OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Audio signal

An audio signal is a representation of sound, typically using either a changing level of electrical voltage for analog signals or a series of binary numbers for digital signals. Audio signals have frequencies in the audio frequency range of roughly 20 to 20,000 Hz, which corresponds to the lower and upper limits of human hearing. Audio signals may be synthesized directly, or may originate at a transducer such as a microphone, musical instrument pickup, phonograph cartridge, or tape head. Loudspeakers or headphones convert an electrical audio signal back into sound.
Digital audio systems represent audio signals in a variety of digital formats.
An audio channel or audio track is an audio signal communications channel in a storage device or mixing console. It is used in operations such as multi-track recording and sound reinforcement.

## Signal flow

Signal flow is the path an audio signal will take from source to the speaker or recording device. Signal flow may be short and simple as in a home audio system or long and convoluted in a recording studio and larger sound reinforcement system as the signal may pass through many sections of a large mixing console, external audio equipment, and even different rooms.

## Parameters

Audio signals may be characterized by parameters such as their bandwidth, nominal level, power level in decibels (dB), and voltage level. The relationship between power and voltage is determined by the impedance of the signal path. Signal paths may be single-ended or balanced.
Audio signals have somewhat standardized levels depending on the application. Outputs of professional mixing consoles are most commonly at line level. Consumer audio equipment will also output at a lower line level. Microphones generally output at an even lower level, known as mic level.

## Digital equivalent

The digital form of an audio signal is used in audio plug-ins and digital audio workstation (DAW) software. The digital information passing through the DAW (i.e. from an audio track through a plug-in and out a hardware output) is an audio signal.
A digital audio signal can be sent over optical fiber, coaxial and twisted pair cable. A line code and potentially a communication protocol are applied to render a digital signal for a transmission medium. Digital audio transports include ADAT, TDIF, TOSLINK, S/PDIF, AES3, MADI, audio over Ethernet and audio over IP.
# Lubina, Slovakia

Lubina (Hungarian: Lobonya) is a village and municipality in Nové Mesto nad Váhom District in the Trenčín Region of western Slovakia.

## History

In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1392. Before the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, Lubina was part of Nyitra County within the Kingdom of Hungary. From 1939 to 1945, it was part of the Slovak Republic.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 273 metres and covers an area of 29.433 km². It has a population of about 1465 people.
# Annunciazione della Beata Vergine Maria a Via Ardeatina

Annunciazione della Beata Vergine Maria a Via Ardeatina is a 20th-century parochial church and titular church on the southern edge of Rome, dedicated to the Annunciation and located on the ancient Via Ardeatina.

## History

Annunciazione della Beata Vergine Maria a Via Ardeatina was built in 1985–88, replacing an old church known as Annunziatella due to its small size.
On 5 February 1965, the old Annunziatella was made a titular church to be held by a cardinal-deacon, but was never actually given to a cardinal, until the new church was given a titular in 2001.

### Cardinal-Protectors

* Mario Francesco Pompedda (2001–2006)
* Domenico Calcagno (2012–present)
# Sunset Speedway (Ontario)

Sunset Speedway is a NASCAR sanctioned 0.333 mi (0.536 km) semi-banked short track motor racing oval, located forty minutes north of Toronto, in the town of Innisfil, Ontario, Canada. Sunset’s weekly Saturday night racing program runs from May to September each year, featuring Junior Late Models, Bone Stocks, Mini Stocks, Super Stocks and Late Models. The track regularly features touring series including the NASCAR Canada Series, APC United Late Model Series, OSCAAR Modifieds, Hot Rods and Outlaw Super Late Models.

## History

In operation since 1968, new ownership purchased the speedway in May 2009 and upgraded the facility. The track asphalt was replaced, grandstands were repaired and a pit road was added for traveling series. Following the closure of nearby Barrie Speedway in 2015, NASCAR moved its weekly NASCAR Advance Auto Parts Weekly Series to the track and it hosted the NASCAR Pinty's Series for the first time that season.

## NASCAR Canada Series

The NASCAR Pinty's Series made its first trip to Sunset Speedway for the first running of the Leland Industries 300 presented by Johnsonville on July 20, 2015. Alex Tagliani won the inaugural event and repeated the victory in 2016. After a three year absence, NASCAR announced the Pinty's Series would return to the track in 2020.
| Season | Date | Race Title | Driver | Manufacturer |
| 2015 | June 20 | Leland Industries 300 presented by Johnsonville | Alex Tagliani | Chevrolet |
| 2016 | June 18 | Leland Industries 300 presented by Dickies | Alex Tagliani | Chevrolet |
| 2020 | August 15 | QwickWick 125 | L.P. Dumoulin | Dodge |
| 2020 | August 15 | Canadian Tire 125 | Jason Hathaway | Chevrolet |
| 2021 | August 1 | FrontLine Workers 125 | Raphaël Lessard | Chevrolet |
| 2021 | August 1 | General Tire 125 | Raphaël Lessard | Chevrolet |
| 2022 | May 14 | NTN Ultimate Bearing Experience 250 | Treyten Lapcevich | Chevrolet |
| 2023 | May 13 | NTN Ultimate Bearing Experience 250 | Treyten Lapcevich | Chevrolet |

## Photo gallery

* Front straightaway
* Front straight and grandstands.
* Concession area.
* ISMA Supermodified race in 2013.
# Beth Shriever

Bethany Kate Shriever (born 19 April 1999) is a British cyclist, competing as a BMX racer. A World Junior champion in 2017, and winner of the UCI BMX Supercross World Cup final event in Zolder in 2018, in 2021 Shriever won both the Olympic and World titles, equalling the feat of Colombian Mariana Pajón, who won Olympic silver.
In 2022 Shriever completed the full set of gold medals by winning the 2022 UEC BMX Racing European Championships; in doing so, she became the first BMX racing cyclist in history to hold all three titles simultaneously.

## Life

Shriever was born in 1999 and she began BMX when she was aged eight years old. Thereafter she started training at her local club in Braintree and went on to start competing at weekends. Shriever won the silver medal at the 2016 BMX European Cycling Championships In 2017 she became the Junior World Champion. In 2018 she finished 17th in her maiden appearance as a senior at the World Championships in Baku as well as winning the UCI BMX World Cup final in Belgium edging Judy Baauw and Laura Smulders into second and third. In March 2020 Shriever dominated the National BMX Series in Manchester without dropping a lap.
Shriever was chosen to be part of Great Britain's 26 strong cycling squad at the postponed 2020 Tokyo Olympics where she won the Women's BMX racing gold medal. Whilst being interviewed on TV after her win she couldn't refrain from swearing in her shock.
At the 2024 Paris Olympics, Shriever finished last in the final.

## Personal life

Shriever worked part-time as a teaching assistant in a nursery at the Stephen Perse Foundation to cover some of her costs of training and travelling because UK Sport stipulated in its funding review after the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games that only male riders would be supported heading towards Tokyo 2020.
Shriever was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to BMX racing.

## Major results
### 2016

    2nd European BMX Championships

### 2017

    1st UCI BMX World Championships, Junior

### 2018

    1st Stage 5, BMX Supercross World Cup, Zolder

### 2021

    1st BMX racing, Olympic Games
    1st UCI BMX World Championships, Elite

### 2022

    1st European BMX Championships

### 2023

    1st UCI BMX World Championships, Elite
# Neville Ashenheim

Sir Neville Noel Ashenheim (18 December 1900 – 1 September 1984) was a Jamaican businessman, lawyer, politician, and served as the first Jamaican Ambassador to the United States. He received a knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II on 1 January 1963. Ashenheim served his post as ambassador until March 1967 He was the great-grandson of Lewis Ashenheim, who coedited The First Fruits of the West, the first Jewish periodical in the West Indies. Neville himself was a Jew.
# Dastjerd

Dastjerd (Persian: دستجرد) is a city in, and the capital of, Khalajestan District of Qom County, Qom province, Iran. It also serves as the administrative center for Dastjerd Rural District.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 1,121 in 351 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,334 people in 458 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 1,525 people in 517 households.
# Oliver Stanhope

Oliver Stanhope (born 30 May 1998) is a British Paralympic rower who competes in the coxed four in international level events. He is the son of former rower Richard Stanhope.
He won a gold medal in the mixed cox four at the 2020 Tokyo Paralympics.
Stanhope was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to rowing.
# Fotema

Fotema is a 2023 Indian Bengali-language drama film directed by Atiul Islam and produced by Mita Sarkar. It stars Rahul Banerjee, newcomer actress Moon Sarkar, and Laboni Sarkar.
The film was released under the banner of PM Movies on 28 July, 2023. It was successful at the box office.

## Synopsis

After Fotema's father becomes paralyzed, she stops her studies and gives up on her dream of becoming a government employee so she can work to support her family. She works as a maid in a Hindu priest's house. When her father dies, she moves in at the priest's house under the pretext of being his sister. The local people oppose Fotema, who is Muslim, staying at a Hindu priest's house.

## Cast

* Rahul Banerjee as Ram Purohit
* Moon Sarkar as Fotema
* Laboni Sarkar as Paroma
* Barun Chakraborty as Kalam Seikh
* Raju Majumdar as Samim
# Geoffrey von Maltzahn

Geoffrey von Maltzahn (born July 22, 1980) is an American biological engineer and businessman in the biotechnology and life sciences industry. Von Maltzahn has cofounded companies including Indigo Agriculture, Generate Biomedicines, Seres Therapeutics, Tessera Therapeutics, and Quotient Therapeutics.

## Early life and education

Geoffrey von Maltzahn was born in Arlington, Texas, and subsequently moved to Alexandria, Virginia where he graduated from Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology. He was awarded his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2003, his Master of Science degree in Bioengineering from the University of California, San Diego in 2005, and his PhD from the Harvard–MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2010. His thesis advisor was Sangeeta Bhatia.

## Career

In 2009, von Maltzahn joined Flagship Pioneering, a Cambridge, Massachusetts-based venture capital firm investing in life sciences biotechnology, and sustainability startups. In his first few years at Flagship, von Maltzahn helped launch several such companies, including Seres Therapeutics and Indigo Agriculture. He served as chief technology officer at Seres when the company developed SER-109, one of the first microbiome therapeutics.
In 2018, von Maltzahn cofounded two biotechnology startups, Generate Biomedicines and Tessera Therapeutics. Two years later he became a general partner at Flagship.
In 2023, von Maltzahn and another Flagship partner, Jacob Rubens, co-founded Quotient Therapeutics, a biotechnology startup with offices in both Massachusetts and the UK. Quotient uses genome sequencing technology to develop medication for diseases caused by somatic mutations.
# Aurora, New Orleans

Aurora is a community of Algiers in New Orleans, Louisiana. It is divided into three areas: Old Aurora, Walnut Bend, and Huntlee Village.
From the 1950s, the original name of the Old Aurora neighborhood was Aurora Gardens. The residential subdivision was developed on acreage which formerly belonged to the Aurora Plantation.
Part of the Battle of New Orleans (1814–1815) was waged in Aurora along the west bank of the Mississippi River. There remain some earthworks near the river and a state historical marker to commemorate the event.
# Zafar Jadoon

Zafar Jadoon (born 1 December 1972) is a Pakistani first-class cricketer who played for Abbottabad cricket team.
# Doorway

Doorway or The Doorway may refer to:

## Portals

* Door-shaped entrance
* Doorway page, a type of webpage
* Trapdoor, a door on a floor, ceiling, or roof

## Geography

* Doorway, Kentucky, a community in the United States

## Arts, entertainment, and media
### Music

* Doorway, a 2007 album by Ron Block
* "Doorway", a song by Planningtorock from the album W (Planningtorock album)
* "The Doorway", a song by Neurosis from the album Times of Grace

### Other arts, entertainment, and media

* The Doorway (film), a 2000 Roger Corman film
* "The Doorway" (Mad Men), the season six, 2-hour premiere episode of the television series Mad Men
* Doorways, a proposed science-fiction series by George R.R. Martin
# Hanna Boubezari

Hanna-Lina Boubezari (born 21 November 1998) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Segunda Federación club Real Oviedo. Born in Sweden, she plays for the Algeria women's national team.

## International career

In 2019, Boubezari was called up to the Algeria women's national football team for the first time for a pair of 2020 Olympic quailfiers against Nigeria.
In 2020, Boubezari was called up again, this time for the 2020 UNAF Women's Tournament in Tunisia. Boubezari scored a goal in the second game against Mauritania, a 5–0 win.
# Katz Drug Store

Katz Drug Store was a regional chain of pharmacies in the Midwestern United States.

## History

In 1914, brothers Ike and Mike Katz opened two drug stores in Kansas City, Missouri. One was located on 8th Street and Grand Avenue and the second inside the "Argyle Building" on 12th and McGee Street. At the start of WWI, the Katz Drug Stores became famous because they were allowed to stay open past 6 pm, despite wartime curfews on nonessential businesses. They also absorbed the new 10% tax on cigarettes instead of passing the cost to customers, which was incorporated into their new slogan “Katz pays the tax!” Katz also sold more than just drugs: each store had a small grocery store with a soda fountain and lunch counter and sold small home appliances, music records, Katz-branded beer, and even live animals.
Katz focused on low-cost branding, and they quickly grew to 65 stores in 5 states. At their peak, they generated over $100 million in annual sales and employed over 3,000 people. Self-service chain stores became more popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s, so Katz began losing market share. Katz sold itself in 1971 to Skaggs Drug Centers, which eventually merged with Osco Drug, which eventually merged with CVS Pharmacy.

## Katz Drug Store sit-ins

Katz Drugstores followed local segregation practices, meaning non-whites were often denied service at lunch counters. In 1948, Edna Griffith and her family were denied service at a Katz Drugstore in Des Moines, Iowa, which led to sit-ins and protests. In 1949 the Iowa Supreme Court determined Katz was in violation of the state's civil rights law.
The 1958 Katz Drug Store sit-in was one of the first protests of its kind during the civil rights movement, occurring on August 19, 1958, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. In protest of racial discrimination, black schoolchildren sat at a lunch counter with their teacher, demanding to be served and refusing to leave until they were. They sought to end the racial segregation of eating places in their city, sparking a sit-in movement in Oklahoma City that lasted for years.
# Madobi

Madobi is a Local Government Area in Kano State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Madobi.
It has an area of 273 km$^2$ and a population of 136,623 at the 2006 census.
The postal code of the area is 711.

## Climate

In Madobi, the year-round heat and partly cloudy dry season contrast with the unpleasant wet season. The average annual temperature fluctuates between 54°F and 100°F; it is rarely lower or higher than 105°F. With an average daily high temperature of 97°F, the hot season spans 2.1 months, from March 14 to May 17. April is the hottest month of the year in Madobi, with typical high temperatures of 100°F and low temperatures of 72°F. With an average daily maximum temperature below 88°F, the chilly season spans 1.8 months, from December 1 to January 27. January is the coldest month of the year in Madobi, with an average high temperature of 87°F and low temperature of 55°F.

## Economy

In Madobi Local Government Area, farming is a major economic activity. The region produces commodities like sorghum, rice, and tomatoes. In Madobi Local Government Area, a variety of domestic animals are also raised and marketed, including rams, horses, and cows. The residents of Madobi Local Government Area also engage in trade, ceramics, and hunting as significant economic pursuits.

## Religion

Madobi's residents are mostly Muslims with Christians minority.

## Geography

Madobi Local Government Area has an average temperature of 33 degrees Celsius and a total area of 273 square kilometers. The dry and wet seasons are the two distinct seasons that the Local Government Area experiences. In Madobi Local Government Area, the average wind speed is recorded at 11 km/h.
# Otti

Otti may refer to:

## People

* Alex Otti (born 1965), economist, banker in Nigeria
* David Otti (1940–2011), Ugandan football coach
* Otti Berger (1898–1944/45), textile artist, weaver and member of the Bauhaus
* Vincent Otti (1946–2007), deputy-leader of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a rebel guerrilla army operating in Uganda and southern Sudan

## Other

* Mitsubishi eK, a car, also known as Nissan Otti
# Rice brothers

John Rice (December 3, 1951 – November 5, 2005) and Greg Rice (born December 3, 1951), sometimes known as the Rice Brothers or Rice Twins, were identical twin dwarfs, known throughout the United States for their appearances in various commercials and infomercials. Until the death of John Rice on November 5, 2005, the two held the world record for being the shortest living twins, standing only 2 ft 10 in (86 cm).

## Early lives

John and Greg Rice were born on December 3, 1951, at St. Mary's Hospital in West Palm Beach, Florida. Their biological mother abandoned them a few hours after giving birth, purportedly due to the diagnosis of dwarfism. After eight months of being cared for by hospital staff, the infants were taken in as foster children by Frank and Mildred Windsor. Mildred died when the boys were in eighth grade due to ovarian cancer. Following the loss of their foster mother and the death of their foster father three years later, the two were raised by their foster sister, Betty Windsor. Despite the difficulties of their condition as well as the loss of their foster parents, John and Greg participated in "normal" childhood activities such as the Boy Scouts, took regular classes throughout their education, and even played cornet in the junior high and high school band.
During their senior year at Palm Beach High School, John and Greg made money selling cleaning and personal care products door to door. After a number of years practicing their sales skills the two enrolled in community college, and after a year of school were promoted to training other salespeople in the company they worked for.

## Professional careers

In the mid-seventies the Rice Brothers went into the real estate business, starting out as real estate agents and then successful investors. It was there they became two of the most recognizable experts in their field in the U.S. They later went into the motivational speaking business.
in 1980, the brothers appeared in Hardly Working, a comedy directed by Jerry Lewis. The twins appeared on the television series Real People as motivational speakers, and then went on to play landlords in the 1981 television series Foul Play. They also hosted a short-lived game show titled That Awful Quiz Show in 1982. In 1989, the twins appeared in commercials for a chain of pizza restaurants known as Pizza Factory.
In the 1990s, the twins became local celebrities in south Florida when they began starring in commercials for a pest control company.

## Death of John

John Rice died November 5, 2005, from complications of injuries when he broke his leg coming out of a Palm Beach bank. He was scheduled for surgery and died as anesthesia was being applied.
Greg Rice continues to carry on the work that he began with his late brother in marketing and advertising as well as teaching and lecturing people.
# Myaladumparai

Myaladumparai, also known as Mayiladumparai, is a village in Theni district, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located in Andipatti taluk, about 36 kilometers southwest of the subdistrict headquarter Andipatti. As of the year 2011, the village had a total population of 29,731.

## Geography

Myaladumparai is situated on the eastern bank of Vaigai River, with the State Highway 101 running through it. The village covers a total area of 12075 hectares.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, there were 29,731 people residing in 8,628 households in Myaladumparai. Its literacy rate was 58.71%, significantly lower than the state average of 80.09%.
# Irakli Chirikashvili

Irakli Chirikashvili (Georgian: ირაკლი ჩირიკაშვილი; born 10 January 1987) is a Georgian former footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Career

Chirikashvili signed for Neuchâtel Xamax in the Swiss Super League for the 2001-12 season after a 10-day trial. He made his professional debut on 31 July 2011, coming on as a substitute for Bastien Geiger in the away match against Sion, which finished as a 0–3 home loss. After suffering an injury upon arrival, he asked to go on loan to the Swiss second division which never happened.