# Outline of Middle-earth

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the real-world history and notable fictional elements of J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy universe. It covers materials created by Tolkien; the works on his unpublished manuscripts, by his son Christopher Tolkien; and films, games and other media created by other people.
Middle-earth – fantasy setting created by Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, ents, dragons, and many other races and creatures.

## Primary sources
### Authors

* J. R. R. Tolkien
* Christopher Tolkien

### Published works
#### By J. R. R. Tolkien

* The Hobbit (1937)
** 2nd Edition (1951) revised to align with The Lord of the Rings
** 3rd Edition (1966) revised to assert copyright in US
* The Lord of the Rings
** The Fellowship of the Ring (1954)
*** The Shadow of the Past
*** The Council of Elrond
** The Two Towers (1954)
** The Return of the King (1955)
*** The Scouring of the Shire - a "novelistic" chapter
*** The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen
* The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962)
** Revised edition (2014) with addition of original poems, sources and images, and commentary by Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond
* The Road Goes Ever On (1967) – music by Donald Swann, penmanship by Tolkien. See also Audio recordings
** Revised edition (1978) – including a setting for Bilbo's Last Song

##### Posthumously published

* Bilbo's Last Song (1974) – Dutch translation published 1973
* "Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings" (1975) – also known as "Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings"
* The Silmarillion (1977)
** Ainulindalë
* Pictures by J. R. R. Tolkien (1979) – text by Christopher Tolkien. Most of these pictures had been previously published in calendars by Ballantine Books (1973) and George Allen & Unwin (1974, 1976–1979), some of them coloured by H. E. Riddett.
* Unfinished Tales (1980)
* J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator (1995) – text by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
* The Art of The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien (2011) – text by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
* The Art of The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien (2015) – text by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull

#### Edited by Christopher Tolkien

These works present extended selections of Tolkien's legendarium (the large body of documents relating to The Silmarillion), with extensive notes and posthumous editing by his son Christopher. The separate 4-volume body of his comments on the drafts of The Lord of the Rings is included as volumes 6–9.

##### The History of Middle-earth
###### Early legendarium

    1 The Book of Lost Tales 1 (1983)
    2 The Book of Lost Tales 2 (1984)
    3 The Lays of Beleriand (1985)
    4 The Shaping of Middle-earth (1986)
    5 The Lost Road and Other Writings (1987)

###### The History of The Lord of the Rings

    6 [1] The Return of the Shadow (1988)
    7 [2] The Treason of Isengard (1989)
    8 [3] The War of the Ring (1990)
    9 [4] Sauron Defeated (1992)

###### The later Silmarillion

    10 [1] Morgoth's Ring (1993)
    11 [2] The War of the Jewels (1994)

###### Further details

    12 The Peoples of Middle-earth (1996)

##### Other stories

* The Tolkien Reader and Tales from the Perilous Realm both reprint The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
Additional materials from the legendarium, with Christopher Tolkien's commentary.
* The Children of Húrin (2007)
* Beren and Lúthien (2017)
* The Fall of Gondolin (2018)

#### Edited by other scholars

* The Annotated Hobbit (1988) – text of The Hobbit, with many related texts by Tolkien, edited and with commentary by Douglas A. Anderson (revised edition 2002)
* The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien (1981) – selected, introduced and edited by Humphrey Carpenter
* The Nature of Middle-earth (2021) – essays and fragments, including on Elvish linguistics, with commentary by the scholar Carl F. Hostetter
* The History of The Hobbit (2007) – 2 volumes on the construction of The Hobbit with commentary by the scholar John D. Rateliff

### Audio recordings

* Poems and Songs of Middle Earth (1967), Caedmon TC 1231 – poems read by Tolkien; songs sung by William Elvin, accompanied by composer Donald Swann (as published in The Road Goes Ever On)
* J. R. R. Tolkien Reads and Sings his The Hobbit & The Lord of the Rings (1975), Caedmon TC 1477, TC 1478 (based on an August, 1952 recording by George Sayer)
* J. R. R. Tolkien The Silmarillion Of Beren And Lúthien (1977), Caedmon TC 1564 – Christopher Tolkien reads chapter 19 of The Silmarillion, slightly abridged

### Graphical works

* Tolkien's artwork
* Tolkien's maps
* Tolkien's scripts
** Cirth
** Sarati
** Tengwar

## Translation

* Translations of The Hobbit
* Translating The Lord of the Rings (issues, challenges, approaches)
** Translation of The Lord of the Rings into Swedish
** List of translations of The Lord of the Rings

## Adaptations and developments
### Maps

* A Map of Middle-earth, meaning either of two posters:
** by Barbara Remington (1965)
** by Pauline Baynes (1970)
* The Atlas of Middle-earth (1981, revised ed 1991) by Karen Wynn Fonstad
* Journeys of Frodo: An Atlas of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1981) by Barbara Strachey

### Spoken word

* The Hobbit (1974) – Nicol Williamson recorded an abridged, dramatic version for Decca Records on the Argo label
* The Lord of the Rings (1990) – unabridged recording by Rob Inglis for Recorded Books
* The Hobbit (1991) – unabridged recording by Rob Inglis for Recorded Books
* The Children of Húrin (2007) – Christopher Lee recorded an unabridged audiobook
* The Hobbit (2020) – Andy Serkis live-streamed an unabridged reading to raise money for NHS Charities Together
* The Hobbit (2020) – unabridged recording by Andy Serkis for HarperCollinsUK and Recorded Books
* The Lord of the Rings (2021) – unabridged recording by Andy Serkis for HarperCollinsUK and Recorded Books

### Radio

* The Lord of the Rings (1955) – BBC: six 45-minute episodes for The Fellowship of the Ring, then six 30-minute episodes for all of The Two Towers and The Return of the King, adapted by Terence Tiller
* The Hobbit (1968) – BBC: eight half-hour episodes, adapted by Michael Kilgarriff
* The Lord of the Rings (1979) – National Public Radio: totalling over 11 hours, adapted by Bernard Mayes
* The Lord of the Rings (1981) – BBC: 26 half-hour instalments, later re-cut to 13 hour-long instalments, adapted by Brian Sibley and Michael Bakewell
* Der Herr der Ringe (1991) – Südwestrundfunk and Westdeutscher Rundfunk: German adaptation of The Lord of the Rings in 30 half-hour episodes, by Peter F. Steinbach [de]

### Motion pictures

* The Hobbit (1967) – Gene Deitch's short animated adaptation
* The Hobbit (1977) – an animated musical television special by Rankin/Bass
* The Lord of the Rings (1978) – an animated film of the first half of the book by Ralph Bakshi
* The Hobbit (1979) – children's program Jackanory broadcast ten 15-minute episodes
* The Return of the King (1980) – the animated sequel to 1977's The Hobbit
* Khraniteli (1991) - a "lost" Russian television play, now recovered
* Hobitit (1993) - a Finnish rendering of the Hobbits' journey in The Lord of the Rings
* The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power (2022) – prequel series by Amazon Studios

#### Peter Jackson

* The Lord of the Rings film series – the live-action trilogy by Peter Jackson
** Films
*** The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
*** The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
*** The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
** Production
*** Wētā Workshop
** Music
*** Recordings
** Peter Jackson's interpretation
* The Hobbit film series – Jackson's three-part prequel to his The Lord of the Rings series
** Films
*** The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012)
*** The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2013)
*** The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (2014)
** Music

### Stage

* Rob Inglis wrote and performed one-man adaptations of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings starting in the 1970s
* Lord of the Rings (2006) – Musical staged in Toronto, re-written for London in 2007

### Games
#### Tabletop games

* Middle-earth Role Playing (1984) – Iron Crown Enterprises
* Lord of the Rings Adventure Game (1991) – Iron Crown Enterprises
* The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game (2002) –Decipher, Inc.
* The One Ring: Adventures over the Edge of the Wild (2011) – Cubicle 7
* Adventures in Middle-earth (2016) – OGL supplement by Cubicle 7

#### Video games

* The Hobbit (1982)
* Elendor (1991)
* The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
* The Hobbit (2003)
* The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
* The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age (2004)
* The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth (2004)
* The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age (Game Boy Advance) (2004)
* The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II (2006)
* The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king (2006)
* The Lord of the Rings: The White Council (2007; cancelled)
* The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar (2007)
* The Lord of the Rings: Conquest (2009)
* The Lord of the Rings: Tactics (2009)
* The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest (2010)
* The Lord of the Rings: War in the North (2011)
* Guardians of Middle-earth (2012)
* Lego The Lord of the Rings (2012)
* Lego The Hobbit (2014)
* Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor (2014)
* Middle-earth: Shadow of War (2017)

### Parodies

* Bored of the Rings (1969) – Harvard Lampoon novel
* Hordes of the Things (1980) – BBC radio series
* Bored of the Rings (1985) – Delta 4 video game
* The Boggit: Bored Too (1986) – Delta 4 video game
* Muddle Earth (2003) – children's novel by Paul Stewart
* Fellowship! (2004) – musical

## Geography
### Cosmology of Eä

* Two Trees of Valinor

### Continents of Arda

* Middle-earth
* Númenor
* Valinor (on Aman)

### Nations and regions

* Beleriand
* Gondor
* Harad
* Lothlórien
* Mordor
* Rohan
* The Shire

### Natural features

* The Lonely Mountain
* Mirkwood
* The Old Forest

### Cities and other populated places

* Bag End
* Bree
* Esgaroth
* Isengard
* Moria
* Rivendell

## History
### Artefacts

* Mithril
* The Palantíri
* Phial of Galadriel
* Rings of Power
** The One Ring
* The Silmarils
* Weapons and armour

### Events
#### First Age

* Sundering of the Elves

#### Third Age

* Battle of Helm's Deep
* Battle of the Pelennor Fields
* Battle of the Morannon
* The Scouring of the Shire

### Characters
#### First Age

House of Finwë
* Finwë
* Fëanor
* Maedhros
* Finrod Felagund
* Galadriel
* Glorfindel
House of Elwë and Olwë
* Thingol
* Lúthien
House of Marach
* Húrin
* Túrin Turambar
* Tuor
* Eärendil and Elwing
* Elrond
* Arwen
Others
* Beren
* Sauron
* Ungoliant

#### Second Age

* Elendil
* Gil-galad
* Isildur

#### Third Age

Thorin and Company
* Thorin Oakenshield
* Balin
* Bilbo Baggins
* Gandalf
The Company of the Ring
* Frodo Baggins
* Samwise Gamgee
* Merry Brandybuck
* Pippin Took
* Aragorn
* Boromir
* Gandalf
* Legolas
* Gimli
Wizards:
* Gandalf
* Radagast
* Saruman
Elves
* Arwen
* Galadriel
* Glorfindel
* Legolas
* Thranduil
Men
* Aragorn
* Bard
* Boromir
* Denethor
* Éomer
* Éowyn
* Faramir
* Gríma Wormtongue
* Théoden
Other characters
* Barrow-wight
* Beorn
* Goldberry
* Gollum
* Old Man Willow
* Shelob
* Treebeard
* Tom Bombadil
* Watcher in the Water

## Culture
### Races

Ainur
* Valar
* Maiar
** Balrogs
** Wizards
Men
* Drúedain
* Dúnedain
Monsters
* Dragons
* Nazgûl
* Orcs
* Trolls
* Wargs
Other
* Dwarves
* Eagles
* Elves
* Ents
* Hobbits

### Languages

Elvish languages
* Quenya
** Grammar of late Quenya
* Sindarin
Other
* Adûnaic
* Khuzdul
* Black Speech

### Folklore and poetry

* A Elbereth Gilthoniel
* A Walking Song
* Namárië
* Song of Eärendil
* Errantry
* Fastitocalon
* The Lay of Leithian
* The Lay of the Children of Húrin
* The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late
* The Road Goes Ever On
* The Sea-Bell
* The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen
* Beren and Lúthien

## Analysis
### Influences

* J. R. R. Tolkien's influences
** Nodens
** Ring of Silvianus
** Sigelwara Land
* Tolkien's impact on fantasy

### Components

* Artwork
* Family trees
* Heraldry
* for Tolkien's invented Languages, see above
* Maps
* Non-narrative elements
* Tolkien's poetry
** Poetry in The Lord of the Rings
** see above for individual poems

### Literary devices

* Anachronism
* Character pairing
* Editorial framing
* Frame stories
** Ælfwine
** (see also The Lost Road)
** The Notion Club Papers
** Red Book of Westmarch
* Impression of depth
* Interlacing
* Narrative structure
* Prose style
** Ambiguity

### Sources

* Antiquarianism
* Beowulf
* Celtic
* Classical world
* Finnish influences
* First World War
* Modern
* Norse
* Philology
* Shakespeare

### Themes

* Addiction to power
* Ancestry as guide to character
* Architecture
* Christianity
* Decline and fall
* England
* Environmentalism
* Heroism
* Languages
* Light
* Luck and fate
* Magic
* Medieval
* Moral dilemma
* Music
* Naming of weapons
* Northern courage
* Old Straight Road
* Paganism
* Plants
* Psychological journeys
* Quests
* Race
* Sexuality
* Sound and language
* Time
* Trees and forests
* Women

### Music

* Music of The Lord of the Rings film series
* The Tolkien Ensemble

### Scholarship
#### Institutions

* Tolkien Gateway
* The Tolkien Society
* The Mythopoeic Society
   * Elvish Linguistic Fellowship
* Marion E. Wade Center
* Signum University

#### Journals

* Journal of Tolkien Research
* Mallorn
* Mythlore
* Tolkien Studies
* Vinyar Tengwar

#### Scholars

* Douglas A. Anderson
* Nicholas Birns
* Stratford Caldecott
* Jane Chance
* Patrick Curry
* Michael D. C. Drout
* Jonathan Evans
* Jason Fisher
* Verlyn Flieger
* John Garth
* Glen GoodKnight
* Wayne G. Hammond
* Stuart D. Lee
* Jared Lobdell
* Catherine McIlwaine
* Gergely Nagy
* Corey Olsen
* John D. Rateliff
* Fleming Rutledge
* Christina Scull
* Elizabeth Solopova
* Sandra Ballif Straubhaar
* Richard C. West
* Ralph C. Wood

#### Biographical works

* J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography (1977) – by Humphrey Carpenter
* Tolkien and the Great War (2003) – by John Garth
* The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary (2006) – by Peter Gilliver, Jeremy Marshall and Edmund Weiner

#### Works

* Tolkien: A Look Behind "The Lord of the Rings" (1969) – by Lin Carter (revised 2003 by Adam Roberts)
* The Complete Guide to Middle-earth (1971) – ed. Robert Foster (revised 1978, 2001)
* Master of Middle-Earth (1972) – by Paul H. Kocher
* Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England' (1979) – by Jane Chance
* The Road to Middle-Earth (1982) – by Tom Shippey (revised 1993, 2005)
* Splintered Light (1983) – by Verlyn Flieger
* J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century (2000) – by Tom Shippey
* Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth (2000) – eds Verlyn Flieger and Carl F. Hostetter
* Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon (2003) – by Brian Rosebury
* The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion (2005) – by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
* The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide (2006) – by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
* The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia (2006) – ed. Michael D. C. Drout
* A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien (2014) – ed. Stuart D. Lee
* Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth (2018) – by Catherine McIlwaine
* The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien (2020) – by John Garth