OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alay Valley

The Alai Valley is a broad, dry valley running east–west across most of southern Osh Region of Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia.

## Geography

The valley spreads over a length of 174 km (108 mi) east–west. It has a width of 27 km (17 mi) in the west, 40 km (25 mi) in the central part, and 3–7 km (1.9–4.3 mi) in the east. The altitude of the valley ranges from 2,440 m (8,010 ft) near Karamyk to 3,536 m (11,601 ft) at the Taunmurun Pass with an average altitude of about 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The area of the valley is 8,400 km$^2$ (3,200 sq mi). The north side is the Alay Mountains which slope down to the Ferghana Valley. The south side is the Trans-Alay Range along the Tajikistan border, with Lenin Peak, (7,134 m or 23,406 ft). The western 40 km (25 mi) or so is more hills than valley. On the east lies the 3,536 m (11,601 ft) Taunmurun (alternative spellings Taukmurun and Tongmurun) Pass and then more valley leading to the Erkeshtam border crossing to China.
The eastern Kyzyl-Suu ('Red River') flows from the Taunmurun Pass past Erkeshtam toward Kashgar. The western Kyzyl-Suu flows west from the Taunmurun Pass and drains most of the valley, flowing on the north side. It exits through the Karamyk pass and a gorge into Tajikistan, where, under the name of the Vakhsh River it flows south-west into the Amu Darya. Highway A371 runs along the valley. The western pass to Tajikistan is closed to foreigners, but the eastern pass to China is open. A371 intersects the M41 highway north to Osh at Sary-Tash. To the south, M41 (Pamir Highway) becomes very rough and leads to the 4,280 m (14,040 ft) Kyzyl-Art pass to Murgab in Tajikistan, a route that requires considerable preparation and paperwork.
The valley has a population of approximately 17,000 and is almost entirely Kyrgyz with a few pockets of Tajik population. One traveler says "with no jobs, a harsh winter climate, and poor conditions for agriculture, life is immensely tough here, and most of the adult male population have left to seek work elsewhere."
Places in or near the valley: Irkestam, Nura, Sary-Tash, Achiktash, Lenin Peak, Sary-Mogol, Kashka-Suu, Bordobo, Kara-Kabak, Kyzyl-Eshme, Daroot-Korgon, Chak, Jar-Bashy, Karamyk, Achyk-Suu.

## Environment

The valley contains sagebrush and xerophilic mountain vegetation, with ephemeral vegetation at its lower levels. The upper slopes have patches of juniper and spruce forest. Bird species of interest include the snow pigeon, Barbary and Saker falcons, Himalayan vulture, plain mountain finch, white-tailed rubythroat and red-billed chough. The valley has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International.
# Samuel Fales Dunlap

Samuel Fales Dunlap (July 23, 1825, Boston – March 31, 1905, New York City), also known as S. F. Dunlap, was an American lawyer, orientalist, and writer.

## Biography

Samuel Fales Dunlap was born on July 23, 1825, to a wealthy family in Boston. His mother was Lucy Ann Charlotte Augusta, while his father was Andrew Dunlap, a Boston-based lawyer with a degree from Harvard University. Samuel Dunlap also studied law at Harvard University, graduating in 1845. Upon graduating, he went to Germany to study law, classical languages, ancient philology, and religion. He then returned to the United States to practice law in New York, sometime around the 1850s.
In the 1890s, William Emmette Coleman accused Helena Blavatsky of plagiarizing from various sources, many of which were from Samuel Fales Dunlap's works, in particular Sōd: the son of the man (1861), Sōd: the mysteries of Adoni (1861), and Vestiges of the spirit-history of man (1858). Coleman's accusations of plagiarism have been analyzed by Winchester (2015), Rudbøg (2012), and Hanegraaff (2017). Winchester (2015) and Hanegraaff (2017) note that Dunlap's works were often compilations of quotations and were not systematically organized; Blavatsky derived much of her content from Dunlap but systematized them into a much more coherent framework.
Dunlap never married and lived in Manhattan with a housekeeper, Rose Ealdon. He was reputed to be a miser and wore shabby clothes, even though he had a large estate worth over $1 million at the time of his death. He died on March 31, 1905.

## Works

Works by Dunlap:
* The origin of ancient names of countries, cities, individuals, and gods (Metcalf and Company, 1856)
* Vestiges of the spirit-history of man (D. Appleton and Company, 1858)
* Sōd: the mysteries of Adoni (Williams and Norgate, 1861)
* Sōd: the son of the man (Williams and Norgate, 1861)
* The Ghebers of Hebron (Trow Printing Co., 1894; J. W. Bouton, 1898)
# The Biographical Dictionary of America

The Biographical Dictionary of America, or The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans, was an American biographical dictionary first published in 1906 by the American Biographical Society. Previously published under the titles The Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1897-1903 and Lamb's biographical dictionary of the United States (1900-1903).

## History

The biographical dictionary was written in English and expanded to 10 volumes. It was edited by Rossiter Johnson with the copyright, 1904, by The Biographical Society, Plimpton Press, Printers and Binders, Norwood, Massachusetts, United States. Its 1904 title was The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans. In 1906, the publishing was limited to three hundred fifty numbered and registered copies.
It contains "brief biographies of authors, administrators, clergymen, editors, engineers, jurists, merchants, officials, philanthropists, scientists, statesmen, and others who are making history".
Rossiter Johnson wrote on December 24, 1903, in the preface of the biographical dictionary:
   Recently every volume has undergone revision, to bring down to the present year every article that needed alteration or addition. The reader should bear in mind that a work as large as this cannot be put through the press in a day. The world moves, and all move with it, revolutions sometimes culminate in an hour, and Byron is not the only man that has risen in the morning to find himself famous. In a certain memorable year of our history the two great parties made their nominations for the presidency, and in an admirable and extensive work of reference, just completed, neither of the candidates was mentioned. With due allowance for such unavoidable occurrences, it is believed that these volumes will be found to contain the full story of the life of every subject, at least to a late date in 1903. The portraits and other illustrations are designed to supplement the text, and not merely to serve as ornaments.
# Taniela Otukolo

Taniela Otukolo (born 22 May 2002) is a Tongan professional rugby league footballer who last played as a hooker for the New Zealand Warriors in the National Rugby League (NRL). He attended De La Salle College, Mangere East for all his college years.

## Background

"Nella" Otukolo was born in Tofoa, Tongatapu, Tonga.
He played his junior rugby league for the Otahuhu Leopards.

## Playing career

In round 15 of the 2021 NRL season, Otukolo made his first grade debut for the Warriors against the Newcastle Knights.
# Andrew Birch (cricketer)

Andrew Charles Ross Birch (born 7 June 1985) is a South African cricketer who plays for the Warriors cricket team.

## Early life

Birch hails from the small Eastern Cape town of Dordrecht. He was educated at St Andrew's College in Grahamstown, before further his studies at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) in Port Elizabeth. His grandfather Ernest Birch played first-class cricket for Border in the 1940s and his elder brother Colin Birch played for Western Province.

## Playing career

Birch represented South Africa at the 2004 Under-19 Cricket World Cup in Bangladesh. He also represented the South African Students team whilst at NMMU. He made his first-class debut for Eastern Province in January 2005 against Griqualand West in the UCB Provincial Cup.
A bowling all-rounder, Birch graduated through the Eastern Province ranks to become the leader of the Warriors franchise attack, finishing as the Warriors leading wicket-taker in the 2012/13 and 2014/15 Sunfoil Series. He was also the Warriors leading wicket-taker in the Momentum One Day Cup in the 2012/13, 2013/14 and 2015/16 seasons, finishing as the competitions overall leading wicket taker in the 2012/13 season.
During his first innings haul of 4/57 against the Lions at the Wanderers in their fifth round Sunfoil Series clash of the 2016/217 season, Birch claimed his 300th first-class wicket when he had Mangaliso Mosehle caught at second slip by Simon Harmer.
The Warriors finished as runners-up in the 2016–2017 CSA T20 Challenge, losing to the Titans in the final. Birch's 17 wickets from nine matches placed him second on the overall leading wicket-takers table, with his 5 for 16 against the Titans on 2 December 2016 being both a personal career best as well as the single best figures in the competition.
Birch has also played for the South African 'A' side. In August 2017, he was named in Nelson Mandela Bay Stars' squad for the first season of the T20 Global League. However, in October 2017, Cricket South Africa initially postponed the tournament until November 2018, with it being cancelled soon after.
In October 2018, he was named in Tshwane Spartans' squad for the first edition of the Mzansi Super League T20 tournament. Later the same month, he was named in the squad for the Dhaka Dynamites team, following the draft for the 2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League.
# Dave Millar

David Allan Millar (born 1 March 1945) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as an inside forward in the Scottish League for St Mirren, Raith Rovers, Queen's Park, Stranraer and Aberdeen. He was capped by Scotland at amateur level.
# Whitewater Baldy

Whitewater Baldy is the highest point of the Mogollon Mountains and the 3rd highest mountain in Southern New Mexico, after Sierra Blanca Peak and Lincoln County's Lookout Mountain. It is located in Catron County in the Gila Wilderness, part of the Gila National Forest. It lies about 15 miles (24 km) east of the town of Glenwood (on U.S. Route 180).
Like all of the surrounding mountains, Whitewater Baldy is part of the Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, and consists of volcanic materials formed between forty and twenty-five million years ago. It is drained on the west side by Whitewater Creek, and on the east by Iron Creek.
Despite its name, Whitewater Baldy is forested up to its summit. It can be accessed by trail from the west along the Crest Trail (Forest Trail 182). It can also be accessed from the east side of the Gila Wilderness.
The area was severely impacted by the Whitewater-Baldy Complex Fire in 2012.
# Ernest Fouinet

Ernest Fouinet (1799, Nantes – 1845, Paris) was a 19th-century French novelist and poet.

## Biography

A member of the Société Asiatique of Paris, Fouinet, who was employed at the Ministry of Finance, employed his bureaucratic leisure to translate into French, Arabic, Sanskrit, Malay, etc. poetry and prose, as well as English masterpieces, and collaborated with the Cent-et-un, la France littéraire, the Annales romantiques, the Keepsakes.
He then relaxed from his scholarly studies of Oriental languages, by composing romantic short stories and books for youth. Victor Hugo, who owes him translations from Arabic and Persian quoted in several notes of his Orientales, paid hommage to his poetic talent, as well as Sainte-Beuve, by dedicating him one of his best Consolations.

## Works

* 1824: Psara, élégie épique, Paris, Delaunay.
* 1832: La Stréga, Paris, Silvestre; reprint Geneva, Slatkine Reprints, 1973, available on Gallica.
* 1836: La Caravane des morts, Paris, Masson and Duprey.
* 1836: Roch le corsaire, Paris, Masson and Duprey.
* 1837: Allan ou le Jeune déporté à Botany-Bay, Limoges, F. F. Ardant frères, prix Monthyon 1837, available on Gallica.
* 1838: L'Enfant de trois mères, Paris, Desforges.
* 1838: Le Village sous les sables, Paris, Masson and Duprey.
* 1839: L’Île des Cinq avec une préface sur les livres d’éducation, Paris, Desforges et Cie, available on Gallica.
* 1843: Églises et châteaux, Paris, bureau du Journal des jeunes personnes.
* 1845: La Salle d’asile au bord de la mer, Tours, Alfred Mame and Cie, available on Gallica.
* 1844–1845: Les Douze nations, Paris, D. Eymery.
* 1846: Le Maître d'école de Montigny, Tours, Alfred Mame et Cie.
* 1846: Sœur Marie l’Égyptienne, Nancy, Hinzelin.
* 1848: Donato et sa lanterne magique, Paris et Limoges, M. Ardant.
* 1850: Mœurs, caractères et costumes, Paris, Fayé.
* 1835: Le Robinson des glaces, Paris, Eymery, 1835, available on Gallica.
* 1855: Les Anémones du roi Noman, Tours, Alfred Mame et Cie, available on Gallica.
* 1842: Gerson ou le manuscrit aux enluminures, Tours, Mame et Cie, prix Monthyon 1843, available on Gallica.
* 1859: Souvenirs de voyage : en Suisse, en Espagne, en Écosse, en Grèce, en Océanie, en Chine, en Perse, en Égypte, aux Antilles, dans l’Inde et dans l’Amérique; récits du Capitaine Kernoël, Paris, Didier.
* 1879: Exil et Repentir, Limoges, Ardant.

## Sources

* Antoine Laporte, Bibliographie contemporaine : histoire littéraire du dix-neuvième siècle, Paris F. Vieweg, 1888, (p. 18).
* Ferdinand Natanael Staaff, La Littérature française depuis la formation de la langue jusqu'à nos jours : auteurs enlevés à la littérature depuis la Restauration (1830–1869), Paris, Didier et Cie, 1874, (p. 1045).
* Pierre Larcher, Autour des Orientales. Victor Hugo, Ernest Fouinet et la poésie arabe archaïque, Bulletin d'Études Orientales, tome 62, 2013 [année de tomaison], (p. 99–123), Beyrouth, Institut Français du Proche-Orient, 2014.
* language
* France
# Tantrāloka

Tantrāloka (Sanskrit: तन्त्रालोक, romanized: tantrāloka, lit. 'Elucidation of Tantra') is a treatise of Abhinavagupta, a writer and philosopher of the Kashmir Shaivism school of Hindu philosophy.

## Overview

The work contains the synthesis of the 64 monistic āgamas and the different schools of tantra. It discussed both ritualistic and philosophic aspects in 37 chapters; the first chapter contains the essential teachings in condensed form. On account of its size and scope it is considered an encyclopedia of the nondual school of Hindu tantra. A more abridged and concise version of the Tantrāloka, also written by Abhinavagupta, is the Tantrasāra.
Tantrāloka was written in the 10th century and gained greater worldwide prominence towards the end of the 19th century with the publishing and distribution of the Kashmiri Series of Texts and Studies and prominence of Swami Lakshmanjoo, who taught the text and its oral tradition to scholars and seekers alike.
Its complete translation into Italian, edited by Raniero Gnoli, is now at its second edition. The Universal Shaiva Fellowship published Swami Lakshmanjoo's revelation and discussion of Tantrāloka Chapter 1-4, in three volumes (2017, 2021, 2023). The esoteric chapter 29 on the Kaula ritual was translated in English together with Jayaratha's commentary by John R. Dupuche. In 2023, Mark Dyczkowski published a complete translation into English with Jayaratha's commentary. In 2024, Christian de Vietri published Trika Maṇḍala Prakāśa, the first comprehensive exposition of the Trika mandalas described by Abhinavagupta in the Tantrāloka.
A complex study on the context, authors, contents and references of Tantrāloka was published by Navjivan Rastogi, Prof. of the Lucknow University. The last recognized master of the oral tradition of Kashmir Shaivism, Swami Lakshmanjoo, gave a condensed version of the key philosophical chapters of Tantrāloka in his book, Kashmir Shaivism: The Secret Supreme. These chapters cover the: 36 elements (tattvas), six paths (ṣaḍadhvan), four means of realization (upāyas), three impurities (malas), states and processes of the seven perceivers (pramātṛin), five acts of Śiva including his grace (śaktipāta), five states of the individual subjective body, seven states of turiya, fivefold contacts of masters and disciples, various modes of Kuṇḍalinī rising, and the theories of the alphabet (mātṛikācakra), reflection (pratibimbavādaḥ), liberation (mokṣa), and speech (vāk), along with discussions about the origins of the tantras and the differences between Kashmir Śaivism and Advaita Vedānta.
# Dis

Dis, DIS or variants may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment
### Music

* Dis (album), by Jan Garbarek, 1976
* Dís, a soundtrack album by Jóhann Jóhannsson, 2004
* "Dis", a song by The Gazette from the 2003 album Hankou Seimeibun
* "dis–", music from Mika Arisaka from the anime series Infinite Ryvius

### Other uses in arts and entertainment

* DIS (collective), a collaborative art project, and their DIS Magazine
* Drowned in Sound (DiS), a British webzine
* Dis – en historie om kjærlighet, or A Story About Love, a 1995 Norwegian film
* Dis, translated as In a Dark Wood, a 2006 Dutch novel by Marcel Möring

## Businesses and organisations

* The Walt Disney Company, NYSE stock symbol DIS
** Disney Interactive Studios, a defunct video game developer and publisher
* Daegu International School, in South Korea
* Dili International School, in East Timor
* Dubai International School, in the United Arab Emirates
* Dominican International School, in Taipei, Taiwan

## Government and military

* Defence Intelligence Staff, a former British government agency
* Defence Industrial Strategy, a British government policy
* Defense Investigative Service, a former American government agency
* Digital and Intelligence Service, a service branch of the Singapore Armed Forces
* Dipartimento delle Informazioni per la Sicurezza (Department of Information Security), an Italian intelligence agency
* Directorate of Intelligence and Security, a Botswanan intelligence agency
* Mikoyan-Gurevich DIS, a Soviet military plane

## People

* Vladislav Petković Dis (1880–1917), Serbian poet
* Désiré Keteleer (1920–1970), or "Dis" Keteleer, a Belgian cyclist
* D. I. Suchianu (1895–1985), or "D.I.S.", Romanian social scientist and film critic

## Places

* Ad Dis, Yemen
** Ad Dis District

## Religion and mythology

* Dīs Pater, a Roman god of the underworld
** Dis (Divine Comedy), a fictional city that contains the lower circles of hell
* Dís, female spirit or goddess associated with fate in Norse mythology

## Science and technology

* Dis virtual machine, that executes Limbo code
* Draft International Standard, a stage in standardization process of the International Organization for Standardization
* Distributed Interactive Simulation, a standard for conducting wargaming across multiple computers
* DIS, a system with a dedicated, discrete graphics processing unit
* Deep inelastic scattering, a kind of scattering process in particle physics

## Transportation

* Disneyland Resort station, Hong Kong, MTR station code DIS
* Diss railway station, South Norfolk, England, National Rail station code DIS
* Dolisie Airport, Republic of the Congo, IATA airport code DIS

## Other uses

* Diš (cuneiform), with various meanings
* Dis (skipper), a genus of butterflies
* Ampelodesmos mauritanicus, Maltese name for plant species
* Dís, the Ancient Greek term for two
# Émile Buisset

Émile Buisset (1869–1925) was a Belgian politician.
* This article about a Walloon politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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* v
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# Bishungarh, Uttar Pradesh

Bishungarh, also known as Vishungarh, is a village in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP). It is located in the Chhibramau tehsil of Kannauj district.

## History
### Chaudhary Estate

Bishungarh is a chieftaincy of Tiwari Brahmins of Kannaujia division. The first known ancestor of family was one Biharilal Tiwari Who founded the village of Biharipur in sakatpur. His great-grandson Hanuman Prasad had four sons; and the elder Mahanand entered the service of the officer (Chakladar) who then Governed Etawah and neighbouring districts Mahanand had in 1777 risen to the position of contractor for the Revenue of Sakatpur and Etawah Parganas: A few years later He was ordered by Governor Alamis Ali Khan to seize and imprison a defaulter- Landholder, Chaudhary of Lachhiram, a Bais Rajput of Talgram. Mahananda not only Imprisoned Lachhiram, but forced him to execute a deed that transferred the man The title of Choudhary to himself. In this way Mahanand's family received this title. Mahananda's family have ever been enjoying continuously since then.
His brother Udaichand, who 'succeeded his post turned his hand against other clans.He expelled the Gaur Rajputs from two villages, which he made over to the Birpur Ahirs,
Tho local Brahmin Chaudharis were allowed to retain only what land they themselves cultivated; and the Rur Baises lost two of their villages.
Lastly, the Ahirs, who had begun to prove troublesome, were ejected from ono of the villages lately given them, their castles being everywhere demolished.

## Politics

The Bishungarh village falls under the Assembly constithency of Kannauj. Both Assembly and Loksabha constituencies are in the unreserved category.

## Notable locations

* Aryavart Gramin Bank

## Location

Bishungarh is 8 km from Chhibramau, which can be accessed via National Highway 91 (Delhi – Etah – Kannauj - Kanpur).

## Agriculture

Potato, sugarcane, and tilhan (an oilseed) are the main agriculture products in the area.
# The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy

The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy is a reference work in philosophy, edited by Nicholas Bunnin and E. P. Tsui-James, and published by Blackwell Publishers in 1996.
# Geranylgeraniol

Geranylgeraniol is a diterpenoid alcohol. It is a colorless waxy solid. It is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of other diterpenes, of vitamins E, and of K. It is a derivative of geranylgeraniol pyrophosphate, which is a precursor to carotenoids.
Geranylgeraniol is synthesized in humans through the mevalonate pathway.
As its pyrophosphate, it is also used in the post-translational modification by the process called geranylgeranylation.
Geranylgeraniol is a potent inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro.
# Surround Yourself with Sorrow

"Surround Yourself with Sorrow" is a song recorded by the English pop singer Cilla Black, which was released as a single and on the album Surround Yourself with Cilla in 1969. The song spent 12 weeks on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at No. 3, while reaching No. 5 on the Irish Singles Chart, No. 5 on the New Zealand Listener chart, No. 5 in Poland, No. 6 in Singapore, and No. 22 on Australia's Go-Set chart.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1969) | Peak position |
| Australia (Go-Set) | 22 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 5 |
| New Zealand Listener | 5 |
| Poland (Polish Pathfinders) | 5 |
| Singapore (Radio Singapore) | 6 |
| UK Singles Chart | 3 |
# Eduard Khanok

Eduard Semyonovich Khanok (Russian: Эдуа́рд Семёнович Хано́к, Belarusian: Эдуард Сямёнавіч Ханок; born 1940) is a Soviet and Belarusian musician and composer. Honored Worker of Culture of the Byelorussian SSR (1982). People's Artist of Belarus (1996).

## Early life and education

Born April 18, 1940 in Kazakhstan in a military family. In his childhood, he moved to the city of Brest, where he graduated from high school. In 1962, he graduated from the Minsk State Musical College, in 1969, the Moscow Conservatory, learning in which he wrote his first song. Member of Union of Soviet Composers since 1973.

## Career

Khanok has composed music in various genres ranging from vocal-symphonic, chamber-instrumental, chamber-vocal, but most fruitfully in song. From his works the repertoires of ensembles Verasy, Syabry, and Pesnyary were formed. He is the author of popular songs.

## Discography

* "White Stork" (Pesnyary)
* "You Shout, Birch" (Syabry)
* "Robin" (Verasy)
* "Conversations" (Maria Pakhomenko)
* "It's Only the Beginning" (Alla Pugacheva)
* "I Live With My Grandmother" (Verasy)
* "You Take Me With You" (Alla Pugacheva)
* "To Serve Russia" (Alexandrov Ensemble)
* "Comic Drill" (Eduard Khil)
* "Tick-So-Words" (Balagan Limited)