# Quirino

Quirino, officially the Province of Quirino (Ilocano: Probinsia ti Quirino; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Quirino), is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Cagayan Valley region in Luzon. Its capital is Cabarroguis while Diffun is the most populous in the province. It is named after Elpidio Quirino, the sixth President of the Philippines.
The province borders Aurora to the southeast, Nueva Vizcaya to the west, and Isabela to the north. Quirino used to be part of the province of Nueva Vizcaya, until it became a sub-province in 1966, then it was separated in 1972.

## History
### Early history

Long before its formal creation as an independent province, Quirino was the forest region of the province of Nueva Vizcaya, inhabited by tribal groups known as the Negritos. They roamed the hinterlands and built their huts at the heart of the jungle. Aside from the Negritos, the area was also inhabited by Ilongot people, who were feared for their headhunting raids against enemy tribes and Spanish-controlled settlements. Throughout the period of Spanish colonization, the province was one of the few remaining unconquered areas in the Philippines due to its remoteness, having only seen a Spanish military expedition in 1848 and the brief presence of Spanish missionaries in 1891.

### Colonial era

During the American period, the territory of Quirino was administered by the province of Isabela before Congressman Leon Cabarroguis of Nueva Vizcaya pushed for its return to Nueva Vizcaya by authoring Republic Act No. 236, which was signed into law in 1948.

### Establishment as a separate province

On June 18, 1966, Republic Act No. 4734 was enacted, constituting the municipalities of Diffun, Saguday, Aglipay, and Maddela, all from Nueva Vizcaya province, into a new sub-province to be known as "Quirino", named after the late Philippine President Elpidio Quirino. The reasons for naming it for Elpidio Quirino are the Ilocano settlers in the area and he created the neighboring province Aurora sub-province of Quezon in 1951 through Republic Act No. 648 under his presidency.
On June 21, 1969, Republic Act No. 5554 was enacted, amending RA 4734, and creating the municipality of Cabarroguis (now the provincial capital town), which was taken from portions of Diffun, Saguday, and Aglipay.
Republic Act No. 6394, authored by then-Congressman Leonardo B. Perez (Nueva Vizcaya–Lone), was passed on September 10, 1971, further amending RA 5554 and separating the sub-province of Quirino from its mother province, Nueva Vizcaya, constituting it into a regular province.
The province of Quirino was formally established on February 10, 1972, upon the assumption to office of the first elected provincial and municipal officials headed by Dionisio Sarandi as Provincial Governor.
On February 25, 1983, Batas Pambansa Blg. 345 was enacted, creating within Quirino the municipality of Nagtipunan, a division of the municipality of Maddela.

### Marcos dictatorship era

The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in the localities which would later become the Province of Quirino.
In February 1972, the efforts of Quirino's legislators finally managed to see its establishment as a separate province.
During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of public works projects that caused the Philippine economy to take a sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which led to a period of economic difficulty and social unrest. With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president, Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under martial law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years as a dictator.
In Quirino, one of the most significant events of this period were the logging concessions in the areas of the Sierra Madre region awarded to various Marcos cronies, which marked the beginning of widespread deforestation and other environmental problems in the province.
When the 1986 snap election came along, Quirino was noted as a site of political violence with the murder of UNIDO opposition party organizers Francisco Laurella and Fernando Pastor Sr., and Pastor's son Fernando Pastor Jr., later attributed to Marcos party-mate and Quirino province assemblyman Orlando Dulay, who was convicted of the three murders in 1990.

## Geography

Quirino covers a total area of 3,323.47 square kilometers (1,283.20 sq mi) occupying the southeastern section of the Cagayan Valley region. A landlocked province, it is situated within the upper portion of the Cagayan River basin and bounded by Isabela on the north, Aurora on the east and southeast, and Nueva Vizcaya on the west and southwest.
The Sierra Madre mountain range provides a natural barrier on the eastern and southern border of the province and the Namamparang Range on the western part. The province is generally mountainous, with about 80 percent of the total land area covered by mountains and highlands. A large portion of the province lies within the Quirino Protected Landscape.

### Climate

The province has a mean annual temperature of 33.6 °C (92.5 °F). June is generally the warmest month and the wettest months are March to August, with the rest of the year being neither too dry nor too wet. Heavy, sustained rainfall occurs from September to November.
Climate data for Quirino :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.4 (81.3) | 28.4 (83.1) | 29.6 (85.3) | 31.4 (88.5) | 32.2 (90.0) | 32.6 (90.7) | 32.0 (89.6) | 32.2 (90.0) | 32.0 (89.6) | 31.0 (87.8) | 29.6 (85.3) | 27.9 (82.2) | 30.5 (86.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) | 20.3 (68.5) | 21.4 (70.5) | 22.6 (72.7) | 23.5 (74.3) | 23.9 (75.0) | 24.0 (75.2) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.5 (74.3) | 23.0 (73.4) | 22.4 (72.3) | 20.8 (69.4) | 22.4 (72.4) |
| Average rainy days | 15 | 12 | 12 | 9 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 18 | 15 | 166 |
| Source: Storm247 ||||||||||||||

### Administrative divisions

Quirino comprises 6 municipalities, all encompassed by a single legislative district.
| | Municipality | Municipality | Population | Population | Population | ±% p.a. | Area | Area | Density (2020) | Density (2020) | Barangay |
| | | | (2020) | (2020) | (2015) | | km$^2$ | sq mi | /km$^2$ | /sq mi | |
| 16°29′23″N 121°35′14″E﻿ / ﻿16.4897°N 121.5872°E﻿ / 16.4897; 121.5872﻿ (Aglipay) | Aglipay | Aglipay | 15.1% | 30,714 | 27,787 | +1.93% | 161.70 | 62.43 | 190 | 490 | 25 |
| 16°30′41″N 121°31′34″E﻿ / ﻿16.5115°N 121.5261°E﻿ / 16.5115; 121.5261﻿ (Cabarroguis) | Cabarroguis | † | 16.5% | 33,533 | 30,582 | +1.77% | 260.20 | 100.46 | 130 | 340 | 17 |
| 16°35′35″N 121°30′11″E﻿ / ﻿16.5930°N 121.5030°E﻿ / 16.5930; 121.5030﻿ (Diffun) | Diffun | Diffun | 27.5% | 56,102 | 52,569 | +1.25% | 320.10 | 123.59 | 180 | 470 | 33 |
| 16°20′34″N 121°40′22″E﻿ / ﻿16.3427°N 121.6727°E﻿ / 16.3427; 121.6727﻿ (Maddela) | Maddela | Maddela | 20.1% | 40,943 | 38,499 | +1.18% | 918.57 | 354.66 | 45 | 120 | 32 |
| 16°13′14″N 121°36′22″E﻿ / ﻿16.2206°N 121.6060°E﻿ / 16.2206; 121.6060﻿ (Nagtipunan) | Nagtipunan | Nagtipunan | 12.5% | 25,399 | 23,484 | +1.50% | 1,607.40 | 620.62 | 42 | 110 | 16 |
| 16°32′27″N 121°33′46″E﻿ / ﻿16.5409°N 121.5629°E﻿ / 16.5409; 121.5629﻿ (Saguday) | Saguday | Saguday | 8.4% | 17,137 | 16,070 | +1.23% | 55.50 | 21.43 | 330 | 850 | 9 |
| | Total | Total | Total | 203,828 | 188,991 | +1.45% | 3,323.47 | 895.63 | 88 | 230 | 132 |
| | | †  Provincial capital | †  Provincial capital | †  Provincial capital | †  Provincial capital | †  Provincial capital | Municipality | Municipality | Municipality | Municipality | Municipality | Municipality |
| ↑ The globe icon marks the town center. ||||||||||||

### Barangays

The 6 municipalities of the province comprise a total of 132 barangays, with Gundaway (Poblacion) in Cabarroguis as the most populous in 2010, and Rang-ayan in Aglipay as the least.

## Demographics

The population of Quirino in the 2020 census was 203,828 people, with a density of 61 inhabitants per square kilometre or 160 inhabitants per square mile.
Quirino has the largest Igorot population next to its mother province Nueva Vizcaya outside the Cordillera region.

### Languages

The main languages are Ilocano and Ifugao. Other languages are Bugkalot, Pangasinan, Kankana-ey, Tagalog, and English. As Quirino was part of Provincia de Cagayan which is the predecessor of Cagayan Valley, a few residents speak Ibanag, which was the lingua franca of Provincia de Cagayan before it was replaced by Ilocano.

### Religion

Quirino is predominantly Roman Catholic with 54 percent adherence while Evangelicals and United Methodist Church serve as significant minorities with up to 20% of the population. Some people still practice indigenous beliefs. Other religions such as the Iglesia ni Cristo (forming more than 9% of the province population), mainline Protestant and Aglipayan are also well represented. Other religious groups are also have some minor adherents such as Islam.

## Economy

Poverty incidence of Quirino
* 5
* 10
* 15
* 20
* 25
* 30
* 2006 14.64
* 2009 15.56
* 2012 21.21
* 2015 28.36
* 2018 12.56
* 2021 6.20
* Source: Philippine Statistics Authority
Agriculture is the main industry in the province, with rice and corn as major crops. These supply the demand of neighboring provinces and the metropolis. It is the leading producer of banana in the Cagayan Valley region. Banana as well as banana chips are major products sold in Metro Manila and Pampanga. Small scale industries like furniture making, basketry, rattan craft, and dried flower production are prevalent.

## Government

Elected Officials of Quirino Provincial Council (2022–2025) :
| District Representative |||||
| Midy N. Cua |||||
| Provincial Governor |||||
| Dakila Carlo E. Cua |||||
| Provincial Vice Governor |||||
| Julius Caesar S. Vaquilar |||||
| Provincial Board |||||
| 1st District | Marlo S. Guillermo | Jovino F. Navalta | Marcelina M. Pagbilao | Babylyn G. Reyes |
| 2nd District | Linda G. Dacmay | Roy A. Saladino | Elizabeth B. Saure | Alegre M. Ylanan |