# Institute and Faculty of Actuaries

The Institute and Faculty of Actuaries is the professional body which represents and regulates actuaries in the United Kingdom.

## History

The Institute and Faculty of Actuaries came into being on 1 August 2010 as a result of the merger of the Institute of Actuaries (established in 1848) and the Faculty of Actuaries in Scotland (established in 1856) after voting members of both bodies voted to merge their respective organisations in a ballot held on 25 May 2010.

## Structure and governance

The Queen in Council granted an amendment effective 1 August 2010 to the Charter of the Institute of Actuaries in terms that converted it to the Charter for the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries. The assets, liabilities and membership rights of the Faculty of Actuaries in Scotland were transferred on this same day to the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries and the Charter of the Faculty of Actuaries in Scotland was surrendered. Essential elements of the merger arrangements, such as the Scottish constituency and its representation on the Council of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries, are incorporated into the new governance documents.
Authority for the governance, control and strategic direction of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries sits with the Council which delegates to various boards, committees and staff.

## President

The President of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (IFoA) is Kalpana Shah. Her term began in September 2023. She succeeded Matt Saker, who now holds the title of Immediate Past President. The President-elect is Kartina Tahir Thomson.

## Past Presidents

In order:
* 2010-11: Ronnie Bowie
* 2011-12: Jane Curtis
* 2012-13: Philip Scott
* 2013-14: David Hare
* 2014-15: Nick Salter
* 2015-16: Fiona Morrison
* 2016-17: Colin Wilson
* 2017-18: Marjorie Ngwenya
* 2018-19: Jules Constantinou
* 2019-20: John Taylor
* 2020-21: Tan Suee Chieh
* 2021-22: Louise Pryor
* 2022-23: Matt Saker
* 2023-24: Kalpana Shah

## Research and member support

Actuaries work in a number of different practice areas: enterprise risk management, finance and investment, general insurance, health and care, life insurance and pensions.
Each of these areas is supported by an executive committee which oversees the development of knowledge and research within its own area, provides members with CPD opportunities and takes forward a programme of practice-specific research. The committees also foster a sense of community among actuaries practising in their particular field of expertise.
* Enterprise risk management - helping companies understand and manage risk in line with their business objectives
* Finance and investment - for actuaries working in banking, corporate finance and investment
* General insurance - rating products, advising on reserves and capital requirements, and similar general insurance activity
* Health and care - a growing area in both the private and public sectors as health provision models evolve to meet changing needs
* Life insurance - a traditional area for actuaries, with the roles evolving as life insurance itself evolves
* Pensions - actuaries play a key role in advising companies on all manner of pension schemes and structures.

## Regulation

The Institute and Faculty of Actuaries sets examinations, continuing professional development, professional codes and disciplinary standards. After the 2005 Morris Review raised concerns that the (then) Institute of Actuaries had failed to keep its syllabus and teaching materials up to date, the result of ‘entrenched commercial interests’ hindering the development of the Institute's education policy, the Review proposed a regime of independent oversight of the Institute's regulation of the profession by the Financial Reporting Council. As a result, the FRC assumed responsibility for oversight of the actuarial profession and the independent setting of actuarial technical standards with effect from May 2006.
In 2018 the Kingman Review found that the FRC's oversight of the actuarial profession had not in practice proved 'an altogether effective arrangement'. It was based on a voluntary understanding, and the FRC had no powers with which to enforce 'any meaningful oversight of the IFoA'. The UK Treasury, supported by the Government Actuary, told the Review they wished to see effective regulatory oversight of the actuarial profession., and the Review recommended that the Government, working with the PRA and The Pensions Regulator (TPR), 'should review what powers are required effectively to oversee regulation of the actuarial profession'.
Alongside this, a report by financial economist Kevin Dowd claimed that the Institute 'had allowed itself to be used as a mouthpiece for ERM industry leaders to broadcast their misunderstanding of their products in pursuit of their commercial interests' following a review by the UK Prudential Regulation Authority in 2018 concluding that firms investing in equity release mortgages were not properly reflecting the cost of the no-negative-equity guarantee. The UK satirical magazine Private Eye also carried a story alleging that the PRA's investigation had been delayed by 'years of lobbying' from firms including accountants KPMG and Ernst & Young, and by the Institute itself.

## Education

Qualified actuaries are either Fellows (if they pass the examinations necessary for specialist and regulated roles) or Associates. Fellows bear the designations FIA or FFA while Associates bear the designations AIA or AFA. In 2022 approval was given for qualified actuaries to be designated Chartered Actuary though its introduction is still awaited. Chartered Actuary: 2022 Member Vote
Practising certificates are issued to certain actuaries for their statutory role in the financial management of life offices and most pension schemes. The Institute and Faculty of Actuaries continues the former Institute’s role as a designated professional body, under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, which enables it to license firms that are managed or controlled by actuaries, allowing them to carry on certain limited regulated activities.

### Qualification

An actuarial qualification from the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries consists of a combination of the completion of various examinations and courses. The examinations are split into six sections: Core Mathematics (CM), Core Statistics (CS), Core Business (CB), Core Practice (CP), Specialist Practice (SP), and Specialist Applications (SA). Study material for the examinations is usually obtained through the official bookshop of the Institute of Actuaries or through the Actuarial Education Company (ActEd), a subsidiary of BPP Actuarial Education Ltd.
In addition to examinations and courses, it is required that the candidate complete at least three years work as an actuary to qualify as a “Fellow of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries” (FIA).

#### Core Examinations

The Core sections consists of 9 written exams and a “Business Awareness Module,” CB3. These are usually sat first by a candidate and include the underlying mathematics involved in actuarial work as well as an introduction to financial and economic issues. These are also the most common exams for which candidates may get exemptions.

#### Specialist Examinations

The Specialist Technical section is the first stage the candidate has a choice of which exams to take. The candidate chooses two from the various actuarial specialist subjects i.e. Health and Care, Life Insurance, General Insurance, Pensions, Finance or Investments and further technical knowledge on said subjects is attained.
The Specialist Applications section allows the candidate to choose one area for which they take the SA paper and attain full Fellowship; leading to many referring to this as the “Fellowship paper.” However, as the rules on the ordering of examinations were relaxed, this examination may be taken before taking some earlier examinations resulting in candidates qualifying on other papers.

### List of Examinations
#### Core Mathematics, Statistics, and Business Stage

* CM1 - Actuarial Mathematics
* CM2 - Financial Engineering and Loss Reserving
* CB1 - Business Finance
* CB2 - Business Economics
* CB3 - Business Management
* CS1 - Actuarial Statistics
* CS2 - Risk Modelling and Survival Analysis

#### Core Practice Stage

* CP1 - Actuarial Practice
* CP2 - Modelling Practice
* CP3 - Communications Practice

#### Specialist Principles Stage

* SP0 - Alternative Specialist Principles(not examined)
* SP1 - Health and Care
* SP2 - Life Insurances
* SP4 - Pensions and other Benefits
* SP5 - Investment and Finance
* SP6 - Financial Derivatives
* SP7 - General Insurance - Reserving and Capital Modelling
* SP8 - General Insurance - Pricing
* SP9 - Enterprise Risk Management

#### Specialist Advanced Stage

* SA0 - Research Dissertation Specialist Applications
* SA1 - Health and Care
* SA2 - Life Insurance
* SA3 - General Insurance
* SA4 - Pensions and other Benefits
* SA7 - Investment & Finance

### Qualifications
#### Certificate in Financial Mathematics

The Certificate in Financial Mathematics is issued by the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries.

#### Diploma in Actuarial Techniques (discontinued)

The Diploma in Actuarial Techniques was sent to students on completion of all Core Technical stage subjects: CT1, CT2, CT3, CT4, CT5, CT6, CT7, CT8 and CT9.

#### Certificate in Finance and Investment (discontinued)

The Certificate in Finance and Investment was sent to all students who complete or are exempted from CT1, CT2, CT4, CT7, CT8, CT9 and CA1.
The diploma in Actuarial Techniques and Certificate in Finance and Investment were discontinued by the IFoA in 2016.

#### Associate of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries

On completion of all of the Core Technical and Core Applications exams, then students can become Associate members of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries and gain the right to describe themselves as an actuary and to use the letters AIA or AFA provided that they have two years of work experience as an actuary.

#### Fellow of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries

On completion of all of the Associate exams, two of the Specialist technical subjects and one of the Specialist applications subjects, students can become Fellows of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries and to use the letters FIA or FFA provided that they have three years of work experience as an actuary.
Alternative routes to Fellowship are:
* By vote of the membership
* By mutual recognition of qualifications
* Honorary Fellow

### Qualifications linked to the IFoA
#### Chartered Enterprise Risk Actuary (CERA)

Associates and Fellows gain a further qualification, CERA, if they pass the SP9 Enterprise Risk Management exam.

#### Certified Actuarial Analyst

This new qualification will be obtained after passing 6 modules. Module 0 tests basic mathematics (with a its syllabus based on the Foundational ActEd Course written by ActEd (The Actuarial Education Company)), Modules 1-4 tests parts of the CTs and Module 5 tests audit trails (CA2).

### Examination fees
#### Two-tier charging structure

The Institute and Faculty of Actuaries operates a two-tier charging structure for its examination fees: full rate and reduced rate. The reduced rate is at a discount to the full rate.
To qualify for a reduced rate, the student member must have an income which is less than £7 140 per annum regardless of where you live or work
Student members from a list of specific countries can purchase educational materials from Acted at a discount.

#### Examination fees

Rates as at 2017 are as follows:

##### Full rate

CT stage: £220 per subject. ST stage: £305 per subject. CA1: £595. CA2: £450. CP3: £310. SA stage: £305 per subject.

##### Reduced rate

CT stage: £115 per subject. ST stage: £155 per subject. CA1: £300. CA2: £260. CP3: £160. SA stage: £155 per subject.

## Public policy submissions
### UK government's Shortage Occupation List
#### Shortage Occupation List background and purpose

When occupations are placed on this list, UK employers have less restrictions for recruiting candidates directly from overseas; specifically from outside the EU. They would no longer need to complete a residency test, which involves demonstrating that a search for suitable candidates within the UK in the first instance has been unsuccessful.

#### Actuaries added to the shortage occupation list

In November 2011, actuaries were added to the UK government's Shortage Occupation List. The actuarial profession had argued for actuaries' inclusion on this list.

#### Removal from shortage occupation list

Actuaries were removed from the shortage occupation list in April 2013 following a consultation by the UK government's Migration Advisory Committee in January 2013. On this occasion, the actuarial profession made no submission either way; neither for nor against a shortage of actuaries.

#### Statistics on shortage occupation list migrants

Despite the actuarial profession advising a shortage of actuaries, freedom of information requests to the UK Border Agency (now superseded by UK Visas and Immigration) have revealed that only 19 people emigrated to the UK to work as an actuary via the shortage occupation list from 1 November 2011 to 12 March 2013.
The countries of origin for these migrants were as follows: Australia (6), China (1), India (4), Malaysia (1), South Africa (5) and United States (2).
The salaries of these migrants ranged from £42,500 (actuary) to £186,261 (chief actuary). The average salary was £82,042.
Despite Solvency II Directive work being cited as a reason for a shortage of actuaries, only one migrant had the description "Solvency II" in their job title.

## Criticism

In September/October 2022, the actuarial profession faced criticism due to its failure to cover risks which crystallised when interest rates rose.
The IFoA lost a racist lawsuit in January 2023, in which they were found guilty of favoring Indians for having four exams every year.