OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Qalam

A qalam (Arabic: قلم) is a type of reed pen. It is made from a cut, dried reed, and used for Islamic calligraphy. The pen is seen as an important symbol of wisdom in Islam, and references the emphasis on knowledge and education within the Islamic tradition.

## Etymology

The word Qalam is an Arabic word derived from the root Q-L-M, meaning nail pen or wheat. This is ultimately a borrowing - perhaps, as Nöldeke thought, via Ge’ez - of the Greek κάλαμος, meaning a reed or reed pen.

## Manufacturing

The stems of hollow reeds are cut at specific angles depending on intended script so that they can be used for calligraphy, and the type of reed used varies depending on the specific calligrapher's preferences. For example, master calligrapher Ja'far Tabrizi preferred the wāṣeṭi and āmuyi reeds of eastern Iraq and the Oxus River, respectively. It was desired that the qalam should be roughly twelve to sixteen inches long, and could not be too dry as they needed to be a specific balance of not too sturdy and not too flexible.

## Qalam in the Islamic tradition

The concepts of knowledge and writing are very important in Islam, and thus the qalam is revered as a symbol of wisdom and education in the Qur'an; Sura 68 is called Al-Qalam. Even in pre-Islamic societies, writing was widely used for commercial and occasionally legislative purposes. It is a commonly held belief amongst the Muslim population that disrespect of calligraphy as a tradition would reveal a person as being uneducated and unwise. In Islam, the physical presence of the written letters of the Quran functioned the way icons did to the Byzantines, as a blessing and protection. Because of this, Islamic calligraphers often had a high place in society, while their counterparts in regions like Byzantium would only be known to their family and patrons.
Calligraphy holds a central position in the Islamic artistic tradition, and because of this there exist a large variety of accessories to accompany the qalam and its user, such as pen boxes, ink wells, and knives for cutting the reeds. These tools were often very ornamented and cherished objects and reflected countless hours of other artists and craftsmen. The ink used in antiquity was most frequently black or dark brown, and was made from gum arabic, soot, gallnuts, or vitriol. Some Qurans, however, are written entirely in gold, and more contemporary calligraphers may use a wider variety of colors. Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Muqla, a Persian official of the Abbasid caliphate, developed a standardized system of writing calligraphy based on the marks made with the point of a reed pen, in combination with other geometric principles. As far as other aspects of ornamentation go, metallic inks on colored parchment passed from Byzantium to Muslim Spain, and Arabic calligraphy in turn made its way back to Europe.
# Tirrell Mountain

Tirrell Mountain is a mountain located in Adirondack Mountains of New York located in the Town of Indian Lake east-northeast of Blue Mountain Lake. Tirrel Pond is located southeast, Dun Brook Mountain is located east, and Tongue Mountain is located northeast of Tirrell Mountain.
# Nowe Wrzeszczewice

Nowe Wrzeszczewice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łask, within Łask County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) north of Łask and 28 km (17 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.
# Hélécine

Hélécine (French pronunciation:; Walloon: Élessene; Dutch: Heylissem / Heilissem, pronounced) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant. It has a total area is 16.62 km$^2$ and had total population of 3,068 as of 1 January 2006, giving it a population density of 185 inhabitants per km$^2$.
The municipality consists of the following districts: Linsmeau, Neerheylissem, and Opheylissem.
# Empress Zhen

Empress Zhen may refer to:
* Empress Zhen (Cao Fang) (甄皇后, personal name unknown) (died 251), wife of Cao Fang of Cao Wei
* Lady Zhen (甄夫人; 183–221), wife of Cao Pi, posthumously Empress Wenzhao of Wei
* Empress Zhen (Liao dynasty) (甄皇后; died 951), wife of Emperor Shizong of Liao
* Empress Dowager Ci'an (1837–1881), also known as Empress Zhen (貞皇后), married to the Xianfeng Emperor of Qing
# Tri Peaks (Santa Monica Mountains)

Tri Peaks is, after Sandstone Peak, one of the highest points in the Santa Monica Mountains with an elevation of 3,009 feet (917 m).
# Nowy Lindów

Nowy Lindów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowiesy, within Skierniewice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Kowiesy, 27 km (17 mi) east of Skierniewice, and 73 km (45 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.
# Pablo Prieto

Pablo Samuel Prieto Lorca (born 4 May 1959) is a Chilean former footballer and politician who served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies of his country.
# Jheel, Jind

Jheel is a village in Uchana block of Jind district which is in the state of Haryana, India.
The village is surrounded by other villages namely Ghaso, Dumarkha, Badanpur, Kabarcha among others.
The main occupation is agriculture, Government Job & Private Job. Village Settle By JAT (JATT) Mor Gottar, Dada Khera Growing by Gottar Mor & There are following Gotters are Settle in Village Sheokand, Kairon, Gill, Beniwal, Khattkar, Dult, Goyat, Ghangas etc.People of many castes live here, such as Chamar, Valmiki, Lohar, Goldsmith, Blacksmith, etc.

## Demographics

According to the Census 2011, the village consists of 836 households and a population of 6147 citizens. Other demographic data of the village is as follows:
* Sex Ratio - Number of females per 100 males - 95
* Sex Ratio (0–6 years) - Number of females per 100 males in the age group of 0-6 year olds - 87
* Literacy Rate - Percentage of educated people versus the total population - 75%
* Literacy Ratio - Number of educated females per 100 educated males - 78
# Miłogórze

Miłogórze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lidzbark Warmiński, within Lidzbark County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-west of Lidzbark Warmiński and 32 km (20 mi) north of the regional capital Olsztyn.
Its archaic name is 'Liewenberg' a Swedish and German reference to the Lieven family, which traces back its origin to the Scandinavian settlement of Kaup, in modern-day Kaliningrad Oblast.
# Silene italica

Silene italica is a species of plant native to Southern Europe and parts of Asia. It is also introduced to parts of the United States and Northern Europe.
Silene italica is similar to Silene nutans and contains various subspecies.

## Common names

In English, it goes by the common name Italian catchfly. While in Denmark it is called Italiensk limurt and in Germany it is called Italienisches Leimkraut.

## Etymology

Silene is the feminine form of Silenus, an Ancient Greek woodland deity who was the companion and tutor to the wine god Dionysus.
Italica is the feminine form of Italicus, meaning "of Italy"

## Subspecies

The following is a list of subspecies for S. Italica.
* Silene italica subsp. italica
* Silene italica subsp. peloponnesiaca
* Silene italica subsp. sicula
* Silene italica subsp. coutinhoi
* Silene italica subsp. nemoralis
* Silene italica subsp. puberula

## Characteristics

It can grow up to 40 cm or 80 cm high and the stems are erect. The species has kidney-shaped seeds. The petals on the flowers can be pink, white, or yellow.

### Sexual system

It is gynodioecious–gynomonoecious and has a low frequency of female plants. Gynomonoecious individuals are common in the species and make up to 40% of the population.

### Floral scent

A study from 2002 found that both terpenoids and benzenoids were dominating over the floral scent of S. Italica. The study also found that chemical composition of S. Italica’s floral scent is
* 2.2% benzyl alcohol
* 9% benzyl acetate
* 14.5% linalool
* 9% methylbenzoate

## Distribution and habitat

Plants of the World Online says is native to places like Albania, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, Iran, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Palestine, Turkmenistan, Romania, and France and that it is present in Corsica, Denmark, Great Britain, and Germany but not native.
But the Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International says that it was introduced to Belgium with it first being reported in 1918 and is also present in Austria and Slovakia.
According to the United States Department of Agriculture, it was introduced to New Jersey and New York.
Throughout the Mediterranean region, S. Italica occurs in hedges as well as open woodlands.$^{:162}$ In southern France it is commonly found in the garrigue.
In Britain, it naturally occurs on chalky roadside banks and chalk quarries between Dartford and Greenhithe. It was first cultivated on the island in 1759 but was first found in the wild in 1863.
# Dusona nidulator

Dusona nidulator is a species of parasitic wasp belonging to the family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Campopleginae. It is a parasitoid, but the host is unknown.

## Description

Head, antennae and thorax black. Central abdominal segments red, basal and posterior segments black (second tergite red on the posterior 0.1–0.3). Hind tibia yellowish red, often weakly marked with black basally, distinctly marked with black apically. First gastral sternite coriaceous medially. Petiole distinctly sculptured laterally in front of the deep glymmae, with long rows of transverse wrinkles or with irregular wrinkles. Mesopleuron with distinctly separated punctures at least dorsally and ventrally, smooth and shining between punctures. Third gastral tergite separated from the epipleuron by a crease. Spiracular carina indistinct or obliterated. Size 12–13 mm, 48–52 flagellomeres. Ovipositor index 0.5–0.6. D. nidulator is very similar to other small species of Dusona such as Dusona leptogaster, Dusona admontina and Dusona terebrator but can be distinguished by a combination of the sculpture of the mesopleuron and petiole, the coloration of abdomen, the number of flagellomeres, the size and other smaller characteristics.

## Ecology

Flight period between April and July.

## Distribution

Dusona nidulator is known from most of the palearctic region: Austria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Belarus, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Georgia, Italy, Latvia, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (including east Siberia), Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and United Kingdom.
# Tripp Pinnacle

Tripp Pinnacle is a summit located in Central New York Region of New York located in the Town of Western in Oneida County, north of Westernville.
# Nowy Sławoszew

Nowy Sławoszew is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Daszyna, within Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.
# Extended-hours trading

Extended-hours trading (or electronic trading hours, ETH) is stock trading that happens either before or after the trading day regular trading hours (RTH) of a stock exchange, i.e., pre-market trading or after-hours trading.
After-hours trading is the name for buying and selling of securities when the major markets are closed. Since 1985, the regular trading hours for major exchanges in the United States, such as the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq stock market, have been from 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time (ET). Pre-market trading occurs from 4:00 a.m. to 9:30 a.m. ET, although the majority of the volume and liquidity come to the pre-market at 8:00 a.m. ET. After-hours trading on a day with a normal session occurs from 4:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. ET. Market makers and specialists generally do not participate in after-hours trading, which can limit liquidity.
Trading outside regular hours is not a new phenomenon but used to be limited to high-net-worth investors and institutional investors like mutual funds. The emergence of private trading systems, known as electronic communication networks (ECNs), has allowed individual investors to participate in after-hours trading. Pre-market trading and after-hours trading is all processed through ECNs including NYSE Arca.
Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) members who voluntarily enter quotations during the after-hours session are required to comply with all applicable limit order protection and display rules (e.g., the Manning rule and the SEC order handling rules).
# Tumtum Peak

Tumtum Peak is a 4,678-foot-elevation (1,426-meter) mountain summit located in the southwest corner of Mount Rainier National Park, in Pierce County of Washington state. This top-to-bottom forested peak is part of the Cascade Range and lies 8.7 mi (14.0 km) southwest of the summit of Mount Rainier. The nearest higher neighbor is Mount Wow, 2.2 mi (3.5 km) to the northwest, and Iron Mountain rises 3.56 mi (5.73 km) to the northeast. Precipitation runoff from Tumtum Peak is drained by Tahoma Creek on the west side of the mountain, whereas Kautz Creek drains the east side, and both are tributaries of the Nisqually River. The Road to Paradise traverses the southern base of the peak shortly after visitors to the park enter via the Nisqually Entrance. Topographic relief is significant as the southwest aspect rises nearly 2,500 feet (760 meters) above the road in one mile.

## Etymology

The "tumtum" name derives from Chinook Jargon for a word meaning "heart, or heartbeat", and refers to the shape of the landform. The toponym was officially adopted in 1913 by the United States Board on Geographic Names.

## Climate

Tumtum Peak is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originating in the Pacific Ocean travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range (orographic lift), causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snow onto the Cascades. As a result, the west side of the Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in high avalanche danger. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer.

## Gallery

* Tumtum Peak seen from Inspiration Point
* Tumtum Peak seen from Inspiration Point
* Mt. Rainier and Tumtum Peak (lower left) viewed from High Rock Lookout.
# Nowy Wylezin

Nowy Wylezin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowiesy, within Skierniewice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south of Kowiesy, 23 km (14 mi) south-east of Skierniewice, and 68 km (42 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.
# Edwin Mukolwe

Edwin Omwabani Mukolwe is a goalkeeper currently in the ranks of Kenyan Premier League side Nairobi City Stars.

## Education

Mukolwe attended Loresho and Westlands Primary schools between 2003 and 2011, before joining Kakamega High where he studied between 2012 and 2015. He later went to the United States University of East Africa to pursue, then graduated with a bachelor of science degree in international business administration.

## Career

While at Kakamega High, Mukolwe joined the school team Green Commandoes whom he turned out for a few years. Immediately after his secondary education, he joined A.F.C. Leopards in the Kenyan Premier League for two seasons from 2016.
He joined newly promoted Wazito FC in January 2018 on a six-month long loan deal then returned to A.F.C. Leopards in July of the same year to complete the season. He joined Kangemi All-Stars thereafter before moving to Nairobi Stima F.C. in the second tier in February 2020. He was back to the Premier League with a move to Bidco United F.C. in November 2020 for the 2020-21 Premier League season.
In 2023 he made a switch to Nairobi City Stars on a one-year deal. His debut for Simba wa Nairobi came in matchday four against Nzoia Sugar in Ruaraka in September 2023.

## International career

Mukolwe has featured for both Kenya U17 and U20 sides. He also made the provisional Kenya national football team in May 2016 ahead of two international friendly games.
# General of the Air Force

General of the Air Force (GAF) is a five-star general officer rank and is the highest possible rank in the United States Air Force. General of the Air Force ranks immediately above a general and is equivalent to General of the Army in the United States Army and Fleet Admiral in the United States Navy. The rank has only been held by one man, General Henry H. Arnold, who had served as head of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. As at the time of his promotion, the Air Force was a component of the Army instead of its own branch, the rank has not been first awarded to someone who is serving in the Air Force. Arnold retained the rank when the separate branch was created, and he was redesignated General of the Air Force in 1949.

## History

General Henry H. Arnold, commanding general of the United States Army Air Forces, became the first airman to be promoted to the five-star rank of general of the Army on 21 December 1944. The four other individuals promoted to the rank of General of the Army, all from the Army Ground Forces, were chief of staff of the United States Army George C. Marshall, supreme commander of the South West Pacific Area Douglas MacArthur, supreme commander of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force Dwight D. Eisenhower and commander of the Twelfth United States Army Group Omar Bradley. Four Navy admirals were also promoted to the five-star rank of fleet admiral, including William D. Leahy, Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief, Ernest King, Chief of Naval Operations and commander-in-chief, United States Fleet, Chester W. Nimitz, commander-in-chief of the Pacific Ocean Areas and United States Pacific Fleet, and William Halsey Jr., commander of the South Pacific Area.
General of the Army Arnold retained the rank after the U.S. Air Force gained its independence from the U.S. Army on 18 September 1947. On 7 May 1949, under Pub. L. 81–58, Henry Arnold's official U.S. rank was redesignated from General of the Army to General of the Air Force. General of the Air Force Arnold is the only individual in the U.S. Armed Forces to possess two five-star ranks and is the only airman to have a five-star rank.
The Air Force currently declares that General of the Air Force is an active rank and it could again be bestowed at the discretion of the United States Congress. However, the President, with consent from the Senate, may award a fifth star at any time he sees fit.

## Rank senior to General of the Air Force

The only United States Armed Forces rank senior to General of the Air Force is General of the Armies. The rank of General of the Armies has only been granted to Generals John J. Pershing, Ulysses S. Grant and George Washington.
# Beautiful firetail

The beautiful firetail (Stagonopleura bella) is a common species of estrildid finch found in Australia. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 1,000,000 km$^2$ (390,000 sq mi). The species inhabits temperate shrubland habitats in Australia. The IUCN has classified the species as being of least concern.

## Description

At 10 to 13 cm (3.9 to 5.1 in) long and weighing 14 g (1⁄2 oz) the beautiful firetail is a small plump bird, slightly smaller than the diamond firetail. Its plumage is mostly olive-brown. The white chest has a fine pattern of dark lines. The head has a black mask with pale blue rings around the eyes and a thick red beak. Its rump is a deep red, its legs and feet are creamy pink. The wings and tail are short and rounded. Juvenile birds are less colourful with a smaller face mask and a blackish beak. The male has a black abdomen.

## Distribution and habitat

The beautiful firetail is endemic to Southeastern Australia. Its distribution range extends from Newcastle to Kangaroo Island, however, the bird is most prolific in Tasmania and off-shore islands. It lives in coastal heathland, forests and shrubbery, never far from water. Its preference for near water habitats was shown in a study of its occurrence in intact forest areas of the Victorian Central Highlands, where it was almost exclusively found in riparian habitat.
The beautiful firetail is considered a resident bird, keeping close to home.

## Behaviour

The beautiful firetail mainly feeds on grass seed and Casuarina and Melaleuca seeds. It can also be found in association with Banksia ericifolia heathland in coastal New South Wales. Small insects and snails occasionally complement this herbivore diet. The birds are usually found in pairs or forming small groups of up to 20 individuals.

## Reproduction

In the breeding season lasting from October to January, the beautiful firetail nests in dense foliage near the ground. The nest is made of grass and thin twigs, its insides are covered in feathers. It is bottle-shaped with a long tunnel-like entrance on one side leading to a spherical nesting chamber.
Both parents build the nest together, brood the five to eight egg clutch for about 20 days, and feed the hatched chicks, which leave the nest after about another 20 days. After another four weeks the chicks are left to their own devices and reach sexual maturity at about nine to twelve months of age.