# 1800–01 United States Senate elections

The 1800–01 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with Thomas Jefferson being elected to the White House. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1800 and 1801, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.
Although the Federalists began the 7th Congress with a slim majority, Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party took over the majority shortly thereafter due to mid-year special elections. By the time the first proper session of the 7th Congress met in December 1801, three seats had been gained by the Democratic-Republicans, leaving them with an overall majority of 17 seats and a government trifecta.

## Change in composition
### Before the November elections

After the November 6, 1800 special election in New York.
| DR$_6$ | DR$_5$ | DR$_4$ | DR$_3$ | DR$_2$ | DR$_1$ |
| DR$_7$ | DR$_8$ | DR$_9$ N.H. Ran | DR$_{10}$ N.Y. Ran | DR$_{11}$ N.C. Retired | F$_{21}$ Vt. Ran | F$_{20}$ S.C. Ran | F$_{19}$ Pa. Retired | F$_{18}$ Md. Unknown | F$_{17}$ Ky. Ran |
| F$_{17}$ Ky. Ran ||||||
| F$_7$ | F$_8$ | F$_9$ | F$_{10}$ | F$_{11}$ | F$_{12}$ | F$_{13}$ | F$_{14}$ | F$_{15}$ Conn. Ran | F$_{16}$ Ga. Retired |
| F$_6$ | F$_5$ | F$_4$ | F$_3$ | F$_2$ | F$_1$ |

### Result of the November elections

| DR$_6$ | DR$_5$ | DR$_4$ | DR$_3$ | DR$_2$ | DR$_1$ |
| DR$_7$ | DR$_8$ | DR$_9$ Ga. Gain | DR$_{10}$ Ky. Gain | DR$_{11}$ N.Y. Re-elected | DR$_{12}$ N.C. Hold | DR$_{13}$ Pa. Gain | DR$_{14}$ S.C. Gain | V$_1$ Md. F loss | F$_{17}$ Vt. Re-elected |
| F$_{17}$ Vt. Re-elected ||||||
| F$_7$ | F$_8$ | F$_9$ | F$_{10}$ | F$_{11}$ | F$_{12}$ | F$_{13}$ | F$_{14}$ | F$_{15}$ Conn. Re-elected | F$_{16}$ N.H. Gain |
| F$_6$ | F$_5$ | F$_4$ | F$_3$ | F$_2$ | F$_1$ |

### Beginning of the 7th Congress, March 4, 1801

| DR$_6$ | DR$_5$ | DR$_4$ | DR$_3$ | DR$_2$ | DR$_1$ |
| DR$_7$ | DR$_8$ | DR$_9$ | DR$_{10}$ | DR$_{11}$ | DR$_{12}$ | DR$_{13}$ | DR$_{14}$ | F$_{18}$ Md. Appointed | F$_{17}$ |
| F$_{17}$ ||||||
| F$_7$ | F$_8$ | F$_9$ | F$_{10}$ | F$_{11}$ | F$_{12}$ | F$_{13}$ | F$_{14}$ | F$_{15}$ | F$_{16}$ |
| F$_6$ | F$_5$ | F$_4$ | F$_3$ | F$_2$ | F$_1$ |

### End of 1801

| DR$_6$ | DR$_5$ | DR$_4$ | DR$_3$ | DR$_2$ | DR$_1$ |
| DR$_7$ | DR$_8$ | DR$_9$ | DR$_{10}$ | DR$_{11}$ | DR$_{12}$ | DR$_{13}$ Md. Gain | DR$_{14}$ Pa. Hold | DR$_{15}$ R.I. Gain | DR$_{16}$ S.C. Hold |
| Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | DR$_{17}$ Vt. Gain |
| F$_7$ | F$_8$ | F$_9$ | F$_{10}$ | F$_{11}$ | DR$_{17}$ Vt. Gain | F$_{12}$ | F$_{13}$ | F$_{14}$ | F$_{15}$ N.H. Hold |
| F$_6$ | F$_5$ | F$_4$ | F$_3$ | F$_2$ | F$_1$ |
| Key | DR$_#$ Democratic-Republican F$_#$ Federalist V$_#$ Vacant |

## Race summaries

Except if/when noted, the number following candidates is the whole number vote(s), not a percentage.

### Special elections during the preceding Congress

In these special elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1801; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | Results | Candidates |
| State | Senator | Party | Electoral history | Results | Candidates |
| New York (Class 1) | James Watson | Federalist | 1798 (special) | Incumbent resigned March 19, 1800, to become Naval Officer of the Port of New York. New senator elected April 3, 1800. Federalist hold. | ▌Y Gouverneur Morris (Federalist) 79 (56.8%) ▌Peter Gansevoort (Democratic-Republican) 59 (42.4%) ▌Thomas Morris (Federalist) 1 (0.7%) |
| Massachusetts (Class 2) | Samuel Dexter | Federalist | 1798 | Incumbent resigned May 30, 1800 to become U.S. Secretary of War. New senator elected June 6, 1800. Federalist hold. | ▌Y Dwight Foster (Federalist) 158 |
| New York (Class 3) | John Laurance | Federalist | 1796 (special) | Incumbent resigned August 1800. New senator elected November 6, 1800. Democratic-Republican gain. | ▌Y John Armstrong (Democratic-Republican) 141 (98.7%) ▌Peter Gansevoort (Democratic-Republican) 2 (1.3%) |
| Massachusetts (Class 1) | Benjamin Goodhue | Federalist | 1796 (special) 1796 | Incumbent resigned November 8, 1800. New senator elected November 14, 1800. Federalist hold. | ▌Y Jonathan Mason (Federalist) [data missing] |
| Maryland (Class 3) | James Lloyd | Federalist | 1797 (special) | Incumbent resigned December 1, 1800. New senator elected December 12, 1800. Federalist hold. | ▌Y William Hindman (Federalist) 49 (55.1%) ▌Richard T. Earle (Democratic-Republican) 40 (44.9%) |
| New Jersey (Class 1) | James Schureman | Federalist | 1799 (special) | Incumbent resigned February 16, 1801. New senator elected February 28, 1801. Federalist hold. | ▌Y Aaron Ogden (Federalist) [data missing] |

### Races leading to the next Congress

In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1801; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | Results | Candidates |
| State | Senator | Party | Electoral history | Results | Candidates |
| Connecticut | Uriah Tracy | Federalist | 1796 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in May 1801. | ▌Y Uriah Tracy (Federalist) 131 ▌Asher Miller (Democratic-Republican) 30 ▌Roger Griswold (Federalist) 10 ▌Ephraim Kirby (Democratic-Republican) 6 ▌Chauncey Goodrich (Federalist) 3 ▌Stephen T. Hosmer (Unknown) 1 |
| Georgia | James Gunn | Federalist | 1789 1794 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected November 19, 1800. Democratic-Republican gain. | ▌Y James Jackson (Democratic-Republican) 58 ▌Thomas P. Carnes (Federalist) 9 |
| Kentucky | Humphrey Marshall | Federalist | 1794 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected November 20, 1800. Democratic-Republican gain. | ▌Y John Breckinridge (Democratic-Republican) 68 ▌John Adair (Federalist) 13 |
| Maryland | William Hindman | Federalist | 1797 (special) | Legislature failed to elect. Incumbent was later appointed to begin the next term. | None. |
| New Hampshire | John Langdon | Democratic- Republican | 1788 1794 or 1795 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected June 21, 1800. Federalist gain. | ▌Y James Sheafe (Federalist) 83 ▌John Langdon (Democratic-Republican) 12 ▌Other 38 |
| New York | John Armstrong | Democratic- Republican | 1800 (special) | Incumbent re-elected January 27, 1801. | ▌Y John Armstrong (Democratic-Republican) 76 Unanimous |
| North Carolina | Timothy Bloodworth | Democratic- Republican | 1795 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected November 27, 1800. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y David Stone (Democratic-Republican) 94 ▌William R. Davie (Federalist) 72 ▌Richard D. Spaight (Democratic-Republican) 8 ▌Matthew Locke (Democratic-Republican) 1 |
| Pennsylvania | William Bingham | Federalist | 1795 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected February 18, 1801. Democratic-Republican gain. | ▌Y Peter Muhlenberg (Democratic-Republican) 50.0% ▌George Logan (Democratic-Republican) 48.9% ▌William Jones (Democratic-Republican) 1.0% |
| South Carolina | Jacob Read | Federalist | 1794 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1800 on the second ballot. Democratic-Republican gain. | ▌Y John E. Colhoun (Democratic-Republican) 75 ▌John Ward (Federalist) 73 |
| Vermont | Elijah Paine | Federalist | 1794 | Incumbent re-elected October 21, 1800. | ▌Y Elijah Paine (Federalist) 108 ▌S. R. Bradley (Democratic-Republican) 68 ▌Nathaniel Niles (Democratic-Republican) 3 ▌William Chamberlain (Federalist) 2 ▌Lot Hall (Unknown) 1 |

### Special elections during the next Congress

In these special elections, the winner was seated after March 4, 1801; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | Results | Candidates |
| State | Senator | Party | Electoral history | Results | Candidates |
| Rhode Island (Class 2) | Ray Greene | Federalist | 1797 (special) 1798 | Incumbent resigned March 5, 1801. New senator elected May 6, 1801. Democratic-Republican gain. | ▌Y Christopher Ellery (Democratic-Republican) [data missing] |
| New Hampshire (Class 2) | Samuel Livermore | Federalist | 1798 (special) | Incumbent resigned June 12, 1801. New senator elected June 17, 1801. Federalist hold. | ▌Y Simeon Olcott (Federalist) 97 ▌John Langdon (Democratic-Republican) 56 Others 4 |
| Vermont (Class 3) | Elijah Paine | Federalist | 1794 1800 | Incumbent resigned September 1, 1801. New senator elected October 14, 1801. Democratic-Republican gain. | ▌Y Stephen R. Bradley (Democratic-Republican) 102 ▌William Chamberlain (Federalist) 85 ▌Nathaniel Niles (Democratic-Republican) 1 |
| Maryland (Class 3) | William Hindman | Federalist | 1800 (Appointed) | Incumbent appointee did not run to finish the term New senator elected November 12, 1801 on the second ballot. Democratic-Republican gain. | ▌Y Robert Wright (Democratic-Republican) 60 ▌William Winder (Federalist) 26 |
| South Carolina (Class 2) | Charles Pinckney | Democratic- Republican | 1798 (special) 1798 | Incumbent resigned June 6, 1801. New senator elected December 3, 1801. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y Thomas Sumter (Democratic-Republican) 90 ▌John Rutledge Jr. (Federalist) 47 ▌Thomas Evans (Unknown) 1 |
| Pennsylvania (Class 3) | Peter Muhlenberg | Democratic- Republican | 1801 | Incumbent resigned June 30, 1801. New senator elected December 17, 1801. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y George Logan (Democratic-Republican) 63.6% ▌Joseph Hiester (Democratic-Republican) 28.0% Others 8.4% |

## Connecticut

Federalist Uriah Tracy was easily re-elected.

## Maryland
### Maryland (special, 1800)

William Hindman won election over Richard Tilghman Earle by a margin of 10.11%, or 9 votes, for the Class 3 seat.

### Maryland (regular)

The Maryland legislature failed to elect a senator before the March 4, 1801 beginning of the term. As such, William Hindman was appointed to fill the vacancy, and retired when a successor was elected.

### Maryland (special, 1801)

Robert Wright won election over William Winder by a margin of 39.53%, or 34 votes, for the Class 3 seat.