OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Madras Rediscovered

Madras Rediscovered: A Historical Guide to Looking Around Supplemented with Tales of Once Upon a City is a book on the history of Chennai (previously known as Madras) authored by Chennai historian S. Muthiah. Originally titled Madras Discovered, the first edition was published in 1981. Since then, the book has emerged a bestseller and has run into eight editions. A Tamil translation of the book Chennai Marukandupidippu by C. V. Karthik Narayan was published in 2009.

## Editions

The first edition titled Madras Discovered was published in 1981 by East-West Books. It was 160 pages long and priced at Rs. 10. The second edition of Madras Discovered, 286 pages long was published in 1987 followed by the third edition in 1993, 363 pages long, which was augmented by a supplement titled "Once Upon a City". The fourth edition which came in 1999 was titled Madras Rediscovered. The fifth edition which came in 2004 was priced at Rs. 360 and was 427 pages long.

## Criticism

Journalist Bishwanath Ghosh considers Muthiah's Madras Rediscovered, the "last word on the city's heritage". One review by Outlook Traveller describes the book as follows.
   This collection of writings on Chennai is steeped in history, meticulously researched but somewhat tediously written. The production values are not very high either
# Miller's Anatomy of the Dog

Miller's Anatomy of the Dog is a veterinary textbook which was first published in 1964. It deals with the structure, organs and tissues of the dog. The fifth edition was published in 2020.
Malcolm E. Miller began work on the first edition of the textbook in 1946, having completed a thesis in 1940 entitled "The Dissection and Study of the Trunk of the Dog". Miller based each description and illustration in the book on at least five canine dissections. Miller died in 1960, and the first edition of The Anatomy of the Dog was published posthumously in 1964, with George C. Christensen and Howard E. Evans as co-authors. Evans and Christensen also co-authored the second edition, published in 1979, retitled as Miller's Anatomy of the Dog. This edition was translated into Japanese, and was described by the Canadian Veterinary Journal as being "... more than a manual. It will probably be regarded as a kind of Bible in its own field..."
Evans was the sole author of the third edition, which was published in 1993. The third edition was reviewed in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, and the Journal of Small Animal Practice.
The fourth edition, published in 2012, was the first in full color. It had fewer pages than the third edition, due to a reduction in text and image size. Reviewers from the Canadian Veterinary Journal and the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association found this did not detract from the clarity of the information presented. The fourth edition was reviewed by several other specialty veterinary journals, including The Veterinary Journal, the Journal of Small Animal Practice, and the Australian Veterinary Journal. The fourth edition was noted by a specialist cat publication, the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, to be a "solid and well-referenced work" despite its "deficiency" of lacking information about cats. This edition was revised by Evans, and co-authored by Alexander de Lahunta.
The fifth edition was published in 2020, and was described in a review in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association as remaining "the most comprehensive textbook on the anatomy of the canine body." This edition was edited by de Lahunta, in conjunction with John W. Hermanson.

## Editions

* Miller, Malcolm E.; Christensen, George C.; Evans, Howard E. (1964). Anatomy of the Dog. Illustrated by Newson, Marion E.; Barrow P. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 978-0-7216-6360-9.
* Miller, Malcolm E.; George C., Christensen; Howard E., Evans (1979). Miller's Anatomy of the Dog (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-3438-8.
* Evans, Howard E. (1993). Miller's Anatomy of the Dog (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-3200-1.
* Evans, Howard E.; de Lahunta, Alexander (2013). Miller's Anatomy of the Dog (4th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4377-0812-7.
* Hermanson, John W.; de Lahunta, Alexander (2020). Miller and Evans' Anatomy of the dog (5th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders. ISBN 978-0-323-54601-0.
# Abraham Lent

Abraham Lent (September 11, 1789 – March 4, 1873) was a land surveyor and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Shelburne County in the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia from 1818 to 1820 and from 1833 to 1836.
Born in Tusket, Nova Scotia, he was the son of James Lent, a loyalist of Dutch descent who came to Tusket from New York state in 1784, and Breechje Schmitt. Lent served as the local collector of customs. He married Mary Hatfield. Lent was also a justice of the peace and a colonel in the militia.
His home in Tusket, originally built by his uncle, who was also named Abraham Lent, and later used as a customs house, has been recognized as a heritage property by the province of Nova Scotia.
# 2001 Nobel Prizes

Important, do not remove this line before article has been created. The 2001 Nobel Prizes were awarded by the Nobel Foundation, based in Sweden. Six categories were awarded: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences.
Nobel Week took place from December 6 to 12, including programming such as lectures, dialogues, and discussions. The award ceremony and banquet for the Peace Prize were scheduled in Oslo on December 10, while the award ceremony and banquet for all other categories were scheduled for the same day in Stockholm.

## Prizes
### Physics

Awardee(s) :
| Eric Allin Cornell (b. 1961) | American | "for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" |
| Carl Wieman (b. 1951) | American | "for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" |
| Wolfgang Ketterle (b. 1957) | German | "for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" |

### Chemistry

Awardee(s) :
| William S. Knowles (1917–2012) | American | "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" |
| Ryōji Noyori (b. 1938) | Japanese | "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" |
| K. Barry Sharpless (b. 1941) | American | "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" |

### Physiology or Medicine

Awardee(s) :
| Leland H. Hartwell (b. 1939) | United States | "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle" |
| Sir Tim Hunt (b. 1943) | United Kingdom | "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle" |
| Sir Paul M. Nurse (b. 1949) | United Kingdom | "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle" |

### Literature

| Awardee(s) | Awardee(s) | Awardee(s) | Awardee(s) |
| | Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul (1932–2018) | United Kingdom  Trinidad and Tobago | "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories" |

### Peace

Awardee(s) :
| United Nations | United Nations | "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world." |
| Kofi Annan (1938–2018) | Ghana | "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world." |

### Economic Sciences

Awardee(s) :
| George Akerlof (b. 1940) | United States | "for their analyses of markets with information asymmetry" |
| Michael Spence (b. 1943) | United States | "for their analyses of markets with information asymmetry" |
| Joseph Stiglitz (b. 1943) | United States | "for their analyses of markets with information asymmetry" |
# James Lent (Nova Scotia politician)

James Lent (1753 – August 11, 1838) was a judge and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Shelburne County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1806 to 1818.
He was baptized on February 25, 1753, in Tappan, New Jersey, the son of Adolph Lent and Katje Harring. He was by trade a fisherman, catching herring, salmon and other fish for sale in local markets and for shipping to the West Indies. In 1774, he married Breechje "Brigitte" Schmitt. He was a loyalist during the American Revolution, serving with the New Jersey Volunteers. In 1785 he settled in Tusket, Nova Scotia, bringing with him several enslaved individuals, including Abigail Price and William and Anthony Berry. He became influential with the government of Nova Scotia, serving as both a justice of the peace and a justice in the Inferior Court of Common Pleas for Yarmouth County.
Once in Tusket, Lent freed Abigail Price and the Berry brothers, ensuring they were given land grants by the local government; their lots of land are shown on the confirmed grant of Tusket village in 1809.
Lent was elected to Nova Scotia Legislative Assembly and held his seat there from 1806-1818. He died in Tusket on 11 August 1839, aged 85, being predeceased by his wife in 1825. Their gravestones are the oldest in the Tusket cemetery.
His son Abraham and his grandsons Isaac Hatfield and Forman Hatfield also served in the provincial assembly.
# 2014 Nobel Prizes

Important, do not remove this line before article has been created. The 2014 Nobel Prizes were awarded by the Nobel Foundation, based in Sweden. Six categories were awarded: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences.
Nobel Week took place from December 6 to 12, including programming such as lectures, dialogues, and discussions. The award ceremony and banquet for the Peace Prize were scheduled in Oslo on December 10, while the award ceremony and banquet for all other categories were scheduled for the same day in Stockholm.

## Prizes
### Physics

Awardee(s) :
| Isamu Akasaki (1929–2021) | Japanese | "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources" |
| Hiroshi Amano (b. 1960) | Japanese | "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources" |
| Shuji Nakamura (b. 1954) | Japanese American | "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources" |

### Chemistry

Awardee(s) :
| Eric Betzig (b. 1960) | American | "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" |
| Stefan W. Hell (b. 1962) | Romanian German | "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" |
| William E. Moerner (b. 1953) | American | "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" |

### Physiology or Medicine

Awardee(s) :
| John O'Keefe (b. 1939) | United States  United Kingdom | "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain" |
| May-Britt Moser (b. 1963) | Norway | "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain" |
| Edvard I. Moser (b. 1962) | Norway | "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain" |

### Literature

| Awardee(s) | Awardee(s) | Awardee(s) | Awardee(s) |
| | Patrick Modiano (b. 1945) | France | "for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the Occupation" |

### Peace

Awardee(s) :
| Kailash Satyarthi (born 1954) | India | "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education." |
| Malala Yousafzai (born 1997) | Pakistan | "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education." |

### Economic Sciences

Awardee(s) :
| Jean Tirole (b. 1953) | France | "for his analysis of market power and regulation" |

## Controversies
### Physics

Some questioned the award's lack of recognition for other scientists who helped pioneer light-emitting diodes such as Oleg Losev, Nick Holonyak, Gertrude Neumark. In particular, it was mentioned that materials scientist Herbert Paul Maruska could be credited with first developing the blue LED.
# 1990 Nobel Prizes

The 1990 Nobel Prizes were awarded by the Nobel Foundation, based in Sweden. Six categories were awarded: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences.

## Prizes
### Physics

Awardee(s) :
| Jerome I. Friedman (b. 1930) | American | "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" |
| Henry Way Kendall (1926–1999) | American | "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" |
| Richard E. Taylor (1929–2018) | Canadian | "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" |

### Chemistry

Awardee(s) :
| Elias James Corey (b. 1928) | American | "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" |

### Physiology or Medicine

Awardee(s) :
| Joseph E. Murray (1919–2012) | United States | "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease" |
| E. Donnall Thomas (1920–2012) | United States | "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease" |

### Literature

| Awardee(s) | Awardee(s) | Awardee(s) | Awardee(s) |
| | Octavio Paz (1914–1998) | Mexico | "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity" |

### Peace

Awardee(s) :
| Mikhail Gorbachev (1931–2022) | Soviet Union | "for the leading role he played in the radical changes in East-West relations." |

### Economic Sciences

Awardee(s) :
| Harry Markowitz (1927–2023) | United States | "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics" |
| Merton Miller (1923–2000) | United States | "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics" |
| William F. Sharpe (b. 1934) | United States | "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics" |
# Myriopholis perreti

Myriopholis perreti is a species of snake in the family Leptotyphlopidae. The species is endemic to western Central Africa.

## Etymology

The specific name, perreti, is in honor of Swiss herpetologist Jean-Luc Perret [fr].

## Geographic range

M. perreti is found in Cameroon, Gabon, and Equatorial Guinea. It may also occur in the Republic of Congo.

## Habitat

M. perreti inhabits lowland tropical moist forest and mixed savanna/forest mosaic.

## Reproduction

M. perreti is oviparous.
# Chơn Thành

Chơn Thành is a town of Bình Phước province, in the region of Vietnam. As of 2021 the town had a population of 121,083. The town covers an area of 390.34 km$^2$. The town seat lies at Hưng Long ward.
Chơn Thành was formerly a rural district of Bình Phước province. It gained town status on August 11, 2022.
The stream Ông Thành was the location of the Battle of Ông Thành in the Vietnam War.
# Capacity loss

Capacity loss or capacity fading is a phenomenon observed in rechargeable battery usage where the amount of charge a battery can deliver at the rated voltage decreases with use.
In 2003 it was reported the typical range of capacity loss in lithium-ion batteries after 500 charging and discharging cycles varied from 12.4% to 24.1%, giving an average capacity loss per cycle range of 0.025–0.048% per cycle.

## Stress factors

Capacity fading in Li-ion batteries occurs by a multitude of stress factors, including ambient temperature, discharge C-rate, and state of charge (SOC).
Capacity loss is strongly temperature-dependent, the aging rates increase with decreasing temperature below 25 °C, while above 25 °C aging is accelerated with increasing temperature.
Capacity loss is C-rate sensitive and higher C-rates lead to a faster capacity loss on a per cycle. Chemical mechanisms of degradation in a Li-ion battery dominate capacity loss at low C-rates, whereas, mechanical degradation dominates at high C-rates.
Graphite/LiCoO2 battery capacity degradation is reported to be affected by mean SOC as well as the change in SOC (ΔSOC) during the cycling operation. For the first 500 equivalent full cycles mean SOC is found to have a major effect on the capacity fade of cells as compared to ΔSOC. However, towards the end of the testing (600~800 equivalent cycles) ΔSOC becomes the major factor affecting the capacity loss rate of the cells.
# John George Bourinot (younger)

Sir John George Bourinot, KCMG FRSC (October 24, 1836 – October 13, 1902) was a Canadian journalist, historian, and civil servant, sole author of the first Canadian effort in 1884 to document Parliamentary Procedure and Practice, and remembered as an expert in parliamentary procedure and constitutional law.

## Life

Born in Sydney, Nova Scotia, he was the oldest son of John Bourinot. He was educated at Sydney before enrolling at Trinity College, Toronto, in 1854. Although he was a good student, he left the university two years later and worked as a parliamentary reporter for a Toronto newspaper. In 1860, he was in Halifax, where he founded, together with Joseph C. Crosskill, his own newspaper, the Evening Reporter. In May 1867, Bourinot left this newspaper and worked as a freelance writer for some time, until he secured a job as a clerk at the Senate of Canada in May 1869. In the following years, he steadily advanced through various grades until he was appointed chief clerk of the House of Commons of Canada in December 1880. a post he would occupy until his death 22 years later.
A founding member of the Royal Society of Canada, he also acted as its honorary secretary, and in 1892 served as president of the society. He wrote many books political history, some of which were considered references for decades to come. His Parliamentary Procedure and Practice in Canada (Montréal, 1884) is considered a standard work. How Canada is governed (Toronto, 1895) was a widely used textbook, and Canada under British rule, 1760 – 1900 (Cambridge, England, 1900) was also popular. He also wrote books about the history of Nova Scotia, and several more on constitutional law. He also created the work that was posthumously to be called Bourinot's Rules of Order.
Bourinot was an advocate of Imperial Federation and a proponent of both a national university and library of Canada. He also was in favour of the right of women to higher education. In his later life, Bourinot received honorary degrees from many Canadian universities and was created CMG in 1890 and KCMG in 1898. He died in Ottawa, Ontario and was buried in Beechwood Cemetery there.

## Honours

Bourinot was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1893.

## Works

* The Intellectual Development In The Canadian People, (1881)
* French Canada, (1887)
* Our Intellectual Strength And Weakness, (1893)
* Sea, Forest, And Prairie..., (1893)
* Canada, (1897)
* Builders Of Nova Scotia, (1900)
* Canada Under British Rule 1760-1900, (1900)
* Constitutional History, (1901)
* Lord Elgin, (1903)
* Canada [2nd edition with William H INGRAM], (1922)
* How Canada Is Governed, (?)
* Catalogue Of The Library Of The Late Sir John Bourinot, (1906)
* Parliamentary Procedure And Government In Canada, (?/?)
* Cape Breton And Its Memorials Of The French Régime, (?)
Source:
# Manliness (book)

Manliness is a book by Harvey C. Mansfield first published by Yale University Press in 2006. Mansfield is a professor of government at Harvard University. In this book, he defines manliness as "confidence in a situation of risk" and suggests this quality is currently undervalued in Western society.
He suggests the quality is more common in men than in women, but does not strictly exclude women, for example he names Margaret Thatcher. He also suggests the quality is "good and bad", not all good, but not all bad. His main point is that gender neutral ideology denies both the reality of sex-specific qualities, and the valuable components of these, to the detriment of society.
Mansfield attributes the rise of gender neutral ideology firstly to Friedrich Nietzsche, Karl Marx and Jean-Paul Sartre, and then to feminists who repackaged the ideas as part of a political program. He names Simone de Beauvoir, Betty Friedan and Germaine Greer.

## Overview

   Today the very word manliness seems quaint and obsolete. We are in the process of making the English language gender-neutral, and manliness, the quality of one gender, or rather, of one sex, seems to describe the essence of the enemy we are attacking, the evil we are eradicating.
   -Harvey Mansfield, Manliness
Mansfield evaluates the concept of manliness as it has been expressed over the course of Western civilization, and considers its virtues. As Mansfield stated to NPR's Tom Ashbrook, "Some people say manliness doesn't exist. Others say it does exist and it's bad. I say it exists and it's good ... and bad."
Drawing on classical philosophy, literature, and science, Mansfield argues that manliness is a virtue primarily associated with the male sex which is preferable to widespread institutional gender-neutral ideology.
Beginning with modern scientific discoveries, Mansfield appropriates them for insights on how these innate biological realities might exert an influence on gender identity and gender role preferences. Mansfield then proceeds to literature, drawing on Homer, Rudyard Kipling, and Hemingway to support his thesis that manliness has been a perpetual component of the male psyche and behavior.
Mansfield then offers an analysis of the historical forces in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, singling out Simone de Beauvoir, Betty Friedan, and Germaine Greer as the key writers to have influenced, what he considers to be, the dismantling of manliness. These writers shared two common hypotheses they derived from earlier writers: from Marx they drew the theory of economic exploitation, and from Nietzsche their flirtations with nihilism. Finally, Mansfield turns to Aristotle as the archetypal expounder of manliness to identify the quality of "philosophical courage," which Mansfield concludes is the ideal understanding of manliness.