OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thunder Mountain (Washington)

Thunder Mountain is a 6,556-foot (1,998-metre) mountain summit located above the eastern shore of Glacier Lake, on the common border of King County and Chelan County in Washington state. It's part of the Wenatchee Mountains, which are a subset of the Cascade Range, and is situated in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness, on land managed by Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains west into Surprise Creek, or east into tributaries of Icicle Creek. The nearest higher neighbor is Nimbus Mountain, 0.56 mi (0.90 km) to the northeast, and Surprise Mountain is set 0.88 mi (1.42 km) to the southwest. The Pacific Crest Trail skirts this peak as it passes between Thunder Mountain and Spark Plug Mountain.

## Climate

Thunder Mountain is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Weather fronts originating in the Pacific Ocean travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snow onto the Cascades (Orographic lift). As a result, the west side of the Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in avalanche danger. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. The months of July through September offer the most favorable weather for viewing or climbing this peak.

## Geology

The Alpine Lakes Wilderness features some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks and ridges, deep glacial valleys, and granite walls spotted with over 700 mountain lakes. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to the various climate differences.
The history of the formation of the Cascade Mountains dates back millions of years ago to the late Eocene Epoch. With the North American Plate overriding the Pacific Plate, episodes of volcanic igneous activity persisted. In addition, small fragments of the oceanic and continental lithosphere called terranes created the North Cascades about 50 million years ago.
During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured and shaped the landscape. The last glacial retreat in the Alpine Lakes area began about 14,000 years ago and was north of the Canada–US border by 10,000 years ago. The U-shaped cross section of the river valleys is a result of that recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the Alpine Lakes Wilderness area.
# Killing of Robert S. Maynard

Robert S. Maynard was a 21-year-old man from Illinois who was lynched in Jacksonville, Oregon, in May 1852 as a result of his murder of J. C. Platt. As Maynard was extrajudicially killed by hanging, this was the first recorded hanging and first recorded lynching in Southern Oregon, where no courts had yet been appointed.

## Background

Maynard used the aliases Jackson Maynard and "John Brown," and multiple sources use solely Brown. He was described as a gambler, and as a man from Pike County, Illinois. Gold having been discovered late in 1851, Jacksonville was only founded the same year of the killing, and the area was known at the time as Rogue River.

## Murder

Maynard shot J.C. Platt (also known as John D. Platt and as Samuel Potts) with a borrowed gun because Platt called him a liar; the shot man "made no attempt to assault."

## Lynching

Maynard was executed by hanging by miners in what The Daily Alta California characterized as a "lynching." Maynard asked the onlookers that they point to his grave and "say there lies a man who would not be insulted".
As there were no organized courts of law at the time, the killing was called "mob law" and "necessary" by press in New York; likewise, the 1884 History of Southern Oregon described the extrajudicial killing as "a law higher, stronger, more effective than written codes [...] administered by the people's court."
Conversely, Herman F. Reinhart attested a few years later that «excited miners [...] worked up a prejudice against the gambler», as gamblers had become «very obnoxious to the miners, who had lost money» with them, Maynard being one of those, and as a consequence the «miners were for lynching» Maynard right away. The miners appointed «fifty men (Vigilantes)» to keep Maynard from escaping until the hanging.
Fifty years after the hanging, The Sunday Oregonian characterized the lynching as "swift and unerring justice of the miners."
# Murder of Mohammad Anwar

The murder of Mohammad Anwar occurred on March 23, 2021, as a result of a daylight carjacking by two teenage girls next to Nationals Park in Washington, D.C.

## Victim

Anwar, 66, who immigrated to Springfield, Virginia in 2014, was a father and grandfather, survived by a wife and two adult children in the United States, while his four grandchildren live in Pakistan. He was working as an Uber Eats driver in the Navy Yard area of D.C. when two teen girls assaulted him with a stun gun and crashed his Honda Accord while attempting to hijack it.
Anwar was ejected from the car during the carjacking, landing on the sidewalk in front of Nationals Park, severely injured and unresponsive. He later died at a hospital. The two hijackers were helped from the car by National Guardsmen stationed near the stadium as part of Operation Capitol Response.

## Perpetrators

The perpetrators were both teenagers, one age 13 from southeast Washington, D.C., and another 15 from Fort Washington, Maryland. Police said it was not the first recent crime for one of the two. Both were arrested at the scene and charged with felony murder and carjacking the same day, pleading "not involved" (the juvenile equivalent of not guilty). Some observers called for the girls to be tried as adults, but District of Columbia law prohibits 13-year olds from being tried as adults, and the prosecutor in the case did not wish to try the 15-year old suspect as an adult.
Prosecutors offered the two suspects plea bargains, allowing them to plead guilty to felony murder in exchange for dismissing other charges. Prosecutors announced that the 15-year old accepted this deal on May 11, 2021, and that the 13-year old accepted on June 3, 2021. The 15-year old received the maximum sentence allowed by law and was remanded to the care of a youth agency until deemed rehabilitated or reaching the age of 21; the younger girl (age 14 at time of sentencing) received the same sentence on July 6, 2021.

## Response

Mayor Muriel Bowser was criticized after sharing a video on preventing auto thefts in response to the killing. Carjackings in the Navy Yard area had tripled since the same time in the previous year.
# Hill Cemetery and Parson Hubbard House Historic District

The Hill Cemetery and Parson Hubbard House Historic District encompasses a historic cemetery and parsonage in Shelburne, Massachusetts. The two properties are located on Old Village Road, on a hill above the Deerfield River known as Old Village Hill, and are the oldest surviving elements of the town's early colonial settlement. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

## Description and history

Shelburne's Old Village Hill is located in a rural setting north of Massachusetts Route 2, at the top of a hill east of Dragon Brook traversed by Old Village Road. The cemetery occupies about 2 acres (0.81 ha) on the west side of the road, with the Hubbard House on an adjacent parcel to its north. The cemetery has about 250 grave markers, the majority of which are slate. Markers placed before the 20th century are for the most part oriented to face west, toward the setting sun, a typical practice of the period. Later markers tend to be granite or marble, and are usually oriented to face the road. The Hubbard House is a 2-1/2 story frame structure, with a gabled roof, two interior brick chimneys, and a clapboarded exterior. A single-story porch extends across its front, and an ell, possibly older than the main block, extends to the left. The main facade is five bays wide, with a central entrance flanked by pilasters and topped by a transom window set in a corniced entablature. The interior of the house retains a great deal of original woodwork and other finishes, including plaster walls and wooden floors.
The land that is now Shelburne was originally part of the colonial settlement of Deerfield, and was divided amongst that town's proprietors in 1742. The area of the cemetery and house were part of a tract set aside as common land. Permanent settlement began in the late 1750s, and its first meeting house was built sometime before 1769 on the cemetery grounds. Neither it, nor the second meeting house built in 1773, have survived. The cemetery has seen continuous use since the 18th century, and includes many of Shelburne's early settlers. The rate of burials decreased significantly beginning in the 1860s. The Parson Hubbard House was built in the 1770s for Shelburne's first minister, Robert Hubbard. Resistance activities related to Shays' Rebellion in the 1780s took place at the Hubbard house. These are the only major colonial-era historic properties in Shelburne; the meetinghouses from the period that were built in this area have not survived.
# The Roving Shadows

The Roving Shadows (French: Les Ombres errantes) is a 2002 fiction book by the French writer Pascal Quignard. It won the Prix Goncourt. The English edition, translated by Chris Turner, was published in November 2011.
# Holbrook Square Historic District

The Holbrook Square Historic District encompasses the historic institutional center of Holbrook, Massachusetts. It includes three buildings: the Gothic Revival town hall, built 1878-79, the Stick style Winthrop Congregational Church (1878–80), and the 1881 Central Fire Station. These three buildings are arrayed along Mary Wales Holbrook Park, aka Holbrook Square. The square is located north and west of the junction of North Franklin Street (Massachusetts Route 37) and Union Street (Massachusetts Route 139). The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

## Description and history

The town of Holbrook was originally part of Randolph, and began to achieve a separate identity with the formation of the Second Randolph Church (or East Parish) in 1818. A schism within the East Parish led to the formation of the Winthrop Congregational Church, whose first sanctuary was built in 1857-58. The town was incorporated in 1872, at which time its first town hall was built adjacent to the church. Both buildings were destroyed in a fire in December 1877. In its aftermath, a new town hall, church, and fire station were built in the town's central square.
The town hall is the community's only significant example of High Victorian Gothic architecture. It is a substantial two story brick structure, with granite and sandstone trim elements. It was designed by John Lyman Faxon and built in 1878 and 1879 by the Norcross Brothers construction firm. The Winthrop Congregational Church was designed by the Boston firm of Hartwell and Tilden, and was built, also by the Norcross Brothers, from 1878 to 1880. It is the town's best preserved 19th-century church and an example of Stick style architecture The fire station, built in 1881, is the town's only example of Panel Brick architecture. It is a two-story brick building, with a hip roof, and two equipment bays.
# I'm Off

I'm Off (French: Je m'en vais) is a 1999 novel by the French writer Jean Echenoz. It is also known as I'm Gone. It received the Prix Goncourt.
# Church of St. Joseph (Browerville, Minnesota)

The historic Church of St. Joseph (now named Christ the King Catholic Church) is a church in Browerville, Minnesota, United States. It was built from 1908 to 1909 by a community of Polish immigrants that had established itself in the area from 1870 to 1900. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Church of St. Joseph—Catholic in 1985 for its local significance in the themes of architecture, exploration/settlement, and religion. It was nominated for its unifying central role in an immigrant community.

## Description

The exterior has a 70-foot-tall (21 m) tower topped with a drum surrounded by eight columns, with an onion dome and cross on the very top. The tower has an emblem of an eagle, a Polish national symbol. It has a Gethsemane rock grotto designed by award-winning sculptor Joseph Kiselewski, and a Black Madonna, a traditional Polish cultural object.

## History

Emigrants from the Silesia region of western Poland began settling in the Browerville area in 1870, increasing in pace after a rail line was built through central Todd County in the early 1880s. An equal number of German immigrants were also settling the area, and the two groups united to establish a Roman Catholic parish in 1884. That year saw the construction of the first Church of St. Joseph, and in 1890 they added a parochial school. However a dispute over the financing of the school broke out between the two nationalities. This culminated in an 1895 split, with the Polish side retaining the original church and school while the Germans left to build their own religious facility at the opposite end of Browerville's Main Street.
The St. Joseph's congregation grew to about 200 families by 1907, straining the capacity of the existing church. The parish decided to construct a new church, with each member contributing toward the estimated $25,000 to $30,000 cost. Victor Cordella, a Polish immigrant who was partner in the Minneapolis-based architectural firm of Boehme and Cordella, was selected to design the new church. St. Joseph's Reverend J.S. Guzdek, who had strong ideas against the boxy churches commonly built at the time, consulted closely with Cordella. Their concept was for a building "lit with a golden light" through amber stained glass windows.
The building contract went to the firm of Hirr and Zierton of St. Cloud, Minnesota. However members of the congregation provided labor to excavate the foundation and also furnished the bricks. The cornerstone was blessed in July 1908 and the church was completed for Easter the following spring.
The parish eventually merged back with the German parish in 1980, after declining membership. The combined parish was named Christ the King.
# David Charles (philosopher)

David Owain Maurice Charles FLSW is a British philosopher, formerly a professor of philosophy and classics at Yale University. He has previously been Colin Prestige Fellow, and Professor of Philosophy at Oriel College, Oxford, and CUF Lecturer in Philosophy, Faculty of Philosophy, Oxford University, and has been a visiting professor at the University of California at Los Angeles and at Rutgers University, New Jersey.
Charles holds a doctorate (D.Phil.) in philosophy from Oxford University. His research interests lie in issues concerning meaning, definition and practical skill and interconnections between philosophy and psychiatry. He has published on Greek philosophy and on contemporary philosophy of mind and metaphysics.
Charles was elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales in 2012.

## Publications

* Aristotle's Philosophy of Action (1984)
* (co-editor with Kathleen Lennon) Reduction, Explanation and Realism (1992)
* (co-editor with Theodore Scaltsas and Mary Louise Gill) Unity, Identity and Explanation in Aristotle’s Metaphysics (1994)
* Aristotle on Meaning and Essence (2000)
* (co-editor with Michael Frede) Aristotle’s Metaphysics Book Lambda, (2000)
* (co-editor with William Child) Wittgensteinian themes: essays in honour of David Pears (2001)
* (editor) Definition in Greek Philosophy (2010)
# 1857 in Russia

Events from the year 1857 in Russia

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Alexander II

## Events

* Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary
* Krenholm Manufacturing Company
* Maykop
* Postimees

## Births

* 17 September - Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (died 1935)

## Deaths

* 15 February - Mikhail Glinka, famous composer who is praised as the "Father of Russian Music." (born 1804)
# Hopkins, Florida

Hopkins, also known as South Melbourne, is a former town in Brevard County, Florida, United States. It is part of the present-day city of Melbourne.

## Town of Hopkins, Florida

The former town of Hopkins was developed by George W. Hopkins after he formed the Union Cypress Company on the south side of Crane Creek in present-day Melbourne, Florida. This is where Hopkins constructed cypress and pine sawmills in the years between 1910 and 1915. Hopkins also purchased nearly 100,000 acres (400 km$^2$) in southwestern Brevard County and Osceola County. Hopkins constructed the Union Cypress Railroad to transport timber from Deer Park in Osceola County to his mills south of Melbourne.
The Hopkins operation became the company town of Hopkins, employing up to 500 men at its peak, complete with a company store, hospital, post office and FEC railroad depot.

## Hopkins Lumber Products

Hopkins became the most successful businessman in Brevard County in the early 1900s. He worked with his son-in-law, William H. Kempfer, to promote the settlement of Deer Park. His products were shipped throughout the state on the Florida East Coast Railroad. Many of the original bridges, including the first to span the Indian River at Cocoa, were built with Union Cypress products. The Hopkins cypress mill burned to the ground in 1920, but was rebuilt. The mill continued to operate after George Hopkins died in 1925, supplying lumber and building products for the building boom of the twenties. The Hopkins sawmills finally closed after the Deer Park site had been stripped of its most valuable timber. The Kempfer Sawmill continues to operate near Deer Park, providing cypress and mulch for Brevard and Osceola Counties.
# Hopkins Mill Historic District

The Hopkins Mill District is a historic district in Foster, Rhode Island. It encompasses a historic mill village that extends along Old Danielson Pike between its two junctions with Danielson Pike (United States Route 6). The area has been the site of mills (at first grist- and sawmills) since the 18th century, and includes one of Foster's oldest houses, the c. 1720 Hopkins-Potter House at 21 Old Danielson Pike. Prominent public buildings in the district include the c. 1830 Curtis Hall at 18 Danielson Pike, which was long used as a tavern and social gathering place, and the 1869-71 Hopkins Falls Union Church. The church is also known as South Foster Union Chapel, It's a one-story Greek Revival building that includes stairs made from granite mined in local quarries.
The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, where it is misspelled "Nopkins".
# Arthur Gómez

Arthur Gómez (born 12 February 1984) is a Gambian former professional footballer who played as a striker.

## Club career

Born in Banjul, Gómez began his playing career at a non league team called London United F.C which is based in Serekunda London Corner, then was signed by Hawks Football Club. Gómez joined Manchester United in July 2001. Having played internationally at a young age, the English club had spotted him and he was soon a part of the youth ranks. Gómez was recommended to United by Swedish club Göteborg.
Gómez was quickly sent on loan to Royal Antwerp FC in the Jupiler League from the 2002–03 season to the 2004–05 season before joining Dessel Sport for the 2005–06 season. After taking no part in the team he soon left and moved to the Chinese giants Henan Construction for the 2006 season. He left Henan after two seasons. He was signed on a trial contract by Newport County in August 2011, but they chose not to sign him on a permanent basis.

## International career

Gómez scored twice for the Gambia national team against South Africa in a friendly tournament in 2001. His last appearance for Gambia was in 2003, when they visited Senegal in Dakar for an African Cup qualifying match.

## Honours

Henan Construction
* China League One: 2006
# Peter Smethurst

Peter Joseph Smethurst (born 8 August 1940) is a South African retired professional soccer player who played as an inside forward in South Africa, England and Canada.

## Career

Smethurst played with Durban City F.C. in the National Football League. In 1959, he played in the Football League First Division with Blackpool F.C. In 1961, he played in the Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League with Hamilton Steelers. Throughout his tenure with Hamilton he played in six seasons and finished as the club's top goalscorer. On 21 January 1965, he signed a contract with New York Ukrainians in the German-American Soccer League, and returned to Hamilton for the remainder of the season.

## Personal life

His brother Derek was also a footballer in the North American Soccer League.
# Vincent Rabiega

Vincent Rabiega (born 14 June 1995) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward.
Born in Germany, he represented Poland at youth international level. He has played club football in Germany and England for BFC Preussen, Hertha BSC, RB Leipzig II and Bradford City.

## Club career

Born in Berlin, Rabiega spent his early career in Germany with BFC Preussen, Hertha BSC and RB Leipzig II. Following a trial with the club, he signed a one-year contract with English club Bradford City in August 2016. He made his debut for them on 27 August 2016, in a 1–1 home draw in the league against Oldham Athletic. He left the club by mutual consent and moved to the Berliner FC Dynamo in January 2017.

## International career

Rabiega has represented Poland at youth international level, scoring three goals in 10 games in 2012 for the under-17 team. He also played for them at under-19 and under-20 level.

## Family

His father is chess grandmaster Robert Rabiega.
# Mads Ibenfeldt

Mads Max Ibenfeldt (born 26 January 1985) is a retired Danish professional footballer who played as a defender.