# Alex North

Alex North (born Isadore Soifer, December 4, 1910 – September 8, 1991) was an American composer best known for his many film scores, including A Streetcar Named Desire (one of the first jazz-based film scores), Viva Zapata!, Spartacus, Cleopatra, and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? He received fifteen Academy Award nominations for his work as a composer; while he did not win for any of his nominations, he received an Honorary Academy Award in 1986, the first for a composer.
He wrote the music for the Oscar-nominated song "Unchained Melody", which was used in the 1955 prison film Unchained. The song became a standard and one of the most recorded of the 20th century, with over 1,500 recordings made by more than 670 artists, in multiple languages.

## Early life

North was born Isadore Soifer in Chester, Pennsylvania, to Jewish parents Jesse and Beila (Bessie). They had emigrated from the Russian Empire to the U.S. around 1906. Jesse was originally from Bila Tserkva and Bessie from Odessa (both cities are now in Ukraine). In Chester, Jesse worked as a blacksmith and skilled mechanic, and Bessie ran a small grocery store. In 1915, Jesse died on the operating table during surgery for appendicitis, leaving Bessie with financial hardships. In the late 1920s, Isadore's older brother Jacob began writing articles for radical labor publications. To shield his family from political peril, Jacob adopted the pseudonym "Joseph North". Soon the family followed his lead, and Isadore Soifer became Alex North.
In the Second World War, Alex served as a captain in the U.S. Army Special Services division from 1942 to 1946. There, he was responsible for "self-entertainment" programs in mental hospitals. He also composed music for more than twenty-six documentary films for the Office of War Information. While in the service, he wrote the score for the documentary short, A Better Tomorrow (1945).

## Career

North managed to integrate his modernism into typical film music leitmotif structure, rich with themes. One of these became the famous song "Unchained Melody". Nominated for fifteen Oscars but unsuccessful each time, North is one of only two film composers to receive the Lifetime Achievement Academy Award, the other being Ennio Morricone. North's frequent collaborator as orchestrator was the avant-garde composer Henry Brant. He won the 1968 Golden Globe award for his music to The Shoes of the Fisherman (1968).
His best-known film scores include A Streetcar Named Desire, Death of a Salesman, Viva Zapata!, The Rainmaker, Spartacus, The Misfits, Cleopatra, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, Dragonslayer and Under the Volcano. His music for The Wonderful Country makes use of Mexican and American motifs.
His commissioned score for 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) is notorious for having been discarded by director Stanley Kubrick late in the production process. Although North subsequently incorporated motifs from the rejected score for The Shoes of the Fisherman, Shanks and Dragonslayer, the score itself remained unheard until composer Jerry Goldsmith re-recorded it for Varèse Sarabande in 1993. In 2007, Intrada Records released the 1968 recording sessions on CD from North's personal archives.
North was also commissioned to write a jazz score for Nero Wolfe, a 1959 CBS-TV series based on Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe characters, starring William Shatner as Archie Goodwin and Kurt Kasznar as Nero Wolfe. A pilot and two or three episodes were filmed, but the designated time slot was, in the end, given to another series. North's unheard score for Nero Wolfe and six recorded tracks on digital audio tape are in the UCLA Music Library Special Collections. He wrote the music for various other TV shows, such as the anthologies Climax! and Playhouse 90.
Though North is best known for his work in Hollywood, he spent years in New York writing music for the stage; he composed the score for the original Broadway production of Death of a Salesman. It was in New York that he met Elia Kazan (director of Salesman), who brought him to Hollywood in the 1950s. North was one of several composers who merged the sound of contemporary concert music into film, in part marked by an increased use of dissonance and complex rhythms. But there is also a lyrical quality to much of his work which may be connected to the influence of Aaron Copland, with whom he studied in 1936–37.
His classical works include two symphonies and a Rhapsody for Piano, Trumpet obbligato and Orchestra. His music for the 1976 television miniseries Rich Man, Poor Man was a Grammy Award nominee and an Emmy Award winner. He went on to score the sequel Rich Man, Poor Man Book II as well as the 1978 miniseries The Word. North is also known for his opening to the CBS television anthology series Playhouse 90 and the 1965 ABC television miniseries FDR.

## Legacy and recognition

North was recognized for his lifetime achievement in 2004 from the Sammy Film Music Awards.
In 2016, the Library of Congress added North's 1951 recording of his score to "A Streetcar Named Desire" to its National Recording Registry.

## Death

North died on September 8, 1991, in Los Angeles, California. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea.

## Awards

The American Film Institute ranked North's score for A Streetcar Named Desire #19 on their list of the greatest film scores. His scores for the following films were also nominated for the list:
* Cleopatra (1963)
* The Misfits (1961)
* Spartacus (1960)
* Viva Zapata! (1952)
* Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)
North was nominated for fifteen Academy Awards throughout his career, one for Best Original Song, the rest in the Best Original Score category, making him the most-nominated composer to have never won. He was however awarded an Honorary Academy Award in 1986; he was the first composer to receive it.
* Nominated - A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)
* Nominated - Death of a Salesman (1951)
* Nominated - Viva Zapata! (1952)
* Nominated - The Rose Tattoo (1955)
* Nominated - Best Original Song (with Hy Zaret) "Unchained Melody" (1955)
* Nominated - The Rainmaker (1956)
* Nominated - Spartacus (1960)
* Nominated - Cleopatra (1963)
* Nominated - The Agony and the Ecstasy (1965)
* Nominated - Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)
* Nominated - The Shoes of the Fisherman (1968)
* Nominated - Shanks (1974)
* Nominated - Bite the Bullet (1975)
* Nominated - Dragonslayer (1981)
* Nominated - Under the Volcano (1984)
* Winner - Honorary Oscar "in recognition of his brilliant artistry in the creation of memorable music for a host of distinguished motion pictures." (1986)
Golden Globe Awards for Original Score:
* Nominated - Spartacus (1960)
* Winner - The Shoes of the Fisherman (1968)
ASCAP Award for Original Score:
* Winner - Lifetime Achievement (1986)
* Winner - Good Morning, Vietnam (1987)
Emmy Awards for Music Composition:
* Winner - Rich Man, Poor Man (1976)
* Nominated - The Word (1978)
* Nominated - Death of a Salesman (1985)
Grammy Awards for Original Score:
* Nominated - Cleopatra (1963)
* Nominated - Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)
* Nominated - Rich Man, Poor Man (1976)

## Selected filmography

* A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)
* Death of a Salesman (1951)
* Viva Zapata! (1952)
* Les Misérables (1952)
* Désirée (1954)
* Unchained (1955)
* The Rose Tattoo (1955)
* I'll Cry Tomorrow (1955)
* The Bad Seed (1956)
* The Rainmaker (1956)
* The King and Four Queens (1956)
* The Long, Hot Summer (1958)
* Stage Struck (1958)
* Hot Spell (1958)
* The Sound and the Fury (1959)
* The Wonderful Country (1959)
* Spartacus (1960)
* The Misfits (1961)
* Sanctuary (1961)
* The Children's Hour (1961)
* All Fall Down (1962)
* Cleopatra (1963)
* Cheyenne Autumn (1964)
* The Outrage (1964)
* The Agony and the Ecstasy (1965)
* Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)
* The Devil's Brigade (1968)
* The Shoes of the Fisherman (1968)
* Hard Contract (1969)
* A Dream of Kings (1969)
* Willard (1971)
* Pocket Money (1972)
* Shanks (1974)
* Bite the Bullet (1975)
* Journey into Fear (1975)
* Somebody Killed Her Husband (1978)
* Wise Blood (1979)
* Carny (1980)
* Dragonslayer (1981)
* Under the Volcano (1984)
* Prizzi's Honor (1985)
* The Dead (1987)
* Good Morning, Vietnam (1987)
* The Penitent (1988)