OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vitamin K deficiency

Vitamin K deficiency results from insufficient dietary vitamin K$_1$ or vitamin K$_2$ or both.

## Signs and symptoms

Symptoms include bruising, petechiae, and hematomas.
Vitamin K is changed to its active form in the liver by the enzyme Vitamin K epoxide reductase. Activated vitamin K is then used to gamma carboxylate (and thus activate) certain enzymes involved in coagulation: Factors II, VII, IX, X, and protein C and protein S. The inability to activate the clotting cascade via these factors leads to the bleeding symptoms mentioned above.
Notably, when one examines the lab values in Vitamin K deficiency [see below] the prothrombin time is elevated, but the partial thromboplastin time is normal or only mildly prolonged. The deficiency leads to decreased activity in the intrinsic pathway (F-IX) factors, monitored by PTT, and the extrinsic pathway (F-VII) which PT monitors. However, factor VII has the shortest half-life of all the factors carboxylated by vitamin K; therefore, when deficient, it is the PT that rises first, since the activated Factor VII is the first to "disappear." In later stages of deficiency, the other factors (which have longer half-lives) can "catch up," and the PTT also rises.

## Cause

Vitamin K$_1$-deficiency may occur by disturbed intestinal uptake (such as would occur in a bile duct obstruction), by therapeutic or accidental intake of a vitamin K$_1$-antagonist such as warfarin, or, very rarely, by nutritional vitamin K$_1$ deficiency. As a result, Gla-residues are inadequately formed and the Gla-proteins are insufficiently active.

## Epidemiology

The prevalence of vitamin K deficiency varies by geographic region. For infants in the United States, vitamin K$_1$ deficiency without bleeding may occur in as many as 50% of infants younger than 5 days old, with the classic hemorrhagic disease occurring in 0.25-1.7% of infants. Therefore, the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that 0.5 to 1.0 mg Vitamin K$_1$ be administered to all newborns shortly after birth.
Postmenopausal and elderly women in Thailand have a high risk of Vitamin K$_2$ deficiency, compared with the normal value of young, reproductive females. Current dosage recommendations for Vitamin K may be too low. The deposition of calcium in soft tissues, including arterial walls, is quite common, especially in those who have atherosclerosis, suggesting that Vitamin K deficiency is more common than previously thought.
Because colonic bacteria synthesize a significant portion of the Vitamin K required for human needs, individuals with disruptions to or insufficient amounts of these bacteria can be at risk for Vitamin K deficiency. As mentioned above, newborns fit into this category, as their colons are frequently not adequately colonized in the first five to seven days of life. Another at-risk population comprises those individuals on any long-term antibiotic therapy, as this can diminish the population of normal gut flora.
# 2018 in Rwanda

Events in the year 2018 in Rwanda.

## Incumbents

* President: Paul Kagame
* Prime Minister: Édouard Ngirente

## Events

* March onwards – Flooding in Rwanda's hill country caused major landslides that killed more than 200 people.

## Deaths

* 25 January – Patrick Mazimhaka, politician (b. 1948).
* 11 March – Jean Damascène Bimenyimana, Roman Catholic Bishop (b. 1953)
# Roman Bath, York

The Roman Bath is a public house in St Sampson's Square, in the city of York, in England. It is built above an ancient Roman bath house. The remains were uncovered during building work when the present pub was erected in 1929–31 replacing an inn. The exterior has Tudor Revival features including applied half-timbering. The pub is however more notable for the Roman remains which can be viewed inside.
The bath house apparently served the military personnel of Eboracum (Roman York). Not only was the facility in Eboracum's fortress (built in the 1st century AD to house a legion of about 5,000 men), but also tiles have been discovered at the bath house site which are marked with the identity of specific legions. The Ninth may have constructed the facility. The last attested activity of the Ninth in Britain is in AD 108.
Baths dating from the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD have been excavated at Tanner Row on the other side of the River Ouse: these are believed to have served the civilian population of York.

## Access and conservation

The pub is a Grade II* listed building. It was listed in 1954, relatively early for a pub from the interwar period. This suggests that the existence of Roman ruins was the main reason for listing.
The Roman remains may be visited. A fee is payable.
The caldarium and some other features of the baths are visible. Some of the other facilities would have been outside the corner site occupied by the pub: much of the baths have yet to be excavated. The site as a whole is protected through its location within the walled city of York, designated as an 'Area of Archaeological Importance' (AAI) under Part 2 of the 1979 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act.
# Fatma Işık

Fatma Işık (born 20 April 1991) is a Turkish-German women's football defender currently playing in the German Regional League South for FV Löchgau. She was a member of the Turkish national team.

## Playing career
### Club

She played for FV Löchgau (2011–12, 2015–2019) in the German Regional League South.

### International

She was admitted to the Turkey women's national football team, and debuted internationally in the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification – UEFA preliminary round – Group 4 match against Montenegro.
# Sir Thomas Hanmer, 2nd Baronet

Sir Thomas Hanmer, 2nd Baronet (1612 – 1678) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1640 and from 1669 to 1678. He was a Royalist during the English Civil War and raised troops for Charles I. In his personal life, he was a keen horticulturist. He is not to be confused with Sir Thomas Hanmer, 2nd Baronet (1747–1828) of the second creation, nor with his grandson, Sir Thomas Hanmer, 4th Baronet.

## Life

Hanmer was born in 1612, the eldest son of Sir John Hanmer, 1st Baronet. His father was a Member of Parliament for Flintshire and tended towards the Puritan side of Parliament. Hanmer was a page to Charles I from 1625 to 1627, and became the king's cupbearer. He was interested in horticulture and corresponded with other gardeners.
With the death of his father, Hanmer inherited the Hanmer Baronetage, becoming the 2nd Baronet Hanmer. In April 1640, Hanmer was elected Member of Parliament for Flint Boroughs in the Short Parliament. Despite his uncle, Roger Hanmer, supporting Parliament during the Civil War, Thomas was a Royalist and was the cup-bearer of Charles I of England; and Charles proposed to his nephew, Prince Rupert that Hanmer be made vice-president of Wales.
In 1669, Hanmer gained his second Parliamentary seat when he was elected as member for Flintshire, which he held until his death in 1678.

## Family

Hanmer was married twice: his first marriage was to Elizabeth Baker, who eloped with the eccentric pamphleteer the Hon. Thomas Hervey, a son of John Hervey, 1st Earl of Bristol; there were two surviving children of this marriage: a son John, who succeeded him as 3rd Baronet: and a daughter, Trevor (1636-1670), who married Sir John Warner (1640-1705) of Parham, Sussex, who both converted to Catholicism; she became a Carthusian nun.
Thomas Hamner married secondly Susan Hervey, daughter of Sir William Hervey, MP for Bury St. Edmunds. Of this marriage his son, William (born circa 1648 in Angers, Anjou, France), aged 15 went to Pembroke College, Oxford; he married Peregrina, daughter and co-heiress of Sir Sir Henry North, 1st Baronet, of Mildenhall, Essex. Their children were Susanna (16 August 1676 – 23 September 1744), who married Sir Henry Bunbury of Rake Hall, Little Stanney, Cheshire; and Thomas, later 4th Baronet. John, the 3rd baronet died without issue in 1701; his younger brother William having already predeceased their father (the 2nd Baronet), William's son Thomas succeeded to the baronetcy.
A daughter, Thomasin, married Robert Booth and died without issue on 14 May 1712.
# Will Taylor (musician)

Will Taylor (born 30 November 1968) is a violist, violinist, arranger, composer, music producer and guitarist and from Austin, Texas. He is the founder of the groups Will Taylor & Strings Attached and The Jazz Menagerie.

## Early life

Taylor graduated from Austin High School. He then attended the Sarah and Ernest Butler School of Music at the University of Texas at Austin.

## Career

Taylor is one of few viola players in jazz. He began his career playing jazz fusion in clubs on 6th Street in Austin, Texas during his college years. After that, he worked with Eddie Harris and the Turtle Island Quartet. Additionally, he has spent 23 years playing with the Austin Lyric Opera. He also spent time doing solo work, releasing three albums: Reel Life (1993, Amazing), Simple Gifts (1995, Igmod), and Live from Austin (1996, Cymekob, Inc.) The three albums received airtime on National Public Radio stations.

### Will Taylor and Strings Attached

In 1999, Taylor began collaborating extensively with other Austin artists. Most of the collaborations were jazz, although some were considered more pop. He began collaborating regularly with different artists, but often bringing in the same people. These people eventually formed under the band name Will Taylor & Strings Attached.
The band currently includes:
* Will Taylor (viola)
* Steve Zirkel (bass and muted trumpet)
* Jason McKenzie (percussion)
* Shawn Sanders (cello)
* Glenn Rexach (guitar)
The group has collaborated with artists such as Eliza Gilkyson, Slaid Cleaves, Shawn Colvin, Ian Moore, and Pearl Jam.

## Discography
### Solo work

* Reel Life (1993, Amazing)
* Simple Gifts (1995, Igmod)
* Live from Austin (1996, Cymekob, Inc.)

### Will Taylor and Strings Attached

* Will Taylor and Strings Attached (2000)
* A Bride's Collection of Traditional Classical Wedding Music (2006)
* Collaborations (2005, Heart)
* A Christmas Collection from Will Taylor and Strings Attached (2007)
* A Live Tribute to Led Zeppelin (2007)
* All Beatles Covers Live, Vol. 1 (2007)
* Back to the Garden: A Tribute to Joni Mitchell (2007)
* All Beatles Covers, Vol. 2 (2007)
* Songs of Leonard Cohen: Live (2008)
* Acoustic Rubber Soul - Songs of the Beatles (2009)
# Nelson McDowell

Nelson McDowell (August 14, 1870 – November 3, 1947) was an American actor. He appeared in more than 170 films between 1917 and 1945.
McDowell was born in Greenville, Missouri. His parents were N. B. McDowell and Anne Hampton. He attended Leadville (Colorado) High School and Normal College in Freemont, Nebraska, before earning A.B. and D.D.S. degrees from Northwestern University in Chicago. Prior to embarking on a theatrical career, McDowell had a career in dentistry. In 1901, he was appointed professor of orthodontics at the University of Illinois.
In 1902, McDowell acted on stage in Chicago and in Lincoln, Nebraska. His film debut came in 1910 with Biograph.
McDowell died in Hollywood, California after he shot himself.

## Partial filmography

* The Scarlet Car (1917)
* The Feud (1919)
* Masked (1920)
* Cupid the Cowpuncher (1920)
* Going Some (1920)
* Down Home (1920)
* The Last of the Mohicans (1920)
* Home Stuff (1921)
* Shadows of Conscience (1921)
* The Silent Call (1921)
* The Girl Who Ran Wild (1922)
* Oliver Twist (1922)
* The Girl of the Golden West (1923)
* Blood Test (1923)
* Pioneer Trails (1923)
* The Ridin' Kid from Powder River (1924)
* Galloping Gallagher (1924)
* The Heart Bandit (1924)
* Idaho (1925)
* Gold and Grit (1925)
* On the Go (1925)
* A Streak of Luck (1925)
* Manhattan Madness (1925)
* The Phantom Bullet (1926)
* Lightning Reporter (1926)
* The Frontier Trail (1926)
* The Blind Trail (1926)
* The Valley of Bravery (1926)
* Fighting with Buffalo Bill (1926)
* The Ramblin' Galoot (1926)
* The Outlaw Express (1926)
* Crossed Signals (1926)
* Border Blackbirds (1927)
* Great Mail Robbery (1927)
* The Bugle Call (1927)
* The Vanishing Rider (1928)
* Wild Blood (1928)
* The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come (1928)
* Kit Carson (1928)
* Lilac Time (1928)
* The Code of the Scarlet (1928)
* Heart Trouble (1928)
* Queen of the Northwoods (1929)
* The Texas Ranger (1931)
* Guns for Hire (1932)
* The Last of the Mohicans (1932)
* Come On, Tarzan (1932)
* The Scarlet Brand (1932)
* Fighting Through (1934)
* The Dawn Rider (1935)
* Wilderness Mail (1935)
* Gun Smoke (1936)
* Ridin' On (1936)
* Westbound Stage (1939)
* Pioneer Days (1940)
* Roll Wagons Roll (1940)
* Lone Texas Ranger (1945)
# The Battle Against Anarchist Terrorism

The Battle Against Anarchist Terrorism: An International History, 1878–1934, is a book on the governmental campaign against anarchist terrorism written by Richard Bach Jensen and published in 2014 by Cambridge University Press.
# 172

Year 172 (CLXXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scipio and Maximus (or, less frequently, year 925 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 172 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Roman Empire

* Emperor Marcus Aurelius crosses the Danube with an expeditionary force. He subdues the Marcomanni and their allies and then, in a pact signed with the Germanic tribes, he imports them into the Roman Empire to occupy areas that have been depopulated by the plague.
* The Sarmatians attack the lower Danube frontier.
* Miracle in Moravia: As the Roman army is encircled by the Quadi under intense heat, a violent thunderstorm sweeps away the Quadi in a torrent of water and mud, and refreshes the parched legionaries.
* Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria, suppresses an agrarian revolt in Egypt and is made supreme commander of the Roman army in the East.

#### Asia

* Last (5th) year of Jianning era and start of Xiping era of the Chinese Han dynasty.
* Battle of Jwawon: Goguryeo Prime Minister Myeongnim Dap-bu defeats the Chinese Han dynasty forces in Manchuria.

### By topic
#### Religion

* Tatian produces his Diatessaron, a harmony of the four gospels.
* Montanism spreads through the Roman Empire.

## Births

* Lu Su, Chinese general and politician (d. 217)
* Xu Miao, Chinese official and politician (d. 249)

## Deaths

* Dou Miao (or Huansi), Chinese empress
* Hou Lan, Chinese eunuch-official and politician
* Marcus Macrinius Vindex, Roman praetorian prefect
# Ichio Station

Ichio Station (市尾駅, Ichio-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the town of Takatori, Nara Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the private transportation company, Kintetsu Railway.

## Line

Ichio Station is served by the Yoshino Line and is 6.0 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Kashiharajingū-mae and 45.7 kilometers from Ōsaka Abenobashi

## Layout

The station is a ground-level station with two opposing side platforms and two tracks where trains can pass each other, with a platform length of four cars. The station building is on the Yoshino side of the up-bound platform, and is connected to the down-bound platform by a level crossing within the premises.The station is unattended.</ref>

### Platforms

| 1 | ■ F Yoshino Line | for Yoshino |
| 2 | ■ F Yoshino Line | for Kashihara-Jingumae, Furuichi and Osaka Abenobashi |
* Platform

## History

Ichio Station opened on 5 December 1923 on the Yoshino Railway. On 1 August 1929, the Osaka Electric Tramway merged with Yoshino Railway, and the station became part of the Osaka Electric Tramway Yoshino Line. On 15 March 1941, the line merged with the Sangu Express Railway and became the Kansai Express Railway's Osaka Line. . This line was merged with the Nankai Electric Railway on 1 June 1944 to form Kintetsu.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 266 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

* Hakayama Kofun
# Hairy Knob

Hairy Knob is a summit in Mason County, Texas, in the United States. At an elevation of 1,808 feet (551 m), Hairy Knob is the 908th tallest peak in Texas.
# Rhacodactylus

Rhacodactylus is a genus of medium to large geckos of the family Diplodactylidae. All species in this genus are found on the islands that make up New Caledonia.
Genus characteristics include long limbs and toes with well-developed lamellae. Some webbing occurs on the hind limbs and toes. Rhacodactylus possess prehensile tails which also have lamellae to assist in climbing. These are for the most part arboreal geckos. Rhacodactylus are nocturnal geckos.
The species are egg layers with the exception of Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus and R. trachycephalus which gives live birth, a characteristic only otherwise found in New Zealand geckos. They also feed on lizards, more so than any of the family. Rhacodactylus geckos are sexually dimorphic, with the males possessing larger preanal pores than the females as well as a distinct hemipenis pocket.
Males tend to be stockier than females with the exception of R. auriculatus in which species the males are much slimmer than the females.

## Classification

* Gargoyle gecko, Rhacodactylus auriculatus
* New Caledonian giant gecko, Rhacodactylus leachianus
** Rhacodactylus leachianus aubrianus
** Rhacodactylus leachianus henkeli
** Rhacodactylus leachianus leachianus
* Greater rough-snouted giant gecko, Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus
* Lesser rough-snouted giant gecko, Rhacodactylus trachycephalus
* Willi's giant gecko, Rhacodactylus willihenkeli
A revision of the giant geckos of New Caldonia found weak support for inclusion of some taxa allied to this genus, and these have been assigned to new combinations:
* Correlophus ciliatus, crested gecko; formerly R. ciliatus
* Correlophus sarasinorum; formerly R. sarasinorum
* Mniarogekko chahoua; formerly R. chahoua

## Captivity

The species are regarded as charismatic and popular with herpetologists. Details of the behaviour of these geckos in captivity, contrasted with a paucity of field observations, has produced extensive literature on the genus.
# The Battle for Spain

The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 is a 2006 history of the Spanish Civil War written by Antony Beevor and published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson. It is a revised edition of Beevor's 1982 The Spanish Civil War.
# 1864 in Iceland

Events in the year 1864 in Iceland.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Christian IX
* Council President of Denmark:Ditlev Gothard Monrad (until 11 July); Christian Albrecht Bluhme onwards.
* Governor of Iceland: Þórður Jónassen

## Births

* October 31 − Einar Benediktsson, poet.
# Jovanka

Jovanka is the diminutive form of the Slavic female name Jovana.
It may refer to:
* Jovanka Broz, the former First Lady of Yugoslavia, wife of Josip Broz Tito
* Jovanka Houska, English chess player
* Tegan Jovanka, a fictional character in the television series Doctor Who
* Jovanka (Slavic folklore), a named vila (nymph) in Slavic mythology
# Heavenly Twins (Montana)

Heavenly Twins is a 9,282-foot elevation (2,829 m) double summit mountain located in Ravalli County, Montana.

## Description

Heavenly Twins is located in the Bitterroot Range, which is a subset of the Rocky Mountains. It is situated 11 miles west of Stevensville in the Selway–Bitterroot Wilderness, on land managed by Bitterroot National Forest. The summit lies 2.5 miles east of the Continental Divide and the Idaho–Montana border. The true summit is the south peak which is one-third mile from the 9,243-ft north peak, and the nearest higher neighbor is line parent Saint Mary Peak three miles to the east. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into tributaries of the Bitterroot River. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 4,500 feet (1,400 meters) above Big Creek in two miles. This landform's toponym has been officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names. The name refers to Castor and Pollux, also called the heavenly twins.

## Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, Heavenly Twins is located in a subarctic climate zone characterized by long, usually very cold winters, and mild summers. Winter temperatures can drop below −10 °F with wind chill factors below −30 °F.
# Kumina

Kumina is an Afro-Jamaican religion, dance and music form. Kumina has practices that include secular ceremonies, dance and music that developed from the beliefs and traditions brought to the island by Kongo enslaved people and indentured labourers, from the Congo region of West Central Africa, during the post-emancipation era. It is mostly associated with the parish of St. Thomas in the east of the island. However, the practice spread to the parishes of Portland, St. Mary and St. Catherine, and the city of Kingston.
Kumina also gives it name to a drumming style, developed from the music that accompanied the spiritual ceremonies, that evolved in urban Kingston. The Kumina drumming style has a great influence on Rastafari music, especially the Nyabinghi drumming, and Jamaican popular music. Count Ossie was a notable pioneer of the drumming style in popular music and it continues to have a significant influence on contemporary genres such as reggae and dancehall.
The Kumina riddim is a dancehall riddim produced by Sly & Robbie in 2002. It has featured in recordings of over 20 artists including Chaka Demus & Pliers and Tanya Stephens.

## Definition

Kumina is an Afro-Jamaican Religion and is not the same as Pukkumina or Pocomania.

## History

Kumina emerged through the practices of indentured labourers who were brought to Jamaica from the Kongo region of central Africa after the abolition of slavery. In the second half of the 19th century it syncretised with Myalism. Kumina differed from Zion Revivalism in rejecting the belief that the Bible should be the central authority behind worship.

## Beliefs and practices

The practices of Kumina are primarily linked to healing. Healing ceremonies utilise singing, dancing, drumming, animal sacrifice, and spirit possession, with the intent of summoning spirits to heal the sick individual. These elements are also found in Myalism and Zion Revivalism.

## Organization

Organization of Kumina communities follows the general local character of African religions in Jamaica. Kumina communities are small family based communities or nations. Some nations include Mondongo, Moyenge, Machunde, Kongo, Igbo, and Yoruba. People from Kumina families are given the title Bongo. Marrying into a Bongo family is one avenue to become a part of a Kumina nation; special initiation is the other avenue. Kumina nations are led by a "King" and "Queen". Imogene "Queenie" Kennedy AKA Queenie III (c1920-1998) was a well-known Kumina Queen in the 20th century, born in St Thomas in the late 1920s she later moved to Kingston and then Waterloo, St Catherine.

## Influence on Rastafari

The use of cannabis or ganja in Kumina may have been an influence on the adoption of this plant as a sacrament in Rastafari, a religion that developed in Jamaica during the 1930s.
# Iván Silva (footballer, born 1993)

Iván Rodrigo Silva Olivera (born October 23, 1993) is a Uruguayan footballer who plays for Ecuadorian side Club Atlético Porteño on loan from Uruguayan Primera División club River Plate.

## Career

Silva began his career in 2011 with Tacuarembó FC, where he played for four seasons. Since April 2015 he plays for River Plate as a central defender.