OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Stanisław Rolbieski Tenement

The Stanisław Rolbieski tenement is a historical habitation building located at 96 Gdańska Street, in Bydgoszcz.

## Location

The building stands on the eastern side of Gdańska Street between Zamoyskiego street and Chodkiewicz street.
It stands close to remarkable tenements in the same street:
* Villa Carl Grosse at 84;
* Otto Riedl Tenement at 85;
* Villa Hugo Hecht at 88/90;
* Tenement at 91 Gdańska street.

## History

The house was built in 1891–1892, commissioned by Hugo Felix Franz Hecht, a timber merchant and dealer, and realized by Józef Święcicki. At the time, the address was 120 Danziger Straße.
It was the last part of a series of six close stylish buildings ordered by Hugo Hecht in Gdańska Street and realized by Józef Święcicki, together with buildings located at 88/90 and 92/94.
During interwar period, the building belonged to the engineer Stanisław Rolbieski, manager of Karbid Wielkopolski SA. He was an entrepreneur, activist, and town councilor of the city, founder of the factory Kabel Polski Sp zoo in Bydgoszcz
During the Nazi occupation the edifice housed the German Labour Front.

## Architecture

The building has the homogeneous style of the other habitation houses commissioned by Hugo Hecht (Nr.88/90 & 92/94), with a facade decoration referring to the French Neo-Renaissance forms. The symmetry axis running between each buildings is still visible in the shape of a massive roof topped bay window.
In the same area, Józef Święcicki also realized other edifices:
* Hotel "Pod Orlem" at 14 Gdańska street;
* Oskar Ewald Tenement at 30 Gdańska street;
* Józef Święcicki tenement at 63 Gdańska street;
* Tenement at 86 Gdańska street;
* Villa Hugo Hecht at 88-90 Gdańska street;
* Hugo Hecht tenement at 92-94 Gdańska street;
* Tenement at 1 Plac Wolności.

## Gallery

* Frontage seen from Gdańska street
* Detail of the facade frieze
* Window decoration details
* Detail of the upper facade
# Conditions of Learning

Conditions of Learning, by Robert M. Gagné, was originally published in 1965 by Holt, Rinehart and Winston and describes eight kinds of learning and nine events of instruction. This theory of learning involved two steps. The theory stipulates that there are several different types or levels of learning. The significance of these classifications is that each different type requires different types of instruction. Gagné identifies five major categories of learning: verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, motor skills and attitudes. Different internal and external conditions are necessary for each type of learning. For example, for cognitive strategies to be learned, there must be a chance to practice developing new solutions to problems; to learn attitudes, the learner must be exposed to a credible role model or persuasive arguments.
Gagné suggests that learning tasks for intellectual skills can be organized in a hierarchy according to complexity: stimulus recognition, response generation, procedure following, use of terminology, discrimination, concept formation, rule application, and problem solving. The primary significance of the hierarchy is to identify prerequisites that should be completed to facilitate learning at each level. Prerequisites are identified by doing a task analysis of a learning/training task. Learning hierarchies provide a basis for the sequencing of instruction.
In addition, the theory outlines nine instructional events and corresponding cognitive processes:
* Gaining attention (reception)
* Informing learners of the objective (expectancy)
* Stimulating recall of prior learning (retrieval)
* Presenting the stimulus (selective perception)
* Providing learning guidance (semantic encoding)
* Eliciting performance (responding)
* Providing feedback (reinforcement)
* Assessing performance (retrieval)
* Enhancing retention and transfer (generalization)
These events should satisfy or provide the necessary conditions for learning and serve as the basis for designing instruction and selecting appropriate media (Gagné, Briggs & Wager, 1992). Application
While Gagné's theoretical framework covers all aspects of learning, the focus of the theory is on intellectual skills. The theory has been applied to the design of instruction in all domains (Gagné & Driscoll, 1988). In its original formulation (Gagné, 1 962), special attention was given to military training settings. Gagné (1987) addresses the role of instructional technology in learning.
# Sumerduck Historic District

Sumerduck Historic District is a national historic district located at Sumerduck, Fauquier County, Virginia. It encompasses 19 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site in the rural hamlet of Sumerduck. The Reconstruction-era district includes dwellings that date from the late-19th to the mid-20th centuries, stores, churches, a post office, a school, and a public space for meetings. Notable buildings include the Tulloss House (c. 1882), the Henry Broadus Jones House also known as the Santa Claus House or the House of the Seven Gables (c. 1885), the restored Embrey-Mills House (1880s), the Steven Jacobs House (c. 1940), the Union Primitive Baptist Church (c. 1898), Sumerduck Baptist Church (1915), a former school (1887), and Sumerduck Trading Company (c. 1950).
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

## Gallery

* Embrey Memorial Baptist Church
* Sumerduck School
# Harry Patton

Harry Claud Patton (June 29, 1884 – June 9, 1930) was an American baseball pitcher. He played one game for the St. Louis Cardinals on August 22, 1910, pitching four innings.
# Sulieti Fieme'a Burrows

Sulieti Fieme'a Burrows MNZM (born 1951) is an artist and expert in the creation of tapa cloth. Born in Tonga, Burrows moved to New Zealand in the 1970s, bringing her knowledge of ngatu, the Tongan form of tapa, and other traditional Tongan crafts. Along with her daughter, Tui Emma Gillies, she has worked to share her expertise and revitalize the art of tapa.

## Early life and artwork

Sulieti Topeni was born in 1951 and raised on the island of Falevai. As a child, one of her chores was to prune the trunks of the paper mulberry trees in her family's orchard to ensure the bark used to make tapa wouldn't have holes. She would accompany her father on trips to the island's harbor to sell woven and sewn items to foreign visitors.
She met her husband, Barry Burrows, when he crashed his yacht on a reef in Fiji and decided to vacation in Tonga. Barry brought her to New Zealand to live in Manurewa in the 1970s. Sulieti sold her crafts, including art on tapa cloth and kahoa heilala necklaces, at the Ōtara Markets until 2011.
Her artwork includes contemporary motifs and designs, incorporating concepts from other textile art traditions. She also creates representations of kahoa heilala, a traditional celebratory garland in Tonga, out of modelling clay, which have been purchased by the Otago Museum, the Auckland Museum, and the National Gallery of Victoria.

## Collaboration with daughter

Burrow's daughter, Tui Emma Gillies, continues the family tradition of creating tapa cloth. Together they have presented workshops at institutions including the University of Hawai‘i, the University of Vienna, and the Museum of the Americas in Madrid. Gillies created a film, Vava’u ‘Falavai Flava, documenting Burrows's return to Vava’u and her work in reviving traditional ngatu practices. Their artwork has been displayed at the Mangere Arts Centre, the Corban Estate Arts Centre, and the Tautai Gallery in Auckland.

## Recognition

The mother and daughter team were recipients of the 2018 Pacific Heritage Art Award from Creative New Zealand, providing funds for the decoration of two large ngatu with women in Burrow's home village. The project revived the art of ngatu in Falevai, where the tradition had no longer been widely practiced.
In 2020, Burrows was honored as a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit in recognition of her "services to Tongan art and education".
# Missouri Mountain

Missouri Mountain is a high mountain summit in the Collegiate Peaks of the Sawatch Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 14,074-foot (4,290 m) fourteener is located in the Collegiate Peaks Wilderness of San Isabel National Forest, 15.2 miles (24.5 km) northwest by west (bearing 302°) of the Town of Buena Vista in Chaffee County, Colorado, United States. Missouri Mountain is separated from its eastern neighbor Mount Belford by Elkhead Pass (13,220 feet).

## Climbing

The standard route to the top is rated class 2.
# Crupellarius

A crupellarius (Latin: Crupellarius, pl. Crupellarii) was a type of heavy armored gladiator during the Roman Imperial age, whose origin was Gaul.

## Equipment and style

The standard crupellarius was clad almost entirely from head to foot in lorica segmentata or laminar armour, which consisted of strips of malleable iron that was layered. Other variations of this armor were similar to manica. The crupellarius carried a scutum and gladius; the shield was most likely either oval, rectangular or circular. These shields were usually made of wood in a laminate type structure and bound in leather strips, durable enough to deflect sword strikes and projectiles but also light enough to be held in tow with just one arm.
Crupellarii wore a helmet resembling a perforated bucket, with only very small openings for the eyes and mouth, similar to a medieval Great helm, which resulted in poor visual acuity in battle. Iron was incorporated more due to how simple it was to produce however bronze fittings were more prone to being corroded as well as leather bindings which had a tendency to tether and rot over time. This style of armor was most popular during the Principate and seems to have been used sporadically after the 3rd century CE.
Thus, the crupellarius' fighting style was suited for men with a large muscular build, able to withstand the weight of the heavy plate armor he wore, as he was one of the most heavily encumbered gladiators with the amount of layered plated iron (especially given the absence of gauntlets and sabatons). The crupellarius are more defense orientated, depending on his stamina and endurance to survive the battle, tiring out attacking foes before counterattacking them when they are worn out. This can explain as to why their armor is heavily layered hence having limited movement speed as well as clad in a helmet that would have obstructed most of their vision due to the very small openings in the helmet.

## In literature

Crupellarii were first mentioned by the 1st century AD historian Tacitus. Under the reign of the 2nd Roman Emperor, Tiberius, a faction of Treveri led by Julius Florus, and the Aedui, led by Julius Sacrovir, led a rebellion of Gaulish debtors against the Romans in 21 CE. The crupellarii, heavily armoured Gallic gladiators, fought against Roman legionaries.
   In addition were some slaves who were being trained for gladiators, clad after the national fashion in a complete covering of steel. They were called crupellarii, and though they were ill-adapted for inflicting wounds, they were impenetrable to them...
   ...the cavalry threw itself on the flanks, and the infantry charged the van. On the wings there was but a brief resistance. The men in mail were somewhat of an obstacle, as the iron plates did not yield to javelins or swords; but our men, snatching up hatchets and pickaxes, hacked at their bodies and their armour as if they were battering a wall. Some beat down the unwieldy mass with pikes and forked poles, and they were left lying on the ground, without an effort to rise, like dead men.
# Boise, Texas

Boise is a U.S. ghost town in Oldham County, Texas. It lies east of Glenrio and south of Interstate 40, at an elevation of 4,003 feet (1,220 m).
# Django Asül

Django Asül (born April 19, 1972) is a Turkish-German actor and comedian.

## Standup comedy

Asül first became known for his standup comedy routines, which were later released on CD. In these routines, he alternates between different voices: a narrator-persona who speaks a standard German with a light Bavarian accent switches to a strong lower Bavarian dialect or a broken German with Turkish accent to represent different speakers in various imagined dialogues. These alternating perspectives allow him to explore social and political themes which include but are by no means mainly focussed on the intercultural issues involved in being a Turk in Germany.

## Filmography
### Television

| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| 2009 | Hanna und die Bankräuber | Kommissar Schneider | |
| 2007 | Tatort | Platzwart | 1 episode |
| 2005 | Brutto wie netto | | |
| 2003 | Die Rosenheim-Cops | Peter Schlatner | 1 episode |
| 2002 | Café Meineid | Achmed Sanclacy | 1 episode |

## CD releases

* Hämokratie, CD, Zampano (BMG), November 1999
* Autark, CD, Zampano (BMG), October 2001
* Hardliner, CD, Zampano (BMG), September 2004
* Fragil, CD, Sony BMG, 6. February 2009

## Book publications

* Oh Abendland!, Lichtung-Verl., 1997

## Awards

* 1996: Kabarett Kaktus
* 1997: Obernburger Mühlstein Jury- und Publikumspreis
* 1998: Ravensburger Kupferle
* 2000: Bayerischer Kabarettpreis
* 2005: Ybbser Spaßvogel
* 2007: Kulturnews
# Lake Washington Boulevard

Lake Washington Boulevard is a scenic, approximately 8-mile (13 km), road through Seattle, Washington, that hugs Lake Washington for much of the route. There are views of the lake, small sections of rainforest, meadows, and views of the Cascade mountains. At its northern end, Lake Washington Boulevard originates as East Lake Washington Boulevard at Montlake Boulevard East, soon becomes Lake Washington Boulevard East, and runs through the length of the Washington Park Arboretum. The road begins at S. Juneau Street in Seward Park, running thence along the lake to Colman Park, just south of Interstate 90. From here north to E. Alder Street in Leschi, the lakeside road is named Lakeside Avenue, and Lake Washington Boulevard diverts to a winding route through Colman, Frink, and Leschi Parks. At E. Alder, the boulevard once again runs along the lake through Madrona Park to just north of Madrona Drive, where private residences occupy the shore. At E. Denny-Blaine Place, the road heads northwest, through Lakeview Park and the grounds of The Bush School, to the south entrance of the Arboretum at E. Madison Street. It continues through the Arboretum. Just north of E. Roanoke Street, the boulevard turns due west and changes from Lake Washington Boulevard E. to E. Lake Washington Boulevard, following the city's street name designation system. The boulevard ends at the Montlake overpass of 520, where E. Montlake Place E. becomes Montlake Boulevard E.
The road is popular among cyclists—indeed, it was originally conceived as a bicycle path before automobiles had become widespread—and is closed to auto-traffic ten days out of the year for recreation.
The road was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.

## Other uses

The cities of Newcastle, Bellevue and Kirkland on the Eastside, as well as the city of Renton, also have roads along the lakefront with the same name; the Eastside road was once continuous and paved in 1932.
# SuperGold Card

The SuperGold Card is a discounts and concessions card for senior citizens and veterans in New Zealand. It includes public transport benefits like free off-peak travel (funded by the government) and discounts from businesses and companies across thousands of outlets.
It was a major initiative of the political party New Zealand First, which established a research team to design the SuperGold Card. The party leader Winston Peters negotiated the scheme with then-Prime Minister Helen Clark, despite widespread opposition to the card on the grounds of high cost. As a condition of the 2005 confidence and supply agreement between New Zealand First and the Labour Government, Peters launched the SuperGold Card in August 2007.
The card is available to all eligible New Zealanders over the age of 65. The card does not expire. A Veterans' SuperGold Card also exists for those who have served in the New Zealand Defence Force in a recognised war or emergency. The card provides over 600,000 New Zealanders with access to a wide range of government and local authority services, business discounts, entitlements and concessions, such as hearing aid subsidies. However, it was argued much of the extra costs were 'book entries'. For example, the Government subsidises much of public transport anyway, where buses and trains travel with empty seats during off-peak hours; SuperGold Card commuters are simply using buses and trains during off-peak times.
SuperGold Card came under threat in 2010 when National Minister Steven Joyce tried to terminate free SuperGold transport on some more expensive public transport services, including the Waiheke Island ferry and the Wairarapa Connection train. The Minister retreated when he came under fire from senior citizens.
In October 2019, Peters announced a $7.7 million investment into the SuperGold Card scheme. The "upgrade" includes a new website, a mobile app, and 500 new partner businesses.
# Leccinum versipelle

Leccinum versipelle, also known as Boletus testaceoscaber, dark-stalked bolete, or orange birch bolete, is a common species of mushroom that may be edible when given the right preparation. It is found below birches from July through to November, and turns black when cooked.

## Taxonomy

Leccinum is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae. It was the name given first to a series of fungi within the genus Boletus, then erected as a new genus last century. Their main distinguishing feature is the small, rigid projections (scabers) that give a rough texture to their stalks. The genus name was coined from the Italian Leccino, for a type of rough-stemmed bolete.

## Description

The cap is broadly convex, and be buff to yellow-orange or ochre, bright red-brown or brick red. It is felty and grows up to 15 centimetres (6 in) in diameter. The flesh is white to pink, turning green-blue or grey, then black when cut, particularly in the stipe. Tubes are grey-brown, staining as flesh. The spores are brown, or smokey to blackish-brown. The stipe is firm, long and slender, white and covered with small black scales. Stalks are up to 15 cm tall by 3.5 cm wide, whitish, and with many raised, black dots. Spore print is yellow-brown to olive.
* Orange birch bolete (Leccinum versipelle), New Jersey, US
* Stem of a Leccinum mushroom, showing the distinctive scabers

## Distribution and habitat

Leccinum versipelle fruits on the ground in mixed woods. It can be found across Europe from August to November.

## Edibility

Leccinum versipelle is edible cooked. It is mildly toxic (causing nausea and vomiting) unless given proper heat treatment: frying or boiling for 15–20 minutes is necessary. It is commonly harvested for food in Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Belarus, southeast Alaska and Russia.
# Zonoid

In convex geometry, a zonoid is a type of centrally symmetric convex body.

## Definitions

The zonoids have several definitions, equivalent up to translations of the resulting shapes:
* A zonoid is a shape that can be approximated arbitrarily closely (in Hausdorff distance) by a zonotope, a convex polytope formed from the Minkowski sum of finitely many line segments. In particular, every zonotope is a zonoid. Approximating a zonoid to within Hausdorff distance $\varepsilon$ requires a number of segments that (for fixed $\varepsilon$) is near-linear in the dimension, or linear with some additional assumptions on the zonoid.
* A zonoid is the range of an atom-free vector-valued sigma-additive set function. Here, a function from a family of sets to vectors is sigma-additive when the family is closed under countable disjoint unions, and when the value of the function on a union of sets equals the sum of its values on the sets. It is atom-free when every set whose function value is nonzero has a proper subset whose value remains nonzero. For this definition the resulting shapes contain the origin, but they may be translated arbitrarily as long as they contain the origin. The statement that the shapes described in this way are closed and convex is known as Lyapunov's theorem.
* A zonoid is the convex hull of the range of a vector-valued sigma-additive set function. For this definition, being atom-free is not required.
* A zonoid is the polar body of a central section of the unit ball of $L^{1}([0,1])$, the space of Lebesgue integrable functions on the unit interval. Here, a central section is the intersection of this ball with a finite-dimensional subspace of $L^{1}([0,1])$. This definition produces zonoids whose center of symmetry is at the origin.
* A zonoid is a convex set whose polar body is a projection body.

## Examples

Every two-dimensional centrally-symmetric convex shape is a zonoid. In higher dimensions, the Euclidean unit ball is a zonoid. A polytope is a zonoid if and only if it is a zonotope. Thus, for instance, the regular octahedron is an example of a centrally symmetric convex shape that is not a zonoid.
The solid of revolution of the positive part of a sine curve is a zonoid, obtained as a limit of zonohedra whose generating segments are symmetric to each other with respect to rotations around a common axis. The bicones provide examples of centrally symmetric solids of revolution that are not zonoids.

## Properties

Zonoids are closed under affine transformations, under parallel projection, and under finite Minkowski sums. Every zonoid that is not a line segment can be decomposed as a Minkowski sum of other zonoids that do not have the same shape as the given zonoid. (This means that they are not translates of homothetes of the given zonoid.)
The zonotopes can be characterized as polytopes having centrally-symmetric pairs of opposite faces, and the zonoid problem is the problem of finding an analogous characterization of zonoids. Ethan Bolker credits the formulation of this problem to a 1916 publication of Wilhelm Blaschke.
# Emdadul Haque Chowdhury

Emdadul Haque Chowdhury (born 1966) is a Bangladeshi academic and a former vice-chancellor of Bangladesh Agricultural University.

## Early life

Chowdhury completed his undergrad in veterinary medicine and masters in veterinary science at the Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU). He did his PhD at the Institute of Veterinary Pathology in the University of Zurich. He did his postdoc at the National Institute of Animal Health in Japan.

## Career

Chowdhury joined the BAU as a lecturer on 1 April 1995. He was promoted to assistant professor on 27 April 1999.
On 27 January 2004, Chowdhury was promoted to associate professor. He became a full professor on 27 January 2008. He is a patron of HOPES Foundation.
Chowdhury was a member of the syndicate board of Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University and Ishakha International University, Bangladesh.
In July 2023, Chowdhury was appointed the vice-chancellor of BAU. At the aftermath of Bangladesh Non-cooperation movement, on 11 August 2024, Chowdhury resigned from the position citing a deterioration in his physical and mental health.