# Kōfu

Kōfu (甲府市, Kōfu-shi, Japanese:) is the capital city of Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 April 2019, the city had an estimated population of 187,985 in 90,924 households, and a population density of 880 persons per km$^2$. The total area of the city is 212.41 square kilometres (82.01 sq mi).

## Overview
### Toponymy

Kōfu's name means "capital of Kai Province". During the Sengoku period, it was famous as the stronghold of Takeda Shingen.

### Cityscapes

* Kōfu Castle (Maizuru Castle Park)
* Tsutsujigasaki Castle (2019) (Takeda Shrine)
* Skyline of Kōfu City (2018)
* CBD of Kōfu City (2014)
* Downtown of Kōfu City (2015)
* Downtown Kasuga

## Geography

Kōfu is located in north-central Yamanashi Prefecture which is in Central Honshu. It extends from the northern border of the prefecture with Nagano Prefecture to the south until it almost reaches the prefecture's southern border. It is narrow along its east–west axis. The city bisects the Kōfu Basin and is 250 to 300 meters above sea level. Kōfu is surrounded by mountains on all sides. Three quarters of Kōfu's territory is a part of Mount Kinpu in the north. Much of the northern portion of the city is within the Chichibu-Tama-Kai National Park. Mount Fuji is visible in the distance from Kōfu to the south.

### Climate

Kōfu has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), though it is less wet than either the south or Sea of Japan coast due to its location in a shielded mountain valley. Temperature ranges are noticeably greater than in coastal regions: in 2004 Kōfu reached a temperature of 40 °C (104 °F) previously almost unknown in Japan, and it has fallen below 0 °C (32 °F) as early as 26 October, which is about a month before the earliest freezing temperatures in such coastal cities as Kanazawa or Tokyo.
Climate data for Kofu (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1894−present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.2 (68.4) | 25.4 (77.7) | 28.8 (83.8) | 33.1 (91.6) | 35.2 (95.4) | 38.3 (100.9) | 40.4 (104.7) | 40.7 (105.3) | 38.0 (100.4) | 33.8 (92.8) | 29.6 (85.3) | 24.9 (76.8) | 40.7 (105.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.1 (48.4) | 10.9 (51.6) | 15.0 (59.0) | 20.7 (69.3) | 25.3 (77.5) | 27.8 (82.0) | 31.6 (88.9) | 33.0 (91.4) | 28.6 (83.5) | 22.5 (72.5) | 16.7 (62.1) | 11.4 (52.5) | 21.0 (69.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.1 (37.6) | 4.7 (40.5) | 8.6 (47.5) | 14.0 (57.2) | 18.8 (65.8) | 22.3 (72.1) | 26.0 (78.8) | 27.1 (80.8) | 23.2 (73.8) | 17.1 (62.8) | 10.8 (51.4) | 5.4 (41.7) | 15.1 (59.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.1 (28.2) | −0.7 (30.7) | 3.1 (37.6) | 8.4 (47.1) | 13.7 (56.7) | 18.3 (64.9) | 22.3 (72.1) | 23.3 (73.9) | 19.4 (66.9) | 13.0 (55.4) | 5.9 (42.6) | 0.3 (32.5) | 10.4 (50.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −19.5 (−3.1) | −17.2 (1.0) | −11.4 (11.5) | −4.6 (23.7) | −0.6 (30.9) | 5.4 (41.7) | 12.6 (54.7) | 13.2 (55.8) | 6.0 (42.8) | −1.8 (28.8) | −6.0 (21.2) | −11.7 (10.9) | −19.5 (−3.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 42.7 (1.68) | 44.1 (1.74) | 86.2 (3.39) | 79.5 (3.13) | 85.4 (3.36) | 113.4 (4.46) | 148.8 (5.86) | 133.1 (5.24) | 178.7 (7.04) | 158.5 (6.24) | 52.7 (2.07) | 37.6 (1.48) | 1,160.7 (45.70) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 9 (3.5) | 11 (4.3) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 23 (9.1) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm) | 4.7 | 5.2 | 9.0 | 8.3 | 8.9 | 12.0 | 12.3 | 10.4 | 10.8 | 9.7 | 6.1 | 4.9 | 102.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 55 | 52 | 55 | 57 | 62 | 69 | 72 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 67 | 60 | 64 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 209.1 | 195.4 | 206.3 | 206.1 | 203.9 | 149.9 | 168.2 | 197.0 | 150.9 | 159.6 | 178.6 | 200.9 | 2,225.8 |
| Source: Japan Meteorological Agency ||||||||||||||

### Surrounding municipalities
#### Nagano Prefecture

* Kawakami

#### Yamanashi Prefecture

* Chūō
* Fuefuki
* Fujikawaguchiko
* Hokuto
* Ichikawamisato
* Kai
* Minobu
* Shōwa
* Yamanashi

## Demographics

Per Japanese census data, the population of Kōfu has remained relatively stable over the past 50 years.

## History
### Prehistoric ages

Archaeologists have discovered evidence of human settlement in the Kōfu area dating to the Japanese Paleolithic period, with continuous settlement through the Jōmon, Yayoi and Kofun periods.
* Kai Chōshizuka Kofun

### Ancient ages

During the Nara period, the provincial temple of Kai Province was established in what is now Kōfu, indicating that the Nara period provincial capital was located nearby, as the name of the city implies.
During the Heian period, a branch of the Minamoto clan, the "Kai-Genji" ruled over vast shōen estates, and developed a military force noted for its use of cavalry.

### Feudal period

By the Muromachi period, a branch of the Kai-Genji, the Takeda clan came to dominate the area, and built a castle in what is now part of Kōfu.
Under the rule of Takeda Nobutora, Kōfu was rebuilt as a castle town starting in 1519, and remained the capital of the Takeda clan under Takeda Shingen and his son Takeda Katsuyori.
* Tsutsujigasaki Castle
* Kai Zenkō-ji

### Early modern ages

During the Edo period, Kai Province was tenryō territory ruled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate, and Kōfu Castle remained its administrative center. In 1705, in a signal honour, it was conferred on Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu a favourite of the fifth shōgun. He was a member of the Yanagisawa clan descendants of the "Kai-Genji", the branch of the Minamoto clan which had been enfeoffed with the province of Kai in the eleventh century. His son, Yoshiyasu was transferred to Yamato-Koriyama Castle in 1724 after which Kofu Castle was again held directly by the Shogunate.
* Kōfu Castle
* Kōshū Kaidō (Kōfu-shuku)

### Late modern ages

Following the Meiji restoration, with the establishment of the modern municipalities system, the town of Kōfu was proclaimed on July 1, 1889.
The city experienced a major flood disaster in 1907 (明治40年の大水害) caused by heavy rain in a typhoon from the night of August 21, 1907 and by deforestation which was accelerated in Yamanashi Prefecture, due to the need for wood for fuel of the steam engines of the growing industrial policy of the Fujimura Prefectural Government. A police officer inspected the stricken area from August 23 to October 10, 1907. Patrol diaries of Masaki Tsukasa Kasaburo said "This heavy rainfall causes rivers to run down, landslides and levee failures, bridge piers destruction, etc., resulting in the destruction of homes and villages, village isolation, runoff, and traffic disruptions caused serious damage 233 people died, 5757 houses were run out, 650 hectares of lands have been buried or run down, 3353 landslides, collapse and damage distance of about 140 kilometers of levees, runoff and burial of roads, the damage distance was about 500 kilometers, 393 telephone poles collapsed. It was the largest natural disaster in modern times in Yamanashi Prefecture.
During World War II, much of the city was destroyed by United States Army Air Forces B-29 Superfortress bombers during a major air raid during the night of 6 July 1945.
* 1907 Kōfu Flood
* 1912 Yoka-Machi Street
* 1918 Kōfu city hall building
* Kōfu after the 1945 air raids (Bombing of Kōfu in World War II)

### Contemporary ages

Kōfu was designated as one of the special cities of Japan on April 1, 2000. On March 1, 2006, Kōfu, with a population of 193,795, absorbed the town of Nakamichi (from Higashiyatsushiro District), and the northern part of the village of Kamikuishiki (from Nishiyatsushiro District) increasing the population to 201,184.
On April 1, 2019, Kōfu's city status was elevated to a core city.

## Government
### Council

Kōfu has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 32 members. The city supplies nine members to the Yamanashi Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is divided between the Yamanashi 1st district and the Yamanashi 2nd district for the House of Representatives, the lower house of the National Diet of Japan.

## Sister cities
### International

| City | Country | State | Since |
| Des Moines | United States | Iowa | August 16, 1958 |
| Lodi | United States | California | April 11, 1961 |
| Pau | France | Nouvelle-Aquitaine | August 18, 1975 |
| Chengdu | China | Sichuan | September 27, 1984 |
| Cheongju | South Korea | North Chungcheong | September 26, 2002 |

### National

| City | Prefecture | region | Since |
| Yamatokōriyama | Nara | Kansai region | January 22, 1992 |

## Economy

The city is a regional commercial and transportation center for central Yamanashi Prefecture. Local industries include food processing including wine production, textiles and crystalware.

## Media

* Yamanashi Broadcasting System
* UHF Television Yamanashi

## Education
### Universities and colleges
#### Public

* University of Yamanashi
* Yamanashi Prefectural University

#### Private

* Yamanashi Eiwa College
* Yamanashi Gakuin Junior College
* Yamanashi Gakuin University

### Primary and secondary education

* Kōfu has 25 public elementary schools and 11 public junior high schools operated by the city government, as well as one national combined elementary/middle school. In addition, there are two private elementary schools and three private junior high schools. The city has eight public high schools operated by the Yamanashi Prefectural Board of Education, and five private high schools.

## Transportation
### Airways
#### Airports

The nearest airport is Matsumoto Airport & Shizuoka Airport or Haneda Airport & Narita International Airport.

### Railways
#### Conventional Lines
##### East Japan Railway Company (JR East)

* Chūō Main Line: - Sakaori - Kōfu -

##### Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai)

* Minobu Line: - Kokubo - Kai-Sumiyoshi - Minami-Kōfu - Zenkōji - Kanente - Kōfu

### Buses
#### Bus Terminus

* Kōfu Station Bus Terminu

### Roads
#### Expressway

* Chūō Expressway

#### Japan National Route

* National Route 20
* National Route 52
* National Route 140
* National Route 137
* National Route 358
* National Route 411

## Local attractions
### Historical Sites

* Kai Zenkō-ji
* Kōfu Castle
* Ōmaruyama Kofun
* Takeda Shrine
* Tsutsujigasaki Castle
* Yōgaiyama Castle

### Other sites

* Yamanashi Prefectural Art Museum
* Yamanashi Science Museum
* Yumura Onsen

## Culture
### Festivals
#### Shingen-ko Festival

The biggest festival in Kōfu is the Shingen-ko Festival (信玄公祭り, Shingen-ko Matsuri). It is held annually on the first or second weekend of April and celebrates the legacy of Takeda Shingen. The festival is three days long. Usually a famous Japanese celebrity plays the part of Takeda Shingen. There are several parades going to and from the Takeda Shrine and Kōfu Castle. This is the largest public history play in Japan. In 2012 the event was included in the Guinness World Records as the "largest gathering of samurai" in the world with 1061 participants.

### Sports

| Club | Sport | League | Venue | Established |
| Yamanashi Queenbees | Basketball | W.League | Kose sports park gymnasium, Kōfu General Civic Center | 1968 |
| Ventforet Kofu | Soccer | J.League (J2) | JIT Recycle Ink Stadium | 1990 |
* JIT Recycle Ink Stadium
* Kofu Midorigaoka Sports Park Stadium
* Arena of Kose sports park gymnasium
* Arena of Kose sports park gymnasium

## Notable people from Kofu

* Saiki Atsumi – lead singer of the rock band Band-Maid
* Banjō Ginga – voice actor
* Ryūden Gōshi - sumo wrestler
* Hideo Hagiwara – woodblock print artist
* Tsuneo Horiuchi – former manager of Yomiuri Giants baseball team
* Takao Kajimoto – former professional baseball player and sports announcer
* Junichi Kanemaru - voice actor
* Yoshinobu Kanemaru – professional wrestler
* Hiroki Nakamura – founder and designer of cult fashion brand Visvim
* Hidetoshi Nakata - football player who last played with the Bolton Wanderers in the Premier League, but has since retired following the 2006 World Cup.
* Naoko Takeuchi – manga artist, creator of Sailor Moon and other comics.
* Mariko Tsutsui - actress with notable lead roles in Kōji Fukada's Harmonium and A Girl Missing
* Fujizakura Yoshimori – former sumo wrestler

## List of mayors of Kofu

This is a list of Kofu majors starting from 1889.