OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture

Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, formerly known as Tsolho Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (Chinese: 海南藏族自治州; Tibetan: མཚོ་ལྷོ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་), is an autonomous prefecture of Northeastern Qinghai Province in Western China. The prefecture has an area of 45,895 square kilometres (17,720 sq mi) and its seat is located in Gonghe County. Its name literally means "south of (Qinghai) Lake."

## History

The land of Hainan prefecture was originally inhabited by the Qiang and Rong people. During the Western Han it was incorporated in the Chinese dynasties. In 60 BC, Guide County was established, then called Guan County. It was governed under Jincheng (present day Lanzhou).

## Demographics

In 2019, the prefecture had 478,000 inhabitants, with 331,995 belonging to ethnic minorities. The following is a list of ethnic groups in the prefecture, as of 2019.
| Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
| Tibetan | 326,600 | 68.3% |
| Han | 129,000 | 21.5% |
| Hui | 37,100 | 7.8% |
| Tu | 5,700 | 1.2% |
| Mongol | 3,700 | 0.8% |
| Salar | 1,300 | 0.3% |

## Administrative divisions

Hainan Prefecture was established in 1953. The prefecture is subdivided into 5 county-level divisions (5 counties):
Map :
| Gonghe County Tongde County Guide County Xinghai County Guinan County |||||||||
| Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Tibetan | Wylie Tibetan Pinyin | Population (2010 Census) | Area (km$^2$) | Density (/km$^2$) |
| Gonghe County | 共和县 | Gònghé Xiàn | གསེར་ཆེན་རྫོང་ | gser chen rdzong Gêrqên Zong | 122,966 | 16,050 | 7.66 |
| Tongde County | 同德县 | Tóngdé Xiàn | འབའ་རྫོང་ | 'ba' rdzong Pa Zong | 64,369 | 6,494 | 9.91 |
| Guide County | 贵德县 | Guìdé Xiàn | ཁྲི་ཀ་རྫོང་ | thri ka rdzong Triga Zong | 101,771 | 3,600 | 28.26 |
| Xinghai County | 兴海县 | Xīnghǎi Xiàn | བྲག་དཀར་རྫོང་ | brag dkar rdzong Zhag'gar Zong | 76,025 | 13,158 | 5.77 |
| Guinan County | 贵南县 | Guìnán Xiàn | མང་རྫོང་ | mang rdzong Mang Zong | 76,560 | 6,593 | 11.61 |

## Geography

Hainan is rather mountainous, with the Gonghe basin in the middle of the area. The elevation ranges from 5305 m to 2168 m, averaging 3000 m. The largest lake is Qinghai Lake, and the prefecture is traversed by the Yellow River.
Most of the land, 78.67%, is natural grassland used for grazing. 2.19% is cultivated for agriculture, 4.14% is forest, 6.69% is covered by water and rivers, 0.53% by residential area and industry and the remaining 7.7% consists of barren areas such as glaciers, swamps and desert.

## Economy

Hainan's economy is specialized in animal husbandry, hydropower and tourism.
# Jamovi

jamovi (stylised in all lower-case) is a free and open-source computer program for data analysis and performing statistical tests. The core developers of jamovi are Jonathon Love, Damian Dropmann, and Ravi Selker, who were developers for the JASP project.

## Software

jamovi is an open source graphical user interface for the R programming language. It is used in statistical research, especially as a tool for ANOVA (analysis of variance) and to understand statistical inference. It also can be used for linear regression, mixed models and Bayesian models.
Data is entered into a spreadsheet interface that can be imported into jamovi. If data are changed, all calculations and analyses affected by the change are automatically updated. The software includes a multinomial test to determine whether observed data differs from researchers' predictions.

## Extendibility

jamovi comes with a basic library of statistical and graphical procedures. In addition, users can install modules from a library of community created open source add-on modules to extend the package's capabilities. These modules are written in the R programming language and make use of the jmv and jmvtools libraries to create the interface and display code. Numerous modules exist and can be accessed in the curated library within jamovi. Over 40 modules have been created by the jamovi community and extend the functionality of the program. These additional analyses include agreement and reliability analyses mediation models, meta-analysis, power analysis, psychometrics, structural equation models, survival analysis, and likelihood/evidential analyses.

## Documentation

A detailed user manual is available for jamovi. Third party learning resources are also available including free books and video tutorials in multiple languages including Chinese, Hindi, Spanish, Korean, and Malayalam
# Mailpile

Mailpile is a free and open-source email client with the main focus of privacy and usability. It is a webmail client, albeit one run from the user's computer, as a downloaded program launched as a local website.

## Features

In the default setup of the program, the user is given a public and a private PGP key, for the purpose of (respectively) receiving encrypted email and then decrypting it. Mailpile uses PGP and stores all locally generated files in encrypted form on-disk. The client takes an opportunistic approach to finding other users to encrypt to, those that support it, and integrates this in the process of sending email.
The program preloads a lot of email data into RAM to accelerate search results. While the search results remain really fast despite large amounts of emails, this gradually slows down the start-up time of the program as stored email data increases. This feature will likely be altered in the planned Mailpile version 2.

## History

Mailpile started out as a search engine in 2011.

## Crowdfunding

The project gained recognition following an Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign, raising $163,192 between August and September 2013. In the middle of the campaign, PayPal froze a large portion of the raised funds, and subsequently released them after Mailpile took the issue to the public on blogs and social media platforms including Twitter.

### Releases
#### Alpha

The first publicly tagged release 0.1.0 from January 2014 included an original typeface (also by the name of "Mailpile"), UI feedback of encryption and signatures, custom search engine, integrated spam-filtering support, and localization to around 30 languages.

#### Alpha II

July 2014 This release introduced storing logs encrypted, partial native IMAP support, and the spam filtering engine gained more ways to auto-classify e-mail. The graphical interface was revamped. A wizard was introduced to help users with account setup.

#### Beta

Mailpile released a beta version in September 2014.

#### Beta II

January 2015 1024 bit keys were no longer being generated, in favour of stronger, 4096 bit PGP keys.

#### Beta III

July 2015

#### Release Candidate

A preliminary version of the 1.0 version was released on 13 August at the Dutch SHA2017 Hacker Camp, where the main developer gave a talk about the project.
# Monit

Monit is a free, open-source process supervision tool for Unix and Linux. With Monit, system status can be viewed directly from the command line, or via the native HTTP(S) web server. Monit is able to do automatic maintenance, repair, and run meaningful causal actions in error situations. Monit rose to popularity with Ruby on Rails and the Mongrel web server, because a tool was needed that could manage the many identical Mongrel processes that needed to be run to support a scalable Ruby on Rails site, and Monit was fairly uniquely suited for the needs of the Ruby on Rails community. Many popular Rails sites have used Monit, including Twitter and scribd.
Monit can restart a process automatically if the process dies or monitor process characteristics, such as memory or CPU cycles, and alert by email or execute and action.
Additionally, M/Monit can monitor and manage distributed computer systems, M/Monit uses Monit as an agent and can manage and monitor. M/Monit is proprietary software.
# Arshak Karapetyan

Arshak Karapetyan (Armenian: Արշակ Կարապետյան; born 6 February 1967) is an Armenian major general who served as Minister of Defense of Armenia from 3 August to 15 November 2021.

## Biography

Arshak Karapetyan was born on 6 February 1967 in Yerevan. From 1984 to 1989 he studied in Russia at the Kaliningrad Higher Naval College. From 1994 to 1997 he studied at the Frunze Military Academy of the Russian Armed Forces, graduating with a gold medal. In 2006 he took an English-language military course at the University of York in the United Kingdom, and in 2008 took a course at the Military Academy of the Russian Armed Forces. In 2011, he attended courses at Harvard Kennedy School.
He served in the Armed Forces of Armenia from 1993 to 2018. He holds the rank of major general. From 2018 to 2021 he was an advisor to Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan. From 13 April to 20 July 2021 he was the First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Armenia. On 20 July 2021, by the decision of Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan, he was appointed First Deputy Minister of Defense, and on 2 August of the same year, he was appointed Minister of Defense.
Karapetyan was dismissed on 15 November 2021 and succeeded by Suren Papikyan. after reporting full control over the border with Azerbaijan the previous day despite Azerbaijani forces having already infiltrated it. He then established a political group critical of Pashinyan called the All-Armenian Front, which called for closer relations with Russian and Iran.
Karapetyan became wanted in Armenia on charges of illegal participation in business activities and abuse of power. He also has extensive business ties in Russia, including partnerships with Armenian-born Russian billionaire Samvel Karapetyan, with whom he has no biological relation to.
On 29 December 2024, Karapetyan was arrested by Russian authorities in Moscow following a request from Armenia, but was released on bail shortly afterwards.
# Viva! Suburbs! Live at First Avenue

Viva! Suburbs! Live at First Avenue is a live album by the American New wave band The Suburbs that was recorded "mostly" on April 24, 1993 at First Avenue, a music venue in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Viva! Suburbs! Live at First Avenue was released by Twin/Tone in 1994.

## Track listing

* "Waiting"
* "Rattle My Bones"
* "DD 69"
* "Idiot Voodoo"
* "Cig Machine"
* "Goggles On"
* "Tape Your Wife to the Ceiling"
* "Life is Like"
* "Every Night's A Friday Night in Hell"
* "Spring Came"
* "Urban Guerillas"
* "Music for Boys"
* "Drinkin' with an Angel"
* "It's Alright"
* "Cows"
* "Black Leather Stick"
* "Love Is the Law"
* "Girlfriend"
* "Underwater Lovers"
* "Even Stars Fade"

## Personnel

* Bruce C. Allen – guitar, banshee vocals
* Beej Chaney – vocals, Beejtar
* Michael Halliday – bass
* Hugo Klaers – drums
* Chan Poling – keyboards, vocals

### Additional personnel

* Kevin Nord – trumpet
* Laurie Glaser –trumpet
* Max Ray – sax
* Rochelle Becker – baritone sax
* Kurt Nelson – guitar on "Drinkin' with an Angel"

## Production notes

* John "Strawberry" Fields – engineer
* Del Monte Lee Wilkes-Booth – live mix
* Chan Poling – mixing
* Hugo Klaers – mixing
* Wallace Fleming – mixing on "It's Alright" and "Even Stars Fade"
* Bruce C. Allen – art direction
* Jay Smiley – cover photo
* Steve Peck – photography
* Rip Nordhaugan – photography
* Stan Crocker – concert lighting
# Public Whip

The Public Whip is a parliamentary informatics project that analyses and publishes the voting history of MPs in the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
It was developed by Francis Irving and Julian Todd following the 18 March 2003 Parliamentary Approval for the invasion of Iraq as a tool to record which MPs had defied their party's whip long after the information had become effectively inaccessible for reference.
On 1 August 2011 Irving and Todd handed control of the site to a new team.
The project is loosely affiliated to mySociety's TheyWorkForYou with which it shares a large part of the same parliamentary parsing code-base.
In 2014 the OpenAustralia Foundation launched a fork of the project for Australia's federal parliament called They Vote For You .

## Awards and funding

In 2004 the Public Whip won the New Statesman New Media Award for "civic renewal".
The site has never received a grant from any funding body and remains entirely paid for by its creators, including server costs and bandwidth.

## Technology

Originally the software was written in Perl, and then later rewritten in Python. The main process downloads the daily transcripts from the online Hansard, matches and assigns IDs to the names of MPs, and saves them into XML files. These are later uploaded into a mySQL table and viewed through PHP webpages.
At the end of 2003 the project was extended to read the archive of Parliamentary Written Answers. Following a request from mySociety, the Parliamentary Parser was expanded to include House of Commons and Westminster Hall debates, and finally the House of Lords, which are all more or less in the same format. It is now maintained by them to provide the data to their TheyWorkForYou website.

## Publicity

The website has occasionally been cited in newspaper articles, and is sometimes referred to in election material. It has also been used to provide voting analysis to citizens during elections.

## Activism

An election quiz which advised voters of which party or incumbent candidate most closely matched their political opinions (according to the Parliamentary vote) was on the site for the 2005 General election and received over 10,000 hits.
In anticipation of preparing a version of it again for the next general election, Julian has distributed leaflets and tried out variations of the site at the 2008 Crewe and Nantwich by-election and the 2008 Glenrothes by-election.

## Creators

Francis Irving currently does programming work for mySociety, most recently WhatDoTheyKnow, a site that provides an on-line interface to the Freedom of Information Act 2000.
Julian Todd has extended the concept of parsing transcripts for speeches and votes to the General Assembly and Security Council of the United Nations with a website called undemocracy.com established in 2007. The work was motivated by the discovery of the transcripts on-line during research into the application of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1267 in his home town of Liverpool.
# QuickCode

QuickCode (formerly ScraperWiki) was a web-based platform for collaboratively building programs to extract and analyze public (online) data, in a wiki-like fashion. "Scraper" refers to screen scrapers, programs that extract data from websites. "Wiki" means that any user with programming experience can create or edit such programs for extracting new data, or for analyzing existing datasets. The main use of the website is providing a place for programmers and journalists to collaborate on analyzing public data.
The service was renamed circa 2016, as "it isn't a wiki or just for scraping any more". At the same time, the eponymous parent company was renamed 'The Sensible Code Company'.

## History

ScraperWiki was founded in 2009 by Julian Todd and Aidan McGuire. It was initially funded by 4iP, the venture capital arm of TV station Channel 4. Since then, it has attracted an additional £1 Million round of funding from Enterprise Ventures.
Aidan McGuire is the chief executive officer of The Sensible Code Company
# Slic3r

Slic3r is free software 3D slicing engine for 3D printers. It generates G-code from 3D CAD files (STL or OBJ). Once finished, an appropriate G-code file for the production of the 3D modeled part, or object is sent to the 3D printer for the manufacturing of a physical object. As of 2013, about half of the 3D printers tested by Make Magazine supported Slic3r.
Prusa Research maintains an advanced fork called PrusaSlicer.
SuperSlicer is a further fork of PrusaSlicer.
# Al Aflaj Governorate

Al-Aflaj Governorate is one of the 22 governorates of Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia, and its base is Layla city. Al-Aflaj is located more than 300 km away from the capital Riyadh, it has a number of agricultural villages on the mountain of Tuwayq (formerly Al-Arida mountain) from its eastern foot to the western edge.

## Location

Al-Aflaj is located in Riyadh region with an area of 54,120 square km, a road passes through it that connects Riyadh (Saudi Arabia's Capital) to 'Asir region in the south and the base of Al-Aflaj (Layla city) 300 km away from Riyadh. In the north, there is Hotat Bani Tamim, Al-H̨arīq in the northwest, Al-Kharj in the northeast, Al-Quwaia in the west, As Sulayyil in the south and the eastern area in the east. It's located between 45.20 degree and 23.15 north of the equator, and between the Longitude 45.15 degree and 48.12 Latitude east of Greenwich.

## Administrative divisions
### Villages

* Al-Badie north
* Al-Badie south
* Al-Hadar
* Al-Ahmar
* Wassit
* Al-Ghayl
* Setara
* Harada
* Sayh
* Al-Fuwaydilah
* Al-Amar
* Al-Kharfa
* Al-Rawdah
* Al-Saghw
* Al-Niyabah
* Suwaydan
* Al-Raziqia
* Marwan
* Al-Ajaliya
* Al-Amar
* Al-Juwayfa
* Al-Roshoud
# CubicWeb

CubicWeb is a free and open-source semantic web application framework, licensed under the LGPL. It is written in Python.
It has been an open free software project since October 2008, but the project began in 2000, and was initially developed by Logilab for internal uses such as intranet, bug tracker and forge applications.
As of 2012, CubicWeb is being used in large-scale semantic web and linked open data applications, and international corporations.

## Concepts

The framework is entirely driven by a data model. Once the data model is defined, one gets a functional web application and can further customize the views (by default it provides a set of default views for each type of data).
A cube is a reusable component defining specific features. For example, a cube forge allows one to create one's own forge and the forge cube reuses the cubes comment, file, email, etc. Interesting general purpose cubes include dbpedia and openlibrary.
The framework has been translated to English, French, Spanish and German (April 2011).

## Functions

* Semantic web: supports OWL/RDF
* Multi-source: supports RQL, SQL, LDAP, Subversion and Mercurial
* RQL: Relationship query language to ease data querying
* Migration tool: fits into agile development
* View selection principle: the engine selects the best view to fit the content to display according to the context
* Cubes library: a wide range of cubes are available on the forge
# DESeq2

DESeq2 is a software package in the field of bioinformatics and computational biology for the statistical programming language R. It is primarily employed for the analysis of high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data to identify differentially expressed genes between different experimental conditions. DESeq2 employs statistical methods to normalize and analyze RNA-seq data, making it a valuable tool for researchers studying gene expression patterns and regulation. It is available through the Bioconductor repository.
It was first presented in 2014. As of September 2023, its use has been cited over 30,000 times.

## Features

One of the key steps in the analysis of RNA-seq data is data normalization. DESeq2 employs the "size factor" normalization method, which adjusts for differences in sequencing depth between samples. This normalization ensures that the expression values of genes are comparable across samples, allowing for accurate identification of differentially expressed genes. In addition to size factor normalization, DESeq2 also employs a variance-stabilizing transformation, which further enhances the quality of the data by stabilizing the variance across different expression levels. This combination of normalization techniques minimizes bias and improves the accuracy of differential expression analysis.
DESeq2 makes available negative binomial distribution models to account for the over-dispersion commonly observed in RNA-seq data. This modeling approach takes into consideration the variability that is not adequately explained by a simple Poisson distribution. By incorporating the negative binomial distribution, DESeq2 accurately models the dispersion of gene expression counts and provides more reliable estimates of differential expression.
DESeq2 also offers an adaptive shrinkage procedure, known as the "apeglm" method, which is particularly useful when dealing with small sample sizes. This technique effectively shrinks the log-fold changes of gene expression estimates, reducing the impact of extreme values and improving the stability of results. This is especially valuable for researchers working with limited biological replicates, as it helps to mitigate the problem of low statistical power.
Further, DESeq2 allows users to incorporate relevant covariates into their analyses. This feature enables researchers to account for potential confounding factors, such as batch effects or experimental conditions, that can influence gene expression. By including covariates in the analysis, DESeq2 offers a more accurate assessment of the true differential expression patterns in the data.

## Use

DESeq2 is interfaced through R, via the bioconductor repository. The repository provides comprehensive documentation and tutorials, making it accessible to a wide range of researchers.
# Domain Technologie Control

Domain Technologie Control (DTC) was a web hosting control panel aimed at providing a graphics-oriented layout for managing commercial hosting of web servers, intended for shared web hosting servers, virtual private servers (VPSes), and dedicated servers. Domain Technologie Control is free software released under the GNU LGPL v2.1 license. It is fully skinnable and translated into several languages.
Domain Technologie Control allows the administrator to create web hosting plans that provide email and FTP accounts, domain purchasing, subdomains, SSH, and MySQL databases to the end users under controllable quota for the web sites that these users own. DTC also maintains the automation of billing, generates backup scripts, and monitors traffic (per user and per service) using a single system, UID or GID. Also integrated into DTC are the support ticket system and customizable HTTP error pages.
DTC itself manages its own MySQL database to store its setup configuration, web hosting plans, and users. It has support for many other free software: MySQL, Apache, PHP, qmail, Postfix, Courier, Dovecot, ProFTPd, Webalizer, mod-log-sql, and more. It also connects to dtc-xen to manage and monitor the usage of Virtual Private Servers (VPS).
DTC is fully open source (LGPL). DTC is also the first web hosting control panel that has reached inclusion in major distributions like Debian (since Lenny in 2009), Ubuntu (since 2008) and FreeBSD.