# Reputational damage

Reputational damage is the loss to financial capital, social capital and/or market share resulting from damage to an organization's reputation. This is often measured in lost revenue, increased operating, capital or regulatory costs, or destruction of shareholder value. Ethics violations, safety issues, security issues, a lack of sustainability, poor quality, and lack of or unethical innovation can all cause reputational damage if they become known.
Reputational damage can result from an adverse or potentially criminal event, regardless of whether the company is directly responsible for said event (as was the case of the Chicago Tylenol murders in 1982). Extreme cases may lead to large financial losses or bankruptcy, as per the case of Arthur Andersen.
Reputation is recorded as an intangible asset in a company's financial records. Hence, damage to a firm's reputation has financial repercussions. Minor issues can be amplified by external social processes which lead to even more severe impacts on a firm's position.

## Examples of reputational damage
### Wells Fargo

Wells Fargo was exposed for opening millions of unauthorized bank accounts in 2016. This was done by the firm's retail bankers, who were encouraged or coerced by some supervisors.
The CEO (John Stumpf) and other executives were dismissed. Regulators subjected the bank to fines and penalties, and customers reduced, suspended, or discontinued activities with the bank. The company suffered from heavy reputational damage and financial losses.
Reputational risk was further worsened in 2019 when new legislation was introduced by the House of Representatives. The new legislation uncovered Wells Fargo's practice of offshoring thousands of American jobs and forcing soon to be unemployed workers to train their foreign replacements.
Wells Fargo reputation was further damaged when an Indian Wells Fargo executive was caught urinating on a fellow passenger on an international flight, and again when an employee died at her desk and no one noticed for over 4 days until a foul smell caused employees to complain.

### Toyota

Toyota recalled 8 million vehicles worldwide and froze the sales of eight models in the U.S. in January 2010 amongst pressure from the public, industry regulators and the media. By company estimates, Toyota lost approximately US$2 billion due to the recalls and subsequent lost sales. Additionally, Toyota was fined US$16 million for failing to report the issues promptly and endangering lives.
More tangible financial harm became evident in 2014, when Toyota and the U.S. Justice Department agreed on a settlement of US$1.2 billion and a public admission of guilt from Toyota for neglecting the defects. The reputational aftermath of these events was measured by Rasmussen, who found that despite 59% of Americans finding Toyota at least somewhat "favorable", there was a significant portion (29%) who found Toyota "very unfavorable".

### Boeing

A Boeing 737 Max jet crashed in 2018 in Indonesia killing 189 people then in 2019 another jet crashed killing 157 people. Boeing initially blamed lack of training and pilot error. Later it was discovered the aircraft had a secret pitch adjustment system called MCAS that would override pilot input. This was never disclosed to the operators or pilots. It was discovered that Boeing had offshored the software development to low pay overseas Indian software programmers with no experience in flight critical code. Boeing, grilled in congress for safety lapses, eventually fired the CEO for putting "profits ahead of safety". The planes were grounded for over a year while defects were corrected and airworthiness could be re-certified. He was replaced by then Boeing chairman Dave Calhoun. In 2024 a door plug fell off a Max 737 airplane operated by Alaska Airlines. United Airlines - one of the major customers of Boeing stated they no longer have confidence in Boeing to meet its contractual obligations. Southwest Airlines stated they were turning to Airbus - a Boeing competitor - for new airplanes. The persistent and ongoing quality lapses have tarnished Boeing's reputation.
"The 737 MAX crisis severely damaged Boeing’s reputation and eroded trust among key stakeholders, including airlines, passengers, regulators, and the general public. The accidents and subsequent revelations about the aircraft’s design and certification processes raised questions about Boeing’s commitment to safety and transparency."

## Reputational risk management

Proposed frameworks to manage reputational risk include:
* Systematically tracking evolving stakeholder expectations.
* Identifying stakeholder risk factors as part of a general risk management process.
* Transforming risk management processes to become more proactive rather than reflexive.
* Regularly auditing the catalysts of corporate reputations using the most recent reputation monitoring technologies and services.