OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fritz Sauter

Fritz Eduard Josef Maria Sauter (German:; 9 June 1906 – 24 May 1983) was an Austrian-German physicist who worked mostly in quantum electrodynamics and solid-state physics.

## Education

From 1924 to 1928, Sauter studied mathematics and physics at the Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck. He received his doctorate in 1928 under Arthur March, with a thesis on Kirchhoff’s theory of diffraction. After graduation, he did postdoctoral studies with Arnold Sommerfeld and was his assistant at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. In January 1931, Sommerfeld recommended Sauter to Max Born, director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Göttingen.

## Career

From 1931 to 1934, Sauter was an assistant to Richard Becker at the Technische Hochschule Berlin (today Technische Universität Berlin) in Charlottenburg. From 1933, he was also a lecturer at Berlin. While at Berlin, he did work on atomic physics and Dirac’s theory of electrons related to Klein's paradox.
Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany on 30 January 1933 and Max Born took leave as director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Göttingen on 1 July of that year and emigrated to England. In 1934, Sauter, while only a Privatdozent, was brought in to Göttingen as acting director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics and lecturer on theoretical physics; Born was officially retired under the Nuremberg Laws on 31 December 1935. Sauter continued in this role until 1936, when Becker was appointed director, after the Reichserziehungsministerium (Reich Education Ministry) eliminated his position at Berlin and reassigned him to Göttingen.
After Göttingen, Sauter took a teaching assignment and became acting director of the theoretical physics department at the University of Königsberg. In 1939, he became ordinarius professor of theoretical physics and director of the theoretical physics department at Königsberg. From 1942 to 1945, Sauter was ordinarius professor of theoretical physics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
From 1950 to 1951, Sauter had a teaching assignment and was substitute director of the theoretical physics department at Technische Hochschule Hanover. From 1951 to 1952, he had a teaching assignment at Göttingen and Bamberg Universities. In 1952, he became ordinarius professor and director of the theoretical physics department at the University of Cologne, which he held until achieving emeritus status in 1971.
Having been a student of Sommerfeld, Sauter was a superb mathematician. He wrote his own book on differential equations of physics, and, after Sommerfeld’s death in 1951, Sauter was editor on the 4th, 5th, and 6th editions of Sommerfeld’s book on the same subject, and he was also editor of the four volume, collected works of Sommerfeld. Sauter was also editor of books by Becker, with whom he had been an assistant in Berlin.
# David II of Imereti

David II (Georgian: დავით II, Davit II; 1756 – 11 January 1795), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was king (mepe) of Imereti (western Georgia) from 1784 to 1789 and from 1790 to 1791.

## Life

He was the son of George IX of Imereti, who had briefly ruled in 1741. After the death of his cousin, King Solomon I, he became a regent but prevented the rival princes David (the future king Solomon II) and George from being crowned. With the support of Katsia II Dadiani, prince of Mingrelia, he seized the throne and proclaimed himself king on May 4, 1784. He attempted to establish a contact with Imperial Russia and to restrict the powers of great nobles. In 1787 David sent the poet Besiki ostensibly to negotiate with the Russians (Besiki was rumoured to be the lover of David's queen). Besiki lingered in Ukraine until 1789, forbidden to proceed to St Petersburg, and eventually dying in Iaşi. David's policy drew many leading aristocrats, including the Mingrelian prince Grigol Dadiani, into opposition. In 1789, King Heraclius II of Georgia sent his army into Imereti and helped David-Solomon to expel David II into Akhaltsikhe in the Ottoman-held Georgian province. In 1790, he returned with a Turkish force and deposed Solomon II, but was eventually defeated and fled Imereti. Later, through the mediation of Heraclius, David was allowed to return to Imereti and granted a fiefdom. Between 1792 and 1794, he attempted, with the Dagestan mercenaries, to reclaim the crown, but suffered a defeat and withdrew from Imereti. In January 1795, David died of smallpox while in exile at Akhaltsikhe.

## Family

David married to Ana Orbeliani (1765–1832), daughter of Prince Mamuka Orbeliani. They were the parents of:
* Princess Tamar (1781 – 7 April 1840), wife of Prince Simon Eristavi of Guria.
* Princess Mzekhatun (1783 – 2 February 1829), wife of Prince Simon Tsereteli (1773–1855).
* Princess Marta (born 1784)
* Prince Constantine (1789–1844), heir to the throne of Imereti, subsequently major-general of the Russian service.
David also had natural children:
* Prince Rostom (died 1820), whose son, Vakhtang, rose in revolt against the Russian rule in 1820.
* Princess Anastasia (died c. 1818), wife of Prince Davit Agiashvili.
# JNR Class ED78

The Class ED78 (ED78形) was a Bo-2-Bo wheel arrangement AC electric locomotive type operated in Japan from 1968 until the 1990s. 14 locomotives were built by Hitachi between 1967 and 1980.

## Operations

The locomotives were introduced to operate on the steeply-graded Ou Main Line between Fukushima and Yonezawa, which was converted from 1,500 V DC electrification to 20 kV AC in October 1968. The locomotives often worked in multiple with Class EF71 locomotives.

## History

A prototype locomotive, initially classified ED94 and numbered ED94 1, was delivered in 1967, with full-production locomotives delivered from 1968 until 1980. ED94 1 was modified and renumbered ED78 901 in 1968. All 14 locomotives were built by Hitachi in Mito, Ibaraki, with modifications to convert ED94 1 to ED78 901 carried out at JNR's Koriyama factory.
Following the conversion of the Ou Main Line to standard gauge as part of the Yamagata Shinkansen in 1992, the Class ED78s were transferred to duties on the Tohoku Main Line and Senzan Line before ultimately being withdrawn.

### Build history

The individual build dates of the fleet were as follows.
| Number | Build year | Remarks |
| ED78 901 | 1967 | Originally built as ED94 1 |
| ED78 1 | 1968 | |
| ED78 2 | 1968 | |
| ED78 3 | 1968 | |
| ED78 4 | 1968 | |
| ED78 5 | 1968 | |
| ED78 6 | 1968 | |
| ED78 7 | 1968 | |
| ED78 8 | 1968 | |
| ED78 9 | 1968 | |
| ED78 10 | 1970 | |
| ED78 11 | 1970 | |
| ED78 12 | 1980 | |
| ED78 13 | 1980 | |

## Preserved examples

As of 2015, one member of the class is preserved: ED78 1. This locomotive was withdrawn in February 1987, and was subsequently stored at Fukushima Depot before being preserved at Fukushima Station. It was then moved to a site adjoining Rifu Station in Miyagi Prefecture, and later moved to the nearby Sendai General Shinkansen Depot. It was moved to Hitachi's Mito factory in Hitachinaka, Ibaraki in 2015 and cosmetically restored in 2016.
* ED78 1 preserved near Rifu Station in August 2002
* ED78 1 preserved at Sendai General Depot in July 2008
* ED78 1 preserved inside the Hitachi Mito factory in May 2017

## Classification

The ED78 classification for this locomotive type is explained below.
* E: Electric locomotive
* D: Four driving axles
* 7x: AC locomotive with maximum speed exceeding 85 km/h (55 mph)
# Aurangabadi Mahal

Aurangabadi Mahal (died 1688) was a consort (concubine) of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.

## Origins

Aurangabadi Mahal either belonged to Aurangabad, or had entered Aurangzeb's harem in the city of Aurangabad. She was either Georgian or Circassian by origin (see Black Sea slave trade). Ever since from the reign of Emperor Akbar, it had been ordained that the names of the women of the imperial harem should not be mentioned in public, they should be designated by some epithet, derived either from the place of their birth or the city or country where they had entered the imperial harem.
According to some sources it is also said that Aurangzeb married to Arzani Begum Daughter of Prince Shahreyar Mirza, Granddaughter of Jahangir and Nur Jahan. It is said that after the death of Noor Jahan and Ladli Begum as Arzani Begum became alone Aurangzeb brought her from Lahore to Aurangabad and got married for her support. After the marriage her name is to be named as Aurangabadi Mahal.

## Consort

On 28 September 1661, she gave birth to Aurangzeb's youngest daughter, Mihr-un-nissa Begum. She was the ninth child of her father, and the only child of her mother.
In March 1680, Yalangtosh Khan Bahadur was sent to bring Aurangabadi, and Princess Zeb-un-nissa Begum from Delhi to Ajmer. Both of them reached there in May, and were welcomed by Prince Muhammad Azam Shah Mirza, who conducted them to the imperial harem. However, in February 1681, when Prince Muhammad Akbar Mirza had initiated a rebellion against his father, Aurangzeb, Aurangabadi was sent back to Delhi. She was accompanied by Salima Banu Begum, wife of Prince Muhammad Akbar Mirza and daughter of Prince Sulaiman Shikoh Mirza.
In March 1686, before Aurangzeb's march to capture the fort of Bijapur, Khan Jahan Bahadur was sent to Burhanpur to bring Aurangabadi. An emerald smarani was made over to him for her. She reached Aurangzeb's camp at Sholapur from Delhi in May 1686, and was welcomed at the door of the fort near the deorhi by Prince Muhammad Kam Bakhsh Mirza. She followed Aurangzeb to Bijapur, and remained there after its conquest in September 1686.

## Death

In November 1688, Aurangabadi was still living in Bijapur, when plague spread out in the city. The plague was the cause of death of a number of people, and one of its victims was Aurangabadi Mahal. After her death, Saqi Must'ad Khan, the author of the "Ma'asir-i-Alamgiri" described her as 'the Emperor's parastar, the old and devoted hand-maid.'
When Zeb-un-nissa Begum heard of her illness, she was deeply grieved, for she had always been nice to everybody. Her death removed the last rival of Aurangzeb's youngest and most beloved concubine, Udaipuri Mahal, the mother of Prince Kam Bakhsh.
# Sombold So 344

The Sombold 344 Schußjäger (Shoot Fighter) was a rocket-powered aircraft designed in 1943/44 by engineer Heinz Sombold in Naumburg/Saale, Germany. The project came about when the Luftwaffe was seeking an emergency interceptor to combat the allied bombing raids over Nazi Germany in the last years of World War II.

## Description

The So 344 was originally intended as a parasite escort fighter armed with two MG 81 machine guns and one MK 108 cannon, but its original design was changed in January 1944. The second version of the aircraft retained the two machine guns, but its front section was a detachable explosive nose with stabilizing fins filled with 400 kg of explosives. The pilot sat in the cockpit near the tail which was in the back section. The plane proper had a wingspan of 5.7 m and a length of 5.3 m. Including the ejectable nose its length would be 7 m.
The plane would have been released from a mother plane upon reaching combat altitude. Then it would ignite its single Walter HWK 109-509 rocket engine and dive towards the enemy bomber fleet at a 45-degree angle. Shortly before contact it would release its explosive nose, equipped with a proximity fuze, into the center of the combat box formation in a way that it would damage as many bombers as possible. Then it would try to get away with the remaining fuel in its rocket engine and finally land on its fixed skid.
Owing to the extreme risks for the pilot inherent in the operation of this aircraft, the Sombold So 344 is sometimes listed as a suicide weapon. However, it was not intended as such, even though the chances of survival would have been very limited for the pilot of such a dangerous artifact.
A 1/5 scale model was built for aerodynamic tests, however the project was abandoned shortly before the end of the European conflict.
# Chlorargyrite

Chlorargyrite is the mineral form of silver chloride (AgCl). Chlorargyrite occurs as a secondary mineral phase in the oxidation of silver mineral deposits. It crystallizes in the isometric–hexoctahedral crystal class. Typically massive to columnar in occurrence it also has been found as colorless to variably yellow cubic crystals. The color changes to brown or purple on exposure to light. It is quite soft with a Mohs hardness of 1 to 2 and dense with a specific gravity of 5.55. It is also known as cerargyrite and, when weathered by desert air, as horn silver. Bromian chlorargyrite (or embolite) is also common. Chlorargyrite is water-insoluble.
It occurs associated with native silver, cerussite, iodargyrite, atacamite, malachite, jarosite and various iron–manganese oxides.
It was first described in 1875 for occurrences in the Broken Hill district, New South Wales, Australia. The rich Bridal Chamber deposit at Lake Valley, Sierra County, New Mexico was almost pure chlorargyrite. The name is from the Greek, chloros for "pale green" and Latin for silver, argentum.
# CQD (disambiguation)

CQD is one of the first distress signals adopted for radio use.
CQD or cqd may also refer to:
* Carbon quantum dot, a carbon nanoparticle which is less than 10 nm in size and has some form of surface passivation
* Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao language (ISO 639-3: cqd), a Hmongic language spoken by the Hmong people
* Shahrekord Shahid Estaki International Airport (IATA: CQD), an airport in Shahrekord, Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, Iran
# Charles Valentine Brayne

Charles Valentine Brayne CMG (17 August 1877 – 16 November 1964) was a British colonial administrator who served in British Ceylon.

## Early life and education

Brayne was born on 17 August 1877 in Edgbaston, Warwickshire, the third son of Rev R. Brayne, Rector of Combe Hay, Somerset. He was educated at Monkton Combe School, and Pembroke College, Cambridge where he received his BA in 1899.

## Career

Brayne entered the Ceylon civil service in 1901 as a cadet at Jaffna District. He then transferred to Mannar District (1903) and then served as assistant to the Government Agent at Anuradhapura (1903); Assistant Collector of Customs, Trincomalee (1905); Assistant Government Agent, Northern Province (1906); District Judge at Badulla (1909); Assistant Government Agent, Colombo (1912), and Assistant Government Agent, Kalutara (1914–1916).
Brayne was appointed Special Commissioner for the Western Province in response to the 1915 Ceylonese riots which led to the declaration of martial law and resulted in over 100 deaths. Vested with the powers of a district judge and police magistrate, he was active in attempts to quell the riots, coordinating arrests of rioters, disarming villagers, recovering looted property and awarding compensation.
In 1920, Brayne was promoted to Government Agent of Western Province. In 1927, he served as Acting Controller of Revenue and was appointed a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils. He devised the Peasant Proprietors' Land Scheme to increase land ownership of farmers and encourage more food production. He then served as Commissioner of Lands, Ceylon (1931–1935). After he retired to England, he served as a member of Leatherhead Urban District Council (1938–1947).

## Personal life and death

Brayne married Amy Goodchild in 1906, with whom he had three daughters, and in 1922, married Blodwen Price.
Brayne died on 16 November 1964, aged 87.

## Honours

Brayne was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1935 Birthday Honours.
# Bayou Academy

Bayou Academy is a non-profit school located in unincorporated Bolivar County, Mississippi, near the City of Cleveland on Highway 8. The school serves about 500 students in grades Pre-Kindergarten through 12. The school is accredited by the Midsouth Association of Independent Schools.

## History

Bayou Academy was founded in 1964 as a segregation academy. In 1966, the all-white school board sold Skene Attendance Center to a white group called Skene Civic Improvement Society, Inc. for $1.00. The property was then leased to Bolivar Academy, achieving a transfer of public property to the segregationist group. After the United States Supreme Court decided Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education in 1969, ordering the desegregation of public schools in the South, the all-white Bayou Academy doubled its enrollment for the 1970 school year. In 2009, the old Skene school building burned to the ground.
In 2021 the former elementary school principal was arrested for placing a camera in the girls locker room.
Of the 372 students who attended in the 2011–2012 school year, 99 percent were white.
# Shady Hills, Indiana

Shady Hills is a neighborhood just north of Marion, Indiana in Grant County, Indiana. Like Marion, it is right off of Interstate 69. It was built throughout the 1940s and 1950s on the rolling hills just north of town.[citation needed] There is a golf course (Shady Hills Golf Club) adjoining the neighborhood. Nearby churches include First Friends and First Christian (Disciples of Christ). Marion's Matter Park is also very close. Originally children from Shady Hills attended Oak Hill Schools, but they now attend Marion Community Schools.[citation needed]
A notable architectural attraction is the Dr. Richard Davis House, "Woodside" designed by Frank Lloyd Wright located on Overlook Drive that runs through Shady Hills from Indiana 15 to North River Drive. Dr. Davis and his wife Madelyn Pugh (a writer for the I Love lucy TV show) had the home built, but after a short stay in Indiana, opted to move permanently to the west coast.
Shady hills is also about 30 miles east of the Kokomo Metropolitan Area
# Von Braun Interceptor

The von Braun Interceptor was a VTOL rocket-powered interceptor designed by Wernher von Braun. This aircraft would have used the technology Von Braun had developed for the V-2 rocket during World War II. Von Braun put forward the proposal to Reichsluftfahrtministerium, on July 6, 1939, but project was ultimately not built.

## Background

In 1936, von Braun worked to convert some propeller aircraft to be powered by more powerful rocket engines. In 1937, the He 112 V3 and He 112 V5 were fitted with rocket engines, but the V3 was destroyed when it suffered an engine explosion during a test. The He 112 V5, piloted by test pilot Erich Warsitz, was flown to 800 meters (2,625 feet), where Warsitz fired the rocket motor. The He 112 V5 was the first aircraft to be powered by a liquid-fueled rocket engine, paving the way for more rocket-powered planes built by Germany during World War II.

## Design

The von Braun Interceptor featured a conventional design with straight, tapered wings. Two fuel tanks, one with alcohol and the other with liquid-oxygen, where located behind the pilot, while the rocket engine was located in the tail. The aircraft was to have an armored, pressurized cockpit for high-altitude flight. The von Braun Interceptor would take off vertically like the V-2 rocket. The plane would be stored, fueled and readied for takeoff in a hangar with its nose pointed to the sky, and thus would not need an airfield. The aircraft would slide out on two rails to take off or to be loaded onto a launch vehicle. As the aircraft climbed to altitude, the vanes in the rocket exhaust would be used for control. As the aircraft moved from vertical to horizontal flight the pilot would move to conventional controls and an auxiliary combustion chamber. After the attack, the aircraft would glide back to the base. The 1936 design was very much ahead of its time, as the V-2 rocket would not make its first flight until 1944. This is one of the reasons that the project was not adopted in 1936. A second design for the von Braun Interceptor had wings with rounded ends and used Visol and SV-Stoff for fuel. With the new fuel, the von Braun Interceptor would be launched from a truck and was intended to be easier to fuel. The von Braun Interceptor was to be armed with four guns; two per wing.
The von Braun Interceptor plans were given to the Fieseler Company, which developed it into the Fi 166 in 1941. The von Braun Interceptor also inspired the Bachem Ba 349 Natter.
# Macrodon

Macrodon is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Sciaenidae, the drums and croakers. These fishes are found in the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic Oceans.

## Taxonomy

Macrodon was first proposed as a genus by the Swiss physician and naturalist Heinrich Rudolf Schinz with Lonchurus ancylodon, a species described in 1801 by Marcus Elieser Bloch and Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider from Surinam, as its type species. Macrodon was a replacement name for Lorenz Oken's Ancylodon which was preoccupied by Ancylodon Illiger, 1811, a cetacean genus. This genus has been placed in the subfamily Cynoscioninae by some workers, but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sciaenidae which it places in the order Acanthuriformes.

## Etymology

Macrodon means “large tooth” and is an allusion to the large, backwards curving teeth in front of the upper jaw.

## Species

Macrodon contains three species:
* Macrodon ancylodon (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) (King weakfish)
* Macrodon atricauda (Günther, 1880) (Southern King Weakfish)
* Macrodon mordax (Gilbert & Starks, 1904) (Dogteeth weakfish)

## Characteristics

Macrodon weakfishes have elongated, compressed bodies. They have moderately large eyes and a large mouth which is diagonal and points upwards with a protruding lower jaw. There are no barbels on the chin and there are two pores, one on each side, of the snout. They have large, pointed teeth with the two in the front of the upper jaw are canine-like and recurved with barbed tips. The preoperculum is soft and has small serrations. The anal fin has a short base with two weakspines and eight or nine soft rays. The rear edge of the caudal fin has a S shape. The scales are small and the soft rayed part of the dorsal fin nd the anal fin are scaled. The maximum published total length of these fishes is 45 cm (18 in) for M. ancylodon and M. atricauda while in M. mordax it is 50 cm (20 in).

## Distribution and habitat

Macrodon weakfishes are found off the coasts of southern Central America and South America. Two species are found in the western Atlantic from Venezuela south to northern Argentina. One species, M. mordax is found in the eastern Pacific from Panama to Ecuador. They are coastal fishes of shallow waters including lagoons and estuaries.

## Fisheries and conservation

Macrodon weakfishes are either deliberately targeted or caught as bycatch by commercial and artisanal fisheries and they are valued as food fish. The two Atlantic species are classified by the IUCN as Least Concern while M. mordax is Data Deficient.