OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nesting (voting districts)

Nesting is the delimitation of voting districts for one elected body in order to define the voting districts for another body.
The major concerns of nesting are that it may impede the creation of majority-minority districts, and that it may cause cities or other communities of interest to be split into different voting districts and therefore dilute their votes.

## By country
### Fiji

Under the 1970 constitution, Fiji had ten National constituencies. Each of them elected one indigenous Fijian member and one Indo-Fijian member on its own, but two national constituencies were nested into one for the election of General electors' representatives.

### Poland

The voting districts for the Senate of the Republic of Poland have to be within the bounds of the voting districts of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland.

### United Kingdom

The Scottish Parliament and Senedd Cymru are elected using an Additional member system, combining single-member constituencies with a party-list component chosen to ensure overall proportional representation across the chamber. To elect this proportional component, single-member constituencies are nested together within larger multi-member regions. In addition, the single-member constituencies in the Senedd are identical to those used for the UK House of Commons; this was also the case in Scotland until the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies.

### United States

The US states which have nesting in their state legislatures (with the ratio of lower house to upper):
* Alaska (2/1)
* Arizona (2/1) (districts are identical)
* Illinois (2/1)
* Iowa (2/1)
* Maryland (3/1) (29 of 47 districts are identical)
* Minnesota (2/1)
* Montana (2/1)
* New Jersey (2/1) (districts are identical)
* North Dakota (2/1) (46 of 47 districts are identical)
* Ohio (3/1)
* Oregon (2/1)
* South Dakota (2/1) (33 of 35 districts are identical)
* Washington (2/1) (districts are identical)
* Wisconsin (3/1)
In addition there are four states with exact ratios (California, Hawaii, New York, and Wyoming) that encourage, but do not require, nesting of legislative districts. Two other states with uneven lower-upper house ratios (Rhode Island and Utah) encourage nesting between legislative and congressional districts. Six other states (Alabama, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Nevada and Tennessee) have lower-to-upper house seat ratios ranging from 2/1 to 4/1, but do not feature nesting in their laws on redistricting.
# Amaya (web editor)

Amaya (formerly Amaya World) is a discontinued free and open source WYSIWYG web authoring tool with browsing abilities.
It was created by a structured editor project at the INRIA, a French national research institution, and later adopted by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) as their testbed for web standards; a role it took over from the Arena web browser. Since the last release in January 2012, INRIA and the W3C have stopped supporting the project and active development has ceased.
Amaya has relatively low system requirements, even in comparison with other web browsers from the era of its active development period, so it has been considered a "lightweight" browser.

## History

Amaya originated as a direct descendant of the Grif WYSIWYG SGML editor created in the early 1980s, and of the HTML editor Symposia, itself based on Grif, both developed and sold by French software company Grif SA.
The last change of code of Amaya was on 22 Feb 2013.

## Features

* Access keys
* Caret navigation
* Page zooming
* Password management
* Spell checking
* Transport protocols
* Support for CSS, MathML, SVG, RDF and Xpointer
* Displays free and open image formats such as PNG and SVG, as well as a subset of SVG animation

## A test bed application

It was used as a test-bed for new web technologies that were not supported in major browsers.
Amaya was the first client that supported the RDF annotation schema using XPointer. The browser was available for Linux, Windows (NT and 95), Mac OS X, AmigaOS, SPARC / Solaris, AIX, OSF/1.

## Naming and logo

Amaya was formerly called Tamaya. Tamaya is the name of the type of tree represented in the logo, but it was later discovered that Tamaya is also a trademark used by a French company, so the developers chose to drop the first letter to make it "Amaya".
# Özler, Aşkale

Özler is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Aşkale, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 15 and is inhabited by Alevi Turks (2022).
# Head crusher

A head crusher is a torture device first used in the early modern period.

## History

There were many variations of the head crusher during the early modern period.

## Torture

This metal device featured a plate that sat below the victim's jaw, which was connected by a frame to the head cap. As the torturer slowly twisted the handle, the gap between the head cap and plate decreased, crushing the skull, including the teeth, mandible and facial bones, and ultimately inducing death. Even if the torturer stopped before death, permanent damage to the facial muscles and structure would have occurred. The victim's head would slowly be crushed, killing the victim, but not before the victim's jaw had been crushed, and their eyes may have possibly extruded from their sockets. To aggravate the pain, the torture master would sometimes amuse himself by tapping on the metal cap with a small hammer.
Some variations had a receptacle in the front to catch the eyes of the victim.
# Florence Elsie Inman

Florence Elsie Inman (née Macdonald; 5 December 1891 – 31 May 1986) was a long–serving member of the Senate of Canada. A Liberal, she was appointed to the Senate 28 July 1955 on the recommendation of Louis St-Laurent, and represented the senatorial division of Murray Harbour, Prince Edward Island until her death. She was the first female Senator from Prince Edward Island.

## Early life

Florence Elise Inman was born in West River, Prince Edward Island in Queen's County Her parents where Alexander Macdonald and his wife, Florence (née White). At an early age, she lived with her grandfather on his farm and later moved to the city of Charlottetown. In the later years, Inman owned an inn known as the Poole House Inn in Montague located in the eastern end of the island, populated at 1,200 people. She was also the Vice President of the Inn's Association, the only women to hold that position at the time. Inman was married at eighteen to Charlottetown lawyer George Strong Inman. He had many political aspirations that inspired her to follow in his direction of politics and she was a great aid to him in his campaigns. The two were married from 1910 and had four sons and eight grandchildren. Her four sons consisted of: Commander William Robert (W.R.) Inman located in Ottawa; Dr. George Strong Inman who practices medicine at Montague and on occasion, his children would help his mother at the Poole House Inn; Lt. Commander Wilfred Nelson (W.N.) Inman stationed at St. John's, Newfoundland; and Major Roland Victor (R.V.) Inman, who is on the joint staff in Washington. Elise was also interested Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire (IODE) and wanted to offer her aid in the Red Cross Movement. She is responsible for the Blood Donor Clinic set up in Summerside.

## Politics

Inman was very inspired by her husband's political achievements. She was an advocate for women's rights to vote and urged women across Prince Edward Island to do so. She also went before the Island Government, accompanied by Mrs. Cecil Stewart, to ask that all women be given the opportunity to vote. After her husband's death in 1937, she remained active in her political work. When the Canada Act 1982 was before the Senate, Inman was among 23 members of the upper house to oppose the patriation of the Constitution of Canada.

## Death

Inman died at Ottawa's National Defence Medical Centre on 31 May 1986 following a heart attack the previous month (29 April). At 95, she was the oldest serving senator at that time and continued to attend some Senate sessions until December 1985 despite having arthritis in her final years.
# Mauricio Amster

Mauricio Amster Cats (1907–1980) was born in Lemberg and died in Santiago, Chile. He was a typographer, calligrapher, illustrator, graphic artist and designer, educator, writer, translator, and book collector who designed more than 500 books in Chile.

## Biography
### Early life

Amster was born into a Sephardic Jewish family and finished his bachelor education in Lviv. In 1927, he left for Austria, leaving his family behind (his parents died in the Nazi concentration camp in Belzec). Shortly after arriving in Vienna, he was unable to continue his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts; he left for Berlin, where he studied at the Reimann School between 1927 and 1930. In Depression-ravaged Germany, he could not find work and subsequently moved to Madrid, Spain.

### Life in Spain

He worked as a freelance artist for publishers Dedalo, Oriente, Zeus, and Ulises. Before mid-1936, he joined the Communist Party, and in his position as the person "responsible for transport of the National Artistic Treasure" traveled to Valencia, protecting paintings evacuated from the Museo del Prado. In July 1937, he participated in the Congress of Anti-fascist Intellectuals, where he met Chilean poets Vicente Huidobro and Pablo Neruda, who since 1935 had been a cultural attaché in the Chilean embassy.
He worked in the Ministry of Public Instructions and Arts, where he developed the famous "Cartilla", an ideological elementary textbook for uneducated soldiers of the Republican Army (published in October 1937 with 125,000 in the initial edition, translated to many languages). He married Adina Amenedo and escaped with her from Barcelona, crossing to France on January 24, 1939 to avoid being arrested by the troops loyal to General Francisco Franco.

### Life in Chile

He left Europe on board the SS Winnipeg from Bordeaux, France, on August 1, 1939, with 2,200 immigrants helped by Pablo Neruda and the Chilean government. They arrived a month later in Valparaíso. He started his career in Chile designing the arts and literary criticism journal Babel, then worked for the publishing house Cruz del Sur, and finally worked as an art director with the publishing house Zig Zag until 1947.
He later developed an intense professional link with the publisher Universitaria (publisher of Anales and Revista de Filosofia at the University of Chile and books such as Mis viajes of Ignacy Domeyko). He also worked as a professor of graphic arts. He founded the School of Journalism, Communication Science and Technology, with Ernesto Montenegro. He worked for the publisher Editorial del Pacifico.
Amster died in 1980 in Santiago, Chile.
# Roman Catholic Diocese of San Fernando de La Union

The Diocese of San Fernando de La Union (Latin: Dioecesis Ferdinandopolitana ab Unione) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in the Philippines. The diocese was established in 1970 from the Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia. It is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Lingayen-Dagupan.

## Ordinaries

| No. | Name | Name | From | Until |
| 1 | | Victorino Cristobal Ligot | 6 Feb. 1970 | 18 Sept. 1980 |
| 2 | | Salvador Lazo Lazo | 20 Jan. 1981 | 28 May 1993 |
| 3 | | Antonio Realubin Tobias | 28 May 1993 | 25 Nov. 2003 |
| 4 | | Artemio Lomboy Rillera, SVD | 1 Apr. 2005 | 13 Nov. 2011 |
| Sede Vacante - Apostolic Administrator | Sede Vacante - Apostolic Administrator | Socrates B. Villegas, DD | 13 Nov. 2011 | 19 Jan. 2013 |
| 5 | | Rodolfo Fontiveros Beltran | 19 Jan. 2013 | 17 Jun. 2017 |
| Sede Vacante - Apostolic Administrator | Sede Vacante - Apostolic Administrator | Victor B. Bendico, DD | 17 June 2017 | 02 Aug. 2018 |
| 6 | | Daniel Oca Presto | 2 Aug. 2018 | present |
# Church Street Historic District (Saranac Lake, New York)

The Church Street Historic District is a national historic district located in the village of Saranac Lake (Harrietstown) in Franklin County, New York. The district extends roughly along Church Street from Main Street to St. Bernard Street. It comprises twenty-seven buildings, including three churches, a medical laboratory, ten homes, two libraries, and six cure cottages, most built between the late 1870s and 1900.
Church Street is one of the five original streets of the village, connecting River Street to Main Street. Most of the buildings have features reflecting their use as cure cottages by residents suffering from tuberculosis. Patients sat out on the "cure porches" in order to be exposed daily, year round, to as much fresh air as possible.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

## Gallery

* Saranac Laboratory, precursor to the Trudeau Institute. Presently the home of Historic Saranac Lake.
* Church of St Luke the Beloved Physician
* Church of St Luke the Beloved Physician, interior
* Kinghorn-Sageman House
# Kilfinnan Fall

Kilfinnan Fall is a waterfall of Scotland.
# Cade Davis

Cade Davis (born June 28, 1988) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Kuala Lumpur Dragons of the ASEAN Basketball League.

## College career

Davis played college basketball at the University of Oklahoma, with the Oklahoma Sooners, where he was one of the team's leading scorers and rebounders. At Oklahoma, he was a teammate of Blake Griffin.

### College

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| 2007–08 | Oklahoma | 28 | 6 | 13.3 | .320 | .275 | .1000 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 3.7 |
| 2008–09 | Oklahoma | 35 | 1 | 14.6 | .383 | .345 | .656 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 4.7 |
| 2009–10 | Oklahoma | 31 | 27 | 31.8 | .392 | .347 | .778 | 3.9 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 9.9 |
| 2010–11 | Oklahoma | 31 | 31 | 34.9 | .447 | .358 | .728 | 5.0 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 14.2 |
| Career | | 125 | 65 | 23.6 | .404 | .341 | .759 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 8.1 |

## Professional career

In July 2011, Davis signed to play with MZT Skopje. As one of the team's leaders and starters, he helped the team to win the Macedonian League championship in 2012, 2013, and 2014.
In August 2014, he signed with the Greek League team AENK for the 2014–15 season.
On September 11, 2015, Davis signed with Kauhajoen Karhu for the 2015–16 season.
On July 26, 2016, Davis signed with Pallacanestro Chieti of the Serie A2 Basket.
On August 5, 2017, Davis signed with Keravnos of the Cypriot League.

### Eurocup

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG | PIR |
| 2013–14 | MZT Skopje | 8 | 3 | 25.9 | .440 | .419 | .714 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 7.8 | 6.1 |
| Career | | 8 | 3 | 25.9 | .440 | .419 | .714 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 7.8 | 6.1 |
# Nualphan Lamsam

Nualphan Lamsam (Thai: นวลพรรณ ล่ำซำ; RTGS: Nuanphan Lamsam; Chinese: 伍倫盼; born 21 March 1966), nicknamed Madame Pang (Thai: มาดามแป้ง), is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Muang Thai Insurance, and current president of the Football Association of Thailand.
She is a member of the Democrat Party and was its assistant secretary-general from 2006 to 2016.

## Early life and education

Nualphan is the fifth generation descendant of the Lamsam family. She is the daughter of Photipong Lamsam, a politician of the Democrat Party and Yupa Lamsam, a major shareholder of Muang Thai Insurance public company limited, the company which she currently owns.
She has a sister, Wannaporn Phornprapa, the Managing Director of P Landscape Company, and a brother, Sara Lamsam, the President and CEO of Mueang Thai Life Insurance.
Nualphan graduated from Patumwan Demonstration School, Srinakharinwirot University, with a Bachelor of Marketing from the Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy at Chulalongkorn University, and with a Master of Management from Boston University.

## Marriage

Nualphan's first marriage was with Vachara Phanchet, Chairman of Sittipol Sales co. and German Auto co. They had one daughter, Nuanwan Phanchet, born in 1997. Nualphan and Vachara divorced in early 2005 and she later married Corrections Department director-general, Police Colonel Narat Sawettanan on 19 January 2014.
# Arsames I

Arsames I (Greek: Ἀρσάμης; Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠𐎶) seems to have taken control of Commagene, Sophene and Armenia in the year 260 BC after the death of his grandfather Orontes III, king of Armenia, and his father Sames, king of Commagene.

## Name

"Arsames" is the Hellenized form of the Old Persian name Aršāma ("having a hero’s strength"), which was a common name within the Persian Achaemenid family as well as amongst the Persian elite of the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC). The name is a compound, composed of aršan ("male, hero") and ama ("strength"). The name is attested in Aramaic as ʾršm. The feminine form of the name, *Aršāmā (Greek Arsamē), is attested in the daughter of Darius the Great (522–486 BC).

## Reign

The Seleucid Empire was always trying to overthrow the Armenian dynasties who still ruled the lands their forebears had in the time of the Achaemenid Empire.
Ziaelas of Bithynia found refuge at the court of king Arsames, and upon the death of king Nicomedes I of Bithynia Ziaelas returned to take the kingdom in 254 BC.
Arsames also supported Antiochus Hierax against his brother, Seleucus II Callinicus, who was defeated at a battle against king Mithridates II of Pontus near Ankara in 239 BC, after which Seleucus lost control of any lands he had across the Taurus mountains. This was to the benefit of Arsames.
Arsames then founded the cities of Arsamosata in Sophene and Arsameia (known today as Eski Kale) in Commagene in 235 BC.
After his death his eldest son Xerxes became king of Commagene, Sophene and Armenia. Orontes IV would succeed Xerxes whilst another son known as "Mithras" (or Mithrenes II) is recorded as being the High Priest of the temple to the Sun and Moon at Armavir.

## Children

* Xerxes, King of Armenia and Sophene 228 – 212 BC
* Orontes IV, King of Armenia 212 – 200 BC
* Mithrenes II, High Priest of the temple to the Sun and Moon at Armavir.
# Cincinnatus Historic District

Cincinnatus Historic District is a historic district in Cincinnatus, New York that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
It consists of 14 properties with 27 contributing structures dating from c.1830 to 1930: a former church, a library, and 12 residences, plus related outbuildings.
The properties included are:
* former Congregational Church (Heritage Hall)
** 2781 Taylor Ave.
* former Congregational Church Manse (Rogers/Seeley residence)
** 5691 Main St.
* Kellogg Free Library
** Main St. & Taylor Ave.
* Kingman Store (Speciale residence)
** 5680 Main St.
* Barnes-Brown residence
** 2789 Taylor Ave.
* Rockwell-Randal residence
** 2797 Taylor Ave.
* Meldrin-Totman residence
** 2803 Taylor Ave.
* Staley residence
** 2809 Taylor Ave.
* Brown-Forshee residence
** 2815 Taylor Ave.
* Smith-Wight residence
** 2800 Taylor Ave.
* Shore residence
** 2794 Taylor Ave.
* Kingman-Pryor residence
** 2788 Taylor Ave.
* Covert-Simonet/Kopecky residence
** 2770 Taylor Ave.
* White-Glazen residence
** 2769 Taylor Ave.
In July 1984, the Kellogg Free Library filed notification to the New York State Office of Parks that it did not wish to have the Rogers-Seeley residence listed as part of the district; no reason was cited. The Rogers-Seeley residence remained on the application that was approved for inclusion on the National Register.
# Atilla Şereftuğ

Atilla Şereftuğ (born 16 November 1950) is a Turkish-Swiss songwriter, born in Istanbul.

## Career

In 1986, Şereftuğ participated in the Swiss heats of the Eurovision Song Contest as composer of the song "Pas pour moi". The song's co-composer was Nella Martinetti. "Pas pour moi" won the Swiss final and, performed by Daniela Simmons represented Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest held in Bergen, Norway. It was voted into second place behind the Belgian entry.
In 1988, along with Nella Martinetti, he once again qualified for the Swiss Eurovision heat, this time with the song "Ne partez pas sans moi," performed by the Canadian singer Celine Dion. By a small margin of seven votes the song won and went on to the final in Dublin. Consequently, in 1988, Celine Dion won the Eurovision Song Contest, by an even smaller margin of just one point, with the song "Ne partez pas sans moi."
# Richard von Kaufmann

Richard von Kaufmann (1850–1908) was a German jurist and art collector.
Kaufmann was born in Cologne and became a respected professor and minister of finance. He began to collect art while living in Berlin and donated several works to the new museum began by Wilhelm von Bode. He published a catalog of his collection with help from his friends Bode, Max Friedländer, Friedrich Lippmann and Hugo von Tschudi in 1901.
Kaufmann died in Charlottenburg and most of his collection was sold.
# Tepsicik, Aşkale

Tepsicik is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Aşkale, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 99 and is inhabited by Turks and Meskhetian Turks (2022).
# Pioniereisenbahn

Pioniereisenbahn (Pioneer Railway) is the German term for a narrow gauge railway operated by children in the countries of Comecon. The children who work there in their free time were interested in rail transport and often members of the Junge Pioniere or the Freie Deutsche Jugend, called Pioniere (pioneers). The children and teenagers became acquainted with the railroad's occupations and get practical experiences. Also apprentices of the Deutsche Reichsbahn were taught signal technique there.
Today they are often called Parkeisenbahn or Kindereisenbahn but the principle is the same. Examples for German pioneer railways can be found at List of children's railways.
* This German rail transport related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Seodaemun Art Hall

Seodaemun Art Hall (Korean: 서대문 아트홀) was a South Korean movie theater located in Seodaemun District, Seoul. South Korea. Originally called Hwayang Theater, it opened in 1964 and was demolished in 2012.

## History

Seodaemun Art Hall opened in 1964 as Hwayang Theater. In its early years the theater screened classic Hollywood films such as Ben-Hur and The Sound of Music, and in the 1980s was a hotspot for Hong Kong cinema, hosting premieres and drawing actors such as Leslie Cheung and Chow Yun-fat. It went into decline with the increasing popularity of multiplex movie theaters, and despite changing its name to Dream Cinema in 1999, this attempt to rebrand its image was unsuccessful. In recent years the theater has been limited to screening free previews or films that are long past their opening dates. As of 2008, Seodaemun Art Hall was the last remaining single screen movie theater in Seoul.

## Closure

With plans to redevelop the area and the building facing demolition, Seodaemun Art Hall announced in October 2007 that it would be closing. To give the theater an appropriate farewell, Kim Eun-joo, the head of Seodaemun Art Hall, invested ₩100 million in upgrading the movie screen and sound system for the purpose of screening her favourite film, Dirty Dancing, for which she translated subtitles herself. The theater was given a retro 1980s look, and a 24 m (79 ft) hand painted advertising board for the film was created to decorate the entrance. Painted by local artist Kim Young-jun, the board took him and his assistants one week to complete.
Dirty Dancing opened at Seodaemun Art Hall in November 2007, and with low priced tickets costing ₩3,500 it attracted 700 to 1,000 viewers per day, several times more than the theater's average audience numbers. The popularity of the screening allowed the film's run to extend into early 2008. Although the theater still remains due to close, it has continued to screen films throughout the year, with a re-release of Hong Kong film A Better Tomorrow opening on 8 August 2008.
As of 2012, Seodaemun Art Hall is demolished.

## Location

Seodaemun Art Hall is located directly outside exit 8 of Seodaemun Station on Seoul Subway Line 5.