OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cluster (physics)

In physics, the term clusters denotes small, polyatomic particles. As a rule of thumb, any particle made of between 3×10$^0$ and 3×10$^7$ atoms is considered a cluster.
The term can also refer to the organization of protons and neutrons within an atomic nucleus, e.g. the alpha particle (also known as "α-cluster"), consisting of two protons and two neutrons (as in a helium nucleus).

## Overview

Although first reports of cluster species date back to the 1940s, cluster science emerged as a separate direction of research in the 1980s, One purpose of the research was to study the gradual development of collective phenomena which characterize a bulk solid. For example, these are the color of a body, its electrical conductivity, its ability to absorb or reflect light, and magnetic phenomena such as ferro-, ferri-, or antiferromagnetism. These are typical collective phenomena which only develop in an aggregate of a large number of atoms.
It was found that collective phenomena break down for very small cluster sizes. It turned out, for example, that small clusters of a ferromagnetic material are super-paramagnetic rather than ferromagnetic. Paramagnetism is not a collective phenomenon, which means that the ferromagnetism of the macrostate was not conserved by going into the nanostate. The question then was asked for example, "How many atoms do we need in order to obtain the collective metallic or magnetic properties of a solid?" Soon after the first cluster sources had been developed in 1980, an ever larger community of cluster scientists was involved in such studies.
This development led to the discovery of fullerenes in 1986 and carbon nanotubes a few years later.
In science, a lot is known about properties of the gas phase; however, comparatively little is known about the condensed phases (the liquid phase and solid phase.) The study of clusters attempts to bridge this gap of knowledge by clustering atoms together and studying their characteristics. If enough atoms were clustered together, eventually one would obtain a liquid or solid.
The study of atomic and molecular clusters also benefits the developing field of nanotechnology. If new materials are to be made out of nanoscale particles, such as nanocatalysts and quantum computers, the properties of the nanoscale particles (the clusters) must first be understood.
# Fernando Fernández García

Fernando Fernández García (born 21 December 1954) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). In the 2003 mid-terms he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies to represent the State of Mexico's 12th district during the 59th session of Congress.
# Courthouse Square Historic District (Greencastle, Indiana)

Courthouse Square Historic District, also known as Courthouse Square District, is a national historic district in Greencastle, Indiana, United States. In 1984, the historic district was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
The district includes seventy-six different contributing properties. Since the first years after Greencastle was platted in the early nineteenth century, the land included in the district has been the center of commerce and government for the area.
At its center is the Putnam County Courthouse: the current courthouse, built in 1905, is the fourth building to occupy the site. Other historic buildings include the Old National Bank building at 1 N Indiana Street.
# Jerdon's sea snake

Jerdon's sea snake (Hydrophis jerdonii) is a species of venomous sea snake in the subfamily Hydrophiinae of the family Elapidae. The species is native to the Indian Ocean.

## Etymology

The specific name, jerdonii, is in honor of British zoologist Thomas C. Jerdon.

## Description

    See snake scales for terms used
M.A. Smith (1943) describes the species as follows: Head short, snout declivous and much narrowed anteriorly; eye moderate; rostral as high as broad; prefrontals small, usually not in contact with the supralabials; frontal much longer than broad, nearly as long as its distance from the end of the snout: 1 pre- and 1 postocular; 6 supralabials, the last often confluent with the single anterior temporal, the 3rd and 4th touching the eye: 7–8 infralabials, the first three in contact with the genitals, both pairs of which are well developed and in contact with one another.
17 [dorsal] scale-rows on the neck. 21 or 23, rarely 19, at mid-body, imbricate and strongly keeled; Ventrals 225–253 for specimens from the coasts of India and Gulf of Siam; 247-278 for 11 examples from Cap St. Jacques and S. Annam (fide Bourret, p. 25).
Hemipenis forked near the tip; it is spinose throughout, the spines being of moderate size, closely set and becoming slightly larger as they approach the proximal end.
Olive above, yellowish or white beneath, with black dorsal spots or rhombs which extend round the body to form complete bands in the young; intermediate dorsal spots or bars are usually present. Examples from the Bay of Bengal have 19 or 21 scales at mid-body and the dorsal bars number from 30 to 38 (typical form). Examples from the Gulf of Siam have usually 21 or 23 scales at mid-body and the dorsal bars number from 34 (K. j. siamensis).
Total length: 1 m (3.3 ft), tail 10 cm (3.9 in).

## Distribution

Indian Ocean (Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar (Burma), Mergui Archipelago), Coast of Taiwan, South China Sea, Bay of Bengal (to Sri Lanka), along coasts of W Malaysia to Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Siam, Indonesia (Borneo).
Race siamensis: Gulf of Thailand.
Type locality: Madras, India.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of H. jerdonii is shallow marine waters with mud, sand, or gravel bottoms, at depths not greater than 30 m (98 ft).

## Diet

H. jerdonii preys upon eels and lizardfishes.

## Reproduction

H. jerdonii is ovoviviparous. Litter size is four young.
# Pulaski Village Historic District

Pulaski Village Historic District is a national historic district located at Pulaski in Oswego County, New York. The district includes 27 contributing buildings and two contributing sites located within the intact historic residential and commercial core of the village. The buildings include seven residences, two churches, a courthouse, and 26 commercial structures.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
# Robert Holles

Robert Holles (1926–1999), was a British author and TV and film screenwriter, often writing on military life but not limited to this alone.

## Biography

Holles was the son of a sergeant major, and enlisted in the British Army as a boy soldier at 14 during World War II. He served in Korea as an armourer sergeant (information taken from the book by Robert Holles 'Captain Cat') with the 1st battalion of the Gloucestershire Regiment, and saw action during the Battle of Imjin in 1951, one of "The Glorious Glosters" greatest battle honours.
Holles was prolific in the 1960s and '70s, he wrote with wry humour in such works as Religion and Davey Peach, and experimented with the horror genre in Spawn amongst his non-fiction books he wrote on his experiences with Soldiering (The Guide to Real Subversive Soldiering).
Holles lived for many years in the Essex village of Stebbing and was a keen village cricketer there which was reflected in his book The Guide to Real Village Cricket.
As well as published works he was a successful TV writer with credits for Coronation Street and Hine, as well as one-offs for the prestigious Play for Today slot on the BBC's main TV channel (Michael Regan and The Vanishing Army), two episodes for The Man Outside (Drama series, BBC 1972) and several plays in Thames TV's Armchair Theatre series. Also amongst his credits was the screenplay for the 1964 award-winning film Guns at Batasi (based on his own novel The Siege of Battersea).
# The View from the Afternoon

"The View from the Afternoon" is a song by Arctic Monkeys originally released as the opening track on the band's first album Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not in January 2006. It was also the lead track on the Who the Fuck Are Arctic Monkeys? EP. This release had an accompanying video. Although never released as a single, the song was a staple of live concerts by the band on their early tours.

## Release

"The View from the Afternoon" was expected to have been the band's third single, following UK number ones "I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor" and "When the Sun Goes Down", but the band announced in March 2006 that its next record would be a five-track EP, which thereby disqualified it from being listed in the UK Singles Chart and UK Albums Chart because it was too long to be a single and too cheap to be an album.

## Composition

Alex Turner said "This is one of the last songs written for the album. There's nothing clever, it's just about anticipating the evening, finding comfort in familiarity and the fact that you know you're bound to send a daft message or something before the sun comes up. I think I've stopped doing that now."

## Music video

The video is based around a young man in a parka jacket playing the drum part of the song in the middle of a courtyard between blocks of high rise flats. A sequence of surreal elements is interspersed throughout: a schoolgirl walks past wearing plastic devil horns; a running fox; three men trying to attract the attention of the drummer who ignores them; the drummer is fed milk by the schoolgirl and then a brief shot in colour of the man floating on his back in shallow water. The music stops, and it is revealed that his drumming has caused his hands to bleed. Next, there is a shot of a man in the dark wielding a baseball bat, then a brief shot of the moon which appears to explode and then the man in the dark struggling to lift his bat. Finally, the man with the bat comes near to the drummer and is about to strike him, but the audio stops and we see a last shot of the male being showered in what could be rain or the fragments of the moon.
The events in the video are loosely based on the story of the Buddha, who was said to have meditated under a tree for days. While he meditated, devils came to seduce and sabotage him, but he resisted. Seeing the Buddha starve himself in order to attain nirvana, a woman gave him milk to quench his thirst.
The video is shot in black and white and was filmed near Park Hill flats in the Arctic Monkeys' native city of Sheffield, directed by W.I.Z. for Factory Films. It was also partially filmed later in the courtyard of Bromyard House, Ledbury Estate in Peckham, South East London. A tattoo of the three intersecting circles sigil adopted by John Bonham, the drummer of Led Zeppelin, can be seen on the man's right wrist.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Gold | 400,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Poppy de Villeneuve

Poppy de Villeneuve (born 22 May 1979) is a British director and photographer.

## Early life

Poppy was born in Hampstead, London and grew up in the countryside of West Sussex in England. She is the younger child of model Janet de Villeneuve (née Griswold) and manager/photographer Justin de Villeneuve (born Nigel Davies) and the sister of illustrator Daisy de Villeneuve.

## Career
### Photography

De Villeneuve graduated from London College of Communication, University of Arts London in 2002 with a BA in Photography. She started working for the Saturday and Sunday Telegraph Magazines and the Guardian weekend magazine. Other clients include British and American Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, British Esquire, Dazed and Confused, Monocle, Art Review, and Modern Painter. She photographed John Waters for the cover of Modern Painter in September 2009.
In 2008, de Villeneuve photographed real people in forty cities across America for German outerwear company Wellensteyn. This project was made into the book, Forty/Forty.
De Villeneuve was part of a group exhibition, Music Loves You, at Parisian-based boutique, Colette. Other artists in the exhibition include Beck, Nick Zinner, and Lenny Kravitz.

### Directing

De Villeneuve's first short film, You Are Everywhere, was commissioned by The New York Times style magazine, T, in 2009. Filmed at Coachella, it includes various musical artists such as The Killers, The Kills, Connor Oberst, Ariel Pink, The Vivien Girls, Late of the Pier, and Friendly Fires.
That same year T magazine commissioned her to make a five-part web series entitled The Park, which featured Macaulay Culkin, Q'orianka Kilcher, Mary Beth Peil, and Edoardo Ballerini.
De Villeneuve's short film How You Look It for NOWNESS won the beauty prize at the ASVOFF Film Festival that was awarded at the Pompidou Centre in September 2010.
De Villeneuve made a series for AnOther Magazine online entitled Ten Tales, ten interviews based on the Proust questionnaire.
De Villeneuve has most recently completed a 10-minute film for Morgans Hotel Group, Love Is Like Life But Longer, written by Simon Van Booy, and starring Jeremy Strong, Maya Kazan, and Joan Copeland.

### Commercials

In October 2010, she made a commercial "SHOWGIRLS" for the Walmart Company, for their supermarket ASDA in the UK.
Other clients include Nike's Being True project, Juicy Couture, Wallpaper, Philips du Pury, Wacoal USA, Miss Selfridge, and Anthropology.
De Villeneuve signed with Partizan in March 2010.
# The Fader

The Fader is a magazine established in 1999 as an outlet for Cornerstone Agency, a marketing and public relations firm established by Rob Stone and Jon Cohen. The magazine covers music, style and culture.

## History and work

It is owned by The Fader Media group, which also includes its website, thefader.com, as well as Fader films, Fader Label and Fader TV. It was the first print publication to be released on iTunes.

### The Fader Fort

The magazine hosted The Fader Fort, an annual invitation-only event at Austin, Texas's South by Southwest (SXSW). Since its founding in 2001, the four-day party features live performances. Fader Fort NYC is a party produced during the annual CMJ Music Marathon.
The festival has featured over 900 performances, including ones by Drake. In 2020, it moved to being an online event due to the coronavirus pandemic.

### Charity

In 2023, the magazine announced FADER and Friends Vol. 1, a collection of 44 cover songs from 44 artists, to raise money for trans rights organisations.
# Sunan Bonang

Sunan Bonang (born Raden Makdum Ibrahim) was one of the nine Wali Songo (lit. "Nine Saints"), along with his father Sunan Ampel and his brother Sunan Drajat who are said to have established Islam as the dominant religion amongst the Javanese, Indonesia's largest ethnic group.
He was a descendant of the Majapahit nobility in Tuban and a Chinese captain named Gan Eng Cu. However, another source stated that he was a son of Sunan Ampel and female noble, Nyai Ageng Manila. After becoming a prominent ulama, he tried to make ordinary Javanese familiar with Islam. He is known as teacher of Raden Patah, ruler of Demak Sultanate.
According to the manuscript of Het boek van Bonang, which is also known as Lontar Ferrara, Bep Schrieke has recorded that some views from Sunan Bonang that criticize forms of Bid'ah (Heresy) and favor orthodoxy of Islamic teaching.
# Oliver Møystad

Oliver Møystad (15 June 1892 – 28 June 1956) was a Norwegian engineer, farmer and forest owner. During the Norwegian Campaign in April 1940 he commanded Norwegian troops at the Battle of Midtskogen. During the German occupation of Norway, he served as leader of the collaborationist security police from 1941 to 1943, and Hirden from 1942 to 1944. After the war, Møystad was convicted of treason, sentenced to 10 years of forced labor, and fined NOK 150,000 during the legal purge in Norway after World War II. He was released in 1950.
# Mukkamala, West Godavari district

Mukkamala is a village in Peravali Mandal of East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India.

## Demographics

As of 2011 Census of India, Mukkamala had a population of 5128. The total population constitute, 2599 males and 2529 females with a sex ratio of 973 females per 1000 males. 463 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with sex ratio of 1067. The average literacy rate stands at 72.33%.
# Pälkäne

Pälkäne (Finnish pronunciation:) is a municipality of Finland. It is part of the Pirkanmaa region. The municipality has a population of 6,251 (31 October 2024) and covers an area of 738.15 square kilometres (285.00 sq mi) of which 177.65 km$^2$ (68.59 sq mi). The population density is 11.15 inhabitants per square kilometre (28.9/sq mi). Onkkaala is the administrative center of the municipality. Tampere is located 38 kilometres (24 mi) northwest of the center of Pälkäne.
The municipality is unilingually Finnish. Many people from Helsinki and the surrounding cities own summer cottages and residences in Pälkäne, making the small town very busy during summer vacation seasons. Pälkäne is a very popular summer vacation resort given its diverse services, high-quality swimming beach, beautiful nature and close location to big cities. From start of year 2007 Pälkäne and Luopioinen were merged to a new municipality of Pälkäne.

## Geography
### Nature

The landscape of Pälkäne is dominated by several lakes, the largest of which are Lake Mallasvesi on the west side of Onkkaala and Lake Pälkänevesi on its east side, as well as Lake Roine on the Kangasala side and Lake Ilmoilanselkä on the Hauho (Hämeenlinna) side. Lake Kukkia is situated in the area of the former municipality of Luopioinen. In the western part of Pälkäne, Roine and Mallasvesi are separated by the rather large island of Hausalo.
The Kostianvirta River, which belongs part to the drainage basin of the Kokemäki River, flows between Lake Pälkänevesi and Lake Mallasvesi. As the average water level of both lakes is about 84 meters above sea level, the flow direction of Kostianvirta sometimes changes, especially due to the spring meltwater.

### Villages

* Äimälä
* Aitoo
* Ämmätsä
* Epaala
* Evinsalo
* Haltia
* Harhala
* Huhtioinen
* Huntila
* Kaitamo
* Kajantila
* Kankahainen
* Kantokylä
* Kantola
* Kärväntälä
* Karviala
* Kaukkala
* Kinnala
* Kirpu
* Kollola
* Kotila
* Kouvala
* Kuisema
* Kukkola
* Kuohijoki
* Kuuliala
* Kyynärö
* Laitikkala
* Lemmettylä
* Lovensalo
* Luikala
* Luopioinen
* Mälkilä
* Mällinoja
* Miemola
* Mustilahti
* Myttäälä
* Okerla
* Oksala
* Onkkaala
* Padankoski
* Pappila
* Pitkäjärvi
* Pohjalahti
* Puutikkala
* Rautajärvi
* Ruokola
* Ruotsila
* Sairiala
* Salmentaka
* Sappee
* Säynäjärvi
* Seitsye
* Tauriala
* Tausti
* Tommola
* Töyräniemi
* Vahdermetsä
* Vuolijoki

## Culture
### Food

In the 1980s, Pälkäne's traditional parish dishes were called local sweetened potato casserole called tuuvinki, salted bream, slowly smoked meat, Tavastian limppu bread called varikoinen, sweet sahti, and plum kissel.

## People

* Matti Helenius-Seppälä (1870–1920)
* August Hyöki (1874–1960)
* Eemil Linna (1876–1951)
* Teemu Mäntysaari (born 1987)
* Väinö Sipilä (1897–1987)
* Toivo Salonen (born 1933)
* Mikko Leppilampi (born 1978)
* Riku Helenius (born 1988)
# Gokenin Zankurō

Gokenin Zankurō (御家人斬九郎) is a novel by Renzaburō Shibata. The protagonist of this jidaigeki is Matsudaira Zankurō, a low-ranking gokenin in the service of the Tokugawa shogunate. He lives with his mother Masajo in the shogunal capital of Edo. Other characters include his fiancée Matsudaira Sumi, old friend Nishio Denzaburō, and favorite geisha Otsuta.
From 1995 to 2002 Gokenin Zankurō was also a prime-time television series on the Fuji Television network in Japan. Ken Watanabe played the lead, with Kyōko Kishida as his mother and Mayumi Wakamura as the geisha (Tsutakichi in the series). Watanabe directed the final episode.
# Press Council (Indonesia)

The Press Council (Indonesian: Dewan Pers) is an independent non-structural agency in Indonesia responsible for safeguarding the freedom of the press. Initially functioning as merely an advisory body to the Department of Information during the New Order era, the council was reformed into a wholly autonomous and independent entity devoid of government influence following the fall of the regime. In the present day, the Press Council regulates the press industry, defends journalists from external parties (i.e. the government and private entities), and handles journalist disputes.

## History
### New Order

The Press Council, formed in 1968 based on the provisions of Law no. 11 of 1966, functioned to assist the government in developing and nurturing the national press. Chaired by the Minister of Information, membership of the Press Council included representatives from both the government and press organizations, as well as experts in certain relevant fields. During this period, the council primarily served as an advisory body to the government, namely to the Department of Information. Law no. 21 of 1982 further confirmed the body's role as a government advisor.

### Reform Era

Following the fall of the Suharto regime, President Jusuf Habibie enacted Law no. 40 of 1999, repealing Law no. 11 of 1966 among others. The Press Law transformed the Press Council from its previously advisory position to the government into an independent entity. While no longer affected by government interference, the membership of the council, independently vetted through internal processes, must still be confirmed through presidential decrees. The chairperson and vice-chairperson of the Press Council are exempted however, being selected through plenary meetings of the members. The first chairperson of independent Press Council was Atmakusumah Astraatmadja.

## Membership

As stated in Paragraph 3 of Article 15 in the Press Law, membership of the council consists of three groups: Journalists elected by journalist organizations, press representatives elected by press companies, and public figures chosen by both journalist and press company organizations. Members are democratically elected every three years and are able to be re-elected for an additional one-year term.
# Ahvanu

Ahvanu (Persian: اهوانو) is a village in Rudbar Rural District of the Central District of Damghan County, Semnan province, Iran.

## History

Nearby, Darius III was murdered by Bessus. The village was damaged in the 856 Damghan earthquake.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 606 in 172 households. The following census in 2011 counted 650 people in 182 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 776 people in 270 households; it was the most populous village in its rural district.
# Field Farm (Williamstown, Massachusetts)

Field Farm is a 316-acre (1.28 km$^2$) nature preserve and farm in Williamstown, Massachusetts, managed by the Trustees of Reservations. There are 4.5 miles (7.2 km) of hiking trails on the reservation, which pass by swamp land, a pond, and the "Caves Lot" which features underground channels that water had cut into the limestone there. An International Style house, built in 1948 by Edwin Goodell, is operated as a bed and breakfast inn. Also on the site is The Folly, a small guest house designed by Ulrich Franzen in 1966. The Folly is currently open for guided tours. The property also contains a sculpture garden.
The property was donated to the Trustees in 1984 by Eleanore Bloedel, the widow of Lawrence Bloedel. Lawrence Bloedel was the librarian of Williams College and a son of businessman Julius Bloedel. Bloedel was a noted art collector. Upon his death, his collection of 300 artworks was bequeathed to the Whitney Museum of American Art and to the Williams College Museum of Art. Some of the artworks donated to Williams are on display at Field Farm, on loan to The Trustees.