OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Israel–Latvia relations

Israel–Latvia relations are foreign relations between Israel and Latvia. Israel recognized Latvia's independence in 1991. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1992. Israel opened embassy in Riga in October 1992, and Latvia opened embassy in Tel Aviv in 1995.
Latvia is home for 4,500 Jews.

## Visits

| Year | Visit | Note |
| 1996 | The Latvian President Guntis Ulmanis visits Israel | The first Latvian President to visit Israel |
| 2005 | The Israeli President Moshe Katsav visits Latvia | The first Israeli President to visit Latvia |
| 2006 | The Latvian President Vaira Vike-Freiberga visits Israel | |
| 2013 | The Israeli President Shimon Peres visits Latvia | |
| 2017 | The Speaker of the Knesset Yuli-Yoel Edelstein visit Latvia | |
| 2020 | The Saeima speaker Inara Murniece visits Israel | Participates in the commemoration of the 75th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz. |
| 2022 | The Latvian President Egils Levits visits Israel | |

## Trade

Israel and Latvia trade is also influenced by the EU - Israel Free Trade Agreement from 1995.
Israel - Latvia trade in millions USD-$ :
| | Israel imports  Latvia exports | Latvia imports  Israel exports | Total trade value |
| 2023 | 58.4 | 30 | 88.4 |
| 2022 | 67.9 | 40.2 | 108.1 |
| 2021 | 65.1 | 33.6 | 98.7 |
| 2020 | 64.4 | 24.4 | 88.8 |
| 2019 | 51.1 | 28.1 | 79.2 |
| 2018 | 49.8 | 33.2 | 83 |
| 2017 | 50.6 | 29.9 | 80.5 |
| 2016 | 42 | 25.6 | 67.6 |
| 2015 | 37.6 | 40.1 | 77.7 |
| 2014 | 33.8 | 50.7 | 84.5 |
| 2013 | 31.7 | 60.2 | 91.9 |
| 2012 | 166.5 | 55.1 | 221.6 |
| 2011 | 68.2 | 47.7 | 115.9 |
| 2010 | 47.5 | 33.1 | 80.6 |
| 2009 | 100.6 | 25.3 | 125.9 |
| 2008 | 319.4 | 33.9 | 353.3 |
| 2007 | 258.8 | 32.5 | 291.3 |
| 2006 | 9.3 | 33.3 | 42.6 |
| 2005 | 6.7 | 21.4 | 28.1 |
| 2004 | 4.3 | 14.8 | 19.1 |
| 2003 | 4.1 | 13.9 | 18 |
| 2002 | 2.4 | 11.5 | 13.9 |

## Tourism

Since 2001 Israel and Latvia abolished the need for visa to travel.
Tourism from Latvia in Israel and tourists from Israel in Latvia :
| | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
| Tourists from Latvia Arriving to Israel | 5,200 | 4,300 | 600 | 2,600 | 12,900 | 14,200 | 13,200 |
| Tourists from Israel Arriving to Latvia | 10,703 | 9,900 | 3,098 | 1,166 | 15,780 | 20,268 | 18,843 |
# Oulun Lyseo Upper Secondary School

Oulun Lyseon Lukio (Oulu Lyseo Upper Secondary School) is a Finnish upper secondary school in the city of Oulu in northern Finland. The school has over 60 teachers and about 750 students. In addition to the Finnish national curriculum the school provides the option to study the International Baccalaureate programme in English. Since 2018 Lyseo has a distance teaching campus in the small town of Tyrnävä. In 2018 255 students, of which 50 took the IB programme, were accepted to the school .

## History

In the autumn of 1874, Oulun lyseo started as a private Lyceum and it adopted Finnish as the official academical language. During the 1880s the school was admitted state aid and gradually the schools ownership was changed as state owned. In 1891 the first graduates were graduated from the state owned Oulun Lyseo.
Since 1992 Oulun Lyseon lukio has been authorized to teach the IB Diploma Programme.

## Building

Oulun Lyseo moved to the current school building in 1890. The building representing neoclassical style was designed by architect Carl Ludvig Engel and built in 1831 as a Trivial school, which was the first school in the northern Finland that lead to university studies. Descendant of this old school nowadays is the University Teacher Training School (Oulun Normaalikoulun lukio). The building has been extended several times during its history.

## Notable alumni

* Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, President of Finland
* Kyösti Kallio, President of Finland
* Martti Ahtisaari, President of Finland, Nobel Peace Prize laureate
* Ensio Siilasvuo, General
* Teuvo Pakkala, Novelist
* Juhani Siljo, Writer
* Ilmari Kianto, Novelist, poet
* Paavo Rintala, Novelist
* Veikko Antero Koskenniemi, poet
* Eino Leino, poet
* Aaro Hellaakoski, poet
* Leevi Madetoja, Composer
# Fissurina submonospora

Fissurina submonospora is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found in India, it was formally described as a new species in 2012 by Bharati Sharma, Pradnya Khadilkar, and Urmila Makhija. The type specimen was collected from Upper Kodayar (Tamil Nadu), where it was found growing in a humid evergreen forest.
This lichen has a brownish grey to dark brown, cracked and uneven thallus, delimited by a black hypothalloid region at its periphery. Its ascomata are short, simple to branched, and immersed, with a structure of dumastii-type, while the disc is slit-like. The ascospores are hyaline, muriform, with 10–15 transverse and 4–5 longitudinal septa, and typically measure 70–100 by 20–50 μm, with a 2.5–10 μm-thick halo.
# Stanley Cooperman

Stanley Cooperman (October 22, 1929 – April 26, 1976) was a New York City-born poet. Among his books are Cannibals and among his poems are "Masada". Cooperman was a co-signatory to the 1968 manifesto "Poet Power."

## Life and career

Born in New York City on October 22, 1929, Stanley Cooperman became a Canadian citizen in 1972. Cooperman received his B.A. in 1951, his M.A. in 1955 from New York University, and his PhD in 1961 from the Indiana University Bloomington, where he also taught. He taught English at Simon Fraser University from 1969 to 1976. He previously taught at the University of Tehran through a Fulbright Award, the University of Oregon, and Hofstra University.
Cooperman committed suicide on April 26, 1976 at the age of 46.

## Selected publications

* Ernest Hemingway's the Old Man and the Sea, a Critical Commentary (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1963).
* The Novels of Ernest Hemingway: A Study Guide (New York: Monarch Press, 1965).
* The Novels of F. Scott Fitzierald: A Study Guide (New York: Monarch Press, 1965).
* The Novels of John Steinbeck: A Study Guide (New York: Monarch Press, 1966).
* World War I and the American Novel (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967)
* Owl Behind the Door (McClelland & Stewart, 1968)
* The Day of the Parrot and Other Poems (University of Nebraska Press, 1968)
* Cappelbaum's Dance (University of Nebraska Press, 1970)
* Cannibals (Oberon, 1972)
* Greco's Book (Vancouver: The author, 1974).
* Canadian Gothic and Other Poems (Intermedia, 1976)
* Greco's Last Book: Selected Poems (Intermedia, 1980). Edited by Fred Candelaria.
# Harald Leitinger

Harald "Harry" Leitinger (born 15 September 1984) is an Austrian professional darts player who competes in events of the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC).

## Career

Leitinger entered PDC Q-School in January 2020 and won his tour card on the first day by beating Martijn Kleermaker 5–4 in the final round. He played on the PDC ProTour in 2020 and 2021.
# Papyrus 121

Papyrus 121, also known as P. Oxy. LXXI 4805, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of John in a fragmentary condition. It is designated by the siglum 𝔓$^{121}$ in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts. The surviving texts of John are only fragments of verses 19:17-18,25-26. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been assigned to the 3rd century by the INTF.
The manuscript currently is housed at the Papyrology Rooms of the Sackler Library at Oxford with the shelf number P. Oxy. 4805.

## Description

The manuscript is written irregular, spaces between letters are not equal. Though the text is very small, it contains two of the nomina sacra: ΙΣ and ΜΗΙ (dative case from ΜΗΡ). Above letter iota two dots (diaeresis). On page recto, in lower line, from the left a scribe did not use letter iota in word και (and), though inserted diaeresis above letter alpha. Possibly it is a scribal error.

## Text

The Greek text of the codex is too brief to determine its textual character. It can not be placed to any of Categories of New Testament manuscripts. It contains only 20 letters on recto, and 18 letters on verso.

### Transcription of Papyrus Manuscript

| Page recto of 𝔓$^{121}$ | Page verso of 𝔓$^{121}$ |
| νιου Τοπον ο λεγεται Εβραιστι Γολγοθα οπου αυτον εσταρωσαν και μετ' αυτου αλλους δυο εντευθεν κα εντευθεν μεσον | η ΙΣ ουν ιδων την μητερα και τον μαθητην παρεστωτα ον ηγαπα λεγει τη ΜΗΙ Γυναι ιδε ο υιος |
| ...place, which is called in Hebrew Golgotha. There they crucified him, and with him two others, one on either side, and Jesus between | When Jesus saw his mother, and the disciple whom he loved standing near, he said to his mother, "Woman, behold, your son!" |
Missing letters are in red; extant letters in black.
# Cold Spring Park Historic District

Cold Spring Park Historic District, also known as Wheeler Park, is a national historic district located at Hendersonville, Henderson County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 37 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure in a predominantly residential section of Hendersonville developed between 1910 and 1953. It includes notable examples of Colonial Revival and Bungalow / American Craftsman residential architecture.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

## Gallery

* 910 Highland Avenue, 2020
* 1003 Highland Avenue, 2020
* Nicholas W. Lefeber House, 2020
* William E. Jamison House, 2020
# Orna Starkmann

Orna Starkmann (Hebrew: אורנה שטרקמן; born 16 November 1984) is an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Yamina in 2022. Starkmann is a former deputy mayor of Nahariya.

## Biography

Starkmann was born in Nahariya to Michael and Hannah Starkmann, who owned a small hotel. Starkmann later became the hotel's manager, and led a protest by hotel owners against the Israeli government during the COVID-19 pandemic. She has a master's degree in business administration.
In 2013, Starkmann ran for Nahariya's city council as part of a local list, known as 'The Next Generation'. She was elected to the council alongside the list's leader, Or Cohen. Following the election, Cohen became a Deputy Mayor, serving under Mayor Jackie Sabag. He left the party in 2015, leading to Starkmann becoming the list's leader and being appointed deputy mayor. She was re-elected in 2018 but did not remain in the municipal cabinet and ceased to be a deputy mayor.
Ahead of the 2021 legislative election, Starkmann was placed on the fourteenth spot on Yamina's electoral list. She entered the Knesset in September 2022 following the resignation of Idit Silman. Ahead of the 2022 election, Starkmann was placed on the sixth spot of a joint list between Yamina and The Jewish Home. Starkmann lost her seat as the list failed to cross the electoral threshold.
Starkmann has three younger sisters.
# Surendra Prasad Yadav

Surendra Prasad Yadav (born 2 January 1959) is an Indian politician from the Rashtriya Janata Dal, and a Member of Parliament representing Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency) in Bihar, India and former Member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly. He also served as a member of 12th Lok Sabha of India from Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency). He was consecutively elected eight times since 1990 to 2020 in the Bihar Legislative Assembly.
He served as Co-operative Minister of Bihar Government, Minister of Excise, Minister of Industry and very close to Indian politician Lalu Prasad Yadav. According to his election filings he has 9 criminal cases against him.
In 2024 Indian General Election, he won the MP seat of Jahanabad against the JDU leader Chandeshwar Prasad with the margin of 142591 votes.

## Early life and education

Surendra Prasad Yadav was born to a family of farmers in Gaya, Bihar. Yadav had his early education in Gaya and has attended Magadh University.

## Political career

Surendra Prasad Yadav came in contact with Lalu Prasad Yadav in 1981 when Lalu Prasad Yadav was a member of Lok Dal Party. In 1985, Surendra Prasad Yadav has been given a ticket from Lok Dal Party to contest General Election from Jehanabad parliamentary constituency but he lost it. Later in 1990, he was given a ticket for Bihar Legislative Assembly election from Belaganj constituency and he won.
Yadav repeated his electoral victory in assembly elections and became the member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from Belaganj Assembly constituency eight times. In 1998, he was elected as member of Lok Sabha from Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency. He defeated Samata Party candidate Arun Kumar in this election. In the year 2024, he was again made a candidate for Lok Sabha polls from Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency by Rashtriya Janata Dal. He defeated Chandeshwar Prasad of Janata Dal (United) by a margin of 1,42,426 votes and became the member of Indian Parliament (Lok Sabha) for the second time, after a margin of twenty five years.

## Offices held

* Member of Advisory Committee of Coal Ministry
* Member of Standing Committee, Industry Ministry of India
* Member of Library Committee, Bihar
* Member of Housing Committee, Bihar
* Member of Request Committee, Bihar
# Ekila Liyonda

Adrienne Ekila Liyonda (16 October 1948 – 23 June 2006) was a Zairean (now DRC) politician who served as ambassador to Belgium and was the country's first female Foreign minister.

## Early life and education

Liyonda was born on 16 October 1948 in Leopoldville (now Kinshasa). She attended secondary school at the Lycée Sainte Marie-Theerèse before graduating from the Catholic University of Louvain with a Bachelor of Laws in 1974.

## Career

Liyonda worked as a legal advisor to the Zaire Press Agency from 1974 until 1976 and was a member of the Board of directors of Gécamines and of the Permanent Commission for the Reform of Zaire Law. In 1976 she became a legal advisor in the Office of President Mobutu Sese Seko. She was appointed Secretary General of the nationalist unity party Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution in 1981. In 1985, she was appointed Secretary General in charge of Women's Affairs and State Commissioner for Women's Affairs and Social Affairs.
Liyonda was appointed Ambassador to Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg in 1985. She returned to Zaire in 1987 and entered the Mobutu government as Minister of Foreign Affairs, making her the country's first female foreign affairs minister. In this role she was a signatory to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. In 1988 she became Minister of Information and Press serving until 1990.
During the growing conflict of the 1990s, Liyonda became a member of the Union of Democrats and Independents and was the Federal President for Kinshasa. After the arrival of Laurent-Désiré Kabila and the AFDL in May 1997, she returned to live in Belgium.
Liyonda died in Brussels on 23 June 2006. She was buried in the Gombe cemetery.
# College Hill Historic District (Brownsville, Tennessee)

The College Hill Historic District in Brownsville, Tennessee is a 96 acres (39 ha) historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and expanded in 2015.
It is near TN 19 and U.S. 70/U.S. 79. It is centered on the Brownsville Female College complex built in 1852. The district also contains Oakwood Cemetery, where many of Brownsville's early settlers and prominent citizens are interred.
The original district follows an irregular pattern along West College, West Main, West Margin, Key Corner Streets, and on North Grand, North McLemore and Russell Avenues and on Williamsburg Lane. It included Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Stick/Eastlake architecture.
The original included 72 contributing buildings and a contributing structure.
The boundary increase January 27, 2015 is roughly bounded by Haralson Street, Margin Street, North Wilson Avenue and Cherry Street.
The extension was listed on the National Register consistent with guidelines established in a 2014 study of historic resources in Brownsville.
# Parkview, St. Louis

Parkview, also known as a "Saint Louis Urban Oasis," is a historic, private subdivision of St. Louis, Missouri. It is partly within the city limits of St. Louis and partly in University City. It is bounded by the Skinker-DeBaliviere neighborhood to the east, the Delmar Loop to the north, the Ames Place section of University City to the west, Washington University in St. Louis to the south, and Forest Park to the southeast.

## History

Much of the land that became Parkview was, in the mid-19th century, contained in the Kingsbury Farm. In 1905, surveyor Julius Pitzman, also the designer of Forest Park, was hired to lay out Parkview. Parkview was the largest and the last of the private neighborhoods designed by Julius Pitzman (he also designed Portland and Westmoreland Places and Compton Heights). His elegant design for the 70-acre (0.28 km$^2$) neighborhood includes a partly symmetrical arrangement of gently curved streets and parks. Curving streets in residential subdivisions was unusual for the period, and in Parkview they were “soothing and peaceful” to the eye. They added privacy as the streets curve gently out of sight, and they diminished the monotony of the continuous building setback. By 1907 Parkview's first houses were under construction. By 1916, most of Parkview's 255 houses had been built. Most are 3-story brick homes and many are architecturally striking; included are several excellent examples of Colonial Revival style and of Arts and Crafts architecture. In 1986, the neighborhood was accepted into the National Register of Historic Places under the name of "Parkview Historic District."
Over the years, a large number of notable St. Louisans have made their home in Parkview. The list includes Missouri Governor Henry Caulfield; St. Louis mayor Bernard Dickmann; University City mayors Heman, Flynn and Cunningham; artists Bessie Lowenhaupt, Aimee Schweig, Jane Pettus, Edmund Wuerpel and Gustav Goetch; writers Stanley Elkin and William Gass; aviation great General James (Jimmy) Doolittle; baseball players George Sisler and Bob Gibson; and film maker Charles Guggenheim. Today it is home to many writers, physicians, lawyers, scientists, and professors. It is considered a highly desirable residential area, and its homes routinely sell for over $800,000.
# Ole Holsti

Olavi Rudolf Holsti (August 7, 1933 – July 2, 2020) was a Finnish-American political scientist and academic. He held the position of George V. Allen Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Duke University. He was noted for his writings on international affairs, American foreign policy, content analysis, decision-making in politics and diplomacy, and crises.
Holsti was born in Geneva, Switzerland, on August 7, 1933. Holsti received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Stanford University in 1954, his Master of Arts in Teaching from Wesleyan University in 1956, and his Ph.D from Stanford University in 1962.
Holsti worked at Stanford University as an instructor in the Department of Political Science (1962–1965), the research coordinator and associate director of Studies in International Conflict and Integration (1962–1967) and assistant professor in the Department of Political Science, (1965–1967). He moved to the University of British Columbia in 1967, working as assistant professor in the Department of Political Science (1967–1971) before becoming a professor (1971–1974).
Holsti was at the University of California, Davis, as a professor in the Department of Political Science (1978–1979) before joining the faculty of Duke University as George V. Allen Professor in the Department of Political Science (1974–1998). He became a professor emeritus in 1998.
Holsti's brother Kal is also a political scientist. Their father, Rudolf Holsti, served as Finland's foreign minister.

## Inherent bad faith model of information processing in political psychology

The "inherent bad faith model" of information processing is a theory in political psychology that was first put forth by Holsti to explain the relationship between John Foster Dulles's beliefs and model of information processing. It is the most widely studied model of one's opponent. A state is presumed to be implacably hostile, and contra-indicators of that are ignored and are dismissed as propaganda ploys or signs of weakness. Examples are Dulles's position on the Soviet Union and Israel's initial position on the Palestine Liberation Organization.
# Prototype Festival

Prototype Festival is an annual, weeklong contemporary opera and musical theater festival held in New York City.

## Program

Prototype Festival is an annual, weeklong festival of contemporary opera and musical theater. The festival encourages nontraditional operatic compositions and performance, or "black-box opera", combining classical techniques with experimental theater. Prototype has a reputation for showing "brash, socially engaged, and substantially post-classical" work—shows with highly charged, "dark, edgy" themes.
Its shows are held in venues across New York City, including venues such as the HERE Arts Center, La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club, Joe's Pub, St. Paul's Chapel, the Park Avenue Armory, St. Ann's Warehouse, National Sawdust, and Skirball Center for the Performing Arts.

## Organization

The first Prototype Festival was organized by alternative opera producer Beth Morrison and the HERE Arts Center's Kristin Marting and Kim Whitener in 2013. Their intent was to highlight composers whose nontraditional work rarely received commissions.

## Reception

The festival has a reputation for producing new operas of high quality. While classical music institutions struggled to sell new work to its core audience, classical music critic Anne Midgette cited Prototype as developing an audience for opera outside of these institutions and evolving the form into less of a "bourgeois art form". Prototype rose to prominence quickly, Midgette wrote, from a confluence of the opera world's "desperation" to find new, good work and the reduced costs of staging an experimental show outside of major mainstages. Without remaking the genre, she wrote that Prototype provides the creativity and energy to attempt new works.
The New Yorker wrote that Prototype's 11-day 2014 lineup produced more substance for the format than a decade of the New York City Opera. The magazine noted the festival's equal time given to female artists as deviant from New York theater norms. In 2024 Blogcritics noted that the festival is "known for adventurous and outstanding programming from around the world" and The New York Times wrote that its offerings "tend to be politically charged, scrappy and stirring."

## World premieres

As of 2019, Prototype's headlining shows tended to premiere outside of the festival.
| Year | Opera | Composer | Libretto |
| 2024 | Malinxe | Laura Ortman | Autumn Chacon |
| 2024 | Adoration | Mary Kouyoumdjian | Royce Vavrek |
| 2024 | Terce: A Practical Breviary | Heather Christian | |
| 2023 | The All Sing: Here Lies Joy | Daniel Bernard Roumain | Marc Bamuthi Joseph |
| 2018 | Acquanetta, chamber version | Michael Gordon | Deborah Artman |
| 2018 | The Echo Drift | Mikael Karlsson | Elle Kunnos de Voss, Kathryn Walat |
| 2017 | Mata Hari | Matt Marks | |
| 2016 | Angel's Bone | Du Yun | Royce Vavrek |
| 2014 | The Scarlet Ibis | Stefan Weisman | David Cote |
| 2014 | Sunken Cathedral | Bora Yoon | Bora Yoon |