OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Islam in the Ottoman Empire

Sunni Islam was the official religion of the Ottoman Empire. The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultan, after the defeat of the Mamluks which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The sultan was to be a devout Muslim and was given the literal authority of the caliph. Additionally, Sunni clerics had tremendous influence over government and their authority was central to the regulation of the economy. Despite all this, the sultan also had a right to the decree, enforcing a code called Kanun (law) in Turkish. Additionally, there was a supreme clerical position called the Sheykhulislam ("Sheykh of Islam" in Arabic). Minorities, particularly Christians and Jews but also some others, were mandated to pay the jizya, the poll tax as mandated by traditional Islam.

## Governance

Before the Tanzimat, the ruling institution, also known as the Muslim millet, was known as the Bab-ı Meşihat, the office of the Sheykhulislam. Other names used were the Bâb-ı Fetvâ, Meşîhat Dairesi or the Şeyhülislâm Kapısı (Gate of the Sheykhulislam).

## Sunni Islam
### Creed and madhab

Since the founding of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman law and religious life were defined by the Hanafi madhab (school of Islamic jurisprudence). With respect to creed, the Maturidi school was majorly adhered to, dominating madrassahs (Islamic Both the Maturidi and Ash'ari schools of Islamic theology used Ilm al-Kalam to understand the Quran and the hadith (sayings and actions of Mohammed and the Rashidun) so as to apply Islamic principles to fatwas (Islamic rulings)).

## Alevism

Because of their heterodox beliefs and practices, Alevis have been the target of historical and recent oppression. They sided with the Persian Empire against the Ottoman Empire and forty thousand Alevis were killed in 1514 by Ottomans. The Qizilbash of Anatolia found themselves on the "wrong" side of the Ottoman-Safavid border after 1555 Peace of Amasya. They become subjects of an Ottoman court that viewed them with suspicion. In that troubled period under Suleiman the Magnificent the Alevi people were persecuted and murdered.

## Footnotes

* Lewis, Raphaela (1971). Everyday Life in Ottoman Turkey. Dorset Press. p. 208.
# John Alexander Tyler

John Alexander Tyler (April 7, 1848 – September 1, 1883) was an American engineer and the second son of President John Tyler and his second wife, Julia Gardiner Tyler. He was born at the Tyler estate, Sherwood Forest Plantation, near Charles City, Virginia.

## During the Civil War

After the death of his father, at age 14 he ran away from home to enlist in the Confederate States Army, but was rejected as too young. His mother, Julia Gardiner Tyler, eventually allowed him to join the Confederate States Navy because it had a lesser casualty rate than the Confederate Army. However, Tyler spent most of his time on a ship quarantined due to yellow fever and left naval service in 1864. After attending college for three months, he left and joined the First Virginia Battalion of Artillery under General Robert E. Lee, just prior to Lee's surrender at Appomattox, which effectively ended the war.

## In Europe

In 1865, he and his brother, David Gardiner Tyler, traveled to Germany to attend college, where he studied in Carlsruhe, Baden and Freiberg, Saxony to become a mining engineer. Still in Germany in 1870 at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, Tyler enlisted in the Prussian Army and joined the First Uhlan regiment under the command of King John of Saxony. He served with distinction in the occupation of France in 1871.

## Later years

In 1873, Tyler returned to the United States and attempted to find work as a mining engineer near Salt Lake City, but was unable to find a position, probably due to the Depression of 1873–79. Although he did find a job with a railroad, the salary did not allow him to meet his debts, and he had financial problems until he married a wealthier third cousin, Sarah Griswold Gardiner, on August 5, 1875. President Rutherford B. Hayes later appointed him as a surveyor for the United States Department of the Interior. In 1883, at 35 years old, Tyler died of a fever while working as a mining engineer in New Mexico.
# Ford Parker

Ford Donovan Parker (born August 16, 1996) is an American former professional soccer player.

## Career
### Youth, college & amateur

Parker played youth soccer with Rio Rapids from 2013 to 2015, before going to play college soccer at the University of New Mexico. Parker redshirted in 2015, then missed most of the 2016 season and the entire 2017 season. Parker made 14 further appearances for the Lobos in his junior year. For his senior year, Parker transferred to the University of California, Irvine, where he made 18 appearances for the Anteaters.
Whilst at college, Parker also played in the USL PDL with spells at Colorado Rapids U23 in 2017 and Albuquerque Sol in 2018.

### Professional

On February 4, 2020, Parker signed his first professional contract with USL Championship side Birmingham Legion after impressing the club at an open tryout. Parker made his professional debut on August 29, 2020, starting in a 4–1 win over Charlotte Independence.
On March 1, 2022, Parker signed with New Mexico United in his home state. He made his debut with the club on April 5, 2022, in the Second Round of the 2022 U.S. Open Cup, keeping a clean sheet in a 5–0 win over Las Vegas Legends. He made his second appearance in the Third Round, as New Mexico United lost 2–1 away at Phoenix Rising.
Parker joined USL League One club Tormenta FC on January 11, 2024.
# Mia Werner

Mia Werner (born 5 August 2005) is a German footballer who has played for RB Leipzig playing in Germanys Frauen-Bundesliga.

## Personal life

Mia Werner also has a twin sister Zoè Werner who is also a professional footballer.
# Ernest Winslow

Ernest Winslow (born May 22, 1962) is an American former professional stock car racing driver who has competed in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series and the NASCAR Goody's Dash Series.
Winslow has also previously competed in the UARA STARS Late Model Series.

## Motorsports results
### NASCAR

(key) (Bold - Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics - Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

#### Craftsman Truck Series

NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series results :
| Year | Team | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | NCTC | Pts |
| 1995 | Ernest Winslow | 68 | Chevy | PHO | TUS | SGS | MMR | POR | EVG | I70 | LVL | BRI | MLW | CNS | HPT | IRP | FLM | RCH DNQ | MAR | NWS 26 | SON | MMR | PHO DNQ | | | | | 59th | 220 |
| 1996 | Ernest Winslow | 68 | Chevy | HOM Wth | PHO | POR | EVG | TUS | CNS | HPT | BRI | NZH | MLW | LVL | I70 | IRP | FLM | GLN | NSV | RCH | NHA | | | | | | | N/A | 0 |
| 1996 | Randy Dixon | 04 | N/A | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MAR DNQ | NWS DNQ | SON | MMR | PHO | LVS | N/A | 0 |

#### Goody's Dash Series

NASCAR Goody's Dash Series results :
| Year | Team | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | NGDS | Pts |
| 1992 | Ernest Winslow | 68 | Pontiac | DAY 36 | HCY | LON | FLO | LAN | SUM | STH | BGS | | | | ACE 3 | HCY 15 | VOL 6 | | | | | | 25th | 606 |
| 1992 | Ernest Winslow | 68 | Chevy | | | | | | | | | MYB 15 | NRV | SUM | | | | | | | | | | | | 25th | 606 |
| 1993 | Ernest Winslow | 68 | Pontiac | DAY 8 | NSV 18 | SUM | VOL | | | | | | | | | MYB 10 | NRV 5 | HCY | VOL 1 | | | | 16th | 885 |
| 1993 | Ernest Winslow | 68 | Chevy | | | | | MAR 3 | LON | 411 | LAN | HCY | SUM | FLO | BGS | | | | | | | | | | 16th | 885 | |
| 1994 | Ernest Winslow | 68 | Chevy | DAY 12 | VOL 20 | FLO 19 | SUM 7 | CAR 17 | 411 3 | HCY 23 | LAN 3 | BRI 6 | SUM 2 | FLO 2 | BGS 11 | MYB 18 | NRV 1** | ASH 15 | VOL 16 | HCY 1* | | | 6th | 2340 |
| 1995 | N/A | 69 | Chevy | DAY | FLO | LAN 23 | MYB 27 | SUM | HCY 28 | CAR 18 | STH 20 | BRI 23 | SUM | GRE 23 | BGS | MYB | NSV | FLO | NWS | VOL | HCY | HOM | 29th | 652 |
| 2000 | N/A | 12 | Pontiac | DAY 35 | MON | STA | JAC | CAR | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 28th | 676 |
| 2000 | N/A | 77 | Toyota | | | | | | CLT 29 | SBO 22 | ROU 13 | LOU 17 | SUM 17 | GRE 22 | SNM | MYB | BRI | HCY | JAC | USA | LAN | | 28th | 676 |
# The Penguin Goes Straight

"The Penguin Goes Straight" is the 21st episode of the Batman television series, first airing on ABC March 23, 1966. It guest starred Burgess Meredith as The Penguin.

## Plot

Attending a matinee performance at a Gotham City theatre, the Penguin foils a thief's attempts to steal a ruby from the beautiful actress Sophia Starr. Then, at the Millionaire's Club, he stops two crooks from kidnapping millionaire Reggie Rich from a steam room. When Batman and Robin arrive, the Penguin announces his Penguin Protection Agency, which will protect the wealth of Gotham City's society crowd. Batman and Robin are immediately suspicious, believing this to be a plot to steal Sophia Starr's jewels, which Penguin has been hired to protect; they send Alfred Pennyworth, in the guise of an insurance company agent, to photograph the jewellery and switch Penguin's cigarette holder for one with a hidden microphone; however, a bug detector located in the handle of the Penguin's umbrella spoils Alfred's ruse, and he only just manages to escape with the photos. After using the pictures to create fake jewels, the Caped Crusader and the Boy Wonder break into Sophia's apartment in order to swap them with the real jewels, but they are caught red-handed by the Penguin and his agents and charged with burglary....
# BIPAC

BIPAC (Business-Industry Political Action Committee) is a political organization that was founded in 1963, with the stated goal of electing "business-friendly" candidates. It was one of the first political action committees in America.
It primarily endorses Republican candidates, but also endorses some Democratic candidates.

## History

BIPAC was founded in 1963 as “a political action arm for American business and industry”.
In August 1963, members of the business community provided seed funding to establish BIPAC with the goal of electing "business-friendly" candidates. The group is not officially affiliated with either political party.

## Operations

Several distinct legal entities operate within the framework of BIPAC:
* The Business Institute for Political Analysis is the operations and administrative core of BIPAC. The Institute is a membership organization that does not lobby Congress on issues.
* The Action Fund is the non-connected political action committee of BIPAC, as recognized by the Federal Election Commission. Contributions to the Action Fund can come from individuals and other PACs, but not from corporations.
* BIPAC's Prosperity Project (P2) promotes pro-business politicians to their employees. BIPAC's affiliated state deployment partners (those who officially host the Prosperity Project grassroots initiative in each state) include state Chambers of Commerce.
* The Friends of Adam Smith was established in November 2000 by the Board of Directors of BIPAC along with many of its members. It is charged to research and promote the link between politics, public policy, and economic freedom.

## Initiatives

Employees Vote is a get out the vote initiative to encourage private-sector U.S. employees to vote. Employees Vote provides businesses and trade groups.
# Kenneth Howorth

Kenneth Robert Howorth GM (28 September 1932 – 26 October 1981) was a British army officer and an explosives officer with London's Metropolitan Police Service who was killed whilst attempting to defuse a bomb planted by the Provisional IRA in Oxford Street.
Howorth served for twenty-three years with the Royal Army Ordnance Corps with postings to Austria, Japan, Tripoli in Libya, Stonecutters Island in Hong Kong and various United Kingdom bases. He reached the rank of Warrant Officer Class 1 (Conductor) before leaving to join the Metropolitan Police Service as a civilian explosives officer in 1973.
On 26 October 1981, police received warnings that bombs on a busy shopping street in central London would explode within thirty minutes. A booby-trapped improvised explosive device, planted by the IRA, was discovered in the basement toilet of a Wimpy restaurant on Oxford Street. While attempting to defuse the bomb, Howorth was killed instantly when it detonated.
Howorth was survived by his wife Ann (who later died on 25 November 2003), his son Steven, and his daughter Susan. In 1983, he was awarded the George Medal for gallantry.
In 1985, IRA volunteers Paul Kavanagh and Thomas Quigley, both from Belfast, were convicted of Howorth's murder, along with other attacks, including the Chelsea Barracks nail bombing in September 1981, and each was given five life sentences with a minimum tariff of thirty-five years. However, in March 1999, the Northern Ireland Sentence Review Commission ordered the two men's release under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement, a decision immediately challenged at judicial review by the Home Secretary, Jack Straw. Mr Justice Girvan rejected the challenge, finding that the wisdom or fairness of the Northern Ireland Sentencing Act 1998, which established the early release scheme, was not a matter for the court and commenting "History will be the ultimate judge". The men were released on 23 March 1999.
# Shinano-Taira Station

Shinano-Taira Station (信濃平駅, Shinano-Taira-eki) is a railway station on the Iiyama Line in the city of Iiyama, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Shinano-Taira Station is served by the Iiyama Line, and is 23.8 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Toyono Station.

## Station layout

The station consists of one side platform serving one bi-directional track, with a converted former freight car as the station building. The station is unattended.

## History

The station opened on 6 July 1923 as Shinshū-Taira Station (信州平駅). It was renamed Shinano-Taira Station with the nationalisation of the Iiyama line on 1 June 1944. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR East.

## Surrounding area

* Chikuma River
* National Route 117
# Yokokura Station (Nagano)

Yokokura Station (横倉駅, Yokokura-eki) is a railway station in the Iiyama Line, East Japan Railway Company (JR East), in Hokushin in the village of Sakae, Shimominochi District, Nagano Prefecture, Japan.

## Lines

Yokokura Station is served by the Iiyama Line, and is 46.6 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Toyono Station.

## Station layout

The station consists of one side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station originally had an island platform, but was converted when rebuilt following the 2011 Nagano Earthquake. The station is staffed.

## History

Yokokura Station opened on 19 November 1925. A new station building was completed in April 2004. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR East.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 15 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

* Chikuma River
* Sakae Elementary School
* National Route 117
# Kuzuha Station

Kuzuha Station layout :
Legend :
Kuzuha Station (樟葉駅, Kuzuha-eki) is a passenger railway station in located in the city of Hirakata, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway company Keihan Electric Railway.

## Lines

Kuzuha Station is served by the Keihan Main Line, and is located 27.7 km from the starting point of the line at Yodoyabashi Station.

## Station layout

The station has two elevated island platforms with the station building underneath.

### Platforms

| 1, 2 | ■ Keihan Main Line | for Chushojima, Sanjo and Demachiyanagi |
| 3, 4 | ■ Keihan Main Line | for Hirakatashi, Kyobashi, Yodoyabashi and Nakanoshima |

## Adjacent stations

| « | Service | » |
| Keihan Railway Keihan Main Line |||||
| Makino | Local | Hashimoto |
| Makino | Semi-Express (starting) | Terminus |
| Makino | Sub Express | Hashimoto |
| Makino | Commuter Sub Express (in the morning on weekdays, only westbound for Yodoyabashi or Nakanoshima) | Hashimoto |
| Hirakatashi | Express | Iwashimizu-hachimangū |
| Hirakatashi | Midnight Express (terminating) | Terminus |
| Hirakatashi | Rapid Express | Chūshojima |
| Hirakatashi | Commuter Rapid Express (in the morning on weekdays, only westbound for Nakanoshima) | Chūshojima |
| Hirakatashi | Liner | Chūshojima |
| Hirakatashi | Limited Express | Chūshojima |
| Rapid Limited Express"RAKURAKU": Does not stop at this station |||||
* Starting only: Semi-Express (区間急行)
* Terminating only: Midnight Express (深夜急行) (arriving at 0:50 a.m.)

## History

* April 15, 1910 - Station opens as the Keihan Main Line begins operation.
* June 20, 1971 - Station moves about 300 meters towards Osaka to the present location. Promoted to an express stop.
* April 1, 1972 - Keihan opens Kuzuha Mall shopping center in front of the station.
* September 6, 2003 - Promoted to a limited express stop.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 60,402 passengers daily.

## Surrounding area

* KUZUHA MALL
* Osaka Dental University Kuzuha Campus
* Keihan Bus terminal
# Tatsuokajō Station

Tatsuokajō Station (龍岡城駅, Tatsuokajō-eki) is a train station in the city of Saku, Nagano, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Tatsuokajō Station is served by the Koumi Line and is 62.1 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Kobuchizawa Station.

## Station layout

The station consists of one ground-level side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station is unattended.

## History

Tatsuokajō Station opened on 8 August 1915 as Onara Stop (大奈良停留場). It was elevated to a full passenger station on 1 September 1934. The station was closed from 1944 to 1952. It was renamed to its present name on its reopening on 1 March 1952. With the dissolution and privatization of JNR on April 1, 1987, the station came under the control of the East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Surrounding area

* Tatsuoka Castle, a nearby star fort.
# Yabroud

Yabroud or Yabrud (Arabic: يَبْرُود, romanized: Yabrūd) is a city in Syria, located in the Rif Dimashq (i.e. Damascus' countryside) governorate about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of the capital Damascus. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Yabroud had a population of 25,891 in the 2004 census.

## Etymology

The name Yabroud is said to have originated from an Aramaic word meaning "cold"; the city rests upon the Qalamoun Mountains slopes (Anti-Lebanon) at a height of 1,550 m.

## History

The city is known for its ancient caves, most notably the Iskafta cave (where, in 1930, a thirty-year-old German traveller and self-taught archeologist Alfred Rust made many important pre-historical findings), which dates back to a period known as Jabroudian culture, named after Yabroud; and the Yabroud temple, which was once Jupiter Yabroudis's temple but later became "Konstantin and Helena Cathedral". Yabroud is home of the oldest church in Syria. The Natufian archeological site Yabroud III is named for the town of Yabroud.
Yabroud was mentioned in the pottery tablets of Mesopotamia in the 1st century B.C., and Ptolemy's writings in the 2nd century A.D.
In 1838, its inhabitants were Sunni Muslim, Melkite Catholic and Greek Orthodox Christians.
During the Syrian Civil War the city was the center of the Battle of Yabroud in March 2014.

## Notable people

* The parents of former President of Argentina Carlos Menem were both born in Yabroud; they emigrated to Argentina before the end of World War I.
* Antun Maqdisi (1914–2005), a Syrian philosopher, politician and human rights activist, died in Yabroud.
* Gregory Atta lived for a time in Yabroud
* Youssef Halaq (1939–2007), a Syrian writer and literary translator.
* George Haswani, Syrian-Russian businessman.
* Saeed Alnahhal, Syrian-Swedish journalist.

## Gallery

* Iskafta cave
* Overview of Yabroud
# Frank Foster (cricketer)

Frank Rowbotham Foster (31 January 1889 – 3 May 1958) was an English amateur cricketer who played for Warwickshire County Cricket Club from 1908 to 1914, and in Test cricket for England in 1911 and 1912. He was born in Birmingham, educated at Solihull School and died in St Andrew's Hospital in Northampton. His career was cut short after a motor-cycle accident during World War I.
Foster was an all-rounder. As a right-handed batsman, he scored 6,548 career runs in 159 first-class matches at an average of 26.61 runs per completed innings with a highest score of 305* as one of seven centuries. He was a left-arm fast medium bowler and took 717 first-class wickets with a best return of 9/118. He took five wickets in an innings 53 times and ten wickets in a match 8 times with a best return of 12/92. As a fielder, Foster completed 121 catches.
Of unstable personality, he was employed in his family menswear firm of Foster Brothers until it dismissed him by 1928. He was later implicated in the murder of a London prostitute in 1931, became bankrupt through heavy gambling, was prosecuted for thefts and fraud, and died in a psychiatric hospital where he had been committed in 1950.
# CJOS-FM

CJOS-FM (92.3 FM, "Bounce 92.3") is a radio station in Owen Sound, Ontario. Owned by ZoomerMedia, the station carries an adult hits format.

## History

On May 9, 2008, Larche Communications received approval from the CRTC to operate a new FM radio station at 92.3 MHz in Owen Sound. The CJOS call sign formerly belonged to a religious station in Caronport, Saskatchewan, which ceased broadcasting in 2006.
On June 9, 2010, CJOS received CRTC approval to decrease their effective radiated power from 20,000 watts to 9,400 watts. The station officially signed on the air with a mix of rock music and classic hits as 92.3 The Dock - The Greatest Hits of All Time on July 26, 2010.
On August 9, 2017, Bell Media announced that it would acquire CJOS from Larche Communications. Bell Media received approval from the CRTC on February 14, 2018.
As part of a mass format reorganization by Bell Media, on May 18, 2021, CJOS dropped its 92.3 The Dock branding, shifted to adult hits, and adopted the Bounce branding.
On February 8, 2024, Bell announced a restructuring that included the sale of 45 of its 103 radio stations to seven buyers, subject to approval by the CRTC, including CJOS, which is to be sold to ZoomerMedia. The CRTC approved the sale on December 12, 2024.
# Saturday Adoption

"Saturday Adoption" is the second television play episode of the second season of the American television series CBS Playhouse. The episode tells the story of a young white man about to enter law school who meets a young black man, Macy, when he volunteers to tutor urban youths. The episode discusses the issues surrounding the differences between the black and white worlds of the time.
The episode was broadcast December 4, 1968, and is noteworthy as the CBS Playhouse entry with the youngest writer, Ron Cowen, at 23 years of age.
# The Plausible Impossible

"The Plausible Impossible" is an episode of the Disneyland television program, originally broadcast on October 31, 1956.
Walt Disney explains how drawings and animation make things that are impossible seem plausible, as evidenced in ancient history (i.e., Egyptian gods, dragons, and various creatures from Greek mythology) and various cartoons with Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. This episode also includes an unfinished form of one scene from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) that ultimately ended up on the cutting room floor and was not used in the final film. This episode culminates with the "Night on Bald Mountain" segment of Fantasia (1940).
The episode features the cartoons Donald's Cousin Gus and Thru the Mirror.

## Home media

The short was released on December 3, 2002, on Walt Disney Treasures: Behind the Scenes at the Walt Disney Studio.