OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Transitology

In political science and in international and comparative law and economics, transitology is the study of the process of change from one political regime to another, mainly from authoritarian regimes to democratic ones rooted in conflicting and consensual varieties of economic liberalism.
Transitology tries to explain processes of democratization in a variety of contexts, from bureaucratic authoritarianism and other forms of dictatorship in Latin America, southern Europe and northern Africa to postcommunist developments in eastern Europe. The debate has become something of an academic "turf-war" between comparative studies and area studies scholars, while highlighting several problematic features of social science methodology, including generalization, an overemphasis on elite attitudes and behavior, Eurocentrism, the role of history in explaining causality, and the inability to produce testable hypotheses.
Transitology explains the different pathways to and from democracy as explained in the Massive Open Online Course MOOC on Transitology set up by Anja Mihr and launched by the Global Campus for Human Rights . In this training course Transitology is explained as a concept and analytical framework applied in political and social science to analyse political regime change in either ways, democratic or autocratic. Successful democratic transition, is one pathway how democratic institutions slowly consolidate and strengthen over time. Transitology also explains why weak and corrupted democratic institutions fail and backslide into authoritarian political practices and, subsequently, autocracies.

## Notable academics

* Dankwart Rustow, father of the theory of transitology, former Columbia University professor, and professor for 25 years at the City University of New York.
* Philippe C. Schmitter, a key proposes on transitology and author of Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (1986) with Guillermo O'Donnell.
* Joseph Stiglitz, Nobel Prize–winning economist and professor of economics at Columbia University.
* Jeffrey Sachs, Director of the Earth Institute, Columbia University.
* Katharina Pistor, Professor of Law, Columbia University.
* Seymour Martin Lipset, While Lipset did not study transitology directly, his theories on the role of economic development in the survival of democracy, first articulated in "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy, has been influential in the field.
* Larry Diamond, political science professor at Stanford University, has been significant in the development of the concept of illiberal democracy and its role in democratic transitions.
* Thomas Carothers, also significant in the development of the concept of illiberal democracy and articulating the distinction between a consolidating democracy and an illiberal democracy.
# Catherine Persson

Catherine Persson (born 1965) is a Swedish Social Democratic politician. She was a member of the Riksdag from 1996 to 2007.
# Sikuomys

Sikuomys is a genus of early eutherian mammals from the Late Cretaceous of Alaska. It is known from a few teeth and part of a jawbone in deposits of Campanian age and, as of 2023, is the only known Mesozoic eutherian mammal to have lived north of the then location of the Arctic Circle. Estimated to have weighed between 6 and 18 g (0.2 and 0.6 oz), it was also unusually small for the time, similar in size to a modern shrew. It was likely insectivorous and would probably have used burrows or nests to shelter during the Arctic winter, since it is thought to have been too small to have hibernated or migrated over significant distances.
# Turunç

Turunç is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Marmaris, Muğla Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,939 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). It is a holiday resort on the Mediterranean Sea coast.
It is located 20 km (12 mi) south of Marmaris, surrounded by the Taurus Mountains. The area is a former fishing village, and has been populated since ancient times as the sea offers a variety of precious resources. Despite the region's fast development in recent years, the natural environment of Turunç has been preserved. As a resort, the village has won the Blue Flag award in recognition of its clean beach and water quality. The size of Turunç is about 1 km (0.62 mi), taking half an hour to walk from one side to the other. The waterfront features restaurants, bazaars and bars. However, due to the nature of the resort there are few exclusively adult establishments.
The climate is warm, and enables the tourist season to be 7 months a year from April to October.

## Infrastructure

The closest airport is Dalaman Airport. It is 120 km (75 mi) east of Turunç. The Adnan Menderes Airport of İzmir is 270 km (170 mi) north of the town.
The road to the town passes through the Taurus Mountains, and has a very low speed limit. To reach Turunç from Marmaris is about 20 minutes by car.
Nearby cities include İçmeler and Marmaris, both of which are popular with holidaymakers.
# Aşkın Nur Yengi

Aşkın Nur Yengi (born on 3 July 1970) is a Turkish singer, composer, and actress. She started working as a backing vocalist for Sezen Aksu and with Aksu's help, released her first studio album in 1990. With her debut album Sevgiliye in 1990, she became one of the most successful Turkish singers of the '90s.

## Personal life

Yengi was married to Haluk Bilginer in 2006 and they have a daughter. The couple divorced in 2012 after six years.

## Discography
### Albums

| Release date | Album | Producer |
| 30 January 1990 | Sevgiliye | Fono |
| 2 September 1991 | Hesap Ver | Emre Grafson |
| 15 July 1993 | Sıramı Bekliyorum | Emre Grafson |
| 12 December 1994 | Karaçiçeğim | Emre Grafson |
| 6 June 1997 | Haberci | Emre Grafson |
| 17 June 1999 | Aşk Kazası | Emre Grafson |
| 19 September 2000 | Peşindeyim | Emre Grafson |
| 5 April 2002 | Aşkın Nur Yengi | Emre Grafson |
| 12 October 2004 | Yasemin Yağmurları | Marşandiz |
| 6 November 2007 | Aşk'ın Şarkıları | Emre Grafson |
| 5 January 2010 | Gözümün Bebeği | Emre Grafson |
| 8 November 2016 | Aşk'tan Olsa Gerek (EP) | Sony/Columbia |

### Singles

* "Peşindeyim" (2000)
* "Allah'tan Kork" (with Mehmet Erdem) (2019)
* "Baba" (2020)

## Filmography
### Theater

* Kadıncıklar (2001)

### Documentaries

* Kurtuluş

### Series

* Olacak O Kadar Televizyonu, (2001)
* Cesur Kuşku
* Bayanlar Baylar

### Movies

* Ömerçip

### TV programs

* Altın Adımlar Yarışması - (TRT)

## Awards

* 1987 – Kuşadası Golden Pigeon Song Contest
* 1988 – International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival
* 1989 – Çeşme Music Festival
# Armenia at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics

Armenia fielded two competitors at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in Berlin. Both athletes also competed at the 2008 Olympic Games.

## Team selection

| Event | Athletes | Athletes |
| Event | Men | Women |
| 100 metres | | Ani Khachikyan |
| Event | Athletes | Athletes |
| Event | Men | Women |
| Javelin throw | Melik Janoyan | |

## Results
### Men

| Event | Athletes | Qualification | Qualification | Final | Final |
| Event | Athletes | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Javelin throw | Melik Janoyan | 74.74 SB | 32 | did not advance | did not advance |

### Women

| Event | Athletes | Heats | Heats | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Event | Athletes | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| 100 m | Ani Khachikyan | 12.30 SB | 44 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
# Severe Tire Damage

Severe Tire Damage may refer to:
* Signs warning of spike strips
* Severe Tire Damage (band), a rock band
* Severe Tire Damage (album) by They Might Be Giants
# Gmina Poświętne

Gmina Poświętne may refer to any of the following rural administrative districts in Poland:
* Gmina Poświętne, Podlaskie Voivodeship
* Gmina Poświętne, Łódź Voivodeship
* Gmina Poświętne, Masovian Voivodeship
# The Ultimate Vampire

The Ultimate Vampire (殭屍至尊) is a 1991 comedy horror Hong Kong film directed by Andrew Lau and starring Lam Ching-ying and Chin Siu-ho. It is a spin-off of the 1985 Hong Kong film Mr. Vampire, Lam Ching-ying reprises his role as a Taoist priest.

## Plot

Master Gau's (Lam Ching-ying) village get overtaken by vampires, so Master Gau and his assistants must join forces to rid their village of the vampires. Master Gau must also take care of his assistants who befriend a ghost.

## Box office

The Ultimate Vampire ran 1 January 1991 - 11 January 1991 and grossed HK$6,631,216.00 at the box office.

## Cast

* Lam Ching-ying as Master Gau
* Chin Siu-ho as Chou Sheng
* Ronald Wong as Man Choi
* Carrie Ng as Lai
* Shun Lau as Master Shek Kin
* Chi Yeung Wong as Shek Shiu Kin
* Feng Ku as Chin
* Joanna Chan as Mary
# Sikun Shikfainot

Sikun Shikfainot is a village in Dhofar Governorate, in southwestern Oman.
# Shane White

Shane White (born 1970) is an American illustrator, comic book writer and artist and author from Massena, New York.

## Career
### Comics

Shane White's earliest comic work appeared in small-press comics in the mid-80s. His first professional penciling gig was for Silverwolf Comics' (Greater Mercury Comics) Eradicators in 1990. Several years later he did work for DC/Paradox's Big Book of Urban Legends. In 1998 Caliber Comics hired him along with Martin Powell to adapt Whitley Strieber's Communion book, of which two of the four issues were ultimately finished. His first graphic novel North Country, a 96-page full-color memoir published by NBM Publishing, reveals the hard-scrabble life of living in a blue-collar mill town in upstate New York. In his second graphic novel Things Undone, we follow Rick Watts a videogame artist who struggles with falling out of love with his girlfriend, his job and with life, turning him into a zombie. BRAUN, his third graphic novel, is about Maven, a girl and her highly advanced robot protector. When he's kidnapped by a powerful corporation she and her friends have to break him free but find a secret that will change the face of humanity.

## Illustration and writing

Among White's other notable works as an illustrator, storyboard artist, concept artist and comic book writer and artist for various entertainment industries:
* Illustrator: Munchkin: Pathfinder Artist Edition 2017 Steve Jackson Games
* Writer: Amazon Rapids Text-based stories for kids 2016 Amazon
* Illustrator: Lord of the Rings: War of the North 2014 Warner Bros. Interactive
* Storyboard & Concept Artist: Star Wars Kinect 2011 Microsoft Games
* Artist: Tori Amos Comic Book Tattoo Anthology 2008 Image Comics 11-page story written by Jessica Staley inspired by the song Devils & Gods.
* Co-Creator/Artist: The Overman Books I-V 2008 Image Comics written by Scott Reed
* Illustrator: Cryptic Science: The Big Squirm by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta 2007 Adventure Boys Inc.
* Illustrator: Cryptic Science: The Secret of Groom Lake by S. Arthur Hart 2007 Adventure Boys Inc.
* Illustrator: Blue Squadron: Big Splash by Loren L. Coleman 2007 Adventure Boys Inc.
* Illustrator: Blue Squadron: The Shores of Tripoli by Loren L. Coleman 2007 Adventure Boys Inc.
* Story Writer: Negative Burn #7 2006 Desperado Publishing Volstagg: Barbarian Cop
* Story Artist/Adapter: Negative Burn #2 2006 Desperado Publishing Bog Man (adapted from Jessica Staley's 10 minute play)
* Writer & Artist: Fear Agent: Eye of Chaos Issue #7 2006 Image Comics 8-page back-up story
# Graham Oates

Graham Oates may refer to two footballers:
* Graham Oates (footballer, born 1943), who played for Blackpool, Grimsby Town and Wigan Athletic
* Graham Oates (footballer, born 1949), who played for Bradford City, Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United
# Cicogna

Cicogna is an Italian surname meaning "stork". Notable people with the surname include:
* Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna (1789–1868), Italian writer, scholar and book collector
* Giorgio Rosso Cicogna (born 1945), Italian diplomat
* Marina Cicogna (born 1934), Italian film producer and photographer
* Pasquale Cicogna, Doge of Venice from 1585 to 1595
# Aşktır Beni Güzel Yapan

Aşktır Beni Güzel Yapan (This is Love that Makes Me Beautiful) is an album by Turkish singer Asya. It is her fifth studio album, released in Turkey in 2007.

## Track listing

* "Kırmızı Kart" (Red Card)
* "Tesadüfen" (by Chance)
* "Gittin Gideli" (Since You have Gone)
* "Git Güle Güle" (Bye Bye)
* "Aşktır Beni Güzel Yapan" (This is Love That Makes Me Beautiful)
* "Canım" (Honey)
* "Senden Sonra" (After You)
* "Teslim Oldum Aşka" (I Surrender Myself to The Love)
* "Yaprak Döken Benim" (This is Me Who Patch off)
* "Yeter" (Enough)
# Scurfpea

A scurfpea is a legume that may belong to any of several genera of plants, including:
* Cullen
* Hoita
* Pediomelum
* Psoralea
* Rupertia
# Severe cognitive impairment

Severe cognitive impairment is a form of cognitive impairment that can be distinguished from the "mild" and "moderate" types of impairment. In the United States, the existence of severe cognitive impairment is a condition that triggers benefit payments under most long-term care insurance policies.

## Definition

Under the United States' Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program, a severe cognitive impairment is defined as "a deterioration or loss in intellectual capacity that     (a) places a person in jeopardy of harming him or herself or others and, therefore, the person requires substantial supervision by another person; and     (b) is measured by clinical evidence and standardized tests which reliably measure impairment in:        (1) short or long term memory;        (2) orientation to people, places or time; and        (3) deductive or abstract reasoning."
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention offer the general explanation that a cognitive impairment exists when a person "has trouble remembering, learning new things, concentrating, or making decisions that affect their everyday life". It goes on the say that the impairment is severe when the person "[loses] the ability to understand the meaning or importance of something and the ability to talk or write". According to their explanation, people with severe cognitive impairment are unable to live independently.

## Prevalence

A 2013–2014 study conducted at nursing homes in Sweden found that approximately one in seven residents had that condition.
# Serco-Abellio

Serco-Abellio (formerly Serco-NedRailways) is a joint venture between Serco and Transport UK Group, each owning 50%. The joint venture is the train operating company of the Merseyrail franchise since July 2003 in the Liverpool City Region. It previously operated the Northern Rail franchise in Northern England from December 2004 until March 2016.
Serco-Abellio also lodged unsuccessful bids for the Wales & Borders, West Midlands (which Abellio later successfully bid for itself) and Tyne & Wear Metro franchises.
Transport UK Group was established in February 2023, following a management buyout of Abellio.

## Operations
### Merseyrail

In April 2003, Serco-NedRailways was awarded the Merseyrail franchise for 25 years from July 2003.

### Northern Rail

In July 2004, Serco-NedRailways was awarded the Northern Rail franchise for six years and nine months from December 2004 with a two-year extension subject to performance targets being achieved.
In May 2010, the Department for Transport confirmed that Northern Rail had met the performance targets and the franchise was extended for two years until September 2013. In May 2012, the Department for Transport granted Northern Rail a six-month extension until March 2014. In March 2014, the Secretary of State for Transport announced a direct award until 4 February 2016, later extended to 31 March 2016. The franchise was taken over by Arriva Rail North on 1 April 2016.

## History
### Bids

The joint venture was also shortlisted for a number of other rail franchises:
* Wales & Borders in 2003
* ScotRail in 2003, but withdrew to concentrate on the Northern Rail franchise. Abellio later successfully bid for the contract itself and Serco successfully bid for the newly separated Caldeonian Sleeper contract itself.
* West Midlands in 2007. Abellio later successfully bid for the franchise in a consortium with Mitsui and JR East.
* Tyne & Wear Metro in 2009

### Partners operating independently

In 2014, it was confirmed that each partner bid independently for the 2016 Northern franchise. Only Abellio made the shortlist of three bidders, however the franchise was awarded to Arriva. The joint venture will continue to operate the Merseyrail franchise until its 2028 conclusion.
Abellio was shortlisted for the London Overground, South Central, Greater Anglia, InterCity West Coast, Essex Thameside and Thameslink, Southern and Great Northern franchises in its own right.
In April 2015, Serco, in its own right, commenced operating the Caledonian Sleeper franchise, while Abellio ScotRail took over the ScotRail franchise.
Abellio managed to keep the Greater Anglia franchise and will operate it until 2025.
In December 2017, West Midlands Trains, a joint venture with East Japan Railway Company and Mitsui in which Abellio owns 70%, commenced operating the West Midlands franchise.

### Abellio sale

In 2022, Abellio announced its intention to sell its UK business to a management buyout led by its managing director. Full regulatory approval was received in February 2023, so Abellio became Transport UK Group (TUK).
# The Ultimate Vanessa-Mae

The Ultimate Vanessa-Mae is a compilation album by Vanessa-Mae, released on EMI in 2003 (see 2003 in music).

## Track listing

* "Classical Gas" (Mason Williams) – 3:48
* "I Feel Love" (Pete Bellotte, Giorgio Moroder, Donna Summer) – 4:26
* "Picante" (Vanessa-Mae, Martin Glover) – 2:59
* "Red Hot" (Vanessa-Mae, Ian Wherry) – 4:34
* "Yantra" (Vanessa-Mae, Glover) – 5:52
* "Bach Street Prelude" (Vanessa-Mae, J.S. Bach, Andy Hill) – 4:29
* "Leyenda" (Vanessa-Mae, Hill) – 6:35
* "Cotton Eye Joe" (Live) (Traditional) – 3:19
* "(I) Can, Can (You?)" (Vanessa-Mae, Hill, Jacques Offenbach) – 3:42
* "Widescreen" (Mike Batt) – 4:01
* "Night Flight" (Vanessa-Mae, Glover) – 4:41
* "Toccata and Fugue in d minor, BWV 565 (Live)" (Bach, Batt) – 4:41
* "The Original Four Seasons, Op. 8, No. 1 "Spring": Allegro" (Vanessa-Mae, Antonio Vivaldi, Pamela Nicholson) – 3:11
* "Scherzo in C Minor for Violin & Piano" (Johannes Brahms) – 5:22
* This 2000s classical album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Cittadella Duomo

The Cittadella Duomo is the main Roman Catholic church in the town of Cittadella, province of Padua, region of Veneto, Italy.

## History

The present church was constructed between 1774 and 1826, with two main contributing architects: Domenico Cerato and Ottavio Bertotti Scamozzi who created the Neoclassical façade. Carlo Barera completed the work in 1913.
The nave altarpieces include works by Leandro Bassano, Lattanzio Querena, Sebastiano Santi, and Michele Fanoli. In the Sacristy, is a Supper at Emmaus by Jacopo da Ponte, once found in the town's parish church. The sacristy also contains a Deposition attributed to Lazzaro Bastiani, a Flagellation attributed to Palma il Giovane, a Lament on the Dead Christ by Andrea da Murano, 17th-century Adoration of the Magi and Crucifixion. There is a Museum of Religious Art in the bell-tower.
The bell-tower houses a museum of precious sacred objects.
# Carl Clowes

Carl Iwan Clowes OBE (11 December 1943 – 4 December 2021) was a Welsh medical practitioner. In 1978 he founded the Nant Gwrtheyrn Trust in order to buy the village of Nant Gwrtheyrn, to restore and regenerate it and to set up a Welsh language centre.
Clowes was born and brought up in Manchester, his mother was Welsh (and spoke Welsh) and his father was English. When his parents returned to north Wales, he set about learning Welsh. After qualifying as a doctor in 1967, he spent eight years as a doctor in Llanaelhaearn on the Llŷn peninsula before gaining a master's degree in social medicine from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
In 1974, he was the inaugural chairman of Antur Aelhaearn; the first community co-operative in the United Kingdom, which was established to save the local school. He was also the inaugural chairman and president of Dolen Cymru, a charity that was established in 1985 to build a relationship between Wales and the southern African country of Lesotho.
He was the Plaid Cymru candidate for the Montgomeryshire constituency in the 1979, 1983 and 1987 UK general elections.

## Personal life

He was married and had four children including Dafydd and Cian who were members of the band Super Furry Animals.
He died at the age of 77 at his home in Pencaenewydd, Llŷn, and was interred at Llanaelhaearn cemetery.

## Publications

* Strategaeth Iaith 1991–2001 (in Welsh). Fforwm Iaith Genedlaethol. 1991. ISBN 9780000677105. – Strategy for the Welsh language
* Nant Gwrtheyrn (in Welsh). Y Lolfa. 2004. ISBN 9780862437282. – history and folk tales about Nant Gwrtheyrn and its language trust
* Super Furries, Prins Seeiso, Miss Siberia - A Fi (in Welsh). Y Lolfa. 2016. ISBN 978-1784611576. – autobiography
# Autocollimation

Autocollimation is an optical setup where a collimated beam (of parallel light rays) leaves an optical system and is reflected back into the same system by a plane mirror.
It is used for measuring small tilting angles of the mirror, see autocollimator, or for testing the quality of the optical system or of a part of it. Large-aperture optics, however, are tested with a null corrector avoiding the production of a large plane mirror.
One special application is to determine the focal length of a diverging lens: a light source is placed at twice the focal length of a converging lens on one side and a screen at the same distance on the other side so that the image of the light source is the sharpest possible. When this is achieved, the screen is replaced with a mirror and the diverging lens is inserted between the converging lens and the mirror at such a distance to the mirror that the light returning through the diverging and converging lenses produces a sharp image on top of the luminous object. This is the case when the beam hitting the mirror is collimated. The distance found is the (negative) focal length of the diverging lens.
Light from an origin point O is collimated (made parallel) by a high quality objective lens. If the collimated beam falls perpendicularly onto a plane reflecting surface, the light is reflected back along its original path and is brought to a focus at a point coincident with the origin point. If the reflector is tilted through an angle θ, the reflected beam is deflected through an angle 2θ, and the image I is displaced laterally from the origin 0. The amount of displacement is given by d = 2θf where f is the focal length of the lens, and θ is in radians. Light from an illuminated target graticule at the focus of an objective lens is directed towards the lens by a beam splitter. After reflection by a mirror on the workpiece, the light returns through the autocollimator and passes through the beam splitter, forming an image of the target graticule in the plane of an eyepiece graticule. The eyepiece graticule and the reflected image of the target graticule are viewed simultaneously through the eyepiece. The image of the target graticule is always seen in focus and at constant magnification in the eyepiece, regardless of the distance between the Autocollimator and the reflecting surface. However, at long working distances only a portion of the reflected target graticule may appear in the eyepiece, owing to the failure of obliquely returning rays to enter the autocollimator. This will result in a restricted measuring range.