# 1250

Year 1250 (MCCL) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

## Events
### By place
#### World

* The world population is estimated at between 400 and 416 million individuals.
* World climate transitions from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age.

#### Europe

* February 2 – King Erik Eriksson of Sweden dies. The ten-year-old Valdemar, the eldest son of Birger Jarl, is elected King of Sweden, and becomes the first king from the House of Bjälbo.
* October 12 – A great storm shifts the mouth of the River Rother in England 12 miles (20 km) to the west; a battering series of strong storms significantly alters other coastal geography around Romney Marsh.
* December 13 – Emperor Frederick II dies, beginning the 23-year-long "Great Interregnum". Frederick is the last Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty; after the interregnum, the empire passes to the Habsburgs.
* The Lombard League dissolves upon the death of its member states' nemesis, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.
* King Afonso III (the Boulonnais) captures the Algarve from the Moors, thus completing the expulsion of the Moors from Portugal.
* Albertus Magnus isolates the element arsenic, as the 8th discovered metal. He also first uses the word "oriole" to describe a type of bird (most likely the golden oriole).
* The Rialto Bridge in Venice (in modern-day Italy) is converted from a pontoon bridge to a permanent, raised wooden structure.
* The Ponts Couverts fortified bridges of Strasbourg (in modern-day France) are completed.
* Vincent of Beauvais completes his proto-encyclopedic work Speculum Maius ("Greater mirror").
* The first of the Parlements of Ancien Régime France is established.
* Villard de Honnecourt draws the first known image of a sawmill.
* The first usage is made of the English word "cuckold", according to the Oxford English Dictionary.
* Medieval music: The Notre Dame school of polyphony ends.

#### Asia

* July 9 – The Qaymariyya tribe engineers a coup d'état to hand over Damascus to An-Nasir Yusuf. The garrison in the citadel surrenders later to him.
* A kurultai is called by Batu Khan in Siberia as part of maneuverings which will elect Möngke Khan as khan of the Mongol Empire in 1251.
* Starting in this year and ending in 1275, the Muslim Shougeng Pu, likely a Persian or an Arab, serves as the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for the Song dynasty Chinese seaport at Quanzhou, due to his effort in defeating pirates.

#### Africa

* April 8 – Battle of Fariskur: Louis IX (the Saint) is captured by Baibars' Mamluk army while he is in Egypt conducting the Seventh Crusade; he later has to ransom himself.
* April 30 – King Louis IX (the Saint) is released by his Egyptian captors after paying a ransom of one million dinars and turning over the city of Damietta.
* May 2 – Al-Muazzam Turanshah, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt, is murdered, ending effective Ayyubid Dynasty rule in the country. He is briefly succeeded by his widow, Sultana Shajar al-Durr.
* July 21 – Aybak becomes ruler of Egypt, beginning the Bahri Dynasty of the Mamluk Sultanate. After 5 days he stands down and the six-year-old Al-Ashraf Musa is nominally proclaimed sultan.
* The Welayta state is founded in modern-day Ethiopia.
* In Tunis, a popular rebellion against newly arrived, wealthy and influential Andalusian refugees breaks out, and is violently put down.
* The Hafsid caliph al-Mustansir enforces laws of ghiyar, or differentiation for non-Muslims. As such, Jews have to wear a distinguishing badge (shikla) which Tunisian Jews will have to wear into the nineteenth century.

#### Oceania

* Samoa frees itself from Tongan rule, which begins the Malietoa dynasty in Samoa (approximate date).

### By topic
#### Markets

* The Flemish town of Douai emits the first recorded redeemable annuities in medieval Europe, confirming a trend of consolidation of local public debt started in 1218, in Rheims.
* The Sienese bankers belonging to the firm known as the Gran Tavola, under the steering of the Bonsignori Brothers, become the main financiers of the Papacy.

## Births

* April 8 – John Tristan, son of Louis IX (d. 1270)
* Adolf II of Waldeck, prince-bishop of Liège (d. 1302)
* Agnes of Baden, German noblewoman (d. 1295)
* Albert II of Saxony, German nobleman (d. 1298)
* Albert III, German nobleman and knight (d. 1300)
* Albertus de Chiavari, Italian Master General (d. 1300)
* Allamah al-Hilli, Persian Shia theologian (d. 1325)
* Asher ben Jehiel, German Jewish rabbi (d. 1327)
* Beatrice of Savoy, Swiss noblewoman (d. 1292)
* Bonconte I da Montefeltro, Italian general (d. 1289)
* Diether of Nassau, archbishop of Trier (d. 1307)
* Dmitry of Pereslavl, Kievan Grand Prince (d. 1294)
* Esclaramunda of Foix, queen of Majorca (d. 1315)
* Fra Dolcino, Italian priest and reformist (d. 1307)
* Grigorije II of Ras, Serbian monk-scribe (d. 1321)
* Guido Cavalcanti, Italian poet and writer (d. 1300)
* Jeanne de Montfort, Swiss noblewoman (d. 1300)
* John IV (Laskaris), emperor of Nicaea (d. 1305)
* Konrad II of Masovia, Polish nobleman (d. 1294)
* Margaret of Burgundy, queen of Sicily (d. 1308)
* Matteo I Visconti, Italian imperial vicar (d. 1322)
* Mordechai ben Hillel, German scholar (d. 1298)
* Nijō Tameyo, Japanese official and poet (d. 1338)
* Niklot I, German nobleman and knight (d. 1323)
* Rhys ap Maredudd, Welsh nobleman (d. 1292)
* Robert II, French nobleman and knight (d. 1302)
* Sancho of Aragon, Spanish archbishop (d. 1275)
* Theodoric of Freiberg, German physicist (d. 1311)
* Záviš of Falkenstein, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1290)

## Deaths

* February 2 – Erik Eriksson, king of Sweden (b. 1216)
* February 6 – Geoffrey VI, French nobleman and knight
* February 8
** Andrew III, French nobleman and knight (b. 1200)
** Fakhr ad-Din, Egyptian ruler and military leader
** Robert I (the Good), French nobleman (b. 1216)
** William Longespée (the Younger), English knight
* February 11 – Jean de Ronay, French Grand Master
* March 29 – Ludolph of Ratzeburg, German bishop
* April 6
** Guillaume de Sonnac, French Grand Master
** Hugh XI of Lusignan, French nobleman (b. 1221)
* May 2 – Al-Muazzam Turanshah, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt
* May 21 – Humbert V, French nobleman and knight (b. 1198)
* May 26 – Peter I (Mauclerc), French nobleman (b. 1187)
* May 27 – Raniero Capocci, Italian priest and cardinal
* June 7 – Vitslav I, Danish nobleman and knight (b. 1180)
* June 18 – Theresa of Portugal, queen of León (b. 1176)
* August 10 – Eric IV (Ploughpenny), king of Denmark
* October 4 – Herman VI, German nobleman and knight
* October 12 – Richard Wendene, English bishop (b. 1219)
* December 13 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1194)
* Alice of Schaerbeek, Flemish Cistercian lay sister (b. 1220)
* Gilbertus Anglicus, English physician and writer (b. 1180)
* Julian of Speyer, German Franciscan composer and poet
* Leonardo of Pisa, Italian mathematician and writer (b. 1170)
* Romée de Villeneuve, French nobleman and seneschal
* Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, Persian biographer
* Walter of Serviliano, Italian Benedictine hermit and abbot
* Yang Miaozhen, Chinese female military leader (b. 1193)