OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Poverty in Yemen

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] According to the United Nations, Yemen ranks 168th out of 177 countries on the human development index (HDI), a measure of life expectancy, education, and standard of living. Yemen has the lowest HDI rank among the Arab states. Several welfare programs are in place, but they have generally been considered inadequate to meet the needs of Yemen's impoverished citizens (estimated to exceed 45 percent of the total population).
The main social assistance program is the Social Welfare Fund, initially established to compensate for reductions in economic subsidies. This program provided 650,000 beneficiaries direct cash payments in 2005 capped at US$11 per month and lump-sum payments for emergencies. In July 2005, the government announced it would extend coverage to an additional 200,000 beneficiaries. The Social Development Fund and the Public Works Project were established almost 10 years prior with World Bank funds. These programs attempt to raise living standards through various community development, capacity-building, and micro-financing programs; it has been difficult, however, to obtain the necessary commercial bank credit to make these programs viable. In early 2005, Yemen's parliament adopted a government budget requiring that the government provide additional resources for social safety nets to lessen the impact of economic reforms that might result in higher consumer prices.
# Þorgrímur Sigmundsson

Þorgrímur Sigmundsson is an Icelandic politician from the Centre Party. In the 2024 Icelandic parliamentary election he was elected to the Althing.
# Lisette Titre-Montgomery

Lisette Titre-Montgomery (born 1977) is an American video game artist and designer. She has worked at Backbone Entertainment, EA Games, Ubisoft, Double Fine Productions, and more. She is current Co-Founder of Cornerstone Interactive Studios.

## Biography

Lisette has been both a gamer and an artist from a young age. After seeing Toy Story, she was inspired to study computer animation. Titre-Montgomery graduated with a BFA in computer animation from Miami International University of Art and Design in 2000.

## Career

Titre's first animation job was working at Page 44 Studios in 2001 as a character modeler for the game, Freekstyle. Working on Freekstyle helped her land a job as a senior character and special effects artist at EA Games around 2005. She worked on Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2006 & 2007 as her first games at EA. Other games she helped developed were The Simpsons Game, The Godfather II and Dante's Inferno. In 2011, she left EA Games and went on to become the Lead artist at Backbone Entertainment. At Backbone, she worked on Zombie Apocalypse: Never Die Alone, Midway Arcade Origins, Dance Central 3. Titre-Montgomery returned to EA Games in 2013, where she worked on The Sims 4. She was featured on the cover of Black Enterprise in 2011.
Around 2015, Titre-Montgomery started working as the Art Lead of the South Park Fractured But Whole team at Ubisoft. In 2017, Titre-Montgomery became Art Director at Double Fine Productions, where she led the Psychonauts 2 art team to create an award winning game.
She is co-founder of Cornerstone Interactive, a AAA/III narrative driven game development studio. Since taking the company public, she has spoken on the difficulties obtaining venture-capital funding.
During Titre's career, she was able to work with the nonprofit, Blacks in Gaming, in the outreach program. She was part of a speaking group that would go and talk to high school and middle school students about tech. She also spoke about what it means to be a minority in the gaming industry, and observed the lack of women there. By working with Gameheads, she has supported women and youth aged 14–25 in creating their first games, encouraging them to develop characters and stories by and for women. She also empowers women to share their ideas and amplify their voices in the gaming space. Titre-Montgomery feels that learning with games is a way to get kids interested in STEM careers.
# Boazum

Boazum (Dutch: Bozum) is a Frisian village in the municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân, Netherlands with an approximate population of 397 in January 2017. The Boazum church is an example of romanesque twelfth-century architecture and possesses an Ottonian fresco portraying a beardless Christ.

## History

The village was first mentioned in 1260 as Bosingum, and "settlement of the people of Bose (person)". Boazum is a terp (artificial living hill) village. It was located on a river leading to the former Middelzee. The stins Walta State was located on the southern part of the terp and was first described in 998. It was demolished in 1839.
The Dutch Reformed church dates from the late-12th century and has a 13th-century tower. It was extensively modified and restored between 1939 and 1948.
Boazum was home to 423 people in 1840. There was a railway station on the Leeuwarden–Sneek railway line between 1883 and 1944. Before 2018, the village was part of the Littenseradiel municipality.

## Notable people

A famous Boazumer (although mainly by proxy) was the reverend Eelco Alta (1723-1798), whose treatise Philosophical Considerations concerning the Conjunction of the Planets Jupiter, Mars, Venus, Mercury and the Moon. To be happening on the Eighth of May 1774, and about the Possible and Likely Astronomical and Physical Consequences of this Conjunction from 1774 was long said to have motivated Eise Eisinga to build his famous planetarium. According to the canonicised view, Alta stated that the upcoming conjunction of the planets with the sun would herald the apocalypse, and through his planetarium, Eisinga was able to prove that in fact, the conjunction would not take place. Modern research has however come to the more prosaic conclusion that Eisinga was mainly motivated by practical motives - most of all not having to calculate the orbits and respective positions of the planets and the sun on paper, but instead using his planetarium as a reference.

## Notable buildings

* The Protestant church of Boazum

## Gallery

* Farm in Boazum
* Former bakery (1965)
* Houses in Boazum (1965)
* Alpacas and sheep near Boazum
# Sneaker Freaker

Sneaker Freaker is an independent magazine and website that covers sneakers, streetwear, and sneaker culture. Started in Melbourne, the magazine reaches a global audience through print and online channels.

## History

Sneaker Freaker was launched in October 2002 and was originally conceived as a means for its founder and editor, Simon ‘Woody’ Wood, to get free shoes. The magazine is sold in more than 40 countries and has offices in Melbourne, London and Berlin. Sneakerfreaker.com provides sneaker news, opinion pieces, and other content.

## Publishing

In 2018, Sneaker Freaker published its 40th issue.
In late 2018, Sneaker Freaker published The Ultimate Sneaker Book with Taschen. The 700 page book serves as an anthology of Sneaker Freaker magazine and the last 100 years of collaborations, key releases, and notable events that have shaped the industry. It incorporates all 39 issues in one, including interviews and unreleased sneaker collection.
Sneaker Freaker has also published books with Nike, Globe, Adidas, New Balance, Reebok, G-SHOCK, PONY, and Puma.

## Product Collaborations

| YEAR | COLLABORATION |
| 2006 | Sneaker Freaker x Lacoste Missouri 85 'Minty Fresh' |
| 2007 | Sneaker Freaker x Nike x Medicom 'Bearbrick' |
| 2008 | Sneaker Freaker x PUMA Blaze of Glory 'Great White' and 'Black 'Beast' |
| 2008 | Sneaker Freaker x PUMA Blaze of Glory 'Sharkskin' |
| 2009 | Sneaker Freaker x AIAIAI Earbuds |
| 2009 | Sneaker Freaker x New Balance 850 'Skippy' |
| 2010 | Sneaker Freaker x PUMA R698 'Geography Teacher' |
| 2010 | Sneaker Freaker x ASICS GEL-Lyte III 'Alvin Purple' |
| 2012 | Sneaker Freaker x PUMA Dallas 'Bunyip' |
| 2012 | Sneaker Freaker x Supra Skytop III 'Goldenballs and 'Blueballs' |
| 2012 | Sneaker Freaker x Saucony Grid 9000 'Bushwhacker' |
| 2013 | Sneaker Freaker x adidas Torsion Integral |
| 2013 | Sneaker Freaker x New Balance 998 'Tassie Devil' |
| 2013 | Sneaker Freaker x Le Coq Sportif Flash 'Summer Bay' |
| 2013 | Sneaker Freaker x PUMA Blaze of Glory 'Sharkbait' |
| 2014 | Sneaker Freaker x ASICS GEL-Kayano 'Melvin, Son of Alvin' |
| 2014 | Sneaker Freaker x Montana Spray Can |
| 2015 | Sneaker Freaker x PUMA Blaze of Glory 'Bloodbath' |
| 2015 | Sneaker Freaker x Saucony Grid 'Kushwacker' |
| 2015 | Sneaker Freaker x G-SHOCK DW-6900SF-1D 'NIGHTOWL' |
| 2015 | Sneaker Freaker x Lacoste Missouri 'Smart Casual' |
| 2016 | Sneaker Freaker x New Balance 997.5 'Tassie Tiger' |
| 2016 | Sneaker Freaker x Diadora V7000 'Taipan' |
| 2017 | Sneaker Freaker x pinqponq |
| 2018 | Sneaker Freaker x New Balance 574 'Tassie Devil' |
| 2018 | Sneaker Freaker x G-SHOCK DW-5700 'Redback' |
# An Elusive Science

An Elusive Science: The Troubling History of Education Research is a history of American education research written by Ellen Condliffe Lagemann and published by University of Chicago Press in 2000.
# 646

Year 646 (DCXLVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 646 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Byzantine Empire

* Arab-Byzantine War: Alexandria is recaptured by the Muslim Arabs, after a Byzantine attempt (see 645) to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly 1,000 years of rule by Greco-Roman states in the city.
* Gregory the Patrician, Byzantine exarch of Africa, begins a rebellion against Constans II, and proclaims himself emperor; the revolt finds broad support among the populace.

#### Arabian Empire

* Caliph Uthman ibn Affan founds the city of Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) on the coast of the Red Sea. He establishes a port for Muslim pilgrims making the required Hajj to Mecca.

#### Africa

* Battle of Nikiou: The Rashidun army (15,000 men) under Amr ibn al-'As defeats a smaller Byzantine force, near the fortified town of Nikiou (Egypt).
* Amr ibn al-'As builds fortifications in Alexandria and quarters a strong garrison in the vicinity, which twice a year is relieved from Upper Egypt.

#### China

* Summer – Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty destroys the Xueyantuo state, during the campaign against the Xueyantuo (Central Asia).

#### Japan

* Emperor Kōtoku makes a decree about the policies of building tombs. He discontinues the old customs of sacrificing people in honor of a dead man, and forbids ill-considered rituals about purgation.
* A Great Reform edict changes Japan's political order. It will lead to the establishment of a centralized government with Kōtoku ruling from his palace, Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace, in Osaka.

### By topic
#### Religion

* Xuanzang completes his book Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, which later becomes one of the primary sources for the study of medieval Central Asia and India.

## Births

* Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Muslim Caliph (d. 705)
* Gudula, Frankish saint
* Li Sujie, prince of the Tang dynasty (d. 690)
* Sun Guoting, Chinese calligrapher (d. 691)
* Tonyukuk, military leader of the Göktürks (approximate date)

## Deaths

* January 17 – Sulpitius the Pious, bishop of Bourges
* January 19 – Liu Ji, chancellor of the Tang dynasty
* unknown dates
** Gallus, Irish missionary (approximate date)
** Zhang Liang, general of the Tang dynasty
# Pallene (moon)

Pallene /pəˈliːniː/ is a very small natural satellite of Saturn. It is one of three small moons known as the Alkyonides that lie between the orbits of the larger Mimas and Enceladus. It is also designated Saturn XXXIII.

## Discovery

Pallene was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Team in 2004, during the Cassini–Huygens mission. It was given the temporary designation S/2004 S 2. In 2005, the name Pallene was provisionally approved by the IAU Division III Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature, and was ratified at the IAU General Assembly in 2006. The name refers to Pallene, one of the Alkyonides, the seven beautiful daughters of the giant Alkyoneus.
After the discovery in 2004, it was realized that Pallene had been first photographed on August 23, 1981, by the space probe Voyager 2. It had appeared in a single photograph and had been provisionally named S/1981 S 14 and estimated to orbit 200,000 km from Saturn. Because it had not been visible in other images, it had not been possible to compute its orbit at the time, but recent comparisons have shown it to match Pallene's orbit.

## Orbital characteristics

Pallene is visibly affected by a perturbing mean-longitude resonance with the much larger Enceladus, although this effect is not as large as Mimas's perturbations on Methone. The perturbations cause Pallene's osculating orbital elements to vary with an amplitude of about 4 km in semi-major axis, and 0.02° in longitude (corresponding to about 75 km). Eccentricity also changes on various timescales between 0.002 and 0.006, and inclination between about 0.178° and 0.184°.

## Ring

In 2006, images taken in forward-scattered light by the Cassini spacecraft enabled the Cassini Imaging Team to discover a faint dust ring around Saturn that shares Pallene's orbit, now named the Pallene Ring. The ring has a radial extent of about 2,500 km. Its source is particles blasted off Pallene's surface by meteoroid impacts, which then form a diffuse ring around its orbital path.

## Exploration

The Cassini spacecraft, which studied Saturn and its moons until September, 2017, performed a fly-by of Pallene on 16 October 2010, and 14 September 2011 at a distance of 36,000 kilometers (22,000 miles) and 44,000 kilometers respectively.
# Werner Griesel

Werner Griesel (born 1 July 1986) is a South African professional rugby union player, currently playing with the Griffons. His regular position is centre and he occasionally plays on the wing.

## Career
### Youth

Griesel played first team rugby for his high school, Welkom Gymnasium, in 2003 and 2004, earning a call-up to the Griffons side that played at the 2004 Under-18 Craven Week tournament in Potchefstroom.
He enrolled at the Bloemfontein-based University of the Free State in 2005 where he appeared for the Free State U19 and for the Free State U21 side in 2006 and 2007.

### Griffons

2008 saw Griesel return to Welkom to link up with the Griffons once again. He made his first class debut in the team's 51–7 defeat to Western Province in Bellville, with Griesel scoring the Griffons' only try of the match in the 75th minute. He firmly established himself as a first team regular for the Griffons, making in excess of 100 appearances for the side in Vodacom Cup and Currie Cup competitions over the next few years, captaining the side more than 50 times.

### Free State Cheetahs

Griesel made one single first class appearance for a side other than the Griffons. Following an injury crisis at the Free State Cheetahs, Griesel was included in their 2011 Currie Cup Premier Division match against the Griquas. Griesel came on as a substitute with twenty minutes to go and scored a try within a minute of coming on with his first touch of the ball, to help the Cheetahs to a 49–39 victory in Bloemfontein.
# Mather Byles DesBrisay

Mather Byles DesBrisay (March 19, 1828 – April 8, 1900) was a Canadian lawyer, judge, politician, and historian in the Province of Nova Scotia whose collections form the DesBrisay Museum in Bridgewater, Nova Scotia.
A descendant of Captain Théophile de la Cour DesBrisay (1671–1761) whose Huguenot family fled religious persecution in France and settled in Dublin, Ireland before emigrating to Canada, Mather Byles DesBrisay was the great-great-grandson of Thomas DesBrisay, a Lieutenant-Governor of St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island). He was born in Chester, Nova Scotia and was educated in Halifax and Dartmouth. Trained in law, in 1851 Mather DesBrisay was admitted to the Bar of Nova Scotia. He eventually set up a law practice in his native Chester but in 1865 made Bridgewater his home.
In 1867, DesBrisay entered provincial politics as part of the anti Confederation movement and in the Nova Scotia general election was voted to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. Reelected in 1874, the following year he was named Speaker of the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia. After 1875 DesBrisay was out of politics and in 1876 he married Ada Adams Harley.
Mather DesBrisay served as a County Court judge for Lunenburg, Shelburne and Queens counties until 1897. An avid historian, in 1870 he published his book titled "History of the County of Lunenburg." It marked what became a major pursuit of documentation that saw a revised edition of his book published in 1895. Following his death in 1900, the town of Bridgewater acquired his vast collection of papers and artifacts and established the DesBrisay Museum as a public community history museum.
Mather and Ada DesBrisay are buried together in the Brookside Cemetery in Bridgewater.
# Kiro Stojanov

Kiro Stojanov (Macedonian: Киро Стојанов; born 9 April 1959) is the Roman Catholic Bishop of Skopje and the Eparchial Bishop of the Macedonian Catholic Eparchy of the Blessed Virgin Mary Assumed in Strumica-Skopje of the Macedonian Greek Catholic Church.
He currently also serves as president of Macedonian Caritas.

## Biography

In 2005, he succeeded Joakim Herbut as both Roman Catholic Bishop of Skopje and Apostolic exarch of Macedonia, becoming the head of the Macedonian Greek Catholic Church. On 31 May 2018, the apostolic exarchate was elevated to the rank of an eparchy (diocese) as the Macedonian Catholic Eparchy of the Blessed Virgin Mary Assumed in Strumica-Skopje, of which Stojanov became the first eparch.
# Itayanagi Station

Itayanagi Station (板柳駅, Itayanagi-eki) is a railway station located in the town of Itayanagi, Aomori Prefecture, Japan, operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Itayanagi Station is served by the Gonō Line. It is 138.9 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Higashi-Noshiro.

## Station layout

Itayanagi Station has a single ground-level island platform, connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station has a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office.

### Platforms

| 1 | ■ Gonō Line | For Goshogawara, Ajigasawa and Fukaura |
| 2 | ■ Gonō Line | For Kawabe, Hirosaki and Aomori |

## History

Itayanagi Station was opened on September 25, 1918 as a station on the Mutsu Railway. It became a station on the Japanese Government Railways (JGR) when the Mutsu Railway was nationalized on June 1, 1927. With the privatization of the Japanese National Railways (successor to JGR) on April 1, 1987, it came under the operational control of JR East.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2016, the station was used by an average of 351 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

* National Route 339
* Itayanagi town hall
* Itayanagi Post Office
* Itayanagi onsen
# Émile Durkheim (Lukes biography)

Émile Durkheim: His Life and Work is a 1972 biography of the sociologist Emile Durkheim written by Steven Lukes.
# André Mattsson

André Mattsson (born August 11, 1980) is a retired Haitian-born Swedish ice hockey defenceman. He played for the Norrtälje IK, AIK, Lidingö Vikings, IFK Kumla, Bodens IK, Skellefteå AIK, Djurgårdens IF and Malmö Redhawks of several Swedish leagues (Swedish Hockey League, HockeyAllsvenskan and Division 2), IK Comet of the Norwegian top-level league, the GET-ligaen, and the Manchester Phoenix of the English Premier League.
# 2000 Puerto Rico Republican presidential primary

The 2000 Puerto Rico Republican presidential primary was held on February 27, 2000, as part of the Republican Party primaries for the 2000 presidential election. 14 delegates to the Republican National Convention were allocated to presidential candidates.
Although Puerto Rico would not participate in the 2000 presidential general election because it is a U.S. territory and not a state, it equally participated in the U.S. presidential caucuses and primaries.

## Candidates

The following candidates achieved on the ballot:
* George W. Bush
* John McCain
* Steve Forbes
* Write-in candidate
* Alan Keyes
* Gary Bauer

## Results

Puerto Rico Republican primary, February 27, 2000 :
| Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Actual delegate count | Actual delegate count | Actual delegate count |
| Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Bound | Unbound | Total |
| George W. Bush | 87,375 | 92.6% | 14 | | 14 |
| John McCain | 4,903 | 5.9% | | | |
| Steve Forbes | 210 | <1% | | | |
| Write-in candidate | 178 | <1% | | | |
| Alan Keyes | 49 | <1% | | | |
| Gary Bauer | 34 | <1% | | | |
| Total: | 92,749 | 100% | 14 | | 14 |
| Source: ||||||
# Cloak Without Dagger

Cloak Without Dagger (U.S title Operation Conspiracy) is a 1956 British second feature ('B') comedy thriller film directed by Joseph Sterling and starring Philip Friend, Mary Mackenzie and Leslie Dwyer. It was written and produced by A. R. Rawlinson.

## Plot

A fashion reporter is united with a former boyfriend, after a chance meeting, and helps him to track down an enemy spy.

## Cast

* Philip Friend as Major Felix Gratton
* Mary Mackenzie as Kyra Gabaine
* Leslie Dwyer as Fred Borcombe
* Allan Cuthbertson as Colonel Packham
* John G. Heller as Peppi Gilroudian dress designer
* Chin Yu as Yan Chu
* Bill Nagy as Mario Oromonda
* Patrick Jordan as Captain Willis
* Marianne Stone as Mrs. Markley
* Frank Thornton as Mr. Markley
* Gerrey Levey as night club entertainer
* Boris Ranevsky as Antoine
* María Mercedes as Spanish girl
* Larry Taylor as Sergeant Blake

## Critical reception

The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "Medium-paced British comedy thriller. Despite an obvious denouement and a somewhat disconcerting number of loose ends, the plot builds up a reasonable degree of suspense; and the leading players, notably John Heller as the professional spy, give confident performances."
The Radio Times described it as "an uncomfortable mix of romance and myster.y"
Britmovie called it a "light-hearted spy story with a touch of romance."
In British Sound Films: The Studio Years 1928–1959 David Quinlan rated the film as "mediocre", writing: "Some thrills, some unintentional laughs."
# Ozicrypta pearni

Ozicrypta pearni is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Barychelidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1994 by Australian arachnologists Robert Raven and Tracey Churchill. The specific epithet pearni honours Professor John Pearn, of the University of Queensland, for contributions to child health, medical history and arachnidism in Australia.

## Distribution and habitat

The species occurs in North Queensland in open eucalypt forest habitats. The type locality is the summit of Mount Cleveland, near Townsville.
# Will Gardiner

Will Gardiner (born 21 May 2001) is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a loose forward and prop for Hull F.C. in the Super League. In 2022, he made his Hull début in the Super League against the Salford Red Devils.
# Midaregawa Station

Midaregawa Station (乱川駅, Midaregawa-eki) is a railway station in the city of Tendō, Yamagata, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Midaregawa Station is served by the Ōu Main Line, and is located 103.4 kilometres (64.2 mi) rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Fukushima Station.

## Station layout

The station has one side platform serving a single bi-directional single track. The station is unattended.

## History

Midaregawa Station opened on 1 December 1954. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of JNR on 1 April 1987.

## Surrounding area

* Tendo Mokko
* National Route 13