# Watering hole attack

Watering hole is a computer attack strategy in which an attacker guesses or observes which websites an organization often uses and infects one or more of them with malware. Eventually, some member of the targeted group will become infected. Hacks looking for specific information may only attack users coming from a specific IP address. This also makes the hacks harder to detect and research. The name is derived from predators in the natural world, who wait for an opportunity to attack their prey near watering holes.
One of the most significant dangers of watering hole attacks is that they are executed via legitimate websites that are unable to be easily blacklisted. Also, the scripts and malware used in these attacks are often meticulously created, making it challenging for an antivirus software to identify them as threats.

## Defense techniques

Websites are often infected through zero-day vulnerabilities on browsers or other software. A defense against known vulnerabilities is to apply the latest software patches to remove the vulnerability that allowed the site to be infected. This is assisted by users to ensure that all of their software is running the latest version. An additional defense is for companies to monitor their websites and networks and then block traffic if malicious content is detected. Other defense techniques include utilizing complex passwords and passkeys to access websites as well as biometric information to protect data from attacks. Utilizing web injections such as firewalls or downloading anti-virus software on to devices can also protect from attacks. Additionally, websites can enhance protection by disabling or removing vulnerable software, such as Flash and Adobe Reader, which are commonly targeted in cyber attacks.

## Examples
### 2011

* Operation Torpedo - The United States government conducted an attack on 3 Tor websites. The FBI seized access to the websites and continued to run them for a 19 day period. During this time the websites were modified to serve up a NIT, which would attempt to unmask visitors by revealing their IP address, operating system and web browser. The NIT code was revealed as part of the case USA v Cottom et al. Researchers from University of Nebraska at Kearney and Dakota State University reviewed the NIT code and found that it was an Adobe Flash application that would ping a user's real IP address back to an FBI controlled server, rather than routing their traffic through the Tor network and protecting their identity. It used a technique from Metasploit's "decloaking engine" and only affected users who had not updated their Tor web browser.

### 2012 US Council on Foreign Relations

In December 2012, the Council on Foreign Relations website was found to be infected with malware through a zero-day vulnerability in Microsoft's Internet Explorer. In this attack, the malware was only deployed to users using Internet Explorer set to English, Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Russian.

### 2013 Havex ICS software supply chain attack

Havex was discovered in 2013 and is one of five known Industrial Control System (ICS) tailored malware developed in the past decade. Energetic Bear began utilizing Havex in a widespread espionage campaign targeting energy, aviation, pharmaceutical, defense, and petrochemical sectors. The campaign targeted victims primarily in the United States and Europe. Havex exploited supply chain and watering-hole attacks on ICS vendor software in addition to spear phishing campaigns to gain access to victim systems.

### 2013 US Department of Labor

In mid-early 2013, attackers used the United States Department of Labor website to gather information on users that visited the website. This attack specifically targeted users visiting pages with nuclear-related content.

### 2015

* Operation Pacifier - The U.S. government seized a Tor (network) website and installed a malware based "Network Investigative Technique" (NIT) to hack into the web browsers of users accessing the site, thereby revealing their identities. The operation led to the arrest of 956 site users and five prison sentences.

### 2016 Polish banks

In late 2016, a Polish bank discovered malware on the institution's computers. It is believed that the source of this malware was the web server of the Polish Financial Supervision Authority. There have been no reports on any financial losses as a result of this

### 2017 Montreal-based International Civil Aviation Organization attack

There was an organization-level watering-hole attack in Montreal from 2016-2017 by an unknown entity causing a data breach.

### 2017 CCleaner attack

From August to September 2017, the installation binary of CCleaner distributed by the vendor's download servers included malware. CCleaner is a popular tool used to clean potentially unwanted files from Windows computers, widely used by security-minded users. The distributed installer binaries were signed with the developer's certificate making it likely that an attacker compromised the development or build environment and used this to insert malware.

### 2017 NotPetya attack

In June 2017, the NotPetya (also known as ExPetr) malware, believed to have originated in Ukraine, compromised a Ukrainian government website. The attack vector was from users of the site downloading it. The malware erases the contents of victims' hard drives.

### 2018 Chinese country-level attack

There was a country-level watering-hole attack in China from late 2017 into March 2018, by the group "LuckyMouse" also known as "Iron Tiger", "EmissaryPanda", "APT 27" and "Threat Group-3390."

### 2019 Holy Water Campaign

In 2019, a watering-hole attack, called Holy Water Campaign, targeted Asian religious and charity groups. Victims were prompted to update Adobe Flash which triggered the attack. It was creative and distinct due to its fast evolution. The motive remains unclear. Experts provided a detailed technical analysis along with a long list of Indicators of Compromise (IoCs) involved in the campaign, but none could be traced back to an Advanced Persistent Threat.

## Controversy of U.S. mass surveillance/invasion of privacy

In the U.S. a joint civil suit filed by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Civil Liberties and Transparency Clinic, and Privacy International against various branches of the U.S. Government alleged that the U.S. government had been using watering hole attacks in a new mass invasion of privacy of ordinary citizens. Further, the nature of the civil suit was a failure to comport relevant documents as part of a FOIA request to the various agencies.ACLU and Privacy International et al v. United States Agencies docket available on Courtlistener.com