# 1822–23 United States Senate elections

The 1822–23 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were before the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1822 and 1823, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 2.
The Democratic-Republican Party continued to maintain almost complete control of the Senate.

## Factions

At the very end of the next Congress, the 1824 United States presidential election led to a contingency election, decided by the Congress. In that election, Senators split into factions in support of William H. Crawford, Andrew Jackson, or John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. Even though that election wasn't held until more than two years after the Senate elections in this article, those factions are noted below as "Crawford," "Jackson," or "Adams-Clay."

## Results summary

Senate party division, 18th Congress (1823–1825)
* Majority party: Democratic-Republican (42–43)
* Minority parties: National Republican & Federalist (4–5)
* Total seats: 48

## Change in composition
### Before the elections

Composition after the January 24, 1822 Delaware special election.
| | | | | | | DR$_1$ Del. Gain | DR$_2$ | DR$_3$ | DR$_4$ |
| DR$_{14}$ | DR$_{13}$ | DR$_{12}$ | DR$_{11}$ | DR$_{10}$ | DR$_9$ | DR$_8$ | DR$_7$ | DR$_6$ | DR$_5$ |
| DR$_{15}$ | DR$_{16}$ | DR$_{17}$ | DR$_{18}$ | DR$_{19}$ | DR$_{20}$ | DR$_{21}$ | DR$_{22}$ | DR$_{23}$ | DR$_{24}$ |
| Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | DR$_{25}$ |
| DR$_{34}$ Ky. Ran | DR$_{33}$ Ill. Ran | DR$_{32}$ Ga. Ran | DR$_{31}$ Ala. Ran | DR$_{30}$ | DR$_{29}$ | DR$_{28}$ | DR$_{27}$ | DR$_{26}$ | DR$_{25}$ |
| DR$_{35}$ La. Ran | DR$_{36}$ Me. Ran | DR$_{37}$ Miss. Ran | DR$_{38}$ N.J. Ran | DR$_{39}$ N.C. Ran | DR$_{40}$ R.I. Ran | DR$_{41}$ S.C. Ran | DR$_{42}$ Tenn. Ran | DR$_{43}$ Va. Ran | DR$_{44}$ N.H. Retired |
| | | | | | | F$_1$ | F$_2$ | F$_3$ Mass. Ran | F$_4$ Del. |

### Result of the regular elections

| | | | | | | DR$_1$ | DR$_2$ | DR$_3$ | DR$_4$ |
| DR$_{14}$ | DR$_{13}$ | DR$_{12}$ | DR$_{11}$ | DR$_{10}$ | DR$_9$ | DR$_8$ | DR$_7$ | DR$_6$ | DR$_5$ |
| DR$_{15}$ | DR$_{16}$ | DR$_{17}$ | DR$_{18}$ | DR$_{19}$ | DR$_{20}$ | DR$_{21}$ | DR$_{22}$ | DR$_{23}$ | DR$_{24}$ |
| Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | Majority → | DR$_{25}$ |
| DR$_{34}$ Ky. Re-elected | DR$_{33}$ Ill. Re-elected | DR$_{32}$ Ga. Re-elected | DR$_{31}$ Ala. Re-elected | DR$_{30}$ | DR$_{29}$ | DR$_{28}$ | DR$_{27}$ | DR$_{26}$ | DR$_{25}$ |
| DR$_{35}$ La. Re-elected | DR$_{36}$ Me. Re-elected | DR$_{37}$ Miss. Re-elected | DR$_{38}$ N.J. Re-elected | DR$_{39}$ R.I. Re-elected | DR$_{40}$ Va. Re-elected | DR$_{41}$ N.H. Hold | DR$_{42}$ N.C. Hold | DR$_{43}$ S.C. Hold | DR$_{44}$ Tenn. Hold |
| | | | | | | F$_1$ | F$_2$ | F$_3$ Mass. Re-elected | V$_1$ Del. F Loss |
| Key: | DR$_#$ Democratic-Republican F$_#$ Federalist V$_#$ Vacant |

## Race summaries

Bold states links to specific election articles.

### Special elections during the preceding Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1822 or before March 4, 1823; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | Results | Candidates |
| State | Senator | Party | Electoral history | Results | Candidates |
| Delaware (Class 1) | Vacant | Vacant | Vacant | Outerbridge Horsey (F) resigned March 3, 1821. New senator elected January 24, 1822. Democratic-Republican gain. | ▌Y Caesar A. Rodney (Democratic-Republican) [data missing] |
| Ohio (Class 3) | William A. Trimble | Democratic- Republican | 1819 | Incumbent died December 13, 1821. New senator elected January 29, 1822. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y Ethan Allen Brown (Democratic-Republican) [data missing] |
| Massachusetts (Class 2) | Harrison Gray Otis | Federalist | 1816 | Incumbent resigned May 30, 1822, to run for Mayor of Boston. New senator elected June 5, 1822. Successor was also elected to the next term; see below. Federalist hold. | ▌Y James Lloyd (Federalist) [data missing] |
| Alabama (Class 3) | John W. Walker | Democratic- Republican | 1819 | Incumbent resigned December 12, 1822, due to failing health. New senator elected December 12, 1822. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y William Kelly (Democratic-Republican) 56.65% ▌John McKinley (Democratic-Republican) 49.35% |
| Maryland (Class 1) | William Pinkney | Democratic- Republican | 1819 (special) 1821 | Incumbent died February 25, 1822. New senator elected December 17, 1822. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y Samuel Smith (Democratic-Republican) [data missing] |
| Virginia (Class 2) | James Pleasants | Democratic- Republican | 1819 (special) | Incumbent resigned December 15, 1822, to become Governor of Virginia. New senator elected December 18, 1822. Winner was later re-elected to the next term; see below. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y John Taylor (Democratic-Republican) 51.8% ▌Henry St. George Tucker Sr. (Democratic-Republican) 37.9% ▌John Tyler (Democratic-Republican) 10.3% |

### Races leading to the next Congress

In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1823; as ordered by the state.
All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | Results | Candidates |
| State | Senator | Party | Electoral history | Results | Candidates |
| Alabama | William R. King | Democratic- Republican | 1819 | Incumbent re-elected December 12, 1822. | ▌Y William R. King (Jackson D-R) 41.76% ▌William Crawford (Unknown) 38.46% ▌John McKee (Jackson D-R) 13.19% ▌William King (Jackson D-R) 6.59% |
| Delaware | Nicholas Van Dyke | Federalist | 1817 | Legislature failed to elect. Federalist loss. Incumbent was later re-elected late in 1824. | [data missing] |
| Georgia | Nicholas Ware | Democratic- Republican | 1821 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1822 or 1823. | ▌Y Nicholas Ware (Crawford D-R) [data missing] |
| Illinois | Jesse B. Thomas | Democratic- Republican | 1818 | Incumbent re-elected in 1823. | ▌Y Jesse B. Thomas (Crawford D-R) [data missing] |
| Kentucky | Richard M. Johnson | Democratic- Republican | 1819 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1823. | ▌Y Richard M. Johnson (Jackson D-R) [data missing] |
| Louisiana | Henry Johnson | Democratic- Republican | 1818 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1823. | ▌Y Henry Johnson (Adams-Clay D-R) [data missing] |
| Maine | John Chandler | Democratic- Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected in 1823. | ▌Y John Chandler (Crawford D-R) [data missing] |
| Massachusetts | James Lloyd | Federalist | 1808 (special) 1808 1813 (resigned) 1822 (special) | Incumbent re-elected as an Adams-Clay Federalist in 1822. Winner was also elected to finish the current term; see above. | ▌Y James Lloyd (Adams-Clay Federalist) [data missing] |
| Mississippi | Thomas Hill Williams | Democratic- Republican | 1817 | Incumbent re-elected in 1823. | ▌Y Thomas Hill Williams (Jackson D-R) [data missing] |
| New Hampshire | David L. Morril | Democratic- Republican | 1816 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1823. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y Samuel Bell (Adams-Clay D-R) [data missing] |
| New Jersey | Mahlon Dickerson | Democratic- Republican | 1817 | Incumbent re-elected in 1823. | ▌Y Mahlon Dickerson (Crawford D-R) [data missing] |
| North Carolina | Montfort Stokes | Democratic- Republican | 1816 (special) 1816 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1822. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y John Branch (Crawford D-R) [data missing] |
| Rhode Island | Nehemiah R. Knight | Democratic- Republican | 1821 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1823. | ▌Y Nehemiah R. Knight (Crawford D-R) [data missing] |
| South Carolina | William Smith | Democratic- Republican | 1810 (special) 1816 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1822. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y Robert Y. Hayne (Jackson D-R) [data missing] |
| Tennessee | John Williams | Democratic- Republican | 1815 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected October 28, 1823. Democratic-Republican hold. | ▌Y Andrew Jackson (Jackson D-R) 58.33% ▌John Williams (Crawford D-R) 41.67% |
| Virginia | John Taylor | Democratic- Republican | 1822 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1823. Winner was also elected to finish the current term; see above. | ▌Y John Taylor (Democratic-Republican) [data missing] |

### Special elections during the next Congress

In these special elections, the winners were elected in 1823 after March 4; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | Results | Candidates |
| State | Senator | Party | Electoral history | Results | Candidates |
| New Jersey (Class 1) | Samuel L. Southard | Democratic- Republican | 1821 (appointed) 1820 | Incumbent resigned March 4, 1823, to become U.S. Secretary of the Navy. New senator elected November 12, 1823. Democratic Republican hold. | ▌Y Joseph McIlvaine (Adams-Clay D-R) [data missing] |

## Alabama
### Alabama (regular)

Incumbent William R. King was first elected in 1819. He was reelected with the votes of over 41% of the legislators, defeating William Crawford, former agent to the Choctaw nation John McKee, and another candidate named William King.

### Alabama (special)

Incumbent John Williams Walker resigned on December 12, 1822, due to failing health. He would die in April of the following year. William Kelly was elected in his place with 56.65% of the votes of state legislators, defeating state representative John McKinley.

## Delaware
### Delaware (regular)

The Delaware General Assembly did not elect a candidate to the United States Senate.

### Delaware (special)

Federalist incumbent Outerbridge Horsey retired in the 1820/1821 Senate elections. The Delaware General Assembly failed to elect a successor. Caesar Augustus Rodney, the U.S. representative for Delaware's at-large congressional district and a nephew of founding father Caesar Rodney, was elected late.

## Georgia

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Nicholas Ware was reelected in 1823.

## Illinois

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Jesse B. Thomas was reelected in 1823.

## Kentucky

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Richard Mentor Johnson was reelected in 1823.

## Louisiana

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Henry S. Johnson was reelected in 1823

## Maine

Incumbent Democratic-Republican John Chandler was reelected in 1823.

## Maryland (special)

Incumbent Democratic-Republican William Pinkney died on February 25, 1822. Congressman Samuel Smith, a Democratic-Republican, was elected to the seat on December 17, 1822.

## Massachusetts
### Massachusetts (regular)

Incumbent Federalist James Lloyd was reelected in 1822 after being first elected in a special election (see below).

### Massachusetts (special)

Incumbent Senator Harrison Gray Otis resigned on May 30, 1822, to run for Mayor of Boston. Former senator James Lloyd, a Federalist was elected on June 5, 1822.

## Mississippi

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Thomas Hill Williams was reelected in 1823.

## New Hampshire

Incumbent Democratic-Republican David L. Morril retired. Governor of New Hampshire Samuel Bell was elected as a Democratic-Republican.

## New Jersey
### New Jersey (regular)

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Mahlon Dickerson was reelected in 1823.

### New Jersey (special)

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Samuel L. Southard resigned on March 3, 1823, to become the U.S. Secretary of the Navy. Democratic-Republican Joseph McIlvaine was elected to finish his term on November 12, 1823.

## North Carolina

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Montfort Stokes was defeated for reelection by John Branch, a fellow Democratic-Republican, in 1822.

## Ohio (special)

Incumbent Jeffersonian Republican William A. Trimble died on December 13, 1821, at the age of 35. Governor of Ohio, Ethan Allen Brown, was elected to finish Trimble's term.

## Rhode Island

Incumbent Democratic-Republican Nehemiah R. Knight was reelected in 1823.

## South Carolina

Incumbent Democratic-Republican William Smith lost reelection to Democratic-Republican Robert Y. Hayne.

## Tennessee

Former senator and general Andrew Jackson defeated incumbent John Williams in the election for Senate. Jackson was put up as the Jacksonian candidate after Williams decided to support William H. Crawford in the 1824 Presidential Election. Williams was endorsed by Davy Crockett. Jackson's return to the senate after nearly 25 years out of office marks the second longest gap in service in U.S. Senate history. Jackson would resign two years later in 1825, and eventually be elected president in 1828.

## Virginia
### Virginia (regular)

After being elected in the special election (see below), incumbent John Taylor was reelected in 1823.

### Virginia (special)

Incumbent James Pleasants resigned on December 15, 1822, to become Governor of Virginia. Former senator John Taylor, a Democratic-Republican, was elected with 51.8% of the votes of legislators over former congressmen Henry St. George Tucker and John Tyler, both Democratic-Republicans.