OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Back to My Roots

"Back to My Roots" is a song by American dance music singer and drag queen RuPaul, released as the fourth single from his album Supermodel of the World, released on April 27, 1993 by Tommy Boy Records. Although the single failed to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100, it reached number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in July 1993 and helped to further establish RuPaul's popularity, particularly with both the dance music and LGBT audiences in the United States.
The house/dance track is a tribute to black women's hairstyles as well as to the tradition of community often found in urban hair salons. The song was originally entitled "Black to My Roots", but the record company changed it fearing controversy. Within the song RuPaul name-checks a variety of hairstyles such as braids, hair extensions, afro-puffs and cornrows. She also names several of her relatives including her mother Ernestine Charles, who at the time owned a hair salon in Atlanta, Georgia.
The single was released primarily as a CD but with various 12-inch versions. It also featured a new remix of the hit single "Supermodel (You Better Work)", as well as a pastiche of the track called "Strudelmodel", which changed the theme of the original to a "model for the Der Wienerschnitzel Corporation".

## Critical reception

Larry Flick from Billboard described 'Back to My Roots' as "a festive house ditty that extolls the creativity of African-American hair fashion." He added, "Eric Kupper's production is heavy on smart beats and disco charm, while Ru unleashes a flood of charisma and funny raps. An instant club hit poised for radio success." Sam Wood from Philadelphia Inquirer felt the song succeed at "being more than celebrations of surface". Rupert Howe from Select remarked "the tongue-in-cheek camp of 'Back to My Roots' (his hair, of course, not his genealogy)".

## Music video

The accompanying music video for "Back to My Roots" showcased extreme drag versions of all of these hairstyles. Though it was played occasionally on MTV, it received far more play in dance clubs. It also featured noted comedian LaWanda Page as Ms. Ernestine Charles.

## Track listing

(Tracks vary according to release; this listing reflects the tracks on the American CD version, which sold the most copies.)
* "Back to My Roots" (7" version)
* "Back to My Roots" (Jheri Curl Juice Mix)
* "Back to My Roots" (Murk's Curl Activator Mix)
* "Supermodel (You Better Work)" (Work It Mr. DJ Tribal Mix)
* "Back to My Roots" (Oscar G's Dope Dub)
* "Back to My Roots" (Jheri Curl Juice Dub)
* "Strudelmodel"
Italian promo vinyl (listed as "Back to My Roots - Remix")
Side One (Secchi Side):
* "Back to My Roots" (Secchi's Extended Mix) [6:05]
Side Two (Statement Side):
* "Back to My Roots" (Back to Our Concept Mix) [6:16]
* "Back to My Roots" (Back to Our Concept Mix - Instrumental) [6:16]

## Charts

Chart performance for "Back to My Roots" :
| Chart (1993) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA) | 90 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 40 |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 (Billboard) | 6 |
| US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) | 1 |
# MARCH (Japanese universities)

MARCH (マーチ, Māchi) is the collective name of 5 private universities located in Tokyo, Japan. The name comes from the initial letters of the Japanese Roman characters of each school:
* Meiji University (明治大学, Meiji Daigaku)
* Aoyama Gakuin University (青山学院大学, Aoyama Gakuin Daigaku)
* Rikkyo University (立教大学, Rikkyō Daigaku)
* Chuo University (中央大学, Chūō Daigaku)
* Hosei University (法政大学, Hōsei Daigaku)

## Overview

Combined, MARCH universities' alumni include 5 world leaders, 2 Supreme Court Justices, and 6 Olympic medalists. Meiji, Hosei and Rikkyo universities are part of the Top Global University Project of Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.

## Comparison

| Name | Year founded | Location in Greater Tokyo | Academic rankings (2023) |
| Meiji University | 1881 | Chiyoda Suginami Nakano Kawasaki | THE National: 45 QS Asia: 291–300 QS World: 1001–1200 |
| Aoyama Gakuin University | 1874 | Shibuya Machida Sagamihara | THE National: 52 QS Asia: 351–400 QS World: 1201–1400 |
| Rikkyo University | 1874 | Ikebukuro Niiza | THE National: 40 QS Asia: 248 QS World: 1201–1400 |
| Chuo University | 1885 | Hachiōji Bunkyō Shinjuku | THE National: 54 QS Asia: 451–500 QS World: >1400 |
| Hosei University | 1880 | Shinjuku Koganei Machida | THE National: 59 QS Asia: 551–600 QS World: >1400 |

## Extensions
### JMARCH

A former extension, Sophia University (上智大学, Jōchi Daigaku), alongside the rest of MARCH, were called JMARCH in the 1960s. The term is no longer used, due to Sophia now being grouped with Waseda and Keio as Japan's top 3 private universities.

### GMARCH

Originating in 2005, GMARCH is a widely used extension of MARCH, with G being Gakushuin University (学習院大学, Gakushūin Daigaku).

### TMARCH

With T standing for Toyo University (東洋大学, Tōyō Daigaku), the extension of TMARCH originated in 2023 as a result of Toyo's rise in prestige and reputation, with observers and pundits often comparing the university with the rest of MARCH.
# Journal of Democracy

The Journal of Democracy is a quarterly academic journal established in 1990 and an official publication of the National Endowment for Democracy's International Forum for Democratic Studies. It covers the study of democracy, democratic regimes, and pro-democracy movements throughout the world.
In addition to scholarly research and analysis, the journal incorporates reports from activists on the ground, updates on elections, and reviews of recent literature in the field. Writers published in the journal have included Václav Havel, the Dalai Lama, and Zbigniew Brzezinski. The journal is published by the Johns Hopkins University Press.
The editors of the Journal of Democracy commission most articles but do consider unsolicited articles. The journal does not perform formal peer review on all submissions, but some "are sent to outside scholars or specialists for comments and evaluation."
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 4.663 impact factor as of 2021.
# Victory Monument (Tolyatti)

Memorial in Honor of the 40th Anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War (Russian: Мемориал в честь 40-летия Победы в Великой Отечественной войне) or simply Victory Monument is a 1985 monument in the Avtozavodsky (Auto Factory) District of Tolyatti dedicated to the Soviet victory in World War II (called the Great Patriotic War in Russia).

## History

The memorial complex was built in Victory Park as part of the 1985 remembrance of the 40th anniversary of the 1945 victory over Nazi Germany. The memorial was officially opened on June 7, 1985. The designer was Simon Winograd, and VAZ undertook the construction.
Later additions were made to the memorial in 1987–1988: bas-reliefs were installed, and in the center a star with an eternal flame was installed.
On March 9, 1995, a capsule of earth brought from Poklonnaya Hill in Moscow (the site of Moscow's Victory Park) was placed in one of the monument's wreaths (the one on the side facing Jubilee Street).
In April 2007, hooligans stole part of the framing of the eternal flame, but the vandals were soon arrested and the items recovered.

## Architecture

The monument consists of four 10-metre (33 ft) stelae formed in a ring. The four stelae represent the four years of the war (1941–1942, 1942–1943, 1943–1944, and 1944–1945) and each has one of the designated years displayed at its top.
On the outer face of the foot of each stela are ledges with stylized wreaths cast from aluminum. On the inner faces of each stela is a bas–relief: ("Partisans", "Victims of Fascism", "Home Front" and "Battle Front") all sculpted by Sandor Zicherman.
The ring connecting the stelae is faced with stainless steel. On its inner side is an inscription of aluminum letters: "Eternal Honor to the People's Heroism".
In the center of the monument is a star with the eternal flame, framed by five bronze sections.

## Sources

* R. Markov Forever in the People's Memory: in Victory Park will be Built a Memorial in Honor of the 40th Anniversary of Victory. Волжский автостроитель (Volga Car Builder), April 25, 1985 (N 47, S. 1) (in Russian)
* T. Krymchuzhina Victory Park: Reporting from the Opening of the Memorial in Victory Park in the Avtozavodsky District of Togliatti. За коммунизм (For Communism), May 11, 1988 (N 90, S. 1) (in Russian)
# Map-winged swift

The map-winged swift (Pharmacis fusconebulosa) is a moth belonging to the family Hepialidae and has a patchy distribution throughout Eurasia. The species was first described by Charles De Geer in 1778. It was previously placed in the genus Hepialus and some references still place it there.

## Description

This moth gets its common name from the variegated pattern of the forewing, in various shades of black, brown and white, which look rather like a map (although there are plainer forms). Unlike most hepialids, the pattern is rather similar in both sexes although the female is usually rather larger with a wingspan of up to 50 mm.
The adult flies from May to July (August in the north of the range) and is attracted to light, sometimes strongly so. This species overwinters twice as a larva. This moth is strongly associated with bracken (Pteridium spp.) and it is most frequently encountered in habitats where this plant occurs (e.g. moorland, heathland, open woodland). However the larva, which is a root-feeder, has been recorded on other ferns such as Polystichum, grasses such as red fescue and also on potatoes and probably will feed on a wide range of other plants.

### Larvae

Eggs are randomly scattered by the flying female, amongst the foodplant. The larvae have a yellowish-white body with a reddish- or purplish-brown head; thoracic plates are orange as is the body warts which have a short bristle and the spiracles are black. They are subterranean, feeding on the roots and lower stem of the foodplant, and take two years before they pupate. When fully fed they are 30–35 mm long.

## Etymology

The species was first described by the Swedish industrialist and entomologist, Charles De Geer in 1778, from the type specimen found in Houblon, France. Previously placed in the genus Hepialus – from the Greek; hēpialos – meaning a fever, as in 'the fitful, alternating flight' of the moth. It has since been allocated to the genus Pharmacis. The specific name fusconebulosa – is from fuscus meaning dark and nebulosus – cloudy, referring to the dark markings on the forewing of certain forms of the moth. A subspecies shetlanicus, refers to the Shetland Islands where the subspecies is found.

## Gallery

* Figs. 4 4a, 4b larvae after last moult, 4c pupa 4d piece of root of fern (Pteris aquilina) burrowed by the larva
* Mounted
# McKittrick–Wheelock syndrome

McKittrick-Wheelock syndrome is an uncommon syndrome caused by large, villous adenomas that secrete high quantities of electrolyte-rich mucin. This may lead to pre-renal acute kidney injury, secretory diarrhea, and dehydration. It is estimated that 2-3% of large villous adenomas, typically greater than 4 cm in diameter, will present with this hypersecretory pattern.

## Symptoms and Signs

Patients typically present with a history of chronic, watery diarrhea. Before the cause is established, they may have multiple hospitalizations for dehydration and kidney failure. Patients may present with hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and elevated creatinine.

## Treatment

The treatment is supportive until the villous adenoma can be resected surgically.

## History

The syndrome was first described by Leland S. McKittrick and Frank C. Wheelock. In 1954 they reported a case of an 84-year-old woman with a large villous papilloma of the rectum, who presented with weakness, syncope and oliguria.
# Grah

Grahova pretepena juha is a type of traditional thick bean soup from Međimurje cuisine, an integral part of the national Croatian cuisine. It is a bean soup with added stirred flour mixed with milk and cream, especially popular in parts of Northern Croatia. Traditionally it is also called "bean with cream" or "white bean soup", with minor differences in ingredients and preparation. This liquid dish of the original recipe is prepared from beans, as the main ingredient, and other ingredients and additives: flour, milk, sour cream, salt, water or soup stock, vinegar, oil, garlic, Vegeta, laurel, pepper and other spices according to desire and taste. The most used varieties of beans can be cranberry, bolita, navy or kidney.

## Preparation and serving

The preparation of the dish begins the day before, when the beans are placed in a container (bowl) with cold water, where it remains for at least a few hours or overnight to become soaked. After the water is changed on the second day, the beans are cooked in a pot until soft. Then the so-called "pretep", a mixture of sour cream, flour and a little milk, is added, whereby the flour is whipped into cream or milk. The other ingredients are added and everything is cooked a little longer, until it reaches the appropriate density. All the ingredients that are added to the beans, except laurel, are chopped before putting them in the pot. If the dish is too thick, it can be diluted with water as desired and boiled for a while (next 10 - 15 minutes). At the end a little vinegar can be added. It is served hot in a suitable bowl and eaten with bread, and according to taste, with chopped onion or other foodstuffs.
# Cylindrocladium lanceolatum

Cylindrocladium lanceolatum is a fungal plant pathogen.
# George Cowper, 6th Earl Cowper

George Augustus Frederick Cowper, 6th Earl Cowper (26 June 1806 – 15 April 1856), styled Viscount Fordwich until 1837, was a British Whig politician. He served briefly as Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs under his uncle Lord Melbourne in 1834.

## Background

Cowper was the eldest son of Peter Clavering-Cowper, 5th Earl Cowper, and his wife Emily Lamb, daughter of Peniston Lamb, 1st Viscount Melbourne, sister of Prime Minister William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, and a leading figure in Regency society. William Cowper-Temple, 1st Baron Mount Temple, was his younger brother. His mother married as her second husband the future Prime Minister Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, in 1839.

## Military career

He was commissioned a cornet in the Royal Horse Guards on 28 April 1827. On 27 February 1830, he purchased a lieutenancy in the regiment. He retired on the half-pay of the New South Wales Veteran Companies in March 1831, but exchanged into a lieutenancy in the 31st Regiment of Foot on 13 February 1835. He retired from the Regular army on 6 March 1835. However, in 1833 he had accepted command of a Troop in the part-time South Hertfordshire Yeomanry Cavalry with the rank of captain, which he held until his resignation in April 1832.

## Political career

Cowper entered the House of Commons for Canterbury in the 1830 general election, and served briefly under his uncle Lord Melbourne as Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs between November and December 1834. He lost his seat in Parliament in the 1835 general election. Two years later he succeeded his father in the earldom. Between 1846 and 1856 he served as Lord-Lieutenant of Kent.

## Marriage and issue

Lord Cowper married Lady Anne Florence de Grey (who after her husband's death succeeded as sixth Baroness Lucas of Crudwell), daughter of Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey, in 1833. They had two sons and four daughters:
* Francis Thomas de Grey Cowper, 7th Earl Cowper (1834–1905)
* The Honourable Henry Frederick Cowper (1836–1887)
* Lady Henrietta Emily Mary Cowper (26 March 1838 – 28 June 1853), died young
* Lady Florence Amabel Cowper (4 December 1840 – 28 April 1886), married the Honourable Auberon Herbert in 1871.
* Lady Adine Eliza Anne Cowper (17 March 1843 – 20 October 1868), married Hon. Julian Fane in 1866.
* Lady Amabel Frederica Henrietta Cowper (1846–1906), married Lord Walter Kerr in 1873.
Lord Cowper died in April 1856, aged 49, and was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son Francis. Lady Cowper died in 1880.

## Arms

Coat of arms of George Cowper, 6th Earl Cowper :
* CrestA lion's jamb erased Or holding a cherry branch Vert fructed Gules.
* EscutcheonArgent three martlets Gules on a chief engrailed of the last three annulets Or.
* SupportersTwo dun horses close cropped (except a tuft on the withers) and docked a large blaze down the face a black list down the back and three white feet viz both hind and the near fore foot.
* MottoTuum Est (It Is Thine)
# Schaijk

Schaijk is a town in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the former municipality of Landerd, about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) southeast of Oss.

## History

Schaijk developed in the Middle Ages on the border of the sand and clay land. It was part of the Land van Ravenstein [nl] which became a Catholic enclave of Palatinate-Neuburg within the Dutch Republic in 1631. The Land van Ravenstein was conquered by France in 1794, and sold to the Batavian Republic (the predecessor of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) in 1800.
The St Antonius Abt Church was built between 1894 and 1895 to replace the medieval church. Between 1901 and 1902, a new wall was built around the 15th-century tower and the tower was enlarged.
Schaijk was home to 536 people in 1840. Schaijk was a separate municipality until 1994, when it merged with Zeeland to form the new municipality of Landerd. Since 2022 it has been part of the new municipality of Maashorst.
Schaijk is known for its carnival, called "moeslands carnaval". During carnival, The name changes from Schaijk to Moesland, which loosely translates into "Kale-land".

## Gallery

* Former town hall
* School
* Shop in Schaijk
* Heath near Schaijk
# Fisherman's Walk Cliff Railway

The Fisherman's Walk Cliff Railway, or Southbourne Cliff Railway, is the worlds shortest public funicular railway located in Southbourne (a seaside suburb of the English seaside resort of Bournemouth). The line serves to link the seaside promenade and beach, with the cliff top and the town behind.

## Overview

The line is owned and operated by Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council, and it has the following technical parameters:

### Technical parameters

* Length: 128 feet (39 m)
* Gradient: 1:1.49 (67.11%)
* Cars: 2
* Capacity: 12 passengers per car
* Configuration: Double track
* Gauge: 5 ft 8 in (1,727 mm)
* Traction: Electricity

## History

Opened in 1935 by Bournemouth Corporation, Fisherman's Walk Cliff Railway is the most recent of the town's three lines. Traction was originally provided by a 21 horsepower (16 kW) electric motor, although this was replaced in the 1960s. The passenger cabs were replaced with newer versions in April 2012. Fisherman's Walk Cliff Railway is credited as the shortest funicular in the world by the 2015 Guinness Book of Records.

## Nearby funiculars

There are two other cliff railways in Bournemouth, the West Cliff Railway and the East Cliff Railway (closed since 2016). All three operate between April and October.

## Use as an arts venue

On Sunday 6 May 2018, Bournemouth-based sound and performance artists Language, Timothy! performed a site-specific theatre performance called 'Sound Journeys: The Longest Second' across both passenger cars of the Fisherman's Walk Cliff railway. The piece - two, one-minute vignettes created especially for the Southbourne railway - was a commission for Bournemouth Emerging Arts Fringe (BEAF) Festival 2018. Over 500 passengers saw one or both halves of the piece which ran for four hours during usual cliff lift operating hours.
# American Football Association of Nigeria

The American Football Association of Nigeria, also known as the Nigerian American Football Association (NAFA), is a private organization dedicated to promoting and developing American football across Nigeria.
Established in 2019, NAFA operates as an associated member of the International Federation of American Football (IFAF) representing Nigeria though they are not officially recognized as the governing body of American Football by the Nigerian government.

## History

NAFA was founded in November 2019 by Babajide Akeredolu, alongside co-founders Obatolu Oluwaseye from the United Kingdom and Dominik Mueller from Germany and Lawrence Ojaideh who currently serves as the Secretary general of the organization. The organization's primary mission is to utilize American football as a vehicle for personal and national development, emphasizing grassroots participation, educational scholarships, and community outreach initiatives.

## Key initiatives and achievements

* NSSFFL: NAFA organizes the Nigerian Secondary School Flag Football League (NSSFFL) which brings athletes from different states in Nigeria to participate in Flag football tournaments. This annual tournament aims to develop the sport among young Nigerians and provides opportunities for scholarships and talent recognition.
* League Development: NAFA is committed to establishing and sustaining a professional American football league in Nigeria, with plans for regional conferences and international competition.
* Grassroots Development: The organization promotes the inclusion of American football in Nigeria's educational curriculum to foster grassroots development.
* AKETI BOWL- The AKETI BOWL, is a prestigious event within the Nigeria Secondary Schools Flag Football League (NSSFFL). The last championship (Season II) was hosted in Ondo State. In this championship, Government Secondary School (GSS), Eket, Akwa Ibom State, emerged victorious in the boys' category by defeating Government Science Secondary School, Pyakasa, Abuja. wide.

## Recognition and impact

NAFA's efforts have led to a significant increase in the popularity and presence of American football across Nigeria. The organization's focus on promoting safety culture and positive youth engagement has garnered recognition from national and international partners with its actions leading to selection of Jeff Okudah as the first NFL Player Ambassador to NAFA
In 2023 the organization was invited by the National Football League to bring an U12 Flag Football team to the 2023 NFL Flag Championships at the Probowl.
In June 2024, NAFA organized the first ever NFL Flag U14 Tournament in Nigeria during the NFL expansion program to Nigeria. The competition involved 12 schools from the states of Lagos, Ogun and Oyo.
# Fremont Lake

Fremont Lake is the second largest natural lake in Wyoming after Yellowstone Lake. It was glacially formed with the outlet blocked by a terminal moraine. It is notable for being very deep at 610 feet in the deepest spot.
# Jacques Ishaq

Archbishop Mar Jacques Ishaq (Arabic: جاك اسحق; 25 February 1938 – 22 June 2023) was an Iraqi Chaldean Catholic hierarch who served as Curial Bishop of the Patriarchate of Babylon. He served as locum tenens of the Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans between the retirement of Emmanuel III Delly in December 2012 and the election of Louis Raphaël I Sako in January 2013.

## Biography

Jacques Ishaq was born at Mosul, Kingdom of Iraq on 25 February 1938, and was ordained priest on 20 June 1963. On 7 May 1997, he was appointed Archbishop of Erbil; he was consecrated bishop on 26 September 1997, by Patriarch Mar Raphael I Bidawid, Archbishop André Sana, and Bishop Emmanuel Delly. He retired on 4 May 1999.
On 21 December 2005, he was appointed Titular Archbishop of Nisibis dei Caldei and Curial Bishop of the Patriarchate of Babylon.
Upon the retirement of Patriarch Mar Emmanuel III Delly, he served as locum tenens of the Patriarchate of Babylon of the Chaldeans until the election of Patriarch Louis Raphaël I Sako. In 2014 he retired as Curial Bishop of Babylon.
Ishaq died on 22 June 2023, at the age of 85.