OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1st Delaware General Assembly

The 1st Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Legislative Council and the Delaware House of Assembly. Elections were held the first day of October and terms began on the twentieth day of October. It met in the town of New Castle, convening October 20, 1776, and was the administration of President John McKinly, effective on February 12, 1777. McKinly was captured by the British on September 22, 1777, and Thomas McKean replaced him until October 20, 1777.
The apportionment of seats was permanently assigned to three councilors and seven assemblymen for each of the three counties. Population of the county did not affect the number of delegates.

## Leadership
### Legislative Council

* George Read, New Castle County

### House of Assembly

* John McKinly, New Castle County

## Members
### Legislative Council

Councilors were elected by the public for a three-year term, one third posted each year.
| New Castle County Richard Cantwell George Read Nicholas Van Dyke Sr. | Kent County Richard Bassett Thomas Collins James Sykes Sr. John Banning | Sussex County Daniel Dingee William Polk Samuel S. Sloss John Wiltbank John Jones |

### House of Assembly

Assemblymen were elected by the public for a one-year term. There were only seven representatives so two or three unidentified persons are unidentified of others.
| New Castle County George Craighead David Finney John Jones Thomas McKean John McKinly George Munro William Patterson Alexander Porter Sr. Abraham Robinson John Thompson | Kent County John Clark John Cook Jehu Davis Robert Dixon Richard Lockwood Charles G. Ridgely Jacob Stout Samuel West Thomas White | Sussex County Isaac Bradley Elijah Cannon John Clowes William Hazzard Joshua Hill Isaac Horsey Phillips Kollock John Laws Jacob Moore |
# Schönburg (Rhine)

The Schönburg is a castle above the medieval town of Oberwesel in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Upper Middle Rhine Valley, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

## History

Schönburg Castle was first mentioned in history between the years 911 and 1166.
From the 12th century, the Lords of Schönburg ruled over the town of Oberwesel and had also the right to levy customs on the Rhine river. The most famous was Friedrich von Schönburg - a much-feared man known as "Marshall Schomberg" - who in the 17th century served as a colonel and as a general under the King of France in France and Portugal and later also for the Prussians and for William Prince of Orange in England.
The Schönburg line died out with the last heir, the son of Friedrich of Schönburg.
The castle was burned down in 1689 by French soldiers during the War of the Grand Alliance.

## Schönburg today

Schönburg castle remained in ruins for 200 years until it was acquired by the German-American Rhinelander family who bought the castle from the town of Oberwesel in the late 19th century, and restored it.
The town council of Oberwesel acquired the castle back from the Rhinelander family in 1950.
Since 1957 the Hüttl family have been living at the castle on a long-term lease; they operate a successful hotel and restaurant there.
# Channel 16 (Bangladeshi TV channel)

Channel 16 (Bengali: চ্যানেল সিক্সটিন; in reference to 16 December) was a Bangladeshi Bengali-language satellite and cable music-oriented television channel owned and operated by Insight Telecast. The channel was permitted to broadcast via a Singaporean satellite and officially began broadcasting on 16 December 2011. It was ordered to be shut down by Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission on 2 December 2014.
It was the first and the sole music channel in Bangladesh until the launch of Gaan Bangla in 2013. Channel 16's managing director was K G Muhit, who had requested the government to let him run a downlinked privately owned satellite television channel in 2008. Despite only being allowed to broadcast from abroad, Channel 16 illegally broadcast from Dhaka, and even via the Israel-based RRsat satellite.

## Closure order

After its license for test broadcasting expired on 30 November 2013, being left unrenewed since then, the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission obliged Channel 16 to cease all transmissions by 2 December 2014. Prior to this, in July 2014, the Association of Television Channel Owners sent a letter to the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting demanding Channel 16 be taken off the air, accusing the channel of violating government regulations.
However, by that point, it illegally continued broadcasting by ceasing to identify itself as Channel 16 and began using the letter 'k' as its on-screen bug, and later began identifying itself as 'MB', or sometimes 'Movie Bangla', along with its on-screen bug involving a clock. It has also been accused of broadcasting while evading government fees and alleged forgery of signature when they sent a letter to the ministry which allegedly had the name and forged signature of Dhaka Zilla Council administrator Hasina Doula, who denied connections with the channel.

## Programming
### List of programming

* Alapcharita
* Band Hour
* Bondhu Amar
* By Demand
* Dhamaka 16
* Eito Cinemar Gaan
* Khosh Golpo
* Love Song
* Muslim Rangapori Bhalo Lagar Gaan
* Naṭoker Gaan
* Solo Tune
* Sure Sure Bangladesh
* Surer Oikkoṭan
* Suresh Romnopali Fita
* Tenida
* Top Ten
* Young Star Dhamaka
# Battle of the Hill of the Jews

The Battle of the Hill of the Jews (named by Miguel de Castanhoso for a community of Beta Israel who lived there) was fought in Ethiopia in August 1542 between the Portuguese forces of Cristóvão da Gama and the Adal Sultanate. The Portuguese won the battle, capturing many horses that they could have used to exploit their victory in the previous battle of Jarte.
The benefits of this victory were short-lived, for within the month, da Gama was captured and slain in Wofla by Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim, even before his soldiers escorting the captured animals could reach the Portuguese encampment at Lake Ashenge.
The location of this battle is not known. R.S. Whiteway has argued that this place is identical with Amba Geshen, located far to the south of the Portuguese camp. More recently, however, C.F. Beckingham has argued that the battle took place in the eastern Semien Mountains, near the left bank of the Tekezé River.
# Battle of Sahart

The Battle of Sahart was fought on 24 April 1541 between the army of Emperor Gelawdewos and the forces of Garad Emar, a lieutenant of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi. According to Ethiopian sources, Gelawdewos was defeated.
Gelawdewos succeeded to the throne soon after his father's death on 2 September 1540. Despite his youth, over the next few months he made several successful attacks on the Adalite garrisons in northern Ethiopia. These lifted the morale of the restive Christian Ethiopians, and upon arriving in Semien, he was surrounded by the apostates and others who had joined the Imam who sought his clemency. Soon after the young Emperor crossed the Tekezé, to observe Easter in Sard. Garad Emar, Ahmad Gragn's governor of Ganz, assumed that Galawdewos' lieutenants would be away at their homes to celebrate the holiday, so picked this date to strike; according to Bruce, these plans were quickly communicated to Gelawdewos, who was able to prepare his own response.
According to Bruce, when Garad Emar approached Sard he fell into an ambush Gelawdewos had prepared, and the governor's army was destroyed. However, Ethiopian chronicles state that Gelawdewos was defeated at Sahart. Regardless of the outcome, Gelawdewos retired back over the Takaze. Although the traditional account is that Gelawdewos retreated so far south as Shewa, C.F. Beckingham has produced evidence showing that the Ethiopian Emperor fled far to the south, over the Abay River into Gojjam, then back over the Abay to eventually reach Gindabret, "lying south of the most southerly reaches of the Blue Nile", sometime after 26 May.
# Mohd Nizar Zakaria

Yang Berbahagia Dato' Mohd Nizar Zakaria (Jawi: محمد نزار بن زكريا; born 3 January 1969) is a Malaysian politician who served as Member of the Perak State Executive Council (EXCO) in the Barisan Nasional (BN) state administration under former Menteri Besar Zambry Abdul Kadir from May 2013 to the collapse of the BN state administration in May 2018, Member of Parliament (MP) for Parit from March 2008 to May 2013 and again from May 2018 to November 2022 and Member of the Perak State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Belanja from May 2013 to May 2018. He is a member of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), a component party in of the BN coalition.
Nizar was elected to Parliament in the 2008 Malaysian general election for the UMNO held seat of Parit. In June 2010, he was a passenger on the MV Rachel Corrie when it was seized by the Israel Defense Forces while attempting to deliver supplies to Gaza.
For the 2013 Malaysian general election, Nizar left parliament to contest, and eventually won, the Perak State Legislative Assembly seat of Belanja.

## Election results

Perak State Legislative Assembly :
| Year | Constituency | Candidate | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Opponent(s) | Opponent(s) | Votes | Pct | Ballots cast | Majority | Turnout |
| 2013 | N38 Belanja | | Mohd Nizar Zakaria (UMNO) | 7,691 | 60.70% | | Najihatussalehah Ahmad (PAS) | 4,728 | 37.31% | 12,671 | 2,963 | 84.40% |
Parliament of Malaysia :
| Year | Constituency | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Opponent(s) | Votes | Pct | Ballots cast | Majority | Turnout |
| 2008 | P069 Parit | Mohd Nizar Zakaria (UMNO) | 12,399 | 56.55% | Najihatussalehah Ahmad (PAS) | 9,526 | 43.45% | 22,598 | 2,873 | 78.30% |
| 2018 | P069 Parit | Mohd Nizar Zakaria (UMNO) | 14,035 | 48.41% | Najihatussalehah Ahmad (PAS) | 7,715 | 26.61% | 29,547 | 6,320 | 82.28% |
| 2018 | P069 Parit | Mohd Nizar Zakaria (UMNO) | 14,035 | 48.41% | Ahmad Tarmizi Mohd Jam (AMANAH) | 7,240 | 24.97% | 29,547 | 6,320 | 82.28% |
| 2022 | P069 Parit | Mohd Nizar Zakaria (UMNO) | 15,026 | 40.02% | Muhammad Ismi Mat Taib (PAS) | 17,181 | 45.76% | 37,545 | 2,155 | 78.36% |
| 2022 | P069 Parit | Mohd Nizar Zakaria (UMNO) | 15,026 | 40.02% | Nurthaqaffah Nordin (AMANAH) | 5,063 | 13.49% | 37,545 | 2,155 | 78.36% |
| 2022 | P069 Parit | Mohd Nizar Zakaria (UMNO) | 15,026 | 40.02% | Faizol Fadzli Mohamed (PEJUANG) | 275 | 0.73% | 37,545 | 2,155 | 78.36% |

## Honours

* Perak :
** Member of the Order of the Perak State Crown (AMP) (2005)
** Knight Commander of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (DPCM) – Dato' (2014)
# Jiří Stivín

Jiří Stivín (born 23 November 1942 in Prague) is a Czech flute player and composer.

## Biography

He graduated from the Film Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague (FAMU). He also studied composition at the Royal Academy of Music as well as at the Prague Academy of Music (AMU), and studied the flute under Milan Munclinger.
Stivín performs music from the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Baroque periods. As a sololist, he performed with the Prague Symphony Orchestra, with the Slovak Chamber Orchestra, with Suk Chamber Orchestra, Barocco sempre giovane as well as with several other ensembles. He is also involved in jazz, both as a performer and as a composer. In the 1990s he gave lectures at the Prague Conservatory and had conducted annual master classes in Barock music in the South Bohemian town of Bechyně in the summer in the 1970s-1980s.
Stivín is active in the Jazz Quartet in the Czech Republic, playing both the flute and saxophone. His large discography ranges from jazz to classical music, and his nine separate CDs of suite and chamber music recordings of Georg Philipp Telemann for recorder and flute with Naxos and Supraphon labels are the most numerous of his contemporaries performing Telemann. In 2007, Stivín was awarded the Medal of Merit by President Václav Klaus for his contributions to culture and art.
# Taming the Oriental Bazaar: Architecture of the Market-halls of Colonial India

Taming the Oriental Bazaar: Architecture of the Market-halls of Colonial India is a non-fiction book by Pushkar Sohoni about the origins of the modern market-hall in India. Born of colonial circumstances, such as the advent of the railways, the market-hall in India assumed a civic importance that was previously unknown. Further developments, such as the emergence of germ theory, and the opening of the Suez canal, led to the proliferation of this architectural type.

## Synopsis

The chapters in the book explains the rationale for the research, the history of market halls in India, and the conditions for their rise. Not only the presidency cities, but cantonment stations, provincial towns, and even settlements in the princely states had market-halls built quickly in the period between 1860 and 1940. A sampling of market halls from colonial British India is listed at the end, with an analysis of their planning and a categorisation of the types.

## Reception

The book has been reviewed by Prashant Kidambi in Nidan: International Journal for Indian Studies, where he commented that "this book should be seen as a spur to further research on the social and cultural history of specific genres of buildings that formed an indelible feature of colonial modernity."
# The Technological Society

The Technological Society is a book on the subject of technique by French philosopher, theologian and sociologist Jacques Ellul. Originally published in French in 1954, it was translated into English in 1964.

## On technique

The central concept defining a technological society is technique. Technique is different from machines, technology, or procedures for attaining an end. "In our technological society, technique is the totality of methods rationally arrived at and having absolute efficiency (for a given stage of development) in every field of human activity."

## Summary

Ellul argues that modern society is being dominated by technique, which he defines as a series of means that are established to achieve an end. Technique is ultimately focused on the concept of efficiency. The term "technique" is to be comprehended in its broadest possible meaning as it touches upon virtually all areas of life, including science, automation, but also politics and human relations.

## Influence

Theodore Kaczynski (the Unabomber) dedicated himself to reading about sociology and political philosophy, including the works of Jacques Ellul. Kaczynski's brother David later stated that The Technological Society "became Ted's Bible". Kaczynski recounted in 1998, "When I read the book for the first time, I was delighted, because I thought, 'Here is someone who is saying what I have already been thinking.'"
# Think: A Compelling Introduction to Philosophy

Think: A Compelling Introduction to Philosophy is a 1999 book by the philosopher Simon Blackburn. It is intended to serve as an introduction to philosophy.

## Summary

In Think, Blackburn introduces major philosophical fields, such as epistemology, philosophy of the mind, free will, political philosophy, and philosophy of religion, by narrating how key figures in the history of Western philosophy including René Descartes, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, and Ludwig Wittgenstein addressed key concepts in each. Through these discussions, the book also outlines Blackburn's arguments for the value and importance of philosophy.

## Publication history

Think: A Compelling Introduction to Philosophy was first published by Oxford University Press in 1999. The book was published as an Oxford University Press Paperback in 2001.

## Reception

Think: A Compelling Introduction to Philosophy received a positive review from the philosopher Mark Sainsbury in Mind. Sainsbury described the book as well-written, but criticized Blackburn's discussion of knowledge. The writer Peter Edidin wrote in The New York Times that the book "found a sizable audience", noting that more than 30,000 hardcover copies had been sold and that "Oxford has asked Mr. Blackburn to follow up with Being Good, a guide to the philosophy of ethics". The philosopher Anthony Quinton wrote in 2005 that very short books such as Think form part of a recent new development "in the field of popularization by professionals."
# Trials of the State

Trials of the State: Law and the Decline of Politics is a 2019 book by UK author, historian, former Justice of the UK Supreme Court, and former Non-Permanent Judge of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption, in which the content of his BBC's Reith Lectures have been published in book form. Sumption's lectures were delivered in front of a studio audience and were followed by question and answer sessions. Sumption used transcriptions of these lectures (with some notable changes) to prepare the book.
The central thesis of the book is Sumption's argument that in recent years, judicial law has undermined legislation and political process. This is because he argues that in political realms, rather than in courts, there is more accountability, especially from the public.
In the book, Sumption expresses his concern that judges can be allowed to circumvent parliamentary legislation and can review the merits of policy decisions, and the trouble with giving judges this power is they are not constitutionally accountable to anyone for what they do. In his view, this is particularly problematic when it comes to human rights laws, which "transforms controversial political issues into questions of law for the Courts. In this way it takes critical decision-making powers out of the political process’.
# Pen Mar Park

Pen Mar Park is a scenic area and county park in the community of Pen Mar in Washington County, Maryland. It is located on Pen Mar High Rock Road adjacent to the Mason–Dixon line.

## History
### 19th century

In 1877, the site was opened as an amusement park and resort area by the Western Maryland Railway (WM). During the summer months the railroad offered frequent train service on its "Blue Mountain Express" from Baltimore to Pen Mar.$^{:244–6}$ The WM also ran trains from Hagerstown, Maryland, to Pen Mar.
* Glen Afton Spring, near Pen Mar Park, in the early 20th century
* The dining hall in 1898

### 20th century

By the turn of the 20th century, the Pen Mar area had become one of the most popular resort destinations in the eastern United States. Weekday crowds in the summer were often 4,000 to 5,000. The single day park attendance reached close to 20,000 visitors. Many hotels and over 100 boarding houses were built to accommodate the visitors to Pen Mar.$^{:8}$ Prominent among these lodgings was the Blue Mountain House, built by the WM in 1883, which accommodated 400 guests.$^{:244}$ WM sold the park in 1930, and the park closed entirely in 1943.$^{:246}$ By that time the park had contained a roller coaster, carousel, miniature train and railroad station, a dining hall seating 450 people, and a dance pavilion. The park was reopened as a county park in 1977.
* High Rock Observatory, c. 1916
* High Rock Observatory foundation, 2024
In 1980, a group of citizens from both Pennsylvania and Maryland raised funds to build a multipurpose, public pavilion at the site of the original dance pavilion. The county currently sponsors dance concerts with live music in the pavilion during the spring, summer and fall seasons. Other attractions include recreation areas in the county park; the Appalachian Trail, which passes through the area; and nearby High Rock Summit in South Mountain State Park. The summit is at an altitude of 1,800 feet (550 m), and provides an outlook near the top of Quirauk Mountain.
# Brueghel

Brueghel, Bruegel or Van Breugel (Dutch pronunciation: ) was the name of several Dutch/Flemish painters from the Brueghel family:
* Pieter Bruegel the Elder (c. 1525–1569), the most famous member of the family and the only one to sign his paintings as "Bruegel" without the H
* Pieter Brueghel the Younger (1564–1638)
* Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568–1625)
* Jan Brueghel the Younger (1601–1678)
* Albert van Breugel
* Ambrosius Brueghel (1617–1675)
* Anna Brueghel (1620–1656), Brabant painter
* Jan Pieter Brueghel (1628–1664)
* Abraham Brueghel (1631–1690)
* Jan Baptist Brueghel (1647–1719)
* Carline van Breugel (born 1994), Dutch politician
Bruegel may also refer to:
* 9664 Brueghel, outer main-belt asteroid
* Bruegel (crater), on Mercury
* Breugel, Netherlands, a village in the municipality of Son en Breugel
* Bruegel (think tank), European economic think tank with offices in Brussels
# Wildlife of South Asia

The wildlife of South Asia encompasses that of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and the Maldives.
* Wildlife of India
* Wildlife of Pakistan
* Wildlife of Nepal
* Wildlife of Bhutan
* Wildlife of Bangladesh
* Wildlife of Sri Lanka
* Wildlife of Maldives
* Wildlife of Afghanistan
* Wildlife conservation
* Fauna of India
* Flora of India
* List of fish in India
* Ecoregions of India
* The study of natural history in India
* Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project
* List of Zoos in India
* Central Zoo Authority of India (CZA)
* Zoo Outreach Organisation (ZOO), India is an NGO
* Wildlife Institute of India (WII)
* Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM)
* Zoological Survey of India (ZSI)
* India Nature Watch (INW) spreading the love of nature and wildlife in India through photography
* Geological Survey of India (GSI) also maintains 2 fossil parks currently.
* Fossil Parks of India
* Protected areas of India
* List of protected areas in India
** National parks of India
** Biosphere reserves of India
** Conservation areas of India
** Wildlife sanctuaries of India
** Reserved forests and protected forests of India
** Conservation reserves and community reserves of India
** Communal forests of India, including
*** Sacred groves of India
*** Social forestry in India
** Private protected areas of India
* Environmental policy of India
** Indian Forest Act, 1927
** Wildlife Protection Act of 1972
** Project Tiger
** Project Elephant
* Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)
# Salvelinus umbla

Salvelinus umbla, also known as lake char, is a species of char found in certain lakes of the region of the Alps in Europe.
This char species usually inhabits the deeper waters of the lakes, feeding on crustaceans, insects and benthic fauna. Larger specimens can be piscivores. They look for areas with pebbly or stony bottom on steep slopes, at depths between 30 and 120 m during the spawning season.

## Distribution

This char species lives in alpine and subalpine glacial valley lakes of central Europe, between France and Austria and between Germany and Northern Italy. It has been introduced in high altitude lakes as well.
Although it is assessed as a least concern species by IUCN, the eutrophication of the lakes in the Subalpine region, which began in the 1950s and peaked in 1979, badly affected Salvelinus umbla populations, which crashed during that period. The lake char became locally extinct in lakes such as Mondsee and other char species, such as Salvelinus profundus, were driven to extinction in the same period. Currently, however, most lake char populations are gradually recovering.
The name Salvelinus umbla has also been used in Sweden of char populations of central parts of the country, referred to as storröding (large char) in distinction of the northern fjällröding ( = Salvelinus alpinus). These populations are not thought to be related to the Central European populations, rather storröding from Lake Sommen and Lake Vättern are closely related to the char of Lake Ladoga in Russia.