OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gaius Norbanus Flaccus (consul 24 BC)

Gaius Norbanus Flaccus (fl. 1st century BC) was a Roman senator who was appointed Roman consul in 24 BC as the colleague of the emperor Augustus.

## Biography

A member of the Nobiles, Flaccus was the son of Gaius Norbanus Flaccus, who had been consul in 38 BC. The father possessed a good relationship with Augustus, and this connection was continued with the younger Flaccus, who became consul as the colleague of the emperor. In either 18/17 or 17/16 BC, the sortition appointed him proconsular governor of Asia. Flaccus was also a member of the Quindecimviri sacris faciundis.
Flaccus was married to Cornelia Balba, a daughter of Lucius Cornelius Balbus the Younger, and they had at least three children: Gaius Norbanus Flaccus (consul of AD 15), Lucius Norbanus Balbus (consul of AD 19) and a daughter, Norbana Clara.
# Gaius Octavius Laenas

Gaius Octavius Laenas was a Roman senator, who was active during the Principate. He was suffect consul in the second half of AD 33 as the colleague of Lucius Salvius Otho. Laenas was also curator aquarum, or overseer of the aqueducts and water supply of Rome from the death of Marcus Cocceius Nerva from about the year 33 to the year 38.
Octavius Laenas is important for genealogical reasons, as Ronald Syme explains. He was the son of another Octavius Laenas, who is otherwise unattested, and Sergia "presumed a daughter of the patrician L. Sergius Plautus". Besides the future consul, the elder Laenas and Sergia also had a daughter, Sergia Plautilla, who married Marcus Cocceius Nerva; their children included the future emperor Nerva. The younger Laenas married Rubellia Bassa, the daughter of his maternal cousin Gaius Rubellius Blandus, suffect consul in 18. That Blandus was married, either before or after the birth of Rubellia, to Julia Livia, great-granddaughter of the emperor Tiberius, which aligned Laenas with the ruling Julio-Claudian dynasty.
Together Laenas and Rubellia Bassa are known to have at least one child, a surmised son, who was the grandfather of Sergius Octavius Laenas Pontianus, consul in 131.
# Salkowski's test

Salkowski's test, also known simply as Salkowski test, is a qualitative chemical test, that is used in chemistry and biochemistry for detecting a presence of cholesterol and other sterols. This biochemical method got its name after German biochemist Ernst Leopold Salkowski, who is known for development of multiple new chemical tests, that are used for detection of different kinds of molecules (besides cholesterol and other sterols also for creatinine, carbon monoxide, glucose and indoles). A solution that has tested positive on the Salkowski's test becomes red and gets yellow glow.

## Basic information
### Procedure

For Salkowski test's procedure one needs a sample, that is to be tested for sterols, as well as chloroform and concentrated sulfuric acid that represent Salkowski's reagent. Usually the solution of chloroform and the sample is prepared first and later treated with concentrated sulfuric (VI) acid. After that the whole solution needs to be shaken well. It is important to use only dried glassware, as dehydration reaction occurs during the test's procedure.
A solution that has tested positive on this qualitative chemical test exhibits two distinct layers in a test tube; the upper layer (chloroform) gets blueish red to violet colour, while the layer of sulfuric acid becomes yellow to green, with greenish glow being visible. If a sample does not contain any cholesterol or other sterols, colour of the tested solution remains unchanged and retains its original colour.
Salkowski test can also be used to test the presence of indoles (crystalline alkaloids that are a degradation products of proteins, containing tryptophan). In such cases a sample is treated with nitric acid and 2% solution of potassium nitrite, with positive reaction being shown by presence of red colour.

### Chemistry of the test

Treating a solution of a sample, containing sterols, with chloroform and highly hygroscopic sulfuric acid, leads to a dehydration reaction (two water molecules are removed from two cholesterol molecules) and formation of new double bonds. During the chemical reaction two sterols bind together and bisterol (bisteroid) is formed; bi-cholestadien (double cholestene with two double bonds) in a case of cholesterol. Red colour of a solution is a consequence of bi-sulfonic acid of a bi-cholestadien, which is a product of sulfuric acid sulfonating bi-cholestadien.
# Gandepalle mandal

Gandepalle mandal is one of the 21 mandals in Kakinada District of Andhra Pradesh. As per census 2011, there are 13 villages.

## Demographics

Gandepalle Mandal has total population of 54,278 as per the Census 2011 out of which 27,075 are males while 27,203 are females and the average Sex Ratio of Gandepalle Mandal is 1,005. The total literacy rate of Gandepalle Mandal is 59.69%. The male literacy rate is 54.88% and the female literacy rate is 52.21%.

## Towns and villages
### Villages

* Borrampalem
* Gandepalle
* Mallepalle
* Murari
* North Tirupathi Rajapuram
* P.Nayakampalle
* Pro. Ragampeta
* Singarampalem
* Surampalem
* Talluru
* Uppalapadu
* Yellamilli
* Yerrampalem
# Annealed pyrolytic graphite

Annealed Pyrolytic Graphite (APG), also known as Thermally Annealed Pyrolytic Graphite (TPG), is a form of synthetic graphite that offers excellent in-plane thermal conductivity. As with pyrolytic carbon or pyrolytic graphite (PG), APG is also low in mass, is electrically conductive, and offers diamagnetic properties that allow it to levitate in magnetic fields.

## Physical Properties

APG is an anisotropic material with extremely high in-plane thermal conductivity (1,700 W/m-K at room temperature) and low through-thickness conductivity. Its laminate structure remains stable across a wide temperature range allowing it to be used in a variety of heat transfer applications. APG's conductivity generally increases as the temperature decreases, peaking at 2,800 W/m-K at approximately 150 K. Unlike pyrolytic graphite, the x-y planar conductivity is consistent across each basal plane, thus the conductivity in the center planes is consistent with the outer planes. The in-plane covalently bonded carbon atoms in a hexagonal geometry account for APG's high in-plane thermal conductivity and its high in-plane stiffness. Through its thickness, these hexagonal planes are weakly bonded (van der Waals bonds) resulting in a material with poor through-thickness thermal conductivity, stiffness, and strength.

## Synthesis

APG is produced in a process similar method to Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG), where hydrocarbon gas is heated until it breaks down into carbon. Pyrolytic graphite (PG) is then grown on plates using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. The PG is then annealed at high temperature to form the more planar and more uniform carbon structure of APG, described above. The primary difference between the HOPG and APG synthesis methods is that the APG annealing process does not require the use of induced stresses, resulting in a more affordable and practical bulk material for production use.

## Applications

APG is primarily used as a heat spreader for the thermal management of high-end electronics. Due to its poor mechanical properties APG is typically encapsulated within in structural metallic materials. Aluminum is the most commonly chosen encapsulant for its strength, low mass, cost, manufacturability, and thermal conductivity. Since APG's conductivity is much lower through its thickness, thermal vias are sometimes inserted into the assembly to transfer heat into the graphite, as shown in Figure 1. These vias are typically composed of aluminum or copper. Thin, flexible sheets of APG can be encapsulated in thin flexible materials, such as polymers, aluminum foil, or copper foil to create what is known as a Thermal Strap.
Aerospace: Aluminum-APG plates are most commonly used as heat spreader plates to transfer heat away from high power density electronics in aircraft and spacecraft.
Scientific Cameras: Cu-APG plates are used to cool and isothermalize CCD detectors at cryogenic temperatures.
# A&E

A&E or A+E may refer to:

## Music

* A&E Records, a British record label
* A+E (album), 2012, by Graham Coxon
* "A&E" (song), 2008, by Goldfrapp
* "A+E" (song), 2012, by Clean Bandit

## Television

* A&E Networks, an American broadcasting company
** A&E (TV network), an American pay TV network
** A&E (German TV channel)
** A&E (Spanish and Portuguese TV channel)
** A&E (Australian TV channel)

## Other uses

* Accident and emergency, a term for a hospital's emergency department
# 8th century in architecture
## Buildings and structures
### Buildings

* 709 – Jami Al-Aqsa first built in Jerusalem, Umayyad Empire (begun in 707).
* 709 – Small Wild Goose Pagoda in China is completed.
* before 710 – Qasr Kharana castle built in the Umayyad Empire.
* 710 – The capital of Japan is moved from Fujiwara-kyō to Heijō-kyō (平城京) (Nara).
* 711 – Fujiwara-kyō is destroyed by a fire.
* c. 711 – Hōryū-ji temple reconstructed in Ikaruga, Japan.
* 714 – Umayyad Mosque built in Damascus, capital of the Umayyad Empire. Begun in 707.
* 715 – Umayyad city of Anjar built in Lebanon.
* c. 715 – Qasr Amra castle built in the Umayyad Empire.
* c. 717–757 – Church of St John the Baptist, Kerch in Crimea is constructed.
* 721 – Al-Omari Mosque (Bosra) completed in Umayyad Syria.
* c. 730–800 – Gebang Hindu temple at Yogyakarta on Java is built.
* 739 – A Benedictine monastery is built adjoining the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan.
* c. 744 – Construction begun on the Mshatta Umayyad Palace.
* c. 744 – Umayyad palace of Khirbat al-Mafjar near Jericho, Palestine built.
* 746 – Castle of Gormaz built in Spain.
* 750s – Belfry of Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome constructed.
* 751
** Bulguksa of Korea is expanded.
** Seokguram of Korea is constructed.
** Tōdai-ji (東大寺) temple in Heijō-kyō (Nara), Japan is completed (the modern-day building is a 1709 reconstruction).
* 755 – Hieroglyphic staircase finished in the Maya city of Copán.
* 759 – Tōshōdai-ji (唐招提寺) temple founded in Heijō-kyō (Nara), Japan.
* 762 – Medinat as-Salam (modern-day Baghdad) founded as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.
* 765 – Saidai-ji (西大寺) temple is founded in Heijō-kyō (Nara), Japan.
* 768 – Kasuga Shrine (春日大社) first founded in Heijō-kyō (Nara), Japan.
* 770 – Rock-carved Kailash Temple in Ellora, India commissioned by Rashtrakuta King Krishna I.
* 771 – Jami Al-Aqsa in Jerusalem rebuilt by the Abbasid caliph Al Mansur.
* 774
** Lorsch Abbey consecrated.
** Construction of Charlemagne's palace at Ingelheim am Rhein begun.
* 775 – Basilica of St Denis near Paris is consecrated.
* c. 775–778 – Al-Ukhaidir Fortress built in Mesopotamia, Abbasid Caliphate.
* By 778 – Kalasan temple on Java completed. The adjacent Sari temple is built about the same time.
* 781 – San Vicente of Oviedo church, first monument built in Oviedo, Kingdom of Asturias.
* 784–6 – Aljama Mosque (Mosque of Córdoba (Mezquita de Córdoba)) built in the Emirate of Córdoba, designed by Sidi ben Ayub for Emir Abd al-Rahman I.
* 786 – Aachen Cathedral begun.
* 787 – Construction of the first Würzburg Cathedral (building no longer existing).
* 790s – Villa and oratory at Germigny-des-Prés begun.
* 799 – Lyon Cathedral begun.
* second half of the 8th century; Church of St Donatus, located in Zadar, Croatia.

## Births

* 742 – Odo of Metz, Carolingian architect (died 814)
# Brandeis Award (privacy)

The Louis D. Brandeis Privacy Award is named in honor of US Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis and awarded by Patient Privacy Rights, the top US health privacy watchdog, representing the public's rights and interests in restoring control over the use of medical records/health data. It recognizes "significant intellectual, cultural, legal, scholarly, and technical contributions to the field of health information privacy." (In his 1928 dissent to Olmstead v. United States, Brandeis famously defined privacy as "the right to be left alone.")
Recipients include the following.
* 2012: Joe Barton, Ed Markey, Ross J. Anderson, Alan Westin
* 2013: Peter Hustinx, Mark Rothstein
* 2014: Latanya Sweeney, Peter Schaar
* 2015: Alex Pentland, Masao Horibe
* 2016: Joe Cannataci
* 2017: Nikolaus Forgó
Privacy International, a UK privacy activist organization, also has its own Louis Brandeis Award for privacy.
# 801 Helwerthia

801 Helwerthia is a C-type asteroid orbiting in the Main belt near the Eunomia family. However, it is not a family member but an un-related interloper in the region because its composition is inconsistent with membership. Its diameter is about 33 km, its albedo around 0.038. An international team of astronomers observed this minor planet photometrically in 2012, determining a rotation period of 23.93±0.01 h with an amplitude of 0.15±0.03 in magnitude.
# 801 AM

The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 801 kHz:

## Australia

* VL4QY Cairns, Queensland
* VL5RM at Berri, South Australia

## China

* GRT Pearl River Economic Radio in Maoming

## North Korea

Pyongyang Broadcasting Station (평양방송), Kimchaek

## Philippines

* DXES at General Santos
* DYKA at San Jose
* DZNC at Cauayan

## Spain

Radio Nacional from several transmitters

## United States

| Call sign | City of license | Facility ID | Class | Unlimited power (kW) | Transmitter coordinates |
| KTWG | Agana, Guam | 67503 | B | 10 | 13°27′07″N 144°42′32″E﻿ / ﻿13.451944°N 144.708889°E﻿ / 13.451944; 144.708889﻿ (KAGH - 10 kW unlimited) |
# 88.0 FM

This is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM 88.6 frequency 88.0 FM MHz:

## Australia

* Radio Austral in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
* Raw FM (Australian radio network) in Coffs Harbour, New South Wales
* Vision Radio Network in Cootamundra, New South Wales
* Planet Radio in Brisbane, Queensland
* Red Dirt Radio in Bundaberg, Queensland
* Radio ENA in Adelaide, South Australia
* Radio TAB in Naracoorte, South Australia
* Radio TAB in Mount Gambier, South Australia
* Radio TAB in Port Pirie, South Australia
* Vision Radio Network in Woomera, South Australia

## Bangladesh

* Radio Foorti

## China

* Guangzhou MYFM880 in Guangzhou

## Indonesia

* Mustang 88 FM in Jakarta

## New Zealand

* Various low-power stations up to 1 watt

## Turkey

* TRT-4 at Hatay

## United Kingdom

* Heart North and Mid Wales in Wrexham and Chester
# Ann Catherine Holbrook

Ann Catherine Holbrook (born Ann Catherine Jackson; 1780 – January 1837) was a British actress and writer.

## Life

Ann Catherine Jackson was born in 1780. Her father was Thomas Jackson, a British comedian. By the time she was eighteen, she had lost both parents and she had played numerous leading roles, including that of Juliet. Her father died in 1798. That year, she signed a contract with a theater in Lewes. She married another actor with the surname Holbrook. He was a part of the same theater company. They traveled together, performing throughout England, including in Manchester with William Macready the elder. In 1809, she wrote "Memoirs of an Actress" having become disillusioned with the life of an actress. Holbrook documented her exploitation by managers and the poor monetary rewards. This book's publication was backed by nine "aristocrats". She wrote a number other books including Realities and Reflections: a Series of Original Tales in 1834. She died in London in January 1837.

## Selected works

* The Dramatist, or, Memoirs of the Stage, with the Life of the Authoress.
* Tales, Serious and Instructive, 1821,
* Constantine Castriot, an Historical Tale, 1829,
* Realities and Reflections: a Series of Original Tales in 1834.
# Galeazzo Sanvitale

Galeazzo Sanvitale (died 8 September 1622) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Bari-Canosa (1604–1606).

## Biography

Galeazzo Sanvitale was born in Parma, Italy in 1566. On 15 March 1604, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Clement VIII as Archbishop of Bari-Canosa. On 4 April 1604, he was consecrated bishop in the chapel of the Apostolic Sacristy, Rome by Girolamo Bernerio, Cardinal-Bishop of Albano, with Claudio Rangoni, Bishop of Piacenza, and Giovanni Ambrogio Caccia, Bishop of Castro del Lazio, serving as co-consecrators. He served as Archbishop of Bari-Canosa until his resignation in 1606. He died on 8 September 1622.

## Episcopal succession

* Episcopal succession of Galeazzo Sanvitale
* While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of:
* Ludovico Ludovisi, Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Traspontina (1621). Through Sanvitale's episcopal consecration of Ludovico Ludovisi, he is part of the episcopal lineage of Pope Francis and most other modern bishops.
* He was also the principal co-consecrator of:
* Francesco Simonetta, Bishop of Foligno (1606);
* Giovanni Linati, Bishop of Borgo San Donnino (1606);
* Lodovico Magio, Bishop of Lucera (1609);
* Eleuterio Albergone, Bishop of Montemarano (1611);
* Pier Paolo Crescenzi, Cardinal-Priest of Santi Nereo e Achilleo (1612);
* Andrea Giustiniani, Bishop of Isola (1614);
* Vitalianus Visconti Borromeo, Titular Archbishop of Hadrianopolis in Haemimonto (1616);
* Vincenzo Landinelli, Bishop of Albenga (1616);
* Carlo Carafa (bishop of Aversa), Bishop of Aversa (1616);
* Innico Siscara, Bishop of Anglona-Tursi (1616);
* Nicolò Spínola, Bishop of Ventimiglia (1617);
* Miguel Angel Zaragoza Heredia, Bishop of Teano (1617);
* Pasquale Grassi, Bishop of Chioggia (1619);
* Giovanni Battista Stella, Bishop of Bitonto (1619);
* Alfonso Pozzi, Bishop of Borgo San Donnino (1620);
* Diofebo Farnese, Titular Patriarch of Jerusalem (1621);
* Pietro Dini, Archbishop of Fermo (1621);
* Odoardo Farnese (cardinal), Cardinal-Deacon of Sant'Adriano al Foro (1621);
* Aurelio Archinto, Bishop of Como (1621);
* Giuseppe Acquaviva, Titular Archbishop of Thebae (1621);
* Pierre François Maletti, Bishop of Nice (1622);
* Carlo Bovi, Bishop of Bagnoregio (1622);
* Marco Antonio Gozzadini, Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Eusebio (1622);
* Luigi Caetani, Titular Patriarch of Antioch (1622);
* Giovanni Pietro Volpi, Auxiliary Bishop of Novara (1622); and
* Girolamo Tantucci, Bishop of Grosseto (1622).
# Brandon Brooks (disambiguation)

Brandon Brooks (born 1989) is an American football guard.
Brandon Brooks may also refer to:
* Brandon Brooks (basketball) (born 1987), American professional basketball player
* Brandon Brooks (water polo) (born 1981), American water polo goalie
# Anna Kachikho

Anna Andrew Namathanga Kachikho (born 17 April 1955) is a politician who has held various cabinet positions in the government of Malawi.
Anna Kachikho was born on 17 April 1955 in Mkoko village in Phalombe, southern Malawi. She obtained a certificate in secretarial studies from the Malawi Polytechnic and a BA Degree in Human Resources Development from Mobile University, Canada. She held various senior positions in the Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation. She rose to become the Organizations Administrative Manager. Starting in 1988, Kachikho became active in Women’s Groups in the Malawi Congress Party. From 2000 to 2004, Kachikho was a Ward Councilor for Limbe East and Deputy Mayor of the Blantyre City Assembly.
Kachikho was elected a Member of Parliament for the Phalombe North constituency in 2004. She was appointed Deputy Minister of Education and Human Resources. In August 2005, she was appointed Minister of Home Affairs and Internal Security. Later positions were Minister of Education and Vocational Training (June 2006), Labor (May 2007) and Women and Child Development (February 2008). Kachikho was reelected in the 19 May 2009 General Elections. She was appointed Minister of Tourism, Wildlife on 15 June 2009 and Minister of Local Government and Rural Development on 9 August 2010.
Kachikho is a widow, and has three children. She owns a farm where she grows maize and tobacco.
# Gaius Valerius Potitus

Gaius Valerius Potitus was consul with M. Claudius Marcellus in 331 BC and was aedile in 329 BC. His father was Gaius Valerius Potitus (Tribuni militum consulari potestate in 370 BC) and his brother was Lucius Valerius Potitus (magister equitum in 331 BC).
During his consulship, Valerius carried out the execution of some 170 women accused of murdering their husbands with poison. They were all convicted on the testimony of one slave girl.
During his term as aedile, Valerius brought Marcus Flavius to trial for adultery. During the trial, Valerius lost his temper and claimed he didn't care whether or not he was ruining an innocent man as long as Flavius was being ruined. Because of this he failed to convict Flavius.
# Gaius Vellaeus Tutor

Gaius Vellaeus Tutor was a Roman senator, who was active during the reign of Tiberius. He was suffect consul in the second half of 28 as the colleague of Lucius Junius Silanus. The primary event known for their consulship was the promulgation of the Lex Junia Vellae, which concerned how an heir could be disinherited.
Little is known about Tutor, who is the only member of the gens Vellaeus to accede to the consulship, and only a little more about his gens. Less than half a dozen Vellaeii in total are attested: a Publius Vellaeus who in 21 was in command of the army in Thracia; and three freedmen known from inscriptions recorded in Canusium, whose existence suggest Tutor came from that city.
# Gagilapur

Gagilapur is a village located in Ranga Reddy district. It falls under Quthbullapur mandal.

## Transport

The buses run by TSRTC connect it to different parts of the city.
# Salisbury Claims

Salisbury Claims is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

## History

This small suburb lies just south of the Johannesburg CBD with Marshalltown to the north and Wemmer to the south. It was proclaimed a suburb on 26 October 1921. Prior to the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in 1886, the suburb lay on land on one of the original farms that make up Johannesburg, called Turffontein. Lying close to the Main Reef gold deposits, parts of the farm were proclaimed as a gold claim with the mine eventually called Salisbury Gold Mining Company. The area is now a mix of commercial and light industrial usage.
# Breach (cancelled video game)

Breach was an action role-playing game developed by American studio QC Games, a former studio of ex-BioWare and EA Games developers. The game was released on Steam Early Access on January 17, 2018, but its development was cancelled entirely on April 3, 2019, along with the closure of the studio itself. The game received mixed reviews from critics.

## Plot

The story of Breach involves a group of "modern-day mages" who attempt to prevent a magical apocalypse when monsters of legend emerge from portals known as "breaches".

## Gameplay

The gameplay of Breach is "a hybrid of dungeon crawling and Devil May Cry" with an "MMO-lite structure". The game is 4v1 asymmetrical multiplayer in which four players attempt to get through a dungeon while a fifth controls a "Veil Demon" that can possess enemies, traps and boss monsters inside the dungeon. It had 18 playable classes.

## Development

The concept for Breach initially came from Shadow Realms, a planned BioWare Austin game that was unveiled in 2014 but cancelled by EA due to a "change in strategy" away from free-to-play games. Breach initially had an upfront cost, but was planned to eventually be free-to-play, though the game's designer stated that it would not be "pay to win". QC Games announced it was closing on April 3, 2019, ostensibly due to lack of funding, though they did not cite a specific reason for the shutdown.

## Reception

Breach garnered mixed reviews on Steam, with detractors citing crashes and framerate problems that resulted in the game being a "laggy mess", as well as the game's microtransaction system.
# Brestovac, Leskovac

Brestovac is a village in the municipality of Leskovac, Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 2063.