OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alikhanian–Alikhanov spectrometer

The Alikhanian–Alikhanov spectrometer was a large solenoid physical instrument constructed by brothers Abraham Alikhanov and Artem Alikhanian at the Aragats scientific station in Armenia. The spectrometer was unique in the world.
It had the highest amount of magnetic field (1,0x0,3x0,15 cubic meters) with the intensity up to 20 kGauss and was packed with four and five-layer proportional thin-walled counters of 4.6 mm diameter and 30–35 cm length, through which the coordinates of the trajectories of cosmic rays determined with an accuracy of about 1 mm. Spectrometer, that had a high resolution (maximum measurable pulse in the field of 20 kGauss was 150 GeV/c) was used to determine the momentum and mass of cosmic particles. Abraham Alikhanov and Artem Alikhanian believed that the spectrum of elementary particles are richer and more varied than it had been thought at that time. (By 1951 the only known hadrons were the proton, neutron and pion, and the only known leptons were electron, muon and neutrino).
Experiments with spectrometer lead to the discovery of protons in cosmic rays (Alikhanian et al., 1945) and narrow air showers (Alikhanian, Asatiani, 1945). Using the Alikhanyan-Alikhanov magnetic spectrometer N. Kocharian obtained the energy spectra of muons and protons with energies up to several GeV (1952). However, only some of the many peaks in mass distributions measured at Aragats were later verified to be "real" particles and became known as π- and K-mesons.
The Alikhanian-Alikhanov mass spectrometer became the prototype for hodoscopic devices that have played a major role in nuclear physics research. The memorial Alikhanian-Alikhanov magnet spectrometer is situated on Mt. Aragats, Armenia.
# Bicarpellatae

Bicarpellatae is an artificial group used in the identification of plants based on Bentham and Hooker's classification system. George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker published an excellent classification in three volumes in between 1862 and 1883. As a natural system of classification, it does not show evolutionary relationship between plants but still is a useful and popular system of classification based on a dichotomous key especially for the flowering plant groups (angiosperms). It is the most popular system of classification based on key characteristics enabling taxonomic students to quickly identify plant groups based only on physical characteristics. However, it is not a scientific group and is used for identification purposes only based on similar plant characteristics. Under the system Bicarpellatae are a group of plants based on an artificial and non scientific series. The group Bicarpellatea are Gamopetalae and dicotyledons. The group comprises;

## Previous Order

* Dicotyledons, Gamopetalae
# Bicarbonate indicator

A hydrogencarbonate indicator (hydrogencarbonate indicator) is a type of pH indicator that is sensitive enough to show a color change as the concentration of carbon dioxide gas in an aqueous solution increases. The indicator is used in photosynthesis and respiration experiments to find out whether carbon dioxide is being liberated. It is also used to test the carbon dioxide content during gaseous exchange of organisms. When the carbon dioxide content is higher than 0.04%, the initial red colour changes to yellow as the pH becomes more acidic. If the carbon dioxide content is lower than 0.04%, it changes from red to magenta and, in relatively very low carbon dioxide concentrations, to purple. Carbon dioxide, even in the concentrations found in exhaled air, will dissolve in the indicator to form carbonic acid, a weak acid, which will lower the pH and give the characteristic colour change. A colour change to purple during photosynthesis shows a reduction in the percentage of carbon dioxide and is sometimes inferred as production of oxygen, but there is not actually any direct evidence for it.
Great care must be taken to avoid acidic or alkaline contamination of the apparatus in such experiments, since the test is not directly specific to gases like carbon dioxide.

## Composition

Two solutions are prepared separately:
* Solution A: 0.02 g of thymol blue, 0.01 g cresol red and 2 mL of ethanol
* Solution B: 0.8 g of sodium bicarbonate, 7.48 g of potassium chloride and 90 mL of water
* Mix Solution A and B and mix 9 mL of the mixed solution to 1000 mL of distilled water.
* This method to determinate the concentration of bicarbonates and carbonates is also called "Magni's method."

## Color change

| Content of CO$_2$ | > 0.04% | = 0.04% | < 0.04% |
| Color | Yellow | Red | Purple |
# Gunn Eriksen

Gunn Eriksen (born 1956) is a Norwegian chef. Operating at the Altnaharrie Inn in remote highland Scotland, she was Britain's only female two-star Michelin chef in the 1990s.

## Life

Eriksen was born in 1956 in Grimstad, Norway. She trained as a weaver and ceramicist in Ullapool in northern Scotland. In 1976, she helped her future husband, Fred Brown, open the Altnaharrie Inn nearby, only accessible from Ullapool by a boat trip across Loch Broom. In 1980 she joined him at the Inn, and married him in 1984.
Eriksen, a self-taught chef, became renowned for her use of unusual highland ingredients, such as nettles, sorrel and hawthorn sprouts. Influenced by her Scandinavian heritage, she also worked with local seafood and imported foods. In 1994, the restaurant became the only Scottish restaurant to gain two stars from Michelin, making her Britain's only female two-star Michelin chef. The restaurant was also one of only four in Britain to be rated 9.10 by the Good Food Guide, and received five rosettes in the AA's food guide.
The Altnaharrie Inn normally operated between Easter and November. However, Eriksen suffered a slipped disc and ongoing back problems, and as a result the restaurant was unable to open as usual in spring 2001. As a result, it was forced to relinquish its Michelin status later that year. In April 2002 the couple put the Altnaharrie up for sale.
# Brian Johnson (footballer, born 1955)

Brian Johnson (born 21 October 1955) is an English retired footballer who played as a winger. He made 197 appearances in the Football League for Plymouth Argyle, scoring 40 goals, and a further seven while on loan at Torquay United.
He began his career as an apprentice with Plymouth Argyle before making his first team debut in August 1973 at the age of 17. A key member of the side that won promotion to the Second Division in 1975, alongside the strike-duo of Paul Mariner and Billy Rafferty, he was considered to be a reliable and consistent performer throughout his stay with the Pilgrims. During a reserve team game in 1981, Johnson was knocked unconscious in a collision with teammate Neil Hards. He suffered a fractured cheekbone and damage to both eyes, which required surgery and his jawbone to be wired up. He resumed training four weeks later, but during his second loan stint with Torquay United he experienced severe pain when heading the ball. Rather than risk permanent blindness, Johnson retired at the age of 26.
Johnson made 231 appearances in all competitions for Plymouth Argyle between 1973 and 1981, scoring 43 goals. During his two loan stints with Torquay United, Johnson scored two goals in seven appearances.
# Gordon School (disambiguation)

Gordon School is a coeducational, independent school located in East Providence, Rhode Island.
Gordon School may also refer to:
* General Gordon Elementary School, an elementary school in Vancouver, British Columbia
* Gordon Bell High School, a public junior and senior high school in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
* Gordon Divinity School, a divinity school in Massachusetts
* Gordon Graydon Memorial Secondary School, a high school in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
* Gordon Greenwood Elementary School, a public elementary school in Langley, British Columbia
* The Gordon Schools, Huntly, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Gordon High School can refer to:
* Gordon High School (Georgia) in Decatur, Georgia
* Gordon High School (Texas) in Gordon, Texas
* Gordon High School (Nebraska) in Gordon, Nebraska
* Gordon Junior High School (former name of Rose L. Hardy Middle School) in Washington, DC
* Gordon Parks High School, a public alternative learning center located in Saint Paul, Minnesota
* Gordon Sargent Primary School, a public elementary school in Nelson, British Columbia
* Gordon Tech High School, a Roman Catholic high school located in Chicago, Illinois
# Scytalone dehydratase

The enzyme scytalone dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.94) catalyzes the chemical reaction
    scytalone $\rightleftharpoons$ 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene + H$_2$O
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is scytalone 7,8-hydro-lyase (1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene-forming). This enzyme is also called scytalone 7,8-hydro-lyase.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, 8 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1IDP, 1STD, 2STD, 3STD, 4STD, 5STD, 6STD, and 7STD.
# Agalakote

Agalakote may refer to:
* Agalakote (Devanahalli)
* Agalakote (Magadi)
* Agalakote (Malur)
* Agalakote (Tumkur)
# Abantis paradisea

Abantis paradisea, the paradise skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in KwaZulu-Natal, Zululand, Transvaal, Eswatini, Zimbabwe and from Botswana to Somalia.
The wingspan is 40–45 mm (1.6–1.8 in) for males and 43–55 mm (1.7–2.2 in) for females. Adults are on wing year-round with peaks in autumn from April to June and in spring from August to November.
The larvae feed on Hibiscus tiliaceus, Cola natalensis, Annona species, Bridelia cathartica, Bridelia micrantha, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia, Lonchocarpus capassa and Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius.
# Beotibar

Beotibar is a locality near Tolosa in the Gipuzkoa province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. That province is bordered by the provinces of Biscay and Álava, the Autonomous Community of Navarre, the French department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, and the Bay of Biscay.
Beotibar is renowned in Basque history as the site of the battle on 19 September 1321 in which Guipuzcoans defeated the Navarrese. Essentially, the battle was the result of the very complicated geopolitical forces at work in the Middle Ages that went into shaping what one day would become Spain.
In 1016 boundaries had been drawn between Navarre and Castile; these boundaries made what would now be the Basque Country part of Navarre. This lasted until Guipuzcoa, Alava, and Vizcaya broke away from that kingdom amid a difficult political situation and became integrated into Castile under a treaty in 1200. The battle of Beotibar was fought to defeat attempts by the Navarrese to take back Guipuzcoa and reincorporate it. Part of the lore connected with the battle is the courage shown by the Loyola brothers, ancestors of Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits.
There exists a description of the battle of Beotibar by Juan Zaldibia in his book Suma de las cosas cantábricas y guipuzcoana as well as an old Basque song that recalls the victory.
# Ripley, Georgia

Ripley is an unincorporated community in Twiggs County, in the U.S. state of Georgia.

## History

A post office called Ripley was established in 1892, and remained in operation until 1921. A variant name was "Ripling".
# Roni Tri Prasnanto

Roni Tri Prasnanto (born 12 December 1985) is an Indonesian football coach and former player who is currently head coach of Liga 3 club Madiun Putra. He previously coached another Madiun-based club, PSM Madiun from 2019 to 2020.
# Hachem District

Hachem District is a district of Mascara Province, Algeria.

## Municipalities

The district is further divided into 3 municipalities:
* Hachem
* Zelameta
* Nesmoth
* This article about a location in Mascara Province is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
35°22′00″N 0°29′00″E﻿ / ﻿35.3667°N 0.4833°E﻿ / 35.3667; 0.4833
# Hainich-Werratal

Hainich-Werratal (before October 2014: Mihla) is a Verwaltungsgemeinschaft in the district Wartburgkreis in Thuringia, Germany. The seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft is in Amt Creuzburg.
The Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Hainich-Werratal consists of the following municipalities:
* Amt Creuzburg
* Berka vor dem Hainich
* Bischofroda
* Krauthausen
* Lauterbach
* Nazza
# Ron Norris

Ron Norris (10 September 1932 – 7 November 1984) was an Indian boxer. He competed in the men's welterweight event at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He was the lightweight champion of Madhya Pradesh and won the All-India championship in 1952. He was the son of Indian hockey player Rex Norris.
# Rosa 'Bewitched'

Rosa 'Bewitched' is a medium pink Hybrid tea rose cultivar, bred by Dr. Walter Lammerts in 1967. The rose was introduced into the United States by the Germain Seed & Plant Company under the marketing name, 'Bewitched'. The cultivar was named an All-America Rose Selections in 1967. The stock parents of this rose are the Hybrid tea rose cultivars, 'Queen Elizabeth' and 'Tawny Gold'.

## Description

'Bewitched' is a medium-tall bushy shrub, up to 5 ft (150 cm) in height. Blooms are 5 in (12 cm) or more in diameter, with 27 to 40 petals. The rose has a moderate damask fragrance. The large, ruffled, high-centered petals are generally borne singly on long stems. The petals are bright pink in color, with slightly darker backs, and hold their color. Flowers grow largest in the cool weather. The shrub is a repeat bloomer, and is almost in continuous bloom in warm climates. The foliage resembles holly leaves, and is large, glossy, and medium green in color.

## Awards

* All-America Rose Selections winner, USA, (1967)
* Portland Gold Medal Winner, (1967)
# Rosa 'Brass Band'

Rosa 'Brass Band' (aka JACcofl) is an orange blend Floribunda cultivar, bred by American hybridizer, Jack E. Christensen in 1993. It was introduced in the United States by Jackson & Perkins Co. in 1994. The cultivar was named an All-America Rose Selections (AARS) in 1995.

## Description

'Brass Band' is a medium-sized, bushy Floribunda rose, 3 to 4 ft (0.91–1.22 m) in height, with a 3 to 4 ft (0.91–1.22 m) spread. It has a cupped, ruffled bloom form. Bloom size is 2 to 3 in (51 to 76 mm). The rose has a mild fragrance. Bloom color is orange with paler orange edges. The backs of petals are yellow, and any yellow in the flower fades over time, so that the orange coloring is more accentuated as the flower matures. Bloom color is brightest in cool weather. The flowers are carried in large clusters of 5–9 blooms. Leaves are dark green and semi-glossy. 'Brass Band' blooms in flushes throughout the growing season.

## History
### Jack E. Christensen

Jack E. Christensen (1949–2021) was an award-winning American rose breeder, garden writer and biology teacher from Southern California. Christensen was born in Glendale, California in 1949. He showed an early interest in nature and gardening when he was very young. In high school, Christensen won a scholarship to University of California, Los Angeles. He initially planned to become a doctor, but later changed his mind and transferred to Cal Poly Pomona to study Botany.
Christensen spent most of his horticultural career at Armstrong Nurseries in Southern California. He progressed through the company until he became a hybridizer of roses and fruit trees, and vice-president of research. During his career, he developed over 80 new rose cultivars, including 'Henry Fonda', 'Peppermint Twist', 'White Lightnin'' and 'Gold Medal''. Christensen was the youngest hybridizer to win an All-America Rose Selections (AARS) in 1986, with his hybrid tea, 'Voodoo'.

### 'Brass Band'

'Brass Band' was developed by Jack Christensen in 1993 from a cross between the Floribunda cultivar, 'Gold Badge', and the results of a cross between an unnamed seedling and the miniature rose, 'Holy Toledo'. The cultivar was named an All-America Rose Selections (AARS) in 1995.
# Amelia Crowley

Amelia Crowley is an Irish actress and stand-up comedian. She is known for playing Fiona Piggott on RTÉ's Fair City, Deirdre Mallon in Derry Girls, and for her theatre work in the UK and Ireland.

## Career

Crowley has made film appearances in I Went Down and Ella Enchanted.
In 2001, Crowley played Yvonn in RTÉ Two's sitcom, The Cassidys. In 2007, Crowley joined the cast of Fair City playing husband-murderer, Fiona Piggott, a love interest for Paul Brennan. She left the soap in 2011, but returned in 2020.

## Filmography

* I Went Down, 1997
* Ella Enchanted Fairy Administrator, 2004
* Wake Wood, 2009
* The Man Who Invented Christmas, 2017

### Television

* Finbar's Class, Lorraine, 1995
* Val Falvey, TD, 2005
* Dublin Murders, 2019
* Derry Girls, Deirdre Mallon, 2018–2022

## Theatre work

* F! Riverbank theatre, Dublin 1993
* Twenty Grand Peacock Theatre 1998
* Car Show, Car Show 2 Meeting House Square 1998-2000
* The Star Trap Bewley's Café 2002
* The Plough and the Stars
* Podge And Rodge Live Vicar Street 2006
* Little Gem Bush Theatre 2010
* The Cavalcaders Druid Theatre 2022

## Personal life

Crowley is married to author and fellow actor Anthony Brophy. They have two children.
# Rooh

Rooh (English: Soul) is an Indian one hour horror supernatural thriller television series which was broadcast on Zee TV from 6 November 2004 to 6 August 2005. It used to air every Saturday at 8 P.M.
Each story has a different cast and crew. Shivam Nair, Anand Rai, Imtiaz Alam, Saurabh Sengupta, Sajit Warrier, Mohit Hussein, Mukul Abhyankar are some of the directors who contributed to the series. Producers include Ronnie Screwvala, Zarina Mehta, Deven Khote, Gautam Mazumdar, Devkumar Dutta, Aditya Singh, Sunjoy Waddhwa and many more.

## Plot

Each story focussed on a different aspect of paranormal activity such as black magic ghosts, zombies, phantoms, possessed objects, witches and wizards and sinister ghosts. It left viewers questioning about things around them.

## Cast

* Achint Kaur
* Lavina Tandon
* Disha Vakhani
* Devanshi Zaveri
* Rohit Sachdeva
* Reenaa A Garre
* Priti Prakash
* Priyanka
* Rajesh Mishra
* Anupam Bhattacharya
* Namrata Thapa
* Divya Jagdale
* Eric Nanda
* Rocky Verma
* Vishnu Sharma
* Shahab Khan in (2 episodes)
* Karishma Tanna as Mamta (Episode 7)
* Vishal Singh as Ranjeet (Episode 7)
* Ami Trivedi as Priya (Episode 8)
* Amit Dolawat as Atul (Episode 8)
* Abhay Vakil as Mehul (Episode 8)
* Karuna Pandey as Swapna (Episode 8)
* Aashish Kaul
* Kavita Kaushik
* Moonmoon Banerjee as Sucheta (Episode 3) / Priya (Episode 29)
* Bhuvan Chopra as Ravi (Episode 3)
* Rushad Rana as Raj (Episode 29)
* Gunjan Walia
* Sharad Malhotra
* Tarun Khanna
* Sandeep Mohan
* Sonia Kapoor
* Sanjay Swaraj
* Vaquar Shaikh
* Abir Goswami as Akash (Episode 15)
* Vishal Watwani
* Gautami Kapoor
* Javed Khan
* Shanti Bhushan
* Shyam Ban
* Sameer Shanawade
* Aadesh Bharadwaj
* Shifali
* Joydeep Mukherjee
# Binnakandi Ghat

Binnakandi Ghat is a village under Binnakandi Gaon Panchayat in the District of Cachar (Assam), India under Lakhipur sub division.
Bengali and Meitei (Manipuri) are the official languages of this place.

## Notable people

* Dinesh Prasad Goala - Former MLA of Lakhipur
* Rajdeep Goala - Former MLA of Lakhipur
# Bird in Flight

"Bird in Flight" is a song by the English new wave band Toyah, fronted by Toyah Willcox, released as a single in 1980 by Safari Records.

## Background

The song was written by Toyah Willcox, Charlie Francis, Joel Bogen, Peter Bush and Steve Bray, and was produced by Matt Dangerfield. Willcox explained that it is "a song of rebellion and getting personal freedom, and not being met with negativity for something you passionately believe", revealing that she wrote it in rebellion against her mother. In 2011, the singer reflected: "I find the lyric excruciatingly wrong. But that might be because I'm older and wiser and prefer what I write today. That said, the Toyah band play it beautifully and they have given it a light, optimistic feel that really lifts the whole set. It dances into the venue and tickles your ears. I just need to ignore the lyric... It's so bloody wrong".
In the UK, "Bird in Flight" was released as a double A-side single with the song "Tribal Look", inspired by the Maasai tribe. Toyah promoted the single with the eponymous UK tour from January to March 1980. NME gave "Bird in Flight" a positive review, describing it as a Patti Smith-influenced "good pop song" with a "desirable spacy atmosphere". Neither track was featured on an album at the time, though both were added to the 2002 reissue of Sheep Farming in Barnet, and also on the 2005 compilation album The Safari Singles Collection Part 1: 1979–1981.

## Track listing

* 7" single
    A. "Bird in Flight" (Toyah Willcox, Charlie Francis, Joel Bogen, Peter Bush, Steve Bray) – 3:59
    B. "Tribal Look" (Willcox, Francis, Bogen, Bush, Bray) – 3:22

## Personnel

* Toyah Willcox – vocals
* Joel Bogen – guitar
* Charlie Francis – bass
* Steve Bray – drums
* Peter Bush – keyboards

## Charts

| Chart (1980) | Peak position |
| UK Independent Singles | 2 |
# Haeterini

The Haeterini are one of the smaller tribes of the Satyrinae in the Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterfly) family. The tribe occurs exclusively in tropical rain forests in the Neotropical realm.
It contains 29 described species and 39 subspecies classified in the following five genera:
There are differences in the shape of the forewings between males and females, with males having wing shapes that are more efficient in gliding flight performance.
* Cithaerias Hübner, [1819]
* Dulcedo d'Almeida, 1951
* Haetera Fabricius, 1807
* Pierella Westwood, [1851]
* Pseudohaetera Brown, 1942
# Rosewood railway station

Rosewood railway station is located on the Main line railway in Queensland, Australia. It serves the town of Rosewood.

## History

The now-closed Marburg branch railway line split from the Main Line railway at Rosewood.

## Services

Rosewood is the western terminus of the electrified Brisbane City network. It is the terminus for all services to/from Ipswich, with some peak-hour services continuing to Bowen Hills and Caboolture.
Rosewood is served by Queensland Rail Travel's twice weekly Westlander travelling between Brisbane and Charleville.

## Services by platform

| Platform | Line | Destinations | Notes |
| 1 | Ipswich & Rosewood | Bowen Hills, Caboolture & Nambour | Morning peak only |
| 1 | Ipswich & Rosewood | Ipswich | |
| 2 | Ipswich & Rosewood | Kippa-Ring | Afternoon peak only |
| 2 | Queensland Rail Travel | Brisbane Roma Street & Charleville | |

## Transport Links

Bus Queensland Lockyer Valley operate one bus route to and from Rosewood station:
* 539: to Helidon
This route was once serviced by McCafferty's Express Coaches (now operating under the auspices of Greyhound Australia) which continued onto Toowoomba where it connected with Rail motor service 5R16 from Toowoomba to Roma which operated until 1993.
# Rosie Cross

Rosie Cross (born Britain 1958) is an Australian Internet publisher, best known as the founder of Geekgirl, a popular Australian magazine and website that began in 1993.

## Biography

Rosie Cross received a Bachelor's Degree of Communications/Journalism from Mitchell College of Advanced Education, Bathurst in 1986. She initially worked as a freelance radio producer and writer. She mainly wrote about the Internet culture and how it was shifting. She did programs about the same topic that were broadcast on ABC. Rosie then created the first ever cyber-feminist e-zine (Geekgirl). She has appeared in Wired and Australian magazines such as 21•C magazine.
With the website Geekgirl Rosie combined her interests in print, radio, and video. She promoted the idea that women now had technology tools to achieve new possibilities that they could not achieve before. She also believed the opportunities for women were greater. To her, the World Wide Web was the start of a new beginning for women.

## Recognition

Her work has been archived by a number of museums, including the National Museum of Australia 101 extraordinary Australians.