OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hardware for artificial intelligence

Specialized computer hardware is often used to execute artificial intelligence (AI) programs faster, and with less energy, such as Lisp machines, neuromorphic engineering, event cameras, and physical neural networks. Since 2017, several consumer grade CPUs and SoCs have on-die NPUs. As of 2023, the market for AI hardware is dominated by GPUs.

## Lisp machines

Lisp machines were developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s to make Artificial intelligence programs written in the programming language Lisp run faster.

## Dataflow architecture

Dataflow architecture processors used for AI serve various purposes, with varied implementations like the polymorphic dataflow Convolution Engine by Kinara (formerly Deep Vision), structure-driven dataflow by Hailo, and dataflow scheduling by Cerebras.

## Component hardware
### AI accelerators

Since the 2010s, advances in computer hardware have led to more efficient methods for training deep neural networks that contain many layers of non-linear hidden units and a very large output layer. By 2019, graphics processing units (GPUs), often with AI-specific enhancements, had displaced central processing units (CPUs) as the dominant means to train large-scale commercial cloud AI. OpenAI estimated the hardware compute used in the largest deep learning projects from Alex Net (2012) to Alpha Zero (2017), and found a 300,000-fold increase in the amount of compute needed, with a doubling-time trend of 3.4 months.

## Sources

* ↑ "Nvidia: The chip maker that became an AI superpower". BBC News. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
* ↑ Maxfield, Max (24 December 2020). "Say Hello to Deep Vision's Polymorphic Dataflow Architecture". Electronic Engineering Journal. Techfocus media.
* ↑ "Kinara (formerly Deep Vision)". Kinara. 2022. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
* ↑ "Hailo". Hailo. Retrieved 2022-12-11.
* ↑ Lie, Sean (29 August 2022). Cerebras Architecture Deep Dive: First Look Inside the HW/SW Co-Design for Deep Learning. Cerebras (Report).
* ↑ Research, AI (23 October 2015). "Deep Neural Networks for Acoustic Modeling in Speech Recognition". AIresearch.com. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
* ↑ Kobielus, James (27 November 2019). "GPUs Continue to Dominate the AI Accelerator Market for Now". InformationWeek. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
* ↑ Tiernan, Ray (2019). "AI is changing the entire nature of compute". ZDNet. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
* ↑ "AI and Compute". OpenAI. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
# Schoenus crassiculmis

Schoenus crassiculmis is a species of sedge endemic to the mountains of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Few collections of this species have also been made from western areas of the Eastern Cape Province.

## Description

Schoenus crassiculmis is a sedge that appears semi-succulent in the field. Other important characters are its basal leaves that are reduced in length and the relatively short lower glumes of its spikelets.
In the field, Schoenus auritus also appears semi-succulent, but that species generally has longer leaves (usually half the length of the flowering stems). Schoenus crassiculmis, in contrast, has basal leaves that never exceed half the length of the flowering stems. The lower spikelet glumes of S. crassiculmis are relatively short compared to those of S. auritus, whose glumes mostly exceed half the spikelet length. Another important difference between the two species are that S. auritus has membranaceous leaf sheaths, whereas S. crassiculmis does not. Finally, S. auritus has proximal and subproximal primary inflorescence bracts that are more expanded at their bases than in S. crassiculmis.
Similar to other sedges, plants in this group are very difficult to identify. It appears that part of this problem is caused by the tendency of the southern African Schoenus to form hybrids with each other. From preliminary evidence, S. crassiculmis appears to be of hybrid origin.
* Bases of flowering stems
* Flowering heads
* Flowering head (black scale bar represents 10 mm)
* Spikelet (black scale bar represents 1 mm)
* Clusters of spikelets
* Nutlet (black scale bar represents 1 mm)

## Taxonomy

Schoenus crassiculmis is a species in family Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae. Other notable genera in tribe Schoeneae include Lepidosperma, Oreobolus, Costularia, Tetraria and Gahnia. The most closely related species to S. crassiculmis are other southern African Schoenus species, specifically, species in the S. cuspidatus and allies group.
Southern African Schoenus were once classified as Tetraria; however, based on molecular and morphological differences, we now know that the two groups are evolutionary distinct. To ensure that this group of sedges is monophyletic (i.e. the genus only has closely related species), several species of Epischoenus and the southern African Tetraria were transferred into Schoenus. In the field, the southern African Schoenus can be distinguished from Tetraria species by their lack of stem leaves and the absence of reticulate sheaths at the bases of the flowering stems.

## Distribution and habitat

Schoenus crassiculmis has a distribution that ranges from the Worcester area of the Western Cape Province in the west to the Willowmore area of the Eastern Cape Province in the east. This species has predominately been collected from sandstone-derived mountain slopes, but a few collections have also been made from sites with shale parent material.

## Images

* Growth form
* Growth form
* Growth form
* Flowering heads
* Flowering heads
* Close-up of flowering head
* Clusters of spikelets
# Pike's Peak Country

Pike's Peak Country was the name given to the gold mining region of the western United States near Pikes Peak during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush of 1858–1861. The Pike's Peak Country included the region of western Kansas Territory roughly west of the 104th meridian west and the region of southwestern Nebraska Territory roughly west of the 104th meridian west and south of the 41st parallel north. The Pike's Peak Country became the heart of the extralegal Jefferson Territory on October 24, 1859, and the Colorado Territory on February 28, 1861.

## Geography

Pikes Peak is located at 38°50′26″N 105°02′38″W﻿ / ﻿38.84056°N 105.04389°W﻿ / 38.84056; -105.04389 (38.840560,-105.043890).
# Minnesota Dance Theatre

The Minnesota Dance Theatre (MDT) dance company and school in Minneapolis, Minnesota was founded by Loyce Houlton in 1962 as the Contemporary Dance Playhouse. It was renamed the Minnesota Dance Theatre in 1969. Lise Houlton succeeded her mother as artistic director in 1995. September, 2023 Kaitlyn Gilliland, Lise Houlton's daughter took over as interim artistic director, being replaced by Elayna Waxse in 2024. In July 2024 MDT announce its new director, Lauren C Post, formally a ballerina of American Ballet Theater became Head of School on August 15, 2024.

## Loyce Houlton's Nutcracker Fantasy

Each holiday season MDT previously presented the ballet Loyce Houlton's Nutcracker Fantasy based on Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker but the holiday show will be performed outside of MDT because of the Houlton Family's licensing in 2024 and so on. Ballet Arts Minnesota and the company's school joined in 2006 to become The Dance Institute. The organization is based in the Cowles Center for Dance and the Performing Arts.
Prince was a student at the Minnesota Dance Theatre through the Urban Arts Program of the Minneapolis Public Schools.
In 2012 as part of their 50th Anniversary season, MDT produced an updated version of their once controversial Carmina Burana, in collaboration with Dominique Serrand, of the former Theatre de la Jeune Lune.
Minnesota Dance Theatre offers classes for students and adults. The school has two divisions, the Young Children's Division (YCD) and the Performing Arts Division (PAD). Both divisions have performance opportunities including Loyce Houlton's Nutcracker Fantasy and Strawberry Festival: a Student Showcase. MDT offers ballet fundamentals, beginning ballet, intermediate ballet, and advanced professional ballet classes, making it possible for somebody at any level to take a class.

## CAN dance

Minnesota Dance Theatre also offers a sperate program, called CAN dance. Students ages 12-18 yrs old are invited to a tuition free class, included with free snacks, dance attire, and transport to MDT's site. They are taught the foundations of jazz, hip-hop, ballet, contemporary, and jazz. This program was part of MDT in the past but was discontinued until 2024.
# Civilian (Gentle Giant album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Encyclopedia of Popular Music | |
| MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide | |
Civilian is the eleventh and final studio album by the British band Gentle Giant, released in 1980. It was recorded at Sound City Studios in the Van Nuys neighborhood of Los Angeles with former Beatles engineer Geoff Emerick. Consisting mostly of short rock songs, it is closer to a traditional rock sound than the progressive style for which the band is best known. The album also marked a return to Columbia Records in the U.S. and Canada after an eight-year hiatus; the band's last album released with Columbia had been 1972's Octopus.
The album peaked at No. 203 on the Billboard 200. Soon after the album's release, Gentle Giant played a final tour and then split up.
A previously unreleased track, "Heroes No More", has been included on some CD reissues of the album. Another track from the same period, "You Haven't a Chance", appeared on the compilation album Under Construction 17 years later.

## Critical reception

Reviewing the 2006 Gentle Giant reissues, The Village Voice deemed Civilian "bland" and a bomb "that destroyed the band."

## Track listing

All lead vocals by Derek Shulman, except "Shadows on the Street", sung by Kerry Minnear.
All tracks are written by Kerry Minnear, Derek Shulman and Ray Shulman except where noted

## Personnel
### Gentle Giant

* Derek Shulman – lead vocals on all tracks except track 3
* Gary Green – electric guitars on all tracks except track 3
* Kerry Minnear – synthesizers (tracks 1–7, 9), electric piano (tracks 1, 3–9), Hammond organ (tracks 2, 3, 9), Clavinet (track 7), piano (track 3), lead vocals on track 3
* Ray Shulman – bass, acoustic guitar (tracks 5, 6), backing vocals
* John Weathers – drums, tambourine (tracks 4–6, 8, 9), varispeed cymbals (track 1), percussion (track 7), backing vocals

## Charts

| Chart (1980) | Peak position |
| Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) | 91 |
# Garfield, Jackson County, Ohio

Garfield is an unincorporated community in Coal Township, Jackson County, Ohio, United States. It is located just north of Coalton on Sour Run Road, at 39°07′25″N 82°37′12″W﻿ / ﻿39.12361°N 82.62000°W﻿ / 39.12361; -82.62000.
# You're Getting to Be a Habit with Me

"You're Getting to Be a Habit with Me" is a 1932 popular song with music by Harry Warren and the lyrics by Al Dubin, which became a standard. The lyrics of the song were noted for its references to addiction.
It appears in the Warner Brothers musical film 42nd Street, for which Warren and Dubin wrote three songs together. The song was inspired by one of the women working at the Warner Brothers studio. When asked why she was still dating a certain man, she said that he was “getting to be a habit with her”. In the movie, it is sung by the leading lady Dorothy Brock, played by Bebe Daniels.
The song was recorded by Guy Lombardo with Bing Crosby on vocals on January 12, 1933 and reached #1 in the charts. Crosby also included the song in the short film Please (1933). Another hit recording of the song in 1933 was by Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians. The song was again performed by Doris Day in the musical Lullaby of Broadway in 1951. Since then it has been performed by a large number of artists.

## Recorded versions

* Betty Carter
* Petula Clark
* Perry Como
* Bebe Daniels
* Doris Day
* Skinnay Ennis
* Alice Faye
* Eydie Gormé
* Earl Hines
* Diana Krall
* Nancy LaMott and Michael Feinstein
* Peggy Lee
* Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians feat. Bing Crosby.
* Julie London
* Barry Manilow
* Shelly Manne
* Maureen McGovern
* Anita O'Day - An Evening with Anita O'Day (1956)
* Jackie Paris
* Dick Powell
* Buddy Rich
* Frank Sinatra - Songs for Swingin' Lovers!
* Elaine Stritch
* Mel Tormé

## Other

Julie Stevens, a British actress, sings it in the television series The Avengers, in the 1962 episode titled "The Decapod". She sings it in a lounge scene with a jazz combo accompanying her (piano, drums & upright bass).
Allan Sherman recorded a parody version, titled "You're Getting to Be a Rabbit with Me", on his 1963 album My Son, the Nut.

## Uses in pop culture

In 1989, the song by Al Dubin was used in the season one episode of the TV series Midnight Caller entitled "Blame it on Midnight". The Frank Sinatra recording of the song was used in the 1998 film Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas.
# Gilstrap, Kentucky

Gilstrap is an unincorporated community located in northern Butler County in south-central Kentucky, United States.

## Overview

It is one of the few remaining rural development areas in Kentucky.

## Geography

Gilstrap is located about 7 miles (11 km) north-northwest of Morgantown. It is at the junction of Routes 1118 and 2269. KY 1118 connects southwest to the US 231 corridor north of Aberdeen, and north to KY 505 at Baizetown, in southeastern Ohio County.

## Education

Students in Gilstrap attend institutions of the Butler County School District, including Butler County High School, with North Butler Elementary being the primary K-5 school for the area.
# Glen Roy, Ohio

Glen Roy (also known as Glenroy) is an unincorporated community in Coal Township, Jackson County, Ohio, United States. It is located east of Coalton along Ohio State Route 93, between Altoona and Goldsboro, at 39°06′45″N 82°34′47″W﻿ / ﻿39.11250°N 82.57972°W﻿ / 39.11250; -82.57972.

## History

The community was laid out and founded by Andrew Roy, Ohio's first chief mining inspector. The Glen Roy post office was established on January 2, 1883. The name was changed to Glenroy on July 12, 1893, and the post office ultimately closed on July 30, 1921. Mail service is now handled through the Coalton branch.

## Notable Person

Lefty James, MLB pitcher
# Gouldbusk, Texas

Gouldbusk is an unincorporated community in Coleman County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 70 in 2000.

## History

The community was named for English settler William Gould-Busk, who bought the Starkweather ranch about 1886. It soon grew when the land around the area was sold for more farms in 1903. It then became a shipping port for cotton and had a post office. Alongside the post office, the community also had a cotton gin, six businesses, and 150 inhabitants in 1940, which then plunged to 70 in 1980, after World War II. The population remained at that level in 2000.
Although it is unincorporated, Gouldbusk has a post office with the ZIP code 76845.

## Geography

Gouldbusk is located 6 mi (9.7 km) west of Farm to Market Road 1026 and 20 mi (32 km) south of Coleman in south-central Coleman County.

## Education

Gouldbusk is served by the Panther Creek Consolidated Independent School District.

## Notable people

* Shirla Jean Rathjen Howard, wife of former Missouri politician Jerry Thomas Howard, is from Gouldbusk.
# Grandview Heights, Jefferson County, Ohio

Grandview Heights is an unincorporated community in Warren Township, Jefferson County, Ohio, United States. It is located just west of Tiltonsville on Jackson Heights Road (Township Road 109A).
# Gift (Curve album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| Q | |
| Kerrang! | |
| Rock Sound | 5/10 |
| Metal Hammer | 8/10 |
| Meltdown | |
Gift is the fourth studio album to be released by the British alternative rock band Curve.
Following two years of legal wrangles between the group and their then record company, Universal Records, the online success of Curve's self-released album Open Day at the Hate Fest convinced Universal - who had been threatening to shelve the album completely - to market it in the United States in 2001 under the Hip-O Records brand. The UK version was released a year later by FatLip Recordings in collaboration with Artful Records. A year after that, the album was released in Australia by Hoop Culture Records.
The album was co-produced by Ben Grosse and Curve. Apart from Curve mainstays Dean Garcia and Toni Halliday, additional musicians who contributed to the album were Kevin Shields, Steve Monti, Alan Moulder, Flood, Rob Holliday, Geno Lenardo, Ben Grosse and Alan Wilder.
Of the songs on the record, "Hell Above Water" has gained the highest public profile as a result of its use in the trailer for the 2002 film Spider-Man, within the 2003 film Bookies and the 2004 film Mindhunters, the trailer for the 2008 film Iron Man, and within the 2008 film Lakeview Terrace. It is also featured in the PlayStation 2 game Gran Turismo 4, the PlayStation 3 game MotorStorm and an episode for the popular crime drama CSI (Episode 207, "Caged").
# Hadley, Pennsylvania

Hadley is an unincorporated community in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is situated along Pennsylvania Route 358, 12.9 miles (20.8 km) north of Mercer.
Hadley has a post office, which uses ZIP code 16130.

## History

David Luse Hadley ((1806-12-09)December 9, 1806 – December 2, 1884(1884-12-02) (aged 77)) came to Perry Township in 1843. While he was a shoemaker, he took an active part in clearing his lands and building mills. As a result, when the Lake Shore Railroad was built across the township and a station erected on land he donated, the locality was named Hadley in honor of his contributions.
The Hadley post office was established in May 1868, with David Pattison as postmaster. Several years later, the town was platted. A barrel factory was established in 1868, and became an important early industry. Hadley Presbyterian Church was organized in 1875; its building was dedicated the following year. A Methodist church was organized in 1882; its congregation erected a place of worship in 1884.
# Halfway, Wyoming

Halfway is an unincorporated community in Sublette County, Wyoming, United States.

## Name

The exact origin of the name "Halfway" is unknown, but has two possible origins; its location between North and South Cottonwood Creeks or from two residents who had moved to the community from Halfway, Missouri.

## History

A post office called Halfway was established in 1903, and remained in operation until 1948. The community also had the Cottonwood School named for the nearby creeks.
# Halloran, Missouri

Halloran is an unincorporated community in Butler County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

## History

Halloran's post office was established in 1890 and remained in operation until 1911. The community derives its name from James A. Halloran, a pioneer citizen.
# Hardy, Texas

Hardy is an unincorporated community in Montague County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, only six people lived in the community in 2000.

## History

The place was given the name Hardy in honor of R. Hardy, who built a sawmill there in 1880. There was a post office there from 1880 to 1916. Before 1885, Hardy added a steam-powered cotton gin and gristmill. The town had 103 residents by 1904, which was likely its largest population ever. Hardy's population fell to 25 by the middle of the 1930s and stayed there into the 1940s when no demographic numbers were available for several decades. As a result, rail lines bypassed the town. At the Hardy townsite, a cemetery may be seen on the county highway map from 1984. The population was six in 2000.

## Geography

Hardy is located on Farm to Market Road 1630, 12 mi (19 km) southeast of Montague in southeastern Montague County.

## Education

Today, the community is served by the Saint Jo Independent School District.
# Hawdon, Texas

Hawdon was a town and rail station in Fort Bend County, Texas, United States, alternately known as Howden, Hawdon Junction, and Arcola. It was located just north of Juliff, and south of Arcola. It was served by the International–Great Northern Railroad via the Columbia Branch. A rail switch was located at Hawdon to connect the Sugar Land Railroad near the (still extant) Palestine Missionary Baptist Church to House Junction. Passenger service ended in 1920, but the rail line through town lasted until the 1980s. The main road through town is Farm to Market Road 521.
29°28′43.85″N 95°28′20.79″W﻿ / ﻿29.4788472°N 95.4724417°W﻿ / 29.4788472; -95.4724417
A church cemetery served the community at one time, but it has not been located.
# Hawley, Idaho

Hawley was an unincorporated community in Blaine County, in the U.S. state of Idaho. A variant name was "Hawley Siding".

## History

The community was named after James H. Hawley, 9th Governor of Idaho.
# Head River, Georgia

Head River is an unincorporated community in Dade County, in the U.S. state of Georgia.

## History

The first permanent settlement at Head River was made in the 1830s. A post office called Head River was established in 1913, and remained in operation until 1959.
# 1975 La Tondeña Distillery strike

The La Tondeña strike was a protest action that happened in October 1975, notable for being the first major strike to be held after Ferdinand Marcos' 1972 declaration of martial law in the Philippines. It is also considered as one of the first major open acts of resistance against the Marcos dictatorship and an important turning point for the period.

## Strike

The strike began on October 24 when 500 workers, organizing themselves as the Kaisahan ng Malayang Manggagawa ng La Tondeña Inc. (Union of Free Workers of La Tondeña), stopped work and barricaded themselves in the facilities of La Tondeña, then the largest distillery in Asia. Their demands included the elevation of casual workers to permanent status, maternity leave for female workers, and an end to illegal firings. It ended 44 hours later when Marcos' forces cracked down on the protesters, including various Catholic religious workers who had decided to support the protester's cause.
The strike was originally possible under the rules of Martial Law because La Tondeña was not considered a critical industry, so Marcos eventually responded by proclaiming a decree that outlawed all strikes across all industries.
Labor rights activist Edgar Jopson played a key role in organizing the protest, among other things coining the protest phrase "Sobra na! Tama na! Welga na!" (lit. It's too much already! Enough! Time to strike!). The slogan would become a popular catchphrase used by the labor protest movement until the ousting of Ferdinand Marcos during the 1986 People Power revolution more than a decade later. Another organizer of the strike was labor leader Eliseo "Elsie" Estares, who was later recognized by Kilusang Mayo Uno with a Gawad Lingkod Obrero for his heroism and contributions to the labor movement.

## Media coverage

Journalism was heavily stifled under the Marcos dictatorship. Only news organizations owned or taken over by relatives or cronies of Ferdinand Marcos were allowed to reopen after the declaration of martial law. However, a few independent publications were later able to operate. Signs of the Times, a small mimeographed publication by the Association of Major Religious Superiors of the Philippines, ran stories on the La Tondeña strike in October 1975, the first big strike to defy martial law.

## Aftermath

As stories of the La Tondeña strike spread, the event became a symbol of resistance. Despite the arrest of the strikers, the strike was a considered a victory by La Tondeña workers, as well as the entire labor movement. La Tondeña agreed to immediately hire as regular employees more than 300 workers and promised to make regular 300 more. The workers issued a statement that said, "We achieved in our two-day strike what we were unable to obtain in almost five years of appeals and negotiations with the Department of Labor."
The strike received support from the religious sector, and was backed by such leaders as Father Joe Dizon, Sister Mary John Mananzan, and former priest Luis Jalandoni.