OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 230

Year 230 (CCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Agricola and Clementinus (or, less frequently, year 983 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 230 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Roman Empire

* Emperor Alexander Severus decides that Thessaly should be a separate province from Macedonia. He increases taxes, in order to maintain the war against the Sassanids, and strengthen the defenses of the Roman Empire.

#### Persian Empire

* King Ardashir I of the Persian Empire invades the Roman province of Mesopotamia, and unsuccessfully besieges the fortress town of Nisibis (Turkey). His army threatens the border outposts of Syria and Cappadocia.
* Alexander Severus assembles the Roman army, and establishes his headquarters at Antioch. He attempts a diplomatic solution, but the Persians decline and choose war.

#### Korea

* Jobun becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla.

### By topic
#### Religion

* July 21 – Pope Pontian succeeds Pope Urban I, as the 18th pope of Rome.
* Patriarch Castinus succeeds Ciriacus I as patriarch Constantinople.
* Seventy bishops hold the council of the Christian Church of Africa.

## Births

* Gaius Vibius Volusianus, Roman emperor (d. 253)
* Marcus Aurelius Carus, Roman emperor (d. 283)

## Deaths

* May 23 – Urban I, bishop of Rome (b. 175)
* July 9 – Bian, Chinese empress dowager (b. 159)
* Go Uru, Korean prime minister
* Liang Xi, Chinese official and politician
* Marius Maximus, Roman consul and biographer
* Naehae of Silla, Korean ruler
* Wu Zhi, Chinese official and general (b. 177)
* Zhang Wen, Chinese official and politician (b. 193)
* Zhang Yi, Chinese official and politician (b. 167)
* Zhong Yao, Chinese official and calligrapher (b. 151)
# 498

Year 498 (CDXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Paulinus and Scytha (or, less frequently, year 1251 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 498 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Byzantine Empire

* Emperor Anastasius I abolishes the chrysargyron tax throughout the Eastern Roman Empire, before reforming the monetary system, using Greek numerals instead of Roman.

#### Persia

* Kavadh I returns from exile with support of 30,000 Hephthalites (White Huns), and again assumes the Sassanid throne. He punishes his opponents and probably his brother Djamasp, who usurped the throne from him.

#### Japan

* Prince Buretsu, age 9, succeeds his father Ninken and becomes the 25th emperor.

### By topic
#### Religion

* November 19 – Pope Anastasius II dies after a 2-year reign in which he has tried to conciliate followers of Acacius, late patriarch of Constantinople, who was excommunicated by Felix III.
* November 22 – Anastasius is succeeded by Symmachus as the 51st pope, in the official papal selection in the Lateran Palace (Rome). Meanwhile, Antipope Laurentius is elected "pope" in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, causing a schism.
* Flavian II succeeds Palladius as patriarch of Antioch.

## Births

* Jie Min Di, emperor of Northern Wei (d. 532)
* Kevin of Glendalough, Irish abbot and saint (d. 618)

## Deaths

* November 19 – Pope Anastasius II
* Ninken, emperor of Japan
* Qi Mingdi, emperor of Southern Qi (b. 452)
# 12 BC

Year 12 BC was either a common year starting on Saturday, Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Friday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Quirinius (or, less frequently, year 742 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 12 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Roman Empire

* Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus and Publius Sulpicius Quirinius are Roman consuls.
* Tiberius Claudius Nero summoned to Pannonia due to severe revolt by the Delmatae.
* Roman armies based at Xanten, Cologne and Mainz campaign beyond the Rhine.
* First official mention of Argentoratum, the city known in modern times as Strasbourg.
* Emperor Augustus is given the title Pontifex Maximus.
* Approximate date – Pyramid of Cestius erected in Rome.

#### India

* King Azes II dies. The rule of the Indo-Scythians crumbles as the Kushans, one of the five tribes of the Yuezhi who live in Bactria expand into India to create a Kushan Empire.

### By topic
#### Astronomy

* Comet Halley makes an appearance.

## Births

* Agrippa Postumus, son of Julia the Elder and grandson of Augustus (d. AD 14)

## Deaths

* Gaius Caninius Rebilus, Roman senator and suffect consul
* Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus, Roman consul (b. c. 45 BC)
* Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Roman statesman (b. c. 63 BC)
* Mithridates III, king of Commagene (Armenia)
* Sextius Propertius, Roman Latin poet and writer (b. c. 50–45 BC)
# 731

Year 731 (DCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 731 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Europe

* Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Munuza, Moorish governor of Cerdagne (eastern Pyrenees), rebels against Umayyad authority. He is defeated and executed by Muslim forces under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi at Urgell (Catalonia). Muslim garrisons in Septimania raid the cities Millau and Arles.
* Ragenfrid, ex-mayor of the palace of Neustria, meets Duke Eudes of Aquitaine, to accept his rule and independence from the Frankish Kingdom. Fearing an alliance against him, Charles Martel exiles Ragenfrid's supporter Wandon of Fontenelle, and imprisons bishop Aimar of Auxerre.
* Charles Martel leads two raids across the Loire River into the Berry region. The Franks seize and plunder Bourges (central France), but the city is immediately recaptured by Eudes of Aquitaine.

#### Britain

* Autumn – King Ceolwulf of Northumbria is deposed by opponents, and forced to enter a monastery. His supporters subsequently restore him to the throne (or 732).
* King Æthelbald of Mercia overruns a large portion of Somerset, and wrests the county from Wessex control (approximate date).

#### Asia

* Battle of the Defile: An Umayyad relief army (28,000 men) is sent to Samarkand (modern Uzbekistan), which is besieged by the Turgesh. The Muslims are ambushed near the Zarafshan Range, at the Tashtakaracha Pass. The battle results in a Pyrrhic victory, with heavy casualties for the Umayyad army, halting Muslim expansion in Central Asia for almost two decades.

### By topic
#### Literature

* Bede, Anglo-Saxon monk and historian, completes his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum at the monastery of Saint Peter at Monkwearmouth.

#### Religion

* February 11 – Pope Gregory II dies at Rome after a 16-year reign, in which he has fought Iconoclasm. He is succeeded by the Syrian-born cleric Gregory III, as the 90th pope of the Catholic Church.
* A Moorish raiding party under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi invades deep into Burgundy, and plunders the monastery of Luxeuil Abbey, located in the Haute-Saône, massacring most of the community.
* November 1 – Synod of Rome: Gregory III summons a council at the shrine of Saint Peter. All western bishops participate, including the Roman nobility. Gregory condemns Iconoclasm as a heresy.

## Births

* Abd al-Rahman I, Muslim emir of Córdoba (d. 788)
* Ōtomo no Otomaro, Japanese general and Shōgun (d. 809)
* Telets, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire (approximate date)

## Deaths

* February 11 – Gregory II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 669)
* March 13 – Gerald of Mayo, Anglo-Saxon abbot
* August 31 – Ōtomo no Tabito, Japanese poet (b. 665)
* December 22 – Yuan Qianyao, official of the Chinese Tang dynasty
* date unknown
** Barjik, prince of the Khazar Khaganate
** Berhtwald, archbishop of Canterbury
** Munuza, Moorish governor of Cerdagne
** Ragenfrid, mayor of the palace of Neustria
** Yuwen Rong, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (or 730)
# New Ho King

New Ho King (Chinese: 新豪京; pinyin: Xīnháojīng; Jyutping: San1 hou4 ging1) is a Chinese restaurant in Chinatown, Toronto. It first opened in 1976, and rose to popularity after being featured in Kendrick Lamar's 2024 diss track "Euphoria" and Drake's rebuttal "Family Matters" during the Drake–Kendrick Lamar feud. As of 2024, it is owned by Johnny Lu.

## History

The restaurant has been open since 1976, and has long been a "favourite late-night Chinatown dinner spot" among Toronto residents. Its current owner, Johnny Lu, has worked at New Ho King since he was 14 years old, and bought the restaurant in 2019.
In January 2016, a shooting occurred outside the restaurant, which left two dead and four injured.
On April 30, 2024, Lamar released "Euphoria", a diss track aimed towards Drake. New Ho King was briefly name-dropped, with "I be at New Ho King eatin' fried rice with a dip sauce and a blammy, crodie." There are theories to Lamar's motives. Complex speculated it relates to when Drake was robbed at gunpoint in May 2009 in a Toronto restaurant. A few days later, on May 3, Drake released "Family Matters", which featured the restaurant in the music video, wherein Drake is seen with an array of dishes. In an interview, New Ho King's owner said that business had gone up 300% as a result of the mention. In honour of Lamar, the restaurant began offering the 'Kendrick Lamar special', a series of dishes featuring fried rice, deep fried shrimp with chili and crispy garlic, spicy fried chicken wings, and beef and broccoli.

## Reception and legacy

The Toronto Star food critic Gerry Shikatani praised the restaurant in a 1999 review, writing, "It is quite simple, not high-end dramatic. But servings are large, and few Cantonese kitchens are cooking with such accomplishment and light touch, while leaving an equally light trace on the wallet." Steven Davey of Now in 2011 found the food to be "a little bit too salty and verging on over-cooked" but said that was not a significant concern at 3:00am.
The reviewer Alexandra Clark in 2003 praised the restaurant's hot and sour soup, General Tso's chicken, and the garlic sauce flavoured eggplant and shrimp. In a 2008 review, Ben Kaplan of the National Post found the restaurant to be a "Cantonese greasy spoon ... as good as we've tasted any hour of the day". He praised the crispness of the pork chow mein but criticized the General Tso's chicken, writing, "a harder fried outer coating might have provided a sharper contrast with the white chicken meat".
The name of the queer Asian collective New Ho Queen was inspired by the restaurant.
# 855

Year 855 (DCCCLV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

## Events
### By place
#### Byzantine Empire

* November 20 – Theoktistos, co-regent of the Empire on behalf of 15-year old Emperor Michael III, is murdered on the orders of Michael.

#### Central Europe

* September 29 – Emperor Lothair I dies after a 15-year reign (co-ruling with his father Louis the Pious until 840). He divides the Middle Frankish Kingdom between his three sons in an agreement called the Treaty of Prüm—the eldest, Louis II, receives the northern half of Italy and the title of Holy Roman Emperor. The second, Lothair II, receives Lotharingia (the Low Countries and Upper Burgundy). The youngest, Charles, receives Lower Burgundy and Provence.

#### Britain

* Spring – King Æthelwulf of Wessex decides to go on a pilgrimage to Rome, accompanied by his youngest son Alfred (age 6) and a large retinue. He divides the kingdom between his two eldest sons; Æthelbald receives the western part of Wessex, while Æthelberht becomes ruler over Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex.

#### Abbasid Caliphate

* Caliph al-Mutawakkil sends an Abbasid army, led by the Turkic general Bugha al-Kabir, to suppress an uprising of rebellious Armenian nakharars. He subdues the country, and deports many Armenian nobles to the caliphal capital of Samarra.

### By topic
#### Religion

* July 17 – Pope Leo IV dies after an 8-year reign, and is succeeded by Benedict III as the 104th pope of Rome. Anastasius is made anti-pope by Lothair I.
* Æthelwulf grants churches in Wessex the right to receive tithes. He gives one-tenth of his lands to the Church.
* The Slavic alphabet is created by Saints Cyril and Methodius.

## Births

* Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat, Muslim vizier (d. 924)
* Gerald of Aurillac, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
* Guaimar I of Salerno, Lombard prince (approximate date)
* Han Jian, Chinese warlord (d. 912)
* Jing Hao, Chinese painter (d. 915)

## Deaths

* July 17 – Leo IV, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 790)
* September 20 – Gozbald, abbot and bishop of Würzburg
* September 29 – Lothair I, Frankish king and emperor (b. 795)
* November 20 – Theoktistos, Byzantine chief minister
* December 8 – Drogo of Metz, illegitimate son of Charlemagne (b. 801)
* Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Muslim scholar and theologian (b. 780)
* Boso the Elder, count of Turin and Valois
* Cyngen ap Cadell, king of Powys (Wales)
* Elisedd ap Cyngen, king of Powys (Wales)
* Pepin, count of Vermandois (approximate date)
* Sahnun ibn Sa'id, Muslim jurist (or 854)
* Sico II, prince of Salerno (Italy)
# 952

Year 952 (CMLII) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

## Events
### By place
#### Europe

* Summer – At the Reichstag in Augsburg (assembled by King Otto I), joined by German nobles and bishops, Berengar of Ivrea pays homage. He becomes a vassal of the East Frankish Kingdom. Otto leaves a strong garrison at Pavia in the hands of his son-in-law Conrad the Red, duke of Lotharingia.

#### Scotland

* King Constantine II dies at the monastery of St. Andrews (where he has been retired since 943). His cousin and ruling monarch, Malcolm I, fights a battle against the Northmen or the Norse–Gaels.

#### Africa

* Summer – Kalbid forces under Al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi (an aristocratic member of the ruling Fatimid Caliphate) sail from Sicily and invade Byzantine Calabria. He attacks several towns, including Gerace and Cassono.

## Births

* Adelaide of Aquitaine, French queen consort (or 945)
* Adela of Hamaland, Frankish countess and regent (d. 1021)
* Fakhr al-Dawla, emir of Gurgan and Tabaristan (d. 997)
* Sa'd al-Dawla, Hamdanid emir of Aleppo (d. 991)
* Song, Chinese empress consort (d. 995)

## Deaths

* June 15 – Murong Yanchao, Chinese general
* July 17 – Wu Hanyue, Chinese noblewoman (b. 913)
* September 6 – Suzaku, emperor of Japan (b. 923)
* September 10 – Gao Xingzhou, Chinese general (b. 885)
* December 17 – Hugh the Black, duke of Burgundy
* date unknown
** Alan II (Wrybeard), duke of Brittany
** Constantine II, king of Alba (Scotland)
** Li Jianxun, Chinese official and chancellor
** Mansur ibn Qara-Tegin, Samanid governor
# 526

Year 526 (DXXVI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Olybrius without colleague (or, less frequently, year 1279 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 526 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Europe

* August 30 – King Theodoric the Great dies of dysentery at Ravenna; his daughter Amalasuintha takes power as regent for her 10-year-old son Athalaric.
* Amalasuintha rules the Ostrogothic Kingdom that extends throughout the Italian Peninsula, Dalmatia, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica.
* Amalaric, age 24, becomes king of the Visigoths, and assumes full royal power.

#### Persia

* Roman–Persian Wars: King Kavad I, assisted by his Arabian vassal, Al-Mundhir III, begins a campaign in the Transcaucasus region and Upper Mesopotamia.

#### Middle East

* Probably between May 20 and May 29 – 526 Antioch earthquake: A great earthquake kills approximately 250,000 people in Syria and Antioch.

### By topic
#### Religion

* Pope John I returns to Ravenna from Constantinople. Theodoric the Great finds that he has been only partly successful in persuading the Byzantine emperor Justin I to withdraw his edict against Arian Christianity, and throws the pope into prison.
* May 18 – John I dies of starvation after a 3-year reign. Theodoric the Great selects Pope Felix IV as the 54th pope.
* Ecclesius, bishop of Ravenna, commissions two new churches, one for Ravenna and one for its port, Classis.
* c. 526–547 – Sanctuary apse's mosaic showing Christ enthroned and flanked by Saint Vitalis and Ecclesius, Basilica of San Vitale (Ravenna) is made.

## Births

* Wang Lin, general of the Liang Dynasty and Northern Wei (d. 573)
* Yuan Zhao ("the young lord"), emperor of Northern Wei (d. 528)

## Deaths

* May 18 – Pope John I
* August 30 – Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths (b. 454)
* October 30 – Paul of Edessa, Syriac Orthodox bishop of Edessa
* Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus, Roman politician
# 198

Year 198 (CXCVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sergius and Gallus (or, less frequently, year 951 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 198 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Roman Empire

* January 28
** Publius Septimius Geta, son of Septimius Severus, receives the title of Caesar.
** Caracalla, son of Septimius Severus, is given the title of Augustus.

#### China

* Winter – Battle of Xiapi: The allied armies led by Cao Cao and Liu Bei defeat Lü Bu; afterward Cao Cao has him executed.

### By topic
#### Religion

* Marcus I succeeds Olympianus as Patriarch of Constantinople (until 211).

## Births

* Lu Kai, Chinese official and general (d. 269)
* Quan Cong, Chinese general and advisor (d. 249)

## Deaths

* Li Jue, Chinese warlord and regent
* Liu Yao, Chinese governor and warlord (b. 157)
* Mi Heng, Chinese musician and writer (b. 173)
* Zhang Yang, Chinese official and warlord
# 859

Year 859 (DCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

## Events
### By place
#### Europe

* January 15 – Battle of St. Quentin: Frankish forces, led by Humfrid, defeat King Louis the German at Saint-Quentin (Northern France). Humfrid is enfeoffed with the County of Autun, and appointed Margrave of Burgundy, by King Charles the Bald.
* Summer – The Viking chieftains Hastein and Björn Ironside (a son of Ragnar Lodbrok) begin an expedition, and sail from the Loire River with a fleet of 62 ships, to raid cities and monasteries in the Mediterranean Sea.
* Viking raiders invade the Kingdom of Pamplona (Western Pyrenees), and capture King García Íñiguez I, somewhere in the Andalusian heartland. They extort a ransom, rising to around 70,000 gold dinars.
* The Russian city of Novgorod is first mentioned in the Sofia Chronicles.
* Winter – The weather is so severe that the Adriatic Sea freezes, and Italy is covered in snow for 100 days.

#### Iberian Peninsula

* Battle of Albelda: King Ordoño I of Asturias, and his ally García Íñiguez I, defeat the Muslims under Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi at Albelda.
* Viking raiders burn the mosques of Seville and Algeciras in al-Andalus (modern Spain).

#### Africa

* The University of Al Karaouine is founded in Fes (modern Morocco), by Fatima al-Fihri (recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest university in the world).

#### China

* September 7 – Emperor Xuān Zong (Li Yi) dies after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his eldest son Yi Zong, as ruler of the Tang dynasty.

#### Syria

* 859 Syrian coast earthquake. It affected the Mediterranean coast of Syria It caused almost the complete destruction of Latakia and Jableh, major damage at Antioch and led to many deaths.

## Births

* Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya, first Zaydi Imam of Yemen (d. 911)
* Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah, vizier of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 946)
* Odo I, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (or 860)
* Rudolph I, king of Burgundy (d. 912)
* Tannet of Pagan, king of Burma (d. 904)

## Deaths

* September 7 – Xuān Zong, emperor of the Tang dynasty (b. 810)
* December 13 – Angilbert II, archbishop of Milan
* Dhul-Nun al-Misri, Egyptian scholar and Sufi (b. 796)
* Immo, bishop of Noyon (approximate date)
* Lu Shang, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 789)
* Máel Gualae, king of Munster (Ireland)
# 770

Year 770 (DCCLXX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 770 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Europe

* King Charlemagne signs a peace treaty with Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria, and marries the Lombard princess Desiderata (daughter of King Desiderius). He travels to the Lombard court at Pavia to conclude arrangements. Pope Stephen III opposes the marriage, and protests about a Frankish-Lombard alliance.
* Hedeby, an important trading settlement, in the Danish-northern German borderland is founded (approximate date).

#### Britain

* King Alhred of Northumbria takes an interest in continental missionary activities, and sends Willehad to Frisia in modern-day Netherlands (approximate date).

#### Abbasid Caliphate

* Caliph al-Mansur orders the closing of the Canal of the Pharaohs (Egypt). The only remaining land routes to transship camel caravans' goods are from Alexandria to ports on the Red Sea, or the northern Byzantine termini of the Silk Road.

#### Asia

* August 28 – Empress Kōken (also Shōtoku) of Japan dies.

## Births

* Ansegisus, Frankish abbot (approximate date)
* Jayavarman II, founder of the Khmer Empire (d. 835)
* Michael I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 844)
* Michael II, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 829)
* Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne (or 773)
* Prokopia, empress of the Byzantine Empire (approximate date)
* Stephen IV, pope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)
* Sugawara no Kiyotomo, Japanese nobleman (d. 842)

## Deaths

* August 28 – Kōken, empress of Japan (b. 718)
* Cennselach mac Brain, king of the Uí Ceinnselaig (Ireland)
* Du Fu, Chinese poet (b. 712)
* Ma'n ibn Za'ida al-Shaybani, Arab general (or 769)
* Modestus, Irish missionary (approximate date)
* Opportuna of Montreuil, Frankish abbess
* Tóim Snáma mac Flainn, king of Osraige (Ireland)