OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fork bomb

In computing, a fork bomb (also called rabbit virus) is a denial-of-service (DoS) attack wherein a process continually replicates itself to deplete available system resources, slowing down or crashing the system due to resource starvation.

## History

Around 1978, an early variant of a fork bomb called wabbit was reported to run on a System/360. It may have descended from a similar attack called RABBITS reported from 1969 on a Burroughs 5500 at the University of Washington.

## Implementation

Fork bombs operate both by consuming CPU time in the process of forking, and by saturating the operating system's process table. A basic implementation of a fork bomb is an infinite loop that repeatedly launches new copies of itself.
In Unix-like operating systems, fork bombs are generally written to use the fork system call. As forked processes are also copies of the first program, once they resume execution from the next address at the frame pointer, they continue forking endlessly within their own copy of the same infinite loop. this has the effect of causing an exponential growth in processes. As modern Unix systems generally use a copy-on-write resource management technique when forking new processes, a fork bomb generally will not saturate such a system's memory.
Microsoft Windows operating systems do not have an equivalent functionality to the Unix fork system call; a fork bomb on such an operating system must therefore create a new process instead of forking from an existing one, such as with batch echo %0^|%0 > $_.cmd & $_. In this batch script, %0|%0 is written to $_.cmd, which is then executed by & $_.
A classic example of a fork bomb is one written in Unix shell :{ :|:& };:, possibly dating back to 1999, which can be more easily understood as
In it, a function is defined (fork) as calling itself (fork), then piping (|) its result into itself, all in a background job (&).
The code using a colon : as the function name is not valid in a shell as defined by POSIX, which only permits alphanumeric characters and underscores in function names. However, its usage is allowed in GNU Bash as an extension.

## Prevention

As a fork bomb's mode of operation is entirely encapsulated by creating new processes, one way of preventing a fork bomb from severely affecting the entire system is to limit the maximum number of processes that a single user may own. On Linux, this can be achieved by using the ulimit utility; for example, the command ulimit -u 30 would limit the affected user to a maximum of thirty owned processes. On PAM-enabled systems, this limit can also be set in /etc/security/limits.conf, and on *BSD, the system administrator can put limits in /etc/login.conf. Modern Linux systems also allow finer-grained fork bomb prevention through cgroups and process number (PID) controllers.
# Eurya japonica

Eurya japonica, known as East Asian eurya, is a 1–3.5 m tall shrub in the Pentaphylacaceae family.
It is found in eastern China, Korea, and Japan. It is used as an ornamental plant. In shinto it is a sacred tree, whose leaves are used as sacrificial offerings.
# Stra

Stra is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Venice, Veneto, Italy. It is located south of SR11. It is the location of the famed Villa Pisani that is on the Brenta canal.
# 2024 World Draughts Championship match

The 2024 World Draughts Championship match was held from December 19 to December 30, 2024, at Wageningen City Hall Wageningen, in the Netherlands. It was held under the auspices of the International Draughts Federation (FMJD) and played between the reigning 2023 world champion Yuri Anikeev and Jan Groenendijk who was second at the same championship.
Jan Groenendijk won the match to capture his first world championship title.

## Rules and regulations

The event was played over 12 games with a time control of 90 minutes for 45 moves and after that 30 minutes plus 30 second per move. The player who had the highest score won the world title if he won at least two games. If not, the match continued until one of the players reached a second victory in total, with 2 rapid games 20 minutes plus 10 seconds Fischer system, 4 blitz games with a time schedule of 10 minutes and 5 seconds Fischer system, and a Superblitz (limited time for unlimited number of games till 1st victory) tie breaks with a time schedule of 10 minutes and 2 seconds per move Fischer system.

## Results
### Regular games

| Player | Rating FMJD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Points | Victories |
| Jan Groenendijk | 2440 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 13 | 1 |
| Yuri Anikeev | 2356 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 0 |

### Tie-break

| Player | Rating rapid/blitz FMJD | Rapid game 1 | Rapid game 2 | Blitz game 1 | Blitz game 2 | Blitz game 3 | Victories | Total victories |
| Jan Groenendijk | 2423 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Yuri Anikeev | 2434 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
# Savignia birostrum

Savignia birostrum is a species of sheet weaver found in Russia (from the Urals to the Far East), China, and the United States (Alaska). It was first described by Chamberlin & Ivie in 1947 as Cephalethus birostrum. The specific name birostrum is a noun, so does not change with the gender of the genus name.
# Battle of Simancas

The Battle of Simancas (also called Alhandega or al-Khandaq) was a military battle that started on 19 July 939 in the Iberian Peninsula between the troops of the King of León Ramiro II and Cordovan caliph Abd al-Rahman III near the walls of the city of Simancas.
The battle unfolded after the army of Abd al-Rahman III launched toward the northern Christian territories in 934. Abd al-Rahman III had gathered a large army of caliphal fighters, with the help of the Andalusian governor of Zaragoza, Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Tujibi. The Leonese king Ramiro II led the counterattack with an army constituted of his own troops, those of Castile under Count Fernán González, and the Navarrese under García Sánchez I.
Arab witnesses chronicle a spectacular eclipse of the sun that took place on the first day of the battle:
   As the army arrived near Simancas, there was an awful eclipse of the sun that covered the earth of a dark yellow amid the day and it filled us and the infidels with terror as neither had seen in their life such a thing as this. Two days passed without either side making any movement.
The battle lasted some days, with the allied Christian troops emerging victorious and routing the Cordovan forces. Furtun ibn Muhammad al-Tawil, wali of Huesca, withheld his troops from the battle. He was hunted down near Calatayud by Salama ibn Ahmad ibn Salama, taken to Córdoba, and crucified in front of its Al-Qasr.
# The Forest Giant

The Forest Giant (French: Le Gigantesque) is a novel written by Adrien Le Corbeau, one of the pseudonyms of Romanian-born author Rudolf Bernhardt (1886–1932). An English translation was made in 1923 by T. E. Lawrence (as J. H. Ross), but both French and English versions have since fallen into obscurity.
The book was despised by Lawrence, who wrote the following while working on the translation:
   At last this foul work: complete. Please have [it] typed and send [it] down that I may get it off my suffering chest before I burst. Damn Adrien le Corbeau and his rhetoric. The book is a magnificent idea, ruined by jejune bombast. My version is better than his: but dishonest here and there: but my stomach turned. Couldn't help it.
A second English edition (1935) was illustrated with woodcuts by Agnes Miller Parker.
French historian Maurice Larès wrote that, far from being a Francophobe as he is usually depicted in France, Lawrence was really a Francophile. Larès wrote: "But we should note that a man rarely devotes much of his time and effort to the study of a language and of the literature of a people he hates, unless this is in order to work for its destruction ( Adolf Eichmann's behavior may be an instance of this), which was clearly not Lawrence's case. Had Lawrence really disliked the French, would he, even for financial reasons, have translated French novels into English? The quality of his translation of Le Gigantesque (The Forest Giant) reveals not only his conscientiousness as an artist but also a knowledge of French that can scarcely have derived from unfriendly feelings".
# Gordon Hartogensis

Gordon Hartogensis (born June 17, 1970) is an American businessman, investor, and government official who served as the Director of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) from 2019 to 2024.

## Business career

Hartogensis left a brief career at Credit Suisse in 1993 to join two classmates from Stanford as an equal partner in a startup supply chain management software company called Petrolsoft Corporation. After the company was acquired by Aspen Technology, Hartogensis served in a leadership role until June 2002.
Shortly after his departure from Aspen, Hartogensis founded and led Auric Technology, a customer relationship management (CRM) software company. Auric was sold to Telnorm in 2011.
After the sale of Auric Technology, Hartogensis became an angel investor who funded and advised several technology startup companies.

## Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC)

Hartogensis was nominated for the position of Director of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation on May 15, 2018. He was confirmed for a five-year term by the United States Senate on April 30, 2019, by a vote of 72–27. He was sworn in as Director on May 15, 2019.
When Hartogensis took the helm of the PBGC in 2019, the agency's multiemployer insurance program was projected to be insolvent by 2025 and had a financial deficit of over 65 billion dollars. He worked with both parties in Congress to try to find a bipartisan solution to the crisis, and he testified before the Senate Finance Committee in December 2019. The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 which was signed into law by President Biden on March 11, 2021, provided $86 billion to address the multiemployer pension crisis. The law created Special Financial Assistance (SFA), a rescue program for financially troubled multiemployer pension plans. The SFA program was implemented by the PBGC under Hartogensis' leadership.
PBGC's 2021 annual report reflected the impact of SFA, and the agency reported positive financial positions in both its single-employer and multiemployer insurance programs for the first time in over 20 years. As a result, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) removed PBGC from its High-Risk List for the first time since 2003.
On July 13, 2022, the Partnership for Public Service rated PBGC number one in "2021 Best Places to Work in the Federal Government" among small agencies. Hartogensis accepted the award on behalf of PBGC.
In 2023, Hartogensis supervised the agency's move to a new headquarters in the Portals II office building near The Wharf (Washington, D.C.).
His five-year term at the PBGC ended on April 30, 2024.

## Personal life

Hartogensis is married to Grace Chao, the sister of Elaine Chao, the Secretary of Labor under George W. Bush and the Secretary of Transportation under Donald Trump.
Hartogensis is the brother-in-law of Mitch McConnell, the former leader of the Senate Republican Conference.
# Divide Mountain (Alaska)

Divide Mountain is a 5,195 ft (1,580 m) summit located in Denali National Park and Preserve, in the Alaska Range, in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is a landmark in the Toklat River valley visible to tourists from the park road. Divide Mountain is situated 2 mi (3 km) southwest of Polychrome Pass, 3.44 mi (6 km) southwest of Polychrome Mountain, and 11 mi (18 km) north-northeast of Scott Peak. Although modest in elevation, relief is significant since the peak rises over 2,000 ft (610 m) from the surrounding valley floor. This mountain's local descriptive name was first shown on a 1916 U.S. Geological Survey map.

## Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, Divide Mountain is located in a subarctic climate zone with long, cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into the Toklat River, which in turn is part of the Tanana River drainage basin. The months May through June offer the most favorable weather for climbing or viewing.
# Spercheus

Spercheus is a genus of aquatic beetles which are placed in a family of their own, Spercheidae within the Hydrophiloidea. About 20 species are known from around the world except the Nearctic with the majority being from the Oriental and Afrotropical Realms.
All life stages are found in shallow still water with rich vegetation, which in some species includes temporary saline pools. Adults and larvae live attached to pieces of vegetation or debris, and also walk on the underside of the water surface. Air is held in a bubble on the underside of the body. The larvae feed on grazed detritus as well as drifting algae, dead organisms, and other organic refuse. The adults live as filter feeders on floating debris like decaying plant material and other decomposing organic remains. The adult females build a silken-egg case which they attach to their mid-tibiae and held by the hind legs, carried below the abdomen. These beetles were formerly placed in the family Hydrophilidae but are distinctive.
The front of the head is notched and the 7–9 segmented antenna has the terminal 3–4 segments club like and an enlarged fourth segment. The elytra are very convex and one or two abdominal segments may extend beyond the apex. They have 5 tarsal segments on all legs.
Possible fossils of Spercheus have been described from the Eocene aged Bembridge Marls of the Isle of Wight, England. The extinct genus Prospercheus from the Late Jurassic of Shar-Teg, Mongolia, has also been considered a close relative of Spercheus, and also placed in Spercheidae.

## Species

* Spercheus belli Champion, 1919
* Spercheus burgeoni Orchymont, 1929
* Spercheus cerisyi Guérin Méneville, 1842
* Spercheus crenulatus Fairmaire, 1893
* Spercheus emarginatus (Schaller, 1783)
* Spercheus fimbriicollis Bruch, 1915
* Spercheus gerardi Orchymont, 1929
* Spercheus halophilus Archangelsky, 2001
* Spercheus hanseni Hebauer, 1990
* Spercheus hovanus Fairmaire, 1903
* Spercheus humeralis Régimbart, 1906
* Spercheus platycephalus MacLeay, 1825
* Spercheus senegalensis Castelnau, 1832
* Spercheus siamensis Hebauer, 1990
* Spercheus spangleri Hebauer, 1990
* Spercheus stangli Schwarz & Barber, 1918
* Spercheus stasimus Orchymont, 1937
* Spercheus wattsi Hebauer, 1999
# Tarrytown, Austin, Texas

Tarrytown is a neighborhood located west of Downtown Austin, Texas. The neighborhood is bordered by Lake Austin Boulevard on the south, Lake Austin on the west, West 35th Street on the north and Mopac Expressway on the east. Major roads in the area include Exposition Boulevard, Enfield Road and Windsor Road. Tarrytown also encompasses the sub-neighborhood of Brown Herman.
Tarrytown is most often defined as the area bounded by Enfield Road in the South, 35th Street in the North, MoPac Expressway in the East, and Lake Austin in the West. The neighborhood has two shopping outlets: Tarrytown Center and Casis Village, both of which feature local businesses. The neighborhood is also home to two schools, Casis Elementary and O. Henry Middle School. The neighborhood is serviced by two bus routes, No. 18 (Enfield/MLK Station) and No. 335 (35th/38th), and previously as well as Nos. 21-22 (Exposition/Chicon), all operated by the Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority, or Cap Metro.

## History

The land where Tarrytown currently exists was originally a 365 acres (1.48 km$^2$) estate known as Woodlawn, containing a mansion designed in 1853 by master builder Abner H. Cook (who also designed the Texas Governor's Mansion) for Texas State Comptroller, James Shaw. Shaw sold the estate to Texas governor Elisha M. Pease and his wife Lucadia Christiane Niles Pease in 1857.
In 1916, Governor Pease's daughter, Julia, and grandson Niles Graham joined Graham's cousin Murray subdivided most of the estate's land and formed the Enfield Realty and Home Building Company, which developed much of the neighborhoods in Old West Austin, including Old Enfield, Pemberton Heights, and Bryker Woods. The company's secretary, Paul Crusemann, married Pease's granddaughter, Carrie Margaret Graham, who became a partner and co-developer of the firm. The first phase of the Tarrytown development, named for the family's summer retreat in Tarrytown, New York, opened on November 4, 1934, with several additional phases opening in the following years. In 1939, Carrie Graham Crusemann and Niles Graham opened the Tarrytown Shopping Center on the intersection of Windsor Road and Exposition Boulevard.
Tarrytown caught the eye of the national media when animal rights activist Jeanne Crusemann Daniels, great-granddaughter of Governor Pease, inherited the Tarrytown Shopping Center in 1999 and imposed bans on the sale of animal products or items deemed harmful to animals. The ethically-minded restrictions led some tenants, including the popular burger restaurant Holiday House, to close their doors and over time, and they made way for companies more aligned with her vision of protecting animals from needless harm.

## Education

Tarrytown is located in the Austin Independent School District, and its children are served by these public schools:
* Tarrytown preschool
* Casis Elementary School
* O. Henry Middle School
* Austin High School
# Chaetodon melapterus

Chaetodon melapterus, the Arabian butterflyfish, blackfin butterflyfish, or black-finned melon butterflyfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a butterflyfish belonging to the family Chaetodontidae. It is found in the north western Indian Ocean.

## Description

Chaetodon melapterus has an almost totally bright yellow body except for the posterior edge which is black. The dorsal fin, anal fin and caudal fin are also deep black. There are three vertical, black bands on the face, one on the snout around the mouth, one through the eye and one just behind the eye. The dorsal fin contains 13 spines and 19–21 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 18–19 soft rays. This species attains a maximum total length of 13 cm (5.1 in).

## Distribution

Chaetodon melapterus is found in the north western Indian Ocean where it is found in the Persian Gulf, off the southern coasts Arabian Peninsula from the Gulf of Oman to the Gulf of Aden, and in the southern Red Sea.

## Habitat and biology

Chaetodon melapterus is found in shallow coastal reefs where it prefers areas with rich coral growth. They live in pairs but there have been occasional records of aggregations. It is an obligate corallivore, feeding exclusively on the polyps. It is an oviparous species which forms pairs to breed. It lives at depths of between 2 and 16 metres (7 and 52 ft).

## Taxonomy

Chaetodon melapterus was first formally described in 1863 by the French zoologist Alphonse Guichenot with the type locality given as Réunion, although this is likely to be in error as the species has not been recorded from the Mascarenes. This species, together with the blacktail butterflyfish (C. austriacus), melon butterflyfish (C. trifasciatus), and oval butterflyfish (C. lunulatus) make up the subgenus Corallochaetodon. This group is probably quite closely related to the subgenus "Citharoedus" (the name is a junior homonym of a mollusc genus), which contains the scrawled butterflyfish (C. meyeri). These subgenera may be separated into the genus Megaprotodon if the genus Chaetodon is split up.

## Utilisation

Chaetodon melapterus is unsuitable for keeping in aquaria because of its specialised diet of coral. It makes an occasional appearance in the trade.
# Volodymyr Mazyar

Volodymyr Mazyar (Ukrainian: Володимир Іванович Мазяр, born 28 September 1977) is a Ukrainian football manager and a former player. From 2021 to July 2022, he was the manager of Akzhayik in Kazakhstan.

## Career

He worked a manager for FC Akzhayik. In 2013–15, he worked a manager of the Stal Dniprodzerzhynsk. He played as a center forward.

## Career statistics

    As of 2 August 2013
| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Azerbaijan | Azerbaijan | Azerbaijan | League | League | Azerbaijan Cup | Azerbaijan Cup | Europe | Europe | Total | Total |
| 2006–07 | Simurq | Azerbaijan Premier League | 10 | 6 | | | - | - | 10 | 6 |
| 2007–08 | Simurq | Azerbaijan Premier League | 21 | 10 | | | - | - | 21 | 10 |
| 2008–09 | Simurq | Azerbaijan Premier League | 20 | 12 | | 9 | - | - | 24 | 21 |
| 2009–10 | Standard | Azerbaijan Premier League | 11 | 1 | | | - | - | 11 | 1 |
| Total | Azerbaijan | Azerbaijan | 62 | 29 | | 9 | 0 | 0 | 62 | 38 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 62 | 29 | | 9 | 0 | 0 | 62 | 38 |
# Węgleszyn

Węgleszyn is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Oksa, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Oksa, 17 km (11 mi) north-west of Jędrzejów, and 35 km (22 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.
# Viral culture

Viral culture is a laboratory technique in which samples of a virus are placed to different cell lines which the virus being tested for its ability to infect. If the cells show changes, known as cytopathic effects, then the culture is positive.
Traditional viral culture has been generally superseded by shell vial culture, in which the sample is centrifuged onto a single layer of cells and viral growth is measured by antigen detection methods. This greatly reduces the time to detection for slow growing viruses such as cytomegalovirus, for which the method was developed. In addition, the centrifugation step in shell vial culture enhances the sensitivity of this method because after centrifugation, the viral particles of the sample are in close proximity to the cells.
Human and monkey cells are used in both traditional viral culture and shell vial culture.
Human virus types that can be identified by viral culture include adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, varicella zoster virus, measles and mumps. For these, the final identification method is generally by immunofluorescence, with exception of cytomegalovirus and rhinovirus, whose identification in a viral culture are determined by cytopathic effects.
Research explored the suitability of viral culture testing of SARS-CoV-2 .
# Życiny

Życiny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Raków, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Raków and 39 km (24 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.