OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Curassow

Curassows are one of the three major groups of cracid birds. They comprise the largest-bodied species of the cracid family. Three of the four genera are restricted to tropical South America; a single species of Crax ranges north to Mexico. They form a distinct clade which is usually classified as the subfamily Cracinae.
| Genus | Living Species |
| Nothocrax | Nocturnal curassow, Nothocrax urumutum |
| Mitu | Crestless curassow, Mitu tomentosum Alagoas curassow, Mitu mitu - extinct in the wild (mid-late 1980s) Salvin's curassow, Mitu salvini Razor-billed curassow, Mitu tuberosum |
| Pauxi – Helmeted curassows | Helmeted curassow, or Northern Helmeted Curassow Pauxi pauxi Horned curassow or Southern Helmeted Curassow, Pauxi unicornis Sira curassow, Pauxi koepckeae |
| Crax | Great curassow, Crax rubra Blue-billed curassow, Crax alberti Yellow-knobbed curassow, Crax daubentoni Wattled curassow, Crax globulosa Red-billed curassow Crax blumenbachii Bare-faced curassow, Crax fasciolata Black curassow, Crax alector Belem curassow, Crax pinima |

## Evolution

In line with the other 3 main lineages of cracids (chachalacas, true guans, and the horned guan), mt and nDNA sequence data indicates that the curassows diverged from their closest living relatives (probably the guans) at some time during the Oligocene, or c.35–20 mya (Pereira et al. 2002). This data must be considered preliminary until corroborated by material (e.g. fossil) evidence however.
What appears certain from analysis of the molecular data, calibrated against geological events that would have induced speciation, is that there are 2 major lineages of curassows: one containing only Crax, and another made up of Mitu and Pauxi. The position of the peculiar nocturnal curassow is not well resolved; it might be closer to the latter, but in any case, it diverged around the same time as the split between the two major lineages. All curassow genera appear to have diverged, in fact, during the Tortonian (early Late Miocene): the initial split took place some 10–9 mya, and Pauxi diverged from Mitu some 8–7.4 mya (but see genus article).(Pereira & Baker 2004)
Unlike the other cracids, biogeography and phylogeny indicate that the extant lineages of curassows probably originated in the lowlands of the western/northwestern Amazonas basin, most likely in the general area where the borders of Brazil, Peru and Colombia meet. In the two larger genera, vicariant speciation seems to have played a major role.(Pereira et al. 2002, Pereira & Baker 2004)
# Central Square Historic District (Lynn, Massachusetts)

The Central Square Historic District is a historic district encompassing the Central Square area of downtown Lynn, Massachusetts. The area is at the confluence of a number of city streets, and includes buildings that border on Central Avenue, Willow Street, Munroe Street, Lake Street, Almont Street. It is a small part of Lynn's "Burned District", a large area of the downtown that was destroyed by fire in 1889. One of the first buildings built after the fire, the Bergengren Block, stands at the corner of Union Street and Central Square. It also includes the Mowers' Block, listed on the National Register in 1982.
The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
# Charles Sumner House

The Charles Sumner House is a historic house on Beacon Hill in Boston, Massachusetts. The brick townhouse, built c. 1806, is notable as the home for many years of Charles Sumner (1811–1874), an outspoken and aggressive political opponent of slavery, whose beating on the floor of the United States Senate in 1856 was a defining moment of the pre-American Civil War period. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973.

## Description and history

The Sumner is a four-story townhouse, faced in brick, which was built c. 1806. The interior has a typical side hall plan, with a front parlor, behind which are a sitting room and kitchen. Its upper floors have similar arrangements of rooms. The house was Charles Sumner's home for thirty years.
Charles Sumner was born to abolitionist parents, and was educated at Harvard College, where he studied law under Joseph Story. Sumner became politically active in the fight against slavery in the 1840s, when he also gained a reputation as an orator. He helped found the abolitionist Free Soil Party in 1848, under whose banner he won election to the United States Senate in 1851. This marked the beginning of a more vocal and aggressive opposition to slavery in the political halls of Washington, D.C. His searing verbal reprobation of his opponents escalated into violence when he was beaten unconscious on the floor of the Senate by South Carolina Representative Preston Brooks in 1856, an event that emotionally polarized the country. After Sumner's recovery, he returned to the Senate, where he played a leading role as a Radical Republican during the American Civil War, as an advocate of emancipation. After the war he championed civil rights for free slaves during the Reconstruction Era, and played a role in the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson.
The house was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

## Images

* Sumner House
* Sumner House
# Cherry Valley Village Historic District

Cherry Valley Village Historic District is a national historic district in Cherry Valley in Otsego County, New York. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It encompasses 226 contributing buildings, one contributing site, three contributing structures, and two contributing objects. Its boundaries were increased in 1995, by an area called the Lindesay Patent Rural Historic District. It encompasses 331 contributing buildings.
# Chester Harding House

The Chester Harding House is an historic building located at 16 Beacon Street in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, across from the Massachusetts State House on Beacon Hill. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965 for its association with the noted portraitist Chester Harding, whose home it was from 1826 to 1830. The building has since 1963 been home to the Boston Bar Association.

## History

The four-story town house was built in the Federal architectural style as a private home by real estate developer Thomas Fletcher in 1808, at a time when Park Street and Beacon Street were lined by run-down public buildings. State officials decided to build replacements in other parts of the city, financing the construction of the new public buildings from the sale of the Park Street lots.
In 1826, the famous American portrait painter Chester Harding bought the house, which he occupied until 1830.
According to the Lawyers Pictorial Register, published by the Boston Bar Association in 1981, in the middle of the 19th century, the building was bought by Dr. Henry C. Angell, an art collector. As the neighborhood began to change from residential to commercial, many old houses were torn down and replaced by larger buildings which dwarfed the Chester Harding House. One such building is the 1884 six-floor Claflin Building. In 1919, the house was given by Martha B. Angell to the American Unitarian Association, which housed offices there until 1933. The American Unitarian Association loaned the house to Universalist Church of America until 1961, when the two merged. In January, 1962, the Boston Bar Association bought the house and moved its headquarters there from 35 Court Street. The Chester Harding House remains home to the Boston Bar Association.
* Side view from the opposite street corner
* Front door with Boston Bar Association emblem
As commemorated on a plaque hanging on the left-hand side of the building, the Chester Harding House was declared a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1965.
# Reciprocal distribution

In probability and statistics, the reciprocal distribution, also known as the log-uniform distribution, is a continuous probability distribution. It is characterised by its probability density function, within the support of the distribution, being proportional to the reciprocal of the variable.
The reciprocal distribution is an example of an inverse distribution, and the reciprocal (inverse) of a random variable with a reciprocal distribution itself has a reciprocal distribution.

## Definition

The probability density function (pdf) of the reciprocal distribution is
    $f(x;a,b)={\frac {1}{x[\ln(b)-\ln(a)]}}\quad {\text{ for }}a\leq x\leq b{\text{ and }}a>0.$
Here, $a$ and $b$ are the parameters of the distribution, which are the lower and upper bounds of the support, and $\ln$ is the natural log. The cumulative distribution function is
    $F(x;a,b)={\frac {\ln(x)-\ln(a)}{\ln(b)-\ln(a)}}\quad {\text{ for }}a\leq x\leq b.$

## Characterization
### Relationship between the log-uniform and the uniform distribution

A positive random variable X is log-uniformly distributed if the logarithm of X is uniform distributed,
    $\ln(X)\sim {\mathcal {U}}(\ln(a),\ln(b)).$
This relationship is true regardless of the base of the logarithmic or exponential function. If $\log _{a}(Y)$ is uniform distributed, then so is $\log _{b}(Y)$, for any two positive numbers $a,b\neq 1$. Likewise, if $e^{X}$ is log-uniform distributed, then so is $a^{X}$, where $0<a\neq 1$.

## Applications

The reciprocal distribution is of considerable importance in numerical analysis, because a computer’s arithmetic operations transform mantissas with initial arbitrary distributions into the reciprocal distribution as a limiting distribution.
# Tanna Hollis

Tanna Patricia Hollis (born 27 November 2005) is a South African soccer player who plays as a forward for SAFA Women's League club JVW and the South Africa women's national team.

## Personal life

Hollis attended Edenvale High School in Edenvale, Gauteng.

## Club career

Hollis came through the JVW Academy. In 2021, the JVW Sapphires were runners-up in the Johannesburg leg of the Engen Cup losing 4-3 via penalties to Kempton Park Ladies. She was awarded Striker of the Tournament.
She was promoted to the senior team at the start of the 2022 season. She scored her first senior team goal in a 10–2 victory over Richmond United on 23 April 2022.
In 24 March 2024, she scored a 75th minutes goal to help her side to a 5–1 win over the University of Fort Hare. In 20 April 2024, she scored her first Hollywoodbets Super League hattrick in a 5–0 away game win over Thunderbirds Ladies.

## International career

Hollis made her senior women's national team debut against Namibia in a 1-0 win at the 2024 COSAFA Women's Championship on 22 October 2024.

## Honours

JVW U/20
* Johannesburg Engen Cup: Runners-Up:2021
Individual
* Johannesburg Engen Cup: 2021 Striker of the Tournament
# My Wife's Lovers

My Wife's Lovers is a canvas painting by Austrian artist Carl Kahler (1856–1906) depicting forty-two of American millionaire Kate Birdsall Johnson's Turkish Angora and Persian cats. The title of the painting was potentially conceived by her husband, who may have referred to the cats with the phrase. Measuring 1.8 m × 2.6 m (6 ft × 8.5 ft), the canvas weighs 103 kg (227 lb).

## History

Some say Johnson owned 350 cats that she housed in her summer house Buena Vista near Sonoma, California, and left them US$500,000 in her will, but this is disputed. She commissioned the painting in 1891. Having never painted a cat before, Kahler spent three years studying cats' poses and learning their habits. He reportedly received around US$5,000 for the painting (equivalent to US$170,000 in 2023). The center of the painting shows her cat Sultan, bought by Johnson during a trip to Paris. Johnson lent the painting for the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, and in the next year it was acquired by Ernest Haquette for his Palace of Art Salon in San Francisco. While the salon was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the painting survived it.

## Purchases and display

My Wife's Lovers subsequently hung in Frank C. Havens' Piedmont Art Gallery in Piedmont, California, and was later purchased by a couple from Chicago. In November 2015, the painting was sold at Sotheby's to a private California buyer for US$826,000.
In 2016, the Portland Art Museum displayed the piece between February 2 and June 8, 2016, and partnered with the Oregon Humane Society to raise awareness of cat adoptions.
# Sophronia Bucklin

Sophronia E. Bucklin (1828–1902, in other sources listed as "Sophronia Brecklin") was a nurse during the American Civil War. From Auburn, New York, Bucklin served for almost three years of the American Civil War. She worked with numerous hospitals and was present at many notable battles throughout the latter half of the war, until General Lee's surrender. Bucklin was devoted to the war effort, and though dependent on wages for her own living, felt the "same patriotism" as male volunteers.

## Civil War service

At the outbreak of the war, Bucklin was in her late 20s to early 30s, living independently as a seamstress in Auburn, New York. She enlisted her services for the Union effort, and left for the front on September 17, 1862, unaccompanied. As one of the many women serving under Dorothea Dix, Bucklin's service began at the Judiciary Hospital. A mere three months later, she was transferred to a Baptist church to take care of a nurse who had become ill.
Bucklin's most notable service, however, took place when she was moved to a point lookout at Chesapeake Bay for the winter. Here, she cared for men fighting at the battles of Antietam, Bull Run, and Fredericksburg. In March, Bucklin moved again to Alexandria, Virginia, and then went on to serve at Gettysburg as a field nurse. She recounts in a letter to Mary G. Holland that she was among the first to arrive at Gettysburg and one of the last to leave. Upon her arrival, Bucklin was faced with a line of soldiers awaiting surgery a mile and a half long. At the completion of Gettysburg, Bucklin spent the next seven or eight months nearby at Stoneman's Cavalry Hospital near Washington, D.C. In the winter of 1863, Bucklin came down with a fever. Her illness proved to be quite extensive, and in her aforementioned letter to Holland she writes that the other hospital staff left her for dead. Her illness, however, did not deter her from caring for patients.
All in all, Bucklin completed nearly three years total of service. She recounted her wartime experiences in her 1869 book, In Hospital and Camp: A Woman's Record of Thrilling Incidents Among the Wounded in the Late War. She died in Ithaca, New York, in 1902.
# List of lakes of Kazakhstan

Excluding the northernmost districts, Kazakhstan consists of endorheic basins, where rivers flow into one of the numerous lakes. The most important drainage system is known as Yedisu, meaning "seven rivers" in Turkic languages. Below is a list of the more important lakes, some of which are shared (Caspian Sea, Lake Aral, Lake Aike, etc.) with the neighbouring countries.
| Lake name | Surface area | Region | Notes |
| Caspian Sea | 371,000 square kilometres (143,244 sq mi) | Atyrau Region, Mangystau Region | The Caspian Sea is the world's largest enclosed body of water. |
| Alakol | 2,650 square kilometres (1,023 sq mi) | Almaty Region | Bird breeding and nesting ground |
| Aral | 17,160 square kilometres (6,626 sq mi) | | Shrinking owing to environmental problems |
| Aralsor | 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) | West Kazakhstan Region | Pink lake |
| Ashchykol | 74 square kilometres (29 sq mi) | Kyzylorda Region / Turkistan Region | Main lake of the Ashchykol Depression |
| Ayke | 64.7 square kilometres (25 sq mi) | Aktobe Region | |
| Azhibeksor | | | SW of Lake Tengiz |
| Balkhash | 16,996 square kilometres (6,562 sq mi) | Almaty Region, Karagandy Region, Jambyl Region | |
| Balyktykol | 9.2 square kilometres (4 sq mi) | Abai Region | |
| Bartogay | | Almaty Region | Reservoir on the Chilik River |
| Bolshoy Azhbulat | | Pavlodar Region | |
| Chagan | | | Artificial lake (Former nuclear test site) |
| Issyk | 0.22 square kilometres (0 sq mi) | Almaty Region | Not to be confused with Issyk Kul Lake in Kyrgyzstan |
| Jasybay | 4 square kilometres (2 sq mi) | Pavlodar Region | One of the lakes of the Bayanaul Range |
| Karasor | 154 square kilometres (59 sq mi) | Karaganda Region | |
| Kayindi | | Almaty Region | |
| Kamyslybas | 176 square kilometres (68 sq mi) | | |
| Kapchagay | | | also spelled Qapshaghay Bogeni Reservoir |
| Koksengirsor | 46.3 square kilometres (18 sq mi) | North Kazakhstan Region | Has local economic importance |
| Kopa | 14 square kilometres (5 sq mi) | Akmola Region | |
| Markakol | 455 square kilometres (176 sq mi) | | |
| Sasykkol | 600 square kilometres (232 sq mi) | Almaty Region | Surface can reach 736 square kilometres (284 sq mi) |
| Shalkarteniz | 1,800 square kilometres (695 sq mi) | Aktobe Region | |
| Shureksor | 80 square kilometres (31 sq mi) | Pavlodar Region | |
| Tengiz | 1,382 square kilometres (534 sq mi) | Akmola Region | Bird breeding and nesting ground |
| Toraigyr | 0.88 square kilometres (0 sq mi) | Pavlodar Region | One of the lakes of the Bayanaul Range |
| Tuzkol | 13.5 square kilometres (5 sq mi) | Pavlodar Region | Salt lake in Bayanaul District |
| Ulken-Karoy | 305 square kilometres (118 sq mi) | North Kazakhstan Region | |
| Zaysan | 1,810 square kilometres (699 sq mi) | | |
| Zerenda | 11.9 square kilometres (5 sq mi) | Akmola Region | |
| Zhaksykylysh | 74.5 square kilometres (29 sq mi) | Kyzylorda Region | Table salt mining site |
| Zhasylkol | 1 square kilometre (0 sq mi) | Almaty Region | |
# Gerlinde Gruber

Gerlinde Gruber (born 1970) is an Austrian art historian and curator specializing in Flemish Baroque painting. Since 2006, she has served as the curator for Flemish paintings at the Gemäldegalerie (Picture Gallery) of the Kunsthistorisches Museum (KHM) in Vienna. She is recognized for her expertise in the works of Peter Paul Rubens and Michaelina Woutiers, as well as her contributions to exhibitions, technical art studies, and scholarly publications.

## Education and career

Gerlinde Gruber studied art history and Romance studies at the University of Vienna, where she developed a strong interest in Flemish and Baroque art. Her master's thesis focused on tapestry production at Fontainebleau during the reign of Francis I, a subject she explored during her internship at the Kunsthistorisches Museum.
She completed her doctoral dissertation on Giacomo Francesco Cipper (“Il Todeschini”), an Austro-Italian genre painter, during her research stints in Milan and Florence. From 1999 to 2001, she worked at the Albertina Museum in Vienna, focusing on provenance research and database creation. In 2001, she joined the Kunsthistorisches Museum as curator of Dutch and Flemish Baroque art.

## Exhibitions and projects

Gruber has curated several notable exhibitions, including:
* ‘Rubens in Vienna’ (2004): An exploration of Peter Paul Rubens’ contributions to Baroque art.
* ‘Sensual, Female, Flemish’ (2009): A study of depictions of women in Flemish Baroque art, including works by Rubens, Van Dyck, and Michaelina Woutiers.
* ‘Rubens: The Power of Transformation’ (2017–2018): Co-curated with Jochen Sander, this exhibition examined Rubens’ process of adapting and transforming earlier works.

## Research and publications

Gruber has contributed significantly to research on Flemish Baroque painting. She utilized macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) scanning technology to uncover compositional changes in Rubens’ works, including ‘‘The Fur’’.
Her notable publications include:
* ‘Rubens’s Great Landscape with a Tempest: Anatomy of a Masterpiece’ (2020): Co-authored with Elke Oberthaler, this work analyzes the composition and restoration of Rubens’ iconic painting.
* ‘Mythological Subjects: Hercules to Olympus’ (2022): A comprehensive study of Rubens’ mythological works, part of the ‘Corpus Rubenianum Ludwig Burchard’ series.
* ‘Sensuality and Strength: Michaelina Woutiers in Context’ (2018): An analysis of Woutiers’ artistic legacy, focusing on her depictions of women and Bacchic themes.

## Media and recognition

Gruber's work has received extensive media attention, with reviews and features on her exhibitions and research. Her contributions have significantly advanced the understanding of Flemish Baroque art.
# Police Act 1958

The Police Act 1958 legislated the functions, governance and administration of the New Zealand Police. It repealed the Police Force Act 1947 and was in force from 1958 to 2008.
The Act removed the word 'Force' from the name of New Zealand Police. It is said the change was to better reflect its operating practices and philosophy. The Act established the office of Deputy Commissioner which had not existed prior to the Act.
In 1992 the Traffic Service of the Ministry of Transport was merged into New Zealand Police, this prompted new regulations made under the Act and a review into the structure of New Zealand Police.
In 2000 it was alleged that the Commissioner of Police Peter Doone had prevented the breath testing of his partner Robyn when stopped for driving without lights on at 11pm. The Minister of Police George Hawkins was told that Act needed further clarification with to respect of the role of the Commissioner and the removal of the Commissioner from office. Helen Clark was informed that it would be difficult to remove Doone because he was not subject to disciplinary proceedings under the Police Act.
In later years the Act was criticized for being out of date with modern policing standards and human resource practice. In March 2006, Minister of Police Annette King announced the Act would be reviewed citing a number of issues that would be reviewed including the principles of policing, governance arrangements and human resource management. It was replaced by the Policing Act 2008.