OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bow Street Historic District

The Bow Street Historic District encompasses a mixed 19th-century commercial-residential in the Union Square area of Somerville, Massachusetts. It covers a part of the west side of Union Square that saw significant development during the city's growth in the 19th century, and has remained well-preserved since then. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

## Description and history

The city of Somerville was first settled in 1630 and was part of Charlestown until 1842. From an early date, a track developed that skirted Prospect Hill to the north and a marshy area to the south, between the center of Charlestown and Menotomy, as what is now Arlington was then called. This route now consists of Washington Street, Bow Street, and Somerville Avenue. The Bow Street section, a bend in the road around a marshy area, was eventually bypassed when the marsh was filled in, but was before then a point of development along the road. It remained a significant area of development in the 19th century, as the Union Square area developed as the town's (and later city's) principal area of industry and commerce in the 19th century. The principal intersection of Union Square has been intensively redeveloped, but a portion of Bow Street has managed to retain its 19th-century character.
The historic district covers most of Bow Street, omitting only a few buildings at its eastern end. It includes, among other buildings, a former police station, built c. 1875 in the Gothic Victorian style, the 1887 Romanesque Revival Prospect Hill Congregational Church, and two buildings (the Drouet Block and the Richmond, both from 1898) designed by architect Aaron H. Gould that served as both commercial space and apartment-style hotels.
# Bradford Common Historic District

The Bradford Common Historic District is a historic district encompassing the former town center of Bradford, now a village of Haverhill, Massachusetts. Centered on the former town common at South Main and Salem Streets, the area served as Bradford's civic and commercial center from about 1750 until its annexation by Haverhill in 1897, and retains architecture from the 18th to early 20th centuries. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

## Description and history

The town of Bradford was settled in 1649, with its original town center east of the present common. In 1749 this area, located south of the ferry connecting the town to Haverhill (then limited to the north side of the Merrimack River), was given to the town by the Kimball family as a new town center. The oldest building in the district is a former tavern owned by the Kimballs, built about 1690. The village is predominantly residential in character, with the White Church (1848) a prominent fixture in the center. Former civic buildings of Bradford, including its town hall and fire house, have been repurposed; the town hall is now a public school. The largest non-residential portion of the district is the academic campus now occupied by Northpoint Bible College; this campus was originally that of Bradford College, one of the first coeducational academies to be founded.
The historic district is centered on the triangular common formed by South Main Street, Salem Street, and Church Street. South Main and Salem Streets are both early colonial routes connecting Haverhill to Boston and Rowley. The district extends north along South Main to Carleton Avenue, and south past the college campus to Kingsbury Avenue. It extends a shorter distance along Salem Street. Most of the district's buildings are wood-frame houses, 1-1/2 to 2+1⁄2 stories in height. They are in a diversity of styles, principally those that were popular in the 18th and 19th centuries.
# Photoacid

Photoacids are molecules that become more acidic upon absorption of light. Either the light causes a photodissociation to produce a strong acid, or the light causes photoassociation (such as a ring forming reaction) that leads to an increased acidity and dissociation of a proton.
There are two main types of molecules that release protons upon illumination: photoacid generators (PAGs) and photoacids (PAHs). PAGs undergo proton photodissociation irreversibly, while PAHs are molecules that undergo proton photodissociation and thermal reassociation. In this latter case, the excited state is strongly acidic, but reversible.

## Photoacid generators

An example due to photodissociation is triphenylsulfonium triflate. This colourless salt consists of a sulfonium cation and the triflate anion. Many related salts are known including those with other noncoordinating anions and those with diverse substituents on the phenyl rings.
The triphenylsulfonium salts absorb at a wavelength of 233 nm, which induces a dissociation of one of the three phenyl rings. This dissociated phenyl radical then re-combines with remaining diphenylsulfonium to liberate an H$^+$ ion. The second reaction is irreversible, and therefore the entire process is irreversible, so triphenylsulfonium triflate is a photoacid generator. The ultimate products are thus a neutral organic sulfide and the strong acid triflic acid.
    [(C$_6$H$_5$)$_3$S$^+$][CF$_3$SO$^−$ $_3$] + hν → [(C$_6$H$_5$)$_2$S$^{+.}$][CF$_3$SO$^−$ $_3$] + C$_6$H$^.$ $_5$
    [(C$_6$H$_5$)$_2$S$^{+.}$][CF$_3$SO$^−$ $_3$] + C$_6$H$^.$ $_5$ → (C$_6$H$_5$C$_6$H$_4$)(C$_6$H$_5$)S + [CF$_3$SO$^−$ $_3$][H$^+$]
Applications of these photoacids include photolithography and catalysis of the polymerization of epoxides.

## Photoacids

An example of a photoacid which undergoes excited-state proton transfer without prior photolysis is the fluorescent dye pyranine (8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonate or HPTS).
The Förster cycle was proposed by Theodor Förster and combines knowledge of the ground state acid dissociation constant (pK$_a$), absorption, and fluorescence spectra to predict the pK$_a$ in the excited state of a photoacid.
The name photoacid can be abbreviated PAH, where the H does not stand for a word starting with H, but rather for a hydrogen atom which is lost when the molecule reacts as a Brønsted acid. This use of PAH should not be confused with other meanings of PAH in chemistry and in medicine.
# Devic

Devic may refer to:
* Eugène Devic (1858–1930), French neurologist
* Émilien Devic (1888-1944), French footballer
* Devic kingdom, the realm of devas, non-physical beings described in certain doctrines, religions and popular culture
* Devics, a band from Los Angeles, United States
* Devič, a Serb Orthodox abbey in Kosovo
* Neuromyelitis optica, Devic's disease or Devic's syndrome
# Sosale

Sosale is a small village near T.Narsipur in Mysore district of Karnataka province in India.

## Location

Sosale is located on the left bank of the Cauvery River near its confluence with the Kabini River, about 3 km away from the Agastheswara Temple at Tirumakudlu.

## Administration

Sosale is under the jurisdiction of T.Narsipur Taluk in Mysore district, Karnataka State, India.

## Sosale Devasthana

Sosale Devasthana is a beautiful temple in the village. Sosale Devasthana in the picture is the SKP Agrahara Srinivasa temple. There are other temples as well including the Ganesha temple and the shri Honnadevi temple and hoobaleshwari temple.
The temple is breathtakingly beautiful and is located in the middle of vast expanses of paddy fields. It is an ideal picnic spot. There are white domes on the back of the temple which is a kind ancient worship ritual of the locals.
# FOUP

FOUP (an acronym for Front Opening Unified Pod or Front Opening Universal Pod) is a specialized plastic carrier designed to hold silicon wafers securely and safely in a controlled environment, and to allow the wafers to be transferred between machines for processing or measurement.
FOUPs began to appear along with the first 300mm wafer processing tools in the mid 1990s. The size of the wafers and their comparative lack of rigidity meant that SMIF pods were not a viable form factor. FOUP standards were developed by SEMI and SEMI members to ensure that FOUPs and all equipment that interacts with FOUPs work together seamlessly. Transitioning from a SMIF pod to a FOUP design, the removable cassette used to hold wafers was replaced by fixed wafer columns. The door was relocated from a bottom orientation to a front orientation, where automated handling equipment can access the wafers. Pitch for a 300 mm FOUP is 10 mm, while 13 slot FOUPs can have a pitch up to 20 mm. The weight of a fully loaded 25 wafer FOUP is between 7 and 9 kilograms which means that automated material handling systems are essential for all but the smallest of fabrication plants. To allow this, each FOUP has coupling plates and interface holes to allow the FOUP to be positioned on a load port, and to be picked up and transferred by the AMHS (Automated Material Handling System) to other process tools or to storage locations such as a stocker or undertrack storage. FOUPs may use RF tags that allow them to be identified by RF readers on tools or AMHS. FOUPs are available in several colors, depending on the customer's wish.
FOUPs have begun to have the capability to have a purge gas applied by process, measurement and storage tools in an effort to increase device yield. FOUPs can be purged inside a FOUP stocker or at the equipment accessing the FOUP.

## FOSB

FOSB is an acronym for Front Opening Shipping Box. FOSBs are used for transporting wafers between manufacturing facilities.

## Manufacturers

* ePAK
* 3S Korea
* CKplas
* Dainichi Shoji
* Entegris
* E-SUN System Technology
* Gudeng Precision
* Mirail
* Shin-Etsu Polymer
# Chemillé-sur-Dême

Chemillé-sur-Dême (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.

## Geography

The commune is situated in the Western area, near the borderline of the Sarthe region and Loir-et-Cher in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France. It is bordered by other communes such as, Épeigné-sur-Dême, Villedieu-le-Château, Montroveau, Les Hermites, Marray, Louestault and Neuvy-le-Roi.
The commune is situated approximately 35 – 40 minutes (31 km) from the North of the city, Tours, which is the largest city in the region of Centre-Val de Loire, and the prefecture of the department Indre-et-Loire.
The village includes two notable rivers, La Dême (total length of 32.5 km) as well as La Dêmée (total length of 13.8 km), as well as nine other small rivers including La Rorthe.
The commune is known to have clayey soils in most parts which result in minor cases of shrinkage / swellage, negatively impacting some buildings, and infrastructure.

## Mayors

| Time period | Identity | Political Stance |
| March 2001 - March 2008 | Pierre Bonneau | Independent |
| March 2008 – Present | Éloi Canon | Independent |

## Personalities linked to the commune

* Jean Raspail, French writer and explorer born in the commune in 1925, who died in Paris in 2020.
* Louis-Charles Couturier (1817 - 1890), was a Benedictine abbot, born in the village.
# Daisuke Inoue (rugby union)

Daisuke Inoue (井上 大介, Inoue Daisuke, born 16 November 1989 in Nara Prefecture) is a Japanese rugby union player who plays as a scrumhalf.
In his home country he plays for the Kubota Spears whom he joined in 2013. He was also named in the first ever Sunwolves squad which will compete in Super Rugby from the 2016 season.
# Hôtel de Ville, Caen

The Hôtel de Ville (French pronunciation:, City Hall) is a municipal building in Caen, Calvados, north-west France, standing on the Esplanade Jean-Marie Louvel.

## History

Early meetings of the local council were held in the square tower at the Châtelet, which dated back at least to the early 14th century, and was located on the bridge across the River Orne, close to what is now the junction between the Boulevard Maréchal Leclerc and the Rue Saint-Jean.
In the late 17th century, the council sought a dedicated building and selected the Hôtel d'Escoville on Place Saint-Pierre, which was designed in the Renaissance style for Nicolas le Valois d'Escoville and completed in 1537. The council rented the building from 1693, before acquiring it in 1733.
In the late 18th century, the council decided that it needed a more substantial building and identified the Séminaire des Eudistes on the Place Royale (now known as the Place de la République): the building had its origins in a church commissioned by Jean Eudes. The seminary, created to support the church, was designed in the French neoclassical style and was completed in 1703. It was seized by revolutionaries during the French Revolution, and was then acquired by the council in January 1792. After being converted for municipal use, it was extended with extra wings along Rue Auber, Rue Saint-Laurent and Rue Jean Eudes around an inner courtyard. The complex was completely destroyed by allied bombing in the Battle for Caen in June 1944 during the Second World War.
After the war, the council sought a new municipal headquarters. The building they selected had originally served as the south transept of the Abbey of Saint-Étienne. It had been designed by a monk, Guillaume de la Tremblaye, and completed in 1726. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage of 27 bays facing onto what became the Esplanade Jean-Marie Louvel, with the end sections slightly projected forward. The main frontage was 105 metres (344 ft) long. The central section of three bays featured three round headed openings on the ground floor, three segmental headed windows on the first floor, and three smaller segmental headed windows on the second floor. There was a clock flanked by two square headed windows at attic level, all surmounted by a pediment with carvings in the tympanum and a lantern behind. The wings and the end sections were fenestrated in a similar style to the central section.
After the French Revolution, the building became the headquarters of the department of Calvados as well as the local gendarmerie and then became home to the Lycée Impérial in 1804. The Lycée Impérial was renamed the Lycée Malherbe in 1892, and relocated to new premises in Avenue Albert Sorel in 1961. The vacant building was acquired by the council and, following conversion for municipal use, re-opened as the town hall in January 1965. The area in front of the building was renamed Esplanade Jean-Marie Louvel to commemorate the life of the former mayor, Jean-Marie Louvel.
# Hellenic Republic Asset Development Fund

The Hellenic Republic Asset Development Fund (HRADF; Greek: Ταμείο Αξιοποίησης Ιδιωτικής Περιουσίας του Δημοσίου ΤΑΙΠΕΔ) is a Greek state-owned asset management company that controls a number of state owned enterprises. It is a direct subsidiary of the Hellenic Corporation of Assets and Participations. HRADF exploits the assets of Greece that have been assigned to it and manages the implementation of the privatization program in Greece, specifically, the implementation of the Asset Development Plan "ADP."

## Portfolio
### Infrastructure

* Public Power Corporation S.A. (government retains 34.12% owned by Greek government)
* Piraeus Port Authority (government retains 7.14%)
* Thessaloniki Port Authority (government retains 7.27%)
* Marinas of Hydra, Poros and Epidavros
* Marinas of Chios and Pylos
* Athens International Airport (government retains 25%; privatisation of 30% stake held by the Hellenic Republic Asset Development Fund is in progress)
* Schinias Olympic Rowing and Canoeing Centre
* Markopoulo Olympic Equestrian Centre
* Galatsi Olympic Hall
* South Kavala Natural Gas Storage

### Corporate

* Hellenic Petroleum (35.5%)
* Hellenic Post
* Public Gas Corporation

### Land development

* Boutique Hotels
* Kassandra Golf (Kassandra)
* Peace and Friendship Stadium

## Privatisations

* Egnatia Odos S.A., the operator of the A2 motorway
* TrainOSE
* ROSCO (railway maintenance company)
* Marinas of Alimos (concession of 40 years awarded to Ellaktor
* Ellinikon airport (see also Hellenikon Metropolitan Park)
* DEPA Infrastructure
* Modiano Market
# What I Believe (Tolstoy book)

What I Believe (В чём моя́ ве́ра?), first published in English as My Religion, is an 1884 book by Leo Tolstoy. It was listed as Volume 4 of an untitled four-part work.
# Dwight Foster

Dwight Foster is the name of:
* Dwight Foster (politician, born 1757) (1757–1823), U.S. Congressman and Senator for Massachusetts
* Dwight Foster (politician, born 1828) (1828–1884), Massachusetts attorney general
* Dwight Foster (ice hockey) (1957–2025), Canadian ice hockey player in the NHL
# Celbridge Abbey

Celbridge Abbey is located in Celbridge, County Kildare in Ireland.

## History

The house was built by Bartholomew Van Homrigh, who at the time was the Lord Mayor of Dublin, in 1697. It is, however, more famous as the childhood (1688–1707) and later adult (1714–23) home of his daughter, Esther Vanhomrigh, (1688–1723), who was Dean Swift's 'Vanessa'. Swift was known to travel frequently to Celbridge Abbey to see her. The poem in which Swift fictionalised her as Vanessa, "Cadenus and Vanessa", was written seven years before he visited her in Celbridge in 1720.
The house was acquired by Thomas Marlay, the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland in 1723. Thomas Marlay's son, Bishop Richard Marlay, had the house rebuilt in the 1780s. Meanwhile Thomas Marlay's daughter Mary was married to James Grattan, a member of the Irish House of Commons. James' son, Henry Grattan (1746–1821), a renowned 18th Irish patriot politician, lived with his uncle Colonel Thomas Marlay at Celbridge Abbey between 1777 and 1780. He afterwards wrote: "Along the banks of that river, amid the groves and bowers of Swift and Vanessa, I grew convinced that I was right."
An occupant in the late 19th century was Colonel Gerald Dease, a Catholic nobleman who entertained the Empress of Austria and later Prince Henry of Prussia during their visits to Ireland.
Since 1952, the house has been owned and managed by the Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God, providing a range of Respite, Residential, Day Services and Early Services for people with an intellectual disability.

## Rock Bridge

The rock bridge in Celbridge Abbey grounds is the oldest stone bridge across the River Liffey.
# Local Heroes (company)

Local Heroes was a British online service that connected people with local plumbers, electricians, and other tradespeople. It was launched in early 2016 by Centrica through its subsidiary British Gas.
The service operated across Great Britain and Ireland, working with a network of vetted independent tradespeople to fulfill customer jobs, before closing down in late 2023.

## History

Launched in February 2016, Local Heroes provided limited availability to the Croydon area, expanding to the West Midlands in October 2016 and Glasgow in April 2017. UK-wide coverage was completed in June 2017.
Local Heroes was nominated for the Best New Proposition Award at the CEA 2017 and won the Customer Engagement Award at the Peer Awards 2018.
Local Heroes launched its app for traders, Toolbox, in August 2018.
In September 2023, British Gas announced that the Local Heroes platform would be closing in October 2023 to focus on the "growing demand for British Gas services".
On 20 October 2023, Local Heroes ceased trading.

## Operations

The Local Heroes website required registered tradespeople to accept jobs on their site via email, smartphone, or desktop computer.

### Pricing and payments

When a user completed the form requesting a tradesperson, Local Heroes used market research and historical data to provide an estimated price range for the requested job. If accepted, the Local Hero would then provide a final quote directly to the user, from which they could choose whether to accept or not.
As all jobs were guaranteed by British Gas, the user must pay directly to Local Heroes and will void the guarantee if cash is paid. Once a job is complete, the tradesperson creates a bill for the customer, who then pays via PayPal or credit card.

### Requirements for Heroes

In order for a tradesperson to become a Local Hero, they must have had £2 million Public Liability Insurance and provide banking details and a company logo or profile picture.
In addition, certain trades required specific qualifications, such as registration with a government-approved Competent Persons scheme, e.g. NICEIC.

## Trades

Local Heroes operated in a range of trades. Before ceasing operations, the following trades were offered:
* Plumbers
* Heating Engineers
* Drainage Engineers
* Electricians
* Handy People
* Painters and Decorators
* Plasterers
* Tilers
* Locksmiths
* Appliance Engineers
# Hôtel de Ville, Clermont-Ferrand

The Hôtel de Ville (French pronunciation:, City Hall) is a historic building in Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme, central France, standing on the Rue Philippe Marcombes.

## History

Early meetings of the local council were held at Saint-Barthélemy Hospital on the Rue des Gras under the supervision of the Bishop of Clermont, before a building in Place Thomas was acquired for this purpose in 1484. By the early 18th century, the building was very dilapidated, and repairs were carried out in 1715. In the early 19th century, the council decided to commission a more substantial building, which would act as a town hall, courthouse and prison. The site they selected on Rue Philippe Marcombes was occupied by the ancient Palais de Boulogne, which dated back at least to 1200 and had been the home of Robert V and successive Counts of Boulogne, before Catherine de' Medici gave it to the council for use as a courthouse and prison in 1578.
After the palais was demolished, work began on the prison wing in 1823, on the courthouse wing in 1826, and on the town hall wing in 1829. The complex was designed by Louis-Charles-François Ledru in the neoclassical style, built in black volcanic rock and was completed in 1844.
The complex was laid out with the prison at the rear, the courthouse at the front and the town hall in the north wing. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage of 13 bays facing onto Rue Philippe Marcombes. The central section of five bays, which was projected forward, was arcaded on the ground floor and featured a hexastyle portico on the first floor, formed by Ionic order columns supporting an entablature and a modillioned pediment. The arcaded entrance led to a courtyard behind. The wings, of four bays each, were fenestrated by rounded headed windows with voussoirs on the ground floor, and with casement windows with cornices on the first floor, with a main cornice at roof level. Internally, the principal room was the grand hall, which was used for the first time at a grand ball, even before the complex was completed, in January 1840.
The complex ceased operating in a custodial capacity after the prison in Riom was completed in 1860. In June 1940, during the Second World War, the complex was occupied by the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler under the command of Obergruppenführer Sepp Dietrich. In October 1940, it was the place where the former ministers, Jean Zay and Pierre Mendès France, were put on trial by the Vichy regime for desertion after they boarded the liner SS Massilia for Casablanca in Morocco to continue the fight against the Nazis. The complex ceased to serve as a courthouse after the local judiciary relocated to the Cité Judiciaire in the Place de l'Étoile in 1992. These departures enabled the council to take over the whole complex by the end of the 20th century.