OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Elastration

Elastration (a portmanteau of "elastic" and "castration") is a bloodless method of male castration and docking commonly used for livestock. Elastration is simply banding the body part (scrotum or tail) until it drops off. This method is favored for its simplicity, low cost, and minimal training requirements.

## Castration

Elastration is the most common method used to castrate sheep and goats, but is also common in cattle.

### Procedure

Elastration involves restraining the animal, without the need for anesthesia or sedation (unlike most other castration methods), in a position that provides access to the genitals. Special elastrator pliers are then used to place a tight latex (rubber) elastrator ring gently around the base of the scrotum. This cuts the blood supply to the scrotum and testicles, which will totally decay and slough off within a few weeks. Care must be taken during the procedure to ensure that both testicles are fully descended and properly located inside the scrotum, and that the animal's nipples are not included within the ring. Elastration is normally limited to castrations done during the first few weeks of life, and it cannot be used for species where the scrotum does not have a narrow base, such as pigs or horses. It is commonly recommended to not use this method on goats until they are 8 weeks or older. This is due to possible complications that could occur later in life like urinary calculi. Goats that are banded during the first month of age are most at risk.

### Possible complications

The country of Lithuania has banned the practice due to their belief that the procedure is inhumane. There is some evidence that elastration is more painful if carried out on older animals, although much of the immediate pain of application can be prevented by injection of local anaesthesia into the scrotal neck and testicles. Practitioners usually try to elastrate as soon as possible, once the testicles have descended, to reduce the amount of dead tissue, infection, and accompanying complications. However, with some animals such as goats, castrating too early increases the frequency of kidney stones and urinary problems due to reduced size of the urethra, so elastration may be postponed. If bull calves are castrated within the first one or two days the testes may sometimes be small and soft enough to be drawn up through the ring, and they continue to develop above the scrotum – surgical castration then becomes necessary.
Improper use of banding can result in death and charges of cruelty.

## Docking

The same tool and rings are also used to dock the tails of many breeds of sheep, to prevent dung building up on the tails (which can lead to fly strike). This is usually done at the same time as castration of the ram lambs.
It is also called sheep marking in Australia and signaling in Argentina and Uruguay due to being done at the same time as the "signaling" or marking of the lambs' ears.
# Minamiyamashiro, Kyoto

Minamiyamashiro (南山城村, Minamiyamashiro-mura) is a village located in Sōraku District, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 July 2023 the village has an estimated population of 2,472 in 1219 households and a population density of 39 persons per km$^2$. The total area of the village is 64.11 square kilometres (24.75 sq mi).

## Geography

Minamiyamashiro is located in the far southeastern corner of Kyoto Prefecture. The Kizu River flows through the village.

### Neighboring municipalities
#### Kyoto Prefecture

* Sōraku District (Kasagi・Wazuka)

#### Mie Prefecture

* Iga

#### Nara Prefecture

* Nara

#### Shiga Prefecture

* Kōka

### Climate

Minamiyamashiro has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Minamiyamashiro is 13.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1439 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.5 °C, and lowest in January, at around 1.9 °C.

## Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Minamiyamashiro has declined in recent decades.

## History

The area of Minamiyamashiro was part of ancient Yamashiro Province. During the Edo Period, the area was art of the holdings of Yagyū Domain. It was the starting point for water transportation along the Kizugawa River, and was a shipping point for Shigaraki ware and lumber, The villages of Takayama and Ōkawara were established on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system. The two villages merged on April 1, 1955 to form the village of Minamiyamashiro.

## Government

Minamiyamashiro has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral village council of ten members. Minamiyamashiro, collectively with the other municipalities of Sōraku District and the city of Kizugawa, contributes two members to the Kyoto Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the village is part of the Kyoto 6th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

## Economy

Minamiyamashiro is a rural area, with an economy based on agriculture, with the area noted for its production of green tea.

## Education

Minamiyamashiro has one public elementary school and one public junior high school operated by the Sōraku Tōbu kōiki rengō. The village does not have a high school

## Transportation
### Railways

JR West - Kansai Main Line
* Tsukigaseguchi - Ōkawara

### Highways

* National Route 163

## Local attractions

* Japanese Heritage Site No.1 “800 Years of Japanese Tea History Walk” - On April 24, 2015, Dosenbo, Takao, Tayama, and Imayama tea plantations were selected as cultural property elements
# Rawla Mandi tehsil

Rawla Mandi Tehsil (Hindi: and Rajasthani रावला मंडी तहसील) is one of the 5 tehsils from the Anupgarh district in Rajasthan, India. It was carved out of Gharsana tehsil and given the status of tehsil by CM Vasundhara Raje in 2017. Its northern border connects it with Gharsana tehsil of Anupgarh district and Chhatargarh and Khajuwala tehsil of Bikaner district are in the south. Its western border is connected with Fort Abbas Tehsil that is the Bahawalnagar district of Pakistani Punjab.
# Jon Morrison

Jon Morrison is a Scottish actor who has appeared in many plays, films and television series since the early 1970s, including The Bill, Bergerac, Taggart and Vera.
His best-known parts have been in the Peter McDougall plays Just Another Saturday (1975), about sectarianism in Glasgow, and The Elephants' Graveyard (1976), both with Billy Connolly and both part of BBC's Play for Today series. He also featured in Gary Oldman's Nil by Mouth (1997).
Morrison portrayed DC Kenny Lockhart on the ITV detective series Vera, from the start of the programme in 2011 up to and including the final series in 2025.
# Usman Malik

Usman Malik (born 20 July 1988 in Lahore) is a Pakistani cricketer who played in the U-19 Cricket World Cup for Pakistan. He plays for Lahore cricket team.
# Kita-Noshiro Station

Kita-Noshiro Station (北能代駅, Kita-Noshiro-eki) is a railway station located in the city of Noshiro, Akita Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Kita-Noshiro Station is served by the Gonō Line and is located 9.3 rail kilometers from the southern terminus of the line at Higashi-Noshiro.

## Station layout

The station has one side platform, serving a single bidirectional track. The unattended station is managed from Noshiro Station.

## History

Kita-Noshiro Station was opened on April 26, 1926, as Ugo-Shinonome Station (羽後東雲駅) on the Japanese Government Railways (JGR), serving the village of Shinonome, Akita. It was renamed to its present name on June 15, 1943. The JGR became the JNR (Japan National Railways) after World War II. With the privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987, the station has been managed by JR East. A new station building was completed in 2009, replacing the modified boxcar which had previously been in use.

## Surrounding area

* National Route 101
* Nishiro Beach
* Sugisawadai ruins
# Higashi-Hachimori Station

Higashi-Hachimori Station (東八森駅, Higashi-Hachimori-eki) is a railway station located in the town of Happō, Akita Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Higashi-Hachimori Station is served by the 147.2 km (91.5 mi) Gonō Line, and is located 18.0 kilometers from the southern terminus of the line at Higashi-Noshiro Station.

## Station layout

The station has one side platform serving a single bidirectional track. The unattended station is managed from Noshiro Station.

## History

Higashi-Hachimori Station was opened on April 26, 1926 as Hachimori Station (八森駅) on the Japanese Government Railways (JGR) serving the village of Hachimori, Akita. The JGR became the JNR (Japan National Railways) after World War II. The station was renamed to its present name on October 1, 1959. With the privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987, the station has been managed by JR East.

## Surrounding area

* National Route 101
* former Hachimori town hall
# Hachimori Station

Hachimori Station (八森駅, Hachimori-eki) is a railway station located in the town of Happō, Akita Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Hachimori Station is served by the 147.2 km (91.5 mi) Gonō Line, and is located 22.7 kilometers from the southern terminus of the line at Higashi-Noshiro Station.

## Station layout

The station has a single island platform; however, only one side of the platform is in use, serving bidirectional traffic. The unattended station is managed from Noshiro Station.

### Platforms

| 1 | ■ Gonō Line | for Iwadate and Fukaura for Higashi-Noshiro |

## History

Hachimori Station was opened on April 26, 1926 as Tsubaki Station (椿駅) on the Japanese Government Railways (JGR) serving the village of Hachimori, Akita. The JGR became the JNR (Japan National Railways) after World War II. The station was renamed to its present name on November 1, 1959. A new station building was completed in 1985. With the privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987, the station has been managed by JR East. The station has been unattended since 1990.

## Surrounding area

* Hachimori Elementary School
* Hachimori Post Office
# Kitamori Station

Kitamori Station (北森駅, Kitamori-eki) is an East Japan Railway Company (JR East) railway station on the Hanawa Line in the city of Hachimantai, Iwate Prefecture, Japan.

## Lines

Kitamori Station is served by the 106.9 km Hanawa Line, and is located 15.6 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Kōma.

## Station layout

Kitamori Station has a single side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station is unattended.

## History

Kitamori Station opened on April 20, 1961 as a passenger station serving the village of Matsuo. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of JNR on April 1, 1987.

## Surrounding area

* National Route 282
* Matsuo Post Office
# Okaya Optical

Okaya Optical Co., Ltd. (岡谷光学機械株式会社; Okaya Kōgaku Kikai Kabushiki Gaisha) was the manufacturer in the 1950s of "Lord" cameras, "Vista" binoculars, and other optical products.
* This article about a Japanese corporation- or company-related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Benji, Uttarakhand

Benji is a village near the small town Silli (Agastyamuni) of Rudraprayag District, Uttarakhand State in India. It is pronounced as Byenji in local Garhwali language. It is known for being the site of the first victim of the Leopard of Rudraprayag. A primary school located in place name hedi under the village.
* This article related to a location in the Indian state of Uttarakhand is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# I'll Always Be in Love with You

"I'll Always Be In Love With You" is a 1929 popular song written by Herman Ruby, Bud Green, and Sam H. Stept for the film Syncopation. The song soon became a hit, with a recording in that year by Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians charting for 8 weeks, peaking at No. 3. Another recording from that year by Morton Downey charted as well, reaching No. 9. The song has since been recorded many times by artists including Ella Fitzgerald, Benny Goodman, Count Basie, Helen Forrest, Fletcher Henderson, Dinah Shore, and Kay Starr.
# Smethurst

Smethurst is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Adam Smethurst, English actor and writer
* Allan Smethurst (1927–2000), aka The Singing Postman, English folk singer and postman
* Annika Smethurst (born 1987), Australian journalist.
* Becky Smethurst, British astrophysicist, author, and YouTuber
* Daniel Smethurst (born 1990), English tennis player
* Derek Smethurst (born 1947), retired South African soccer forward
* Gamaliel Smethurst (1738–1826), American-born author and politician in Nova Scotia
* George William Smethurst, British naive artist born in 1902 (requires Wiki page to be set up)
* Jack Smethurst (1932–2022), English TV and film comic actor
* Justine Smethurst (born 1987), Australian softball player
* Michael Smethurst (born 1976), English cricketer
* Richard Smethurst (born 1941), Provost of Worcester College, Oxford, England
# The Helmet (mountain)

The Helmet is a mountain peak in the Madison Range in Madison County, Montana, in the United States. The peak is located in the Beaverhead National Forest and Taylor Hilgard parcel of the Lee Metcalf Wilderness area. Its prominence, isolation and proximity to Sphinx Mountain makes it easy to distinguish from Ennis in the Madison River valley.
The name is descriptive, as the peak is said to look like a helmet.
# Nicole Karam

Nicole Karam is a Professor in Cardiology at Paris University and an MD doctor at Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou in Paris, where she is the Medical Chair of the Heart Valve Unit. She is also a researcher in Cardiovascular Epidemiology at the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), and the chair of the European association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) Valvular and Structural Heart Interventions Committee.

## Career

Karam's field of work is interventional cardiology. She performs both percutaneous coronary and valvular interventions, allowing the treatment of coronary artery disease and the repair or replacement of heart valves without the need for surgery. She is also engaged in improving prevention and management of cardiac diseases among women.
Holding a Ph.D. in Epidemiology and Statistics, Karam has published more than a 150 articles in peer-reviewed international journals. Her main research topics are heart valve diseases, sudden cardiac death and cardiovascular diseases in women.

## Awards and honors

In 2019, the French-American Foundation named Karam Young Leader of the year, as a recognition for her achievements. She was also selected as a Rising Talent 2019 by the Women's Forum for the Economy & Society.
# Crispy Crunch

Crispy Crunch is a hard chocolate bar with a crispy peanut butter flake inside that is made by Cadbury in Canada. Harold Oswin, an employee of William Neilson, developed "Crispy Crunch" in 1930.

## History

Harold Oswin was a candy roller in Neilson's hard candy room and joined the company when he was fourteen years old. He was promoted to candy maker in the late 1920s. When a chocolate bar contest was announced, he submitted his concept; peanut butter coated in a mixture of sugar, molasses and vanilla, dipped in chocolate. Harold won the contest and received a $5.00 prize. The original recipe called for a log-shaped bar. Williams Neilson management made the decision to flatten the bar to the shape that it is today. Oswin died in the mid-1990s.
The brand was repositioned in 1988 by Norm Williams, director of marketing. The new brief was given to Martin Shewchuck of Leo Burnett Canada who conceived the highly successful Crispy Crunch campaigns ("the only thing better than your Crispy Crunch is someone else's"). The campaign catapulted the brand from No. 10 to No. 1, growing volume by 55%.
Crispy Crunches were sold in the United States for a brief time in the 1990s by the food distribution arm of Pro Set, the collectible card company. Pro Set went bankrupt, resulting in Crispy Crunch no longer being available in the United States. A lower-calorie version of Crispy Crunch was available for a limited time in the mid-1990s.
The original manufacturers, Neilson, sold its chocolate brands to Cadbury in 1996, though packaging continued to feature the Neilson logo for a few years. Since Cadbury began manufacturing of the chocolate bar, the recipe has changed in that it is less salty and more sweet as it has more of the crunchy topaz-coloured candy coating around the centre.
# Jay Justin

Jay Justin McCarthy (1 May 1940 – 3 September 2024) was an Australian rock singer and songwriter. He had a top ten hit with "Proud of You" (written by Justin and Joe Halford) which earnt him Australia's first silver record. Early singles he released include "Sweet Sensation", "Why Don't You Try?" and "Promise Me". Justin's song writing credits include "My Blond Headed Stompie Wompie Real Gone Surfer Boy" and "We're Gonna Have a Party Tonight" (both co-written with Halford) for Little Pattie, an artist he is credited with discovering.
# Majid Majeed

Majid Majeed (born 7 September 1983) is a Pakistani first-class cricketer who played for Bahawalpur cricket team.
# Sajid Mahmood (Pakistani cricketer)

Sajid Mahmood (born 10 January 1981) is a Pakistani cricketer. He played in 28 first-class and 12 List A matches between 2001 and 2009. He made his Twenty20 debut on 25 April 2005, playing for Rawalpindi Rams in the 2004–05 National Twenty20 Cup.
# Kaycee Records

Kaycee Records is an independent record label established in the United Kingdom, jointly owned and managed by the founders Kennedy Kesidi Richard from Oguta, Nigeria, and Kingsley Chibuzor Aguoru from Orlu, who are the chief executive officers.
Among the popular artists on the Kaycee Records label is Safin De Coque, the son of the Highlife's Oliver De Coque, who was introduced into the Nigerian music industry during a press conference hosted by Kaycee Records in March 2011.
Kaycee Records in 2012, sign up Mr. Bistop (Amaobi Clement) a former member of the brackets. and recently released his single titled Payapaya.

## Objectives

Kaycee Records has been promoting Nigerian acts in the UK since around 1995.
In late 2010 Kaycee Records expanded to Nigeria and the record label was launched at The Coliseum Niteshift, Ikeja, Lagos. During the launch, the company presented Nigerian artistes on the label including Uche Barry Nwobi (Swith Barry), Ikechukwu Iroegbu (Snappy), Meldaline Maureen Uzoigwe (Mel-Dee), Chike Ken Nwoke (Seaflo), and the group Southend.
The President of Kaycee Records Kennedy Richard says their aim is to promote talented young artists who are short of money.
And to remix their music to suit musical tastes in Europe and North America.
Kaycee Records had already signed six Nigerian acts, during the unveiling of the record label in Nigeria.
According to Kennedy Richard, Kaycee Records has the technology to prevent the artists work being pirated.
Musical styles will include Highlife, Bongo, Hip Hop, Fuji and Akpala.

## Released albums

Albums released, according to the company website, are:
| Artiste | Album | Year |
| Amaobi Clement (a.k.a. Mr. Bistop) | Payapaya | 2012 |
| Swith Barry | Resurrection | 2011 |
| Snappy | On your Radio | 2011 |
| Safin De Coque | Inherited Gift | 2011 |
# Ali Waqas

Ali Waqas (born 26 December 1989) is a Pakistani cricketer. He was the leading run-scorer for Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited in the 2018–19 Quaid-e-Azam One Day Cup, with 237 runs in six matches.
# Mohammad Irfan (cricketer, born 1995)

Mohammad Irfan (15 May 1995) is a former Pakistani first-class cricketer who played for Water and Power Development Authority and had represented Lahore Qalandars, Karachi Kings and Quetta Gladiators in the PSL.
In April 2018, he was named in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's squad for the 2018 Pakistan Cup.
He currently lives in Sydney, Australia where he plays for Western Suburbs as he awaits Australian citizenship.
# Zulqarnain (cricketer)

Zulqarnain (born 25 May 1962) is a former Pakistani cricketer who played in three Test matches and 16 One Day Internationals from 1986 to 1989.
# HJT

HJT may refer to:
* Al Rais Cargo, an Emirati airline
* HijackThis, a malicious software removal tool
* Khujirt Airport, in Mongolia
* Heterojunction Technology, technology based on interface between dissimilar semiconductors
# Azeem Dar

Azeem Dar (born 11 December 1996) is a Pakistani cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Khan Research Laboratories in the 2017–18 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy on 2 November 2017.
Before relocating to Pakistan Dar represented Scotland and was part of their 2016 Under 19 World Cup squad.
# House of Zik

The House of Zik (also recorded as House of Zix; Middle Persian: zikan, transl. Ziks; New Persian: dodmane zik, transl. Zik family) was an Iranian noble family during the Parthian and Sasanian rule in Iran. The house was from Median origin and was centered in Adurbadagan (modern-day Iranian Azerbaijan). 'Zik' was a 4th-century Iranian officer active during the reign of the Sasanian king (shah) Shapur II from the House of Zik.
# Bryn Celynnog Comprehensive School

Bryn Celynnog Comprehensive School is an 11–18 mixed, English-medium, community secondary school and sixth form in Beddau, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales. As of March 2023, it had 1319 on roll which included 185 in the sixth form.

## History

Built as the Beddau Girls School and dated 1928. One of a series of schools with similarities in style by the Glamorgan County Architect, D Pugh Jones. This example is relatively small for a secondary school, perhaps because it was for girls only. Shown on an Ordnance Survey map of 1948 with the same E-shaped plan as today. A dotted line is shown across the rear, perhaps representing a fence which would have bounded a courtyard. It is possible that a rear range was planned but not built.

## Notable alumni

* Ellis Jenkins, rugby union player
* Gethin Jenkins, rugby union player
* Neil Jenkins, rugby union player and coach
* Adrian Lewis Morgan, actor
* Kelly Morgan, badminton player
* Michael Owen, rugby union player
* David Roberts, swimmer
* Joel James, Welsh politician

## Notable staff

* Paul John, former PE teacher
# John Durkan Memorial Punchestown Chase

The John Durkan Memorial Chase is a Grade 1 National Hunt steeplechase in Ireland. It is run over a distance of about 2 miles and 4 furlongs {2 miles 4 furlongs and 40 yards, or 4,060 metres) at Punchestown in December.
The race was first run in 1968 and it was run over a distance of 2 miles until 1973. It has been run over the present distance since then apart from in 1993 and 1994, when it was run over 2 miles and 5 furlongs. The race was renamed in December 1998 in memory of John Durkan (1967-1998), an amateur jockey and assistant racehorse trainer who died of leukemia in January 1998.

## Records

* Most successful horse (3 wins):
* Min - 2018, 2019, 2020
Most successful jockey (4 wins):
* Ruby Walsh - Arvika Ligeonniere (2013), Djakadam (2015, 2016), Min (2018)
Most successful trainer (10 wins):
* Willie Mullins - Florida Pearl (2001), Arvika Ligeonniere (2013), Djakadam (2015, 2016), Min (2018, 2019, 2020), Allaho (2021), Galopin Des Champs (2022), Fact To File (2024)

## Winners

* 1 2 3 amateur jockey
* ↑ The 1997 running took place at Fairyhouse as the Hot Power Chase
* ↑ The 2010 running took place at Fairyhouse