# Tupari languages

The Tuparí languages of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family.

## Internal classification

The Tupari languages are:
* Tupari
** Makuráp
** Nuclear Tupari
*** Akuntsu–Mekéns (Sakirabiá, Waratégaya)
*** Tuparí, Kepkiriwát, Wayoró
None are spoken by more than a few hundred people.
A more recent internal classification by Nikulin & Andrade (2020) is given below:
* Tuparian
** Makurap
** Core Tuparian
*** Wayoró–Tuparí
**** Wayoró
**** Tuparí
*** Corumbiara
**** Mekéns
**** Akuntsú

## Varieties

Below is a list of Tupari language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.
* Tupari
** Macuráp group
*** Macuráp - spoken at the sources of the Colorado River (Rondônia).
*** Kanuːa / Koaratíra / Canoê - spoken in the valley of Apidía and on the middle course of the Verde River, Rondônia.
*** Amniapé - spoken at the sources of the Mequéns River.
*** Guaratégaja / Mequen - spoken at the sources of the Verde River and Mequéns River in the same region.
*** Kabishiana - spoken between the Corumbiara River and Verde River, Rondônia.
*** Wayoró / Wyarú - spoken at the sources of the Terevinto River and Colorado River (Rondônia).
*** Apichum - spoken in the same region but exact location unknown.
*** Tupari / Wakaraü - once spoken on the upper course of the Branco River or São Simão River, the same territory; now probably extinct.
** Kepkeriwát group
*** Kepkeriwát / Quepi-quiri-uate - spoken on the right bank of the Pimenta Bueno River.

## Proto-language

Proto-Tuparí reconstructions by Moore and Vilacy Galucio (1994):
    glossProto-Tuparí ‘sweet potato’*gwagwo ‘tapir’*ɨkwaay ‘macaw’*pet+'a ‘one’*kiẽt ‘small’*Dĩĩt ‘fish’*pot ‘fowl’*õkɨra ‘seed’*kit ‘neck’*gwotkɨp ‘heart’*ãnõã ‘to know’*toã ‘to give’*ñũã ‘to speak’*mãYã ‘sun, year’*ŋgiahkop ‘stone’*ŋwa+'i ‘earth’*kɨy ‘fire; firewood’*agopkap ‘mountain’*(n)dzo ‘person’*aotse ‘mother’*ñä ‘husband’*mẽt ‘hammock’*ẽ/*ĩnĩ ‘seat’*ãβõ-pe ‘seat’*ñãp-pe ‘hair’*Dap ‘tooth’*ñããy ‘hand’*mbo ‘nail’*mbo-ape ‘skin’*pe ‘liver’*pia ‘foot’*mbi ‘breast’*ŋẽp ‘blood (n)’*a ‘blood (n)’*eYɨ ‘tobacco’*pitoa ‘maize’*atsitsi ‘axe’*gwi ‘knife’*ŋgɨtpe ‘timbo’*ŋĩk ‘mortar’*ẽndzɨ ‘salt’*ŋgɨɨt ‘meat’*ñẽt+'ã ‘water (n)’*ɨgɨ ‘basin’*βãẽkɨt ‘dust’*ñõ'õ ‘path’*pee ‘night’*ŋĩndak ‘leaf’*Dep/*deep ‘Brazil nut tree’*kãnã ‘Brazil nut tree’*arao ‘assai (palm)’*gwit+'i ‘banana’*ehpiip ‘cotton’*ororo ‘genipap’*tsigaap ‘peanut’*araɨgwi ‘pepper’*kõỹ ‘armadillo’*ndayto ‘tail’*okway ‘snake’*Dat/*daat ‘lizard’*Dako ‘turtle’*mbok+'a ‘caiman’*gwaYto ‘crab’*kera ‘achiote’*ŋgop ‘horn’*apikɨp ‘paca’*gwãnãmbiro ‘deer’*ɨtsɨɨ ‘dog’*ãŋwẽko ‘ocelot’*ãŋwẽko Dĩĩt ‘agouti’*ŋwãkɨ̃ỹã ‘bat’*ŋwari+'a ‘coati’*pi'it ‘capuchin monkey’*sahkɨrap ‘spider monkey’*ãrĩmẽ ‘honey marten’ (kinkajou?)*ãmãnã ‘peccary’*Daotse ‘collared peccary’*Daotsey ‘louse’*ãŋgɨp ‘flea’*ñõk ‘wasp’*ŋgap ‘termite’*ŋgub+i ‘big ant’*Dat+'a ‘cockroach’*a ‘cockroach’*eβape ‘cicada’*ŋõtŋõna ‘scorpion’*kɨtnĩŋã ‘snail’*ɨ̃ỹã ‘piranha’*ipñãỹ ‘surubim’*ãnõrẽ ‘mandi’*mõkoa ‘toucan’*yo ‘toucan’*ñõkãt ‘duck’*ɨpek ‘vulture’*ɨβe ‘vulture’*ako ‘hawk’*kẽỹ+'ã ‘hummingbird’*mĩnĩt ‘owl’*popoβa ‘partridge’*kwãŋwã ‘basket, big’*ãŋgerek ‘canoe’*kɨp-pe ‘clothing’*pe ‘to drink’*ka ‘to take’*ara ‘to blow’*ɨβa ‘to vomit’*ẽkẽt ‘to push’*mõrã ‘to swim’*tĩptĩpnã ‘to see’*to'a ‘to see’*-tso- ‘hot’*ahkop ‘good’*poat ‘new’*pahgop ‘old’*poot ‘name’*Det ‘sour’*kãỹ ‘other’*nõõ ‘smooth’*atsik ‘rotten’*ãnde ‘rotten’*ãkwĩ ‘straight’*kɨɨt ‘distant’*gwetsok ‘2nd person’*ẽt

## Syntax

In all Tuparian languages, the main clauses follow the cross-linguistically rare nominative–absolutive pattern. Person prefixes on the verb are absolutive, i.e., they index the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) and the patient argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb (P). Person pronouns, which follow the verb (either cliticizing to it or not) are nominative: they may encode the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) or the agent argument of a transitive verb (A), but not the patient of a transitive verb (P). The example below is from Wayoró.$^{:99}$
V:verb
Eamõjãn
/e-amõc-a-t
2-dance-TH-NFUT
s-V
(en).
(ẽt)/
(2.NOM)
(S)
Eamõjãn (en).
/e-amõc-a-t (ẽt)/
2-dance-TH-NFUT (2.NOM)
s-V (S)
‘You danced.’
Etopkwap
/e-top-kʷ-a-p
2-see-PL-TH-p
p-V
nã
nã
FUT
on.
õt/
1.NOM
A
Etopkwap nã on.
/e-top-kʷ-a-p nã õt/
2-see-PL-TH-p FUT 1.NOM
p-V A
‘I’ll see you every day.’