# 1812–13 United States Senate elections

The 1812–13 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with President James Madison's re-election. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1812 and 1813, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.
The Democratic-Republican Party lost two seats but still retained an overwhelming Senate majority. As in recent elections, the minority Federalists had gone into the elections with such a small share of Senate seats (6 out of 36, or 16.7%) that if they had won every one of the elections, they would still not have controlled a majority.

## Change in composition
### Before the elections

Composition after September 1812 elections in the new state of Louisiana.
| DR$_8$ | DR$_7$ | DR$_6$ | DR$_5$ | DR$_4$ | DR$_3$ | DR$_2$ | DR$_1$ |
| DR$_9$ | DR$_{10}$ | DR$_{11}$ | DR$_{12}$ | DR$_{13}$ | DR$_{14}$ | DR$_{15}$ | DR$_{16}$ | DR$_{17}$ | DR$_{18}$ |
| Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | DR$_{19}$ |
| DR$_{28}$ Pa. Retired | DR$_{27}$ Ohio Retired | DR$_{26}$ N.C. Retired | DR$_{25}$ Ky. Retired | DR$_{24}$ Md. Unknown | DR$_{23}$ La. Unknown | DR$_{22}$ S.C. Ran | DR$_{19}$ | DR$_{21}$ N.Y. Ran | DR$_{20}$ Ga. Ran |
| DR$_{29}$ Vt. Retired | F$_7$ N.H. Ran | F$_6$ Conn. Ran | F$_5$ | F$_4$ | F$_3$ | F$_2$ | F$_1$ |

### Result of the regular elections

| DR$_8$ | DR$_7$ | DR$_6$ | DR$_5$ | DR$_4$ | DR$_3$ | DR$_2$ | DR$_1$ |
| DR$_9$ | DR$_{10}$ | DR$_{11}$ | DR$_{12}$ | DR$_{13}$ | DR$_{14}$ | DR$_{15}$ | DR$_{16}$ | DR$_{17}$ | DR$_{18}$ |
| Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | DR$_{19}$ |
| V$_1$ Md. DR Loss | DR$_{27}$ S.C. Re-elected | DR$_{26}$ Ga. Re-elected | DR$_{25}$ Vt. Hold | DR$_{24}$ Pa. Hold | DR$_{23}$ Ohio Hold | DR$_{22}$ N.C. Hold | DR$_{19}$ | DR$_{21}$ La. Hold | DR$_{20}$ Ky. Hold |
| V$_2$ N.H. F Loss | F$_6$ N.Y. Gain | F$_5$ Conn. Re-elected | F$_5$ | F$_4$ | F$_3$ | F$_2$ | F$_1$ |
| Key: | DR$_#$ Democratic-Republican F$_#$ Federalist V$_#$ Vacant |

## Race summaries
### Special elections during the 12th Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1812 or before March 4, 1813; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | Results | Candidates |
| State | Senator | Party | Electoral history | Results | Candidates |
| Louisiana (Class 2) | None (new state) | None (new state) | None (new state) | Louisiana was admitted to the Union on April 30, 1812. Inaugural senator elected September 3, 1812. Democratic-Republican gain. | ▌Y Jean Destréhan (Democratic-Republican) 21 ▌Y Allan Magruder (Democratic-Republican) 21 ▌James Brown (Democratic-Republican) 16 ▌Eligius Fromentin (Democratic-Republican) 5 ▌Livingston (Unknown) 3 |
| Louisiana (Class 3) | None (new state) | None (new state) | None (new state) | Louisiana was admitted to the Union on April 30, 1812. Inaugural senator elected September 3, 1812. Democratic-Republican gain. | ▌Y Jean Destréhan (Democratic-Republican) 21 ▌Y Allan Magruder (Democratic-Republican) 21 ▌James Brown (Democratic-Republican) 16 ▌Eligius Fromentin (Democratic-Republican) 5 ▌Livingston (Unknown) 3 |
| Louisiana (Class 2) | Thomas Posey | Democratic- Republican | 1812 (appointed) | Jean Destréhan had resigned October 1, 1812 without having qualified. Interim successor appointed October 8, 1812. Interim appointee lost election. New senator elected February 4, 1813 on the second ballot. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y James Brown (Democratic-Republican) 26 ▌Thomas Posey (Democratic-Republican) 14 ▌Fulwar Skipwith (Unknown) Eliminated |

### Races leading to the 13th Congress

In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1813 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | Results | Candidates |
| State | Senator | Party | Electoral history | Results | Candidates |
| Connecticut | Chauncey Goodrich | Federalist | 1807 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1813. | ▌Y Chauncey Goodrich (Federalist) [data missing] |
| Georgia | Charles Tait | Democratic- Republican | 1809 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1813. | ▌Y Charles Tait (Democratic-Republican) [data missing] |
| Kentucky | John Pope | Democratic- Republican | 1806 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 12, 1813 on the third ballot. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y Jesse Bledsoe (Democratic-Republican) 56 ▌Stephen Ormsby (Democratic-Republican) 51 ▌Anthony Butler (Unknown) Eliminated ▌Isham Talbot (Democratic-Republican) Eliminated |
| Louisiana | Allan B. Magruder | Democratic- Republican | 1812 | Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1813. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y Eligius Fromentin (Democratic-Republican) 25 ▌Thomas Posey (Democratic-Republican) 13 ▌Richard Butler (Unknown) 6 Blank |
| Maryland | Philip Reed | Democratic- Republican | 1806 (special) 1806 | Incumbent retired or lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect. Democratic-Republican loss. | [data missing] |
| New Hampshire | Charles Cutts | Federalist | 1810 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect after 12 ballots. Federalist loss. | ▌Jedediah Kilburn Smith (Democratic-Republican) 89 ▌John Goddard (Unknown) 83 ▌Charles Cutts (Federalist) 3 ▌David L. Morril (Democratic-Republican) 1 |
| New York | John Smith | Democratic- Republican | 1804 (special) 1807 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected February 2, 1813. Federalist gain. | ▌Y Rufus King (Federalist) 51.5% ▌James W. Wilkin (Democratic-Republican) 46.2% ▌John Smith (Democratic-Republican) 2.3% |
| North Carolina | Jesse Franklin | Democratic- Republican | 1799 1804 (lost) 1806 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1812. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y David Stone (Democratic-Republican) 100 ▌Archibald Murphey (Democratic-Republican) 83 ▌Thomas Davis (Democratic-Republican) 12 |
| Ohio | Alexander Campbell | Democratic- Republican | 1809 (special) | Incumbent retired. New senator elected February 6, 1813. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y Jeremiah Morrow (Democratic-Republican) 63 ▌Calvin Pease (Unknown) 18 |
| Pennsylvania | Andrew Gregg | Democratic- Republican | 1806 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected December 8, 1812. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y Abner Lacock (Democratic-Republican) 63 ▌Daniel Montgomery Jr. (Democratic-Republican) 26 ▌James Brady (Independent) 22 ▌Isaac Weaver Jr. (Democratic-Republican) 6 Not voting 5 |
| South Carolina | John Gaillard | Democratic- Republican | 1804 (special) 1806 | Incumbent re-elected in late 1812. | ▌Y John Gaillard (Democratic-Republican) 118 ▌Henry Middleton (Democratic-Republican) 37 ▌James Gowdy (Unknown) 1 |
| Vermont | Stephen R. Bradley | Democratic- Republican | 1791 1795 (lost) 1801 (special) 1806 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected October 21, 1812. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y Dudley Chase (Democratic-Republican) ▌Royall Tyler (Democratic-Republican) 94 Scattering 4 |

### Special elections during the 13th Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated in 1813 after March 4; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | Results | Candidates |
| State | Senator | Party | Electoral history | Results | Candidates |
| Massachusetts (Class 1) | James Lloyd | Federalist | 1808 (special) 1808 | Resigned May 1, 1813. New senator elected May 5, 1813. Federalist hold. | ▌Y Christopher Gore (Federalist) 381 ▌William King (Democratic-Republican) 10 Scattering 102 |
| Connecticut (Class 3) | Chauncey Goodrich | Federalist | 1807 (special) 1812 | Incumbent resigned May 13, 1813 to become Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut. New senator elected May 13, 1813. Federalist hold. | ▌Y David Daggett (Federalist) [data missing] |
| Maryland (Class 3) | Vacant | Vacant | Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect. New senator elected May 21, 1813. Federalist gain. | ▌Y Robert Henry Goldsborough (Federalist) 53 ▌Edward Lloyd (Democratic-Republican) 35 |
| Delaware (Class 2) | James A. Bayard | Federalist | 1804 (special) 1805 1811 | Resigned March 3, 1813. New senator elected May 21, 1813. Federalist hold. | ▌Y William H. Wells (Federalist) 14 ▌George Monro (Democratic-Republican) 10 ▌Richard Bassett (Federalist) 1 |
| New Hampshire (Class 3) | Charles Cutts | Federalist | 1810 (special) 1813 (appointed) | Interim appointee lost election. New senator elected June 10, 1813 on the second ballot. Federalist hold. | ▌Y Jeremiah Mason (Federalist) 129 ▌Charles Cutts (Federalist) 39 ▌John Goddard (Unknown) Eliminated Scattering 4 |
| Georgia (Class 2) | William Bulloch | Democratic- Republican | 1813 (appointed) | Interim appointee retired or lost re-election. New senator elected November 6, 1813. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y William W. Bibb (Democratic-Republican) 79 ▌J. Macintosh (Unknown) 39 |

## Maryland
### Maryland (regular)

The Maryland legislature failed to elect a senator before the March 3, 1813, the beginning of the term. Robert Henry Goldsborough was appointed to fill the seat.

### Maryland (special)

Robert H. Goldsborough won election over Edward Lloyd by a margin of 20.45%, or 18 votes, for the Class 3 seat.