# List of parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty negotiated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. The objective of the treaty is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system".
The treaty itself set no binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms. In that sense, the treaty is considered legally non-binding. Instead, the treaty provides a framework for negotiating specific international treaties (called "protocols") that may set binding limits on greenhouse gases.
The UNFCCC was opened for signature on 9 May 1992, after an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee produced the text of the Framework Convention as a report following its meeting in New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992. It entered into force on 21 March 1994. As of July 2022, UNFCCC has 198 parties.

## Parties

As of 2022, the UNFCCC has 198 parties including all United Nations member states, United Nations General Assembly observers the State of Palestine and the Holy See, UN non-member states Niue and the Cook Islands, and the supranational union European Union.

## Classification of Parties by the Annex

Parties to the UNFCCC are classified as:
* Annex I: There are 43 Parties to the UNFCCC listed in Annex I of the convention, including the European Union. These Parties are classified as industrialized (developed) countries and "economies in transition" (EITs). The 14 EITs are the former centrally-planned (Soviet) economies of Russia and Eastern Europe.
* Annex II: Of the Parties listed in Annex I of the convention, 24 are also listed in Annex II of the convention, including the European Union. These Parties are made up of members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Annex II Parties are required to provide financial and technical support to the EITs and developing countries to assist them in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and manage the impacts of climate change (climate change adaptation).
* Non-Annex I: Parties to the UNFCCC not listed in Annex I of the convention are mostly low-income developing countries. Developing countries may volunteer to become Annex I countries when they are sufficiently developed.
* Least-developed countries (LDCs): 49 Parties are LDCs, and are given special status under the treaty in view of their limited capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change.

## Party negotiation groups

Like minded parties group themselves in negotiation blocks, who oftentimes take common positions. 12 parties do not belong to any block.
* SIDS (Small Island Developing States)
* African Group
* LDCs (Least Developed Countries)
* G77 & China
   * AILAC (Independent Alliance of Latin America and the Caribbean)
   * LMDCs (Like-Minded Developing Countries)
   * Arab Group
* EIG (Environmental Integrity Group)
* Umbrella Group
* EU (European Union)

## List of parties

| State | Classification | Signature | Ratification | Notes |
| Afghanistan | | June 12, 1992 | September 19, 2002 | |
| Albania | | | October 3, 1994 | |
| Algeria | | June 13, 1992 | June 9, 1993 | |
| Andorra | | | March 2, 2011 | |
| Angola | | June 14, 1992 | May 17, 2000 | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | | June 4, 1992 | February 2, 1993 | |
| Argentina | | June 12, 1992 | March 11, 1994 | |
| Armenia | | June 13, 1992 | May 14, 1993 | |
| Australia | Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | December 30, 1992 | |
| Austria | Annex I, II | June 8, 1992 | February 28, 1994 | |
| Azerbaijan | | June 12, 1992 | May 16, 1995 | |
| Bahamas | | June 12, 1992 | March 29, 1994 | |
| Bahrain | | June 8, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | |
| Bangladesh | | June 9, 1992 | April 15, 1994 | |
| Barbados | | June 12, 1992 | March 23, 1994 | |
| Belarus | Annex I, EIT | June 11, 1992 | May 11, 2000 | |
| Belgium | Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | January 16, 1996 | |
| Belize | | June 13, 1992 | October 31, 1994 | |
| Benin | | June 13, 1992 | June 30, 1994 | |
| Bhutan | | June 11, 1992 | August 25, 1995 | |
| Bolivia | | June 10, 1992 | October 3, 1994 | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | | | September 7, 2000 | |
| Botswana | | June 12, 1992 | January 27, 1994 | |
| Brazil | | June 4, 1992 | February 28, 1994 | |
| Brunei | | | August 7, 2007 | |
| Bulgaria | Annex I, EIT | June 5, 1992 | May 12, 1995 | |
| Burkina Faso | | June 12, 1992 | September 2, 1993 | |
| Burundi | | June 11, 1992 | January 6, 1997 | |
| Cambodia | | | December 18, 1995 | |
| Cameroon | | June 14, 1992 | October 19, 1994 | |
| Canada | Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | December 4, 1992 | |
| Cape Verde | | June 12, 1992 | March 29, 1995 | |
| Central African Republic | | June 13, 1992 | March 10, 1995 | |
| Chad | | June 12, 1992 | June 7, 1994 | |
| Chile | | June 13, 1992 | December 22, 1994 | |
| China | | June 11, 1992 | January 5, 1993 | Applies to Macao, extended by Portugal on 28 June 1999. Application remained in force after transfer of sovereignty to China. Applies to Hong Kong from 8 April 2003. |
| Colombia | | June 13, 1992 | March 22, 1995 | |
| Comoros | | June 11, 1992 | October 31, 1994 | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | | June 11, 1992 | January 9, 1995 | |
| Republic of the Congo | | June 12, 1992 | October 14, 1996 | |
| Cook Islands | | June 12, 1992 | April 20, 1993 | |
| Costa Rica | | June 13, 1992 | August 26, 1994 | |
| Côte d'Ivoire | | June 10, 1992 | November 29, 1994 | |
| Croatia | Annex I, EIT | June 11, 1992 | April 8, 1996 | At its request, added to Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998. |
| Cuba | | June 13, 1992 | January 5, 1994 | |
| Cyprus | Annex I | June 12, 1992 | October 15, 1997 | At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 2013. |
| Czechia | Annex I, EIT | June 18, 1993 | October 7, 1993 | At its request, replaced Czechoslovakia in Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998. |
| Denmark | Annex I, II | June 9, 1992 | December 21, 1993 | Including Faroe Islands and Greenland |
| Djibouti | | June 12, 1992 | August 27, 1995 | |
| Dominica | | | June 21, 1993 | |
| Dominican Republic | | June 12, 1992 | October 7, 1998 | |
| Ecuador | | June 9, 1992 | February 23, 1993 | |
| Egypt | | June 9, 1992 | December 5, 1994 | |
| El Salvador | | June 13, 1992 | December 4, 1995 | |
| Equatorial Guinea | | | August 16, 2000 | |
| Eritrea | | | April 24, 1995 | |
| Estonia | Annex I, EIT | June 12, 1992 | July 27, 1994 | |
| Eswatini | | June 12, 1992 | October 7, 1996 | |
| Ethiopia | | June 10, 1992 | April 5, 1994 | |
| European Union | Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | December 21, 1993 | Ratified as the European Economic Community. |
| Fiji | | October 9, 1992 | February 25, 1993 | |
| Finland | Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | May 3, 1994 | |
| France | Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | March 25, 1994 | |
| Gabon | | June 12, 1992 | January 21, 1998 | |
| Gambia | | June 12, 1992 | June 10, 1994 | |
| Georgia | | | July 29, 1994 | |
| Germany | Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | December 9, 1993 | |
| Ghana | | June 12, 1992 | September 6, 1995 | |
| Greece | Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | August 4, 1994 | |
| Grenada | | December 3, 1992 | August 11, 1994 | |
| Guatemala | | June 13, 1992 | December 15, 1995 | |
| Guinea | | June 12, 1992 | May 7, 1993 | |
| Guinea-Bissau | | June 12, 1992 | October 27, 1995 | |
| Guyana | | June 13, 1992 | August 29, 1994 | |
| Haiti | | June 13, 1992 | September 25, 1996 | |
| Holy See | | | July 6, 2022 | |
| Honduras | | June 13, 1992 | October 19, 1995 | |
| Hungary | Annex I, EIT | June 13, 1992 | February 24, 1994 | |
| Iceland | Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | June 16, 1993 | |
| India | | June 10, 1992 | November 1, 1993 | |
| Indonesia | | June 5, 1992 | August 23, 1994 | |
| Iran | | June 14, 1992 | July 18, 1996 | |
| Iraq | | | July 28, 2009 | |
| Ireland | Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | April 20, 1994 | |
| Israel | | June 4, 1992 | June 4, 1996 | |
| Italy | Annex I, II | June 5, 1992 | April 15, 1994 | |
| Jamaica | | June 12, 1992 | January 6, 1995 | |
| Japan | Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | May 28, 1993 | |
| Jordan | | June 11, 1992 | November 12, 1993 | |
| Kazakhstan | | June 8, 1992 | May 17, 1995 | |
| Kenya | | June 12, 1992 | August 30, 1994 | |
| Kiribati | | June 13, 1992 | February 7, 1995 | |
| North Korea | | June 11, 1992 | December 5, 1994 | |
| South Korea | | June 13, 1992 | December 14, 1993 | |
| Kuwait | | | December 28, 1994 | |
| Kyrgyzstan | | | May 25, 2000 | |
| Laos | | | January 4, 1995 | |
| Latvia | Annex I, EIT | June 11, 1992 | March 23, 1995 | |
| Lebanon | | June 12, 1992 | December 15, 1994 | |
| Lesotho | | June 11, 1992 | February 7, 1995 | |
| Liberia | | June 12, 1992 | November 5, 2002 | |
| Libya | | June 29, 1992 | June 14, 1999 | |
| Liechtenstein | Annex I | June 4, 1992 | June 22, 1994 | At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 1998. |
| Lithuania | Annex I, EIT | June 11, 1992 | March 24, 1995 | |
| Luxembourg | Annex I, II | June 9, 1992 | May 9, 1994 | |
| North Macedonia | | | January 28, 1998 | |
| Madagascar | | June 10, 1992 | June 2, 1999 | |
| Malawi | | June 10, 1992 | April 21, 1994 | |
| Malaysia | | June 9, 1993 | July 13, 1994 | |
| Maldives | | June 12, 1992 | November 9, 1992 | |
| Mali | | September 30, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | |
| Malta | Annex I | June 12, 1992 | March 17, 1994 | At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 2010. |
| Marshall Islands | | June 12, 1992 | October 8, 1992 | |
| Mauritania | | June 12, 1992 | January 20, 1994 | |
| Mauritius | | June 10, 1992 | September 4, 1992 | |
| Mexico | | June 13, 1992 | March 11, 1993 | |
| Micronesia | | June 12, 1992 | November 18, 1993 | |
| Moldova | | June 12, 1992 | June 9, 1995 | |
| Monaco | Annex I | June 11, 1992 | November 20, 1992 | At its request, added to Annex I by an amendment which entered into force in 1998. |
| Mongolia | | June 12, 1992 | September 30, 1993 | |
| Montenegro | | | October 23, 2006 | |
| Morocco | | June 13, 1992 | December 28, 1995 | |
| Mozambique | | June 12, 1992 | August 25, 1995 | |
| Myanmar | | June 11, 1992 | November 25, 1994 | |
| Namibia | | June 12, 1992 | May 16, 1995 | |
| Nauru | | June 8, 1992 | November 11, 1993 | |
| Nepal | | June 12, 1992 | May 2, 1994 | |
| Netherlands | Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | December 20, 1993 | Excluding Aruba, Curaçao, Caribbean Netherlands and Sint Maarten |
| New Zealand | Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | September 16, 1993 | |
| Nicaragua | | June 13, 1992 | October 31, 1995 | |
| Niger | | June 11, 1992 | July 25, 1995 | |
| Nigeria | | June 13, 1992 | August 29, 1994 | |
| Niue | | | February 28, 1996 | |
| Norway | Annex I, II | June 4, 1992 | July 9, 1993 | |
| Oman | | June 11, 1992 | February 8, 1995 | |
| Pakistan | | June 13, 1992 | June 1, 1994 | |
| Palau | | | December 10, 1999 | |
| Palestine | | | December 18, 2015 | |
| Panama | | March 18, 1993 | May 23, 1995 | |
| Papua New Guinea | | June 13, 1992 | March 16, 1993 | |
| Paraguay | | June 12, 1992 | February 24, 1994 | |
| Peru | | June 12, 1992 | June 7, 1993 | |
| Philippines | | June 12, 1992 | August 2, 1994 | |
| Poland | Annex I, EIT | June 5, 1992 | July 28, 1994 | |
| Portugal | Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | December 21, 1993 | |
| Qatar | | | April 18, 1996 | |
| Romania | Annex I, EIT | June 5, 1992 | June 8, 1994 | |
| Russia | Annex I, EIT | June 13, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | |
| Rwanda | | June 10, 1992 | August 18, 1998 | |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | | June 12, 1992 | January 7, 1993 | |
| Saint Lucia | | June 14, 1993 | June 14, 1993 | |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | | | December 2, 1996 | |
| Samoa | | June 12, 1992 | November 29, 1994 | |
| San Marino | | June 10, 1992 | October 28, 1994 | |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | | June 12, 1992 | September 29, 1999 | |
| Saudi Arabia | | | December 28, 1994 | |
| Senegal | | June 13, 1992 | October 17, 1994 | |
| Serbia | | | March 12, 2001 | Acceded as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 2001. The FR Yugoslavia had previously signed (8 June 1992) and ratified (3 September 1997) the UNFCCC, but this was not recognized by the Secretary-General of the United Nations as depositary because UN membership or membership of a UN specialized agency is a prerequisite to become party to the convention, and the succession of the FR Yugoslavia from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (and its UN membership) was disputed. |
| Seychelles | | June 10, 1992 | September 22, 1992 | |
| Sierra Leone | | February 11, 1993 | June 22, 1995 | |
| Singapore | | June 13, 1992 | May 29, 1997 | |
| Slovakia | Annex I, EIT | May 19, 1993 | August 25, 1994 | At its request, replaced Czechoslovakia in Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998. |
| Slovenia | Annex I, EIT | June 13, 1992 | December 1, 1995 | At its request, added to Annex I as an EIT by an amendment which entered into force in 1998. |
| Solomon Islands | | June 13, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | |
| Somalia | | | September 11, 2009 | |
| South Africa | | June 15, 1993 | August 29, 1997 | |
| South Sudan | | | February 17, 2014 | |
| Spain | Annex I, II | June 13, 1992 | December 21, 1993 | |
| Sri Lanka | | June 10, 1992 | November 23, 1993 | |
| Sudan | | June 9, 1992 | November 19, 1993 | |
| Suriname | | June 13, 1992 | October 14, 1997 | |
| Sweden | Annex I, II | June 8, 1992 | June 23, 1993 | |
| Switzerland | Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | December 10, 1993 | |
| Syria | | | January 4, 1996 | |
| Tajikistan | | | January 7, 1998 | |
| Tanzania | | June 12, 1992 | April 17, 1996 | |
| Thailand | | June 12, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | |
| Timor-Leste | | | October 10, 2006 | |
| Togo | | June 12, 1992 | March 8, 1995 | |
| Tonga | | | July 20, 1998 | |
| Trinidad and Tobago | | June 11, 1992 | June 24, 1994 | |
| Tunisia | | June 13, 1992 | July 15, 1993 | |
| Turkiye | Annex I | | February 24, 2004 | Turkey was originally listed in both Annex I and Annex II of the UNFCCC. It refused to ratify the convention, as it objected to its listing in the annexes. In 1997 a proposal was submitted that Annex I and Annex II be amended to remove Turkey. Though no consensus could be reached on this proposal, a compromise was reached and an amendment that entered into force in 2002 removed Turkey from Annex II. |
| Turkmenistan | | | June 5, 1995 | |
| Tuvalu | | June 8, 1992 | October 26, 1993 | |
| Uganda | | June 13, 1992 | September 8, 1993 | |
| Ukraine | Annex I, EIT | June 11, 1992 | May 13, 1997 | |
| United Arab Emirates | | | December 29, 1995 | |
| United Kingdom | Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | December 8, 1993 | Including Jersey, Isle of Man, Guernsey (8 December 1993), Gibraltar (2 January 2007), Bermuda, Cayman Islands and Falkland Islands (7 March 2007). Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Turks and Caicos Islands or the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia: not applied |
| United States | Annex I, II | June 12, 1992 | October 15, 1992 | |
| Uruguay | | June 4, 1992 | August 18, 1994 | |
| Uzbekistan | | | June 20, 1993 | |
| Vanuatu | | June 9, 1992 | March 25, 1993 | |
| Venezuela | | June 12, 1992 | December 28, 1994 | |
| Vietnam | | June 11, 1992 | November 16, 1994 | |
| Yemen | | June 12, 1992 | February 21, 1996 | |
| Zambia | | June 11, 1992 | May 28, 1993 | |
| Zimbabwe | | June 12, 1992 | November 3, 1992 | |