OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# AD 73

AD 73 (LXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Domitian and Messalinus (or, less frequently, year 826 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 73 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Roman Empire

* Vespasian and Titus are appointed to be Roman censors.
* Spring – The Roman governor Lucius Flavius Silva lays siege to Masada, the last outpost of the Jewish rebels following the end, in AD 70, of the First Jewish-Roman War (Jewish Revolt). The Roman army (Legio X Fretensis) surrounds the mountain fortress with a 7-mile long siege wall (circumvallation) and builds a rampart of stones and beaten earth against the western approach. After the citadel is conquered, 960 Zealots under the leadership of Eleazar ben Ya'ir commit mass suicide when defeat becomes imminent.
* Pliny the Elder serves as procurator in Hispania Tarraconensis.
* Titus Flavius Domitianus becomes Roman Consul.
* Emperor Vespasian begins conquest of territory east of the upper Rhine and south of the Main. In addition, he reorganizes the defenses of the upper and lower Danube.

#### Asia

* February – The Chinese Han dynasty launches a major campaign against the Xiongnu, whom they confront in the Battle of Yiwulu in the Kumul oasis, an ultimate Han military victory led by General Dou Gu (d. AD 88).
* Ban Chao (Pan-Ch’ao), competing with the Xiongnu, imposes a Chinese protectorate on the kings of Lop Nor and Khotan in the Tarim Basin, with the aim of controlling the Silk Road.

### By topic
#### Arts and sciences

* Martial writes a satire on "military cowardice".

## Births

* Titus Flavius Hyrcanus, Roman aristocrat
# Apabhraṃśa

Apabhraṃśa (Sanskrit: अपभ्रंश, IPA:, Prakrit: अवहंस Avahaṃsa) is a term used by vaiyākaraṇāḥ (native grammarians) since Patañjali to refer to languages spoken in North India before the rise of the modern languages. In Indology, it is used as an umbrella term for the dialects forming the transition between the late Middle and the early Modern Indo-Aryan languages, spanning the period between the 6th and 13th centuries CE. However, these dialects are conventionally included in the Middle Indo-Aryan period.$^{:p.42}$ Apabhraṃśa in Sanskrit literally means "corrupt" or "non-grammatical language", that which deviates from the norm of Sanskrit grammar.
Apabhraṃśa literature is a valuable source for the history of North India for the period spanning the 12th to 16th centuries.

## Overview

The term Prakrit, which includes Pali, is also used as a cover term for the vernaculars of North India that were spoken perhaps as late as the 4th to 8th centuries, but some scholars use the term for the entire Middle Indo-Aryan period. Middle Indo-Aryan languages gradually transformed into Apabhraṃśa dialects, which were used until about the 13th century. The Apabhraṃśas later evolved into Modern Indo-Aryan languages. The boundaries of these periods are somewhat hazy, not strictly chronological. Modern North Indian languages are often considered to have begun to develop a distinct identity around the 11th century – while Apabhraṃśas were still in use – and became fully distinct by the end of the 12th century.
A significant amount of Apabhraṃśa literature has been found in Jain libraries. While Amir Khusrow and Kabir were writing in a language quite similar to modern Urdu and Hindi, many poets, especially in regions that were still ruled by Hindu kings, continued to write in Apabhraṃśa. These authors include Saraha, Tilopa and Kanha of Kamarupa; Devasena of Dhar (9th century CE); Pushpadanta of Manyakheta (9th century CE); Dhanapal; Muni Ramsimha; Hemachandra of Patan; and Raidhu of Gwalior (15th century CE).
An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is the Vikramorvashiyam of Kālidāsa, when Pururavas asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared. Compositions in Apabhramsha continued until the 18th century, when Bhagavatidasa wrote Migankaleha Chariu.
The first known example of an Apabhraṃśa work by a Muslim is the Sandeśarāsaka of Abdur Rahman of Multan, possibly written around 1000 CE.

## Writers and poets

Below is the list of some of the eminent writers and poets of Apabhraṃśa literature:
* Mahakavi Swyambhudev (8th century CE)
   * Ritthanemichariu
   * Pauma-Chariu
* Mahakavi Pushpadant (10th century)
   * Mahapuran
   * Naykumarchariu
   * Jasaharchariu
* Hemachandra (12th century)
* Abdur Rahman (Addahamāṇa) (12th century) – Multani poet who penned the epic romance Sandeśarāsaka in Apabhraṃśa.
* Padmanābha who wrote Kanhadade Prabandha (15th century)
# RAF Sedgeford

RAF Sedgeford was a Royal Air Force airfield, located approximately 15 miles north-northeast of King's Lynn, in the county of Norfolk, East Anglia.

## History

RAF Sedgeford was used as an airfield in the First World War, as a satellite airfield (officially called "Night Landing Grounds") of RAF Great Yarmouth.

### First World War

During the First World War, the airfield was used for home defence duties, and was initially attached to the Royal Navy. By 1916, the Royal Flying Corps, a precursor to the current Royal Air Force, took over the facilities.
After the conclusion of the war, RAF Sedgeford was abandoned around 1919 to 1920.

#### Units

* No. 3 Fighting School RAF between 21 September 1918 and 14 March 1919, became No. 7 Training Squadron RAF, disbanded during October 1919.
* No. 9 Training Squadron RAF between 10 January and August 1918
* No. 13 Squadron RAF between 27 March and 31 December 1919 when the squadron was disbanded.
* 24th Aero Squadron during 1918
* No. 45 Squadron RFC between 21 May and 12 October 1916 with the Martinsyde S.1, Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2C, Bristol Scout, Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2B, Henry Farman F.20 & Sopwith 1½ Strutter.
* No. 53 Reserve Squadron RFC formed here on 1 February 1917, staying until 14 February 1917.
* No. 64 Squadron RFC formed here on 1 August 1916, staying until 14 October 1917. It operated the F.20, B.E.2C, F.E.2B, Sopwith Pup, Avro 504 & Airco DH.5
* No. 65 Reserve Squadron RFC between 10 and 31 May 1917 became No. 65 Training Squadron RFC between 31 May and 25 November 1917
* No. 72 Squadron RFC between 1 November and 25 December 1917 with the 504 and Pup
* No. 87 Squadron RFC between 15 September and 19 December 1917 with various aircraft
* No. 110 Squadron RAF between 26 November 1917 and 15 June 1918 with various aircraft
* No. 122 Squadron RAF formed here on 1 January 1918, operated various aircraft and was disbanded here on 17 August 1918

### Second World War

RAF Sedgeford was reused during the Second World War, when it was classified as a 'Q-type' and 'K-type' bombing decoy.
The buildings and hangars on site made it a dummy airfield, which prevented nearby, functional airfields from being bombed by enemy bombers. At night, the airfield was lit up to look like an active airfield in order to trick the enemy.
Official records recorded RAF Sedgeford to be in operation from June 1940 to August 1942.

## Present state

Smaller buildings, dating back to the First World War, survive, as does an air raid shelter that was built during the Second World War.
# Brant Little

George Brant Little (4 December 1906 – 27 June 1980) was a Canadian middle-distance runner. He competed in the men's 800 metres at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
Competing for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish track and field team, Little was 3rd in the 800 m at the 1930 NCAA Track and Field Championships.
# Bill Fitzgerald (hurler)

William Fitzgerald (2 June 1892 - 17 December 1983) was an Irish hurler. At club level he played with Bride Valley and Éire Óg and was also a member of the Cork senior hurling team.

## Career

Fitzgerald first played hurling with the Bride Valley club before later lining out with the University College Cork while studying there. He was a member of the college team that won their very first Fitzgibbon Cup title. Fitzgerald first appeared on the inter-county scene as a member of the Cork junior hurling team that won the inaugural All-Ireland JHC title after a defeat of Westmeath in the 1912 All-Ireland junior final. He progressed onto the Cork senior hurling team and was part of the team that lost the 1915 All-Ireland final to Laois. After the amalgamation of the Bride Valley and Cloughduv clubs to create Éire Óg, Fitzgerald won a Cork SHC title with the new club in 1928. By that stage he had become involved in the administrative affairs of the GAA and he became the first chairman of the Muskerry Divisional Board in 1925.

## Personal life and death

Born in Geraldine Place in Cork, Fitzgerald was the second youngest child of ten born to Edward Fitzgerald and Johanna O'Donoghue. His father was a member of Cork Corporation who also served as Lord Mayor of Cork. His brother, Andy also played hurling with Cork as well as Blackrock, while another brother, Edward, was a member of the Cork County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association.
Fitzgerald died in Clonakilty, County Cork on 17 December 1983, aged 91.

## Honours
### University College Cork

* Fitzgibbon Cup: 1913

### Éire Óg

* Cork Senior Hurling Championship: 1928

### Cork

* Munster Senior Hurling Championship: 1915
* All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship: 1912
* Munster Junior Hurling Championship: 1912
# Thomas P. Koch

Thomas P. Koch (/koʊk/ KOHK; born January 22, 1963) is the thirty-third and current mayor of Quincy, Massachusetts.

## Biography

Mayor Koch was born and raised in Quincy the sixth of seven children to Simone and Richard J. Koch. He is 1981 a graduate of North Quincy High School and was the class president. He took classes at the University of Massachusetts Boston, however does not have a college degree. Quincy Mayor James Sheets appointed him his top aide in 1990. In 1995, he was appointed commissioner of the city's Park Department.

## Political career

In February 2007, Koch resigned and challenged Sheets' successor, William J. Phelan. Koch defeated Phelan 54% to 46% in that year's election. Koch defeated Phelan by a similar margin in a rematch two years later. Koch defeated Phelan once again in 2015, winning the first four-year mayoral term in Quincy's history. Koch also defeated then school committeewoman Anne Mahoney in 2011. Koch and Mahoney, then a city councilor, faced off again 2023, with Koch winning again.
A Democrat at the time, Koch endorsed Republican Charlie Baker in the 2014 Massachusetts gubernatorial election. Baker's opponent, Democrat Martha Coakley, alleged Koch endorsed Baker because Coakley unsuccessfully prosecuted Koch ally Tim Cahill two years prior. Koch left the Democratic Party in 2018 because of his anti-abortion views. Later that year, he endorsed Baker's bid for re-election in the 2018 Massachusetts gubernatorial election.
Koch has served as chairman of the MBTA Advisory Board since 2011. In August 2021, the MBTA Advisory Board selected Koch to serve as its representative on the MBTA Board of Directors.
During 2018, Koch was interim president of the municipally-affiliated Quincy College.
In June 2024, city councilors approved Koch's request to raise his salary from $159,000 to $285,000, which would make him one of the highest-paid mayors in the United States. Following public outcry, in October Koch said the raise would be deferred until after the 2027 mayoral election. Later that month, Koch said the raise had been deferred in part due to an investigation by the State Ethics Commission.

## Personal life

Koch is Roman Catholic. Koch is the brother-in-law of Massachusetts State Senator John F. Keenan.
# Micah Aiu

Micah Po'okela Kim Aiu is an American Democratic politician who previously served in the Hawaii House of Representatives for the 32nd district (Fort Shafter, Moanalua, Āliamanu, Foster Village, portions of ʻAiea and Hālawa). He lost his seat in the General Election 2024. He previously won the seat in the 2022 election against Republican opponent Garner Musashi Shimizu.

## Committees

He served on three committees. He was vice chair in the committee on Housing. He was also a member of the committee on finance, and the committee on transportation.
# Trịnh Xuân Thành (footballer)

Trịnh Xuân Thành (born 1976) is a Vietnamese former footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Early life

He was described as "a talented player at Hai Phong Sports Academy, trained by coach Thanh Kiem. Not yet 20 years old, he was named in the CAHP squad and along with Truong Son became two promising young faces of port football".

## Career

He played for the Vietnam national football team.

## Style of play

He mainly operated as a midfielder and was known for his technical ability.

## Personal life

He has an older brother.
# Elizabeth Township, Illinois

Elizabeth Township is one of 23 townships in Jo Daviess County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,111 and it contained 579 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 36.89 square miles (95.5 km$^2$), of which 36.88 square miles (95.5 km$^2$) (or 99.97%) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.026 km$^2$) (or 0.03%) is water.

### Cities, towns, villages

* Village of Elizabeth

### Cemeteries

The township contains these three cemeteries:
* Log Church
* Saint Marys
* Weston

### Major highways

* U.S. Route 20 east towards Woodbine and northwest towards Galena
* Illinois Route 84 south towards Hanover and northwest towards Galena (concurrent with U.S. Route 20)

### Landmarks

* Long Hollow Scenic Overlook (Illinois Department of Transportation)

## School districts

* River Ridge Community Unit School District 210

## Political districts

* Illinois' 16th congressional district
* State House District 89
* State Senate District 45
# Down in San Diego

Down in San Diego is a 1941 American adventure film directed by Robert B. Sinclair and written by Franz Schulz and Harry Clork. The black-and-white movie was filmed in San Diego and stars Bonita Granville, Ray McDonald, Dan Dailey, Leo Gorcey, Henry O'Neill and Stanley Clements. The film was released on July 30, 1941, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

## Plot

Hank Parker is turned down by the U.S. Marine Corps for being too young, but his girlfriend Betty's older brother Al Haines is not. Al, however, is blackmailed by former criminal associates, framed for the murder of a man named Matt Herman if he refuses to spy for the crooks, who will sell the information to American enemies for a profit.
Al agrees and goes to San Diego to begin his military service. Hank, Betty and friends follow, trailing clues that could help clear Al's good name. They end up in the clutches of gangsters who take them hostage.
Al discloses to superior officer Col. Halliday that the criminals want him to steal a Navy boat on the Germans' behalf. Halliday has him go through with it, then attacks the Germans when they attempt to take the vessel. Al is killed in a heroic effort. He is praised by Halliday, who also feels Hank might be mature enough to enlist after all.

## Cast

* Bonita Granville as Betty Haines
* Ray McDonald as Hank Parker
* Dan Dailey as Al Haines
* Leo Gorcey as 'Snap' Collins
* Henry O'Neill as Col. Halliday
* Stanley Clements as Louie Schwartz
* Charles Smith as Crawford Cortland
* Dorothy Morris as Mildred Burnette
* Rudolph Anders as Henry Schrode
* Joe Sawyer as Dutch
* Anthony Warde as Tony
* William Tannen as Matt Herman
# Mount Victor Station

Mount Victor Station is a pastoral lease currently operating as a sheep station located about 115 kilometres (71 mi) east of Hawker and 175 kilometres (109 mi) west of Broken Hill in the state of South Australia,
The property and neighbouring Plumbago Station occupy an area of 494,000 acres (199,915 ha) of arid country, which has a mean annual rainfall of 8 inches (203 mm).
The property is stocked with 32,000 Poll Merino sheep and 120 cattle.
The property was established by George Charles Hawker prior to 1859, one of many holdings passed onto his children following his death in 1895. Mount Victor was one of many properties owned by Michael Seymour Hawker along with Bungaree, Partacoona, McCoy's Well and Sturt's Meadow.
The station was acquired in 1971 by H.G. MacLachlan of the Jumbuck Pastoral Company, who still owned it in 2012.
The land occupying the extent of the Mount Victor pastoral lease was gazetted as a locality by the government of South Australia on 26 April 2013 under the name "Mount Victor Station". The term "station" was added to prevent duplication of the locality name within Australia.
# Siege of Constantinople (1422)

In 1422, the Ottoman Empire laid siege to Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, as a result of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II's attempts to interfere in the succession of Ottoman Sultans, after the death of Mehmed I in 1421. This policy of the Byzantines was often used successfully in weakening their neighbours.
When Murad II emerged as the winning successor to his father, he marched into Byzantine territory. The Turks had acquired their own cannon for the first time by the siege of 1422, "falcons", which were short but wide cannons. The two sides were evenly matched technologically, and the Turks had to build barricades "in order to receive ... the stones of the bombards".

## Siege

According to a Byzantine short chronicle compiled in c. 1425, "on 10 June, Wednesday, at the fourth hour after midday, Mihaloğlu attacked Constantinople", thus beginning the siege of the city. The eyewitness John Kananos describes how the vanguard under Mihaloğlu ravaged the city's suburbs, before Murad himself arrived on 20 June with the main army and the siege engines, and the siege began in earnest.
Murad was forced to lift the siege due to the rebellion of his younger brother, Küçük Mustafa, in Anatolia. This was supported with men by the Anatolian beyliks of Germiyan and Karaman, who feared a revival of Ottoman power, as well as, according to Doukas, money given by the Byzantine emperor. Mustafa was thus able to gather a significant army, and in late August or early September laid siege to the Ottoman capital, Bursa. Contemporary Byzantine tradition ascribed the deliverance of Constantinople to a miraculous intervention by the Theotokos.

## Aftermath

In spite of the Byzantine victory, the 'Empire' at this time had in fact been reduced to a few disconnected strips of land besides the city of Constantinople itself. It was also facing grave economic problems and severely lacked soldiers. Pius II promoted the affordable donation of cannon by European monarchs as a means of aid. Any new cannons after the 1422 siege were gifts from European states, and aside from these no other advances were made to the Byzantine arsenal. As such, the next Ottoman leader, Mehmed II, would be successful in 1453.

## Traditions

Byzantine accounts attributed the lifting of the siege to an apparition of the Theotokos upon the city walls, which greatly inspired the defenders. John Kananos records that:
   The Romans, although exhausted from fatigue, leapt and were glad… They shouted hymns to the Most Holy Virgin, glorifying her from the depths of their hearts, saying "This is in truth a rich, celebrated, memorable, extraordinary and remarkable miracle worthy of admiration."
Also in the same reference, the Ottoman Army notes that they themselves even saw a woman in purple robes walking on the outer ramparts of the city.
# Whatever It Takes (House)

Whatever It Takes is the sixth episode of the fourth season of House and the seventy-sixth episode overall, which aired on Fox on November 6, 2007.

## Plot

Drag racer Casey Alfonso experiences blurred vision and distorted hearing following a race. House takes the case, hoping that by solving it, he will be able to test drive a dragster. When an agent from the CIA recruits House to help diagnose a mortally ill agent named "John", House puts Foreman in charge of the fellowship candidates and the Alfonso case.
At a CIA hospital, House meets Dr. Samira Terzi, a staff doctor for the CIA, and immunologist Dr. Sidney Curtis from the Mayo Clinic, also brought in to consult. The only information Terzi gives to both doctors is that John was stationed in Bolivia during most of the year and liked to eat chestnuts. When John becomes unresponsive and almost comatose, House suspects Waldenström's and John is treated with plasmapheresis and chemotherapy. Unfortunately, his hair falls out too quickly to be a side effect of the chemotherapy, and House believes John was the target of an assassination attempt.
Back at Princeton-Plainsboro, Foreman believes his patient has multiple sclerosis and begins the treatment of interferon, until Casey develops leg paralysis, due to Chris Taub and Amber putting her on steroids at the same time. Brennan strongly feels it is polio, but his suggestion is immediately turned down, until Brennan returns with positive test results for the condition. Brennan suggests a treatment of vitamin C, which he believes can destroy the polio virus and restore Casey's use of her legs.
Curtis blasts House for misdiagnosing John, and due to the bone marrow damage caused by the radiation sickness, he does not have long to live. While House is sitting at his bedside, John tells him of his time in Bolivia, but House realizes John was actually in Brazil. This leads House to infer that, rather than chestnuts, John had eaten large quantities of Brazil nuts (called "castanhas-do-Pará", literally "chestnuts of Pará" in Brazilian Portuguese), which naturally contain a high level of selenium. House informs Terzi and puts John in chelation therapy; although the agent does not see why House is angry if the treatment is successful even with imprecise information.
Back at Princeton-Plainsboro Hospital, Foreman shows House the inconsistencies involving Casey, and House suggests her symptoms fit either because she has polio, or because she actually had heat stroke, but someone poisoned her with thallium. The fault lies on Brennan, who admits to the scam, saying it was necessary to prove the vitamin C treatment was reliable. House does not fire Brennan because he did what he believed, but he tells him to quit instead. After Brennan's quick exit, Foreman angrily protests that House is going to let him get away with deliberately poisoning a patient. House counters by saying he just wanted Brennan out of the room, stating he is ethically insane, while notifying Foreman to call the authorities.
# Grandiphyllum

Grandiphyllum is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orchidaceae.
Its native range is Southeastern and Southern Brazil to Northeastern Argentina.
Species:
* Grandiphyllum auricula (Vell.) Docha Neto
* Grandiphyllum divaricatum (Lindl.) Docha Neto
* Grandiphyllum edwallii (Cogn.) Docha Neto
* Grandiphyllum hians (Lindl.) Docha Neto
* Grandiphyllum ilhagrandense V.P.Castro & G.F.Carr
* Grandiphyllum micranthum (Kraenzl.) J.M.H.Shaw
* Grandiphyllum pohlianum (Cogn.) Docha Neto
* Grandiphyllum schunkeanum (Campacci & Cath.) Campacci