# Alvarado (municipality)

Alvarado is a municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz. The municipality is part of the state's Papaloapan Region and its municipal seat is established at the homonymous city of Alvarado.

## History

In 1816, the citizens of the village of San Cristóbal de Alvarado sought the designation of Town from Ferdinand VII, King of Spain. The King granted the village the title of Town on 8 September 1816 by Royal Decree, at a cost of 92,800 maravedís. Almost two years later, on 5 September 1818, Ferdinand VII authorized the first Honorable Ayuntamiento or city council. On 3 October 1818, the first City Council was established with Tomás Hondal serving as first Mayor.
Once the Independence War was over, the State enacted its own Constitution in which the state territory was divided in 4 departments and 12 cantons. The municipality of Alvarado was assigned to the Canton of Veracruz in the Department of Veracruz.

## Geography

The municipality has an area of 826.9 km$^2$ (319.3 sq mi) and an elevation of 10 m (33 ft). It is located in the state's Papaloapan region and is bordered by the municipalities of Boca del Río, Tlalixcoyan, Medellín, Ignacio de la Llave, Ixmatlahuacan, Acula, Tlacotalpan and Lerdo de Tejada.

### Hydrography

The municipality is crossed by the Papaloapan and Blanco rivers, both of which drain into the Alvarado Lagoon complex.
The Alvarado Lagoon complex is formed, from north to south, by the Camaronera, Buen País, Alvarado and Tlalixcoyan lagoons.

### Orography

Alvarado is located in the state's central coastal zone, within the Sotavento plains. Dunes are common in rural and urban areas; an example of this is the neighborhood of Lomas del Rosario (lit. 'Rosary Hills'), built on the Rosary dunes which are inside the city of Alvarado.

### Climate

In this region there is hot/sub-humid —the wetter of the sub-humids— weather with abundant rains in summer. The maximum average temperature is 26 °C (79 °F) and 18 °C (64 °F) as minimum average temperature, varying from 5 °C (41 °F) to 7 °C (45 °F) every year. The dry season is from January to May and the period of rains starts in June. The norte season starts in November and intensifies in January.

## Infrastructure
### Roads

The municipality is connected mainly through two Mexican Federal Highways and a few state and municipal roads.
* Highway 180 covers much of the municipality from north to south, connecting Alvarado with the municipalities of Medellín and Boca del Río to the north, and Lerdo de Tejada to the south. Prior to the building of the Alvarado toll bridge in the 1960s, ferries were used at the Papaloapan River's mouth to cross the river.
* Highway 175 starts at Buenavista, at the south end of the municipality, connecting with Tlacotalpan to the west. Highway 175 passes over an upstream section of the Papaloapan River via the Tlacotalpan toll bridge.
Regarding state and municipal roads, the small network connects a few locations in the north and northwest areas of the municipality.

## Demographics

As 2020, Alvarado had a population of 57, 305 and 216 localities. The municipal seat, Alvarado is the biggest locality with a population of 20,797. Other important localities are Antón Lizardo (6,284 hab.), Lomas del Sol (2,177 hab.), Playas del Conchal (1,889 hab.) and Paso Nacional (1,828 hab.).

## Government
### Municipal

Local government, or Ayuntamiento (English: Municipal council), is led by the Presidente municipal (English: Mayor, lit. 'municipal president') with support of the Syndic, and the Regidores (English: councillors, lit. 'regents'). The mayor is elected by popular election for a 4-year term with non-limited, non-consecutive re-elections.

### State and Federal

The municipality is part of the XXIII State Electoral district and XIX Federal Electoral District.