OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dicentrarchus

Dicentrarchus is a genus of ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Moronidae, the temperate basses. The two species in this genus are found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The species in this genus are economically important food fishes.

## Classification

Dicentrarchus was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1860 by the American ichthyologist Theodore Gill with Perca elongata, which had been described in 1817 by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire from the Mediterranean Sea of Egypt, designated as its type species. The genus is one of two in the family Moronidae which belongs to the order Moroniformes.

## Etymology

Dicentrarchus is a combination of di, “two”, with kentron, “thorn” or “spine”, and archos, “anus”. This is an allusion to the two anal fin spines Gill thought the European seabass had. In fact, both species have three spines in their anal fins and Gill admitted he did not actually examine a specimen.

## Species

Dicentrarchus currently has two species classified within it:
| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
| | Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) | European seabass | eastern Atlantic Ocean (from Norway to Senegal), the Mediterranean Sea, and the Black Sea |
| | Dicentrarchus punctatus (Bloch, 1792) | spotted seabass | coastal eastern Atlantic Ocean from the English Channel to the Canary Islands and Senegal, as well as through the Mediterranean Sea |

## Characteristics

Dicentrarchus seabasses have a finely serrated rear margin to the preoperculum with the lower edge having robust, forward pointing denticles. There are two flat sines on the operculum. They have two separated dorsal fins and their caudal fin is moderately forked. The largest of these fishes is the European seabass which has a maximum published total length of 103 cm (41 in).

## Distribution, habitat and biology

Dicentrarchus seabasses are coastal fishes found in the eastern Atlantic, from Norway south to Senegal, and the Mediterranean. These fishes are euryhaline and eurythermal. They are sociable when young. Their eggs and larvae are pelagic. These fishes are predatory, preying on crustaceans and other fishes.

## Utilisation

Dicentrarchus seabasses have a very palatable flesh and are economically important.
# Caesio

Caesio is a genus of marine ray-finned fish, fusiliers belonging to the family Lutjanidae. They are native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean, although one species has invaded the eastern Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal by Lessepsian migration.

## Taxonomy

Caesio was created in 1801 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède when he described Caesio caerilaurea. In 1876 the Dutch ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker designated C. caerulaurea as the type species of the genus Caesio. The genus name, Caesio, means ”blue”.

## Species

Currently, 9 species in this genus are recognized, organised into three subgenera according to some authorities:
* Subgenus Caesio
** Caesio caerulaurea Lacépède, 1801 – blue and gold fusilier
** Caesio striata Rüppell, 1830 – striated fusilier
** Caesio varilineata K. E. Carpenter, 1987 – variable-lined fusilier
** Caesio xanthalytos Holleman, Connell & K. E. Carpenter, 2013
* Subgenus Flavicaesio
** Caesio suevica Klunzinger, 1884 – Suez fusilier
** Caesio teres Seale, 1906 – yellow and blueback fusilier
** Caesio xanthonota Bleeker, 1853 – yellowback fusilier
* Subgenus Odontonectes
** Caesio cuning (Bloch, 1791) – redbelly yellowtail fusilier
** Caesio lunaris G. Cuvier, 1830 – lunar fusilier

## Characteristics

Caesio fusiliers have a reasonably high, fusiform and elongate body which is moderately laterally compressed. They have a continuous dorsal fin which has 10 spines, all of which are connected by membranes and have 13-16 soft rays. The anal fin has 3 spines and 10-13 soft rays. Both these fins have scales. The pectoral fins have 17 -23 rays. They may be plain or have one or more horizontal stripes and there may be black markings on the tail, typically black spots on the tips of the lobes or black lines in the middle of lobes.

## Distribution and habitat

Caesio fusiliers are found in coastal areas of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, including the Red Sea. One species, C. varilineata has been recorded in the eastern Mediterranean, probably having reached there through the Suez Canal as a Lessepsian migrant. They are mainly found on coral reefs.

## Biology

Caesio fusiliers are sociable fishes which aggregate in schools, frequently forming mixed species schools with other fusilier species. These fish have a diet dominated by zooplankton from midwater while in their schools. They attain sexual maturity quickly and the females have high fecundity. They lay numerous small, pelagic eggs and spawning occurs throughout much of the year. Spawning aggregations form at periods determined by lunar cycles.

## Fisheries

Caesio fusiliers are of some importance to inshore fisheries. They are taken using drive-in nets, gili nets, traps, trawls, and handlines. The catch is sold as fresh fish or preserved as salted fish. The juveniles of some species are caught to be used as bait in tuna fisheries.
# Chaetodontoplus ballinae

Chaetodontoplus ballinae, the Ballina angelfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish, belonging to the family Pomacanthidae. It is endemic to eastern Australia.

## Description

Chaetodontoplus ballinae Has a pearly-white body broken by a distinct black band which runs across the back and lower part of the dorsal fin, with the front part reaching down in a bar running over the base of the pectoral fin. The lips are black and there is a vertical dusky bar through the eye. The anal fin, the upper half of dorsal fin and the pelvic fins are white. The eye, front few spines in the dorsal fin, the caudal fin and the pectoral fin are yellow. It attains a maximum length of 20 centimetres (7.9 in).

## Distribution

Chaetodontoplus ballinae is endemic to the southwestern Pacific Ocean off the coasts of Eastern Australia. It has been recorded from widely separated localities including Stradbroke Island in southern Queensland, in northern New South Wales at Coffs Harbour, Ballina, Evans Head, North Solitary Island and Seal Rocks. It also occurs around Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea.

## Habitat and biology

Chaetodontoplus ballinae is found in subtropical areas at depths between 15 and 120 metres (49 and 394 ft). It is found in deep coastal offshore reefs, as well as around sea mounts. They are relatively numerous in the vicinity of Balls Pyramid off Lord Howe Island. Here they may be observed in deeper habitats where there are large boulders, rock piles, peaks, caves and crevices. Ball’s Pyramid is almost the only place where the Ballina angelfish has been photographed. Little is known about the biology of the Ballina angelfish, although it has been recorded in pairs or as solitary fishes.

## Systematics

Chaetodontoplus ballinae was first formally described in 1959 by the Australian ichthyologist Gilbert Percy Whitley (1903-1975), with the type locality given as off Ballina Bar in New South Wales. The type locality is reflected in the specific name, ballinae. The colour and patterning of the Ballina angelfish are unique within the genus Chaetodontoplus.

## Conservation

Chaetodontoplus ballinae has been classified as Least Concern by the IUCN. It does not appear in the aquarium trade as it has full legal protection in Australia. It is subject to some bycatch by fisheries.
# Sturddlefish

The sturddlefish is a hybrid of the American paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) and the Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii), accidentally created by researchers in 2019 and announced in 2020. Obtaining living hybrids through breeding individuals from different families is unusual, especially given that the two species' last common ancestor lived 184 million years ago. The hybrids were created accidentally during attempts to induce gynogenesis, a type of parthenogenic reproduction where a sperm cell must be present to trigger embryogenesis but does not genetically contribute to the offspring. Hundreds of hybrid fish were created, of which about two-thirds survived over one month, and about 100 survived for one year. As of July 2020, all living hybrid fish are living in captivity at the research lab in Hungary. There are no current plans to create new sturddlefish.

## Background

Both the American paddlefish and the Russian sturgeon are endangered species. Researchers in Hungary conducted experiments designed to test if either species could be bred in captivity. As part of these experiments, an attempt was made to induce gynogenesis with each species. During the course of the experiments, the researchers used sperm from paddlefish fathers instead of sperm from sturgeons to act as a control in the fertilizing of female sturgeons. The researchers were surprised when viable offspring resulted.
The two species share a most recent common ancestor which lived in the Early Jurassic, approximately 184 mya. For this reason, the potential for a hybrid between these two species was not initially considered by the researchers, who later speculated that in spite of the long time span that there were relatively few genetic changes between the species. Both fish have been called "living fossils" due to their slow evolution over time. The American paddlefish is the only species of paddlefish living after the extinction of the Chinese paddlefish, which was estimated to be extinct by 2005, and no later than by 2010. Sturgeons are considered by IUCN to be the most critically endangered group of species in the world based on over 85% of sturgeon species being at risk of extinction.

## Description

Two distinct groups of hybrids were formed. Individuals in the first group have approximately equal amounts of DNA from each species, and display approximately equal amounts of physical characteristics from each parent. Members of the other group contained approximately twice as much sturgeon DNA due to chromosome doubling, and for this reason have physical appearances more similar to sturgeons. It is expected that the sturddlefish hybrids will be sterile, as is the most frequent outcome for hybrids with distantly related parents.

## Potential

The Sturddlefish may have the potential to reduce the carbon footprint and cost of feeding farm fish cultivated for caviar production, among other aims. However, due to the hybrids' likely sterilization, that is probably not an option. Because of this, along with the unknown effects that the sturddlefish could have on ecosystems, the researchers who created the sturddlefish have decided not to create more.
# Tanaka Chōbei

Tanaka Chōbei (田中 長兵衛) was a merchant and purveyor to Japan's military during the Meiji Period. He established Kamaishi Mine Tanaka Ironworks (Kamaishi Kōzan Tanaka Seitetsusho) in 1887, which was Japan's first modern private ironworks and remained the only one in the country until 1901, when the state-run ironworks was built again.
A few years earlier, in 1874, Japan's Ministry of Industries (Kōbushō) had decided to build a modern furnace at Kamaishi . It appointed German engineers who went on to build a large-scale mill (with a railway system to carry the product and iron ore) utilizing two imported 25-ton furnaces. Local experts had advised a more modest method of learn-by-doing and gradual scale-up. The government, which never questioned the superiority of Western technology, overrode these objections and proceeded to construct the plant and operation started in 1890. However, within 196 days the plant had to be shut down and the government gave up- mainly due to the poor quality of coke made from Japanese coal.
Tanaka entered the steel business by taking over this loss-making government-run enterprise. He reverted to the earlier advise of building with smaller furnaces (5-6 ton), adapting the technology to local conditions, and then scaling up. Building on local knowledge, he adapted foreign technology through a process of trial and error – it took his people 22 months and 49 trial operations before they could finally produce iron. There was also help from Kageyoshi Noro.
By 1894, Tanaka was in a position not only to repair but also redesign British-made furnaces and succeeded in restarting them using coke as fuel.
Tanaka Chōbei owned mines all over Japan, as well as the Jinguashi mine in northern Taiwan. His ironworks in Kamaishi produced the majority of Japan's domestic pig iron in 1894.

## Honors

* Medal of Honor with Yellow Ribbon (23 May 1887)
# Red Eagle Mountain

Red Eagle Mountain (8,881 feet (2,707 m)) is located in the Lewis Range, Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. Red Eagle Mountain rises more than 4,000 ft (1,200 m) above Saint Mary Lake and is easily seen from the Going-to-the-Sun Road and the entrance to the park from the village of St. Mary, Montana as well as at Rising Sun. The mountain was named according to James Willard Schultz, "by his Indian wife in 1887, for her uncle, Red Eagle, who had saved their son's life with his prayers to the Sun".

## Geology

Like other mountains in Glacier National Park, the peak is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was initially uplifted beginning 170 million years ago when the Lewis Overthrust fault pushed an enormous slab of precambrian rocks 3 mi (4.8 km) thick, 50 miles (80 km) wide and 160 miles (260 km) long over younger rock of the cretaceous period.

## Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, the peak is located in an alpine subarctic climate zone with long, cold, snowy winters, and cool to warm summers. Temperatures can drop below −10 °F with wind chill factors below −30 °F.

## Gallery

* Red Eagle Mountain detail
* Red Eagle Mountain, north aspect from St. Mary Lake
* Red Eagle to the left side
# Lemhi

Lemhi could refer to:

## People

* Lemhi Shoshone, a band of Shoshone in Idaho / Pacific Northwest region
* Limhi, a king mentioned in the Book of Mormon of Mormonism

## Places

* Fort Lemhi, a fort built by Mormon missionaries in 1855 near modern Tendoy, Idaho
* Lemhi, Idaho, an unincorporated community
* Lemhi County, Idaho
* Lemhi County Airport, a public airport located south of Salmon, Idaho
* Lemhi National Forest, in Idaho
* Lemhi Pass, pass in the Rocky Mountains between Idaho and Montana
* Lemhi River, a tributary of the Salmon River in Idaho
* National Register of Historic Places listings in Lemhi County, Idaho

## Other

* Lemhi Gold, a thoroughbred racehorse
# Siege of Barentu

The siege of Barentu took place in 1977 in and around the town of Barentu. It was jointly laid to siege by the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) and the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) against the forces of Ethiopia.

## The battle

The town of Barentu was defended by a large garrison of Ethiopian troops. The garrison had constructed numerous fortifications to improve the defensibility of the town. Furthermore, a local Kunama militia had been raised to support the Ethiopian troops.
The Ethiopian garrison was reorganized as Task Force 507, while the Ethiopian Air Force deployed their F-5Es in Mekelle and began using their air superiority to their advantage. This close air support inflicted heavy casualties on the forces of the ELF and EPLF who were conducting their first major joint operation. The failure of this joint operation would have significant consequences later in the War of Independence.
On 13 June 1978, the EPLF and the ELF attempted to storm the town of Barentu in a coordinated assault, however this town was situated on high ground and they were soon exposed to heavy firepower. The EPLF lost 150 troops and 1 tank. According to reports, fighting between the ELF and EPLF also happened, and caused around 400 casualties. The EPLF and the ELF would abandon the siege before retreating to Agordat in August 1978.
The failure of the siege and the heavy losses incurred by both the ELF and EPLF forces in this battle, as well as the failure at the First Battle of Massawa, led to the withdrawal of rebel forces.
# Cantieri navali Tosi di Taranto

The Cantieri navali Tosi di Taranto (Tosi Shipyard at Taranto) is a defunct Italian shipyard founded in 1914 by engineering company Franco Tosi & C. Between World War I and World War II it specialized in building submarines. The company never really recovered from the devastation from World War II and it was one of the first acquisitions of the newly formed financial holding company, Fincantieri, on 29 December 1959. The shipyard closed on 31 December 1990.

## Ships built

Some of the vessels built at this shipyard are listed below.

### Submarines

For the Regia Marina
* N class : 2 of 6 units, built 1917-19
* Mameli class : 4 units, built 1926–28
* Bragadin class : 2 units, built 1929–30
* Settembrini class : 2 units, built 1930–31
* Argonauta class : 2 of 7 units, built 1931–32
* Sirena class : 2 of 12 units, built 1933
* Archimede class : 4 units, built 1933–34
* Micca class : 1 unit, built 1935
* Adua class : 4 of 17 units, built 1936–38
* Foca class : 3 units, built 1937–38
* Brin class : 5 units, built 1938–39
* Liuzzi class : 4 units, built 1939–40
* Acciaio class : 3 of 13 units, built 1941–42
* Romolo class : 2 of 12 units built, 1943
* Flutto class (Type I): 2 units 1943 (not completed)
For the Marina Militare
* Pietro Calvi (1959)
For foreign navies
* Santa Fe (1931) - Argentine Navy
* Santiago del Estero (1932) - Argentine Navy
* Salta (1932) - Argentine Navy

### Warships

* Tarantola (1942) - ammunition transport, Regia Marina
* Canopo D-570 (1955) - frigate, Marina Militare
* Cigno D-572 (1955) - frigate, Marina Militare
* Castore D-573 (1955) - frigate, Marina Militare
* Trifoglio M 5541 (1955) - minesweeper, Marina Militare

### Other ships

* Principessa Giovanna (1923) - passenger ship, later converted to hospital ship
* Epomeo (1929) - passenger ship, later converted to auxiliary cruiser
* Lago Zuai (1939) - cargo ship, later converted to auxiliary cruiser
* Sestriere (1943) - passenger ship
* Sises (1948) - passenger ship
* Paşabahçe (1952) - laid down for Regia Marina during WWII, later converted to passenger ship for İstanbul Şehir Hatları
# M. M. Thahir

M. M. Thahir is a Sri Lankan politician and a member of the All Ceylon Makkal Congress. He was elected to the parliament in the 2024 Sri Lankan parliamentary election representing Ampara Electoral District. He is a businessman by profession and also a former chairman of Ninthavur Pradeshiya Sabha, and worked as a member of ACMC high command committee for many years.

## Electoral history

Electoral history of M. M. Thahir :
| Election | Constituency | Party | Party | Votes | Result | Ref. |
| 2024 parliamentary | Ampara District | ACMC | | 14,511 | Elected | |
# Pomacanthus maculosus

Pomacanthus maculosus, the yellowbar angelfish, half-moon angelfish, yellow-marked angelfish, yellowband angelfish or yellow-blotched angelfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a marine angelfish belonging to the family Pomacanthidae. It is found in the western Indian Ocean and, more recently, in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

## Description

Pomacanthus maculosus has a deep and compressed body with a small mouth that is equipped with small bristle-like teeth. They have an obvious spine at the angle of the preoperculum. The adults have filaments extending back from the soft-rayed parts of the dorsal and anal fins, reaching past the caudal fin. The background colour of adults is brownish blue with each scale having a blue margin creating the impression that it is predominantly blue. There is an uneven, yellow bar close to the centre of the flanks with dark blue, vertically elongated spots towards the head. The caudal fin has wavy, blue lines on a pale yellow background. The juveniles are mainly black marked with many, arced, vertical blue lines and three broader white lines. Only the rear third of the caudal fin is yellow. The dorsal fin has 12–13 spines and 21 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 19–20 soft rays. This species attains a maximum total length of 50 cm (20 in).

## Distribution

Pomacanthus maculosus is found in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. It has been recorded on distinct but uncommon occasions since 2008 in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. It has also been recorded off Florida and Brazil, regarded as an instance of deliberate releases from an aquarium.

## Habitat and biology

Pomacanthus maculosus is found at depths of between 4 and 50 metres (13 and 164 ft). It is a solitary species that lives in sheltered areas, often where there is a mixture of coral and silt. Their diet is dominated by sponges and tunicates, although other invertebrates will be eaten opportunistically. The females attain sexual maturity when they reach around 5.5 years of age and a total length of 21.6 cm (8.5 in). The maximum longevity is thought to be 36 years old. Divers have noted that this is a curious species and is not shy. They are protogynous hermaphrodites and the older females can change sex to become males when there is a shortage of males. The larvae are planktonic.

## Systematics

Pomacanthus maculosus was first formally described in 1775 as Chaetodon maculosus in 1775 by the Finnish born Swede Peter Forsskål (1732–1763) the type locality is given as Al-Luhayya, Yemen. Some authorities place this species in the subgenus Arusetta. The specific name maculosus means "spotted" and a reference to either the blue spots on the scales or the large yellow blotch.

## Utilisation

Pomacanthus maculosus is occasionally collected for the aquarium trade. In some parts of the Persian Gulf it has been recorded in fish markets.
# Muscle Ridge Islands, Maine

Muscle Ridge Islands is an archipelago and unorganized territory off the coast of South Thomaston in Knox County, Maine, United States. The population was 9 at the 2020 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of 49.7 square miles (128.6 km$^2$), of which 0.95 square miles (2.45 km$^2$) is land and 48.7 square miles (126.2 km$^2$) is water (98%). The archipelago includes over a dozen islands, including Andrews, Dix, Fisherman, Pleasant, Graffam, and Two Bush Island, which is home to the Two Bush Island Light.
# Georges-Casimir Dessaulles

Georges-Casimir Dessaulles (September 29, 1827 – April 19, 1930), was a Canadian businessman, statesman and senator. Dessaulles was one of the oldest serving politicians ever, only surpassed by Giovanni Battista Borea d'Olmo. Appointed to the Senate of Canada representing the Province of Quebec in 1907 at age 80, Dessaulles served for 23 years before dying at age 102.
Dessaulles was born in Saint-Hyacinthe, Lower Canada in 1827, the son of Jean Dessaulles and a nephew of Louis-Joseph Papineau. Dessaulles attended college at Georgetown University where he was a member of the Philodemic Society, graduating in 1848. Before becoming senator, Dessaulles was president of the Bank of Saint-Hyacinthe, and mayor of Saint-Hyacinthe. He also represented Saint-Hyacinthe in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1897 to 1900. He was a last-minute candidate for the provincial seat, having been nominated after the death of the previous candidate, his son-in-law Maurice St-Jacques.
In 1857, he had married Émilie-Emma, the daughter of judge Dominique Mondelet; in 1869, he married Louise-Frances Leman after the death of his first wife. His 100th birthday was marked as a historic moment in the senate, because Dessaulles had become only the second sitting senator to reach the age of 100 (the other being David Wark). At his death in 1930, Dessaulles was the oldest sitting politician in the world. To date, no one has beaten this record.
Dessaulles is also renowned for only having spoken twice while serving as a Senator. Once to deny that his appointment was part of a corrupt bargain, and a second time to thank his fellow senators for his portrait, on his 100th birthday.
His daughter Henriette Dessaulles became a noted writer and journalist.