# North Carolina General Assembly of 1777

The North Carolina General Assembly of 1777 met in two sessions in New Bern, North Carolina, from April 7 to May 9, 1777, and from November 15 to December 24, 1777. This was the first North Carolina legislature elected after the last provincial congress wrote the first North Carolina Constitution. This assembly elected Richard Caswell as the state's first constitutional governor (he had been serving as acting governor by action of the provincial congress).
Each of the 38 counties of North Carolina were authorized to elect one senator and two representatives to the House of Commons. In addition, six boroughs (also called districts) elected one House member each. An additional district, Washington District, had one senator and no representative in the House of Commons. Washington District comprised the lands that later became part of Tennessee in 1789. It was referred to as a District in 1776 and 1777 and Washington County after 1777.

## History

The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 created a strong legislature and a weak executive. The constitution created a bicameral legislature consisting of a Senate made up of one representative from each county and a House of Commons with two members from each county and one member from each of seven designated districts, including Washington District. House members had to own at least 100 acres of land and Senate members had to own at least 300 acres of land. Members were not paid for their services. The governor was chosen annually. Thus, Richard Caswell was chosen the first governor of the State of North Carolina. The governor had no veto power and little control over patronage, He could not convene, prorogue, or dissolve the legislature.
Members of the legislature were elected by popular vote annually. As such, they were the only state officials elected by popular vote. The constitution allowed that "all freemen of the age of twenty-one years, who have been inhabitants of any one county within this State twelve months immediately preceding the day of any election, and shall have paid public taxes shall be entitled to vote for members of the House of Commons for the county in which he resides". It also allowed "that all freemen, of the age of twenty-one years, who have been inhabitants of any one county within the State twelve months immediately preceding the day of any election and possessed of a freehold within the same county of fifty acres of land for six months next before, and at the day of election, shall be entitled to vote for a member of the Senate." Restrictions were placed on voting for town or district members, i.e. "That all persons possessed of a freehold in any town in this State, having a right of representation and also all freemen who have been inhabitants of any such town twelve mouths next before and at the day of election, and shall have paid public taxes, shall be entitled to vote for a member to represent such town in the House of Commons: -- Provided always, That this section shall not entitle any inhabitant of such town to vote for members of the House of Commons, for the county in which he may reside, nor any freeholder in such county, who resides without or beyond the limits of such town, to vote for a member for said town.
The Constitution of 1776 required the General Assembly to "appoint judges of the Supreme Courts of Law and Equity, Judges of Admiralty, and Attorney-General," who were commissioned by the Governor and held office during good behavior. Acting under this authority, the General Assembly in 1776 divided the State into six judicial districts. Under the act of 1777 three judges, Samuel Ashe, Samuel Spencer, and James Iredell, were chosen.
The General Assembly of 1777 was also responsible for electing Councilors of State. They elected the following councilors on April 18, 1777:
* William Cray from Onslow County
* William Haywood from Edgecombe County
* Joseph Leech from Craven County
* Edward Starkey from Onslow County
* Thomas Eaton from Bute County
* Cornelius Harnett from New Hanover County
* William Taylor from Duplin County
The General Assembly of 1777 elected James Glasgow from Dobbs County as North Carolina Secretary of State.
From 1777 to 1779, the State was divided into two districts, Northern and Southern, each with a treasurer. John Ashe from New Hannover County was elected treasurer of the Southern District. Samuel Johnston from Chowan County was elected treasurer of the Northern District but declined to serve, so William Skinner was elected.
Waightstill Avery from Burke County was elected Attorney-General by the 1777 legislature.
The General Assembly of 1777 elected the following Judges of the Superior Court: James Iredell (1777–1778, Samuel Ashe (1777–1795), and Samuel Spencer (1777–1794).
The constitution gave the Senate and House of Commons the power to appoint the generals and field-officers of the militia, and all officers of the regular army of this State.
The following counties were created in 1777 by the legislature: Burke, Camden, Caswell, Nash, and Wilkes counties.

## Legislative accomplishments

The following acts were passed by the General Assembly of 1777 during the first session:
* 1. An Act to establish a militia
* 2. An Act for levying a tax by general assement, and other purposes
* 3. An Act establishing what crimes and practices against the state shall be considered treason.
* 4. An Act concerning oaths.
* 5. An Act for punishment of such persons who shall procure or commit wilful perjury
* 6. An Act to prevent domestic insurrections and other such purposes
* 7. An Act for encouragement of the militia and volunteers employed in prosecuting the present Indian War
* 8. An Act for the appointment of registers in the several counties in this State
* 9. An Act to empower the Justice of Bladen County to take into the possession the Records of said County, now in possession of Maturin Colvill
* 10. An Act for the relief of such person who have or may suffer by their deeds mean conveyances not being proved and registered with the time heretofore appointed by law
* 11. An Act for establishing fairs in the town of Halifax, Halifax County
* 12. An Act for enlarging the time of saving lots in the town of Windsor, in Bertie County
* 13. An Act for appointing commissioners for building a court-house, prison, and stocks for the county of Tryon
* 14. An Act for appointing commissioners to finish the building of court-house, prison and stocks in the County of Guilford
* 15. An Act for establishing a town on the lands of John Smith in Johnston County, and other purposes
* 16. An Act for the regulation of the town of Hillsborough
* 17. An Act for establishing a new county between Hillsborough and the Virginia Line, by erecting the Northern Part of Orange County into a distinct county, by the name of Caswell
* 18. An Act for dividing the county of Pasquotank, and establishing that part thereof on the North East side of Pasquotank River a county, by the name of Camden
* 19. An Act for dividing Rowan County, and other purposes therein mentioned
* 20. An Act for incorporating the President and Trustees of Liberty Hall (Academy), in the County of Mecklenburg
* 21. An Act to prevent hunting with a gun, by fire light in the night
* 22. An Act to prevent forging or counterfeiting, and punish such persons as shall forge or counterfeit, or pass or vend, knowing the same to be forge or counterfeit, any of the lottery tickets of the United States, and other purposes
* 23. An Act for confirming an Act, entitled an Act to amend an Act, instituted an Act what fences are sufficient, and to amend and continue an Act relating to taking up stray horses
* 24. An Act for ascertaining the salary of the Governor, and other purposes therein mentioned
* 25. An Act for enforcing the Statute Laws and such parts of the Common Law and Acts of Assembly heretofore in use here, and also for enforcing the resolves of Conventions and Congresses of this State, which have not had their effect, and for other purposes therein mentioned.
* 25. An Act to establish courts for the trial of criminals in each District within the State, and for vesting in the several County Courts and Sessions of the Peace, the Power of appointing Jurymen for the said District Cours and Constituting Judges to preside therein.
* 26. An Act to establish courts for the trial of Criminals in each District within this State, and for vesting in the several County Courts and Sessions of the Peace, the Power of appointing jurymen for the said district courts and constituting judges to preside therein.
* 27. An Act for erecting county courts and sessions of the peace and also or appointing and commissioning justices of the peace and sheriffs in and for the several counties and District of Washington within this State and for other purposes therein mentioned.
During the second session, the following acts were approved:
* 1. An Act for establishing offices, for receiving entries of claims for lands in the several counties within this State, for ascertaining the method of obtaining titles to the same, and for other purposes wherein mentioned.
* 2. An Act establishing courts of law, and for regulating the proceedings therein.
* 3. An Act to regulate and ascertain the fees of clerks in the Superior and County Courts, Justices of the Peace, and Attornies, in this State, and directing the method of paying the same.
* 4. An Act directing the method of electing members of the General Assembly, and other Purpose.
* 5. An Act for directing the method of appointing jurors in all causes, civil and criminal.
* 6. An Act to amend an Act for declaring what crimes and practices against the State shall be Treason, and what shall be Misprison of Treason, and providing punishments adequate to crimes of both classes, and for preventing the dangers which may arise from persons disaffected to the State.
* 7. An Act for making provision for the poor, and for other purposes.
* 8. An Act for appointing Sheriffs, and directing their duty in office, and for obliging the late Sheriffs and Collectors of Public Monies who are in arrear, to account for and pay the same, and other purposes.
* 9. An Act to prevent abuses in taking up stray horses, cattle, hogs and sheep, and other things therein mentioned.
* 10. An Act for ascertaining the Oath of Allegiance and Abjuration.
* 11. An Act for appointing Naval Officers in the different ports of this State, and directing their duty in office.
* 12. An Act to amend the staple of tobacco, and prevent frauds.
* 13. An Act for amending an Act, instituted, an Act for levying a tax by assessment and other purposes passed the last session of this assembly.
* 14. An Act to enforce such parts of the statute of Common Laws as have been heretofore in force and use here, and the Acts of Assembly made and passed when this Territory was under the Government of the Late Proprietors, and the Crown of Great Britain; and for reviving the several Acts therein mentioned.
* 15. An Act to amend an Act, instituted, an Act to establish a militia in this State.
* 16. An Act to impower the Court of Admiralty of this State to have Jurisdiction in all cases of capture of the ships and other vessels of the inhabitants and subjects of Great Britain, to establish the Trial by Jury in the said court in cases of capture.
* 17. An Act, for confiscating the property of all such person as are inimical to the United States, and of such persons as shall not, within a certain time therein mentioned appear and submit to the State whether they shall be received as citizens thereof, and of such persons as shall so appear and shall not be admitted as citizens, and for other purposes therein mentioned.
* 18. An Act to regulate the pilotage of Cape Fear and Occacock Bars, and the rivers leading from the same to Brunswick, Wilmington, New Bern, Bath and Edenton.
* 19. An Act to enable the governor to send an aid from the militia to oppose the enemies of the United States, if the same shall be requested by Congress.
* 20. An Act for establishing the salaries of the justices of the Superior Courts, and of the Attorney General.
* 21. An Act for establishing a loan office in this State.
* 22. An Act declaring what fences are sufficient, and to provide a remedy for abuses.
* 23. An Act to encourage the building of public mills, and directing the duty of millers.
* 24. An Act to encourage the destroying vermin in the several counties of this State.
* 25. An Act to prevent burning the woods.
* 26. An Act for levying a tax for the year one thousand seven hundred and seventy-eight.
* 27. An Act for appointing commissioners to lay off and mark a road from the court house in the County of Washington, through the mountains, into the County of Burke.
* 28. An Act to facilitate the navigation of Port Currituck.
* 29. An Act to impower the coursts for the Counties of Tryon and Guilford to lay a tax by assessment, for finishing the court-houses, prison and stocks, in the said counties; and also to impower the several counties in the District of Wilmington to levy taxes for building a District Gaol, and Gaoler's house, in the town of Wilmington, and other purposes.
* 30. An Act for dividing Edcombe County, and other purposes therein mentioned.
* 31. An Act for erecting the District of Washington into a county, by the name of Washington County.
* 32. An Act for erecting part of the county of Surry, and part of the District of Washington, into a separate and distinct County, by the name of Wilkes.
* 33. An Act for adding part of the County of Duplin to Johnston.
* 34. An Act for erecting a prison in the Town of Edenton, for the use of the District of Edenton.
* 35. An Act to ratify and confirm an Act, instituted, an Act for the Regulation of the Town of Wilmington; also to revive an Act, instituted, an Act for the Regulation of the Town of Wilmington.
* 36. An Act for levying a tax for defraying the contingencies of the several counties in this State, and other purposes.
* 37. An Act for securing lots in Elizabeth Town, in Bladen County.
* 38. An Act for adding part of Brunswick County to Bladen, and part of Bladen to Brunswick County.
* 39. An Act for building a court house in the Town of Salisbury, for the District of Salisbury.
* 40. An Act for laying a tax to defray the expence of the public buildings in the County of Burke, and other purposes therein mentioned.
* 41. An Act to amend an Act, passed the last session of this assembly, instituted, an Act for establishing a new County between Hillsborough and the Virginia Line, by erecting the Northern part of Orange County into a distinct County, by the name of Caswell.
* 42. An Act for adding part of Anson County to Bladen.
* 43. An Act for impowering commissioners to build a prison and stocks in the County of Duplin, and other purposes therein mentioned.
* 44. An Act to ratify an Act, instituted, an Act for the better regulation of the Town of New Bern, and for securing the titles of persons who hold lots in the said town; also to ratify an Act, instituted, an Act for the better regulation of the Town of New Bern, and for securing the titles of persons who hold lots in the said town; also to ratify an Act, instituted, an Act for amending an Act, instituted, an Act for the better regulation of the Town of New Bern, and for securing the titles of person who hold lots in the said town.
* 45. An Act for the regulation of the Town of Edenton.

## House of Commons
### House of Commons leadership

* Speaker: Abner Nash (New Bern)
* Clerk: Benjamin Exum (Dobbs County)

### House of Commons members

The following list shows the names of the house members and the counties or districts that they represented
| County | House of Commons Member |
| Anson County | George Davidson |
| Anson County | William R. Pickett |
| Beaufort County | Alderson Ellison |
| Beaufort County | Nathan Keas |
| Beaufort County | William Brown |
| Bertie County | Zedekiah Stone |
| Bertie County | Simon Turner |
| Bladen County | Thomas Owen |
| Bladen County | John Turner |
| Brunswick County | William Lord |
| Brunswick County | Richard Quince, Jr. |
| Burke County | Ephraim McLean |
| Burke County | James Wilson |
| Bute County | Green Hill |
| Bute County | Benjamin Ward |
| Camden County | Caleb Granby |
| Camden County | Thomas Humphries |
| Carteret County | Brice Williams |
| Carteret County | Thomas Chadwick |
| Caswell County | John Atkinson |
| Caswell County | Richard Moore |
| Chatham County | John Birdsong |
| Chatham County | Mial Scurlock |
| Chowan County | Thomas Benbury |
| Chowan County | Jacob Hunter |
| Craven County | Nathan Bryan |
| Craven County | John Tillman |
| Cumberland County | William Rand |
| Cumberland County | Philip Alston |
| Currituck County | James Ryan |
| Currituck County | James White |
| Dobbs County | Andrew Bass |
| Dobbs County | Jesse Cobb |
| Duplin County | Richard Clinton |
| Duplin County | Robert Dixon |
| Edgecombe County | Nathan Boddie |
| Edgecombe County | Jonas Johnston |
| Granville County | John Penn |
| Granville County | Thomas Person |
| Guilford County | John Collier |
| Guilford County | Robert Lindsay |
| Halifax County | Egbert Haywood |
| Halifax County | Joseph John Williams |
| Hertford County | Joseph Dickenson |
| Hertford County | James Garrett |
| Hyde County | John Jordan |
| Hyde County | Joseph Hancock |
| Hyde County | Benjamin Parmely |
| Johnston County | Alexander Averet |
| Johnston County | Henry Rains |
| Martin County | Whitmell Hill |
| Martin County | William Slade |
| Mecklenburg County | Waightstill Avery |
| Mecklenburg County | Martin Phifer |
| New Hanover County | Alexander Lillington |
| New Hanover County | Samuel Swann |
| Northampton County | Jeptha Atherton |
| Northampton County | Robert Peebles |
| Northampton County | Howell Edmunds |
| Onslow County | John King |
| Onslow County | Henry Rhodes |
| Orange County | John Butler |
| Orange County | Nathaniel Rochester |
| Orange County | Thomas Burke |
| Pasquotank County | James Ferebee |
| Pasquotank County | Thomas Harvey |
| Pasquotank County | Thomas Relfe |
| Perquimans County | Jesse Eason |
| Perquimans County | Benjamin Harvey |
| Pitt County | William Robeson |
| Pitt County | John Williams |
| Rowan County | Matthew Locke |
| Rowan County | James Smith |
| Surry County | Charles Gordon |
| Surry County | Joseph Winston |
| Tryon County | Andrew Neel |
| Tryon County | John Barber |
| Tyrrell County | John Hooker |
| Tyrrell County | Benjamin Spruill |
| Wake County | John Rice |
| Wake County | John Rand |
| Wake County | Thomas Wooten |
| Wake County | Tignal Jones |
| Edenton District | John Green |
| Halifax District | Willie Jones |
| Hillsborough District | William Courtney |
| New Bern District | Abner Nash |
| Salisbury District | David Nisbitt |
| Wilmington District | William Hooper |

## Senate
### Senate leadership

* President pro Tempore: Samuel Ashe (New Hanover County)
* Clerk: James Green, Jr. (Craven County)

### Senators

The following Senators served in this assembly:
| County | Senate Member |
| Anson County | David Love |
| Beaufort County | Thomas Respess |
| Bertie County | John Campbell |
| Bladen County | Thomas Robeson |
| Brunswick County | Archibald Maclaine |
| Burke County | Charles McDowell |
| Bute County | Benjamin Seawell |
| Camden County | John Gray |
| Carteret County | James Parrot |
| Caswell County | James Saunders |
| Chatham County | Ambrose Ramsey |
| Chowan County | Luke Sumner |
| Craven County | James Coor |
| Cumberland County | David Smith |
| Currituck County | Samuel Jarvis |
| Dobbs County | Benjamin Exum |
| Duplin County | James Kenan |
| Edgecombe County | Elisha Battle |
| Granville County | Memucan Hunt |
| Guilford County | Ralph Gorrell |
| Halifax County | John Bradford |
| Hertford County | Robert Sumner |
| Hyde County | William Russell |
| Johnston County | Needham Bryan |
| Martin County | William Williams |
| Mecklenburg County | John McKnitt Alexander |
| New Hanover County | Samuel Ashe |
| Northampton County | Allen Jones |
| Onslow County | William Cray |
| Onslow County | John Spicer |
| Orange County | Thomas Hart |
| Pasquotank County | Joseph Jones |
| Perquimans County | William Skinner |
| Pitt County | Robert Salter |
| Rowan County | Griffith Rutherford |
| Surry County | Robert Lanier |
| Tryon County | Charles McLean |
| Tyrrell County | Archibald Currie |
| Wake County | James Jones |
| Wake County | Michael Rogers |
| Washington District | John Carter |