# Carbon dioxide (data page)

This page provides supplementary chemical data on carbon dioxide.

## Material Safety Data Sheet

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. MSDS for solid carbon dioxide is available from Pacific Dry Ice, inc.

## Structure and properties

Structure and properties :
| Index of refraction, n$_D$ | 1.000449 at 589.3 nm and 0 °C |
| Dielectric constant, ε$_r$ | 1.60 ε$_0$ at 0 °C, 50 atm |
| Average energy per C=O bond | 804.4 kJ/mol at 298 K (25 °C) |
| Bond length | C=O 116.21 pm (1.1621 Å) |
| Bond angle | O–C–O: 180° (STP), decreasing to as low as 163° at higher temperature and/or pressure |
| Magnetic susceptibility | −0.49×10^−6 cm^3/mol |
| Surface tension | 4.34 dyn/cm at 20 °C and equilibrium pressure |
| Viscosity of liquid at equilibrium pressure | 0.0925 mPa·s at 5 °C 0.0852 mPa·s at 10 °C 0.0712 mPa·s at 20 °C 0.0625 mPa·s at 25 °C 0.0321 mPa·s at 31.1 °C |

## Thermodynamic properties

Phase behavior :
| Triple point | 216.58 K (−56.57 °C), 518.5 kPa |
| Critical point | 304.18 K (31.03 °C), 7.38 MPa |
| Std enthalpy change of fusion, Δ$_{fus}$H$^o$ | 9.019 kJ/mol at triple point |
| Entropy change of fusion, Δ$_{fus}$S | 40 J/(mol·K) at triple point |
| Std enthalpy change of vaporization, Δ$_{vap}$H$^o$ | 15.326 kJ/mol at 215.7 K (−57.5 °C) (348 J/g) |
| Std entropy change of vaporization, Δ$_{vap}$S$^o$ | 70.8 J/(mol·K) |
| Solid properties ||
| Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ$_f$H$^o$$_{solid}$ | −427.4 kJ/mol |
| Standard molar entropy, S$^o$$_{solid}$ | 51.07 J/(mol·K) |
| Heat capacity, c$_p$ | 2.534 J/(mol·K) at 15.52 K (−257.63 °C) 47.11 J/(mol·K) at 146.48 K (−126.67 °C) 54.55 J/(mol·K) at 189.78 K (−83.37 °C) |
| Liquid properties ||
| Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ$_f$H$^o$$_{liquid}$ | −393.5kJ/mol |
| Standard molar entropy, S$^o$$_{liquid}$ | 213.7J/(mol K) |
| Heat capacity, c$_p$ | 80—150 J/(mol·K) at 220—290 K |
| Gas properties ||
| Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ$_f$H$^o$$_{gas}$ | −393.52 kJ/mol |
| Standard molar entropy, S$^o$$_{gas}$ | 213.79 J/(mol·K) |
| Heat capacity, c$_p$ | 33.89 J/(mol K) at –75 °C 36.33 J/(mol K) at 0 °C 36.61 J/(mol K) at 15 °C 38.01 J/(mol K) at 100 °C 43.81 J/(mol K) at 400 °C 50.87 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C 56.91 J/(mol K) at 2000 °C 53.01 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 2457 kPa 60.01 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 5482 kPa 183.1 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 8653 kPa |
| Heat capacity ratio γ = c$_p$/c$_v$ | 1.37 at –75 °C 1.310 at 0 °C 1.304 at 15 °C 1.281 at 100 °C 1.235 at 400 °C 1.195 at 1000 °C 1.171 at 2000 °C |
| van der Waals' constants | a = 363.96 L$^2$ kPa/mol$^2$ b = 0.04267 liter per mole |
| Equilibrium with carbon monoxide CO + ⁠1/2⁠O$_2$ → CO$_2$ K = ${\frac {[{\ce {CO2}}]}{[{\ce {CO}}][{\ce {O2}}]^{1/2}}}$ pK = log$_{10}$ K | pK = 45.0438 at T = 298.16 K pK = 25.0054 at T = 500 K pK = 16.5383 at T = 700 K pK = 11.8409 at T = 900 K pK = 8.8583 at T = 1100 K pK = 6.7989 at T = 1300 K pK = 5.2943 at T = 1500 K |
It is used for smoking effects in different scenes.

## Solubility in water at various temperatures

Aqueous Solubility of CO$_2$ at 101.3 kPa (1 atm) partial pressure :
| Temperature | $^‡$Dissolved CO$_2$ volume per volume H$_2$O | grams CO$_2$ per 100 ml H$_2$O |
| 0 °C | 1.713 | 0.3346 |
| 1 °C | 1.646 | 0.3213 |
| 2 °C | 1.584 | 0.3091 |
| 3 °C | 1.527 | 0.2978 |
| 4 °C | 1.473 | 0.2871 |
| 5 °C | 1.424 | 0.2774 |
| 6 °C | 1.377 | 0.2681 |
| 7 °C | 1.331 | 0.2589 |
| 8 °C | 1.282 | 0.2492 |
| 9 °C | 1.237 | 0.2403 |
| 10 °C | 1.194 | 0.2318 |
| 11 °C | 1.154 | 0.2239 |
| 12 °C | 1.117 | 0.2165 |
| 13 °C | 1.083 | 0.2098 |
| 14 °C | 1.050 | 0.2032 |
| 15 °C | 0.98819 | 0.1970 |
| 16 °C | 0.985 | 0.1903 |
| 17 °C | 0.956 | 0.1845 |
| Temperature | $^‡$Dissolved CO$_2$ volume per volume H$_2$O | grams CO$_2$ per 100 ml H$_2$O |
| 18 °C | 0.928 | 0.1789 |
| 19 °C | 0.902 | 0.1737 |
| 20 °C | 0.878 | 0.1688 |
| 21 °C | 0.854 | 0.1640 |
| 22 °C | 0.829 | 0.1590 |
| 23 °C | 0.804 | 0.1540 |
| 24 °C | 0.781 | 0.1493 |
| 25 °C | 0.759 | 0.1449 |
| 26 °C | 0.738 | 0.1406 |
| 27 °C | 0.718 | 0.1366 |
| 28 °C | 0.699 | 0.1327 |
| 29 °C | 0.682 | 0.1292 |
| 30 °C | 0.655 | 0.1257 |
| 35 °C | 0.592 | 0.1105 |
| 40 °C | 0.530 | 0.0973 |
| 45 °C | 0.479 | 0.0860 |
| 50 °C | 0.436 | 0.0761 |
| 60 °C | 0.359 | 0.0576 |
* $^‡$Second column of table indicates solubility at each given temperature in volume of CO$_2$ as it would be measured at 101.3 kPa and 0 °C per volume of water.
* The solubility is given for "pure water", i.e., water which contain only CO$_2$. This water is going to be acidic. For example, at 25 °C the pH of 3.9 is expected (see carbonic acid). At less acidic pH values, the solubility will increase because of the pH-dependent speciation of CO$_2$.

## Vapor pressure of solid and liquid

| T in °C | T in °C | −134.3$_{(s)}$ | −119.5$_{(s)}$ | −108.6$_{(s)}$ | −100.2$_{(s)}$ | −85.7$_{(s)}$ | −78.2$_{(s)}$ | −69.1$_{(s)}$ | −56.7 | −39.5 | −18.9 | 5.9 | 22.4 |
| P in mm Hg | P in mm Hg | 1 | 10 | 40 | 100 | 400 | 760 | 1520 | 3800 | 7600 | 15200 | 30400 | 45600 |
| P in atm (2sf, derived from mm Hg) | P in atm (2sf, derived from mm Hg) | 0.0013 | 0.013 | 0.053 | 0.13 | 0.53 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 10 | 20 | 40 | 60 |
| P in kPa (derived from mm Hg / atm) | P in kPa (derived from mm Hg / atm) | 0.13 | 1.3 | 5.3 | 13 | 53 | 101.325 | 202.65 | 506.625 | 1013.25 | 2026.5 | 4053 | 6079.5 |
Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. Annotation "(s)" indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid. Otherwise temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid. For kPa values, where datum is whole numbers of atmospheres exact kPa values are given, elsewhere 2 significant figures derived from mm Hg data.

## Liquid/vapor equilibrium thermodynamic data

The table below gives thermodynamic data of liquid CO$_2$ in equilibrium with its vapor at various temperatures. Heat content data, heat of vaporization, and entropy values are relative to the liquid state at 0 °C temperature and 3483 kPa pressure. To convert heat values to joules per mole values, multiply by 44.095 g/mol. To convert densities to moles per liter, multiply by 22.678 cm$^3$ mol/(L·g). Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th ed. pages 2560–2561, except for critical temperature line (31.1 °C) and temperatures −30 °C and below, which are taken from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1463.
Carbon dioxide liquid/vapor equilibrium thermodynamic data :
| Temp. °C | P$_{vap}$ Vapor pressure kPa | H$_{liq}$ Heat content liquid J/g | H$_{vap}$ Heat content vapor J/g | Δ$_{vap}$H$^o$ Heat of vapor- ization J/g | ρ$_{vap}$ Density of vapor g/cm$^3$ | ρ$_{liq}$ Density of liquid g/cm$^3$ | S$_{liq}$ Entropy liquid J/mol-°C | S$_{vap}$ Entropy vapor J/mol-°C |
| −56.6 | 518.3 | | | | | 1.179 | | |
| −56.0 | 531.8 | | | | | 1.177 | | |
| −54.0 | 579.1 | | | | | 1.169 | | |
| −52.0 | 629.6 | | | | | 1.162 | | |
| −50.0 | 683.4 | | | | | 1.155 | | |
| −48.0 | 740.6 | | | | | 1.147 | | |
| −46.0 | 801.3 | | | | | 1.139 | | |
| −44.0 | 865.6 | | | | | 1.131 | | |
| −42.0 | 933.8 | | | | | 1.124 | | |
| −40.0 | 1005.7 | | | | | 1.116 | | |
| −38.0 | 1081.9 | | | | | 1.108 | | |
| −36.0 | 1161.8 | | | | | 1.100 | | |
| −34.0 | 1246.2 | | | | | 1.092 | | |
| −32.0 | 1335.1 | | | | | 1.084 | | |
| −30.0 | 1428.6 | | | | | 1.075 | | |
| −28.89 | 1521 | −55.69 | 237.1 | 292.9 | 0.03846 | 1.0306 | −9.48 | 43.41 |
| −27.78 | 1575 | −53.76 | 237.3 | 291.0 | 0.03987 | 1.0276 | −9.13 | 43.21 |
| −26.67 | 1630 | −51.84 | 237.6 | 289.4 | 0.04133 | 1.0242 | −8.78 | 43.01 |
| −25.56 | 1686 | −49.87 | 237.6 | 287.5 | 0.04283 | 1.0209 | −8.45 | 42.78 |
| −24.44 | 1744 | −47.91 | 237.8 | 285.7 | 0.04440 | 1.0170 | −8.10 | 42.56 |
| −23.33 | 1804 | −45.94 | 237.8 | 283.6 | 0.04600 | 1.0132 | −7.75 | 42.36 |
| −22.22 | 1866 | −43.93 | 237.8 | 281.7 | 0.04767 | 1.0093 | −7.40 | 42.14 |
| −21.11 | 1928 | −41.92 | 237.8 | 279.6 | 0.04938 | 1.0053 | −7.05 | 41.94 |
| −20.00 | 1993 | −39.91 | 237.8 | 277.8 | 0.05116 | 1.0011 | −6.68 | 41.71 |
| −18.89 | 2059 | −37.86 | 237.8 | 275.7 | 0.05300 | 0.9968 | −6.31 | 41.49 |
| −17.78 | 2114 | −35.82 | 237.6 | 273.6 | 0.05489 | 0.9923 | −5.98 | 41.27 |
| −16.67 | 2197 | −33.73 | 237.6 | 271.2 | 0.05686 | 0.9875 | −5.61 | 41.05 |
| −15.56 | 2269 | −31.64 | 237.3 | 269.2 | 0.05888 | 0.9829 | −5.26 | 40.83 |
| −14.44 | 2343 | −29.54 | 237.3 | 266.9 | 0.06098 | 0.9782 | −4.91 | 40.61 |
| −13.33 | 2418 | −27.41 | 237.1 | 264.5 | 0.06314 | 0.9734 | −4.54 | 40.39 |
| −12.22 | 2495 | −25.27 | 236.9 | 262.2 | 0.06539 | 0.9665 | −4.17 | 40.15 |
| −11.11 | 2574 | −23.09 | 236.7 | 259.7 | 0.06771 | 0.9639 | −3.80 | 39.92 |
| −10.00 | 2654 | −20.90 | 236.4 | 257.3 | 0.07011 | 0.9592 | −3.43 | 39.68 |
| −8.89 | 2738 | −18.69 | 235.9 | 254.8 | 0.07259 | 0.9543 | −3.06 | 39.46 |
| −7.78 | 2823 | −16.45 | 235.7 | 252.2 | 0.07516 | 0.9494 | −2.69 | 39.22 |
| −6.67 | 2910 | −14.18 | 235.2 | 249.4 | 0.07783 | 0.9443 | −2.32 | 38.98 |
| −5.56 | 2999 | −11.90 | 234.8 | 246.6 | 0.08059 | 0.9393 | −1.94 | 38.74 |
| −4.44 | 3090 | −9.977 | 234.3 | 243.8 | 0.08347 | 0.9340 | −1.57 | 38.50 |
| −3.89 | 3136 | −8.410 | 234.1 | 242.4 | 0.08494 | 0.9313 | −1.37 | 38.37 |
| −2.78 | 3230 | −6.046 | 233.6 | 239.7 | 0.08797 | 0.9260 | −0.98 | 38.12 |
| −1.67 | 3327 | −3.648 | 232.9 | 236.6 | 0.09111 | 0.9206 | −0.59 | 37.88 |
| −0.56 | 3425 | −1.222 | 232.4 | 233.6 | 0.09438 | 0.9150 | −0.20 | 37.62 |
| 0.56 | 3526 | 1.234 | 231.7 | 230.5 | 0.09776 | 0.9094 | 0.20 | 37.36 |
| 1.67 | 3629 | 3.728 | 231.0 | 227.3 | 0.1013 | 0.9036 | 0.61 | 37.08 |
| 2.78 | 3735 | 6.268 | 230.4 | 224.0 | 0.1050 | 0.8975 | 1.01 | 36.83 |
| 3.89 | 3843 | 8.445 | 229.4 | 220.5 | 0.1088 | 0.8914 | 1.42 | 36.55 |
| 5.00 | 3953 | 11.46 | 228.5 | 217.0 | 0.1128 | 0.8850 | 1.83 | 36.25 |
| 6.11 | 4067 | 14.13 | 227.6 | 213.4 | 0.1169 | 0.8784 | 2.25 | 35.98 |
| 7.22 | 4182 | 16.85 | 226.5 | 209.7 | 0.1213 | 0.8716 | 2.69 | 35.68 |
| 8.33 | 4300 | 19.63 | 225.4 | 205.8 | 0.1258 | 0.8645 | 3.12 | 35.39 |
| 9.44 | 4420 | 22.46 | 224.3 | 201.8 | 0.1306 | 0.8571 | 3.56 | 35.07 |
| 10.56 | 4544 | 25.36 | 223.1 | 197.7 | 0.1355 | 0.8496 | 4.02 | 34.76 |
| 11.67 | 4670 | 28.33 | 221.8 | 193.4 | 0.1408 | 0.8418 | 4.48 | 34.45 |
| 12.78 | 4798 | 31.35 | 220.3 | 188.9 | 0.1463 | 0.8338 | 4.94 | 34.11 |
| 13.89 | 4929 | 34.49 | 218.8 | 184.3 | 0.1521 | 0.8254 | 5.42 | 33.76 |
| 15.00 | 5063 | 37.30 | 217.2 | 179.5 | 0.1583 | 0.8168 | 5.92 | 33.41 |
| 16.11 | 5200 | 41.03 | 215.1 | 174.4 | 0.1648 | 0.8076 | 6.42 | 33.02 |
| 17.22 | 5340 | 44.48 | 213.6 | 169.1 | 0.1717 | 0.7977 | 6.96 | 32.66 |
| 18.33 | 5482 | 48.03 | 211.5 | 163.5 | 0.1791 | 0.7871 | 7.49 | 32.25 |
| 19.44 | 5628 | 51.71 | 209.4 | 157.6 | 0.1869 | 0.7759 | 8.04 | 31.83 |
| 20.56 | 5776 | 55.61 | 207.0 | 151.4 | 0.1956 | 0.7639 | 8.63 | 31.38 |
| 21.67 | 5928 | 59.66 | 204.3 | 144.7 | 0.2054 | 0.7508 | 9.24 | 30.90 |
| 22.78 | 6083 | 63.97 | 201.5 | 137.5 | 0.2151 | 0.7367 | 9.89 | 30.39 |
| 23.89 | 6240 | 68.58 | 198.4 | 129.8 | 0.2263 | 0.7216 | 10.57 | 29.85 |
| 25.00 | 6401 | 73.51 | 194.8 | 121.3 | 0.2387 | 0.7058 | 11.31 | 29.24 |
| 26.11 | 6565 | 78.91 | 190.7 | 111.8 | 0.2532 | 0.6894 | 12.10 | 28.60 |
| 27.22 | 6733 | 84.94 | 186.0 | 101.1 | 0.2707 | 0.6720 | 12.99 | 27.84 |
| 28.33 | 6902 | 91.88 | 180.4 | 88.49 | 0.2923 | 0.6507 | 14.00 | 26.95 |
| 29.44 | 7081 | 100.4 | 173.1 | 72.72 | 0.3204 | 0.6209 | 15.24 | 25.85 |
| 30.00 | 7164 | 105.6 | 168.4 | 62.76 | 0.3378 | 0.5992 | 16.01 | 25.15 |
| 30.56 | 7253 | 112.3 | 162.3 | 50.04 | 0.3581 | 0.5661 | 16.99 | 24.24 |
| 31.1 | 7391 | | | 0.00 | 0.4641 | 0.4641 | | |
| Temp. °C | P$_{vap}$ Vapor pressure kPa | H$_{liq}$ Heat content liquid J/g | H$_{vap}$ Heat content vapor J/g | Δ$_{vap}$H$^o$ Heat of vapor- ization J/g | ρ$_{vap}$ Density of vapor g/cm$^3$ | ρ$_{liq}$ Density of liquid g/cm$^3$ | S$_{liq}$ Entropy liquid J/mol-°C | S$_{vap}$ Entropy vapor J/mol-°C |

## Spectral data

UV-Vis :
| λ$_{max}$ | ? nm |
| Extinction coefficient, ε | ? |
| IR ||
| Major absorption bands | 2347 and 667 cm$^{−1}$ (4.26 and 14.99 um) |
| NMR ||
| Proton NMR | not applicable |
| Carbon-13 NMR | 125.0 |
| MS ||
| Masses of main fragments | |