OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jacob de Vos Willemsz

Jacob de Vos Willemsz (5 December 1774 – 23 July 1844) was a Dutch poet, draftsman, illustrator, and art collector. He was known for his collection of drawn diaries about and for his children.

## Biography

Jacob de Vos Willemsz was born on 5 December 1774, in Amsterdam, Dutch Republic (now Netherlands). His uncle was Jacob de Vos (1735–1833), noted art collector.
He became known for his collection of drawn diaries about and for his children, drawn from 1803 to 1809. These diaries demonstrated an intense paternal involvement with his children, and were also a vivid description of the rise of appreciation for children's play. He was the father of Jacob de Vos Jacobsz (1803–1878).
De Vos Willemsz was a member of the Felix Meritis intellectual society, a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Democriet poetry society in Haarlem. In 1840, he was appointed Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion. De Vos Willemsz died on 23 July 1844, near Haarlem.
# Ricardo Croy

Ricardo Croy (born 7 December 1986) is a South African rugby union player, currently playing with the Boland Cavaliers. His regular position is fly-half.

## Career
### Youth

Croy represented Western Province at the 2004 Under-18 Craven Week tournament. This led to his inclusion in the South Africa Under-19 squad for the Under 19 Rugby World Championship in 2005. Further appearances for Western Province followed at Under-19 level in 2005 and at Under-21 level at 2006 and 2007.

### Senior career
#### Western Province

Croy made his debut for Western Province in the 2006 Vodacom Cup game against the Golden Lions. Further appearances followed in the 2008 Vodacom Cup side, but he failed to break into the Currie Cup side.

#### SWD Eagles

Croy then joined George-based side the SWD Eagles during the 2008 Currie Cup First Division season, making four appearances. He was 5th top scorer in the 2009 Vodacom Cup, scoring 94 points. A further 48 points in the 2009 Currie Cup First Division followed to help them finish second in the league, but they failed to win promotion, despite him accumulating the highest individual tally in the play-off games, scoring 23 points.

#### Pumas

In 2010, Croy then moved to Premier Division side the Pumas, whom he regularly represented over the next two seasons.

#### Boland Cavaliers

Croy made the move back to the Western Cape in 2012, linking up with the Boland Cavaliers.

### Representative rugby

In 2012, Croy was included in a South African Barbarians (South) team that faced England during the 2012 mid-year rugby test series. The following year, he was included in a South Africa President's XV team that played in the 2013 IRB Tbilisi Cup and won the tournament after winning all three matches.
# Cookie Jar Butte

Cookie Jar Butte is a tower in Kane County, Utah, in the United States with an elevation of 4,311 feet (1,314 m). It is located in Padre Bay on the north shore of Lake Powell.
# Broca's Brain

Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science is a 1979 book by the astrophysicist Carl Sagan. Its chapters were originally articles published between 1974 and 1979 in various magazines, including The Atlantic Monthly, The New Republic, Physics Today, Playboy, and Scientific American. In the introduction, Sagan wrote:
   As long as there have been human beings, we have posed the deep and fundamental questions. ... If we do not destroy ourselves, most of us will be around for the answers. ... By far the most exciting, satisfying and exhilarating time to be alive is the time in which we pass from ignorance to knowledge on these fundamental issues.

## Title

The title essay is named in honor of the French physician, anatomist and anthropologist Paul Broca (1824–1880). He is best known for his discovery that different functions are assigned to different parts of the brain. He believed that by studying the brains of cadavers and correlating the known experiences of the former owners of the organs, human behavior could eventually be discovered and understood. To that end, he saved hundreds of human brains in jars of formalin; among the collection is his own brain. When Sagan finds it in the Musée de l'Homme, he poses questions that challenge some core ideas of human existence such as "How much of that man known as Paul Broca can still be found in this jar?"—a question that evokes both religious and scientific argument.

## Contents

A major part of the book is devoted to debunking "paradoxers" who either live at the edge of science or are outright charlatans. An example of this is the controversy surrounding Immanuel Velikovsky's ideas presented in the book Worlds in Collision. Another large part of the book discusses naming conventions for the members of our solar system and their physical features. Sagan also discusses science fiction at some length. Here, he mentions Robert A. Heinlein as being one of his favorite science fiction authors in his childhood. Near-death experiences and their cultural ambiguity is another topic of the essays. Sagan also criticizes ideas developed in Robert K. G. Temple's book The Sirius Mystery, published three years earlier in 1975.
In the final section of the book, "Ultimate Questions", Sagan writes:
   My deeply held belief is that if a god of anything like the traditional sort exists, our curiosity and intelligence were provided by such a god ... on the other hand if such a god does not exist then our curiosity and intelligence are the essential tools for survival. In either case the enterprise of knowledge is essential for the welfare of the human species.

## Reception

Kirkus Reviews stated that, as an essayist, Sagan was "no Bronowski", and overall judged the collection to be "a mixed, often surprising bag of treats".
People considered that—aside from the "strangely touching" chapter about Broca's preserved brain—the book as a whole "rambles", with "plenty of science ... but little romance."
# Alfonso Othón Bello Pérez

Alfonso Othón Bello Pérez (born 4 December 1969) is a Mexican politician from the National Action Party. From 2006 to 2009 he served as Deputy of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Puebla.
# Libertarianism Today

Libertarianism Today is a 2010 book about the modern libertarian movement by Jacob H. Huebert. The work, which received generally positive reviews, has been described as a successor book to Murray Rothbard's For a New Liberty (1973).

## Reception

The book has received generally positive reviews from David Gordon, Walter Block, and Stephan Kinsella, among others.
# Justin Geduld

Justin Gilberto Geduld (born 1 October 1993) is a South African rugby union player, currently contracted to SARU as a sevens rugby player, as well as playing domestic rugby union for Western Province. His regular position is centre.
He was a member of the South Africa Sevens team that won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

## Youth rugby

Geduld represented Western Province at the 2011 Craven Week competition and also played for their Under-19 team in the 2012 Under-19 Provincial Championship competition. Geduld was included in the S.A. Under-20 squad for the 2013 IRB Junior World Championship.

## National sevens team

In 2013, Geduld was contracted to play rugby sevens for the South Africa Sevens team. He represented the team in the 2012–13 IRB Sevens World Series and played in tournaments in New Zealand, Hong Kong, Japan and Scotland.
Geduld was included in a 12-man squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. He was named in the starting lineup for their first match in Group B of the competition against Spain, with South Africa winning the match 24–0.
# Eating to Extinction

Eating to Extinction: The World's Rarest Foods and Why We Need to Save Them is a 2022 book by Dan Saladino that examines rare foods. The book has five "positive" reviews and six "rave" reviews, according to review aggregator Book Marks. The book won the 2022 Wainwright Prize for Writing on Conservation.
# Kami-Wakuya Station

Kami-Wakuya Station (上涌谷駅, Kami-Wakuya-eki) is a railway station in the town of Wakuya, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

## Lines

Kami-Wakuya Station is served by the Ishinomaki Line, and is located 3.6 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Kogota Station.

## Station layout

The station has one side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station is unattended.

## History

Kami-Wakuya Station opened on August 1, 1957. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of JNR on April 1, 1987.

## Surrounding area

* National Route 108
# Wrestling at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 48 kg

The Men's Freestyle 48 kg at the 1972 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program at the Fairgrounds, Judo and Wrestling Hall.

## Medalists

| Gold | Roman Dmitriyev Soviet Union |
| Silver | Ognyan Nikolov Bulgaria |
| Bronze | Ebrahim Javadi Iran |

## Tournament results

The competition used a form of negative points tournament, with negative points given for any result short of a fall. Accumulation of 6 negative points eliminated the wrestler. When only two or three wrestlers remain, a special final round is used to determine the order of the medals.

### Legend

* DNA — Did not appear
* TPP — Total penalty points
* MPP — Match penalty points

### Penalties

* 0 — Won by Fall, Passivity, Injury and Forfeit
* 0.5 — Won by Technical Superiority
* 1 — Won by Points
* 2 — Draw
* 2.5 — Draw, Passivity
* 3 — Lost by Points
* 3.5 — Lost by Technical Superiority
* 4 — Lost by Fall, Passivity, Injury and Forfeit

### Round 1

| TPP | MPP | | Time | | MPP | TPP |
| 2 | 2 | Ognyan Nikolov (BUL) | | Sefer Baygin (TUR) | 2 | 2 |
| 3.5 | 3.5 | Gad Tsobari (ISR) | | Attila Laták (HUN) | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| 2 | 2 | Ebrahim Javadi (IRI) | | Sergio Gonzalez (USA) | 2 | 2 |
| 3 | 3 | Bazarragchaagiin Jamsran (MGL) | | Rolf Lacour (FRG) | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 | Jürgen Möbius (GDR) | | Jang Dok-Ryong (PRK) | 3 | 3 |
| 3 | 3 | Ion Arapu (ROU) | | Masahiko Umeda (JPN) | 1 | 1 |
| 4 | 4 | Adkar Maruti (IND) | 8:14 | Roman Dmitriyev (URS) | 0 | 0 |

### Round 2

| TPP | MPP | | Time | | MPP | TPP |
| 2 | 0 | Ognyan Nikolov (BUL) | 3:50 | Gad Tsobari (ISR) | 4 | 7.5 |
| 2 | 0 | Sefer Baygin (TUR) | 0:45 | Attila Laták (HUN) | 4 | 4.5 |
| 2 | 0 | Ebrahim Javadi (IRI) | 4:09 | Bazarragchaagiin Jamsran (MGL) | 4 | 7 |
| 4 | 2 | Sergio Gonzalez (USA) | | Rolf Lacour (FRG) | 2 | 3 |
| 4 | 3 | Jürgen Möbius (GDR) | | Ion Arapu (ROU) | 1 | 4 |
| 4 | 1 | Jang Dok-Ryong (PRK) | | Adkar Maruti (IND) | 3 | 7 |
| 4 | 3 | Masahiko Umeda (JPN) | | Roman Dmitriyev (URS) | 1 | 1 |

### Round 3

| TPP | MPP | | Time | | MPP | TPP |
| 2 | 0 | Ognyan Nikolov (BUL) | 0:50 | Attila Laták (HUN) | 4 | 8.5 |
| 5.5 | 3.5 | Sefer Baygin (TUR) | | Ebrahim Javadi (IRI) | 0.5 | 2.5 |
| 6 | 2 | Sergio Gonzalez (USA) | | Jürgen Möbius (GDR) | 2 | 6 |
| 7 | 4 | Rolf Lacour (FRG) | 8:18 | Ion Arapu (ROU) | 0 | 4 |
| 7 | 3 | Jang Dok-Ryong (PRK) | | Masahiko Umeda (JPN) | 1 | 5 |
| 1 | | Roman Dmitriyev (URS) | | Bye | | |

### Round 4

| TPP | MPP | | | MPP | TPP |
| 2 | 1 | Roman Dmitriyev (URS) | Ognyan Nikolov (BUL) | 3 | 5 |
| 6.5 | 1 | Sefer Baygin (TUR) | Ion Arapu (ROU) | 3 | 7 |
| 3.5 | 1 | Ebrahim Javadi (IRI) | Masahiko Umeda (JPN) | 3 | 8 |

### Final

Results from the preliminary round are carried forward into the final (shown in yellow).
| TPP | MPP | | | MPP | TPP |
| | 1 | Roman Dmitriyev (URS) | Ognyan Nikolov (BUL) | 3 | |
| 4 | 3 | Roman Dmitriyev (URS) | Ebrahim Javadi (IRI) | 1 | |
| 4 | 1 | Ognyan Nikolov (BUL) | Ebrahim Javadi (IRI) | 3 | 4 |

## Final standings

* Roman Dmitriyev (URS)
* Ognyan Nikolov (BUL)
* Ebrahim Javadi (IRI)
* Sefer Baygin (TUR)
* Ion Arapu (ROU)
* Masahiko Umeda (JPN)
# Bully for Brontosaurus

Bully for Brontosaurus (1991) is the fifth volume of collected essays by the Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould. The essays were culled from his monthly column "This View of Life" in Natural History magazine, to which Gould contributed for 27 years. The book deals, in typically discursive fashion, with themes familiar to Gould's writing: evolution and its teaching, science biography, and probabilities.
The title essay, "Bully for Brontosaurus", discusses the theory and history of taxonomy by examining the debate over whether Brontosaurus should be labelled Apatosaurus. In "Justice Scalia's Misunderstanding", Gould dissects and decisively rejects Antonin Scalia's dissent in the United States Supreme Court case Edwards v. Aguillard that overturned the last creationist statute in the country. Gould claimed his favourite essay to be "In a Jumbled Drawer" which discusses the debate between Nathaniel Shaler and William James over whether the improbability of our having evolved necessitates divine intervention (Gould, like James, argues no); the essay includes a letter from former President Jimmy Carter as a postscript, which discusses the issue.
The essay "Male Nipples and Clitoral Ripples" dealt with the issue of adaptive arguments. It derives from some work by Elisabeth Lloyd, whose subsequent 2005 book was dedicated to Gould (and her parents), and uses the case of the female orgasm to expand on the subject of adaptiveness in both depth and breadth.
# Carmelina Cruz Silva

Isabel Carmelina Cruz Silva is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party. As of 2014 she served as Deputy of the LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Oaxaca as replacement of Elpidio Concha.
# Glen Hall (cricketer)

Glen Gordon Hall (24 May 1938 – 26 June 1987) was a South African cricketer who represented his country in one Test match in 1965.

## Career

A "tall leg-spinner, quickish with both googly and top-spinner in his repertoire", Glen Hall had a remarkable start to his first-class career. Playing for South African Universities against Western Province in 1960–61, he took 4 for 24 and 9 for 122. His form in subsequent seasons was less productive, but against the touring MCC in 1964–65 in consecutive matches he took 4 for 113 for South African Universities and 6 for 145 for North-Eastern Transvaal, each time for a team that lost by an innings. He was selected for the Third Test shortly afterwards, but took only 1 for 94.
Playing for North-Eastern Transvaal in the B Section of the Currie Cup in 1965–66 he took 27 wickets at 26.11, including 7 for 137 and 4 for 95 against Orange Free State at Pretoria. His form fell away in following seasons, and he played no first-class cricket after 1967–68.
As a batsman he passed 20 only twice in his career, but each time he made a 50. His highest score was for Eastern Province against Transvaal in 1961–62, when he hit 63, his side's top score in a match it lost by an innings.

## Personal life

He graduated in pharmacy from Rhodes University, marrying a former Miss South Africa, and fathering two sons. After their divorce in the 1980s he became a recluse, and committed suicide in 1987; aged 49.
# Bombing of Treviso in World War II

The bombing of Treviso, a town in Northeastern Italy, took place on 7 April 1944, during World War II. Aimed at disabling the town's marshalling yard, it resulted in the destruction of most of the town.

## History

Treviso, a town of 60,000 inhabitants located in the Veneto region, thirty kilometres north of Venice, was in a strategically important position for railway communications in northeastern Italy, and was therefore bombed several times by the Allied air forces.
The first, and most devastating, raid took place on 7 April 1944. 159 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress of the United States Army Air Force (escorted by Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighters) dropped over 2,000 bombs (446 metric tons of ordnance) during an attack which lasted five minutes (from 1.24 PM to 1.29 PM); the target was the local marshalling yard, but the inaccuracy of the bombing caused most of the bombs to fall all over the city, destroying most of it.
Out of 4,600 buildings, 700 were destroyed, 1,100 heavily damaged and 1,962 slightly damaged. A large part of the medieval parts of the city centre were destroyed; the medieval Palazzo dei Trecento, distant only 700 meters from the objective, was partly destroyed. Between 1,000 and 1,600 civilians were killed, including 123 children. According to the records of the municipality, 1,600 inhabitants of Treviso were killed by air raids during the war, of whom 1,470 died in the raid of 7 April 1944; some 30,000 were left homeless. This makes the 7 April 1944 raid on Treviso the second deadliest air raid suffered by an Italian city during the war, after the 19 July 1943 raid on Rome that killed between 1,600 and 3,200 people.
The attackers lost one B-17, shot down by anti-aircraft guns of the nearby Treviso Airport.
As the bombing occurred on Good Friday, fascist propaganda called the day "passion of Christ and of Treviso".

## Further raids

A further twelve air raids (both by the Royal Air Force and the USAAF), mostly targeting the marshalling yard, took place in the following eleven months: on 20 April 1944, 14 May 1944, 20 October 1944, 21, 22, 25 and 27 December 1944, 11, 15 and 31 January 1945, and 13 and 31 March 1945. These raids caused further damage and destruction to the town, albeit none was as destructive and deadly as the first one had been.
Giuseppe Berto's novel The Sky is Red and the film with the same name are set during the bombing of Treviso and its aftermath, and ruined buildings of the town were used as set for the movie.
# Strand Kruger

Victor Eric 'Strand' Kruger (born 19 January 1989 in Welkom) is a South African rugby union player, currently playing with Rustenburg-based club side Impala. His regular position is lock.

## Career
### Youth and Varsity Cup

He was part of the Boland U19 squad that played in the 2007 Under-19 Provincial Championship competition. He then moved to Potchefstroom, where he joined the Leopards, as well as university side NWU Pukke. He was included in the Leopards U19 squad for the 2008 Under-19 Provincial Championship competition and in the Leopards U21 squad for the 2009 and 2010 Under-21 Provincial Championship competitions.
He also played for – and captained – the NWU Pukke in the Varsity Cup competition, representing them from 2009 to 2013.

### Leopards

Kruger was named as a reserve for the Leopards for their 2009 Currie Cup Premier Division match against Western Province, but failed to come on as a substitute. His first class debut only came in 2011, when he started in the Pampas XV v Leopards match in the 2011 Vodacom Cup. Due to his involvement in the Varsity Cup, he only made a further two appearances in that competition, both in 2011. He broke into the team's Currie Cup team for the 2012 Currie Cup First Division. He made his Currie Cup debut in their 68–35 victory against the SWD Eagles in Potchefstroom and scored his first try in the return match in George seven weeks later.

### Griquas

He joined Griquas in 2013 on a short-term contract, following a series of injuries to Griquas locks.

### Boland Cavaliers

He joined Wellington-based side Boland Cavaliers prior to the 2014 season.

### Rustenburg Impala

In 2015, he moved to Rustenburg for work reasons and joined the defending SARU Community Cup champions, Rustenburg Impala.
# Emerson and Self-Culture

Emerson and Self-Culture is a 2008 book by John Lysaker, in which the author tries to provide an account of the notion of self-culture in Ralph Waldo Emerson's work.

## Reception

The book was reviewed by Corey McCall (Elmira College), Russell Goodman (University of New Mexico), Marcus B. Schulzke (SUNY Albany), and Heikki A. Kovalainen (University of Helsinki). McCall describes the book as a provocation to think along with Emerson and calls it a success.
# Jeff Nixon (American football coach)

Jeff Nixon (born October 16, 1974) is a former American football player. He currently is the offensive coordinator and running backs coach for the Syracuse Orange.

## Education & college career

He played college football at West Virginia from 1993 to 1994 before transferring to Penn State, where he earned Dean's List and Big Ten Conference All-Academic Team recognition. Nixon earned a degree in elementary education from Penn State in 1998 before receiving his master's degree in education administration from Shippensburg in 2003.

## Career

Nixon began his coaching career in 1997 as a student assistant coach at Penn State. He was running backs coach at Princeton in 1998. Nixon served as running backs coach at Shippensburg from 1999 to 2002 under Rocky Rees. From 2003 to 2005, he coached at Tennessee-Chattanooga, where he worked with the running backs, tight ends and as a special teams coordinator and recruiting coordinator. Nixon served as the running backs coach at Temple University in 2006. He was promoted to coach wide receivers after the season. Nixon also spent the four seasons 2007–2010 with the Philadelphia Eagles coaching staff where he was an assistant coach working with the special teams as well as the offense, with a focus on the running back position. Nixon was hired by the Miami Dolphins after being named running backs coach in 2011, coaching for them until 2015.
In 2016, he was hired by the San Francisco 49ers to coach the tight ends position.
In 2017, Nixon became the co-offensive coordinator/play-caller and running backs coach for the Baylor Bears under Matt Rhule for the next three years. In the 2018 season, Baylor averaged 460 yards of total offense (including 290 yards passing per game), ranking in the Top 20, in the country, in both total offense and total passing. In the 2019 season, the Nixon led offense averaged 36 points per game (17th in the country) and helped guide Baylor to a Top 10 rank and a Sugar Bowl berth playing against the Georgia Bulldogs.

### Panthers

In 2020, Nixon joined the Carolina Panthers as the team's running backs coach / senior offensive assistant under Rhule. Nixon became the offensive coordinator for the Panthers after Joe Brady was fired on December 5, 2021. In 2022 he became the assistant head coach for the offense for the Panthers. He was not retained by the Panthers for the 2023 season.

### New York Giants

On February 24, 2023, the New York Giants hired Nixon as their running backs coach.

### Syracuse

In December 2023, Nixon joined Syracuse as offensive coordinator under new head coach Fran Brown for the 2024 season.
# Pycnandra acuminata

Pycnandra acuminata is a species of plant in the family of Sapotaceae. It is a rainforest shrub, endemic to New Caledonia, and is adapted to the nickel-rich ultramafic soils found there. Pycnandra acuminata is notable as one of the most prolific hyperaccumulators of trace metals known, actively absorbing nickel from the soil and concentrating it within the plant to a concentration of up to 25% nickel citrate as dry weight of the sap, which is turquoise-green in colour due to the nickel content. It is the only known plant with turquoise sap. The vernacular name in French is sève bleue (blue sap).
The reason for this adaptation is not well established, but heavy metals such as nickel in soil are usually toxic to plants and it is thought that by complexing them into less-toxic organic salts and concentrating them in certain tissues, the plant may protect other more sensitive tissue from excess levels of toxic metal ions, or deter herbivores due to the toxicity. Such plants are of considerable interest due to their potential use in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated former mine sites, or potentially even as a means of non-destructive phytomining of metal-rich soils allowing metals to be harvested in an environmentally sustainable manner.
The tree's unusual affinity for nickel first came to light in the 1970s, and research into other hyperaccumulator plants has increased since then.
# A Chronicle of the Last Pagans

A Chronicle of the Last Pagans is a 1990 popular history book on pagan retreat in the Roman Empire, written by historian Pierre Chuvin and published by Harvard University Press.

## Legacy

The book inspired the 2020 lo-fi album Songs for Pierre Chuvin by the Mountain Goats.