patterns of rains, supporting the theory that linked them to sun-spots. He also served as a Civil Surgeon at Etawah and worked on public sanitation, making attempts to stop open defecation in Lucknow. Bonavia retired in 1888 and lived on Richmond road, Worthing, Sussex, continuing to take an interest in gardening and hybridization of ornamental plants, publishing in the Gardener's Chronicle, until his death.
# Giuseppe Sparano

Giuseppe Sparano (21 December 1709 – 5 June 1776) was an Italian cleric and polemicist.

## Biography

He was born in Naples and there became a Roman Catholic priest. He became affiliated with the archbishop Giuseppe Spinelli in his mission to refute the errors in the writings of the French Protestant writer Jacques Basnage. He gained the support of the King, who named him archbishop of Acerenza and Matera in 1775–1776. He died in 1776.
Among his works is: Memoria storiche per illustrare gli atti della santa napoletana chiesa e delle congregazione delle apostoliche missioni (1768).