OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rhosnesni

Rhosnesni (Welsh pronunciation) is an area and electoral ward in the community of Acton in Wrexham, Wrexham County Borough, Wales. The population of the ward at the 2011 census was 3,683.
The settlement developed around the toll gate on Holt Road (the cottage of which still stands) and was expanded in the late 19th century by the addition of estate houses for the Acton Park estate. Following the breakup of the Acton estate in the 20th century much of the local land was bought up by private developers and Rhosnesni became an urban area.
Rhosnesni High School is situated in the area.
1st Rhosnesni Scout Group and K2 Explorer Scout Unit meet in the Scout hut which dates from the 1920s.
# Farrukh Javed

Farrukh Javed is a Pakistani politician who was a Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, from 2002 to May 2018.

## Early life and education

He was born on 6 June 1958 in Arain family in Arifwala.
He has a degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery which he obtained in 1985 from Nishtar Medical College.

## Political career

He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (Q) from Constituency PP-230 (Pakpattan-IV) in 2002 Pakistani general election.
He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) from Constituency PP-230 (Pakpattan-IV) in 2008 Pakistani general election.
He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency PP-230 (Pakpattan-IV) in 2013 Pakistani general election. In June 2013, he was inducted into the provincial cabinet of Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif and was made Provincial Minister of Punjab for Agriculture. He remained Minister for Agriculture until the cabinet reshuffle in November 2016, when he was made Provincial Minister of Punjab for literacy and non-formal education.
# Rhys Moller

Rhys Moller (born 12 January 1989) is an Australian motorcycle racer. He has been a competitor in his home Grand Prix in the 125cc World Championship as a wild card rider.

## Career statistics
### Grand Prix motorcycle racing
#### By season

| Season | Class | Motorcycle | Team | Race | Win | Podium | Pole | FLap | Pts | Plcd |
| 2005 | 125cc | Honda | JBD Racing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC |
| 2006 | 125cc | Honda | Rhys Moller Racing | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC |
| 2007 | 125cc | Honda | Rhys Moller Racing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC |
| 2008 | 125cc | Honda | Rhys Moller Racing | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC |
| Total | | | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |

#### Races by year

| Year | Class | Bike | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | Pos. | Points |
| 2005 | 125cc | Honda | SPA | POR | CHN | FRA | ITA | CAT | NED | GBR | GER | CZE | JPN | MAL | QAT | AUS DNQ | TUR | VAL | | NC | 0 |
| 2006 | 125cc | Honda | SPA | QAT | TUR | CHN | FRA | ITA | CAT | NED | GBR | GER | CZE | MAL | AUS Ret | JPN | POR | VAL | | NC | 0 |
| 2007 | 125cc | Honda | QAT | SPA | TUR | CHN | FRA | ITA | CAT | GBR | NED | GER | CZE | RSM | POR | JPN | AUS DNQ | MAL | VAL | NC | 0 |
| 2008 | 125cc | Honda | QAT | SPA | POR | CHN | FRA | ITA | CAT | GBR | NED | GER | CZE | RSM | INP | JPN | AUS Ret | MAL | VAL | NC | 0 |
# Gothic Electronic Anthems

Gothic Electronic Anthems is the debut studio album by Norwegian gothic metal band Gothminister, released in 2003. The album was rereleased in 2014 by the German music label AFM records.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Bjørn Alexander Brem

## Personnel
### Band

* Bjørn Alexander Brem - vocalsv, instruments
* Bjørn Aadland - guitar
* Goatfather - guitar, choir
* Rico Darum - guitar
* Sjur "Sick" Miljeteig - choir

### Production

* Sandra Jensen - art direction, design, photography
* Bjørn Alexander Brem - programming
* Andy Moxnes - producer, recording, programming (Additional)
* Peder Kjellsby - producer, recording, programming (Additional)
* Rico Darum - producer, recording, programming (Additional)
* Sjur Miljeteig - producer, recording, programming (Additional)
* Superdead - producer, recording, programming (Additional)
* Thrawn Llåvslaavk - mastering
# Richard Allman

Richard Lane Allman (1813 – 22 December 1904) was an Irish businessman from Bandon in County Cork. He was also an Irish Liberal Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1880 to 1885. His brother was the botanist and natural history professor George Allman.

## Early life

Allman was the son of James C. Allman and his wife Sarah née Lane.
The family were entrepreneurs in Bandon in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Initially they ran a cotton mill at Overton, near Bandon, but when this declined they established Bandon Distillery in 1826.

## Business life

Allman's distillery produced up to 600,000 gallons of whiskey per year, which was mostly exported. However, trade was badly hit by prohibition in the United States and by the Great Depression. Production stopped in 1925, and the business closed in 1929.

## Parliament

At the general election in April 1880, Allman unsuccessfully contested the borough of Bandon. He lost by 15 votes (175:200) to the Conservative Percy Broderick Bernard, a nephew of the 3rd Earl of Bandon whose family had held the seat for most of the 19th century.
However, Bernard resigned from the House of Commons in June 1880, and at the resulting by-election on 25 June 1880, Allman was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Bandon. He had won 217 votes, against the 172 for the Conservative J. W. Payne.
The borough was disenfranchised at the 1885 general election.
# Ricardo Emilio Bofill

Ricardo Emilio Bofill (born 1965 in Barcelona), full Spanish name Ricardo Emilio Bofill Maggiora Vergano, also known as Ricardo Bofill Jr., is a Spanish architect, author and film director from Catalonia. As of late January 2022, he is co-head of the architecture and design firm Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura (RBTA), jointly with his half-brother Pablo Bofill.

## Biography

Ricardo Emilio Bofill is the son of architect Ricardo Bofill, who founded RBTA in 1963, and of Italian actress Serena Vergano. He went to school at St. Peter's School, then at Escola Ausiàs March, both in Barcelona. He studied architecture at Rice University School of Architecture in Houston, then at Harvard Graduate School of Design, and real estate development at Columbia University. In September 1993 he married socialite Chabeli Iglesias; they separated in early 1995. From 1995 to early 2004 he was in a relationship with Mexican singer Paulina Rubio.
He joined RBTA in the late 1990s and has participated in the design of projects in China, India, and Russia.

## Works
### Fiction

* Perséfone (in Spanish), Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1995
* Bajo mi piel (in Spanish), Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1998

### Film

* Hot milk [es] (in Spanish, featuring actors Macarena Gómez and Enrique San Francisco among others), 2005
# Rhytidicolidae

Rhytidicolidae, also known as golden tunnel-web spiders, is a small Neotropical family of mygalomorph spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1903. It was originally described as a tribe and considered a junior synonym of Aporoptychinae Simon, 1889 (now Cyrtaucheniidae) by Raven in 1985.
In 2022, Rhythidicolidae was elevated to family level. The family currently consists of two genera and 14 species.

## Genera

As of September 2023, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera.
* Fufius Simon, 1888 — Central and South America
* Rhytidicolus Simon, 1889 — Venezuela
# Rhytidiopsis

Rhytidiopsis is a monotypic genus of mosses belonging to the family Hylocomiaceae. The only species is Rhytidiopsis robusta.
The species is found in Northern America.
# Bastock

Bastock is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Paul Bastock (born 1970), English footballer
* Archie Bastock (1869–1964), Welsh footballer
* Margaret Bastock (1920–1984), English zoologist and geneticist
# Basto (horse)

Basto (1703 – c. 1723) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse, who was one of the most celebrated racehorses of the early 18th century. He was described as "remarkably strong... one of the most beautiful horses of his colour that ever appeared in this kingdom".

## History

Basto was a brown horse, sired by the Byerley Turk, out of Bay Peg, a daughter of the Leedes Arabian. His breeder, Sir William Ramsden, sold the horse to the Duke of Devonshire while he was still young.
In his racing career at the home of British racing in Newmarket, he won at least five match races (possibly more, since he raced before records were reliably kept) against some of the leading horses of the time.
At the Duke of Devonshire's stud, he sired several important racemares and broodmares including the dams of Old Crab, Blacklegs and Snip. Other offspring included Brown Betty, Coquette and Soreheels.

## Race record

| Date | Race name | Dist (miles) | Course | Prize | Odds | Runners | Place | Runner-up |
| October 1708 | Match race | 4 | Newmarket | not known | not known | 2 | 1 | Lord Treasurer's Squirrel |
| November 1708 | Match race | 5 | Newmarket | not known | not known | 2 | 1 | Lord Treasurer's Billy |
| March 1709 | Match race | 4 | Newmarket | not known | not known | 2 | 1 | Lord Raylton's Chance |
| October 1709 | Match race | 5 | Newmarket | not known | not known | 2 | 1 | Mr Pulleine's Tantivy |
| 1710 | Match race | 4 | Newmarket | not known | not known | 2 | 1 | Marquis of Dorchester's Brisk |

## Sire line tree

* Basto
** Soreheels
*** Grey Soreheels
** Little Scar

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Basto, brown stallion, 1703 :
| Sire Byerley Turk c.1680 | (unknown) | (unknown) | (unknown) |
| Sire Byerley Turk c.1680 | (unknown) | (unknown) | (unknown) |
| Sire Byerley Turk c.1680 | (unknown) | (unknown) | (unknown) |
| Sire Byerley Turk c.1680 | (unknown) | (unknown) | (unknown) |
| Sire Byerley Turk c.1680 | (unknown) | (unknown) | (unknown) |
| Sire Byerley Turk c.1680 | (unknown) | (unknown) | (unknown) |
| Sire Byerley Turk c.1680 | (unknown) | (unknown) | (unknown) |
| Sire Byerley Turk c.1680 | (unknown) | (unknown) | (unknown) |
| Dam Bay Peg c.1690 | Leedes Arabian bl. c.1670 | (unknown) | (unknown) |
| Dam Bay Peg c.1690 | Leedes Arabian bl. c.1670 | (unknown) | (unknown) |
| Dam Bay Peg c.1690 | Leedes Arabian bl. c.1670 | (unknown) | (unknown) |
| Dam Bay Peg c.1690 | Leedes Arabian bl. c.1670 | (unknown) | (unknown) |
| Dam Bay Peg c.1690 | Young Bald Peg c.1673 | Spanker | (unknown) |
| Dam Bay Peg c.1690 | Young Bald Peg c.1673 | Spanker | (unknown) |
| Dam Bay Peg c.1690 | Young Bald Peg c.1673 | Old Morocco Mare gr. c.1655 | Fairfax Morocco Barb gr. c.1633 |
| Dam Bay Peg c.1690 | Young Bald Peg c.1673 | Old Morocco Mare gr. c.1655 | Old Bald Peg c.1650 |
# Bastob Roy

Bastob Roy is an Indian former professional football player and current coach. During his playing days, Roy played for Mohun Bagan, Mohammedan, Tollygunge Agragami, and George Telegraph.

## Coaching career

On 28 July 2015 it was announced that Roy would become the assistant coach of Indian Super League side Atlético de Kolkata. Roy was made the head coach of the under-23 side. On 28 October 2016, after the suspension of Kolkata's head coach, José Francisco Molina, Roy was confirmed to take charge of the side for their match against NorthEast United. Despite going down 1–0, Atlético de Kolkata came back to win 2–1 and move to first place.
# Bastogne (Chamber of Representatives constituency)

Bastogne was a constituency used to elect a single member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives between 1831 and 1900.

## Representatives

| Election | Representative (Party) | Representative (Party) |
| 1831 | | François d'Hoffschmidt (Liberal) |
| 1833 | | François d'Hoffschmidt (Liberal) |
| 1837 | Constant d'Hoffschmidt (Liberal) |
| 1841 | Constant d'Hoffschmidt (Liberal) |
| 1845 | Constant d'Hoffschmidt (Liberal) |
| 1848 | Constant d'Hoffschmidt (Liberal) |
| 1852 | Constant d'Hoffschmidt (Liberal) |
| 1856 | | Jean-Pierre Lambin (Catholic) |
| 1857 | | Jean-Pierre Lambin (Catholic) |
| 1861 | Emile Van Hoorde (Catholic) |
| 1864 | Emile Van Hoorde (Catholic) |
| 1868 | | Hubert Schmitz (Liberal) |
| 1870 | | Emile Van Hoorde (Catholic) |
| 1874 | | Emile Van Hoorde (Catholic) |
| 1878 | | Emile Van Hoorde (Catholic) |
| 1882 | | Emile Van Hoorde (Catholic) |
| 1886 | | Emile Van Hoorde (Catholic) |
| 1890 | | Emile Van Hoorde (Catholic) |
| 1892 | | Emile Van Hoorde (Catholic) |
| 1894 | | Emile Van Hoorde (Catholic) |
| 1898 | Henry Delvaux de Fenffe (Catholic) |
| 1900 | Merged into Arlon-Marche-Bastogne | Merged into Arlon-Marche-Bastogne |
# 2023 Atlanta Open – Doubles

Nathaniel Lammons and Jackson Withrow defeated Max Purcell and Jordan Thompson in the final, 7–6$^{(7–3)}$, 7–6$^{(7–4)}$ to win the doubles tennis title at the 2023 Atlanta Open.
Thanasi Kokkinakis and Nick Kyrgios were the reigning champions, but Kyrgios chose not to participate this year. Kokkinakis was scheduled to partner Lloyd Harris, but withdrew before their first round match.

## Seeds

* Jamie Murray / Michael Venus (first round)
* Nicolas Mahut / Édouard Roger-Vasselin (first round)
* Marcelo Melo / John Peers (semifinals)
* Nathaniel Lammons / Jackson Withrow (champions)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | J Murray M Venus | 4 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Purcell J Thompson | 6 | 6 | | | M Purcell J Thompson | 6 | 6$^2$ | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| Alt | A Harris A Vukic | 4 | 5 | | WC | T Bryde E Quinn | 4 | 7$^7$ | [2] | | | | | | | | |
| WC | T Bryde E Quinn | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | M Purcell J Thompson | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | |
| 3 | M Melo J Peers | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | 3 | M Melo J Peers | 6$^4$ | 3 | | | | |
| | LD Martínez R Stalder | 1 | 6$^3$ | | 3 | M Melo J Peers | 6 | 3 | [13] | | | | | | | | |
| | D Evans J-P Smith | 2 | 6 | [4] | | W Blumberg R Ram | 3 | 6 | [11] | | | | | | | | |
| | W Blumberg R Ram | 6 | 1 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | | M Purcell J Thompson | 6$^3$ | 6$^4$ |
| | Y Bhambri S Myneni | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | 4 | N Lammons J Withrow | 7$^7$ | 7$^7$ |
| WC | K King A Martin | 3 | 4 | | | Y Bhambri S Myneni | 6 | 3 | [8] | | | | | | | | |
| | B McLachlan B Shelton | 7$^7$ | 5 | [7] | 4 | N Lammons J Withrow | 3 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | N Lammons J Withrow | 6$^5$ | 7 | [10] | | | | | | 4 | N Lammons J Withrow | 7$^{10}$ | 6 | | | | |
| | A Göransson MÁ Reyes-Varela | 7$^7$ | 6$^2$ | [8] | | | | | | | J Cash R Galloway | 6$^8$ | 4 | | | | |
| | E King C Lestienne | 6$^3$ | 7$^7$ | [10] | | E King C Lestienne | 5 | 6 | [7] | | | | | | | | |
| | J Cash R Galloway | 7$^9$ | 7$^{12}$ | | | J Cash R Galloway | 7 | 3 | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | N Mahut É Roger-Vasselin | 6$^7$ | 6$^{10}$ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Fatal: Chapter 1

Fatal: Chapter 1 (Hindi: घातक: अध्याय 1) is an Indian, Hindi-Language Web Series directed by Chinii Chetan for MX Player. The series stars Zuber K. Khan, Suresh Vishwakarma and Sunil Mani in key roles alongside Manisha Tambade.

## Summary

When an unidentified fingerprint is discovered on a crime scene Insp. Kadam finds himself in a spiral of deceiving clues facing a powerful foe.

## Cast

* Zuber K. Khan as Maddy
* Suresh Vishwakarma as Inspector Kadam
* Sunil Mani as Ritesh
* Manisha Tambade as Kavya
* Soonia Prajapat as Nancy
* Shubham Pradeep Surve as Jolly

## Production

The web-series was mostly shot in Shirdi and Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

## Overview

Series overview :
| Series | Episodes | Episodes | Originally aired | Originally aired |
| Series | Episodes | Episodes | First aired | Last aired |
| Chapter 1 | 6 | 6 | 14 March 2024 (2024-03-14) | 14 March 2024 (2024-03-14) |
# Riccardo Fellini

Riccardo Fellini ( 21 February 1921 - 26 March 1991) was an Italian film actor. He also worked as a director on documentaries for RAI. He was the brother of the director Federico Fellini and starred in his 1953 film I Vitelloni. His younger sister was the actress Maddalena Fellini.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1942 | The Three Pilots | Un allievo aviere | Uncredited |
| 1943 | Apparition | Un amico di Franco | Uncredited |
| 1943 | Farewell Love! | Un amico di Luigi | |
| 1944 | The Children Are Watching Us | Riccardo | Uncredited |
| 1953 | I Vitelloni | Riccardo | |
| 1954 | The Cheerful Squadron | Il soldato Bonaparte | |
| 1956 | Symphony of Love | Kupelweiser | |
| 1956 | I vagabondi delle stelle | Tonino | |
| 1957 | Nights of Cabiria | | Uncredited |
| 1958 | Città di notte | | |
| 1959 | Il padrone delle ferriere | Max de Tremblay | |
| 1961 | Latin Lovers | | (segment "Infedeltà coniugale, L'") |
| 1963 | The Conjugal Bed | Riccardo | (final film role) |
# Ribeira Grande, Cape Verde

Ribeira Grande (also: Povoação) is the largest town of the Ribeira Grande Municipality on the island of Santo Antão, Cape Verde. It has become a city in 2010. In 2010 its population was 2,564. It is situated in the northeastern part of the island, near the outflow of the river Ribeira Grande and its tributary Ribeira da Torre into the Atlantic Ocean. Neighborhoods include Tarrafal, Rua de Agua, Rua d'Horta and Penha de França.

## History

Although the island was already discovered in 1462, the first evidence of settlement dates from 1548. The main settlement was Ribeira Grande, which became the seat of the municipality of Santo Antão in 1732.
Its earlier buildings are built with Portuguese colonial architecture. The church of Nossa Senhora do Rosário is the parish church.
Notable people includes chemist Roberto Duarte Silva, poet Manuel de Novas, and José Luís Jesus, former foreign minister and president of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea.

## Demographics

| Year | Population |
| 1990 | 2,550 |
| 2005 | 2,950 |
| 2010 | 2,564 |
# Graham Watson (footballer, born 1949)

Graham Sidney "Willie" Watson (born 31 August 1949) is an English former footballer who played in the Football League for Cambridge United, Doncaster Rovers, Lincoln City, and Rotherham United.
# Rhytiphora albolateralis

Rhytiphora albolateralis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was first described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938 as Saperdopsis albolateralis. In 1961 von Breuning transferred it to the genus, Rhytiphora. It is known from Australia, its holotype having been collected in Cooktown.
# Barwon Heads Bridge

The Barwon Heads Bridge is a road bridge and a separate pedestrian bridge across the Barwon River between Barwon Heads and Ocean Grove, Victoria, Australia. The bridge is the only crossing of the Barwon River between Geelong and the river mouth at Barwon Heads.

## History

The original timber bridge was the longest surviving example of a timber stringer road bridge in Victoria. It was constructed entirely of timber in 1926–1927, and was a "causeway"-type structure, having a low, flat profile, with closely spaced piers. A 2006 condition report determined that the bridge had reached the end of its effective life and should be replaced.

## Description

The new road bridge, which replaced the historic timber bridge, utilised components and design elements of the original Barwon Heads Bridge. The road bridge consists of 34 spans supported by 185 treated timber piles (five timber piles to each pier), galvanised steel I beams and reinforced concrete deck. The piers are spaced to match the original timber bridge. The bridge is 308.5 metres (1,012 ft) long and 9 metres (30 ft) wide and it carries two 3.3-metre-wide (11 ft) traffic lanes.
The new 4.5-metre-wide (15 ft) pedestrian bridge is located 10 metres (33 ft) downstream from the new road bridge. It is a modern concrete bridge with 18-metre-long (59 ft) spans supported by one pile per pier.
Construction of the bridge began in May 2009 and it was completed and opened to traffic in December 2010.
# Barwon Health

Barwon Health is a health care provider in Geelong, Australia, with services ranging from hospital, rehabilitation, maternity, elderly care, community health centres and mental health services. Founded in 1998, Barwon Health is among the largest comprehensive regional health services in Australia and also one of the largest regional employers in the country. Its facilities include University Hospital Geelong (formerly Geelong Hospital), the McKellar Centre, an urgent care centre in Barwon Health North, and five community service centres in Victoria, located in Corio, Belmont, Newcomb, Torquay, and Anglesea.

## History

Barwon Health was founded as a regional health service provider in 1998 following the amalgamation of the five following service providers:
* Geelong Hospital (now University Hospital Geelong)
* Grace McKellar Centre (now named McKellar Centre)
* Surf Coast Community Health Centre (Torquay and Anglesea)
* Geelong Community Health Centre
* Corio Community Health Centre
# Batoata

Batoata is a village in the Nzérékoré Prefecture in the Nzérékoré Region of south-eastern Guinea.
# Battle of Farnham

The Battle of Farnham was an armed conflict between the Anglo-Saxons, under the command of Alfred the Great and Edward the Elder, and the Norse Viking invaders. The raiding army of the Vikings had captured much loot from Hampshire and Berkshire before starting to return to Essex and their fleet. A Wessex army led by Edward, son of King Alfred, intercepted them at Farnham, defeated them and recaptured the plunder. The battle concluded with the vikings fleeing across the Thames towards Essex.
# Batrachedra folia

Batrachedra folia is a moth in the family Batrachedridae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona.
# Akikawa Kyūryō Prefectural Natural Park

Akikawa Kyūryō Prefectural Natural Park (都立秋川丘陵自然公園, Toritsu Akikawa Kyūryō shizen kōen) is a Prefectural Natural Park in Tokyo, Japan. Established in 1953, it is in the foothills on the right bank of the Aki River (秋川). It is adjacent to the Chichibu Tama Kai National Park and Takiyama Prefectural Natural Park.
# Battery Howe-Wagner

Battery Howe-Wagner (1895–1920) was one of seventeen gun batteries developed in the Endicott Board period which formed the Coastal Artillery defenses at Fort Winfield Scott in the Presidio of San Francisco. It was charged with the coastal and harbor defenses of the City of San Francisco and the San Francisco Bay.

## History

Originally named Battery Howe, the battery was built to provide both seaward and harbor defenses against enemy warships. Completed in 1895, the battery consisted of four pits, each armed with four 12-inch mortars. The guns had a range of approximately 8 miles.
In 1902 the battery was divided—the two eastern pits retained the name Battery Howe and the two western pits were renamed Battery Arthur Wagner. Designed in the shaped of a cross, this type of battery is called an "Abbott Cross" after General Henry Larcom Abbot, Corps of Engineers, who advocated the use of mortars for seacoast defense. By contrast, the four other mortar batteries in the Harbor Defenses of San Francisco are linear in design. This battery had a 360-degree field of fire and could target the beaches in its range in addition to water. The mortars were dismounted in 1920.

## Naming

Battery Howe was named in honor of Colonel Albion P. Howe, Fourth Artillery, a veteran of the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War who also served in San Francisco.
Battery Wagner was named in honor of Colonel Arthur L. Wagner, military secretary who served in the Spanish–American War.