# Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (Russian: Петропавловск-Камчатский, IPA: ) is a city and the administrative center of Kamchatka Krai, Russia. It is located in the Far East of the country and lies along the coast of Avacha Bay by the Pacific Ocean, nearby Khalaktyrskoye Lake. As of the 2021 census, it had a population of 164,900.
The city is widely known simply as Petropavlovsk (literally "city of Peter and Paul"). The adjective Kamchatsky ("Kamchatkan") was added to the official name in 1924.

## History
### Origins

Cossack units visited the area from 1697. The explorer and navigator Captain Vitus Bering (a Danish-born Russian) is considered to have founded the city in 1740, although navigator Ivan Fomich Yelagin [ru] had laid the foundation a few months earlier. Bering reached Avacha Bay in late 1740 and in his capacity as the superior officer, named the new settlement "Petropavlovsk" (Peter and Paul) after his two ships, the Saint Peter and the Saint Paul, which had been built in Okhotsk for his second expedition (1733–42). The town's location on the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, on the sheltered Avacha Bay and at the mouth of the Avacha River, saw it develop to become the most important settlement in Kamchatka. It gained town status on 9 April 1812.

### Crimean War

During the 1853–55 Crimean War, Anglo-French forces initiated the Siege of Petropavlovsk (August–September 1854), but it never fell. The city had been fortified under the overall command of Nikolay Muravyov (Governor-General of the Eastern Siberia Governorate-General [ru] from 1847 to 1861) in the preceding years, but possessed only a small garrison of a few hundred soldiers and sixty-seven cannon. After much exchange of fire, six hundred Anglo-French troops landed south of the city; two hundred and thirty Russian troops forced them to retreat after heavy fighting (1 September 1854). Four days later, a larger force of nine hundred Anglo-French troops landed east of the town, but again the Russians repelled the allies (5 September 1854). The allied ships then retreated from Russian Pacific waters (7 September 1854). The total Russian losses were reported at around a hundred men; the Anglo-French were said to have lost 209 men, over twice that number.

### Post-World War 2

At the time of the surrender of Japan in World War II (August/September 1945), United States Naval Construction Battalion 114 was in the Aleutians. In September 1945 the battalion received orders to send a detachment to the USSR to build a Naval Advance Base (a Fleet Weather Central) – located ten miles outside Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and code-named TAMA. The original agreement gave the Seabees three weeks to complete the camp. Upon arrival the Soviets told the Seabees they had ten days, and were amazed that the Seabees achieved the task. It was one of two to which Stalin agreed. The other was near Khabarovsk, in buildings provided by the Russians. For mail Petropavlovsk was assigned Navy number 1169, FPO San Francisco. The American use of these two bases proved short-lived.
Petropavlovsk was a great source of fish, particularly salmon, and crab meat for the Soviet Union in the 20th century. Following the end of the Soviet era in December 1991, fishing rights have also been granted to foreign interests. Poaching of salmon for their caviar at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy remains a problem amid lax law-enforcement and widespread corruption.

### 2020 earthquake

A M$_w$  7.5 earthquake occurred on March 25, 2020. The earthquake was the largest to occur in Russia since the 2013 Okhotsk Sea earthquake. In Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 285 miles (460km) away from the epicenter, the intensity was felt at 5: objects fell in buildings and people ran out into the street for safety.

## Administrative and municipal status

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is the administrative center of Kamchatka Krai. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky City Under Krai Jurisdiction — an administrative unit with status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky City Under Krai Jurisdiction is incorporated as Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Urban Okrug.

## Geography

The city is situated at sea level and surrounded by volcanoes. The surrounding terrain is mountainous enough that the horizon cannot be seen clearly from any point in town. Across Avacha Bay from the city in Vilyuchinsk is Russia's largest submarine base, the Rybachiy Nuclear Submarine Base, established during the Soviet period and still used by the Russian Navy. The city is located 6,766 kilometres (4,204 mi) from Moscow and about 2,220 kilometres (1,380 mi) from Vladivostok.

### Climate

The climate at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy reasonably qualifies as a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc), falling just short of a humid continental climate (Dfb). However, this area's climate has strong oceanic influences due its proximity to the Pacific Ocean. Average annual precipitation is 1,180 millimeters (46 in), or about 3+1⁄2 times as much as most of Siberia averages, mostly falling as frozen precipitation, primarily snow, from November to April. Average monthly precipitation is highest in autumn, with October the wettest month on average, closely followed by November. May through July are markedly the driest months on average; June is the single driest month. Winter temperatures are much milder than in Siberia. Here, average January daytime high temperatures are around −4.0 °C (24.8 °F), while average daytime high temperature in August, the warmest month, is 17 °C (63 °F). Thus, resulting from oceanic cooling, summer daytime high temperatures in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy are markedly cooler than in interior Siberia. In warmer-summer years, monthly high averages in July–August can reach 18 °C (64 °F) and higher. Days of above 20 °C (68 °F) can be expected an average of 19.6 days per summer.
Despite the generally high precipitation, the weather is less cloudy than in the adjacent Kuril Islands that are one of the least sunny places in the world, since the city is located behind a peninsula to the north that blocks some of the fog from the cold Oyashio Current offshore of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Oceanic water in Avacha Bay and adjacent bays is also warmer than coastal waters of Kuril Islands and Okhotsk sea coast (except Southern Kuriles and Southern Sakhalin).
In the spring (February to April), seawater may freeze.
Highest Temperature: 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) on July 2, 2012
Lowest Temperature: −31.7 °C (−25.1 °F) on February 14, 1917
Highest Daily Precipitation: 200.2 millimetres (7.88 in) on November 10, 2002
Wettest Year: 1,996 millimetres (78.6 in) in 1971
Driest Year: 432 millimetres (17.0 in) in 1947
Climate data for Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy (1991–2020, extremes 1894–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.2 (41.4) | 6.2 (43.2) | 8.5 (47.3) | 18.8 (65.8) | 20.6 (69.1) | 26.9 (80.4) | 30.0 (86.0) | 27.7 (81.9) | 24.4 (75.9) | 19.4 (66.9) | 12.6 (54.7) | 10.5 (50.9) | 30.0 (86.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −4.0 (24.8) | −3.4 (25.9) | −0.3 (31.5) | 3.6 (38.5) | 8.6 (47.5) | 13.7 (56.7) | 17.0 (62.6) | 17.5 (63.5) | 14.7 (58.5) | 8.5 (47.3) | 1.8 (35.2) | −2.6 (27.3) | 6.3 (43.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −6.5 (20.3) | −6.1 (21.0) | −3.4 (25.9) | 0.4 (32.7) | 4.8 (40.6) | 9.5 (49.1) | 13.0 (55.4) | 13.7 (56.7) | 10.7 (51.3) | 5.5 (41.9) | −0.6 (30.9) | −5.0 (23.0) | 3.0 (37.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −8.9 (16.0) | −8.6 (16.5) | −5.9 (21.4) | −1.9 (28.6) | 2.1 (35.8) | 6.6 (43.9) | 10.4 (50.7) | 11.1 (52.0) | 7.9 (46.2) | 3.0 (37.4) | −2.7 (27.1) | −7.1 (19.2) | 0.5 (32.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −28.6 (−19.5) | −31.7 (−25.1) | −24.8 (−12.6) | −14.8 (5.4) | −6.3 (20.7) | −1.5 (29.3) | 2.5 (36.5) | 4.2 (39.6) | −1.1 (30.0) | −7.5 (18.5) | −16.5 (2.3) | −26.0 (−14.8) | −31.7 (−25.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 110 (4.3) | 75 (3.0) | 103 (4.1) | 88 (3.5) | 58 (2.3) | 57 (2.2) | 66 (2.6) | 91 (3.6) | 105 (4.1) | 154 (6.1) | 156 (6.1) | 115 (4.5) | 1,178 (46.4) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 79 (31) | 104 (41) | 117 (46) | 103 (41) | 22 (8.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 (3.1) | 39 (15) | 472 (186) |
| Average rainy days | 1 | 0.4 | 1 | 3 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 6 | 1 | 108 |
| Average snowy days | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 7 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 | 3 | 15 | 17 | 113 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 71 | 68 | 68 | 72 | 75 | 79 | 84 | 83 | 79 | 74 | 70 | 71 | 75 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 105 | 114 | 176 | 192 | 193 | 196 | 169 | 178 | 178 | 157 | 122 | 93 | 1,870 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990) ||||||||||||||
Climate data for Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average sea temperature °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) | -0.6 (30.9) | -0.5 (31.1) | -0.2 (31.6) | 2.2 (36.0) | 6.8 (44.2) | 10.3 (50.5) | 12.3 (54.1) | 10.3 (50.5) | 7.3 (45.1) | 4.8 (40.6) | 1.8 (35.2) | 4.6 (40.3) |
| Source: Weather Atlas ||||||||||||||

## Culture
### Sports

The main association football stadium in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy is the 5,000-capacity Spartak Stadium. The former club FC Volcano played at the stadium.

### Museums

There are multiple museums in the city.

## Tourism

The city is the main gateway to the rest of Kamchatka.

## Transport

The city is served by Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (Elizovo) Airport, which is linked to the town and its port via the A-401 road. During the warmer months cruise ships regularly stop there for the day.
There is a bus service in the city.

## Demographics

Ethnic Russians make up the majority of the population; the city on its own has more inhabitants than the entire neighboring Chukotka Autonomous Okrug or Magadan Oblast.
The population numbered 179,780 in 2010; 179,800 in 2011; 179,784 in 2012; 181,618 in 2013, and 164,900 in 2021.
Ethnic composition (2021):
* Ethnic group
* Population
* Percentage
* Russians
* 133,732
* 91.5%
* Ukrainians
* 2,193
* 1.5%
* Uzbeks
* 1,386
* 0.9%
* Kyrgyz
* 1,244
* 0.9%
* Other
* 7,593
* 5.2%

## Politics
### Results of the Russian legislative elections

| Parties/Year | 2003 | 2007 | 2011 |
| Communist Party | 8.83% | 8.89% | 17.78% |
| Patriots of Russia (including former Party of Peace and Unity) | 0.35% | 2.31% | 2.53% |
| A Just Russia (including former Rodina or Motherland-National Patriotic Union Russian Party of Life People's Party of the Russian Federation and Russian Ecological Party "The Greens") | 13.91% | 7.41% | 9.93% |
| Yabloko (including former Union of People for education and research: "Партия СЛОН") | 8.92% | 1.85% | 5.10% |
| Right Cause (including former Citizens' Force Democratic Party of Russia and Union of Rightist Forces) | 4.46% | 2.74% | 0.67% |
| United Russia (including former Agrarian Party of Russia) | 35.29% | 61.78% | 43.59% |
| Liberal Democratic Party | 15.25% | 12.00% | 18.40% |
| Other minor parties | 12.12% | | |
| Total | 99.13% | 96.98% | 98% |

## Twin towns – sister cities

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy is twinned with:
* Kushiro, Japan (since 1998)
* Unalaska, United States (since 1990)

## Notable people

* Pavlo Ishchenko, Ukrainian-Israeli Olympic boxer
* Anatolii Mohyliov, Ukrainian politician
* Sergei Ursuliak, Russian filmmaker, screenwriter and actor, and TV presenter
* Elena Yakovishina, Russian Olympic skier
* Igor Smirnov, 1st president of Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic and Transnistria
* Regina Sych, Russian swimmer
* Innokenty Omulevsky, Russian writer
* Aleksandra Frantseva, Russian alpine skier
* Viktor Borel, a Belarusian football coach and former player
* Artem Ansheles, a Hong Kong actor