OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1074

Year 1074 (MLXXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

## Events
### By place
#### Byzantine Empire

* Spring – Norman mercenaries, led by Roussel de Bailleul, proclaim John Doukas emperor of the Byzantine Empire. His nephew, Emperor Michael VII Doukas, forms an alliance with Seljuk chieftain Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, who is raiding in the eastern regions of Anatolia. The Seljuk Turks ambush the Norman forces; Roussel and John are defeated and captured; but a ransom, raised by Roussel's wife, allows him to return to Amaseia.

#### Europe

* February 2 – Treaty of Gerstungen: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, is forced to restore the peace with Duke Otto of Nordheim (one of the Saxon leaders of the Saxon Rebellion). He signs a treaty in Gerstungen Castle, on the River Werra in Thuringia (modern Germany).
* February 7 – Battle of Montesarchio: Prince Pandulf IV, co-ruler of Benevento, is killed while fighting the Normans in southern Italy.
* March 14 – Battle of Mogyoród: King Solomon is defeated by his cousins, Duke Géza I and Ladislaus I. He is dethroned and Géza becomes the new ruler of Hungary.
* October 21 – The Belgium beer brand Affligem is founded.

#### Africa

* Spring – Badr al-Jamali becomes Chief Wazir (Grand Vizier) and effectively military dictator of the Fatimid Caliphate under Caliph Al-Mustansir Billah in Egypt.

#### China

* Emperor Shenzong of Song establishes a Marine Office and a Goods Control Bureau north-west of Shanghai, allowing for the loading and unloading of freight.

### By topic
#### Religion

* Pope Gregory VII temporarily excommunicates the Norman nobleman Robert Guiscard.

## Births

* February 12 – Conrad II of Italy, king of Germany (d. 1101)
* April – Abu Mansur Mauhub al-Jawaliqi, Arab philologist (d. 1144)
* September 16 – Al-Musta'li, Fatimid caliph (d. 1101)
* Ibn al-Tilmidh, Syriac physician and poet (d. 1165)
* Approximate date
** Edgar ("the Valliant"), king of Scotland (d. 1107)
** Hugh I, count of Champagne
** Maud, Countess of Huntingdon, queen consort of Scotland (d. 1130)

## Deaths

* February 7 – Pandulf IV of Benevento, Lombard prince
* April 25 – Herman I, margrave of Baden
* May 6 – Dúnán (or Donat(us)), 1st bishop of Dublin
* October 25 – Shōshi, empress of Japan (b. 988)
* Ibn al-Wafid, Andalusian pharmacologist
* Joseph Tarchaneiotes, Byzantine general
* Peter Krešimir IV, king of Croatia (or 1075)
* Ralph IV of Valois (or Raoul), French nobleman
* Wugunai, Chinese chieftain (b. 1021)
* Yang Wenguang, Chinese general
# Stefan Jürgens

Stefan Jürgens (born 26 February 1963) is a German actor and musician.

## Career

Jürgens was born in Unna on 26 February 1963. In 1983, he began training at the Westfälische Schauspielschule in Bochum. After three and a half years he completed his acting training. He lives in Berlin and Vienna and has four children.
Afterwards he was hired by the Schauspielhaus Bochum, the Theater Dortmund and the Theater des Westens in Berlin as well as other theaters.
He also appeared in German TV and film productions. He was a member of the TV comedy series RTL Samstag Nacht (1993–1998). He appeared as Robert Hellmann in Tatort and as Carl Ribarski in the OFR/ZDF series SOKO Donau (in Germany SOKO Wien) until his departure in 2020.
He made an appearance as Albrecht von Wallenstein in the documentary Die Deutschen.
In 2002, Jürgens released his first solo album called Langstreckenlauf. Since then he released six more albums: Heldenzeiten, Alles aus Liebe, Alles immer möglich, Grenzenlos Mensch, Was zählt and So viele Farben.
# Oszkowice

Oszkowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bielawy, within Łowicz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.Gapa It lies approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) west of Łowicz and 33 km (21 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź. It is located in Łęczyca Land.
It was a private village of Polish nobility, administratively located in the Orłów County in the Łęczyca Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland.
# Joe Crozier (footballer, born 1914)

Joseph Crozier (2 December 1914 – 27 July 1985) was a Scottish professional footballer who made 200 appearances in the Football League for Brentford as a goalkeeper. Crozier has been described as Brentford's best-ever goalkeeper and he is a member of the club's Hall of Fame. He represented Scotland in wartime international matches.

## Playing career

Crozier began his career at junior team Strathclyde and moved to Scottish League Second Division club East Fife in 1934. He made 100 appearances for the club and earned a £1,000 move to English First Division club Brentford in May 1937. Either side of the Second World War, Crozier made 224 appearances for the Bees. As a testament to his longevity, Crozier made 114 of his 200 league appearances consecutively and as of August 2023, his 25 top-flight clean sheets is the club record. During the war, Crozier played as a guest at Hibernian and Airdrieonians. He departed Brentford in 1949 and ended his career with spells at non-League clubs Chelmsford City, Kidderminster Harriers and Ashford Town.

## International career

Crozier won three unofficial caps for Scotland in three wartime internationals versus England in 1943 and 1944. He conceded 16 goals in three defeats. The final match at Hampden Park in April 1944 was witnessed by a wartime record 133,000 crowd.

## Personal life

Crozier served in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. After retiring from football, he became managing director of Cory Lighterage and a Freeman of the City of London.

## Career statistics

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National cup | National cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| East Fife | 1934–35 | Scottish Second Division | 31 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 32 | 0 |
| East Fife | 1935–36 | Scottish Second Division | 33 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 34 | 0 |
| East Fife | 1936–37 | Scottish Second Division | 31 | 0 | 3 | 0 | — | — | 34 | 0 |
| East Fife | Total | Total | 95 | 0 | 5 | 0 | — | — | 100 | 0 |
| Brentford | 1937–38 | First Division | 35 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 40 | 0 |
| Brentford | 1938–39 | First Division | 42 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 43 | 0 |
| Brentford | 1945–46 | — | — | — | 8 | 0 | — | — | 8 | 0 |
| Brentford | 1946–47 | First Division | 42 | 0 | 4 | 0 | — | — | 46 | 0 |
| Brentford | 1947–48 | Second Division | 40 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 42 | 0 |
| Brentford | 1948–49 | Second Division | 41 | 0 | 4 | 0 | — | — | 45 | 0 |
| Brentford | Total | Total | 200 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 224 | 0 |
| Ashford Town | 1953–54 | Kent League | 15 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 19 | 0 |
| Ashford Town | 1954–55 | Kent League | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 |
| Ashford Town | Total | Total | 25 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 29 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 320 | 0 | 31 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 353 | 0 |
* ↑ Includes Scottish Cup, FA Cup
* ↑ Appearance in Empire Exhibition Trophy
* ↑ Appearance in Kent League Cup

## Honours

* Brentford Hall of Fame
# SpacePharma

SpacePharma is a Swiss–Israeli biotechnology company with a primary focus on conducting scientific experiments in microgravity conditions. The company was the first fully private, commercially oriented company established with the specific intention to conduct pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) and manufacturing in space.
The company was founded by Yossi Yamin, a former Commander of an Israeli Satellite Unit in the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF). As of the mid-2020s, SpacePharma has offices in Herzliya, Israel; Courgenay, Switzerland; and Palo Alto, California, with a Space Life Sciences Lab in Exploration Park, Florida, US.

## Overview

The company operates miniaturized, unmanned, remotely controlled, and fully automated labs based on lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology, which are suitable for a wide variety of life science and chemistry experiments. These labs are designed to conduct research in space and to leverage the microgravity conditions that can't be replicated in terrestrial settings.

## Operations

SpacePharma's operations include the launch and operation of free-orbit satellites and labs onboard the International Space Station (ISS).
The company's DIDO-2 and DIDO-3 satellites were launched in 2017 and 2020 respectively, carrying experiments to study crystallization, emulsion, enzyme activity and antimicrobial resistance in microgravity.
Additionally, SpacePharma has launched at least 7 autonomous labs to the ISS since 2017, starting with the NEXUS-1 and NEXUS-2 labs, followed by the SPAd and SPAd-2 labs. In April 2022 a SPAd-2 lab was delivered to the ISS on the Axiom-1 mission, where it performed a series of experiments studying bone loss, DNA damage repair, and the cultivation of cultured meat in space.
SpacePharma has announced it is working on a large scale pharmaceutical manufacturing facility in orbit named MoTi.
# Diego Vargas Castillo

Diego Vargas Castillo (born 23 April 2000) is a Chilean politician who served in the Constitutional Council.
# John D. Cherry

John D. Cherry Jr. (born May 5, 1951) is an American politician who served as the 62nd lieutenant governor of Michigan from 2003 to 2011. A Democrat, Cherry also served as a gubernatorial appointee to the Midwestern Higher Education Compact, and was the immediate past chair of the international Great Lakes Commission (of which he is still a member).
Cherry was an announced candidate for Governor of Michigan in 2010. However, on January 5, he announced his withdrawal from the race, citing an inability to "secure enough money to make my candidacy fully viable."

## Early life and education

Cherry grew up in Montrose, Michigan, and graduated from Hill-McCloy High School 1969. Cherry earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the University of Michigan in 1973 and a Master of Public Administration from the University of Michigan–Flint in 1984. He is of Polish and Scots-Irish descent.

## Career

A former staff member to Michigan State Senator Gary Corbin, Cherry served as the state political director for the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, until 1982. He was then elected to the Michigan Legislature as a State Representative (1983–1986), State Senator (1987–2002) and Senate Minority Leader.
Cherry was elected in 2002 as the running mate of Democrat Jennifer Granholm, passing on his state senate seat to his sister Deborah Cherry. As the lieutenant governor, John Cherry presided over the State Senate, casting votes there in the event of a tie.
As lieutenant governor, John Cherry was elected chairman of the National Lieutenant Governors Association (NLGA) in July 2006. John Cherry also chaired the Lt. Governor’s Commission on Higher Education & Economic Growth, with the commission making recommendations on higher education and the need to expand Michigan's job base. The Cherry Commission report led to the Michigan Promise scholarship, the No Worker Left Behind program, and Michigan replacing the high school MEAP exam with the ACT. Michigan also increased standards in the K-12 curriculum and graduation requirements consistent with the Commission's recommendations.
Cherry has been awarded Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Saginaw Valley State University and an Honorary Doctor of Public Service degree from Central Michigan University. He has earned several awards including being recognized as "one of Michigan’s Most Effective Legislators" by The Detroit News and the 2005 Conservationist of the Year by the Michigan United Conservation Clubs.Cherry serves as the Chairman of the St. Andrew's Society of Detroit's Board of Trustees 2016 to present. Cherry serves as the Vice-President of the Council of Scottish Clans and Associations 2016 to present, and as President of the Clan MacLachlan Association of North America 2014 to present.

## Personal life

Cherry is married to former State Representative Pam Faris. They have two adult children, Meghan and John Daniel, and four grandchildren.
# 308

Year 308 (CCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. It was known in the Roman Empire as the Year of the Consulship of Diocletian and (Galerius) Maximianus (or, less frequently, year 1061 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 308 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Roman Empire

* Winter: Emperor Galerius wins his third and final victory over the Sarmatians.
* April: In Rome, Emperor Maximian attempts to depose his son Maxentius, but the soldiers in Rome side with Maxentius and force Maximian to flee to the court of Constantine I.
* The overthrow of Maximian prompts the soldiers of Roman Africa to prop up the vicarius of Africa, Domitius Alexander, as a usurper.
* Constantine raids the territory of the Bructeri and builds a bridge across the Rhine at Cologne.
* November 11 – The Conference of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, Galerius recalls Diocletian briefly from retirement, and they convene with Maximian. Diocletian persuades Maximian to return to retirement, and he and Galerius declare Maxentius a public enemy. Licinius is proclaimed Augustus of the west, while rival contender Constantine I is again declared Caesar.
* Bereft of his father's support, Maxentius increasingly presents himself as the Conservator Urbis Suae (Preserver of His Own City). Construction of the Basilica of Maxentius (or Basilica Nova), the largest building in the Roman Forum, is begun.
* Maxentius institutes toleration of the Christians in his territories.

#### Asia

* The Han-Zhao Dynasty is established in northern China, marking the official inception of the long lasting Uprising of the Five Barbarians.

### By topic
#### Religion

* May 27 or June 26 – Pope Marcellus I succeeds Pope Marcellinus as the 30th pope.

## Births

* Xie Shang (or Renzu), Chinese general (d. 357)

## Deaths

* Adrian of Batanea (or Eubulus), Christian martyr
# Nick Carter (cyclist)

Thomas Russell "Nick" Carter (5 September 1924 – 23 November 2003) was a racing cyclist from Nelson, New Zealand, who won a silver medal in the men's road race at the 1950 British Empire Games in Auckland. He also competed in the road race at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.
Carter was educated at Nelson College from 1937 to 1939. He died in 2003 and his ashes were buried in Marsden Valley Cemetery, Stoke.

## Major results

Source:

### 1945

    1st Road race, National Road Championships

### 1946

    1st Road race, National Road Championships

### 1947

    1st Road race, National Road Championships

### 1949

    1st Road race, National Road Championships

### 1950

    2nd Road race, British Empire Games
# Otok, Pajęczno County

Otok is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Kiełczygłów, within Pajęczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.
# Radków, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

Radków is a village in Włoszczowa County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Radków. It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) south of Włoszczowa and 49 km (30 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.
# Josef Rauvolf

Josef Rauvolf (born 2 January 1953) is a Czech translator, journalist and writer from Cheb. He has translated many Beat Generation novels into Czech, such as Junkie, Naked Lunch and Queer by William S. Burroughs and Visions of Cody, The Dharma Bums and Good Blonde & Others by Jack Kerouac. He also translated Uptight about The Velvet Underground. He was awarded the Josef Jungmann Award for his translation of Visions of Cody. In addition to his translation work, he also wrote a book about Czech singer-songwriter Jaromír Nohavica.
# Migovec System

The Migovec System (Slovene: Sistem Migovec) is a 43,009-metre-long (141,000 ft) and 972-metre-deep (3,190 ft) Alpine cave system within Mount Tolmin Migovec (Tolminski Migovec) in the Municipality of Tolmin in northwestern Slovenia. The mountain and the cave system are part of Triglav National Park. The combined system is the longest known cave in the country, followed by the Postojna Cave System (24,340 m or 79,900 ft).

## Entrances

The entrances include:
* Chough Cave (Kavkna Jama) (M2), first explored in 1972; the highest entrance to the system, at 1861 m above sea level
* M16, first explored in 1982
* Torn T-Shirt Cave (Jama Strgane Srajce) (M18), first explored in 1994
* Gardeners' World (Vrtnarija), first explored in 2000
* Fairies' Cave (Vilinska Jama), first explored in 2008
* Primadona, first explored in 1999, collapsed in 2018
* Monatip, first explored in 2007
* Belladonna, first explored in 2018, after the collapse of Primadona

## Exploration

The majority of exploration has been carried out by the Caving Section of the Tolmin Mountaineering Club (Jamarska Sekcija Planinskega društva Tolmin), joined since 1994 by Imperial College Caving Club.
Chough Cave (M2), Torn T-Shirt (M18), and M16 were connected together in 1996 to form the initial Migovec System, which was then explored to an eventual depth of −970 m (−3,180 ft). In 2008, exploration of Fairy Cave led to an almost immediate connection with Gardeners' World, and on 13 August 2012 Gardeners' World was connected to the Migovec System at a depth of −650 m (−2,130 ft).
Primadona and Monatip, two entrances located on the Western cliff of the Migovec plateau form a cave that was first explored in 1999. The cave had been explored to a length of 2.7km before being connected to the rest of the Migovec System at a depth of −180 m (−590 ft) in late 2015.
# Smarketing

Smarketing is the process of integrating the sales and marketing processes of a business. The objective is for the sales and marketing functions to have a common, integrated approach.
Smarketing aims to promote the product or service to potential buyers and at the same time integrate this process with the sales department's activities. Sales and marketing departments should meet frequently and agree on a common terminology, and using data throughout the entire sales and marketing process to identify good prospects and to follow up on how well they are followed up. Smarketing works best when a firm does closed loop reporting by tracking its success with particular prospects from the marketing stage through direct sales efforts. According to one source, Smarketing began around 2000 as a result of improved web browsing capabilities.
# Salvador Jara Guerrero

Salvador Jara Guerrero (born 14 October 1955) is a Mexican philosopher, physicist and professor. He served as Substitute Governor of Michoacán (PRI] beginning on 20 June 2014, following the resignation of Fausto Vallejo.
Jara Guerrero was rector of the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo from 2011 until 2014.
Salvador Jara once described himself as apolitical, but after his term as governor he became a key member of PRI in Michoacan. From September 2019 to 2020, he was a member of PRI's Permanent Political Commission of the National Political Council and one of seven national advisors of the National Revolutionary Association "Gral. Leandro Valle". During the presidency of Enrique Peña Nieto, Jara was an official of the Secretariat of Public Education (SEP).
# Leon MacDonald

Leon Raymond MacDonald (born 21 December 1977) is a retired New Zealand rugby union footballer, and former head coach for the Auckland Blues rugby team, who played 56 tests for the national team, the All Blacks. He played as a first five-eighth (fly-half), centre, and fullback.

## Career

Born in Blenheim, MacDonald made his provincial debut for Marlborough against Buller in 1994. He played 122 matches for the Crusaders and seven for the Chiefs in the Super 14, and played for Canterbury in the National Provincial Championship. He was a prodigious goal kicker. He is rare among New Zealand exported players, because he played even better after his return from Japan. In 2008, Sky Sport's Reunion awarded him the Crusader's MVP title for their Super 14 title-winning season.
He played for Burnside in the Christchurch premier competition. He made his All Blacks debut age 22, versus Scotland in 2000. He scored a total of 141 test points (14 tries, 25 conversions, 7 penalties) in the 56 tests he played. He has also appeared for New Zealand Māori, playing three games and scoring 10 points, including the winning try against the British and Irish Lions in 2005 in Hamilton.
In the 2003 Rugby World Cup, he was shifted from fullback to centre by All Blacks backline coach Robbie Deans. This proved to be a failure, and the last time he played at centre. In 2005, he was shifted to first five-eighth during the Tri-Nations by All Blacks backline coach to cover for the injured Daniel Carter.

### Japan

In 2004 season, MacDonald played for Yamaha Jubilo in Japan. He played for Kintetsu Liners in Japan in the 2009–2010 season. In 2010 he announced his immediate retirement from rugby, after failing to recover from a long-term injury. It was also announced in 2010 that MacDonald would become an assistant coach for the Tasman Makos for the 2010 season.

### All Blacks

McDonald was appointed as an assistant coach for the All Blacks in 2024, a specialising in the attack area for the All Blacks. After five tests in the role, two of which were rugby championship games, McDonald decided to resign and left his role due to having differing views with the head coach Scott Robertson.

## Cricket

He has also played for Marlborough in the Hawke Cup when they won it in the 1993–94 season.
# Cryptocoda

Cryptocodidae is a family of ctenophores belonging to the order Cydippida. The family consists of only one genus: Cryptocoda and the only species in this genus is Cryptocoda gerlachi.
# Franko Kaštropil

Franko Kaštropil (born 8 March 1984) is a Croatian professional basketball player who plays for TV Idstein in the German 2. Regionalliga (5th national division).