OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Input lag

Input lag or input latency is the amount of time that passes between sending an electrical signal and the occurrence of a corresponding action.
In video games the term is often used to describe any latency between input and the game engine, monitor, or any other part of the signal chain reacting to that input, though all contributions of input lag are cumulative.

## Potential causes of delay from pressing a button to the game reacting

The potential causes for input lag are described below. Each step in the process, however small, increases total input lag, however the combined result may not be noticeable if all input lag is low enough.

### Controller sends signal to console

For wired controllers, this lag is normally negligible. For wireless controllers, opinions vary as to the significance of this lag. Some people claim to notice extra lag when using a wireless controller, while other people claim that the 4–8 milliseconds of lag is negligible.

### Console/PC processes next frame

A videogame console or PC will send out a new frame once it has finished performing the necessary calculations to create it. The amount of frames rendered per second (on average) is called the frame rate. Using common a 60 Hz monitor as an example, the maximum theoretical frame rate is 60 FPS (frames per second), which means the minimum theoretical input lag for the overall system is approximately 16.67 ms (1 frame/60 FPS). The monitor is usually the bottleneck for the theoretical maximum FPS, since there is little point in rendering more frames than the monitor can show. In situations where the CPU, GPU, memory, bus, etc. load is bottlenecked, FPS can drop below the monitor's refresh rate.
Individual frames need not be finished within the interval of a screen refresh to output at an equivalent rate. Game engines often make use of pipelined architectures to process multiple frames concurrently, allowing for a more efficient use of the underlying hardware. This exacerbates input lag, especially at low frame rates.

### Display lag

This is the lag caused by the television or monitor (also called output lag). In addition to the latency imposed by the screen's pixel response time, any image processing (such as upscaling, motion smoothing, or edge smoothing) takes time and therefore adds more input lag. An input lag below 30 ms is generally considered unnoticeable in a television. Once the frame has been processed, the final step is the updating the pixels to display the correct color for the new frame. The time this takes is called the pixel response time.

## Typical overall response times

Testing has found that overall input lag (from human input to visible response) times of approximately 200 ms are distracting to the user. It also appears that (excluding the monitor/television display lag) 133 ms is an average response time and the most sensitive games (fighting games, first person shooters and rhythm games) achieve response times of 67 ms (excluding display lag).
# Joachim Schepke

Joachim Schepke (8 March 1912 – 17 March 1941) was a German U-boat commander during World War II. He was the seventh recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves.
Schepke is credited with having sunk 36 Allied ships. During his career, he gained notoriety among fellow U-boat commanders for exaggerating the tonnage of ships sunk.

## Career

Schepke joined the Reichsmarine in 1930. In 1934, he was assigned to the newly created U-boat arm, and in 1938 he commanded U-3. After a short stint commanding U-19 and serving in a staff position, Schepke received the command of U-100, a Type VIIB boat. After 5 patrols in U-100 she was heavily damaged on 17 March 1941 by depth charges from HMS Walker and Vanoc while attacking Convoy HX 112. U-100 was forced to surface and was detected on radar and rammed by Vanoc. Schepke and most of the crew died.
Schepke claimed to have sunk 37 ships, for a total of 213,310 gross register tons (GRT) and damaged 4 more. If true, this would have made him the third skipper to have sunk over 200,000 tons. While he definitely sank 36 ships, he was known throughout the fleet to exaggerate his tonnage claims; other U-boat men came to use the expression "Schepke tonnage" in reference to this. Nonetheless, at one point Schepke ranked first in the number of ships sunk, and was recommended by Admiral Dönitz for the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves.

## Awards

* Iron Cross (1939)
** 2nd Class
** 1st Class (27 February 1940)
* U-Boat War Badge (1939) (3 January 1940 – 30 April 1940)
* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
** Knight's Cross on 24 September 1940 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-100
** 7th Oak Leaves on 1 December 1940 as Kapitänleutnant and commander of U-100
# Piatti Ristorante

Piatti Ristorante, also known as Piatti, is a small restaurant chain located along the West Coast and in Texas. It is known for offering a range of authentic Italian cuisine and wines. For the last 33 years Piatti has catered their dining experience to both small groups and large private events.
Piatti is owned by Palisades Hospitality Group.

## Location

The first Piatti was established in La Jolla, California in 1990. Soon after, 6 additional restaurants were opened. As of 2013 there are now restaurants in Sacramento, Danville, Mill Valley and, Seattle Washington and two Piattis in San Antonino Texas. Each restaurant features the same classic dishes, but the decor and menu is customized to each location in order to include both local and Italian elements. Managers and chefs are given the freedom to change/ the Piatti restaurant spaces and menus based on the city where they are established. In a 2015 interview done by the San Francisco Business Times, while talking about the designs of the restaurants, Tim Harmon argued that "people want to feel like the restaurant they're going to is unique to the area and special and I think that's only continuing to grow ... being able to deliver that is critical to ongoing success."
| Location | Address |
| La Jolla, California | 2182 Avenida De La Playa La Jolla, CA 92037 |
| Sacramento, California | 571 Pavilions Lane Sacramento, CA 95825 |
| Danville, California | 100 Sycamore Valley Road West Danville, CA 94526 |
| Mill Valley, California | 625 Redwood Highway Mill Valley, CA 94941 |
| Seattle, Washington | 2695 NE Village Lane Seattle, WA 98105 |
| San Antonino | Éilan, Texas | 17803 La Cantera Terrace San Antonio, TX 78256 |
| San Antonino | The Quarry, Texas | 255 E. Basse Road, Suite 500 San Antonio, TX 78209 |

## History

The word Piatti is plural for the word "piatto," the Italian word for plates/platters. With European inspiration in mind, the Piatti brand name was established in 1987. The first restaurant's grand opening occurred in December 1990 in La Jolla, California. The owner is Tim Harmon, president of General Partnership. Piatti has since expanded beyond La Jolla to several other locations.
Starting in 2021, with the Mill Valley location, Tim Harmon decided it was time for a change. According to Janelle Bitker of the San Francisco Chronicle, the refresh has been in the works for several years. It is being referred to as the “pandemic pivot,” and it is expected to affect all locations eventually.

## Menu

Piatti's menu features a variety of Italian-inspired dishes crafted using regionally sourced ingredients and prepared fresh daily. The drink menu includes cocktails, draft beers, and non-alcoholic options, along with a wine list sourced from local and international Italian wineries, which is catered to each location.
# Sphenodesme

Sphenodesme is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, first described in 1820. The genus is native to southern China, the Indian Subcontinent, Indo-China and Malesia.

## Species

The following are listed in the Kew World Checklist:
* Sphenodesme amethystina Dop - Vietnam
* Sphenodesme eryciboides Kurz - Myanmar, Thailand
* Sphenodesme ferruginea (Griff.) Briq. - Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand
* Sphenodesme floribunda Chun & F.C.How - Guangdong, Hainan
* Sphenodesme griffithiana Wight - Vietnam, Myanmar
* Sphenodesme involucrata (C.Presl) B.L.Rob - India, Assam, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaya, Borneo, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan
* Sphenodesme mekongensis Dop - Laos, Thailand
* Sphenodesme mollis Craib - Yunnan, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam
* Sphenodesme pentandra Jack - Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Assam, Nicobar Islands, Indochina, Malaya, Borneo, Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan
* Sphenodesme pierrei Dop - Vietnam
* Sphenodesme racemosa (C.Presl) Moldenke - Malaya, Borneo, Sumatra
* Sphenodesme sarawakensis Moldenke - Borneo
* Sphenodesme stellata Merr. - Sabah
* Sphenodesme thorelii Dop - Vietnam
* Sphenodesme triflora Wight - Thailand, Malaya, Borneo, Sumatra
# Belmont Plantation (Wayside, Mississippi)

Belmont Plantation is an Antebellum plantation in Wayside, Washington County, Mississippi.

## History

The mansion was built in 1857 by W.W. Worthington. It was visited by Union forces in 1863, in the midst of the American Civil War of 1861–1865.
It was turned into the Belmont Hunting Lodge by Mississippi Governor Dennis Murphree in 1946.
It is a wedding & event space, luxury hunting lodge, and bed & breakfast.

## Heritage significance

It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since April 11, 1972.
# Axion Estin

Axion estin (Greek: Ἄξιόν ἐστίν, Slavonic: Достóйно éсть, Dostóino yesť), or It is Truly Meet, is a pair of hymns to the Virgin Mary used in the Divine Services of the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches, consisting of a magnification and a theotokion.
Axion estin is also the name of type of icon of the Theotokos, also known as the Eleousa type, after the icon in front of which, according to tradition, the hymn was revealed in the late 10th century, an elder and his disciple lived in a cell on Mount Athos. The icon is currently kept in the Protaton in Karyes.
# Sana Gomes (footballer, born 2002)

Sana Dafa Gomes (born 9 July 2002) is a Bissau-Guinean professional footballer who plays as a left-back for the UAE Pro League club Al Wasl.

## Club career

A youth product of Estrela, Real S.C. and Alverca, Gomes moved to Portimonense on 16 July 2021. Gomes made his professional debut with Portimonense in a 3–2 Primeira Liga loss to Sporting CP on 29 December 2021.
# Roman GianArthur

Roman GianArthur is an American R&B musician, singer, songwriter and record producer known for his collaborations with artists Janelle Monáe and Jidenna. He is a member of Monae's Wondaland Arts Collective, and was featured on Jidenna's Grammy-nominated single "Classic Man". He has also contributed to Monae's albums The ArchAndroid and The Electric Lady. His single "iKnow" was featured on the EP Wondaland Presents: The Eephus. In September 2015, Rolling Stone named GianArthur to a list of "10 New Artists You Need to Know."
GianArthur's older brother is Nate "Rocket" Wonder, another member of Monae's Wondaland collective.

## Discography

* OK LADY (2015 EP)

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2019-2020 | American Soul | Ernie Isley | Episode: Just Us |
| 2019 | Lady and the Tramp | Rex | Voice |
# Alamgir Welfare Trust

Alamgir Welfare Trust (Urdu: عالمگیر ٹرسٹ) is a social welfare organization and charity in Karachi, Pakistan which provides services in a wide variety of domains including health, education and feeding the underprivileged, etc. It was established in 1993 and is headquartered at Bahadurabad, Karachi.
AWT was founded by Shaheed Anwar Naseem Chandna, who was murdered in 2001. It is presently headed by Chaudary Nisar Ahmed. It first started its services by collecting left-over food from local marriage halls and distributing it amongst over 500 needy people every day. With an annual expenditure of more than 1 billion Rupees, AWT distributes about 45,000 kg. of meat each month from its Sadaqah/Aqeeqa Bakras service in jails, hospitals, madaris, poor students, orphanages, and poor population. More than 5000 packets of food are provided to jails, religious seminaries, hospitals as well as traffic police personnel and others during the month of Ramadan.
AWT also has its own health care centre, Alamgir Health Care Centre. All patients are treated free of cost from Zakat fund. Leading private hospitals are on their panel. Patients needing hospitalization, investigation or surgery are referred to these hospitals where they get complete medical health free of cost. Almost 500 patients are treated and provided free medicines daily in the outpatient department of the Alamgir Health Care Centre. Ambulance services are also provided for transfers of patients.
Many notable personalities have visited Alamgir's Office in Karachi including Consul-General of Japan Mr. Toshikazu Isomura and the key bearer of Kaaba, Al Sheikh Abdul Qadir Al Shaibi.
# Acicula hausdorfi

Acicula hausdorfi is a species of very small land snail with an operculum. It is a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Aciculidae.

## Distribution

This species is endemic to Greece. It's estimated Extent of occurrence is 972 km$^2$
# Zoe Pilger

Zoe Pilger (/ˈpɪldʒər/; born 1984) is an English author and art critic. Her first novel, Eat My Heart Out, won a Betty Trask Award and a Somerset Maugham Award.

## Early life and career

The daughter of journalists John Pilger and Yvonne Roberts, Zoe Pilger studied social and political science at Cambridge University. She also gained an MA in Comparative Literature from Goldsmiths, University of London.
Pilger was art critic of The Independent, a British newspaper, from January 2012 to 2016. Her first novel, Eat My Heart Out, published by Serpent's Tail in 2014, has been described as a post-feminist satire about modern romance. It developed from an intensive writing period when the author was 23 and lived in an unfamiliar seaside town for six-months.
She is currently researching her PhD on romantic love and sadomasochism in the work of female artists at Goldsmiths. Pilger lives in London.

## Awards and nominations

* 2011 - Frieze Writer's Prize
* 2014 - Shortlisted for the Observer/Anthony Burgess Prize for journalism in art.
* 2015 - Somerset Maugham Award for Eat My Heart Out
* 2015 - Betty Trask Award for Eat My Heart Out
* 2016 - Shortlisted for a Lambda Literary Award for Bisexual Literature for Eat My Heart Out
# Adilotar

Adilotar (Russian: Адильотар; Chechen: Эдал-Отар, Edal-Otar) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Adilotarsky Selsoviet, Khasavyurtovsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. Population: 1,284 (2010 Census); 1,173 (2002 Census); 761 (1989 Soviet census). There are 32 streets.

## Geography

Adilotar is located 29 km north of Khasavyurt (the district's administrative centre) by road. Tutlar is the nearest rural locality.
# William Hay Taliaferro

William Hay Taliaferro (1895–1973) was an American microbiologist and immunologist.

## Early life and education

William Hay Taliaferro was born on February 10, 1895 in Portsmouth, Virginia. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1915 from the University of Virginia, where at age 17 he published his first scientific paper with William Allison Kepner. Between 1917 and 1919, during his service in the U.S. Army, he conducted research on respiratory physiology and earned his Ph.D. in 1918 from Johns Hopkins University.

## Career

In 1919, Taliaferro joined the newly established School of Hygiene and Public Health at Johns Hopkins. He moved to the University of Chicago in 1924, serving for 36 years in various roles, including chairman of the Department of Microbiology, associate dean, dean of the Division of Biological Sciences, and editor of The Journal of Infectious Diseases. In 1939, he was appointed the Eliakim H. Moore Distinguished Service Professor. After retiring in 1960, he continued his research at Argonne National Laboratory.

## Research

Taliaferro's dissertation involved microsurgical studies on planaria, demonstrating that their primitive eye spots contain localized sensory areas that respond to light stimulation. This work contributed to later developments in understanding the physiology of insect eyes. From 1919 to about 1950, his research focused on humoral and cellular factors in host-parasite relationships, inspired by his 1929 book The Immunology of Parasitic Infections.
Taliaferro discovered the antibody ablastin in rats and mice, which inhibits the reproduction of certain trypanosomes, and demonstrating that the host's destruction of malarial parasites and the nematode Nippostrongylus is localized.
# Schizothorax malacathus

Schizothorax malacathus is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Schizothorax from the upper Irrawaddy River drainage in Yunnan. It is found in hill streams with rocky stream beds, it grazes on periphyton.
# Mohmand Expeditions (1851–2)

The Mohmand Expeditions were two British-Indian military expeditions to the North-West Frontier Province in Pakistan.
# Guy Drake

Guy Drake (June 24, 1904 – June 17, 1984) was an American country music singer and comedian, best known for his 1970 hit "Welfare Cadillac".
Born in Weir, Kentucky, Drake worked as a painter in the 1960s when he composed his only single, "Welfare Cadilac". According to him, he wrote the song in 1964 after seeing a rundown shack with a billboard on either side and ten children living inside, with a new Cadillac car sitting out front. The song is a satirical account of an impoverished parent living on welfare. After being rejected by several other record labels, it was released in 1970 as the first single from the independent Royal American Records label. It was a subject of controversy when Richard Nixon, then the President of the United States, asked Johnny Cash to perform the song at the White House, but Cash refused because he felt the song was degrading to recipients of welfare. The book Welfare in the United States: A History with Documents, 1935–1996 described "Welfare Cadillac" as "premised on stereotypes of welfare recipients as undeserving" and "contrast[ing] hard-working people who pay taxes with welfare recipients who get free commodities and drive brand-new Cadillacs".
"Welfare Cadillac" was commercially successful in both the United States and Canada. The song reached the number 63 position on Billboard Hot 100, as well as the number six position on the same publication's Hot Country Songs charts. It was also commercially successful in Canada, reaching number 66 on the RPM Top Singles charts and number one on the same publication's Country Tracks charts.
"Welfare Cadillac" was also issued on an LP of the same name. The album got a review from Record World magazine which stated "Toothless and grinning like a mule eating briars in the middle of December, Drake recites his way through five self-penned tunes and various other biggies."
Drake died of unknown causes in 1984.

## Discography

| Title | Album details |
| Welfare Cadillac | Release date: 1970 Label: Royal American Format: LP album |

### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Album |
| Year | Single | US | US Country | CAN | CAN Country | Album |
| 1970 | "Welfare Cadillac" | 63 | 6 | 66 | 1 | Welfare Cadillac |
# Malika El Maslouhi

Malika El Maslouhi is an Italian model. Her clients include: Chanel, Dior, Gucci, Calvin Klein, and Ralph Lauren. She has also featured in various international versions of Vogue.
In December 2024, Models.com added El Maslouhi to their 'Money List', saying that she had "attracted top-tier commercial clients and secured lucrative, long-term endorsement deals."
Vogue—in their "Top 15 Models of Spring 2020"—described El Maslouhi as having "beauty fit for a Fellini film."

## Early life

El Maslouhi was born to an Italian mother and Moroccan father, and has a younger sister. They lived in the Niguarda district of Milan.
For a long time El Maslouhi's style was a "Wes Anderson style T-shirt and Bermuda shorts," and was much more interested in rethinking the world than going shopping. She was a scout for 11 years and spent weekends outside walking.

## Career

El Maslouhi began modeling at age 18, upon which a friend of her mother connected her with an Italian casting director. She was signed by VIVA Model Management in Milan. Her debut fashion show was walking for Alberta Ferretti during the A/W 2019 season. Having been cast in the Dior show that took place in Marrakech, Morocco, and the Jacquemus show in Provence, the French Riviera, she decided to end her college studies and model full-time.

## Agency representation

El Maslouhi is partially represented by DNA Models and VIVA Model Management, the same agencies that partially represents Kaia Gerber and Imaan Hammam.
# Georg Nückles

Georg Nückles (born 14 May 1948) is a retired West German sprinter who specialized in the 400 metres.
At the 1972 European Indoor Championships he won the gold medal in the 400 metres race. He also won a silver medal in the 4 x 360 metres relay, together with Peter Bernreuther, Rolf Krüsmann and Ulrich Reich.
In domestic competitions, Nückles represented the sports club Kehler FV. He became West German indoor champion in 1972 and 1973.
# Rowing at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's coxless four

The men's coxless four competition at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London took place at Henley-on-Thames, London.

## Results

The following rowers took part:
| Rowers | Country |
| Giuseppe Moioli Elio Morille Giovanni Invernizzi Franco Faggi | Italy |
| Helge Halkjær Aksel Bonde Helge Muxoll Schrøder Ib Storm Larsen | Denmark |
| Fred Kingsbury Stu Griffing Greg Gates Robert Perew | United States |
| Hein van Suylekom Sietze Haarsma Han Dekker Han van den Berg | Netherlands |
| Peter Kirkpatrick Hank Rushmere Tom Christie Tony Butcher | Great Britain |
| Edgar Ramsay Austin Ikin Des Maybery Claude Kietzman | South Africa |
| Julio Curatella Alberto Madero Óscar Zolezzi Óscar Almirón | Argentina |
| Václav Roubík Josef Kalaš Josef Schejbal Jiří Vaněk | Czechoslovakia |
| Petar Ozretić Ivo Lipanović Mate Mojtić Klement Alujević | Yugoslavia |
| Miklós Zágon Lajos Nagy Tibor Nádas József Sátori | Hungary |
# Mętlew

Mętlew is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Góra Świętej Małgorzaty, within Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Góra Świętej Małgorzaty, 6 km (4 mi) east of Łęczyca, and 31 km (19 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.
# Duncan McClure

Duncan Fraser McClure (10 June 1913 – May 1991) was a Scottish footballer who played as a left back, with Heart of Midlothian being his only club at professional level; taking all cups and unofficial wartime competitions into account, he made over 400 appearances for the Edinburgh club. He was selected to play for Scotland in an unofficial wartime international fixture in 1940.
After retiring as a player, McClure continued to work for Hearts for eight more years as a coach and scout, with Alex Young being one of his 'spots' in 1954.