OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# América Tropical: Oprimida y Destrozada por los Imperialismos

América Tropical is a 98-foot wide fresco mural created in 1932 by David Alfaro Siqueiros and other artists in Los Angeles, California, on a second-level exterior wall of the Italian Hall. It was painted over soon after its completion on an external wall of the Italian Hall on Olvera Street, in El Pueblo de Los Angeles Historical Monument of Downtown Los Angeles. It was restored and revealed to the public in 2012, 80 years to the day after its first unveiling.

## History

Siqueiros came to Los Angeles as a political refugee in 1932 and was sponsored by the Plaza Art Center to create a mural that was supposed to be about happy men, parrots, and palms with fruit falling into the mouths of people. Siqueiros completely ignored the institutional project request in pursuit of his own unique artistic idea by creating a mural, which turned out to be one of the most controversial art pieces in Los Angeles history, Tropical America (full name: América Tropical: Oprimida y Destrozada por los Imperialismos, or Tropical America: Oppressed and Destroyed by Imperialism).
The mural became the center of controversy, as the painting depicted a Maya-like pyramid with surrounding twisted trees, and in the center was an indigenous person crucified, dead on a double edged cross. There are sculptures lying at the bottom of the mural, destroyed, which signify pre-Columbian architecture and ancient indigenous civilization. On the left side of the pyramid there are two snipers overlooking the imperial American eagle which is on top of the crucified indigenous person and the two Mexican revolutionary snipers look ready to shoot at any time.
América Tropical is an emblematic part of the Mexican muralism movement that happened from the 1920s–1970s and later inspired the Chicano art movement in the United States for Mexican-Americans. Siqueiros also belonged to one of the most elite groups of artists from the Mexican Revolution known as "the big three", along with Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco. The three of them went around all over the Americas painting murals that depicted the struggles of people.

### Restoration

For the restoration of Siqueiros' mural, the Getty Foundation, via the Getty Conservation Institute, spent 3.95 million dollars on a restoration project, while the city of Los Angeles contributed 5 million dollars for the conservation of the mural. The project's scope is to conserve, interpret, and provide public access to the mural.
Josephina Quezada and Jaime Mejía were brought in to restore the mural in 1971, but opted to preserve the mural instead of restoring it at that time. At the time, Siqueiros declined the preservation of his mural.
Work has been completed on: documentation, cleaning, reattachment, stabilization, and treatment of the mural; constructing a shelter and viewing platform on an adjacent roof with elevator access; and the América Tropical Interpretive Center.
# Andrew Young (disambiguation)

Andrew Young (born 1932) is an American civil rights activist, former congressman, and former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations.
Andrew or Andy Young may also refer to:

## Politics and law

* Andrew Young (British politician) (1858–1943), British MP
* Andrew Robert Young (born 1961), American diplomat, U.S. Ambassador to Burkina Faso
* Andrew Clarence David Young (1899–1988), chief magistrate of the Pitcairn Islands

## Sports

* A. S. "Doc" Young (Andrew Spurgeon Young) (1919–1996), African American sports journalist
* Andy Young (footballer) (1925–2008), Scottish footballer
* Andrew Young (skier) (born 1992), Scottish Olympic cross-country skier
* Andrew Young (baseball) (born 1994), American baseball player

## Others

* Andrew Young (poet, born 1807) (1807–1889), Scottish poet and hymnwriter
* Andrew J. Young (Medal of Honor) (1837–1910), American soldier in the American Civil War
* Andrew Douglas Young (1881–1950), Australian stockbroker
* Andrew Young (poet, born 1885) (1885–1971), Scottish clergyman and poet
* Andrew Young (mathematician) (1891–1968), Scottish mathematician and natural scientist
* Andy Young (psychologist) (fl. 1970s–present), British neuropsychologist
* Andi Young, Asian-American singer and songwriter
# Bruce Township, Macomb County, Michigan

Bruce Township is a civil township of Macomb County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the township population was 9,324. The largely rural township is home to the Ford Motor Company Proving Grounds, which sits on 6 square miles (16 km$^2$) of land in the western-central part of the township.

## History

Prehistoric aborigines occupied the area periodically. There is a very prominent Indian mound that was so obvious Scottish pioneers used it as a landmark. Bruce Township was organized in 1833.

## Geography

The township occupies the northwest corner of Macomb County, with Oakland County on its western border and Lapeer County on its northern border. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 37.2 square miles (96 km$^2$), of which 36.7 square miles (95 km$^2$) are land and 0.4 square miles (1 km$^2$), or 1.12%, are water.
The highest point in Macomb County, Twombly Mountain, lies within the Ford Motor Company Proving Grounds, rising to an altitude of 1,150 feet (350 meters).

## Communities

Much of the village of Romeo lies within the southeast corner of the township.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 8,158 people, 2,806 households, and 2,267 families residing in the township. The population density was 224.1 inhabitants per square mile (86.5/km$^2$). There were 2,919 housing units at an average density of 80.2 per square mile (31.0/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 95.88% White, 1.79% African American, 0.37% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.43% from other races, and 1.07% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.75% of the population.
There were 2,806 households, out of which 40.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.6% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.2% were non-families. 15.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.25.
In the township the population was spread out, with 29.1% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.4 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $65,469, and the median income for a family was $73,733. Males had a median income of $60,379 versus $31,052 for females. The per capita income for the township was $27,561. About 2.6% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.6% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.

## Notable people

* Neil E. Reid, chief justice of the Michigan Supreme Court
# GWR petrol-electric railcar

The GWR petrol-electric railcar was a 4-wheel motorised coach purchased by the GWR in 1911 from British Thomson-Houston, who designed it and supplied the electrical fittings. It was powered by a 35–45 horsepower (26–34 kW) Maudslay petrol engine driving a dynamo which supplied two electric motors, one on each axle. It was provided with a driving position at both ends, and could carry 44 passengers at over 30 mph (48 km/h). It was numbered 100.
It was in use on the GWR until October 1919, when it was sold to Lever Brothers, who ran it at Port Sunlight until 1923.
# Casa Rinconada

Casa Rinconada is an Ancestral Puebloan archaeological site located atop a ridge adjacent to a small rincon across from Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Culture National Historical Park, northwestern New Mexico, United States.
It is an isolated great kiva (out of four in Chaco Canyon) with all the typical elements of great kivas: a masonry firebox, an inner bench, four roof-supporting large seating pits, masonry vaults, and 34 niches, divided into two sizes, encircling the kiva. There is also an unusual 39 foot (12 m) long underground passage, perhaps used in the ceremonies to allow performers sudden entry thus surprising the audience. It was dug out of the sandstone and shale that compose the ridge on which the kiva sits.
Casa Rinconada was excavated in 1930-31 by archaeologists Vivian and Reiter and the University of New Mexico/School of American Research field schools. It was reconstructed in part by Vivian in 1933, while Richter of the National Park Service worked on capping outer walls in 1955.
Casa Rinconada is accessible through the Canyon Loop Drive and 1/2-mile (800 m) trail (round trip) off the Drive.
With a diameter of 64 feet (20 m), Casa Rinconada is the largest excavated great kiva in Chaco Canyon.
# Shas Pollak

Shas Pollak were Jewish mnemonists who, according to the 1917 report of George Stratton in the Psychological Review, memorized the exact layout of words in more than 5,000 pages of the 12 books of the standard edition of the Babylonian Talmud. Stratton's report consists of accounts of and comments on testimonials of three eyewitnesses. Two of the eyewitnesses stated that the memorizing was related to the Talmud part, printed in the centers of the pages, and not the surrounding commentary.
"Shas" is a Hebrew acronym for the words shishah sedarim, "six orders", or Mishnah; "shas" is also a colloquial reference to the Talmud. "Pollak" means "Pole" in Yiddish, referring to a Polish Jew, so the term literally means "The Talmud-Pole" or the "Polish Talmudist."
G.M. Stratton quotes a letter from a Reverend Dr. David Phillipson of Cincinnati who described the so-called "pin test":
   ...A pin would be placed on a word, let us say, the fourth word in line eight; the memory sharp would then be asked what word is in the same spot on page thirty-eight or fifty or any other page; the pin would be pressed through the volume until it reached page thirty eight or page fifty or any other page designated; the memory sharp would then mention the word and it was found invariably correct. He had visualized in his brain the whole Talmud; in other words, the pages of the Talmud were photographed on his brain. It was one of the most stupendous feats of memory I have ever witnessed and there was no fake about it.
Another reputable witness was Dr. Solomon Schechter, the then President of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America.
This feat has since been quoted in many books on memory.
Stratton writes that all eyewitnesses noticed that none of the Shas Pollak known to them have attained any prominence in the scholarly world.
In a footnote, Stratton's article also mentions that memorizing the Talmud was a subject of the work by J. Brüll, "Die Mnemotechnik des Talmuds", Vienna, 1864, and that the Talmudic mnemonics is a subject of an article in the Jewish Encyclopedia.

## Literary references

A 1993 novelette Ginger (Рыжик) by Mikhail Veller about the fate of a Jewish boy who became a member of spetsnaz, has the following passage: "Torah was supposed to be known as follows. The Grandfather opened the book at random and punched a word with a pin. You were supposed to recite the text starting with the word pinned on the opposite page of the sheet."
# Shas (disambiguation)

Shas or SHAS may refer to:
* Shas, Israeli political party
* Shisha Sedarim, the Six Orders of Mishnah and Talmud
** Vilna Edition Shas
* Šas, village in Montenegro
* Sacred Heart Apostolic School
* Mohd Fadhli Mohd Shas, footballer
# Carrollton Avenue

Carrollton Avenue is a major thoroughfare stretching 3.9 miles (6.3 km) across the Uptown/Carrollton and Mid-City districts of New Orleans. South Carrollton Avenue runs from St. Charles Avenue in the Riverbend in a northeast lake-bound direction through Carrollton and into Mid-City. After crossing Canal Street it continues as North Carrollton Avenue until intersecting with Esplanade Avenue and Wisner Boulevard at the entrance to City Park.

## Streetscape

Carrollton Avenue is a broad tree-covered avenue, with a large median (or neutral ground to locals) for most of its length. Riverside of South Claiborne Avenue, Carrollton has one lane of traffic and one lane of parking in each direction. The St. Charles Streetcar Line also runs along this section before turning onto St. Charles Avenue in the Riverbend. The landmark Camellia Grill is located near the streetcar turn. This section of the road is mostly residential with the exception of the commercial area of Riverbend.
Between South Claiborne Avenue and Earhart Boulevard, there are three lanes of traffic in each direction. This area is a mix of commercial and residential and is home to such landmarks as the Notre Dame Seminary and the Rock n' Bowl. Carrollton is entirely commercial between Earhart Boulevard and Tulane Avenue and maintains three lanes in each direction. Lakeside of Tulane Avenue, Carrollton returns to mostly residential area with the exception of some commercial areas between Canal Street and Bienville Street. This stretch of road is three lanes in each direction, however lakeside of Canal Street the inner lanes in each direction are shared by the Carrollton Spur of the Canal Streetcar Line.
Jesuit High School, an elite all-male Roman Catholic institution, is located at the corner of Carrollton and Banks Street.

## History

The Carrollton neighborhood was once an independent city and Carrollton Avenue was known as Canal Street in the city plans, so named because at the time it terminated at the New Basin Canal. The name was later changed to avoid confusion with Canal Street in downtown New Orleans.

## Transit routes

In addition to the Carrollton spurs of both the Canal Streetcar Line and St. Charles Streetcar Lines, two transit routes, operated by New Orleans Public Service at first and later New Orleans Regional Transit Authority, were assigned to South/North Carrollton Avenue: one local (est. in the 1950s, first known as just Carrollton, and later 90 Carrollton), the other an express (established June 16, 1958 as the very first nonstop route in New Orleans, first known as Express 70 - Carrollton via Earhart, later 34 Carrollton Express). Both routes were halted before Hurricane Katrina hit in August 2005; they have since been restored.

## Major intersections

Riverside to Lakeside:
* St. Charles Avenue
* South Claiborne Avenue
* Earhart Expressway
* Palmetto Street/Washington Avenue
* Interstate 10, Exit 232, "Toni Morrison Interchange"
* Airline Highway/Tulane Avenue (U.S. Route 61)
* Canal Street
* Orleans Avenue
* City Park Avenue
* Esplanade Avenue/Wisner Boulevard

## Neighborhood associations in Carrollton

* Central Carrollton Association
# Axial pen force

In graphonomics, Axial pen force is the component of the normal pen force that is parallel to the pen. It is dependent upon pen tilt. In the special case of a perfectly vertical orientation of the writing instrument the axial pen force equals the normal pen force.
# 2007–08 Midland Football Combination

The 2007–08 Midland Football Combination season was the 71st in the history of Midland Football Combination, a football competition in England.

## Premier Division

The Premier Division featured 19 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs:
* Bartley Green, promoted from Division One
* Heather Athletic, promoted from Division One, who also changed name to Heather St John's
* Loughborough University, new club

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| 1 | Coleshill Town | 42 | 30 | 5 | 7 | 124 | 47 | +77 | 95 | Promoted to the Midland Football Alliance |
| 2 | Highgate United | 42 | 29 | 8 | 5 | 95 | 49 | +46 | 95 | Promoted to the Midland Football Alliance |
| 3 | Southam United | 42 | 22 | 9 | 11 | 83 | 63 | +20 | 75 | |
| 4 | Loughborough University | 42 | 21 | 10 | 11 | 78 | 55 | +23 | 73 | |
| 5 | Castle Vale | 42 | 20 | 11 | 11 | 85 | 62 | +23 | 70 | |
| 6 | Pilkington XXX | 42 | 19 | 11 | 12 | 83 | 75 | +8 | 68 | |
| 7 | Heather St John's | 42 | 19 | 10 | 13 | 80 | 64 | +16 | 67 | |
| 8 | Pershore Town | 42 | 21 | 7 | 14 | 77 | 61 | +16 | 67 | |
| 9 | Brocton | 42 | 18 | 12 | 12 | 77 | 65 | +12 | 66 | |
| 10 | Heath Hayes | 42 | 18 | 10 | 14 | 99 | 80 | +19 | 64 | |
| 11 | Walsall Wood | 42 | 17 | 11 | 14 | 62 | 53 | +9 | 62 | |
| 12 | Cadbury Athletic | 42 | 16 | 11 | 15 | 80 | 72 | +8 | 59 | |
| 13 | Nuneaton Griff | 42 | 16 | 11 | 15 | 69 | 66 | +3 | 59 | |
| 14 | Bartley Green | 42 | 14 | 6 | 22 | 70 | 83 | −13 | 48 | |
| 15 | Massey Ferguson | 42 | 14 | 6 | 22 | 65 | 94 | −29 | 48 | |
| 16 | Barnt Green Spartak | 42 | 13 | 7 | 22 | 67 | 75 | −8 | 46 | |
| 17 | Bolehall Swifts | 42 | 11 | 11 | 20 | 57 | 77 | −20 | 44 | |
| 18 | Continental Star | 42 | 11 | 9 | 22 | 79 | 99 | −20 | 42 | |
| 19 | Feckenham | 42 | 11 | 9 | 22 | 52 | 96 | −44 | 42 | Demoted to Division Two |
| 20 | Meir KA | 42 | 11 | 9 | 22 | 51 | 73 | −22 | 39 | |
| 21 | Coventry Copsewood | 42 | 9 | 11 | 22 | 57 | 84 | −27 | 38 | |
| 22 | Brereton Social | 42 | 2 | 6 | 34 | 25 | 122 | −97 | 12 | Relegated to Division One |
* ↑ Castle Vale deducted 1 point.
* ↑ Pershore Town deducted 3 points.
* ↑ Meir K A deducted 3 points.
# The Smartest Kids in the World (book)

The Smartest Kids in the World: And How They Got That Way is a book that analyses and compares various national education systems to the American education system, often in critique.
# Graciela Boente

Graciela Lina Boente Boente is an Argentine mathematical statistician at the University of Buenos Aires. She is known for her research in robust statistics, and particularly for robust methods for principal component analysis and regression analysis.

## Education

Boente earned her Ph.D. in 1983 from the University of Buenos Aires. Her dissertation, Robust Principal Components, was supervised by Victor J. Yohai.

## Awards and honors

Boente became a Guggenheim Fellow in 2001. In 2008, the Argentine National Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences gave her their Consecration Prize in recognition of her contributions and teaching. She became an honored fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in 2013, "for her research in robust statistics and estimation, and for outstanding service to the statistical community".
# Casbas Monastery

The Casbas Monastery, also known as the Monastery of Santa Maria de la Gloria, is in Casbas de Huesca, a municipality in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. A Bien de Interés Cultural (National Monument), it was established in 1173 by Countess Oria de Pallars (or Aurea) with the support of her husband Arnau Mir, Count of Pallars Jussà, between 1124 and 1174, and the Bishop of Huesca, Esteve de Sant Martí. Bishop Esteve had previously been the abbot of the Cistercian Monastery of Poblet from 1160 until 1165. The first abbess was Isabel, who ruled over the 30 noblewomen who entered the community until 1182. The abbess of Casbas had civil and criminal jurisdiction over her lands beginning in 1178. The Benedictine community of women formally came under the auspices of the Cistercian order in 1196, recognized as such by Pope Celestine III.

## Architecture

The Church of Santa Maria de la Gloria was consecrated in 1208. The church was built in a late Romanesque style with a barrel vault over the nave. The Latin cross plan ends in an extended apse with two side chapels. It has an octagonal cupula over the crossing. The cupula was likely constructed under the patronage of abbess Jerónima de Azlor (1609-1615).
The Romanesque portal of the church (c. 1200), off of the south transept, has a Chrismon on the tympanum with 11 archivolts extending from it. The cloister with its ogee arches dates from the 14th or 15th century. The chapterhouse includes two floor tomb relief slabs from the 14th century.
It was likely intended to be the familial pantheon for the Pallars-Jussá. In 2004 the monastery was transferred to private hands. It had only had two periods of closure prior to that, during the revolution of 1868 and during the Spanish Civil War in 1936. A surviving altarpiece of Saint Ursula (c. 1300) can be visited at the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya (cat. number 004377-000).
# Casbah Club

Casbah Club is a British mod rock band formed in Finchley, London in 2004.

## Career

The band consisted of guitarist/vocalist Simon Townshend (brother of Pete Townshend and touring member of The Who), bassist Bruce Foxton (The Jam, Stiff Little Fingers), drummer Mark Brzezicki (Procol Harum, Big Country), and rhythm guitarist Bruce Watson (Big Country). Scottish singer JJ Gilmour sang with the band in its earliest incarnation; a live album entitled Eastworld from this period was released.
Watson left the band to concentrate on his work with Four Good Men prior to re-forming Big Country with Brzezicki and Tony Butler for a 25th anniversary tour in 2007.
Casbah Club's debut album, Venustraphobia, was released in June 2006. During that year they toured with The Who, wherein Simon Townshend played a support set as a member of Casbah Club before playing the headlining set as a member of The Who.
As of September 2008, Casbah Club has been on hiatus as Townshend continues to tour with The Who and Bruce Foxton tours with From The Jam. Bruce Watson and Mark Brzezizki currently record and tour with the reformed Big Country.

## Band members
### Current members

* Simon Townshend – lead vocals, lead guitar, keyboards (2006–2008, 2020–present)
* Phil Palmer – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2020–present)
* Paul Turner – bass (2020–present)
* Zak Starkey – drums (2020–present)

### Past members

* Bruce Foxton – bass (2004–2008)
* Bruce Watson – guitar, backing vocals (2004–2008)
* Mark Brzezicki – drums, Percussion (2004–2008)
* JJ Gilmour – lead vocals (2004–2006)

## Discography

* Eastworld (2004)
* Venustraphobia (2006)
# The Trump Group

The Trump Group, based in Aventura, Florida, is a developer of luxury condominiums and investor in private companies; it is not related to the Trump Organization, owned by Donald Trump. Its projects include Williams Island in Aventura, Estates at Acqualina, and Luxuria in Boca Raton.

## History

The company was founded by Jules and Eddie Trump (who are not related to Donald Trump), Jewish brothers who moved to the United States from South Africa in the 1970s. In 1980, the brothers began their first project, Williams Island in Aventura.
Initially based in New York, the company purchased the Seattle-based Pay 'n Save drug store chain in 1984. Shortly after its purchase of Pay 'n Save, after a magazine incorrectly ascribed the purchase to Donald Trump, the company was unsuccessfully sued by the Trump Organization over the use of the Trump name; however, The Trump Group's trademark was revoked in 1988.
# Shenggong

Shenggong may refer to:
* Gengshi Emperor (died AD 25), courtesy name Shenggong (Chinese: 聖公), an emperor of the Han dynasty
* Chinese for "mercuric chloride" (昇汞; shēnggǒng)
# Khol (disambiguation)

A khol is a double-headed clay drum of eastern India.
Khol may also refer to:
* KHOL, a radio station in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, United States
* KHOL-TV, a television station in Kearney, Nebraska, United States
* Lakhon Khol, a Cambodian masked dance

## People with the surname

* Andreas Khol (born 1941), Austrian politician
# Cassipourea obovata

Cassipourea obovata is a species of plant in the Rhizophoraceae family. It is endemic to Mozambique.