# List of historical separatist movements in Europe

This is a list of historical separatist movements in Europe. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.

## Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
* They are no longer an active movement with active members.
* They are demanded greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
* They were citizens/people of the conflict area and did not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
* De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
* Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
* Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
** De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
** Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
** Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
** Militant organization(s): for armed organizations.
** Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
** Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).

## List
### Albania

* League of Prizren
* Northern Epirus

### Belgium

* Political parties
** Flemish
*** Vlaams Belang, New Flemish Alliance
*** Sociaal-Liberale Partij member of the European Free Alliance

### Bulgaria

* Militant organizations: Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee, Internal Revolutionary Organization, Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization

### Czech Republic

* Political party: Young Czech Party, Czech National Social Party

### Finland

* Political movement: Fennoman
* Political party: Finnish Party, Young Finnish Party
* Åland Islands
** Political movement: Åland movement

### France

* Basque Country (also in Spain)
** Political parties: Basque Nationalist Party, Basque Unity
** Rebel organization: Basque homeland and Freedom (ETA)
* Corsica
** Political parties: Corsica Nazione, Partitu di a Nazione Corsa
* Brittany
** Political parties: Union Démocratique Bretonne, Breton Party
** Rebel organization: Breton Revolutionary Army, Liberation Front of Brittany
* Alsace
** Political parties : Alsace d'abord *

### Germany

* Short-lived Republic: Rhenish Republic
* Lower Saxony
* Alemannic Separatism
* Bavarian Soviet Republic
* Saarland
** Political parties: Christian People's Party of Saarland, Social Democratic Party of Saarland
** Goals: De facto independence of Saarland under status of a European territory, acceptance of the Saar statute

### Greece

(Gained independence from the Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence)
* Society: Filiki Eteria
* Unrecognized state: Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece, Peloponnesian Senate, Senate of Western Continental Greece, Provisional Administration of Greece (after 1822)
* Militant organizations: Armatoloi/Klephts, Sacred Band, Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy
* Aromanians (Aromanian nationalism)
** Samarina Republic, Principality of the Pindus

### Ireland

(See also under UK, for pre-division Ireland)
* Home Rule League
* Irish National League
* Irish Parliamentary Party
* Irish Republican Brotherhood
* Provisional Government of the Irish Republic
* Sinn Féin
* Society of United Irishmen
* United Irish League
* Young Ireland

### Italy

* Sardinia (Sardinian nationalism)
* Sicily (Sicilian nationalism)
* Veneto (Venetian nationalism)

### North Macedonia
#### Albanian-inhabited communities in SR Macedonia and the Republic of Macedonia

* Ethnic group: Albanians
* Political parties: N/A
* Goals: Unification of Albanian-inhabited areas in western Macedonia with a proposed seventh Yugoslav republic Kosovo (1980s), autonomy or independence of Albanian-inhabited regions in western Macedonia (1990s)
* Events: Unofficial 1992 autonomy referendum, with 90 percent of Albanians voting and more than 99 percent being in favor
* Timespan: 1980s-1990s

#### Serbian-inhabited communities in the Republic of Macedonia

* Ethnic group: Serbs
* Political parties: Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia, Radical Party of the Serbs in Macedonia
* Goals: Autonomy (Serbian Autonomous Region of Kumanovo Valley and Skopska Crna Gora)
* Timespan: 1992

### Ottoman Empire

* Ethnic group: Greeks
** Organization: Filiki Eteria
* Ethnic group: Serbs
** Organization: Serbian rebels
* Ethnic group: Bulgarians
** Organization: Bulgarian revolutionaries, Opalchentsi

### Poland

* Narodowa Demokracja
* Towarzystwo Demokratyczne Polskie (Polish Democratic Society)
* Union of Upper Silesians
* Silesian People's Party

### Russian Empire

Armenia
* Armenian National Council
Azerbaijan
* Azerbaijani National Council
Bashkortostan
* Bashkir Regional Bureau
* Millät Mäclese
Belarus
* Belarusian National Council
Crimea
* Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People
Don
* Krug for the Salvation of the Don
Estonia
* Estonian Provisional Government
Finland
* Parliament of Finland
* White Guard
Georgia
* Social Democratic Party of Georgia
Idel-Ural
* Collegium for the implementation of the Idel-Ural State
North Ingermanland
* Provisional Committee of Northern Ingria
Karelia
* Union of White Sea Karelians
Kuban
* Kuban Military Council
* Kuban Rada
Latvia
* People's Council of Latvia
Lithuania
* Council of Lithuania
Moldova
* Sfatul Țării
Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
* Union of the Peoples of the Northern Caucasus
* Executive Committee
Poland
* Regency Council
* Polish political parties
Transcaucasia
* Transcaucasian Commissariat
Ukraine
* Central Council of Ukraine
* General Secretariat of Ukraine

### Slovakia

* Political party: Slovak National Party

### Soviet Union

* Political parties:
* Azerbaijani Popular Front Party
* Belarusian People's Front
* Rahvarinne
* Popular Front of Latvia, Latvian National Independence Movement
* Sąjūdis
* Moldovan Popular Front
* People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh)
* Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
* Ukrainian Insurgent Army

### Spain

* Basque Country (also in France)
** Political parties: Aralar Party, Basque Nationalist Party, Batasuna, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza, Eusko Alkartasuna, Nafarroa Bai
** Rebel organizations: Basque homeland and Freedom (ETA), SEGI
* Catalonia
** Political parties: Convergence and Union (Democratic Convergence of Catalonia + Democratic Union of Catalonia), Republican Left of Catalonia, Catalan State, Popular Unity Candidacy, Democrats of Catalonia, Left Movement, Catalan Solidarity for Independence, Reagrupament, National Front of Catalonia
** Rebel organizations: Terra Lliure (disbanded), Exèrcit Popular Català (disbanded)
** Organizations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural
** Labour unions: Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical
* Galicia
** Political Parties: Galician Nationalist Bloc, Nós-Unidade Popular
* Asturias
** Political parties: Bloque por Asturies, Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana, Andecha Astur
** Rebel organization: Andecha Obrera (disbanded)
* Canary Islands
** Political party: Congreso Nacional de Canarias, Frepic-Awañak, Unión del Pueblo Canario
** Organizations: MPAIAC
** Armed groups: Fuerzas Armadas Guanches

### Sweden

* Fennia
** Ethnic Groups: Forest Finns, Tornedalians
** Location: Värmland, Dalarna
** Political movement: Forest Finn Autonomism/Nationalism

### United Kingdom

* Cornwall: New Cornish Tertia army, An Gof, Cornish Solidarity
* Isle of Wight: Vectis National Party
* Ireland: Irish Republican Brotherhood, Clan na Gael, Young Ireland, Home Rule League, Irish Socialist Republican Party, Irish Parliamentary Party, All-for-Ireland League, Nationalist Party (Northern Ireland), Irish Independence Party
* Scotland: Scottish National Liberation Army
* Wales: Cymru Fydd, Cymru Goch, Welsh Socialist Alliance, Welsh Republican Movement

#### Isle of Man

* Isle of Man: Fo Halloo, Manx National Party

### Yugoslavia

* Croatia (SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia)
* Ethnic group: Croats
* Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union, Croatian Party of Rights, Croatian Peasant Party
* Armed organizations: Croatian National Guard
* Events: Croatian Spring, War in Croatia
* Goals: Independence

#### Republic of Kosovo (AP Kosovo and Metohija, SR Serbia, FR Yugoslavia)

* Ethnic group: Albanians in Kosovo
* Political parties: Democratic League of Kosovo, Alliance for the Future of Kosovo, Democratic Party of Kosovo, National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo, The People's Movement for Kosovo
* Armed organizations: Kosovo Liberation Army, Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo
* Events: Insurgency in Kosovo (1993–98), Kosovo War
* Goals: Larger autonomy (until 1989); Independence (1990–2003)

#### Preševo Valley (Serbia, FR Yugoslavia)

* Ethnic group: Albanians in southern Serbia
* Events: Insurgency in the Preševo Valley