# Cessna AT-17 Bobcat

The Cessna AT-17 Bobcat or Cessna Crane is a twin-engine advanced trainer aircraft designed and made in the United States, and used during World War II to bridge the gap between single-engine trainers and larger multi-engine combat aircraft. The commercial version was the Model T-50, from which the military versions were developed. Additional versions and names include the AT-8 trainer, UC-78 transport and bomber, and the Crane Mk.I in Canadian service.

## Design and development

In 1939, three years after Clyde Cessna retired, the Cessna T-50 made its first flight, becoming the company's first twin-engine airplane, and its first retractable undercarriage airplane. The prototype T-50 first flew on 26 March 1939, and was issued Approved Type Certificate 722 on 24 March 1940.
The AT-8, AT-17, C-78, UC-78, and Crane were military versions of the commercial Cessna T-50 light transport. The Cessna Airplane Company first produced the wood and tubular steel, fabric-covered T-50 in 1939 for the civilian market, as a lightweight and lower cost twin for personal use where larger aircraft such as the Beechcraft Model 18 would be too expensive. A low-wing cantilever monoplane, it featured retractable main landing gear and trailing edge wing flaps, both electrically actuated via chain-driven screws. The retracted main landing gear left some of the wheels extended below the engine nacelle for emergency wheel-up landings. The wing structure was built around laminated spruce spar beams, truss-style spruce and plywood ribs, and plywood wing leading edges and wing tips. The fixed tailwheel is not steerable, but can be locked straight. The Curtiss Reed metal fixed-pitch propellers were soon replaced with Hamilton Standard 2B-20-213 hydraulically-actuated, constant-speed, non-featherable propellers. Power was provided by two 225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4MB radial engines rated at 245 hp (183 kW) for takeoff. Production began in December 1939.$^{:35–36,45–46}$

## Operational history
### US military

On 19 July 1940, United States Assistant Secretary of War Louis A. Johnson ordered 33 AT-8 trainers, based on the T-50 for the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Modifications included cockpit roof windows, more powerful 290 hp (220 kW) Lycoming R-680 engines and military radios. The first AT-8 was delivered to the USAAC in December 1940, and in late 1941, the US Army ordered an additional 450 AT-17s, based on the T-50. Modifications included additional cockpit windows and 245 hp (183 kW) Jacobs R-755-9 engines.$^{:36–41}$ Production for the U.S. Army Air Corps continued under the designation AT-17 reflecting a change in equipment and engine types. In 1942, the U.S. Army Air Force (the successor to the Air Corps from June 1941) ordered the Bobcat as a light transport as C-78s, which were redesignated as UC-78s on 1 January 1943. By the end of World War II, Cessna had produced more than 4,600 Bobcats for the U.S. Army, 67 of which were transferred to the United States Navy as JRC-1s. The Navy used the aircraft primarily for shuttling crews of ferry flights to and from their home bases. The Bobcat was given the nickname "Bamboo Bomber" in US service. Few Bobcats were still in service with the United States Air Force when it was formed in September 1947, and the type was declared obsolete in 1949.

### Royal Canadian Air Force

In September 1940, the Royal Canadian Air Force ordered 180 Crane Mk.I trainers, Cessna's largest order to date. Modifications for the RCAF included Hartzell fixed-pitch wooden propellers, removable cylinder head baffles, and oil heaters. The first Crane Mk.I was delivered to the RCAF in November 1940, and Cessna then received an additional order from the RCAF for 460 more Crane Mk.Is. An additional 182 AT-17A were received by the RCAF through lend-lease, operated under the designation Crane Mk.IA, bringing the total produced for the RCAF to 822, which were operated under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP).

### Other operators

In addition to military orders, the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA, precursor to the FAA) ordered 13 T-50s, and Pan American Airways ordered 14 T-50s. Aircraft operated by the US military and by the RCAF were retired shortly after the end of the war and many were exported worldwide including to Brazil and the Nationalist Chinese.
After the war, surplus AT-17s and UC-78s could be converted with CAA-approved kits to civilian-standard aircraft allowing their certification under the original T-50 approved type certificate. They were used by small airlines, charter and bush operators, and private pilots. Some were operated on floats. By the 1970s, the number of airworthy aircraft had dwindled as they were made obsolete by more modern types and by the maintenance required by their aging wood wing structures and fabric covering. Since then, several have been restored by antique airplane enthusiasts.
As of December 2017, FAA records show 52 T-50s, two AT-17s, and five UC-78s listed on its registration database.

### Notable appearances in media

It was featured in the popular television series Sky King of the early-to-mid 1950s.$^{:44–45}$ The aircraft was replaced in later episodes by the T-50's successor, the all-metal Cessna 310. One also stood in for Japanese twin engine bombers in the low level attack scene on the US PT boat base in the 1963 film, PT-109

## Variants
### Company designations
#### T-50

    fitted with Jacobs L-4MB radial piston engines.

#### P-7

    experimental T-50 with more powerful 300 hp (220 kW) Jacobs L-6MB engines, and plywood covered tailplane and wings, one built, first flown 2 June 1941.

#### P-10

    1941 advanced bomber trainer with modified fuselage, sliding canopy and 330 hp (250 kW) Jacobs engines, one built.

### USAAC/USAAF designations
#### AT-8

    Military advanced trainer with two 295 hp (220 kW) Lycoming R-680-9 radial piston engines, 33 built.

#### AT-17

    As per AT-8 but powered by 245 hp (183 kW) Jacobs R-755-9 (L-4) engines, 450 built, some later converted to AT-17E.

#### AT-17A

    As per AT-17 but with metal propellers and reduced weight, 223 built. 182 to Canada as Crane Mk.IAs and later conversions to AT-17Fs.

#### AT-17B

    As per AT-17A but with equipment changes, wooden propellers and reduced weight, 466 built. Subsequent aircraft were built as UC-78Bs.

#### AT-17C

    As per AT-17A but different radio equipment, 60 built.

#### AT-17D

    As per AT-17C with equipment changes, 131 built.

#### AT-17E

    AT-17 with gross weight limited to 5,300 lb (2,400 kg).

#### AT-17F

    AT-17A with gross weight limited to 5,300 lb (2,400 kg).

#### AT-17G

    AT-17B with gross weight limited to 5,300 lb (2,400 kg).

#### C-78

    Transport with variable-pitch propellers, became UC-78 in 1943, 1354 built.

#### UC-78

    C-78 redesignated in 1943

#### UC-78A

    17 civilian T-50s impressed.

#### UC-78B

    AT-17B redesignated, 1806 built.

#### UC-78C

    AT-17D redesignated, 131 AT-17Ds redesignated and 196 built.

### US Navy designation
#### JRC-1

    Navy light transport version of the UC-78 with two Jacobs -9 engines, 67 delivered.

### RCAF designations
#### Crane Mk.I

    640 T-50s with minor equipment changes.

#### Crane Mk.IA

    182 AT-17As delivered to RCAF under lend-lease.

## Operators
### Brazil

* Brazilian Air Force (operated 39 from 1943 to 1956)

### Canada

* Royal Canadian Air Force (operated 822 from 1941 to 1949)
** No. 3 Service Flying Training School RCAF (SFTS) — Calgary, Alberta
** No. 4 SFTS — RCAF Station Saskatoon
** No. 10 SFTS — RCAF Station Dauphin
** No. 11 SFTS — RCAF Station Yorkton
** No. 12 SFTS — RCAF Station Brandon
** No. 15 SFTS — RCAF Station Claresholm
** No. 1 Flying Instructor School — RCAF Station Trenton
** No. 2 Flying Instructor School — RCAF Station Vulcan/RCAF Station Pearce
** No. 3 Flying Instructor School — RCAF Station Arnprior
** Central Flying School — RCAF Station Trenton
* Queen Charlotte Airlines

### Costa Rica

* Air Force of Costa Rica (operated one in 1948)

### Ethiopia

* Ethiopian Air Force (operated two from 1946 to 1965)

### France

* French Air Force and French Navy (operated eight from 1943 to 1951)

### Guatemala

* Guatemalan Air Force (received one in 1949)

### Haiti

* Haiti Air Corps (operated four from 1943 to 1995)

### Nicaragua

* Nicaraguan Air Force (received two in 1947)

### North Yemen

* Yemeni Air Force (operated three from 1950 to 1958)

### Republic of China

* Republic of China Air Force (operated 15 from 1946 to 1950)

### Peru

* Peruvian Air Force (operated nine from 1945 to 1958)

### Poland

* LOT Polish Airlines (operated 14 in 1946-1950)

### United States

* Civil Aeronautics Authority
* United States Army Air Corps/United States Army Air Forces
* United States Navy
* Northern Consolidated Airlines
* Wiggins Airways
* Wisconsin Central Airlines
* Friedkin Airlines

## Surviving aircraft

* 7729 Crane Mk.I at Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada Winnipeg, Manitoba
* 7829 Crane Mk.I at Western Development Museum Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan
* 7862 Crane Mk.I at Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum Hamilton, Ontario
* 8139 Crane Mk. I N1238N Ser#1632 Wings of War Museum, Palmyra, PA
* 8676 Crane Mk.I at Canada Aviation and Space Museum Ottawa, Ontario
* 8778 Crane Mk. IA Reynolds-Alberta Museum, Wetaskiwin, Alberta
* 8841 Crane Memorial Military Museum, Campbellford, Ontario
* UC78B Crane AF42-72074 at Bomber Command Museum of Canada Nanton, Alberta
* Cessna Crane (serial unknown) at Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum Brandon, Manitoba
* 42-72157 UC-78B Bobcat at Pima Air & Space Museum Tucson, Arizona
* 42-71626 UC-78B Bobcat at National Museum of the United States Air Force Dayton, Ohio
* 43-32549 UC-78 Bobcat at the National WASP WWII Museum at Avenger Field in Sweetwater, Texas

## Specifications (AT-17)

General characteristics
* Crew: pilot + four
* Length: 32 ft 9 in (9.98 m)
* Wingspan: 41 ft 11 in (12.78 m)
* Height: 9 ft 11 in (3.02 m)
* Wing area: 295 sq ft (27.4 m$^2$)
* Empty weight: 3,500 lb (1,588 kg)
* Gross weight: 5,700 lb (2,585 kg)
* Max takeoff weight: 6,062 lb (2,750 kg)
* Powerplant: 2 × Jacobs R-755-9 seven-cylinder, air-cooled, radial piston engine, 245 hp (183 kW) each
Performance
* Maximum speed: 195 mph (314 km/h, 169 kn)
* Cruise speed: 175 mph (282 km/h, 152 kn)
* Stall speed: 63–66 mph (101–106 km/h, 55–57 kn)
* Range: 750 mi (1,210 km, 650 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 22,000 ft (6,700 m)
* Rate of climb: 1,150 ft/min (5.8 m/s)
* Take-off run: 650 ft (200 m) to 50 ft (15 m)
* Landing run: 1,400 ft (430 m) from 50 ft (15 m) with a 90 mph (140 km/h) approach speed