OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2008 in Europe

Events from the year 2008 in Europe.

## Incumbents
### European Union

* President of the European Commission: José Manuel Barroso
* President of the Parliament: Hans-Gert Pöttering
* President of the European Council:
** Janez Janša (January–June)
** Nicolas Sarkozy (July–December)
* Presidency of the Council of the EU:
** Slovenia (January–July)
** France (July–December)

### Vatican City
## Events

* January 1: Cyprus and Malta becomes a eurozone member, adopting the euro for the first time.
* May 21: The first all-English European Cup final saw Manchester United beat Chelsea on penalties after a 1–1 draw in Moscow's Luzhniki Stadium.
* August 7–16: Russo-Georgian War
* August 28: The Russian group Voina staged the Fuck for the heir Puppy Bear! performance at the Timiryazev State Biological Museum in Moscow to protest at the election of Dmitry Medvedev in the 2008 Russian presidential election.
* December 6: A police officer assassinated 15-year-old student Alexis Grigoropoulos. Large riots took place the following days in Greece.

## Deaths
### January

* January 2
** George MacDonald Fraser, British author
** Günter Schubert, German actor
* January 3
** Jimmy Stewart, British racing driver
** Werner Dollinger, German politician
* January 7 – Detlef Kraus, German pianist
* January 9 – John Harvey-Jones, British businessman
* January 19 – Morris Maddocks, British bishop
* January 30 – Jeremy Beadle, British television presenter, writer and producer

### February

* 28 February – Mike Smith, British singer

### March

* 8 March – Carol Barnes, British newsreader
* 18 March – Anthony Minghella, British film director
* 19 March
** Arthur C. Clarke, British science fiction author and inventor
** Paul Scofield, British actor
* 20 March – Brian Wilde, British actor
* 23 March – Neil Aspinall, British record producer and business executive
* 28 March – Michael Podro, British art historian

### April

* 1 April – Jim Finney, British football referee
* 7 April – Mark Speight, British television presenter
* 25 April – Humphrey Lyttelton, British jazz musician and broadcaster

### May

* 16 May – David Mitton, British producer and director
* 24 May – Rob Knox, British actor
* 28 May – Beryl Cook, British artist

### July

* 2 July – Elizabeth Spriggs, British actress
* 3 July – Clive Hornby, British actor
* 4 July – Charles Wheeler, British journalist
* 14 July – Hugh Lloyd, British actor

### August

* 11 August – Bill Cotton, British producer
* 29 August – Geoffrey Perkins, British comedy producer, writer and performer
* 31 August – Ken Campbell, British actor and raconteur

### September

* 15 September – Richard Wright, British musician
* 24 September - Ruslan Yamadayev, Russian politician

### November

* 3 November – Brooks Mileson, British businessman,
* 4 November – Syd Lucas, British World War I veteran
* 12 November – Mitch Mitchell, British drummer
* 16 November – Reg Varney, British actor

### December

* 8 December – Oliver Postgate, British animator, puppeteer and writer
* 14 December – Kathy Staff, British actress
* 24 December – Harold Pinter, British playwright
# Drones (Beavis and Butt-Head)

"Drones" is the fifth episode of season 8 and 205th episode overall of the American animated television series Beavis and Butt-Head. It is an extended episode. It aired on MTV on November 10, 2011, along with "Holy Cornholio", another extended episode.

## Plot

Beavis and Butt-Head are on a class field trip to a military base (but only half of the class is there because the school's guidance counselor felt the other students were better served by visiting Hewlett-Packard) where their teacher, Mr. Van Driessen (conducting the trip under protest), tries to present a military career in non-violent and educational terms only to be cheerfully countered by an Army officer who notes the virtues of pre-emptive strikes and bluntly says that juvenile delinquents make the best warriors. Beavis and Butt-Head have to use a bathroom, so they go look for one. Meanwhile, a lazy trainee leaves the Drone Control Room to get some birthday cake. Shortly thereafter, the duo wander into the Drone Control Room, which they at first thought was a bathroom when they read it as "Drain Central". At the pilot seats, the duo thinks they are playing Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas when they are actually controlling drone planes in Afghanistan (the local villagers are speaking Dari). They start wreaking havoc around the city (Butt-Head) and in Afghanistan (Beavis) while looking for prostitutes, still thinking they are playing. They manage to scare civilians around the world and destroy some property. Not succeeding in finding prostitutes, they eventually get bored and leave the Drone Control Room after which a drone crashes into and destroys the Highland High school bus and two other drones crash into a foreign field. The lazy drone trainee, whose return to his job was delayed when he decided to get some ice cream to go with his cake, is mistakenly arrested for the destruction. While he's being beaten up and taken away in handcuffs by the military, Beavis and Butt-Head decide to finish their day by enjoying what is left of the birthday treats.

## Featured videos

* Deadmau5 featuring Rob Swire – "Ghosts 'n' Stuff"
* MGMT – "It's Working"
* Two clips from Jersey Shore
* Benny Benassi – "Satisfaction"

## Reception

The episode was seen by 1,554,000 viewers in its initial airing.
IGN rated the episode a 7.5/10, commenting "While not a perfect episode, 'Drones' did have me laughing out loud quite often", and commented that the best element of the story is when Mr. Van Driessen learns about how the Army works. The A.V. Club graded the episode a B, comparing it to the satire that the show South Park has in their episodes and calls it "heavy, heady stuff". They also comment on the line "pee all I can pee", saying "yet another notch in Judge and his writers".
# 114P/Wiseman–Skiff

114P/Wiseman–Skiff is a periodic comet in the Solar System.
It was discovered by Jennifer Wiseman in January 1987 on two photographic plates that had been taken on December 28, 1986, by Brian A. Skiff of Lowell Observatory. Wiseman and Skiff confirmed the comet on January 19, 1987.
Comet 114P/Wiseman–Skiff is believed to have been the parent body of a meteor shower on Mars and the source of the first meteor photographed from Mars on March 7, 2004.
Aphelion is located near the orbit of Jupiter. On February 25, 2043, the comet will pass 0.179 AU (26.8 million km) from Jupiter.
The nucleus of the comet has a radius of 0.78 ± 0.05 kilometers, assuming a geometric albedo of 0.04.
# Kataomoi (Michiru Maki song)

"Kataomoi" (片想い, lit. "Unrequited Love") is a song written by Kazumi Yasui and Makoto Kawaguchi. It was originally recorded by Michiru Maki as the B-side of her 1969 single "Suzu no Oto ga Kikoeru" (鈴の音がきこえる, lit. "I Hear the Sound of Bells").

## Mie Nakao version

"Kataomoi" was covered by Mie Nakao and released as a single on November 5, 1971, by Victor Entertainment. The single did not chart upon its release, but requests for the song on a Sapporo radio station in March 1977 prompted Victor to reissue the single on June 10. The reissued single peaked at No. 28 on Oricon's weekly singles chart and sold over 300,000 copies.

### Track listing

All music is arranged by Makoto Kawaguchi, except where indicated.

### Charts

| Chart (1977) | Peak position |
| Japan (Oricon) | 28 |

## Akina Nakamori version

Akina Nakamori covered "Kataomoi" as her 28th single, released as a double-A single with "Aibu" on March 24, 1994, by MCA Victor. It was also the lead single from her first cover album Utahime. The single peaked at No. 17 on Oricon's weekly singles chart and sold over 133,900 copies.

### Charts

| Chart (1994) | Peak position |
| Japan (Oricon) | 17 |
# Henry Sprinks

Henry Robert James Sprinks MBE (19 August 1905 — 23 May 1986) was an English first-class cricketer and Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve officer.
Sprinks was born in August 1905 at Alexandria, in what was then the Khedivate of Egypt. He played his club cricket in Southampton for Deanery Cricket Club, where his performances earned him a trial at Hampshire. His debut in first-class cricket came for Hampshire against Essex at Southend-on-Sea in the 1925 County Championship. He played first-class cricket for Hampshire until 1929, making 21 appearances. Playing in the Hampshire side as a right-arm fast bowler, he took 29 wickets at an average of 46.13, with best figures of 4 for 56. As a lower order batsman, he scored 167 runs at a batting average of 9.27 and a highest score of 40. It was noted by Wisden that "at times he suggested possibilities", alluding to what it viewed as unfulfilled potential.
Outside of cricket, he also played rugby union for Isle of Wight club side Ryde. Sprinks served in the Second World War with the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, being commissioned into the Administrative and Special Duties Branch as a flying officer in August 1940, with confirmation in the rank following in July 1941. He was made a temporary flight lieutenant in September 1942, before being granted the war substantive rank of squadron leader in March 1943. Following the war, he was appointed an MBE in the 1946 New Year Honours for his wartime service with the Air Ministry. Sprinks died in May 1948 at Bramshaw, Hampshire.
# Jean Obeid

Jean Obeid (Arabic: جان عبيد; 8 May 1939 – 8 February 2021) was a Lebanese lawyer, journalist and politician, who served in different cabinet posts, the last of which was foreign minister of Lebanon from 2003 to 2004.

## Early life and education

Obeid hailed from a Maronite family. He was born in Alma, a village in the Zgharta district, on 8 May 1939.
Obeid obtained a degree in law from the Saint Joseph University in Beirut.

## Career

Obeid was a journalist by profession. He held several high-level positions in various newspapers and magazines. He worked for Lisan Al Hal in 1960 and for the Assayad magazine and Al Anwar daily from 1966.
Obeid was an advisor on Arab affairs to two former Lebanese Presidents, Elias Sarkis (1978-1982) and Amin Gemayel (1983-1987). Gemayel also appointed him special envoy to Syria. On 11 February 1987, Obeid met with Parliament Speaker Hussein Husseini and was kidnapped by nine gunmen in west Beirut. Obeid was freed unhurt after four days.
Obeid served as a member of the parliament, representing Chouf from 1991 to 1992 and Tripoli from 1992 to 2005. He served as minister of state in the cabinet led by Prime Minister Rafik Hariri between 1993 and 1995. Then he was the minister of national education, youth and sports from 1996 to 1998. He was appointed to the same post in 2000.
On 17 April 2003, Obeid was appointed foreign minister in a reshuffle to the last cabinet of Hariri, replacing Mahmoud Hammoud in the post. Obeid's tenure ended in 2004, and he was succeeded by Mahmoud Hammoud as foreign minister. In 2008, Obeid ran for the presidential elections and was considered to be possible consensus candidate. He was also a candidate for President of Lebanon and participated in the 2014 Lebanese presidential election.
In May 2018, Obeid returned to the Lebanese parliament by winning the Maronite seat for the constituency of Tripoli.

## Personal life and death

Obeid was married to Emile Boustany's daughter, Loubna, and had five children. He was also the maternal uncle of the economist Jihad Azour.
On the morning of 8 February 2021, the National News Agency (NNA) announced that Obeid had died due to complications from COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon.
# Amer Krcić

Amer Krcić (born 23 May 1989) is a Slovenian football midfielder who plays for DSG Sele Zell.

## Honours

Domžale
* Slovenian Championship: 2007–08
* Slovenian Cup: 2010–11
# Alvan (singer)

Alexis Morvan Rosius (born 17 March 1993), known professionally as Alvan, is a French singer and songwriter. He represented France in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 together with vocal group Ahez with the song "Fulenn".

## Discography
### Studio albums

* Magma (2022)

### Extended plays

* Home (2016)
* La ballade (2017)

### Singles

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Album |
| Title | Year | LTU | SWE Heat. | Album |
| "Dame de cœur" | 2016 | — | — | Non-album singles |
| "Kangei" | 2016 | — | — | Non-album singles |
| "Pure" | 2016 | — | — | Non-album singles |
| "Bodhyanga" | 2016 | — | — | Home |
| "Home" | 2016 | — | — | Home |
| "Chinatown" | 2016 | — | — | Home |
| "Sanzel" | 2016 | — | — | Non-album single |
| "Amazone" | 2017 | — | — | Home |
| "Damiana" (featuring Velvet) | 2018 | — | — | Non-album singles |
| "Indolove" (featuring Keybeaux) | 2019 | — | — | Non-album singles |
| "Move On" | 2019 | — | — | Non-album singles |
| "Anything" | 2021 | — | — | Magma |
| "Fulenn" (with Ahez) | 2022 | 22 | 18 | Magma |
| "DCAI (Radio Edit)" | 2022 | — | — | Magma |
| "Calzone" | 2022 | — | — | Non-album single |
# ZTE X760

ZTE-G X760, also known as Orange Vegas, T-Mobile Vairy Touch, Vodafone Indie, and Vodafone V-X760, is a discontinued budget touchscreen mobile phone released in mid 2009 and made by ZTE. The cost of the Vegas was kept as low as possible by omitting many features from higher products while keeping a trendy touchscreen design. In the UK for example, the Orange Vegas was available for less than £40 on a Pay As You Go contract and they called it the “smallest, lightest, cheapest touchscreen mobile available in the UK”.
The phone was released in three colours: black, white, and pink. Its main feature is a 2.4-inch resistive touchscreen. It has a 1.3 MP Camera with MPEG-4 or H.263 video capture. There is support for video playback. The Vegas has an FM radio, an MP3 player and a web browser, although no 3G. It also comes with one pre-installed game (named Magicsushi) which is a variant on the classic game Bejewelled, replacing jewels with sushi. The phone's memory is comparatively small at only 517KB, but is expandable up to 4GB with the use of a microSD card.

## Reception

Trusted Reviews gave the Orange Vegas a score of 3 out of 5 and commented that it looked similar to a HTC Touch.
# Christianoconcha

Christianoconcha is a genus of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Punctidae, the dot snails.

## Species

Species in the genus Christianoconcha include:
* Christianoconcha quintalia
# Hachiro Kasuga

* Japan portal
* Music portal
Hachiro Kasuga (春日八郎, Kasuga Hachirō, October 9, 1924 – October 22, 1991), born Minoru Watabe, was a Japanese enka singer. He has been dubbed "the first enka singer".
Having seen Ichiro Fujiyama on stage, he attempted to become a popular singer. After he graduated from the Toyo Music School, he joined the Imperial Japanese Army in 1944, and returned from Taiwan in 1945. He joined Shinjuku Moulin Rouge in 1947 and then King Records in 1949.
In 1952, Kasuga made his debut with the song "Akai lamp no Shū Ressha" (赤いランプの終列車, lit. "Last Train with Red Lamp"), which at first got into the news in Nagoya. His popularity soon became widespread. His 1954 song "Otomi-san" (お富さん, lit. "Miss Otomi") became more successful throughout Japan. This single sold 500,000 copies in a half year, and eventually sold more than one million copies.
In 1955, he also released the single "Wakare no Ipponsugi" (別れの一本杉, lit. "Farewell One Cedar") which he musically sought. The song was composed by Toru Funamura. His music, which was later called enka, had much effect on subsequent popular music of Japan.
He died on October 22, 1991, aged 67.
# Duplicity (Revenge)

"Duplicity" is the fourth episode of the first season of the American drama television series Revenge. It aired on ABC on October 12, 2011, was written by Wendy Calhoun and directed by Matt Shakman.

## Plot

Emily Thorne (Emily VanCamp) moves on to her next target, Dr. Michelle Banks (Amy Landecker), a psychiatrist who is responsible for institutionalizing her while her father (James Tupper) was in prison.
The episode starts with Emily sitting in Dr. Banks office. Emily has been seeing Dr Banks for her 'emotional trauma', which she uses as a disguise to get friendlier with Dr Banks. After the therapy sessions we see that Dr Banks records all her sessions and looks back on them after the session to make notes about the client.
The episode then skips to Emily, Daniel Grayson (Josh Bowman), Tyler (Ashton Holmes) and Ashley playing a tennis match, Tyler and Ashley against Emily and Daniel. Emily and Daniel win. After the match Tyler suggests having lunch but Ashley refuses as she has to help Victoria plan the Mother Daughter luncheon.
Daniel sees Emily having dinner with Jack Porter (Nick Wechsler). Heartbroken, he goes on a drinking binge with Tyler (Ashton Holmes). Charlotte Grayson (Christa B. Allen) and Declan Porter (Connor Paolo) get to know each other more and Conrad Grayson (Henry Czerny) pays Lydia Davis (Amber Valletta) a secret visit.
Emily goes to the doctor Michelle Banks, who sent her to prison. She becomes her next victim, when Emily causes videos of her private therapy sessions with Victoria Grayson (Madeleine Stowe) and others to be aired at a luncheon hosted by Victoria.
She then attacks Banks and while she is unconscious, traps her in a loading tank with nothing but a single bed. This is exactly how Emily's room was set up when Michelle institutionalised her and segregated her from the world and her father as a child.

## Production

The episode was written by producer Wendy Calhoun, and directed by It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia veteran Matt Shakman.

## Promotion

ABC made a site www.hamptonsexposed.com Archived 2020-02-23 at the Wayback Machine, that hosts the records of Dr. Michelle Banks.

## Reception
### Ratings

The episode was watched by 7.94 million viewers and scored a 2.7 rating/7% share in 18-49 demographic, making it Revenge the highest-rated show in its timeslot, beating CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.
# The Orgasm Answer Guide

The Orgasm Answer Guide is a 2009 book by Beverly Whipple, Barry R. Komisaruk, Sara Nasserzadeh and Carlos Beyer-Flores in which the authors pose 84 questions and answers pertaining to orgasm and other aspects of human sexuality. The book is a winner of 2010 AASECT Book Award. It is a more accessible version of the book The Science of Orgasm (2006).

## Reception

Susan Quilliam calls this book "thoroughly" recommended and believes that it "brings together in a single work all human knowledge about orgasms."
# Dancea

Dancea is a genus of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Euconulidae, the hive snails.

## Species

Species within the genus Dancea include:
* Dancea rodriguezensis
# The Origins of American Social Science

The Origins of American Social Science is a 1991 book by Dorothy Ross on the early history of social science in the United States.
# The Overworked American

The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure is a 1992 book by labor economist Juliet Schor on the increase of American working hours in the late 20th century.
# Ningbingia

Ningbingia is a genus of land snails in the family Camaenidae. This genus is endemic to Kimberley in Western Australia.
Ningbingia is differentiated from other genera by the morphology of the penis. Species in the genus have shells of average size with raised spires.

## Species

Species include:
* Ningbingia australis
* Ningbingia bulla
* Ningbingia dentiens
* Ningbingia laurina
* Ningbingia octava
* Ningbingia res
# El Matadero (Fear the Walking Dead)

"El Matadero" (Spanish for The Slaughterhouse), is the fourteenth episode of the third season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series Fear the Walking Dead, which aired on AMC on October 8, 2017.
This episode marks the final appearance of Mercedes Mason (Ofelia Salazar) who died after she was bitten in "This Land Is Your Land".

## Plot

Ofelia falls off the water truck and the others in the group see that she has been bitten. Madison promises that she'll see her father, sells half their weapons so she can rest in the bazaar and spends more to keep her comfortable. Strand criticizes her for wasting resources while a grieving Walker finds honor in observing her last wish. Madison and Nick look after Ofelia. Madison manages to reach Daniel, but Ofelia dies just as Daniel arrives. Nick goes on a binge of drugs and drinking, wrangling Troy into joining him, eventually wading through a group of walking dead when Nick confesses that he can't go with Madison. The next morning, Daniel agrees to let Madison's group come to the dam but Nick and Troy decide to stay at the bazaar. Elsewhere, Alicia's scavenging attracts the dead who are killed by Diana. The two women initially threaten each other but decide to share the food Alicia found.

## Reception

"El Matadero", received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, "El Matadero" garnered an 80% rating, with an average score of 7.45/10 based on 9 reviews.
Matt Fowler of IGN gave "El Matadero" an 8.2/10.0 rating, stating; "Fear the Walking Dead more solidly found its tone and voice this season by embracing the arid landscape, ramping up the human-on-human conflict, and rallying around Kim Dickens' anti-hero mom, Madison, as the driving character."

### Ratings

"El Matadero" was seen by 2.26 million viewers in the United States on its original air date, below the previous episodes rating of 2.38 million.
# Mary Kingston

Mary Kingston (born 29 May 1970 in Inchydoney, County Cork), is an Irish children's television presenter. She presented The Disney Club on RTÉ Two. She also presented Scratch Saturday and The WorksMary presented The Disney Club. Her companion dog was Fionn. An Irish Wolfhound. It was voiced by Michael Sheridan. The program was Directed by Finin O Ceallachain.

## Early life

Kingston grew up in the small seaside area of Inchydoney, the third eldest in a family of eight children. In 1981, after leaving primary school, she started attending the Sacred Heart Secondary School, Convent of Mercy, in nearby Clonakilty.

## Career

In college, she studied Communication studies and graduated with an Honours Degree. After leaving college, she joined Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) as a children's television presenter, and has worked there since. She was an outside broadcast presenter on early Saturday-morning TV show Scratch Saturday, she then presented The Works, a kids science programme, for four years with Michael Sheridan, where she became known for her catchphrase, distinguishable by her regional accent: "Are you laughing?". She was a regular on The Den before hosting The Disney Club and Mary K in The Loft on Sunday mornings. For the next five years she has presented The Children of Ireland Awards with the then Taoiseach Bertie Ahern. In 2003, she took part in Celebrity Farm on RTÉ. In 2005, she took part in The Restaurant.
Kingston has authored a children's book, Fantastic Far-Flung Facts for Fun. The book describes her journey from Africa to Asia to South America to Madagascar and is a compilation of the many facts she learned along the way. It includes hundreds of the photos Kingston took and endorses her sentiment "Leave only footprints, take only memories .........and photos!"

## Personal life

She has travelled extensively, and holds a PADI Open Water Scuba Diving licence.
She has been involved in charity work for a number of organisations involved in the welfare of children and animals. She has spent time working with children who have a diagnosis of AIDS in a reconstructed modern hospital in Bucharest, Romania, called Dr Victor Babes. She is the junior patron for the Dublin Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (DSPCA).