OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alejandro Plaz

Alejandro Plaz Castillo is a founder of the Venezuelan volunteer civil association, Súmate.
Plaz is a Venezuelan electrical engineer and management consultant who holds three master's degrees (two from Stanford University), and was a Senior partner for McKinsey & Company in Latin America, before taking a leave of absence to co-found Súmate with María Corina Machado.

## Life and education

Plaz was born on 2 December 1955, in Caracas, Venezuela. He attended the Colegio de San Agustín, and graduated from high school at the Colegio La Salle La Colina. He graduated in 1977 with a degree in electrical engineering from the Universidad Simón Bolívar in Caracas. After working for two years, he left for the United States. He stayed there for four years, during which he graduated with a master's degree in electrical engineering from Georgia Tech, a master's degree from Stanford University in industrial engineering, and a second master's degree from Stanford in operations research. He returned to Venezuela at the age of 26, where he took a job with the consulting firm McKinsey & Company, where he worked for 23 years.
After working for 20 years with McKinsey, Plaz was offered a one-year sabbatical. He used this time to co-found Súmate, a Venezuelan civil organization that monitors elections. Not long after, he started devoting the majority of his time to it.

## Work with Súmate

Plaz states that Súmate is not a political organization, but rather a group of concerned professionals such as engineers and others with technical careers who want to see concrete results and effective democracy.
Plaz and other members of Súmate were charged with treason and conspiracy for receiving a $31,000 grant from the National Endowment for Democracy which, according to the United States Department of State, was "aimed at strengthening citizen participation in the democratic, constitutional processes of their country". The trial was suspended in February 2006 because of due process violations by the trial judge, and has been postponed several times.
# 489

Year 489 (CDLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Probinus and Eusebius (or, less frequently, year 1242 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 489 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Byzantine Empire

* Emperor Zeno closes the School of Edessa (modern Turkey) for their teaching of Nestorian doctrine, whereupon the scholars seek refuge at the Syriac Church of the East.

#### Europe

* August – The Ostrogoths under Theodoric the Great, moving to invade Northern Italy at the behest of Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno, defeat the Gepids attempting to stop their advance at the Battle of Sirmium in Pannonia.
* August 28 – After crossing the Julian Alps, the Ostrogoths defeat the overwhelming forces of Odoacer at the Battle of Isonzo (near Roman Aquileia or modern Soča) and enter Italy. This date is subsequently used by Theodoric to establish a 30-year statute of limitations (tricennium) ending on 28 August 519, after which any unlawful seizure of land during this period can no longer be contested.
* September 30 – Battle of Verona: Odoacer is defeated again by Theodoric for a second time. He retreats to the impregnable capital of Ravenna.
* The Ostrogoths capture the cities Pavia and Milan. The majority of Odoacer's army, including his magister militum Tufa, surrenders to Theodoric.

#### Sindh

* The Rai dynasty succeeded the Ror dynasty and ruled over Sindh 489 AD.

### By topic
#### Religion

* The first Temple of Confucius is constructed in Northern China (outside the ancestral temple at Qufu).

## Deaths

* Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople
* Modest, bishop of Trier
* Sidonius Apollinaris, bishop and diplomat
* Wang Jian, official of Liu Song and Southern Qi (b. 452)
# DEFCAD

DEFCAD, Inc. is an American startup that has created a search engine and web portal for designers and hobbyists to find and develop 3D printable and other CAD models online.

## History
### Founding

When Makerbot Industries removed firearms-related 3D Printable files at the public repository Thingiverse in December 2012, open-source software entrepreneurs Cody Wilson and Ashley Tyson launched DEFCAD as a companion site to publicly host the removed files. Public and community submissions to DEFCAD rose quickly, and by March 2013, at the SXSW Interactive festival, DEFCAD announced a repurposed and expanded site that would serve as a 3D search engine and development publication platform.
DEFCAD has been called "The Pirate Bay of 3D Printing" and "the anti-Makerbot".

### Community

DEFCAD began as a repository where users could upload and download CAD models, but quickly became a community with the addition of an IRC channel and public forums. The site has had over 2,500 community users and offered access to over 100,000 models in its history.

### History

In August 2013, DEFCAD released the public alpha of its 3D search engine, which indexes public object repositories and allows users to add their own objects. The site soon closed down due to pressure from the United States State Department, claiming that distributing certain files online violates US Arms Export ITAR regulations.
From 2013 to 2018, DEFCAD remained offline, pending resolution to the legal case Defense Distributed brought against the U.S. State Department, namely that ITAR regulations placed a prior restraint on Defense Distributed's free speech, particularly since the speech in question regarded another constitutionally protected right: firearms. While the legal argument was not resolved in federal court, in a surprise reversal, the State Department agreed to settled its case with DEFCAD in 2018. Therefore, for a brief period in late 2018, DEFCAD was once again publicly available online.
Shortly thereafter, 20 states and Washington DC sued the State Department, in order to prevent DEFCAD from remaining online. At its core, this new suit cited a procedural error: the proper notice had not been given prior to enacting the change in how ITAR applied to small arms. As such, DEFCAD was once again taken offline, pending the State Department providing proper notice via the Federal Register.
In March 2020, the Wall Street Journal reported that DEFCAD had once again became publicly available online. The site implemented a new model to comply with arms export law in which users would be charged $50 and vetted to ensure they were located within the United States and that they were citizens or legal residents.
# Gjorče Petrov Municipality

Gjorče Petrov (Macedonian: Ѓорче Петров) is one of the ten municipalities that compose the city of Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia. It is named after the revolutionary Gjorče Petrov.

## Geography

Gjorče Petrov borders
* Saraj to the southwest,
* Karpoš to the southeast,
* Čučer-Sandevo to the east, and
* Kosovo to the north.
The municipality is the place of the confluence of the Treska and Vardar rivers.

## Demographics

According to the 2002 Macedonia census, the municipality has 41,634 inhabitants. According to the 2021 North Macedonia census, this municipality has 44,844 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the municipality include:
| | 2002 | 2002 | 2021 | 2021 |
| | Number | % | Number | % |
| TOTAL | 41,634 | 100 | 44,844 | 100 |
| Macedonians | 35,455 | 85.16 | 35,971 | 80.21 |
| Albanians | 1,597 | 3.84 | 1,765 | 3.94 |
| Serbs | 1,730 | 4.16 | 1,266 | 2.82 |
| Roma | 1,249 | 3 | 1,068 | 2.38 |
| Bosniaks | 489 | 1.17 | 459 | 1.02 |
| Turks | 368 | 0.88 | 272 | 0.61 |
| Vlachs | 109 | 0.26 | 156 | 0.35 |
| Other / Undeclared / Unknown | 637 | 1.53 | 576 | 1.29 |
| Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources | | | 3,311 | 7.38 |

## Sports

Football club FK Makedonija Gjorče Petrov has played in the top tier of Macedonian football for several years. Their home stadium is the Gjorče Petrov Stadium.
# 288

Year 288 (CCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Maximian and Ianuarianus (or, less frequently, year 1041 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 288 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Roman Empire

* Emperor Diocletian launches a campaign into Germanic territory from the province of Raetia (Switzerland).
* Around this time, an army loyal to Maximian, probably led by the future emperor Constantius, defeats the usurper Carausius or his Frankish allies in northern Gaul. In this or the following year, Carausius withdraws his military forces and administrative presence from Gaul, confining himself to Roman Britain.
* Maximian makes an alliance with the Frankish king Gennobaudes.
* Far from Carausius' fleet, in the rivers of Gaul, Maximian builds a fleet to contest control of the North Sea and re-take Britain.
* Around this time, Constantius marries Maximian's stepdaughter, Theodora, and it may also be around this time that the general Galerius marries Diocletian's daughter Galeria Valeria.

## Births

* Li Ban, Chinese emperor of Cheng Han (d. 334)
* Wen Jiao (or Taizhen), Chinese politician (d. 329)

## Deaths

* Maximilian of Lorch, Christian missionary and martyr
* Sebastian, Roman soldier and Christian martyr
* Teng Xiu, Chinese general and governor
# 279

Year 279 (CCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known in Rome as the Year of the Consulship of Probus and Paternus (or, less frequently, year 1032 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 279 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Asia

* Winter – Conquest of Wu by Jin: The Jin Dynasty conquers Eastern Wu, the last of the three contending powers in China during the Three Kingdoms Period.

## Births

* Sima Ying, Chinese prince of the Jin Dynasty (d. 306)

## Deaths

* Johanan bar Nappaha, Jewish compiler of the Talmud
* Tiberius Julius Teiranes, Roman prince and client king
* Tufa Shujineng, Chinese chieftain of Jin Dynasty
# 428

Year 428 (CDXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Felix and Taurus (or, less frequently, year 1181 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 428 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Roman Empire

* Flavius Felix is elected consul for the Western Empire and issues consular diptychs during his political office.
* Flavius Aetius gains appointment as master of both services (magister militum praesentalis), after gaining victories in Gaul over Visigoth and Frankish forces.

#### Europe

* King Gunderic, age 49, dies after a reign of 21 years, and is succeeded by his half-brother Genseric. He is styled with the title Rex Wandalorum et Alanorum ("King of the Vandals and Alans"). Genseric increases his power and wealth in the residence of the province of Hispania Baetica (Southern Spain).
* King Vortigern invites a number of Germanic warriors to aid him in consolidating his position in Britain, according to the Historia Brittonum. He hires Saxons who are probably settled in Kent as mercenaries to fight against the Picts and the Scots beyond Hadrian's Wall.
* Frankish War (428): Commander-in-chief of the Roman army Aetius put an end to the invasion of Chlodio, king of the Salian Franks in Northern Gaul.

#### Asia

* Artaxias IV, last king of Greater Armenia, is deposed by Bahram V. The Arshakuni Dynasty ends and the kingdom becomes a province of the Persian Empire.

### By topic
#### Astronomy

* October 26 – The planet Venus occults the planet Jupiter.

#### Religion

* April 10 – Nestorius is made patriarch of Constantinople. He preaches a new doctrine that will be called Nestorianism. It makes a distinction between the divine and human natures of Jesus but comes under immediate attack from pope Celestine I and Cyril of Alexandria.
* Hydatius becomes bishop of Aquae Flaviae in Gallaecia (modern Chaves) in Portugal.
* John succeeds Theodotus as patriarch of Antioch, and gives his support to Nestorius.
* Euthymius the Great builds a monastery in Palestine, near the Dead Sea.

## Births

* Tuoba Huang, prince of the Xianbei state Northern Wei (d. 451)

## Deaths

* Gunderic, king of the Vandals and Alans (b. 379)
* Qifu Chipan, prince of the Xianbei state Western Qin
* Theodore of Mopsuestia, bishop and theologian
# 548

Year 548 (DXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 548 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Byzantine Empire

* June 28 – Empress Theodora I dies at age 48, probably of breast cancer (according to Bishop Victor of Tunnuna). Her body is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles (Constantinople).
* Emperor Justinian I relieves Belisarius from military service, in favour of 70-year-old Byzantine general Narses.

#### Europe

* Theudigisel, Visigothic general, proclaims himself ruler over the Visigothic Kingdom, after King Theudis is assassinated.

#### Persia

* Lazic War: King Gubazes II revolts against the Persians, and requests aid from Justinian I. He sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (8,000 men) to Lazica (modern Georgia).
* Gubazes II besieges the fortress of Petra, located on the Black Sea. The Persian army under Mermeroes defeats a small Byzantine force guarding the mountain passes, and relieves Petra.
* Mermeroes stations a garrison of 3,000 men in the stronghold of Petra, and marches to Armenia. The Persians, lacking sufficient supplies, secure the supply routes and plunder Lazica.

#### Africa

* Spring – Battle of the Fields of Cato: The Byzantine army, under John Troglita, crushes the Moorish revolt in Byzacena (Tunisia).

#### Asia

* April 13 – Emperor Lý Nam Đế of Vietnam is killed by Laotian tribesmen, while on retreat from the Hong River Plain. He is succeeded by his elder brother Lý Thiên Bảo.

### By topic
#### Commerce

* Cosmas Indicopleustes, Alexandrian merchant, writes his work Christian Topography. He describes the importance of the spice trade (especially in cloves and sweet aloes) in Ceylon, and the harvesting of pepper in India (approximate date).

#### Religion

* Saint Catherine's Monastery is established in the Sinai Peninsula.

## Births

* Xiao Zhuang, crown prince of the Southern Dynasties (approximate date)

## Deaths

* April 13 – Lý Nam Đế, emperor of Vietnam
* June 28 – Theodora I, Byzantine Empress
* Carcasan, king of the Ifuraces (Algeria)
* Chen Daoten, father of Xuan Di (or 549)
* Theudebert I, king of Austrasia (or 547)
* Theudis, king of the Visigoths
# 605

Year 605 (DCV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 605 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Byzantine Empire

* Emperor Phocas recognizes Agilulf as king of the Lombards, and signs a peace treaty. He pays a tribute and cedes Orvieto (Central Italy), among other towns. The Byzantine army is withdrawn from the Balkan Peninsula.
* Phocas has Constantina, empress consort of Maurice, and her three daughters arrested. He accuses her of conspiracy, and has them executed at Chalcedon (Bithynia).

#### Britain

* King Æthelfrith annexes the neighboring kingdom of Deira (Northern England). The region between the Forth and Humber rivers will hereafter be known as Northumbria, the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.

#### Persia

* As a result of a quarrel between the Lakhmids (Southern Iraq) and King Khosrau II, the Persian frontier with Arabia is no longer guarded (approximate date).

#### Asia

* Emperor Yángdi orders the capital to be transferred from Chang'an to Luoyang. He begins the construction of the Grand Canal, that will link existing waterways to the new Chinese capital; it will be built by a million laborers.
* Yángdi introduces an imperial examination, designed to select the best administrative officials (after they receive the jinshi) for the state; this begins a long bureaucratic tradition of scholar-officialdom in China.
* The Zhaozhou Bridge is completed under the Sui dynasty, the earliest known fully stone open-spandrel segmental arch bridge in the world (although the earlier Roman Trajan's Bridge featured segmental arches).
* Amshuvarma becomes king of the Licchavi in Nepal. He is credited for opening trade routes to Tibet. His ruling period is known as the "Golden Period".

#### Mesoamerica

* Aj Ne' Yohl Mat becomes ruler (ajaw) of the Maya city of Palenque (Mexico). During his reign his kingdom is invaded by people from Calakmul.

## Births

* Chlodulf, bishop of Metz
* Colmán, bishop of Lindisfarne (approximate date)
* Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad (approximate date)
* Yang You, puppet emperor of the Sui dynasty (d. 619)
* Sisenand, king of the Visigoths (approximate date)
* Yang Tong, puppet emperor of the Sui dynasty (d. 619)

## Deaths

* Alexander of Tralles, physician (approximate date)
* Brandub mac Echach, king of Uí Ceinnselaig (Ireland)
* Constantina, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
* Damian, Coptic Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria
# 509

Year 509 (DIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Inportunus without colleague (or, less frequently, year 1262 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 509 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Europe

* Clovis I (Chlodowech) becomes the first Catholic king of the Franks, uniting all the Frankish tribes under his rule. He controls an immense territory in Gaul (modern France), and delivers a major blow for the Church against the Arian heresy.

## Births

* Kinmei, emperor of Japan (d. 571)
* Wei Xiaokuan, general of Western Wei (d. 580)

## Deaths

* Chlodoric, king of the Ripuarian Franks
* Sigobert the Lame, king of the Ripuarian Franks
# 341

Year 341 (CCCXLI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcellinus and Probinus (or, less frequently, year 1094 ab Urbe condita). The denomination 341 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years or dates.

## Events
### By place
#### Roman Empire

* Emperor Constans I bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals, under penalty of death.
* Constans I begins a successful campaign against the Franks.

#### India

* Samudragupta of the Gupta Empire, during a decade, extends his kingdom and his influence. A pillar found at Allahabad sings his praises.

### By topic
#### Religion

* The Council of Encaenia is held in Antioch.
* Paul I is restored as Patriarch of Constantinople.
* Thousands of Christians are executed at Seleucia in Mesopotamia.
* Coptic Christianity is introduced into Ethiopia by the Syrian apostle Frumentius. He and his colleague Aedesius ware captured by Ethiopians a year or two ago, and have become civil servants at the Aksumite court of King Ezana. Ezana is impressed with Frumentius' teachings and converts to Christianity. Frumentius becomes the first Bishop of Axum and encourages the Christian merchants present in the country to practise their faith openly.

## Births

* Ai of Jin (or Qianling), Chinese emperor (d. 365)

## Deaths

* Asterius of Cappadocia, Christian theologian and writer
* Du Lingyang (or Du Ling), Chinese empress (b. 321)
* Eusebius of Nicomedia, archbishop of Constantinople
* Ge Hong (or Ko Hung), Chinese taoist (approximate date)
* Paul of Thebes, Christian hermit (approximate date)
* Potamon of Heraclea, Christian bishop and martyr
# 523

Year 523 (DXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Maximus without colleague (or, less frequently, year 1276 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 523 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Byzantine Empire

* Justinian, later Byzantine emperor, marries in Constantinople his mistress Theodora, who is by profession a courtesan (approximate date).

#### Europe

* King Chlothar I takes part in an expedition against Burgundy and captures the town of Autun. Now about 26, he makes plans to expand the territory he inherited from his late father, Clovis I.
* King Sigismund of Burgundy is defeated by the invading Franks under Chlodomer, Childebert I and Chlothar I. He is captured and taken as prisoner to Aurelianum (modern Orléans).

#### Africa

* Hilderic succeeds his uncle Thrasamund after a 27-year reign, and becomes king of the Vandals and Alans. He favours Catholicism and grants the inhabitants religious freedom.
* Leptis Magna (modern Libya) is sacked by Berber (Moor) raiders. Gelimer leads a successful expedition in North Africa.

#### Asia

* A revolt breaks out on the Six Frontier Towns, on the northern border of Northern Wei China ("Revolt of the Six Garrisons"). Tensions between the elite and the Tuoba-clan severely destabilise the state.
* The Songyue Pagoda is completed during the Northern Wei era; the circular-based tower is still 40 m (131 ft) in height.
* Seong becomes king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

### By topic
#### Religion

* August 6 – Pope Hormisdas dies at Rome after a 9-year reign, in which he has been instrumental in ending the Acacian Schism. He is succeeded by John I as the 53rd pope.

## Births

* Aurelianus, archbishop of Arles (d. 551)

## Deaths

* August 6 – Pope Hormisdas (b. 450)
* Arethas, leader of the Christian community in Yemen
* Muryeong, king of Baekje (Three Kingdoms of Korea)
* Philoxenus of Mabbug, Syrian theologian
* Thrasamund, king of the Vandals (b. 450)
# 322

Year 322 (CCCXXII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Probianus and Iulianus (or, less frequently, year 1075 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 322 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By topic
#### Technology

* The first dependable representation of a horse rider with paired stirrups is found in China, in a Jin Dynasty tomb.

## Births

* Kang of Jin (or Shitong), Chinese emperor (d. 344)
* Xun Xian (or Lingze), Chinese general (d. 359)

## Deaths

* Philogonius (or Filogonius), bishop of Antioch
* Rabbah bar Rav Huna, Jewish Talmudist
* Xu Kan, Chinese bandit leader and warlord
* Yang Xianrong, Chinese empress