OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# List of pearls by size

Pearls are a valuable gemstone and come in a number of sizes. This is a list of the biggest pearls.

## Context

A pearl is a hard, glistening object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle) of a living shelled mollusk or another animal, such as a conulariid. Just like the shell of a mollusk, a pearl is composed of calcium carbonate (mainly aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite) in minute crystalline form, which has been deposited in concentric layers. The ideal pearl is perfectly round and smooth, but many other shapes, known as baroque pearl can occur.
The finest quality of natural pearls have been highly valued as gemstones and objects of beauty for many centuries. Because of this, pearl has become a metaphor for something rare, fine, admirable and valuable. The most valuable pearls occur spontaneously in the wild, but are extremely rare. These wild pearls are referred to as natural pearls. Cultured or farmed pearls from pearl oysters and freshwater mussels make up the majority of those currently sold. Whether wild or cultured, gem-quality pearls are almost always nacreous and iridescent, like the interior of the shell that produces them. However, almost all species of shelled mollusks are capable of producing pearls (technically "calcareous concretions") of lesser shine or less spherical shape.
There is a lot of myth and legend surrounding some of these pearls. The Pearl of Lao Tzu for a long time thought to be the largest pearl, but claims about its size and much of its history were found to be fabricated by a conman by the name of Victor Barbish. Other pearls like the Centaur Pearl, most likely the largest gem pearl at 856.58 carats (171.316 g), have just recently emerged from private collections.

## List

| Name | Origin | Date | Color | Carat | Weight | Height | Length | Width | Refs |
| Centaur Pearl | | 2000 | White | 856.58 carats (171.316 g) | | | 114.3 mm (4.50 in) | 48.51 mm (1.910 in) | |
| Burma Pearl | | 2000 | White | 845 carats (169.0 g) | | | | | |
| Abalone pearl | United States | May 31, 2010 | White | 718.50 carats (143.700 g) | | 14 cm (5.5 in) | 8 cm (3.1 in) | 4 cm (1.6 in) | |
| Pearl of Asia | Oman | 1628 | White | 605 carats (121.0 g) | | | | | |
| Arco Valley Pearl | | | White | 575 carats (115.0 g) | | 79 mm (3.1 in) | 41 mm (1.6 in) | 34 mm (1.3 in) | |
| Hope Pearl | | | White | 450 carats (90 g) | | | 50.8 mm (2.00 in) | 30.32 to 36.38 mm (1.194 to 1.432 in) | |
| La Peregrina pearl | Panama | 1513 | White | 50.56 carats (10.112 g) | | 17.35 mm (0.683 in) | 17.90 mm (0.705 in) | 5.50 mm (0.217 in) | [9] [10] |
| Giga Pearl | Philippines | | White | | 27.65 kg (61.0 lb) | 393.7 mm (15.5 in) | 228.6 mm (9 in) | 209.5 mm (8.25 in) | |
| Pearl of Lao Tzu | Philippines | 1934 | White | 127,574 pearl grains | 6.4 kg (14 lb) | 24 cm (9.4 in) | 24 cm (9.4 in) | 24 cm (9.4 in) | |
| Pearl of Puerto | Philippines | 1996 | White | | 34 kg (75 lb) | | 67 cm (26 in) | 30 cm (12 in) | |
| Sleeping Lion | China | 1765 | White | | 119 grams (4.2 oz) | | 6.858 cm (2.700 in) | | |
# Alec Hill

Alec Jeffrey Hill AM, MBE, ED (2 July 1916 – 27 August 2008) was an Australian military historian and academic best known for his biography of General Sir Harry Chauvel and his work on the Australian Dictionary of Biography.

## Biography

Alec Jeffrey Hill was born in Sydney, New South Wales on 2 July 1916. His father, who served in the Great War, died while Alec was a boy. Alec was educated at Sydney Grammar, the University of Sydney and Balliol College, Oxford. He became a schoolteacher. He was commissioned in the New South Wales Scottish Regiment of the Militia in 1936.
Hill joined the Second Australian Imperial Force (AIF) on the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, receiving the service number NX380. He commanded a company of the 2/13th Infantry Battalion during the retreat to Tobruk in 1941, and in the subsequent Siege of Tobruk. He was a staff officer (GSO3) at 9th Division headquarters during the Second Battle of El Alamein. After the 9th Division returned to Australia, he fought in the New Guinea and Borneo campaigns as brigade major of the 20th Infantry Brigade. For his war service, he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1947.
After the war Hill returned to his old profession, teaching geography and history at his old school, Sydney Grammar, becoming senior history master. He was involved with the Australian Army Cadets and the Citizen Military Forces. He also served a term as Honorary aide de camp to the Governor of New South Wales. In 1966, he became a lecturer in history at the Royal Military College, Duntroon, which was then in transition to becoming a university faculty as part of the University of New South Wales. While there, he influenced a new generation of soldiers and military historians, including David Horner, Peter Pedersen, Chris Coulthard-Clark and Brett Lodge. He also produced Chauvel of the Light Horse, a biography of the General Sir Harry Chauvel, the commander of the Desert Mounted Corps in the Great War. First published in 1978, it is said to be the first modern scholarly biography of a senior Australian military figure. It advanced Australian military historiography "through the then unfashionable notion that generals were at least as important as privates in winning battles."
Hill was associated with the Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB) for more than 30 years, becoming a member of its Armed Forces Working Party on its formation in 1974, and was its chairman from 1982 to 1994. He wrote 38 articles on such prominent generals as William Birdwood, Frank Berryman, Harry Chauvel, Harold Elliott, Leslie Morshead, Sydney Rowell, and George Wootten, in some cases drawing on his personal knowledge of the subject. For his work, he was awarded the ADB Medal in 2004. He was made a Member of the Order of Australia in the Australia Day honour's list in 2006 "for service to education in the field of Australian military history, to the Australian War Memorial as a writer and as a mentor to historians, and as a contributor to the Australian Dictionary of Biography." He died on 27 August 2008, survived by his wife, Patsy.
# Hugh Teesdale

Hugh Teesdale (12 February 1886 – 31 March 1971) was an English first-class cricketer active 1906–10 who played for Surrey, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and Oxford University. He was born in Addlestone; died in Hove.
# Philipp Maybach

Philipp Maybach (born 14 December 2007) is an Austrian footballer who plays as a midfielder for FK Austria Wien.

## Early life

Maybach was born on 14 December 2007 in Vienna, Austria. The son of Austrian lawyer Marian Maybach, he has two younger brothers, Jakob and Adrian.

## Career

As a youth player, Maybach joined the youth academy of FV Austria XIII before joining the youth academy of First Vienna FC in 2021. The same year, he joined the youth academy of FK Austria Wien, where he started his senior career. On 18 August 2024, he debuted for the club during a 1–1 away draw with TSV Hartberg in the league. On 5 October 2024, he first started for them during a 2–1 home win over Grazer AK in the league.
# 488

Year 488 (CDLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ecclesius and Sividius (or, less frequently, year 1241 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 488 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Byzantine Empire

* Emperor Zeno regains power from the usurper Leontius and the Isaurian patrician Illus, who are captured and executed, ending a 4-year rebellion (see 484).
* Zeno orders Theodoric the Great to overthrow his rival Odoacer, who has established himself as king of Italy (see 476). He marches with an Ostrogoth army to the West.

#### Europe

* According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Hengist dies and is succeeded by his son Oisc as king of Kent.
* Among the peoples who live on the south bank of the Danube in Noricum ripense and who are de facto ruled by the Rugii, whose empire has its centre near Krems on the north bank, are Romii who had been evacuated earlier from Danube settlements above the River Enns. They include members of the Severin convent. Because some of the Rugii want to fight for East Rome against Odoacer, they destroy the Rugian Empire and allow the Romii to be evacuated to Italy by his brother, Hunulf, in order to prevent the re-establishment of the Rugian Empire by a surviving prince. The northern Danubian Limes of the Roman Empire are effectively abandoned. Even the relics of Severinus of Noricum are carried with them.
* The Gepids capture Belgrade.

#### Persia

* Kavadh I is crowned by the nobles, and succeeds his blind uncle Balash as the 19th king of Persia.

#### Asia

* Ninken, adopted heir of Seinei, succeeds his brother Kenzō and becomes new emperor of Japan.

### By topic
#### Religion

* Peter the Fuller is succeeded by Palladius as patriarch of Antioch.
* Fravitta becomes patriarch of Constantinople.

## Births

* He Di, emperor of Southern Qi (d. 502)
* Senán mac Geirrcinn, Irish saint
* Yu, empress of Northern Wei (d. 507)

## Deaths

* Balash, king of the Persian Empire
* Hengest, leader of Kent
* Illus, Byzantine general
* Leontius, Byzantine usurper
* Peter the Fuller, patriarch of Antioch
# Tanielu Teleʻa

Tanielu Teleʻa (born 16 June 1998 in New Zealand) is a New Zealand rugby union player who plays for the Blues and Highlanders in Super Rugby. His playing position is centre. He has signed for the Blues squad in 2019.

## Reference list

* ↑ "Blues promote from within for 2019" (Press release). Blues. 31 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
# Park City Film Music Festival

The Park City Film Music Festival is a film festival with a special emphasis on film music, which takes place annually in Park City, Utah, United States, and showcases American and International films. It was founded in 2004 and awards films with a stress on the film music. Films are screened at the Egyptian Theatre and other venues in Park City. In addition to screening films, the festival hosts as well as seminars and workshops about film music. Lectures were given e.g. by Hummie Mann, who composed the soundtrack to Robin Hood: Men in Tights. It's considered the only film festival in the USA that puts a focus on and awards film music.
# Deciding What's True

Deciding What's True: The Rise of Political Fact-checking in American Journalism is a 2016 book by Lucas Graves about the role of fact-checking in journalism.

## Reception

David Greenberg of Journal of Communication said that the book is "Well-researched, carefully argued, and lucidly written" and "does an excellent job of sorting out the messy questions of truth and false-hood, fact and opinion, in contemporary politics and journalism." Tim P. Vos of Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly said that the book "brings a keenly analytical eye to [its] subject matter, raising profound issues about the nature and role of journalism." and that "if there is not a place for this book in a course in your journalism program, it is time for a program review."
Bente Kalsnes of Digital Journalism praised the book for its "ethnographic perspective" that "offers readers detailed insights into a new journalistic genre and details of a journalistic institution under development.", but criticized the book for not offering "a typology of the findings", for being "limited to U.S. fact-checking outlets", and for not answering the question: "how should the fact-checking 'movement' affect the curricula of j-schools and journalism education?". Martin Conboy of The International Journal of Press/Politics said that the book is "meticulously researched and fluently written", that "The author should be congratulated on his ability to weave thorough academic scholarship lightly enough so that anecdotal and 'messy' fieldwork can be appreciated as an integral part of the project.", and that "there are enough brief examples [in the book] of other national varieties to indicate that the anxieties within journalism that have given rise to fact-checking are far from a uniquely American problem."
Stuart Allan of Media, Culture & Society said that "There is much to admire in Deciding What's True, a pioneering effort to provide a rigorous, in-depth assessment and critique of the fact-checking movement's intervention. Evidently informing its discussion are more than 200 hours of fieldwork and interviews conducted by Graves over a 5-year period, yet the resultant wealth of data is consistently handled with nuance, sophistication and self-reflexivity.
Scott McLemee of Inside Higher Ed said that the book "traces how media outlets' internal fact-checking has morphed into something almost antithetical: the very public evaluation of factual assertions made by politicians and other news figures". Kirkus Reviews called the book "a reasoned and reasonable text that will appeal—due to its scholarly tone, diction, and format—mostly to an academic audience.", concluding that the book is "A keenly observed visit to a new world whose geography we can now better comprehend."
# William Taylor (Worcestershire cricketer)

William Herbert Taylor (23 June 1885 – 27 May 1959) was an English first-class cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm fast-medium bowler who played 107 times for Worcestershire between 1909 and 1925, captaining the county in 1914, 1919 and 1922. He also made three first-class appearances for HK Foster's XI.
Born in Sale, Cheshire, Taylor made his debut in Worcestershire's County Championship game against Kent on 14 June 1909, making 19 and 0. He did not bowl in that game; his first wicket was that of Harry Altham in Worcestershire's next game, against Oxford University. For the next few years, with the exception of 1910 when he made 11 appearances, Taylor played only a few times a season.
He was made captain in 1914, replacing Henry Foster, and appeared in 21 matches. He scored what was to be his career best of 59 not out against Essex in August of that year, and took 26 wickets at 44.69. The First World War then intervened, but on the resumption of first-class cricket in 1919, Taylor continued as captain. Worcestershire did not participate in the County Championship that summer but instead played a series of friendly matches; it was in one of these, against HK Foster's XI, that he took his first five-wicket innings haul, claiming 5-56.
For 1920, and Worcestershire's return to Championship cricket, Taylor was replaced as captain by his brother-in-law, Maurice Jewell, but Taylor continued to play a significant number of matches for the county. 1921 was the most productive season of his career, as he took 35 wickets at 28.28 including five in an innings three times; the best of these being his career-best of 7–64 against Glamorgan at Kidderminster.
Taylor regained the captaincy for 1922, but had a wretched season: despite playing 17 games, he could manage a mere four wickets costing over 131 runs apiece, to go with 214 runs at 8.23. Maurice Foster took over the reins for 1923, and it was almost the end for Taylor as a first-class player: after 1922 he played only one more first-class match—though he captained Worcestershire in that game too—against Oxford University in 1925. He made 1 and 0 and took 2–79 in the second innings.
He died in Birlingham, Worcestershire at the age of 73.
# Stigmella aurella

Stigmella aurella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae found in Africa, Asia and Europe. It was first described by the Danish zoologist, Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. The larvae are leaf miners.

## Description

The wingspan is 6–7 millimetres (0.24–0.28 in). The head is ferruginous to orange. Antennal eyecaps ochreous-whitish. Forewings shining copper gold ; a shining pale golden fascia beyond middle, preceded by a purplish or dark purple-fuscous fascia, apical area beyond this dark purple to fuscous. Hindwings rather dark grey. Adults are on wing in May and later in the summer.

### Ovum

Eggs are laid on either side of a leaf.

### Larva

Larvae are amber yellow with a greenish-brown gut and a yellow-brown head. The mine is a long sinuous gallery which gradually widens and the frass is dispersed. Larvae feed on common agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria), Agrimonia procera, bastard-agrimony (Aremonia agrimonoides), musk strawberry (Fragaria moschata), wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca), creamy strawberry (Fragaria viridis), water avens (Geum rivale), wood avens (Geum urbanum), European dewberry (Rubus caesius), Rubus dumetorum, European blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), blackberry (Rubus plicatus), holy bramble (Rubus sanguineus), stone bramble (Rubus saxatilis) and elmleaf blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius).

### Pupa

The larva pupates in a cocoon which is spun in detritus. It varies in colour from pale green to pale ochreous.

## Gallery

* Mine on Geum species
* Mine on Fragaria species
* mine on bramble
* Mine, on bramble, showing the frass,
* Vacated cocoon showing the exuvia

## Distribution

It is found in Europe from Ireland to Ukraine, the Near East, and the eastern part of the Palearctic realm.

## Taxonomy

The genus Stigmella was erected by the German priest, botanist and entomologist, Franz von Paula Schrank in 1802. Stigma refers to the small spot or a brand, possibly from the small size of the moths, or more likely from the conspicuous (sometimes metallic) fascia on the forewing of many of the species in the genus. The word stigma in English can sometimes signify a mark of disgrace, although not in this case, as Schrank called the moths Edelmotte, i.e. noble moths. Initially, Stigmella had family rather than generic status. The specific name aurella, comes from aurum referring to gold; from the golden, metallic fascia on the forewing.
# 693

Year 693 (DCXCIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 693 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### Europe

* Sisebert, archbishop of Toledo, leads a rebellion against King Ergica of the Visigoths. He plans to assassinate Ergica and his wife Liuvigoto but fails, and is defrocked and excommunicated.
* April 25 – Sixteenth Council of Toledo: Ergica calls for a council of the church to deal with the security of the kingship. The rebels are anathematised and the Forum ludicum is modified.

### Britain

* King Oshere of Hwicce (sub-kingdom of Mercia) dies after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his four sons as apparent joint-kings: Æthelberht, Æthelheard, Æthelweard and Æthelric.
* King Ine of Wessex establishes his West Saxon "Law of Codes", to regain authority in his kingdom. He consolidates Wessex's territory in the western peninsula (approximate date).

#### Central America

* May 31 – Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Chaak is installed as the new ruler of the Mayan city state of Naranjo in Guatemala at the age of 5-years-old, under the regency of his mother, Wak Chanil Ajaw (Lady Six Sky) of Dos Pilas, and reigns until his death in 720.

### By topic
#### Religion

* Earconwald, bishop of London, dies and is succeeded by Waldhere. He is buried at St. Paul's Cathedral, and later revered as a saint.
* Wulfram of Sens attends the assembly of bishops at Valenciennes (Northern France).
* Callinicus I becomes the 71st patriarch of Constantinople, after Paul III.

## Births

* Alfonso I, king of Asturias (approximate date)

## Deaths

* Begga, Frankish abbess (b. 615)
* Bridei III, king of the Picts
* Earconwald, bishop of London
* Fáelchar ua Máele Ódrain, king of Osraige (Ireland)
* Oshere, king of Hwicce (Mercia)
* Paul III, patriarch of Constantinople
# Out of It (book)

Out of It is the first novel of British-Palestinian author Selma Dabbagh, published by Bloomsbury in December 2011. It follows a family's life in Gaza and London in the larger context of its occupation.
The novel was listed as one of The Guardian's Books of the Year in 2011 and 2012 and has been widely reviewed.

## Reception

The review by Robin Yassin-Kassab for The Guardian stated: "This is a very successful debut novel from a British Palestinian writer who has already notched up successes with her short stories. Like a good short story, Out of It manages to fit in a great deal without feeling crowded.... The writing is both literary and accessible, fast-paced, passionate, exuberant and heart-lurching." According to Kirkus Reviews: "Dabbagh unsparingly shows a people divided and demoralized by six decades of exile and powerlessness, and her novel quietly but acidly indicts Western ignorance of and indifference to the Palestinians’ plight. Yet, the book is also a finely wrought tale of family and coming-of-age that fulfills the mandates of any serious work of fiction.... Fine work from a gifted writer who has important subject matter to explore."
# Descartes's Gambit

Descartes's Gambit is a 1988 book by Peter Markie which deals with Descartes's attempt to develop a metaphysical theory of the self based on premises describing his self-knowledge.

## Reception

The book was reviewed by Martha Brandt Bolton, Catherine Wilson, and Steven DeHaven.
# Red bull (slang)

Red bull (feminine: red cow) is a pejorative label from Vietnamese social media used to describe Vietnamese public opinion commentator. Red bulls not only support Vietnamese government unreasonably but also monitor active Internet users and harass or scare dissidents. This label is similar to 50 Cent Party of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
Other political extremist groups aside from the red bull include the "yellow bull" or "yellow cow", which describe the extreme opposition group of red bull, who anti-communists or held a revisionist view of the defunct South Vietnam. The slang was inspired by the South Vietnam flag and its yellow background.
Both "red/yellow oxen" pejorative terms are also used by Overseas Vietnamese communities to denigrate people with opposing political beliefs within these communities.
Sometimes, people who do not criticize the Vietnamese government or praise state-made films such as Đào, phở và piano [vi] are labeled unfairly as red bulls. According to PhD Nguyễn Phương Mai, this is an indication of political polarization.