OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Concepcion v. United States

Concepcion v. United States, 597 U.S. ___ (2022), is a United States Supreme Court decision that concerns district courts' ability to consider changes of law or fact in exercising their discretion to reduce a sentence.

## Background

In 2006, Carlos Concepcion was arrested on felony drug charges for an illegal sale of cocaine. He pled guilty for distribution of five grams of crack cocaine in 2008. His penalty carried a mandatory minimum sentence of five years in prison but with his previous criminal conviction, the mandatory minimum sentence was elevated to ten years. Ultimately, he was subsequently sentenced to 19 years imprisonment.
In 2010, Congress passed the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, which increased the minimum threshold for the mandatory minimum sentence to be triggered to twenty-eight grams of crack cocaine. But because the Fair Sentencing Act didn't apply retroactively, his sentence remained the same. However, in 2018, Congress passed the First Step Act, which allowed for the Fair Sentencing Act's sentence reduction to apply retroactively and granted discretion to district courts to "impose or withhold" reducing a sentence. Subsequently, Concepcion filed a motion for sentence reduction due to Section 404(b) of the First Step Act. He also argued that the district court should no longer consider him a career-offender under the 2018 Federal Sentencing Guidelines, since one of his conviction was previously vacated. The district court denied Concepcion's motion.
Concepcion appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. The First Circuit affirmed, stating that Section 404(b) does not grant a new proceeding and that resentencing is "discretionary." He subsequently filed a petition for a writ of certiorari.

## Supreme Court

The court granted certiorari on September 30, 2021, and heard oral arguments on January 19, 2022. On June 27, 2022, the Supreme Court reversed the First Circuit's ruling in a 5–4 vote and held that the "First Step Act allows district courts to consider intervening changes of law or fact in exercising their discretion to reduce a sentence." Justice Sotomayor wrote the majority opinion, while Justice Brett Kavanaugh authored the dissent.
# Ran Ichay

Ran Ichay (Hebrew: רן ישי; born 1970) is an Israeli humanitarian, and a former diplomat and civil servant.

## Biography

Ichay was born to families that immigrated to Israel after the independence. His father's family fled from Spain to North Africa in the first decades of the 15th century due to the persecutions against jews. The family lived mainly in Sousse, in Tunisia, and owned the House of Ichay, where many of the family's children were born, and later fled to Israel due to the Kadesh war, in 1956. His mother's family, Shor (Arabic: bani-Tabi' - meaning: of-the-Ox), fled from Yemen during the Israeli war of independebce. Ichay graduated school and joined the Israeli Navy in 1988 as a midshipman, before transferring to the Artillery where he served until 1992. He currently serves as a volunteer in the Israeli border guard, ranked Major, and in the Police Aerial Unit, as a flight-observer.
He later joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a cadet in 1995, upon graduating Bar-Ilan University. Starting in 1999 and until 2001 he worked in the Embassy of Israel in Brussels and in the Israeli Mission to the European Communities, as second and first secretary. In 2002–2004, Ichay was advisor to Foreign and Finance Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. In 2005 he became head of International Relations of the Ministry of Science and Technology, and in 2006 he was appointed his country's ambassador to the Republic of Kazakhstan, serving concurrently in Kyrgyzstan. In 2010, Ichay was appointed administrative manager to the Turkel Commission (the Public Commission to Examine the Maritime Incident of 31 May 2010) and later that year became senior deputy director general of the Prime Minister's Office. In 2012 Ichay was elected chairman of the Municipal Committee of his village in Gush Etzion and in 2019 came out third in the Likud Party primary election for the seat reserved for Israeli settlements in the West Bank. In 2016 he was appointed director general of the Ministry of Jerusalem and Heritage, and he retired from the service two years later, in January 2019. Ichay also did extensive humanitarian work; in Kazakhstan he launched Operation Dostik, to provide medical help to HIV infected infants in Chimkent county, in the south of the Republic, for which he was decorated later with the Kazakh Order of Jubilee [ru].
In 2017 he participated in establishing and operating "Camp Ichay", initiated and launched by the American humanitarian organization "Friendships", to provide medical care for Syrian victims of the Syrian Civil War, in the Golan Heights.
In 2020 was appointed to the Association of Representatives of the Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara in Uganda. upon receiving the title of Knight-Commander of the Royal Order of Omukama Chwa Kaballega (hereditary).

## Books

In 2010 Ichay published his "Dawn at Midnight" (in Hebrew) – the history of Jews in Kazakhstan.
In 2016 he published "Thy Border's Keeper", dealing with Jewish and Israeli history.
In 2017 he edited "Israel's Right"' a government publication dealing with the legal status of the West Bank OCLC 1091791983.
# Miller Peak (Arizona)

Miller Peak, at 9,470 feet (2,886 m), is the second-highest mountain in Cochise County, Arizona (after Chiricahua Peak). Located approximately 10 miles south of Sierra Vista, Arizona, it is the highest mountain in the Huachuca mountain range and a popular local hiking destination. The Miller Peak Wilderness encompasses 20,190 acres and is managed by the Coronado National Forest. This is also the most southerly peak and land area to rise above 9,000 feet in the continental United States. The area was affected by the 2011 Monument fire and most of the pine trees seen in older photographs were burned and destroyed. Scrub oak are beginning to replace the areas that were previously covered by pine.
Google “Satellite” images from 2018 would seem to show that many of the pre-fire pine and fir trees are still there and very much alive. Furthermore, the satellite images also tend to suggest that in the few locations where 100% tree kill took place, the forest is already beginning to regenerate.

## Hiking up Miller Peak

The summit of Miller Peak can be gained by any of several trails, which all involve moderately strenuous hikes requiring approximately 3,500 feet (1,100 m) in elevation gain and 9 to 11 miles (14 to 18 km) distance round-trip. Perhaps the most well-known trailhead is found at the end of Miller Canyon Road, near Hereford, Arizona. Other popular trails include the Montezuma Pass trailhead in the Coronado National Forest and the Carr Peak trailhead, but the short trail to the summit off the main Crest Trail can be reached from nearly any other trail in the Huachucas. Notable landmarks along the way include Bathtub Springs and Bear Saddle. Nearby Carr Peak (9,229 ft or 2,813 m) can be reached in the same day, along the Crest Trail.
# Ebba Lindkvist

Ebba Johanna Bergman Lindkvist, also Lindqvist, (1882–1942) was a Swedish actress and film director.
In 1910 she directed the short drama, Värmländingarna, which premièred in Sweden on 27 October 1910. As a result, she is considered the first woman to have become a film director in Sweden, creating her first film the year before Anna Hofman-Uddgren's Stockholmsfrestelser was premièred on 27 April 1911. She would chronologically be the second female feature film director in the world after Alice Guy-Blaché having debuted as a film maker in 1910, one year before both Anna Hofman-Uddgren and Luise Fleck.

## Biography

Born on 10 March 1882 in Stockholm, Ebba Johanna Bergman was the daughter of Emma Augusta Charlotta, née Brobeck, and Gustaf Edvard Bergman. The second of four children, she studied song and drama with the opera singer Bertha Tammelin (1836–1915) and the actor Emil Hillberg (1852–1929). She went on to work as an actress in both travelling and municipal theatres. In May 1907, she married Victor Lindkvist with whom she opened a singing and drama school in Malmö in 1910.
In October 1910, Lindkvist's version of Fredrik August Dahlgren's play Värmlänningarna´was released, an earlier version by Carl Engdahl having been premièred in January the same year. She therefore preceded Anna Hofman-Uddgren as Sweden's first female director, even if her film was technically less professional than Hofman-Uddgren's. Lindkvist herself performed in the film.
Suffering from pneumonia, Ebba Lindkvist died on 5 June 1942 at a clinic in Växjö in the south of Sweden.
It was not until 2016 that she was recognized as Sweden's first film director. The Ebba Award, presented to a female director, photographer, screenwriter, or editor from Skåne is named after her.
# 1964 United States Virgin Islands general election

The 1964 United States Virgin Islands legislative election was held on Tuesday, November 3, 1964, to elect members of the 6th Virgin Islands Legislature.
11 senators were elected, who elected incumbent Earle B. Ottley as president.

## Results by district
### At-large district

1964 United States Virgin Islands legislative election (at-large district) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Nonpartisan | Ronald De Lugo | 3,261 | 16.04% |
| | Nonpartisan | Earle B. Ottley | 2,855 | 14.04% |
| | Nonpartisan | John L. Maduro | 2,769 | 13.62% |
| | Nonpartisan | Bertha C. Boschlute | 2,724 | 13.40% |
| | Nonpartisan | Randall N. James | 2,714 | 13.35% |
| | Nonpartisan | Aureo Diaz | 2,567 | 12.63% |
| | Nonpartisan | Alfred Lockhart | 2,328 | 11.45% |
| | Nonpartisan | Charles Senf | 323 | 1.59% |
| | Nonpartisan | Valdemar Hill | 278 | 1.37% |
| | Nonpartisan | Nora B. Amritt | 219 | 1.08% |
| | Nonpartisan | Heriberto Capo | 117 | 0.58% |
| | Nonpartisan | Sofia B. Squiabro | 110 | 0.54% |
| | Nonpartisan | Faith Dane Johnson | 42 | 0.21% |
| | Write-in | Write-in | 25 | 0.12% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 20,332 | 100% |

### St. Thomas

1964 United States Virgin Islands legislative election (St. Thomas) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Nonpartisan | Percival H. Reese | 3,560 | 38.00% |
| | Nonpartisan | A. David Puritz | 3,518 | 37.55% |
| | Nonpartisan | Lionel Hilaire | 1,403 | 14.98% |
| | Nonpartisan | Thyra Hodge Williams | 638 | 6.81% |
| | Nonpartisan | Juan Davila Lugo | 114 | 1.22% |
| | Nonpartisan | Alejandro E. Ortiz | 111 | 1.19% |
| | Write-in | Write-in | 24 | 0.26% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 9,368 | 100% |

### St. Croix

1964 United States Virgin Islands legislative election (St. Croix) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Nonpartisan | Augustin Doward | 2,674 | 28.77% |
| | Nonpartisan | Fritz E. Lawaetz | 2,615 | 28.14% |
| | Nonpartisan | Patrick N. Williams | 1,867 | 20.09% |
| | Nonpartisan | Juan Belardo | 1,789 | 19.25% |
| | Nonpartisan | Nemecio Camacho | 128 | 1.38% |
| | Nonpartisan | John J. Farchette | 101 | 1.09% |
| | Nonpartisan | Erle R. Williams | 76 | 0.82% |
| | Nonpartisan | Lucia G. Santiago | 27 | 0.29% |
| | Nonpartisan | Anastacio Vegas | 16 | 0.17% |
| | Write-in | Write-in | 0 | 0% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 9,293 | 100% |

### St. John

1964 United States Virgin Islands legislative election (St. John) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Nonpartisan | Theovald Moorehead | 210 | 63.25% |
| | Nonpartisan | Cleone H. Sewer | 103 | 31.02% |
| | Nonpartisan | George Starling | 19 | 5.73% |
| | Nonpartisan | Viciente Oquendo | 0 | 0% |
| | Write-in | Write-in | 0 | 0% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 332 | 100% |
# The Grand Panorama of a Whaling Voyage 'Round the World

The Grand Panorama of a Whaling Voyage 'Round the World is a maritime panoramic painting created by Benjamin Russell and Caleb B. Purrington in 1848. Today, it is located and displayed at the New Bedford Whaling Museum in New Bedford, Massachusetts. At 1,275 feet in length, it is the longest painting in the United States, longer than the Empire State Building is tall.

## History

Benjamin Russell was a notable whaling painter of New Bedford, while Caleb Purrington was a more simple sign painter. The panorama was first displayed in 1848. It was displayed on a proscenium stage, mounted on spools and manually cranked to wind the panorama along, typically accompanied by narration, music, and lighting effects.
The Old Dartmouth Historical Society acquired the panorama in 1918.

## Description

The panorama exists in four sections and depicts a whaling voyage around the world in the first half of the 19th century. The Wall Street Journal described it as "surprising in its variety and beauty."

## Restoration

Part of the restoration included spraying the painting with diluted adhesive in order to bind the pigment to the cloth and humidify the canvas.
After its restoration, it was displayed in four sections in a gallery exhibition called "A Spectacle in Motion" at the Kilburn Mill in New Bedford, Massachusetts from July 14 to October 8, 2018. As part of the exhibition, and to protect the fragile canvas from further wear, the New Bedford Whaling Museum created a digital video of the panorama show, now viewable on YouTube.
# Red Dirt (Fear the Walking Dead)

"Red Dirt" is the sixth episode of the third season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series Fear the Walking Dead, which aired on AMC on July 2, 2017.

## Plot

Troy's patrol return with news of Walker's ultimatum; that night bonfires ring Broke Jaw, unnerving the sheltered people. Gretchen's family leaves despite Troy's threatening efforts to keep them for security measures. Madison sides with Troy and urges Jeremiah to keep his community together. Jake journeys to Black Hat to negotiate peace terms with Walker. Madison, Nick and Jeremiah later find Gretchen and her family murdered and turned; they all realize Troy was responsible but Madison informs the community that Walker did it to prepare them for the upcoming conflict. Alicia buys their story and runs after Jake to warn him.

## Reception

"Red Dirt", received very positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, "Red Dirt" garnered an 86% rating, with an average score of 7.56/10 based on 7 reviews.
Matt Fowler of IGN gave "Red Dirt" a 7.8/10.0 rating, stating; "Fear the Walking Dead may be suffering a little from the slight inertia of delivering a solely ranch-centric episode, but it's still burning through story at a decent pace. It's a good mix, and this chapter basically jumped us forward in a big way regarding Madison's rise to the role of de facto leader - with her pulling Troy's strings and each of her kids now also paired up with an Otto. She's going to trick people into fighting for this land for their own good. Because she knows that there's worse out there."

### Ratings

"Red Dirt" was seen by 2.19 million viewers in the United States on its original air date, below the previous episodes rating of 2.50 million.
# 1981 United States House of Representatives elections

There were five elections in 1981 to the United States House of Representatives:

## List of elections

Elections are listed by date and district.
| District | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | This race | This race |
| District | Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| Michigan 4 | David Stockman | Republican | 1976 | Incumbent resigned January 27, 1981, to become Director of the Office of Management and Budget. New member elected April 21, 1981. Republican hold. | ▌Y Mark D. Siljander (Republican) 68.5% ▌Johnie Rodebush (Democratic) 29.0% ▌Bette Erwin (Libertarian) 1.5% ▌Robert C. Drenkhahn (American Independent) 1.0% |
| Maryland 5 | Gladys Spellman | Democratic | 1974 | Incapacitated since last Congress and seat declared vacant February 24, 1981. New member elected May 19, 1981. Democratic hold. | ▌Y Steny Hoyer (Democratic) 55.8% ▌Audrey E. Scott (Republican) 44.2% |
| Ohio 4 | Tennyson Guyer | Republican | 1972 | Incumbent died April 12, 1981. New member elected June 25, 1981. Republican hold. | ▌Y Mike Oxley (Republican) 50.2% ▌Dale Locker (Democratic) 49.8% |
| Mississippi 4 | Jon Hinson | Republican | 1978 | Incumbent resigned April 13, 1981. New member elected July 7, 1981. Democratic gain. | ▌Y Wayne Dowdy (Democratic) 50.4% ▌Liles Williams (Republican) 49.6% |
| Pennsylvania 3 | Raymond Lederer | Democratic | 1976 | Incumbent resigned April 29, 1981, before a planned expulsion vote, having been convicted of bribery in the Abscam sting operation. New member elected July 21, 1981. Democratic hold. | ▌Y Joseph F. Smith (Democratic) 52.5% ▌David B. Glancey (Democratic) 42.8% ▌Charles Duncan (Consumer) 4.0% ▌David A. Dorn (Libertarian) 0.7% |
# Butterburn Flow

Butterburn Flow is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in Cumbria, England. It is located north of Greenhead. Some of the borders of this protected area follow the River Irthing. This protected area contains important blanket bog habitat that occurs over deep peat.

## Details

This protected area contains large extents of blanket bog that are intact. Moss species include Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum pulcrum and Sphagnum imbricatum. Plant species recorded in this protected area include bog rosemary and cloudberry.
There are no paths on this site.

## Land ownership and management

All of the land within Butterburn Flow SSSI is owned by the Forestry Commission. The site is managed by the Northumberland Wildlife Trust.
# Niida Station (Kōchi)

Niida Station (仁井田駅, Niida-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the town of Shimanto, Takaoka District, Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Shikoku and has the station number "K25".

## Lines

The station is served by JR Shikoku's Dosan Line and is located 194.2 km from the beginning of the line at Tadotsu.

## Layout

Niida Station, an unstaffed station, consists of a side platform serving a single track. A station building is located slightly away from the platform and serves as a waiting room. A ramp leads from the building to the platform. The platform was originally an island format, serving two tracks but one track has been removed.
* The Niida Station waiting room.

## History

The station was opened by Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 12 November 1951 as an intermediate stop when the Dosan Line was extended westwards from Kageno to Kubokawa. With the privatization of JNR on 1 April 1987, control of the station passed to JR Shikoku.

## Surrounding area

* Shimanto Town Niida Elementary School
* Japan National Route 56
# Pluma porgy

The pluma porgy (Calamus pennatula), also known as the West Indian porgy, pluma or pimento grunt, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, the seabreams and porgies. This species is found in the Western Atlantic Ocean.

## Taxonomy

The pluma porgy was first formally described in 1868 by the Frenchzoologist Alphonse Guichenot with its type locality given as Martinique. The genus Calamus is placed in the family Sparidae within the order Spariformes by the 5th edition of Fishes of the World. Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Sparinae, but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.

## Etymology and common names

The pluma porgy has the specific name pennatula which is a diminutive of penna, meaning "quill". Guichenot did not explain this but it may be an allusion to this species similarity to C. penna or to the shorter, more elongated body of this species compared to C. penna. In many parts of the Caribbean, this species is simply known as the pluma, while in Jamaica it is sometimes called the pimento grunt, and is sometimes known as the West Indian porgy in the United States.

## Description

The pluma porgy is similar to its relative, the Jolthead porgy (C. bajonado). However, it has fewer rays on its Pectoral fins than the Jolthead. The pluma porgy has both 12 spines and 12 soft rays on its dorsal fin, while it has only 3 spines and 10 rays on its anal fin. Their heads are somewhat steep when viewed in profile, and have poorly developed prefrontal tubercles. The puma porgy's overall color is silvery with purple, or lavender iridescence, individual scales have brown-yellow edges with iridescent, blue-green spots. This species has a maximum published total length of 37 cm (15 in), although 30 cm (12 in) is more typical.

## Distribution and habitat

Pluma porgies inhabit are found only in the western Atlantic, in a region from the Bahamas to Brazil; this includes much of the southern Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Adults live at depths of up to 85 metres (279 ft), but usually between 5 and 30 metres (16 and 98 ft). They inhabit rocky areas, reefs, and also flat bottoms, where they feed on crabs, mollusks, sea worms, brittle stars and hermit crabs. The young are found in somewhat shallower water.

## Fisheries

Pluma porgies are the most common member of their genus in the Antilles, where they are often used for food, although ciguatera poisoning has been reported as a result of this.
# Mike Beatty

Mike Beatty is a United States politician from Jefferson, Georgia. He is a former member of the Georgia House of Representatives.

## Political career

Beatty is a native of Jefferson, and a graduate of the University of Georgia. He was elected as the first Republican since Reconstruction from Jackson County, Georgia to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1990. While in office he strongly opposed the creation of a state lottery. After legislative redistricting placed Beatty in a district with another incumbent Republican legislator, he decided not to seek re-election in 1992 opting to focus on the small businesses he and his wife owned including a poultry and cattle farm. In the 2000 election cycle, Beatty was drafted by the Senate Republican Caucus to oppose the incumbent Democratic State Senator. He was elected State Senator and proved instrumental in the successful battle to ban video poker in Georgia.
In 2002, he opted not to seek re-election to the Senate and declared his candidacy for Lieutenant Governor of Georgia. He finished first in a three-way Republican primary but failed to gain a majority of the votes, forcing a primary run-off in which he was narrowly defeated.

### Commissioner of the Georgia Department of Community Affairs

He was then appointed Commissioner of the Georgia Department of Community Affairs (DCA) in 2003 by Governor Sonny Perdue, a post which he held until being replaced by Gretchen Corbin on August 1, 2013.
As DCA Commissioner, Beatty led the launch of several new community-building programs, including: "Team Georgia" which is designed to encourage collaboration between DCA’s divisions; The "Signature Community" which works with communities and helps them implement key portions of their plans; "Opportunity Zones" to encourage the creation of jobs and businesses in communities transitioning from blight to economic growth; Establishing "Winning Water Festivals" to teach Georgia’s young people about the importance of water to the community’s growth and prosperity; and Dream City partnerships in six Georgia cities to encourage homeownership opportunities in the state.

## Personal life

Beatty has been a high school teacher and football coach. His wife is Judy Garrett and they have one daughter, and three grandchildren.