OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Portuguese–Castillian war of 1250–1253

The Portuguese–Castillian war of 1250–1253 was a military conflict which involved the Portuguese Crown against the Crown of Castile for possession of the Algarve.

## History

Portugal had been involved in the reconquest of territory from the Moors for several centuries. In 1238, Denis I occupied Aiamonte and, in 1249, Afonso III concluded the conquest of the Algarve with a military campaign in which he took the last cities still under Muslim power, namely Faro, Albufeira, Loulé, Porches and Aljezur. Most of the Algarve had been conquered by the knights of the Order of Santiago.
After the conquest of Faro, King Afonso III did not give that city to the Order of Santiago, possibly to limit the influence of the swordsmen in the Algarve, but rather handed over his mayorship to Estevão Pires de Tavares, a supporter of the King who had participated in the attack.
Aben Mafom, the emir of the Algarve, had become a vassal and tributary of the king of Castile, Ferdinand III, who, for this reason considered the territory to belong to him and in 1250 invaded it.
In 1251, Afonso III of Portugal crossed Guadiana and occupied the Muslim villages of Aroche and Aracena. Alfonso X of Castile, in turn, attacked Alcoutim and besieged Tavira.
A truce was then negotiated between Ferdinand III and Afonso III, but King Ferdinand died in 1252 and his son, Afonso contested ownership of the Algarve. It is possible that this was why in November, Afonso X settled in Badajoz, close to the Portuguese border, and his troops invaded the Algarve.
News of the war between Portugal and Castile reached Rome and in January 1253 Pope Innocent IV intervened to pressure the two kings to negotiate peace, even though he recognized Portugal's rights to possession of the Algarve. It was agreed that Afonso III would marry Beatrice, bastard daughter of Afonso X. Portugal would exercise sovereignty over the Algarve and the territory east of the Guadiana, but the usufruct would fall to Castile until a son of Afonso III turned seven. King Afonso III was, however, already committed to Countess Matilde of Bologna, who protested, but died in 1258, thus leaving the issue naturally resolved.
The issue of possession of the Algarve was resolved in 1267 through the signing of the Treaty of Badajoz between Portugal and Castile. Aroche, Aracena and Aiamonte would be handed over to Castile upon signing the Treaty of Alcañices, in exchange for other villages in the region.
# Destination routing

In telecommunications, destination routing is a methodology for selecting sequential pathways that messages must pass through to reach a target destination, based on a single destination address.
In electronic switching systems for circuit-based telephone calls, the destination stations are identified by a station address or more commonly, a telephone number.

## Description

The telephone network comprises various classes of switching systems. An end office switch connects directly to the stations. It knows which circuit to activate (ring) when given a destination number. Other switches in the network are for transport only. These are sometimes called tandem switches. In this case, the goal of destination routing would be to select an outbound span for a particular destination number. The objective is to get a continuous signal path from the starting location of the caller to the ending location of the called party.
# Ceclava Czapska

Ceclava Czapska (Cécile Czapska) (Bucharest 2 January 1899 – 1 December 1970) was a Romanov impostor who claimed to be the Grand Duchess Maria, daughter of Tsar Nicholas II, the last autocratic ruler of Imperial Russia, and his wife Tsarina Alexandra.

## Biography

She was the daughter of Polish nobleman, Bolesław Czapski and Raja Ludmilla Tchaplina. On 20 January 1919, she and Prince Nikolai Alexandrovich Dolgoruky (1898-1970), called 'di Fonz,' were married in Romania.
They had two daughters, Olga-Béata (born 1927), mother of Alexis Brimeyer; and Julia-Yolande (born 1937).
She died in Rome. Her grave is in Prima Porta.
The remains of all the Romanovs have been found and identified via DNA testing disproving her claim.
# Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research (Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res.) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It was established in 1957 as Nuclear Instruments. It focuses on detectors descriptions and data analysis methods.

## History

* Nuclear Instruments (1957–1958)
* Nuclear Instruments and Methods (1959–1981)
* Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research (1981–present)
   * Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment (1984–present)
   * Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms (1984–present)
# 1962 United States Virgin Islands general election

The 1962 United States Virgin Islands general election was held on November 6, 1962, to elect members of the 5th Virgin Islands Legislature. As this was before the 1966 Amending Act, no gubernatorial election took place. The Unity Party, a party with no national affiliate, won a majority in the chamber. Shortly after the beginning of the session, the Unity party changed their name to the Unity-Democratic party. Earle B. Ottley was elected president in the legislative session.

## Results
### At-large district

1962 United States Virgin Islands legislative election (At-large district) :
| Candidate | Votes |
| Y Ron De Lugo | 2,722 |
| Y Lucina Millin | 2,290 |
| Y Earle Ottley | 2,075 |
| Y John Maduro | 2,008 |
| Y Randall James | 1,561 |
| Y Pat Williams | 1,446 |
| Walter I.M. Hodge | 1,077 |
| Aureo Diaz | 1,013 |
| Candido R. Guadeloupe | 581 |
| Leon A. Mawson | 519 |
| Nora B. Amritt | 176 |
| Max Jacobs | 138 |
| Heriberto Capo | 127 |
| Cruz Santana | 118 |

### St. John district

1962 United States Virgin Islands legislative election (St. John district) :
| Candidate | Votes |
| Y T. Moorehead | 224 |
| Julius Sprauve (write-in) | 29 |

### St. Thomas district

1962 United States Virgin Islands legislative election (St. Thomas district) :
| Candidate | Votes |
| Y Hugo Reese | 2,708 |
| Y David Puritz | 2,541 |
| Anthony Cerge | 1,180 |
| Alfred Lockhart | 1,144 |
| Pedro Camacho | 178 |

### St. Croix district

1962 United States Virgin Islands legislative election (St. Thomas district) :
| Candidate | Votes |
| Y A. Doward | 2,010 |
| Y Fritz Lawaetz | 1,769 |
| Aubrey A. Anduze | 1,143 |
| Angel Suarez | 644 |
| Erle Williams | 120 |
| Luis McBean | 74 |
| Clarence H. Ussery | 70 |
# Beatrix von Wolhusen

Beatrix von Wolhusen (c. 1308 – 16 July 1398, Zurich) was a Swiss abbess. She led the Fraumünster Abbey and, effectively, Zurich itself for 40 years, from 1358 until her death.

## Biography

Beatrix von Wolhusen was born around 1308. Her father was named Walter, and she had a brother named Peter, who would later become abbot of the territorial abbey of Einsiedeln.
She ran in the 1340 election to succeed the previous abbess of the Fraumünster Abbey, Elisabeth von Matzingen, but lost to her rival, Fides von Klingen. This election was highly controversial and had to be settled by an arbitrator appointed by Emperor Louis IV.
She won the next election in 1358 and held the position of abbess of the Fraumünster until her death, as well as the rank of imperial princess and ruler of the city. In these capacities, she was the person signing Zurich's official charters in 1373 and 1393. She certified municipal acts, such as the sales and purchases of land. In 1373, tasked with collecting a tax to fund a crusade, she sent 50 gold florins to Konstanz under the supervision of her steward, Heinrich Martini von Walse, but he was robbed on the way.
Her management of the city was marked by the council's attempts to free itself from her authority, leading to a power struggle between them. She eventually lost this conflict in 1397, when the council decided to limit her powers and appointed three administrators to assist her.
She died on 16 July 1398 in Zurich, and was succeeded by Anna von Bussnang.
# Mount Tamalpais Cemetery

Mount Tamalpais Cemetery is located in San Rafael, California.

## History

The cemetery was founded by Dr. Henry A. Dubois, Jr. An ordinance had been passed in the 1870s that prohibited any burials within the towns limits. Dr DuBois attended a town hall meeting where he among many others offered bids to start up a new cemetery. DuBois' bid of $13,000 for a part of his ranch was the ultimate winner. He toured over 40 cemeteries and drew up plans before the cemetery was being built so he could figure out the best possible layout for the cemetery. After hiring around 40 men, most of who were Chinese Laborers, the cemetery was finally completed in August 1879.

## Notable interments

* Bessie Barriscale (1884–1965), actress
* Maurice Carey Blake (1815–1897), Mayor of San Francisco
* Robert Dollar (1844–1932), businessman
* Henry Augustus DuBois (1840–1897), surgeon and Mount Tamalpais Cemetery founder
* Seldon Connor Gile (1877–1947), dominant painter in the "Society of Six"
* Jack Finney (1911–1995), author
* Don Flickinger (1907–1997), US Air Force flight surgeon and brigadier general
* Lefty Gomez (1908–1989), Hall of Fame baseball player
* Howard C. Hickman (1880–1949), actor
* Russ Hodges (1910–1971), sportscaster
* Ali Akbar Khan (1922–2009), Indian classical musician
* William S. Mailliard (1917–1992), US Representative
* James B. McNamara (1882–1941), bomber of the Los Angeles Times building in 1910
* Ernie Nevers (1903–1976), professional football and baseball player
* June Pointer (1953–2006), pop singer
* Chet Powers, a.k.a. Dino Valenti and Jesse Oris Farrow (1937–1994), singer-songwriter
* Sally Stanford (1903–1982), civic personality
* Diane Varsi (1938–1992), actress
# Yadamini Gunawardena

Yadamini Narodhama Rupasinghe Gunawardena is a Sri Lankan politician and Member of Parliament.
Gunawardena is the son of Dinesh Gunawardena and grandson of Philip Gunawardena, both government ministers. His grandmother Kusumasiri Gunawardena was only the second elected female Member of Parliament in Sri Lanka. He completed primary and secondary education at Royal College Colombo. He is a graduate of the University of Wisconsin–Superior (2003) and the University of Wales (2013).
Gunawardena is deputy leader and deputy secretary of the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna. Following the 2020 parliamentary election he was appointed to the Parliament of Sri Lanka as a National List MP representing the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna which is in alliance with Sri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance.
Gunawardena is married to former UPFA Western province councillor Samanmali Sakalasuriya.
# Fujikawa (train)

The Fujikawa (ふじかわ) is a limited express train service in Japan operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central), which runs between Shizuoka and Kōfu. Since October 1995, it has been branded as Wide View Fujikawa, following the introduction of new 373 series EMUs replacing the previous 165 series trains.

## History

The Fujikawa (富士川) was introduced on 20 March 1956 as a "Semi express" train running between Fuji and Kōfu using 80 series 4-car EMUs. From 1 October 1964, this was extended to run to and from Shizuoka.
From 5 March 1966, the service between Shizuoka and Kōfu was upgraded to "Express" status. From 15 March 1972, the 80 series EMUs were replaced by 165 series EMUs displaced by the opening of the Sanyō Shinkansen.
From 1 October 1995, the service was upgraded to become a Limited express following introduction of new 373 series EMU trains. The name was also changed to ふじかわ in hiragana.
From 18 March 2007, all cars were made no-smoking.

## Stops

Trains stop at the following stations:
Shizuoka – Shimizu – Fuji – Fujinomiya – Utsubuna – Minobu – Shimobe-onsen – Kai-Iwama – Kajikazawaguchi – Ichikawa-Daimon – Higashi-Hanawa – Minami-Kōfu – Kōfu

## Service

Like all JR Central limited express trains, a limited express fee has to be paid, on top of the normal fee to ride this service. Services are formed of 3-car 373 series EMUs. There are 7 return workings a day, with the journey time taking approximately 2 hours 30 minutes from Shizuoka to Kōfu. Trains operate at a maximum speed of 110 km/h (68 mph).

## Facilities

Only standard class is available on this service. Seat reservations can be made for an additional fee. There are no catering facilities available, though restrooms are available on this train.
# Super Oki

The Super Oki (スーパーおき) is a limited express train service in Japan operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West) since July 2001. It runs from Tottori via Yonago to Shin-Yamaguchi. The Super Oki is one of the farthest-travelling limited express trains in Japan, covering the 380 km from Shin-Yamaguchi to Tottori in just over five hours.

## Stops

Trains stop at the following stations:
Tottori - Kurayoshi - Yonago - Yasugi - Matsue - (Tamatsukuri-Onsen) - (Shinji) - Izumoshi - Ōdashi - (Yunotsu) - Gōtsu - (Hashi) - Hamada - (Miho-Misumi) - Masuda - Nichihara - Tsuwano - Tokusa - Mitani - Yamaguchi - Yudaonsen - Shin-Yamaguchi
Not all trains stop at stations in parentheses.

## Rolling stock

Super Oki services are normally formed of two-car KiHa 187 series tilting DMU sets, sometimes lengthened to three or four cars during busy seasons. One car consists is reserved seating; the other, non-reserved. No Green Car is available on this train.

## Formation

Two-car trains are formed as shown below, with car 1 at the Shin-Yamaguchi end. All are no-smoking.
| Car No. | 1 | 2 |
| Accommodation | Reserved | Non-reserved |

## History

Super Oki was launched on 7 July 2001.
# Index Ventures

Index Ventures is a European venture capital firm with headquarters in both San Francisco and London. It invests primarily in tech companies.

## History

Index Ventures has its origins in a Swiss bond-trading firm called Index Securities, founded by Gerald Rimer in 1976. In 1992, Rimer recruited his son Neil to join the firm, launching a technology investment arm that evolved into Index Ventures.
Index Ventures was officially founded in 1996 by Neil Rimer, David Rimer and Giuseppe Zocco. It began investing in Israel in 2003, and by 2005 raised €300 million for its third fund. Two years later, it raised an additional €350 million for its fourth found, which focused 15 to 20 percent on investing in Israeli companies. The sixth fund raised €350 million from investors in 2012 and focused on investments in Europe, the U.S., and Israeli tech startups.
In 2017, it raised €400 million for its seventh fund, focusing on companies in Europe, the U.S., and Israel.
From early on, the firm launched a life sciences practice, which in 2016 it spun off as an independent venture capital firm, Medicxi Ventures. Index Ventures' dual headquarters in San Francisco and London were opened in 2011 and 2002, respectively.

## Investments

Index Ventures invests mainly in tech companies, and have included investments in companies such as Figma, Revolut, Roblox, Scale AI, Notion and Wiz.
# Nukleonik

Nukleonik was a West German scientific journal covering nuclear physics and nuclear engineering. The journal was established in 1958, shortly after restrictions on nuclear research in West Germany were lifted by the 1955 Paris Agreements. It was published by Springer Verlag until 1969, as Springer Verlag considered that Zeitschrift für Physik was covering nuclear science sufficiently.

## Notable papers

* Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (1966). "Grundlagen für die Beurteilung von Intensitäts- und Genauigkeitsfragen bei Neutronenstreumessungen". Nukleonik (in German). 8 (2): 61. (invention of the neutron backscattering spectrometer)
# European Physical Journal A

The European Physical Journal A: Hadrons and Nuclei is an academic journal, recognized by the European Physical Society, presenting new and original research results in a variety of formats, including Regular Articles, Reviews, Tools for Experiment and Theory/Scientific Notes and Letters. Topics covered include:

## Hadron Physics

* Structure and Dynamics of Hadrons
* Baryon and Meson Spectroscopy
* Hadronic and Electroweak Interactions of Hadrons
* Nonperturbative Approaches to QCD
* Phenomenological Approaches to Hadron Physics

## Nuclear Physics

* Nuclear Structure and Reactions
* Structure and function of nanostructures
* Few-Body and Many-Body Systems
* Heavy-Ion Physics
* Hypernuclei
* Radioactive Beams
* Nuclear Astrophysics

## History

Prior to 1998, the journal was named Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei. Thomas Walcher's term as Editor-in-Chief of EPJ A came to an end in 2006. In January 2007, Enzo de Sanctis started as new Editor-in-Chief and he was joined in July that year by Ulf-G. Meißner, who took charge of the theoretical papers while the experimental papers would be handled by de Sanctis.
# An Ceathrú Póilí

An Ceathrú Póilí (English: The Fourth Policeman; founded 1983) is an independent bookshop based in Cultúrlann McAdam Ó Fiaich on the Falls Road in the Gaeltacht Quarter of Belfast, Northern Ireland. The shop primarily sells Irish language books and Irish traditional music recordings and also sells several hundred English-language books on the topics of Irish history and politics. An Ceathrú Póilí also sells Irish musical instruments, Celtic jewelry and craft.

## History
### 1983–2010

An Ceathrú Póilí was founded in 1983 and was housed in Ardscoil Bhéal Feirste. After the Ardscoil was destroyed by fire in a 1984, the shop had a nomadic existence until the founding of Cultúrlann McAdam Ó Fiaich in 1991 in the old Broadway Presbyterian Church on Falls Road. The centre was used as an Irish-medium secondary school (now Coláiste Feirste) and theatre space with the book shop located on the ground floor with An Caifé Glas (now known as Bia).

### 2011–present

An Ceathrú Póilí was renovated in 2011 with Irish president Mary McAleese re-opening the cultural centre in 2011. The shop began selling online in September 2016. It hosts regular book launches in collaboration with publishers Coiscéim, Cló Iar-Chonnacht and An Gúm.
# Newton-on-Ouse

Newton-on-Ouse is a village and civil parish in the former Hambleton District of North Yorkshire, England, about 7 miles (11 km) north-west of York. It lies on the east bank of the River Ouse

## History

The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Neuuetone in the Bulford hundred. At the time of the Norman invasion the manor was held by Merleswein the Sheriff and then granted to Ralph Paynel. He founded St Martin's Abbey in Touraine in France and granted some of the land in the parish to the abbey.
The village once had a school built in 1854 in Cherry Tree Avenue.

## Governance

The village lies within the Thirsk and Malton Parliamentary constituency. It also lies within the Shipton ward of Hambleton District Council and the Stillington electoral division of North Yorkshire County Council.

## Geography

The nearest settlements are Linton-on-Ouse 1.2 miles (1.9 km) to the north-west, Nun Monkton 1.3 miles (2.1 km) to the south-west and Beningbrough 1.6 miles (2.6 km) to the south-east. The River Kyle runs through the parish to join the River Ouse at the north end of the village.
The 1881 UK census recorded the population as 592. The 2001 UK census recorded the population as 529, of which 431 were over the age of sixteen years and 269 of those were in employment. There were 242 dwellings, of which 11 were detached.

## Religion

There has been a church in Newton since Saxon times. Originally dedicated to All Saints it was known as St Mary's circa 1848–1890 before reverting to All Saints. The current Grade II Listed Building dates from 1849, although the Tower is approximately 900 years old. The church was rebuilt twice in the 19th century, first in 1839 and then again in 1849. Both rebuilds were financed by the Dawnay family who resided at nearby Beningbrough Hall. John Oates was commissioned by the 6th Viscount Downe, William Henry Dawnay, to rebuild the body of the church and this was completed in 1839. Just ten years later Dawnay's daughter the Hon. Lydia Dawnay commission George Townsend Andrews to rebuild the church and it was at this stage that the magnificent spire, 150 ft from the ground, was added. William Dawnay, 6th Viscount Downe, and his wife are interred in the church with the fine memorial brass that once covered the tomb now fixed to the chancel wall. There used to be a Methodist Chapel in the village.
The Priest-in-Charge is Rev. Malcolm Wainwright.
# 1974 United States Virgin Islands general election

The 1974 United States Virgin Islands general election was held in large part on November 5, 1974, with a runoff for the gubernatorial election on November 19, 1974.

## Gubernatorial election

The 1974 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1974, with a runoff on November 19, 1974. Incumbent Republican governor Melvin H. Evans was eliminated in the first round, gaining only 24 percent of the vote. While Democratic candidate Alexander Farrelly placed first in the general election by 900 votes, Independent Citizens candidate Cyril King won the runoff by under a thousand votes.

## Delegate to the United States House of Representatives

Incumbent Democrat Ron De Lugo won the House election unopposed with eleven thousand votes.

## Territorial Legislature

The 1974 United States Virgin Islands legislative election was held on November 5, 1974. The Democratic Party won the legislative election with a majority of nine seats, with seven seats in St. Thomas–St. John and two seats in St. Croix. The Independent Citizens Movement won five seats, the at-large district and four seats in St. Croix. The sole Republican Hector Cintron won his seat in St. Croix.
# 1975 United States House of Representatives elections

There were 4 special elections in 1975 to the United States House of Representatives:

## List of elections

Elections are listed by date and district.
| District | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | This race | This race |
| District | Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| Louisiana 6 | John Rarick | Democratic | 1966 | Court ordered re-run of the General Election. New member elected January 7, 1975. Republican gain. | ▌Y Henson Moore (Republican) 54.14% ▌Jeff LaCaze (Democratic) 45.86% |
| California 37 | Jerry Pettis | Republican | 1966 | Incumbent died February 14, 1975. New member elected April 29, 1975. Republican hold. | ▌Y Shirley N. Pettis (Republican) 60.50% ▌Ron Pettis (Democratic) 14.72% ▌James L. Mayfield (Democratic) 12.68% ▌Frank Bogert (Republican) 5.43% Others ▌Bernard Wahl (American Independent) 1.57% ▌Joe E. Hubbs (Democratic) 1.26% ▌Louis Martinez (Republican) 0.99% ▌Jack H. Harrison (Republican) 0.78% ▌Bud Mathewson (Republican) 0.63% ▌Clodeon Adkins (Democratic) 0.56% ▌C. L. James (Democratic) 0.35% ▌Richard Welby (Democratic) 0.33% ▌Robert J. Allenthorp (Republican) 0.21% |
| Illinois 5 | John C. Kluczynski | Democratic | 1950 | Incumbent died January 26, 1975. New member elected July 8, 1975. Democratic hold. | ▌Y John G. Fary (Democratic) 71.92% ▌Francis X. Lawlor (Republican) 28.08% |
| Tennessee 5 | Richard Fulton | Democratic | 1962 | Incumbent resigned August 14, 1975, after being elected Mayor of Nashville New member elected November 25, 1975. Democratic hold. | ▌Y Clifford Allen (Democratic) 65.71% ▌Bob Olsen (Republican) 34.83% |