# Petroleum industry in Guyana

Petroleum industry in Guyana is rapidly evolving. Guyana has emerged as one of the newest petroleum producing regions in the world, achieving its first commercial grade crude oil draw in December 2019. Crude oil is sent abroad for refining.
Since the onset of production, Guyana has experienced a rapid increase in oil output, with production levels reaching approximately 660,000 barrels per day by 2024. With plans to further increase production to about 1.3 million barrels per day by 2027, Guyana is set to significantly expand its influence in the global oil market, presenting new economic opportunities and challenges for the country.
In 2022 in Guyana was launched petroleum training facility, Investments in staff training amounted to 20 million US dollars. This training centre is located in East Coast Demerara. In December 2024, Guyana became the third highest per capita petroleum producing country in the world.

## Early Explorations

Historically, Guyana was a net importer of fuel. Guyana's offshore Guyana Basin and the inland Takatu Basin have attracted foreign companies such as Shell, Total and Mobil since the 1940s, who completed much geological surveyance of the area and drilled a number of wells. In the Takatu Basin, 3 wells were drilled between 1981 and 1993, however they were dry or not found to be commercially viable.
Offshore oil exploration began in the 1950s, and 9 wells were drilled between 1965 and 1970, only one of which struck oil, Abary-1 well in the Kanuku license area. In the late 1980s, Mobil, Total, Guyana Exploration and BHP continued exploration in the region.
In the mid-2000s, CGX Energy attempted to spud a well but the rig was deterred by Surinamese gunboats claiming they were in Surinamese waters. United Nations International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) determined the exact borders in September 2007 but no further wells were drilled until 2012.
As of 2020, Guyana has nine petroleum blocks under active leases, of which six have had active exploration. The Petroleum Division of the Guyana Geology and Mines Commission has the responsibility of monitoring exploration in Guyana.

## Discoveries by ExxonMobil

Esso, a subsidiary of ExxonMobil, began exploring the off-shore region in 2008. In May 2015 ExxonMobil announced discovery of more than 90 metres of high-quality, oil-bearing sandstone reservoirs about 200 km off the coastline, considered to be one of the largest crude oil discoveries of the past decade. The Liza-1 well was drilled to 5,433 metres in 1,742 metres of water, and was the first well on the Stabroek block, which is 26,800 square kilometres in size. Early estimates claimed the area contained 700 million barrels of oil (a total value of US$40 billion, international crude price at the time of discovery).
As of March 2024, more than 30 discoveries of oil and gas have been made offshore Guyana. As of May 2024, ExxonMobil estimated its discoveries totaled 11 billion barrels of oil equivalent.
Liza Phase 1 project in the Stabroek block began producing crude 20 December 2019. Two more projects began producing in February 2022 and November 2023.

### Challenges

Predictions about the windfall of this significant oil discovery made a significant impact on the country, including the 2020 presidential elections. There is also the threat of the oil curse, which affects similar resource-rich countries.
There are also concerns of large international companies getting an unfair share of ownership of oil royalties. Natural-resources watchdog group, Global Witness, reported that Guyana may have lost as much as $55 billion in potential revenue from negotiations that favored Exxon. Exxon refuted the claim based on unaccounted for costs of the high risk involved in exploring the "frontier hydrocarbon province". Global Witness withdrew its report in January 2021, redirecting its efforts to focus on fighting climate change.
Guyana announced new model petroleum contracts in 2022 to increase its share of revenue from oil production. The new contracts added a corporate tax and increased the royalty rate. However, the new terms do not apply to ExxonMobil's Stabroek Block, where all current crude oil production occurs.

### Border Dispute with Venezuela

The oil and gas exploration activity by Guyana created a new source of tension with neighboring Venezuela. The 2015 discovery set off a round of recriminations between Venezuela and its eastern border neighbor. Officials in Caracas, which has long had claims on Guyana's Essequibo region, have alleged that the concession is located in disputed waters. This wasn't the first off-shore border dispute, as then-President Burnham had addressed the United Nations in 1968 over Venezuelan claims of area up to 12 miles from disputed territories. Prior to this, a border award was agreed upon in 1899 as the result of a case overseen by U.S. Chief Justice Melville Fuller, however in 1954 a memorandum by one of the lawyers was published posthumously, questioning the validity of the award as unfairly to the benefit of British Guiana.

## Regulation

Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act 1986 (PEPA) detailed the State's main regulatory power in granting licenses for petroleum prospecting and production. It was repealed and replaced by the Petroleum Activities Act 2023, in an effort by government to modernize the management of the Petroleum sector.
Natural Resource Fund Act 2019 established a fund for government proceeds from petroleum operations, to be operated by the Bank of Guyana. A different administration overhauled the legislation with the Natural Resource Fund Act 2021, arguing it was necessary to ensure transparency and accountability.
The Local Content Act 2021 was also passed to require contractors to procure goods and services from Guyanese companies and nationals. ExxonMobil and its partners increased spending on Guyanese suppliers by an annual average of 80% in the 2017-2023 period.