OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tunnell's theorem

In number theory, Tunnell's theorem gives a partial resolution to the congruent number problem, and under the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, a full resolution.

## Congruent number problem

The congruent number problem asks which positive integers can be the area of a right triangle with all three sides rational. Tunnell's theorem relates this to the number of integral solutions of a few fairly simple Diophantine equations.

## Theorem

For a given square-free integer n, define
    ${\begin{aligned}A_{n}&=\#\{(x,y,z)\in \mathbb {Z} ^{3}\mid n=2x^{2}+y^{2}+32z^{2}\},\\B_{n}&=\#\{(x,y,z)\in \mathbb {Z} ^{3}\mid n=2x^{2}+y^{2}+8z^{2}\},\\C_{n}&=\#\{(x,y,z)\in \mathbb {Z} ^{3}\mid n=8x^{2}+2y^{2}+64z^{2}\},\\D_{n}&=\#\{(x,y,z)\in \mathbb {Z} ^{3}\mid n=8x^{2}+2y^{2}+16z^{2}\}.\end{aligned}}$
Tunnell's theorem states that supposing n is a congruent number, if n is odd then 2A$_n$ = B$_n$ and if n is even then 2C$_n$ = D$_n$. Conversely, if the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture holds true for elliptic curves of the form $y^{2}=x^{3}-n^{2}x$, these equalities are sufficient to conclude that n is a congruent number.

## History

The theorem is named for Jerrold B. Tunnell, a number theorist at Rutgers University, who proved it in Tunnell (1983).

## Importance

The importance of Tunnell's theorem is that the criterion it gives is testable by a finite calculation. For instance, for a given $n$, the numbers $A_{n},B_{n},C_{n},D_{n}$ can be calculated by exhaustively searching through $x,y,z$ in the range $-{\sqrt {n}},\ldots ,{\sqrt {n}}$.
# Takuo Miyagishima

Takuo Miyagishima (Japanese: 宮城島 卓夫, March 15, 1928 – August 4, 2011) was a Japanese-American design engineer who worked for Panavision. He was responsible for many of the company's innovations in motion picture photography and projection, and also designed the company's logo.
In 2005, Miyagishima received the Gordon E. Sawyer Award for his achievements and successful career at the 77th Academy Awards.

## Early years

Miyagishima was born in Gardena, California in 1928. He had one brother and two sisters. His parents had immigrated from Shizuoka in Japan.
Miyagishima grew up in Long Beach and Terminal Island. He was attending junior high school in 1941 when World War II began, and was able to avoid the Japanese American internment by moving to Utah to live with relatives. He graduated from Davis High School in Kaysville, Utah.

## Career

He worked for Panavision from 1954 until his retirement in 2009, by which time he was Senior Vice-President of Engineering.
His first project was the Super Panatar projection lens in 1955. He helped develop Panavision's Primo Series of lenses, used for films including Empire of the Sun; these lenses received Academy and Emmy awards. He received the Fuji Gold Medal in 1991 for his single autofocusing anamorphic camera lens. He also worked on Panavision's Panaflex Motion Picture Camera System and Auto Panatar anamorphic photographic lens. With Albert Saiki, he developed an award-winning Eyepiece Leveler.
Miyagishima died in 2011, aged 83. Panavision's T-series line of anamorphic lenses, introduced in 2016, are named in his honor.

## Awards

He received the John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation from AMPAS in 1999, and the Academy's Gordon E. Sawyer Award presented at the Scientific and Technical Awards Dinner on February 12, 2005. In 1999 he also received the American Society of Cinematographers' President's Award, shared with Albert Mayer. He was a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers.
# Koumi, Nagano

Koumi (小海町, Koumi-machi) is a town located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 April 2019, the town had an estimated population of 4,676 in 2012 households, and a population density of 41 persons per km$^2$. The total area of the town is 114.20 square kilometres (44.09 sq mi).
The town mascot is "Ptylitza", an imaginary small gnome-like creature, images of which can be seen all over the town.

## Geography

Koumi is located in the far east of Nagano. The nearest city is Saku, about 40 minutes drive away. Nagano city is about 100 km away. Mount Tengu (2646 meters) is located on the border of Koumi with Chino. the Chikuma River flows through the town.

### Surrounding municipalities

* Nagano Prefecture
** Chino
** Kitaaiki
** Minamiaiki
** Minamimaki
** Sakuho

### Climate

The town has a humid continental climate characterized by warm and humid summers, and cold winters with heavy snowfall (Köppen climate classification Dfb). The average annual temperature in Koumi is 8.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1398 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 20.9 °C, and lowest in January, at around -4.0 °C.

## Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Koumi has declined over the past 60 years.

## History

The area of present-day Koumi was part of ancient Shinano Province. The village of Koumi was established on April 1, 1889 with the establishment of the municipalities system. It merged with the village of Kitamaki on September 30, 1956 and was elevated to town status.

## Education

Koumi has one public elementary school operated by the city government and one public middle school shared with Kitaaiki and Minamiaiki villages. Koumi has a public high school operated by the Nagano Prefectural Board of Education.

## Transportation
### Railway

* East Japan Railway Company – Koumi Line
** Matsubarako - Koumi - Managashi

### Highway

* National Route 141
* National Route 299

## Notable people from Koumi

* Makoto Shinkai, anime director. Shinkai was inspired by Lake Matsubara in his hometown to create the lake in his famous film, Your Name.
# Everyman Theatre, Baltimore

Everyman Theatre is a regional theatre with a professional repertory company of artists in downtown Baltimore, Maryland. Everyman's mission is to bring accessible and affordable theatre to the city of Baltimore. Everyman Theatre is located in downtown Baltimore in the Bromo Arts and Entertainment District.

## History

Founded in 1990 by artistic director Vincent M. Lancisi, Everyman's debut production was The Runner Stumbles in Saint John's Church in Baltimore. For the next few years, Everyman only produced one production per season at various locations throughout the city. In 1995 Everyman finally had their own home in a former bowling alley on Charles Street, and offered yearly subscriptions for the first time. Everyman's first production in their own space was Buried Child by Sam Shepard.
In November 2006, Everyman Theatre made the official announcement that it had received a gift of a new home by the Bank of America and The Dawson Company: The Town Theatre, located at 315 West Fayette Street on the West Side of Baltimore City. Everyman's new home opened as The Empire in 1910 with vaudeville performances and later hosted Yiddish theatre, boxing, and bingo parties. The original building was designed by Otto Simonson, a local architect, with William H. McElfatrick. In 1937, during its life as The Palace—a burlesque theatre—there was public uproar over the "indecency" of the performances and the theatre was closed. Shortly thereafter, and as if to ensure the death of its racy past, the theatre was converted to a parking garage. In 1947, the building was redesigned into a 1,550-seat movie house by Baltimore architect John Zink, one of the major East Coast theatre architects of the mid-twentieth century. The Town Theatre, as it was known during this period, had a glittering opening with the now-classic film “It’s a Wonderful Life, “ which was attended by star Jimmy Stewart and director Frank Capra. By 1990, The Town was in disrepair, closing its doors and remaining a vacant shadow of its former self until it was donated by the Bank of America and The Harold A. Dawson Trust to Everyman Theatre in 2006. Along with the recently restored Hippodrome Theatre and the Bromo Seltzer Arts Tower, the creation of Everyman's new home plays an important role in the renaissance of a theatre and arts district in downtown Baltimore's Westside. The restoration of the neoclassical terra cotta and granite façade represents the most historically significant aspect of the renovation. The building, valued at $1.5 million, was renovated to offer sufficient scene shops, costume and props facilities, education space, and a 253-seat state of the art theatre with more room to grow in future years. In January 2013, Everyman celebrated the grand opening of their new theatre with a production of Tracy Letts's August: Osage County.
# Kiso, Nagano (village)

Kiso (木祖村, Kiso-mura) is a village located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 April 2019, the village had an estimated population of 2,877 in 1116 households, and a population density of 20 persons per km$^2$. The total area of the village is 140.50 square kilometres (54.25 sq mi).

## Geography

Kiso is located in west-central Nagano Prefecture, in the valley of the Kiso River.

### Surrounding municipalities

* Nagano Prefecture
** Asahi
** Kiso (town)
** Matsumoto
** Shiojiri

### Climate

The village has a climate characterized by characterized by cool and humid summers, and cold winters with heavy snowfall (Köppen climate classification Dfb). The average annual temperature in Iijima is 5.7 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1860 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 18.6 °C, and lowest in January, at around -6.7 °C.
Climate data for Kiso Village, Nagano :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) | 2.3 (36.1) | 6.7 (44.1) | 14.9 (58.8) | 20.3 (68.5) | 23.3 (73.9) | 26.6 (79.9) | 28.2 (82.8) | 23.2 (73.8) | 17.3 (63.1) | 11.3 (52.3) | 4.9 (40.8) | 15.1 (59.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.9 (26.8) | −2.5 (27.5) | 1.1 (34.0) | 8.0 (46.4) | 13.6 (56.5) | 17.6 (63.7) | 21.1 (70.0) | 22.2 (72.0) | 17.9 (64.2) | 11.3 (52.3) | 5.4 (41.7) | 0.1 (32.2) | 9.4 (48.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.6 (18.3) | −7.5 (18.5) | −3.9 (25.0) | 1.9 (35.4) | 7.8 (46.0) | 12.9 (55.2) | 17.0 (62.6) | 17.8 (64.0) | 13.7 (56.7) | 6.6 (43.9) | 0.6 (33.1) | −4.3 (24.3) | 4.6 (40.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 80.3 (3.16) | 81.6 (3.21) | 98.5 (3.88) | 95.3 (3.75) | 121.2 (4.77) | 165.5 (6.52) | 195.8 (7.71) | 134.2 (5.28) | 168.4 (6.63) | 109.8 (4.32) | 76.4 (3.01) | 70.3 (2.77) | 1,397.1 (55.00) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 180 (71) | 147 (58) | 91 (36) | 8 (3.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 9 (3.5) | 89 (35) | 525 (207) |
| Source: Japan Meteorological Agency ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Kiso has decreased over the past 30 years.

## History

Kiso village is located in former Shinano Province. The area developed as Yabuhara-juku, a post station on the Nakasendō highway connecting Edo with Kyoto during the Edo period. The present village of Kiso was established on April 1, 1889 by the establishment of the modern municipalities system.

## Transportation
### Railway

* JR Tōkai – Chūō Main Line
** Yabuhara

### Highway

* National Route 19
# Hales Bar

Hales Bar is a pub in Harrogate, a town in North Yorkshire, in England.
The Promenade Inn, one of the first in the town, opened before 1766, when Tobias Smollett visited, later setting scenes in his novel The Expedition of Humphry Clinker in the pub. Two centuries later, some scenes in Chariots of Fire were also set in the pub. Despite its name, the building never served as a coaching inn. The building was reconstructed in about 1827. It was extended to the east in the 1856, and the older section was converted into a house. The pub was renamed "Hodgson's Bar" after its new landlord, and then in 1882 was renamed "Hales Bar" after his successor, William Hales. Part of the house was reconverted into the Vaults Bar in the 1960s, and the original Hales Bar was enlarged. The pub was refurbished in 2013. The building was grade II listed in 1975, and it has a two-star listing on the National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors.
The building lies on a corner site. It is built of gritstone with a slate roof. It has three storeys, two bays, one bay in the return, a bowed bay on the corner, and a three-bay gabled extension. In the original part is a public house front with pilasters and an entablature, and recessed sash windows. The extension has two storeys and an attic, and the entrance and windows have segmental heads and keystones. Inside, it retains gas lamps, a Victorian counter with two cigar lighters and a water tap, and a contemporary bar back with eight vats for spirits.
# Yunishigawa-Onsen Station

Yunishigawa-Onsen Station (湯西川温泉駅, Yunishigawa-Onsen-eki) is a railway station in the city of Nikkō, Tochigi, Japan, operated by the Yagan Railway.

## Lines

Yunishikawa-Onsen Station is served by the Yagan Railway Aizu Kinugawa Line and is located 10.3 rail kilometers from the end of the line at Shin-Fujiwara Station.

## Station layout

The station consists of a single side platform serving traffic in both directions, which is located in a tunnel

## History

Yunishikawa-Onsen Station opened on October 9, 1986.

## Surrounding area

* National Route 121
* Yunishikawa Onsen
# James Polkinghorne

James Polkinghorne (1788 – 15 September 1851) was a champion Cornish wrestler of the 19th century. He was born in 1788 at St Keverne, Cornwall, United Kingdom but spent much of his life at St. Columb Major, where he ran a pub called the Red Lion.
He had a number of famous contests against Devon fighters, including Flower, Jackman (1816) and Abraham Cann (1826). The Devonians, "kickers", fought in the Devon style, wearing boots with toes that had been soaked in bullock's blood and then baked as "hard as flint". Polkinghorne fought in the Cornish style and was a "hugger" who fought without footwear. He died at St Columb at the age of 73.

## Polkinghorne's match with Cann

Polkinghorne's greatest match was on 23 October 1826 against Abraham Cann of Colebrooke who was the champion of Devon. The match took place at Devonport, and ten thousand people are said to have attended. The match was adjudged to be drawn. (The Devon style which was used allowed Cann to wear heavy boots soaked in bullock's blood).
Cann had long been known as the champion of Devonshire when he challenged James Polkinghorne, the champion of Cornwall. Polkinghorne was 6 feet, 2 inches tall, weighed 320 lbs, and had not wrestled for some years, being the landlord of the Red Lion inn at Saint Columb Major. Cann was but 5 feet, 8½ inches in height, and weighed 175 lbs. This match, the purse for which was £200 a side for the best of three back falls, took place at Tamar Green, Morice Town, near Devonport, on 23 October 1826, in the presence of upwards of 12,000 spectators. After a long struggle, the Cornishman won a fair back fall. Cann then threw Polkinghorne, but a dispute arose, and a toss gave it in favour of the latter. After several other falls, Polkinghorne threw Cann, but the triers were divided in opinion as to the fall. Polkinghorne left the ring, and after much wrangling, the match was declared to be drawn. The Devonshire man, using the toes and heels of his shoes, kicked his adversary in the most frightful manner, while the Cornishman neither wore shoes nor kicked. The fight is remembered by a plaque on the Red Lion pub in Saint Columb Major, Cornwall, where Polkinghorne was landlord and by a ballad entitled "A New Song on the Wrestling Match between Cann and Polkinghorne".
# Kathmandu (TV series)

Kathmandu is a 2012 Israeli television miniseries depicting the lives of a Chabad Hasidic Jewish family living in Kathmandu, Nepal. The series included 13 episodes and was produced by the Israeli company Reshet.
The main characters of the series are "Shmulik" (Michael Moshonov) and "Mushkie" (Nitzan Levartovsky) and are based on the lives of Rabbi Chezki Lifshitz and Rebbetzin Chani Lifshitz who are the Chabad emissaries in Nepal.
# Apollo Temple

Apollo Temple is a 6,252-foot-elevation (1,906-meter) summit located in the Grand Canyon, in Coconino County of northern Arizona, in the southwestern United States. It is situated four miles due east of Cape Royal on the canyon's North Rim, four miles northeast of Vishnu Temple, and a half-mile south-southeast of Venus Temple, which is the nearest higher neighbor. Topographic relief is significant as it rises over 3,600 feet (1,100 meters) above the Colorado River in less than two miles.
Apollo Temple is named for Apollo, god of the sun in Greek and Roman mythology. This name was applied in 1902 by geologist François E. Matthes, in keeping with Clarence Dutton's tradition of naming geographical features in the Grand Canyon after mythological deities. This feature's name was officially adopted in 1906 by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names.
The top of Apollo Temple is composed of lower strata of the Pennsylvanian-Permian Supai Group. This overlays the cliff-forming layer of Mississippian Redwall Limestone, which in turn overlays Cambrian Tonto Group. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Apollo Temple is located in a Cold semi-arid climate zone. Precipitation runoff from Apollo Temple drains south to the Colorado River via Unkar and Basalt Creeks.
# Holophaea endoleuca

Holophaea endoleuca is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Paul Dognin in 1909. It is found in Colombia.
# Charles F. Orthwein

Charles F. Orthwein (January 28, 1839 – December 28, 1898) was a German-born American businessman from St. Louis, Missouri.

## Early life

Charles F. Orthwein was born in Württemberg on January 28, 1839, to Frederick Charles Orthwein and Louise Lidle. He emigrated to the United States in 1860, where he was soon joined by his brother, William D. Orthwein.

## Career

Orthwein was a grain merchant and "steel car magnate." In the 1860s, Orthwein co-founded Haenshen & Orthwein, a grain exchange firm in St. Louis. In 1870, Orthwein co-founded Orthwein & Mersman, a grain commission firm, with Joseph J. Mersman. The firm shipped grains to Europe from St. Louis, via New Orleans, Louisiana, and Galveston, Texas. In 1879, Mersman left the business and was replaced by Orthwein's brother William. The firm was renamed Orthwein Brothers and operated until 1893.
In the fall of 1880, Orthwein helped found the St. Louis Mining and Stock Exchange. Orthwein was a member of the St. Louis Merchants Exchange. With Corwin H. Spencer, Orthwein acquired the streetcar system in St. Louis. He became a multi-millionaire.

## Personal life

Orthwein married Caroline Nulsen in 1866. They had six sons, Charles C. Orthwein, Max R. Orthwein, Ralph Orthwein, Lee Orthwein, William J. Orthwein, and Armin F. Orthwein, and two daughters, Ruth Orthwein Feuerbacher and Fannie E. Smith.

## Death

Orthwein died of liver cancer on December 28, 1898. He was buried at the Bellefontaine Cemetery.
# Pizol

The Pizol is a mountain in the Glarus Alps of northeastern Switzerland, overlooking Wangs in the canton of St. Gallen. At 2,844 metres above sea level, it is the highest summit of the chain separating the valleys of the Seez and the Tamina rivers, and the highest mountain lying entirely within the canton of St. Gallen.
There are five mountain lakes (Pizolseen) on Pizol: Wangsersee at Pizolhütte, Wildsee, Schottensee, Schwarzsee (2368 m) and Baschalvasee (2174 m). A small cirque glacier, the Pizolgletscher, had been located above 2,600 metres on the northern side of the mountain.
Pizol Hut lies at 2,227 metres (7,306 ft).
On 22 September 2019, a 'funeral' and mourning ceremony was held for the Pizol glacier which had disappeared due to rising temperatures. A similar ceremony had been held in August when the Okjökull glacier in Iceland disappeared.
# Henri Welschinger

Henri Welschinger (1846–1919) was a French historian, journalist, and litterateur.

## Biography

Henri Welschinger was born on February 2, 1846, in Muttersholtz, a small village located eight kilometers from Sélestat, in the Bas-Rhin, France. He was educated at the petit seminaire of Notre-Dame-des-Champs in Paris where he received a classical education (Greek, Latin, Logic, Math). He began his career as an archivist at the National Assembly in 1867. Then, he was employed in the highest offices of the Senate. He was the director of law-drafting, legislative printing and cabinet minutes. He lived in the Luxembourg Palace for forty-two years. He was elected member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences in 1907, later holding the chair in philosophy and the history there.
Henri Welschinger died on November 3, 1919, in Viroflay, at age 73.

## Works

* (in French) Le Duc d'Enghien, 1772-1804 (1888)
* (in French) Le Maréchal Ney, 1815 (1893)
# Baškovce, Sobrance District

Baškovce (Hungarian: Alsóbaskóc; Rusyn: Башківцї) is a village and municipality in the Sobrance District in the Košice Region of east Slovakia.

## History

Before the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia in 1918, Baškovce was part of Ung County within the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1939, it was for a short time part of the Slovak Republic. As a result of the Slovak–Hungarian War of 1939, it was again part of Hungary from 1939 to 1944. In the autumn of 1944, the Red Army entered Baškovce and it was once again part of Czechoslovakia.

## Genealogical resources

The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive in Prešov (Slovak: Štátny archív v Prešove).
* Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1834-1916 (parish B)
# Club Dates/Rolling Stones Tour

The AC/DC Club Dates/Rolling Stones Tour was a series of concerts done by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. The band was a support act for the Rolling Stones' Licks Tour in Germany, but also performed together in Toronto, Canada.

## Background

The band performed an exclusive show in New York City at the Roseland Ballroom on 11 March 2003 as part of a contest. Following the exclusive performance, AC/DC joined the Rolling Stones on their tour in Germany as an opening act. As part of the Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto program for a benefit concert, AC/DC joined to support Rolling Stones on the lineup. The show in Toronto was the largest outdoor ticketed event in Canada, and its gross was in the 9 million range, drawing in 489,176 people. After the benefit concert, AC/DC performed in London, England on 21 October 2003 at the Hammersmith Apollo, which sold out in four minutes.

## Tour dates

List of 2003 concerts, showing date, city, country, venue and headline of the tour :
| Date | City | Country | Venue | Headline |
| 11 March 2003 | New York City | United States | Roseland Ballroom | AC/DC Headline |
| 9 June 2003 | Berlin | Germany | Columbiahalle | AC/DC Headline |
| 13 June 2003 | Oberhausen | Germany | O-Vision Zukunftspark | Rolling Stones Date |
| 17 June 2003 | Munich | Germany | Circus Krone | AC/DC Headline |
| 20 June 2003 | Leipzig | Germany | Festwiese | Rolling Stones Date |
| 22 June 2003 | Hockenheim | Germany | Hockenheimring | Rolling Stones Date |
| 30 July 2003 | Toronto | Canada | SARSstock Concert Downsview Park | Rolling Stones Date |
| 21 October 2003 | London | England | Hammersmith Apollo | AC/DC Headline |

## Personnel

* Brian Johnson – lead vocals
* Angus Young – lead guitar
* Malcolm Young – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
* Cliff Williams – bass guitar, backing vocals
* Phil Rudd – drums