OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Beik

William Humphrey Beik (1941–2017) was an American professor of French history, specialising in early modern France.
Beik's father, Paul Beik, was a professor of history at Swarthmore College who carried out research on the French Revolution, so that William was partially educated in France. William took degrees from Haverford College (B.A. 1963) and Harvard University (M.A. 1966; Ph.D. 1969). From 1968 to 1990 he taught at Northern Illinois University, and in 1990 became Professor of French History at Emory University, retiring in 2007. His Absolutism and Society in Seventeenth-Century France (1985) received the American Historical Association's Herbert Baxter Adams Prize. He died in Pittsburgh on August 31, 2017.

## Works

* "Magistrates and Popular Uprisings in France before the Fronde: The Case of Toulouse," Journal of Modern History, 46 (December 1974): 585-608.
* Absolutism and Society in Seventeenth-Century France (1985)
* Urban Protest in Seventeenth-Century France (1997)
* Louis XIV and Absolutism (2000)
* A Social and Cultural History of Early Modern France (2009)
# Umbrina cirrosa

Umbrina cirrosa, the shi drum, is a species of marine fish from the warmer waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. It is a commercially important species which is trawled for and farmed in aquaculture, as well as being a species pursued by anglers and spear fishermen for sport. The alternative vernacular names are gurbell, sea crow, bearded umbrine and corb.

## Description

Umbrina cirrosa has a moderately elongated body which is deep and laterally compressed. Its small mouth has an inferior setting and contains villiform teeth while on its chin there is a short and rigid barbel which is perforated by a pore at its tip. Its scales are mainly ctenoid in form except for those on the breast, snout and sub-orbital region, where they are predominantly cycloid. It is greyish-silver to brownish in colour, with a metallic sheen and is marked with longitudinal dark lines on the dorsal regions; the membranes on hind margin of gill cover are jet black in colour while the fins are dusky. The maximum length recorded is 73 cm total length, although the average is 40 cm.

## Distribution

Umbrina cirrosa is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the Bay of Biscay to southern Morocco and in the Mediterranean, although it is not found around the larger islands, and Black Sea and Sea of Azov. It has also spread into the Gulf of Suez through the Suez Canal, one of the few Lessepsian migrants to go from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, known as anti-Lessepsian migrants.

## Habitat and behaviour

Umbrina cirrosa is a demersal species which is found in inshore waters, over both rock and sandy sea beds. The juveniles occur in estuaries. The males produce pulses of sound to attract the females and spawning begins in May and peaks in June, the eggs being scattered over the substrate, each female lays more than one batch of spawn. The prey taken by this species includes sardines, anchovies, mackerels, cuttlefish, molluscs and worms, but the main prey are benthic invertebrates.

## Fisheries

Umbrina cirrosa has been recorded as being landed by fishermen in seven Mediterranean countries, the largest catches have been in Turkey and Italy. There has been a steep decline in landings in these two countries over the last ten years. The average landing figures for the years 1986 to 1990 were 1,393t and this has declined by 80% compared with the average figures for the years 2001 to 2005 being 278t. In the European Union over 1,000t was landed in 1995 but this had fallen to less than 100t by 2008. The species is now being farmed in aquaculture in countries such a Cyprus. The European record for a fish caught by an angler is 11.2 kg, this fish was caught in 1992 off Corsica. This species is also pursued by spear fishers.
# Françoise Chandernagor

Françoise Chandernagor (born 15 June 1945, Palaiseau) is a French writer. The daughter of André Chandernagor, she is a former student of the École nationale d'administration, and she became a member of the Council of State in 1969.

## Biography

She was born to a family of masons related to the descendants of an Indian free slave (hence her name). She married Philippe Jurgensen and is the mother of three children. Françoise Chandernagor divides her life between Paris and France's central region.
After receiving her diploma from the institute of political studies of Paris and a master's degree in public law, she was admitted at age 21 to the National School of Administration - École nationale d'administration (ÉNA), finishing two years later at the top of her class, the first woman to reach such position. In 1969 she entered the Council of State where she held various legal posts, most notably as Attorney-General.
She also held positions in the foreign service, both in cultural and economic affairs, and held leadership positions in charities, particularly as the vice president of the France Foundation until 1988 and as the vice president of the Aguesseau Foundation. In 1991, she drafted the annual report of the Council of State on "sécurité juridique" (The protection of the rights of the citizen in the judicial system). She left the administration and abandoned her career as a civil servant in 1993, to dedicate her time to writing.
Since 1981, when she published The King's Way (fictionalized memoirs of Madam de Maintenon - Françoise d'Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon, the second wife of Louis XIV, Françoise Chandernagor wrote six novels and a play (Brussels in 1993-1994 and to Paris in 1994-1995). Several of her novels were translated in fifteen languages, and two of them were the object of television adaptations.
Françoise Chandernagor presides the Jean Giono Prize, and is currently the administrator of the Foundation of the Castle of Maintenon, Corporation of the readers of the World, and Century. She is member of the Académie Goncourt since June 1995.

## Works

* L'Allée du Roi (1981)
* Leçons de ténèbres
* La Sans Pareille (1988)
* L'Archange de Vienne (1989)
* L'Enfant aux loups (1990)
* L'Ombre du Soleil (monologue théâtral after L'Allée du Roi, 1994)
* L'Enfant des Lumières (1995)
* La Première épouse (1998)
* Maintenon (in collaboration with Georges Poisson, 2001)
* La Chambre (2002)
* Couleur du temps (2004)
# Anne-Marie La Bonnardière

Anne-Marie La Bonnardière (1906–1998) was a scholar of St Augustine, known for her work on the influence of the bible on St Augustine's writing.

## Career

Anne-Marie La Bonnardière studied at the Catholic University of Lyon, receiving a degree in Geography and History. She worked at a secondary school in Lyon until it was closed due to the outbreak of the Second World War, after which she moved to teach at the Lycée Français de Barcelone. In Barcelona, she began her research into St. Augustine, benefiting from the library at the Santa Maria de Montserrat Abbey. In 1947, she returned to France, joining the CNRS in Paris in 1947, working with H.-I. Marrou. She defended her first thesis, 'Recherches de chronologie augustinienne' in 1964, and her second, on the Book of Wisdom in Augustine's writing, in 1970.

## Scholarship

La Bonnardière's work focused on the influence of the bible on the writings of St Augustine, and made possible the dating of many of Augustine's works. Her research incorporated the historical and social context of St Augustine's work and early Christianity in North Africa. Much of this work was published in volumes under the title Biblia Augustiniana.
She also contributed significantly to projects on the prosopography of late antiquity. Her archives are stored at the library of Sources Chrétiennes.

## Selected publications

* (1965). Recherches de chronologie augustinienne. Paris, Etudes Augustiniennes.
* (1967). Biblia Augustiniana, A.T.: le Deutéronome. Paris, Et́udes Augustiniennes.
* (1970). Biblia Augustiniana, A.T.: le livre de la sagesse. Paris, Et́udes Augustiniennes.
* (1971). 'La Livre de la Sagesse dans l'oeuvre de saint Augustin.' Revue Des Etudes Augustiniennes, (17), 171–175.
* (1972). Biblia augustiniana, A.T.: le livre de Jérémie. Paris, Études augustiniennes.
* (1975). Biblia Augustiniana. A.T.: le livre des proverbes. Paris, Études augustiniennes.
* (1976). 'Les "Enarrationes in psalmos" prêchées par saint Augustin à Carthage en décembre 409.' Recherches Augustiniennes, (9), 52–90.
* (1977). 'L'interprétation augustinienne du magnum sacramentum de Éphés 5, 32.' Recherches Augustiniennes Et Patristiques. 12, 3-45.
* (1983). 'La date des sermons 151 à 156 de saint Augustin.' Revue d'Études Augustiniennes et Patristiques. 29, 129–136.
* ed. (1986). Bible de tous les temps. III. Saint Augustine et la bible. Paris: Beauchesne.
# Never Never (Australian outback)

The Never Never is the name of a vast, remote area of the Australian Outback, as described in Barcroft Boake's poem "Where the Dead Men Lie":
    Out on the wastes of the Never Never -
    That's where the dead men lie!
    There where the heat-waves dance forever -
    That's where the dead men lie!
One reference earlier than Barcroft Boake's is The Never Never Land: a Ride in North Queensland (1884) by Archibald William Stirling so it is probable the term was in general use in at least the second half of the nineteenth century.
Life in the Never Never of the Northern Territory was described by Jeannie Gunn in two books including the classic 1908 Australian novel We of the Never Never.
Australian author Rosa Praed wrote the 1915 novel Lady Bridget in the Never-Never Land.
The slogan "You’ll Never Never Know, If You Never Never Go" was used in the 1990s for a TV advertising campaign featuring Daryl Somers for promoting tourism to the Northern Territory to people in other parts of Australia.
The term was also used several times throughout the 2008 Baz Luhrmann film Australia.
# Barbodes sealei

Barbodes sealei is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to Borneo where it is an inhabitant of streams and rivers. This species can reach a length of 13.7 centimetres (5.4 in) TL.
# List of defunct comic book conventions

This is a list of noteworthy defunct comic book conventions (as distinct from anime conventions, furry conventions, gaming conventions, horror conventions, multigenre conventions, and science fiction conventions). This a companion to List of comic book conventions.

## Africa
### Ivory Coast

* Coco Bulles (2001–2007)

## Europe
### Italy

* Komikazen in Ravenna (2005-2016)

### Portugal

* Amadora BD in Amadora, Portugal (1989-2019)

### Sweden

* UppCon, Uppsala, Sweden (2002-2012)

### United Kingdom

* British Comic Art Convention, England (1968–1981)
* CAPTION, England (1992–2017)
* Comic Expo (Bristol International Comic & Small Press Expo), Bristol, England (2004–2014) — successor to Comic Festival
* Comic Festival, Bristol, England (1999–2004) — began as "Comic 99"
* Comic Mart, London (1972–c. 1987)
* Edinburgh Comic Con, Edinburgh, Scotland (2014–2022)
* Hi-Ex, Inverness, Scotland (2008–2012)
* United Kingdom Comic Art Convention (UKCAC), London, England (1985–1998) — final convention took place in Manchester

## Asia
### Bangladesh

* Dhaka Pop Culture Expo, Dhaka

### India

* Comics Fest India, New Delhi (2008-2013)

### Saudi Arabia

* Saudi Comic Con, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (2017)

## North America
### Canada

* Central Canada Comic Con, Winnipeg (1994-2019)
* Toronto Comic Con, Toronto (2003–2012) — acquired by Wizard Entertainment in 2009
* Vancouver Halloween Parade & Expo, Vancouver

### United States

* Academy Con, New York City (1965–1967)
* Adventure Con, Knoxville, Tennessee (2002–2012)
* Atlanta Fantasy Fair, Atlanta (1975–1995)
* Boston Comic Con, Boston (2007–2017)
* Comic Art Convention, New York City (1968–1983) — also held in Philadelphia from 1977–1979
* Comix Fair, Houston (1983–c. 1996) — replaced the defunct Houstoncon
* ConGlomeration, Louisville (2001-2019)
* Creation Con, New York City (1971–1988) — variously named "Big Comicon Creation Convention," "Creation Comic Book & Pop Culture Convention," "Creation '78,", etc.
* Dallas Fantasy Fair, Dallas (1982–1995)
* Detroit Triple Fan Fair, Detroit (1965–1978)
* FantaCon, Albany, New York (1979–1990; 2013)
* Houstoncon, Houston (1967–1982)
* Intervention, Washington, D.C. area (2010-2016)
* Magnum Opus Con, Georgia and South Carolina (1986–2001)
* Metro Con, Washington. D.C. (1970–1971) — produced by teenager Gary Groth; attendees included Phil Seuling, Bud Plant, and Dave Cockrum
* Multicon, Oklahoma City (1970–1982)
* North Texas Comic Book Show in Dallas (2011-2020), quarterly
* OrlandoCon, Orlando (1974–1994)
* Stumptown Comics Fest, Portland, Oregon (2004–2013)
* UnCommonCon, Dallas (2000–2001)
* Wildcat Comic Con, Williamsport, Pennsylvania (2012–2014)
# Calhoun Academy (Mississippi)

Calhoun Academy (CA) is a private school in Pittsboro, Mississippi, founded in 1968 as a segregation academy.

## History

   Calhoun Academy is a racially discriminatory institution formed in the wake of public school desegregation to provide a haven for segregated education.
When the Federal government began forcing Mississippi schools to accept black students, many white parents sought ways to avoid sending their children to school with black children. In 1968, Calhoun Academy was created to give white students the opportunity of a segregated education.
In 1970, Calhoun Academy lost its tax exempt status when it declined to share its admissions policies with the IRS.
In 1972, the Calhoun County board of education adopted a policy that public school teachers must enroll their children in public schools as a condition of retaining their employment. When 3 teachers were dismissed under this policy, they sued in federal court, alleging that the schoolboard had violated their First Amendment right to freedom of association and Fourteenth Amendment rights to due process and equal protection. District court Judge William Keady ruled that Calhoun Academy was a racially discriminatory institution and the school board's policy was a permissible regulation to eliminate racial discrimination. The ruling was upheld in a 2-1 ruling by the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals. The Supreme Court initially agreed to review the case, but ultimately declined to hear an appeal.
In 1999 a white supremacist group, the Council of Conservative Citizens, reported that they had raised over $100,000 for Calhoun Academy. In 2011, at the urging of the Midsouth Association of Independent Schools, the school cut ties to the group. By 2016, the school had been given tax exempt status by the IRS.

## Campus

The campus is located at the intersection of Highway 9 and Academy Road.

## Drug testing

All students in grades 6-12 are subject to mandatory drug testing.

## Demographics

As of 2012, the student population was 100% white. In the 2015-2016 school year, the school had 155 students, all of whom were white. In the 2018 school year, attendance was 105, 104 of whom were white and 1 of whom was Hispanic.
# Velometro Mobility

VeloMetro Mobility, Inc. (doing business under the tradename Veemo), was an electric velomobile manufacturer based out of Vancouver, Canada. The company has invested eight years of research and development to create a three-wheeled, semi-enclosed, electric-assisted velomobile, called a Veemo. The vehicles do not require a driver's licence to ride in most jurisdictions and can be operated on bicycle paths as well as standard roadways.

## History

VeloMetro was co-founded in 2014 by Kody Baker, Sean Boyd, and Jonathan Faille of Perkuna Engineering, along with entrepreneur John Stonier. The first prototype vehicle was built in 2014 and they first unveiled their Veemo vehicle at the BC Tech Summit in 2016. The first pilot fleet started at the University of British Columbia in late 2017. The pilot program of 5 vehicles was made available to the public in February 2018. The pilot concluded in April 2018.
The company pivoted in late 2019 and decided to pursue a manufacturing and distribution of a new generation of Veemo products aimed at those who care about climate change. A new generation of lightweight, stable and efficient Veemo vehicles use a semi-enclosed design as opposed to the earlier fully enclosed design and have a much stiffer monocoque chassis. The new Veemo weighs in at less than 62 kg dry weight and uses a revolutionary belt drive system coupled to a continuously variable transmission rear hub. The new vehicle qualifies for many standards such as EN 15194 (European Union) and eBike regulations in Canada, the UK and United States and various other countries, making it bike lane eligible and legal without insurance or a driver's license. The business shift focuses on direct to consumer (DTC) sales models as well as a variation of the model aimed at the shared vehicle operator market.
VeloMetro announced bankruptcy, effective January 23, 2023.
As of July 2023, the assets of Veemo have been acquired by Envo Drive Systems, which hopes to put the Veemo into production by summer 2024.

## Vehicle

The Veemo is a single person, pedal-electric (Pedelec) hybrid vehicle which is regulated as an electric bicycle to a top speed of 32 km/h (20 mph) and power limit of 500 watts in Canada. The second generation vehicle weighs 62 kg and is capable of climbing hills of up to a 20% grade. It is semi-enclosed and has sufficient storage space to hold a full-sized overhead baggage suitcase. The internal battery is replenished through battery swapping.

## Veemo Service

Veemo Service was an idea similar to car2go, to provide a one way fleet sharing service accessible through a website or a smartphone app. Members would not need a driver's license and would register and start using the vehicles immediately. Riders would pay by-the-minute and park the vehicles in any valid parking spot within the designated home zone, which would be indicated in an in-dash display.
This service was never implemented, as it was planned around the fully enclosed prototype vehicle, which was never developed beyond the prototyping stage.
# Atlas VPN

Atlas VPN was a freemium VPN service provider, launched in 2019 with applications for Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS, Android TV, Apple TV, and Amazon Fire TV. It was discontinued in April 2024 and merged with NordVPN
The online VPN includes a tool that blocks malware, third-party trackers, and ads. Atlas VPN also offers a data breach monitoring feature that notifies users of potential data breaches.

## History

Atlas VPN is operated by Peakstar Technologies Inc.
In March 2020, Atlas VPN gave away a three-month subscription to its premium VPN services to combat misinformation about coronavirus. According to research conducted by the firm, internet censorship is leaving the citizens of some countries uninformed or misinformed about the extent of the outbreak.
On October 15, 2021, Nord Security announced that it had reached a deal to incorporate Atlas VPN to its growing portfolio of cybersecurity brands and products. However, Atlas VPN continues acting independently and pursuing its goals in the "freemium" VPN services market. In February 2022, Atlas VPN distributed one-year premium VPN subscriptions to media personnel in Ukraine at no cost as a gesture of support.
As of August 2023, Atlas VPN had 1000+ servers in 49 locations across the world. On March 25, 2024, it was announced that Atlas VPN would shut down on April 24. Existing customers would be transferred to NordVPN.

## Reviews

Forbes rated Atlas VPN 4.4 out of 5, while The Independent, Chip.de and Tom' s Hardware praised its speed. TechRepublic, in turn, reviewed it as a budget-friendly VPN service. German Computer Bild magazine and American Money magazine in their extensive reviews, featured the speed and security as pros, while citing a low number of US servers as a con. PCMag praised its freemium options, but criticized the app's awkward interface.

## Technology

Atlas VPN offers two different connection protocols: IPSec/IKEv2 and WireGuard tunneling protocols. It used ChaCha20 or AES-256 for data encryption.
In 2020, Atlas VPN launched the VPN Adoption Index, a research analyzing VPN download and usage across the world.
According to ZDNET, in February 2023, Atlas VPN started upgrading its service with 10 Gbit/s servers, allowing it to accommodate a larger number of users without experiencing congestion.
# Battle of Palonegro

The Battle of Palonegro was a battle in the Santander Department of Colombia, that lasted from May 11—26, 1900, in the early days of the Thousand Days War. The commanding general of the Liberal armies, Gabriel Vargas Santos, ordered his troops to retire to Palonegro, near the city of Bucaramanga in the Santander Department of Colombia. After the battle, the war escalated, and became one of the most brutal conflicts in early 20th century South America.

## Background

After the Liberal victory in the Battle of Peralonso on December 15, 1899, the Liberals could have chosen to march unopposed on the capital, consolidating the defeat of the Conservatives. General Vargas Santos, commander of the Liberal army, believed it was dishonorable to attack the dispersed government army, and ordered that his troops move to Cúcuta, many kilometers from the site of the battle.
By the time the General decided to recommence the war in February, fighting off mosquitoes and fever, the new Conservative army was fresh and well supplied under the command of the general Próspero Pinzón, and had cut off all routes of escape.

## The battle

On May 11, 1900, the Liberal advance arrived at the outposts in the Canta mountains, in between Bucaramanga and Lebrija, beginning the longest battle of the war. Fifteen days of intense combat on a front of 26 kilometers of trenches took place in the hills of Palonegro.
After the battle, the doctors who took care of the wounded and dead recounted stories of the brutality of the battle. Sources put the dead at 2,500, 1,500 Liberals and 1,000 Conservatives. The battle ended on May 26 when the Liberals began to abandon their positions in order to retreat.

## Aftermath

General Vargas Santos unexpectedly opted to lead his troops to safety via the jungle of Teorama. From that point on, the war began to escalate, ending with the defeat of the Liberals.

## Gallery

* Government troops before the battle.
* Government troops getting ready before the battle.
* Ossuary raised to unidentified victims after the battle.
* Current challenges of one of the makeshift hospitals during the battle.
* Weapons and tools used during the battle at the Batalla de Palonegro Military Historical Museum, Bucaramanga.
* Painting by Marco Tobon Mejia that represents the heat of battle.
* Government troops getting ready before the battle.
* Battle of camp palonegro.
# Zun Da Da

"Zun Da Da" is a song by Puerto Rican singer Zion. It was selected as the second single from his debut solo studio album The Perfect Melody (2007). The song was released to radio stations on July 20, 2007, and released as a digital download on April 9, 2008. In 2022, Rolling Stone listed the song at number 99 on its list of the 100 Greatest Reggaeton Songs of All Time.

## Charts

| Chart (2007) | Peak position |
| US Hot Latin Songs (Billboard) | 12 |
| US Tropical Songs (Billboard) | 11 |
| US Latin Rhythm Songs (Billboard) | 5 |
# Parsons Peak

Parsons Peak is a mountain in Yosemite National Park and the Cathedral Range of California's Sierra Nevada. The peak, located on the Madera–Tuolumne county line, rises to an elevation of 12,153 feet (3,704 m). The mountain has a ridge extending northwest from the summit. On this ridge is a point, referred to as Parsons Peak-Northwest Ridge, which rises to an elevation of about 8,848 feet (2,697 m) and at this point the boundaries of Mariposa, Tuolumne, and Madera counties meet. This point is the highest point in Mariposa County. The summit of Parsons Peak is just outside Mariposa County.
Most of the precipitation that falls on the mountain is snow due to the very high elevation.
The peak was named for Edward Taylor Parsons who for many years was a director of the Sierra Club.