OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hellenic historiography

Hellenic historiography (or Greek historiography) involves efforts made by Greeks to track and record historical events. By the 5th century BC, it became an integral part of ancient Greek literature and held a prestigious place in later Roman historiography and Byzantine literature.

## Overview

The historical period of ancient Greece is exclusive in world history as the first period attested directly in proper historiography, while earlier ancient history or proto-history is known by much more circumstantial evidence, such as annals, chronicles, king lists, and pragmatic epigraphy.
Herodotus is widely known as the "father of history," his Histories being eponymous of the entire field. Written between the 450s and 420s BC, the scope of Herodotus' work reaches about a century in the past, discussing 6th century BC historical figures such as Darius I of Persia, Cambyses II, and Psamtik III and alludes to some 8th century BC ones such as Candaules.
Herodotus was succeeded by authors such as Thucydides, Xenophon, Demosthenes, Plato, and Aristotle. Most of these authors were either Athenians or pro-Athenians, which explains why far more is known about the history and politics of Athens than of most other contemporary cities. Their scope is further limited by a focus on political, military and diplomatic history, generally ignoring economic and social history. However, while works approaching modern ethnography arose primarily amongst the Romans, some Greeks did include ancillary material describing the customs and rituals of different peoples, Herodotus himself being a prime example in his descriptions of the Egyptians, Scythians, and others.
# Andrew Bowden

Sir Andrew Bowden MBE (born 8 April 1930) is a British Conservative Party politician. From 2004 to 2010, he was an international consultant at Global Equities Corporation.

## Early life

Bowden was born the son of William Victor Bowden, a solicitor, and Francesca Wilson. He was educated at Ardingly College.
He started his career as a sales executive. He served as a councillor on Wandsworth Borough Council from 1956 to 1961 and as national chairman of Young Conservatives from 1960 to 1961. Bowden worked in the paint industry from 1955 to 1968.

## Parliamentary career

He entered the House of Commons on his fourth attempt in 1970 by gaining the Brighton Kemptown seat from the Labour Party. As well as fighting Kemptown in the previous election, he had fought Hammersmith North in 1955 and Kensington North in 1964. He remained Member of Parliament for Kemptown until his defeat by Labour's Desmond Turner in the 1997 election. As an MP, he acted as a parliamentary consultant for Southern Water. He was a member of the Council of Europe from 1987 to 1997.
He was accused of failing to register an election donation of £5,319 from lobbyist Ian Greer, who acted for Mohammed Al Fayed, as well as business interests with the House of Fraser.

## After Parliament

In recent years he has become a regular on the poker circuit. He also plays chess and golf. From 1975 to 1997, he served as national president of the Captive Animals Protection Society. He is a patron of the Sussex & Kent ME/CFS Society. He is president of Brighton's Royal British Legion branch. He has also acted as vice president of the League Against Cruel Sports.

## Honours

Bowden received an MBE in 1961. He was knighted in 1994.

## Personal life

Bowden married Benita Napier in 1970. He has a son and daughter.
Bowden lives in Ovingdean, Brighton, and is a member of the Carlton Club. His recreations include birdwatching, chess and poker.
# Rodrigo Roncero

Rodrigo Roncero, also known as "RoRo" (born 16 February 1977, in Buenos Aires), is a retired Argentine former rugby union player. The last team in which he played was Stade Français in the Top 14. He has also played for Gloucester Rugby in the Guinness Premiership from 2002 to 2004. Roncero also played for Argentina, usually as a prop. Whilst at Gloucester he was a replacement in the 2003 Powergen Cup Final in which Gloucester defeated Northampton Saints.
Like his teammate Felipe Contepomi, Rodrigo is a qualified doctor.
Roncero made his first appearance for Argentina on 15 September 1998 in a match against Japan. He made three appearances in 2002 as well. Roncero was included in a mid-week Pumas side to play South Africa A, that Marcelo Loffreda was using to determine part of his squad for the 2003 Rugby World Cup. He was included in the Pumas' 2003 Rugby World Cup squad, playing in matches against Namibia and Romania.
He was capped five times for Argentina in 2004, including in a match against the All Blacks. Roncero played another five times for Argentina in 2005. He also played in Argentina's 2006 mid-year series against Wales and the All Blacks.
In 2007 he was selected to join the Argentina squad for the 2007 Rugby World Cup which succeed in gaining Argentina's highest world cup finish of third place.
He played five internationals in 2008 and five in 2009.
In the issue of Rugby World magazine published in December 2009 (and dated January 2010), the columnist Stephen Jones ranked Roncero as the ninth best player in the world at the time of his writing.
Rodrigo was part of Argentine squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand.
He has developed a reputation as one of the world game's most destructive scrummagers. On 6 October 2012, Roncero played his last game in international rugby against the Wallabies during The Rugby Championship in his country.

## Honours

Stade Français
* Top 14: 2006–07
# 1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres

These are the official results of the Women's 400 metres event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total of 37 participating athletes, with five qualifying heats and the final held on Tuesday 1993-08-17.

## Final

| RANK | FINAL | TIME |
| | Jearl Miles (USA) | 49.82 |
| | Natasha Kaiser-Brown (USA) | 50.17 |
| | Sandie Richards (JAM) | 50.44 |
| 4. | Tatyana Alekseyeva (RUS) | 50.52 |
| 5. | Ximena Restrepo (COL) | 50.91 |
| 6. | Sandra Myers (ESP) | 51.22 |
| 7. | Juliet Campbell (JAM) | 51.40 |
| — | Norfalia Carabalí (COL) | DSQ |

## Semifinals

* Held on Monday 1993-08-16
| RANK | HEAT 1 | TIME |
| 1. | Natasha Kaiser-Brown (USA) | 50.41 |
| 2. | Tatyana Alekseyeva (RUS) | 50.49 |
| 3. | Juliet Campbell (JAM) | 50.89 |
| 4. | Norfalia Carabalí (COL) | 51.17 |
| 5. | Aelita Yurchenko (UKR) | 51.55 |
| 6. | Inez Turner (JAM) | 52.25 |
| 7. | Anja Rucker (GER) | 52.32 |
| 8. | Aissatou Tandian (SEN) | 52.77 |
| RANK | HEAT 2 | TIME |
| 1. | Jearl Miles (USA) | 50.45 |
| 2. | Sandie Richards (JAM) | 50.65 |
| 3. | Sandra Myers (ESP) | 50.83 |
| 4. | Ximena Restrepo (COL) | 50.89 |
| 5. | Yelena Ruzina (RUS) | 51.14 |
| 6. | Linda Keough (GBR) | 52.56 |
| 7. | Michele Collins (USA) | 52.60 |
| 8. | Francine Landre (FRA) | 52.72 |

## Qualifying heats

* Held on Monday 1993-08-15
| RANK | HEAT 1 | TIME |
| 1. | Tatyana Alekseyeva (RUS) | 50.88 |
| 2. | Sandie Richards (JAM) | 51.01 |
| 3. | Naděžda Koštovalová (CZE) | 52.69 |
| 4. | Elsa Devassoigne (FRA) | 52.81 |
| 5. | Regula Zürcher (SUI) | 52.84 |
| 6. | Guilhermina da Cruz (ANG) | 55.34 |
| 7. | Nadjina Kaltouma (CHA) | 59.76 |
| RANK | HEAT 2 | TIME |
| 1. | Natasha Kaiser-Brown (USA) | 51.80 |
| 2. | Yelena Ruzina (RUS) | 52.23 |
| 3. | Linda Keough (GBR) | 52.61 |
| 4. | Dora Kyriakou (CYP) | 54.49 |
| 5. | Lorie Ann Adams (GUY) | 55.54 |
| 6. | Shermaine Ross (GRN) | 55.80 |
| 7. | Yaznee Nasheeda (MDV) | 1:07.87 |
| – | Nve Ruth Mangue (GEQ) | DNS |
| RANK | HEAT 3 | TIME |
| 1. | Ximena Restrepo (COL) | 51.59 |
| 2. | Sandra Myers (ESP) | 51.77 |
| 3. | Aelita Yurchenko (UKR) | 52.22 |
| 4. | Noodang Phimphoo (THA) | 54.01 |
| 5. | Denise Ouabangui (CAF) | 57.18 |
| 6. | Lasnet Nkouka (CGO) | 57.95 |
| – | Grace Birungi (UGA) | DNS |
| RANK | HEAT 4 | TIME |
| 1. | Norfalia Carabalí (COL) | 51.65 |
| 2. | Juliet Campbell (JAM) | 51.76 |
| 3. | Michele Collins (USA) | 52.03 |
| 4. | Aissatou Tandian (SEN) | 52.59 |
| 5. | Yana Burtasenkova (MDA) | 53.12 |
| 6. | Manda Kanoute (MLI) | 55.72 |
| 7. | Rachelle Godonou (BEN) | 1:03.39 |
| RANK | HEAT 5 | TIME |
| 1. | Jearl Miles (USA) | 51.24 |
| 2. | Inez Turner (JAM) | 52.04 |
| 3. | Anja Rucker (GER) | 52.10 |
| 4. | Francine Landre (FRA) | 52.53 |
| 5. | Camille Noel (CAN) | 53.11 |
| 6. | Mary-Estelle Kapalu (VAN) | 56.06 |
| 7. | Mirna El-Laz (LIB) | 59.76 |
| – | Lyudmila Dzhigalova (UKR) | DNS |
# HD 30177

HD 30177 is a single star with a pair of orbiting exoplanets in the southern constellation Dorado. Based on parallax measurements, it is located at a distance of 181 light years from the Sun. It has an absolute magnitude of 4.72, but at that distance the star is too faint to be viewed by the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 8.41. The star is drifting further away with a radial velocity of 62.7 km/s.
The spectrum of HD 30177 matches a late G-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of G8V. It is a yellow dwarf with a mass and radius similar to the Sun that is fusing hydrogen in its core. The chromosphere shows a negligible level of magnetic activity. The abundance of iron, an indicator of the star's metallicity, is more than double the Sun's. It is radiating a similar luminosity to the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,607 K.
A 2024 multiplicity survey, using astrometry from the Gaia spacecraft, identified a proper motion companion to HD 30177. This co-moving companion is a red dwarf star, around 10% the mass of the Sun, is located at 780" from HD 30177 with a position angle of 188°. The angular distance translates to an observed separation of 43,300 astronomical units.

## Planetary system

The Anglo-Australian Planet Search team announced the discovery of HD 30177 b, which has a minimum mass 8 times that of Jupiter, on June 13, 2002. The scientific paper describing the discovery was published in The Astrophysical Journal in 2003. A second massive gas giant planet was later discovered in an approximately 32 year orbit. In 2022, the inclination and estimated mass of both planets were measured via astrometry.
The HD 30177 planetary system :
| Companion (in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis (AU) | Orbital period (years) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| b | 8.403$^{+1.241}$ $_{−0.489}$ M$_J$ | 3.604$^{+0.135}$ $_{−0.147}$ | 6.884$^{+0.014}$ $_{−0.012}$ | 0.207$^{+0.012}$ $_{−0.017}$ | 85.393$^{+14.354}$ $_{−18.742}$° | — |
| c | 6.150$^{+1.308}$ $_{−0.341}$ M$_J$ | 10.258$^{+0.535}$ $_{−0.480}$ | 33.088$^{+1.596}$ $_{−1.207}$ | 0.039$^{+0.005}$ $_{−0.013}$ | 98.016$^{+16.025}$ $_{−24.235}$° | — |
# Freedom Party (Netherlands)

The Freedom Party (Dutch: Partij van de Vrijheid, PvdV) was a short-lived conservative liberal political party in the Netherlands active from 1946 to 1948. The PvdV was the successor of the Liberal State Party and a predecessor of the modern-day People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD).

## Party history

The PvdV was founded on 23 March 1946 by a group around the young liberal Korthals and the director of Heineken. After the foundation they were joined by the rest of the top of the pre-war Liberal State Party. The party was supposed to be less conservative and more modern that its predecessor. In 1948 it merged with social liberal dissidents from the Labour Party, led by Pieter Oud, to become the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). In the 1946 elections it received six seats and it was confined to a minor position in opposition.

## Ideology and issues

The PvdV was classical liberal party with progressive leanings, committed to individual freedom and free market economics.

## Representation

This table shows the PvdV's results in elections to the House of Representatives, Senate and States-Provincial, as well as the party's political leadership: the fractievoorzitter, is the chair of the parliamentary party and the lead candidate is the party's top candidate in the general election, these posts are normally taken by the party's leader.
| Year | HoR | S | SP | Parliamentary leader | Lead candidate |
| 1946 | 6 | 3 | 37 | Steven Bierema | multiple including Bierema |
| 1947 | 6 | 3 | 37 | Steven Bierema | no elections |

## Electorate

The PvdV mainly received support from atheists or latitudinarian Protestants from higher classes: businessmen, civil servants, wealthy farmers, and voters with free professions (such as lawyers and doctors). The party performed particularly well in the major trading cities Amsterdam and Rotterdam, the rich municipalities around Hilversum and The Hague and in northern rural provinces, like Groningen and Drenthe.

## Pillarisation

The PvdV lacked a real system of pillarized organisations around it. 'Neutral' organisations, which were not linked to a pillar, often had friendly relations with the PvdV. This included the general broadcasting association AVRO (Algemene Verenigde Radio Omroep, General United Radio Broadcasting Organisation), the general union ANWV (Algemene Nederlandse Werkelieden Vereniging, the General Dutch Workers' Association), furthermore the neutral employers' organisation VNO and the financial paper Het Handelsblad had good relations with the party.
# William Hertzog Thompson

William H. Thompson (June 16, 1895 – July 6, 1981) was an American writer, psychologist and Presbyterian minister. He was the father of Susan Buffett and the father-in-law of Warren Buffett.

## Early life and education

William Hertzog Thompson was born June 16, 1895, in Greeley, Colorado, to Lorin Andrew Thompson, a newspaper editor and postal inspector, and Annie Hertzog Thompson, a mother of four sons and active church member. In 1903 the family moved to Omaha, Nebraska, where Thompson eventually graduated from the University of Omaha (later part of the University of Nebraska) in 1917 and he received his master's from the University of Nebraska in 1925 in educational psychology.

## Career

Thompson worked as a Presbyterian minister and a high school teacher and coach at various schools in Iowa and Nebraska. In 1922 Thompson married Dorothy Long who was a teacher at the Iowa School for the Deaf where her father, J. Schuyler Long, was the long time principal and published the first sign-language dictionary. In 1930 Thompson received a Ph.D. in psychology from Ohio State University, where his uncle, William Oxley Thompson had been president, and then Thompson went on to teach and serve as a dean at the University of Nebraska and University of Omaha until he retired in 1960.

## Personal life

Thompson's second daughter, Susan Buffett, married Warren Buffett in 1952.
William Thompson was one of the earliest investors in Buffett's partnerships. Thompson died in 1981, at age 86, and Thompson's daughter, Susan Buffett and her family donated the "William H. Thompson Scholars Learning Community" at the University of Nebraska (Omaha) in his honor.

## Notable Works by Thompson

* "An Experiment with the Dalton Plan" (1933)
* "An Analysis of Errors in Written Composition By Deaf Children" (1936)
* The Fool Has Said God is Dead (1966)
* Songs of Nebraska (1977)
# Hypsodont

Hypsodont is a pattern of dentition characterized by teeth with high crowns, providing extra material for wear and tear. Some examples of animals with hypsodont dentition are cows and horses; all animals that feed on gritty, fibrous material. The opposite condition is called brachydont.

## Evolution

Since the morphology of the hypsodont tooth is suited to a more abrasive diet, hypsodonty was thought to have evolved concurrently with the spread of grasslands. Grass contains phytoliths, silica-rich granules, which wear away dental tissue more quickly. Analysis has shown, however, that the development of this morphology is out of sync with the spread and flourishing of grasslands. Instead, the ingestion of grit and soil is hypothesized to be the primary driver of hypsodonty, a hypothesis termed the grit, not grass hypothesis.

## Morphology

Hypsodont dentition is characterized by:
* high-crowned teeth
* A rough, flattish occlusal surface adapted for crushing and grinding
* Cementum both above and below the gingival line
* Enamel which covers the entire length of the body and likewise extends past the gum line
* The cementum and the enamel invaginate into the thick layer of dentin
A mammal may have exclusively hypsodont molars or have a mix of dentitions.

## Examples

Hypsodonty is observed both in the fossil record and the modern world. It is a characteristic of large clades (equids) as well as subspecies level specialization. For example, the Sumatran rhinoceros and the Javan rhinoceros both have brachydont, lophodont cheek teeth whereas the Indian rhinoceros has hypsodont dentition.
Examples of extant animals with hypsodont dentition include:
* Cows
* Horses
* Deer
At least two lineages of allotheres, Taeniolabidoidea and Gondwanatheria, developed hypsodont teeth, the latter being probably among the first mammals to be able to process grass.
# The One That Got Away (Natasha Bedingfield song)

"The One That Got Away" is a song written by Nathan Winkler, Natasha Bedingfield, Steve Kipner, Andrew Frampton and Michael Tafaro for Bedingfield's 2005 North American debut album Unwritten. The song was backed by remixes by Wamdue and Valentin, was released as a promotional single in the United States in May 2006. The song was released in the United Kingdom as a B-side to "These Words" (2004).
In the United States, the track topped the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart and reached number four on the Hot Dance Airplay chart.

## Formats and track listings

These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "The One That Got Away".
CD single one
* "The One That Got Away" (Valentin Radio Mix) – 3:46
* "The One That Got Away" (Valentin Club Mix) – 6:40
* "The One That Got Away" (Valentin MixShow Mix) – 6:05
CD single two
* "The One That Got Away" (Wamdue Pop Mix) – 4:55
* "The One That Got Away" (Wamdue Get Together Extended Vocal Mix) – 9:38
* "The One That Got Away" (Wamdue Get Together Dub) – 6:40
* "The One That Got Away" (Wamdue Get Together Radio Mix) – 5:22
Vinyl single
* "The One That Got Away" (Wamdue Pop Rocks Mix) – 4:55
* "The One That Got Away" (Wamdue Get Together Dub) – 6:40
* "The One That Got Away" (Wamdue Get Together Extended Vocal Mix) – 9:38

## Personnel

The following people contributed to "The One That Got Away":
* Natasha Bedingfield – lead and backing vocals
* Wayne Wilkins – audio engineering
* Peter Wade Keusch, John Hill – producer, mixing
* Rob Kinelski – mixing assistant
* Herb Powers, James Cruz – mastering
# This Is It (Kenny Loggins song)

"This Is It" is a song by American musician Kenny Loggins. It was released in 1979 as the lead single from his 1979 album Keep the Fire. It reached number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 17 on the Adult Contemporary chart. "This Is It" was also successful on the Hot Soul Singles chart, reaching number 19; it was one of two entries on this chart.
The song features additional vocals by Michael McDonald, who co-wrote the song with Loggins. The song won a Grammy Award in 1981 for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.
NBC Sports used the song as theme music for its coverage of the NCAA men's basketball tournament in 1980 and 1981.
WPVI-TV in Philadelphia had a local weekend program of the same name and had the song as its theme throughout the 1980s.

## Background and writing

At one point in the song's evolution, its melody was underway, but the lyrics were incomplete. Loggins moved it forward after a visit to his ailing father, who had undergone a series of surgeries for vascular problems stemming from small strokes and was discouraged at the prospect of another. His perspective on the lyrics then changed: "'I've got it,' I announced to Michael, "it's not a love song. It's a life song."
# Stephen Smith (rugby union, born 1934)

Stephen Rider Smith (21 October 1934 – 9 August 2010) was an English international rugby union player.
Smith, born in Madras, India, was educated at Eltham College and the University of Cambridge.
A scrum-half, Smith played his rugby with Cambridge University, Blackheath, Richmond and Hampshire. He made five capped appearances for England, three in the 1959 Five Nations, then another two in the 1964 Five Nations.
Smith returned to India in the late 1960s as a missionary and was later headmaster of Caterham School.
# 1038

Year 1038 (MXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

## Events
### By place
#### Europe

* August 15 – On the death of his uncle, Stephen I, Peter Orseolo becomes the second ruler of Hungary.
* August – A battle occurs near the town of Alfuente, Andalucia, between the Taifa of Granada and the Taifa of Almeria, as described by the Jewish poet Samuel ibn Naghrela.
* Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor ("the Elder") travels to Southern Italy and holds court in Troia. He orders Pandulf IV of Capua to restore the territories of Monte Cassino. Pandulf holes himself up in the fortress of Sant'Agata de' Goti, and dispatches tribute (300 lb of gold) and his son as hostage to Troia as a token of peace. Conrad accepts his offer, but the son escapes. Conrad goes on the offensive and seizes Capua, and gives it to Guaimar IV of Salerno.
* Duke John II drives his brother Manso II and his mother Maria out of Amalfi. He has Manso blinded and exiled to the island of Sirenuse. John reconciles with Maria, and allows her to remain as co-ruler of Amalfi.
* Duke Bretislav I of Bohemia invades Poland. He captures and destroys the cities of Gniezno and Poznań.
* The name of Versailles, at this time a small village, appears for the first time in a medieval charter in France.

#### Asia

* January 9 – An earthquake in Dingxiang, China kills an estimated 32,300.
* November 10 – Li Yuanhao proclaims himself Emperor of the Western Xia, declaring independence from the Song dynasty in China.

## Births

* Ibn Butlan, Arab Nestorian Christian physician (d. 1075)
* Isaac ibn Ghiyyat, Jewish rabbi and philosopher (d. 1089)
* Rostislav of Tmutarakan, Kievan Rus' prince (d. 1066)
* Sancho Garcés, Lord of Uncastillo, Spanish nobleman (approximate date)

## Deaths

* March – William VI, Duke of Aquitaine, French nobleman (b. 1004)
* March 28 – Hai Gaon, Jewish theologian (b. 939)
* April 23 – Liudolf of Brunswick, margrave of Frisia
* May 4 – Gotthard, bishop of Hildesheim (b. 960)
* May 22 – Shibl al-Dawla Nasr, Mirdasid emir of Aleppo
* July 6 – Ōnakatomi no Sukechika, Japanese poet (b. 954)
* July 18 – Gunhilda of Denmark, queen consort of Germany
* July – Herman IV, duke of Swabia (House of Babenberg)
* August 15 – Stephen I, king of Hungary
* November 1 – Herman I, Margrave of Meissen, German nobleman
* December 3 – Emma of Lesum, German noblewoman
* December 20 – Beorhtheah, bishop of Worcester
* Aethelnoth, archbishop of Canterbury
* Alice of Normandy, countess of Burgundy
* Al-Tha'alibi, Persian historian (b. 961)
* Budic of Nantes, French nobleman
* Ealdred, ealdorman of Bamburgh, murdered
* Ermengol II ("the Pilgrim"), count of Urgell
* Farrukhi Sistani, Persian poet (or 1037)
* Felix of Rhuys, Breton Benedictine abbot
* Habbus al-Muzaffar, Zirid ruler of Granada
* Kyiso, Burmese king of the Pagan Dynasty
* Ralph III of Valois (or Raoul), French nobleman
# Hyaleucerea phaeosoma

Hyaleucerea phaeosoma is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1905. It is found in Paraguay.
# ATC code M

ATC code M Musculo-skeletal system is a section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products.
Codes for veterinary use (ATCvet codes) can be created by placing the letter Q in front of the human ATC code: for example, QM. National issues of the ATC classification may include additional codes not present in this list, which follows the WHO version.