OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Deviance (statistics)

In statistics, deviance is a goodness-of-fit statistic for a statistical model; it is often used for statistical hypothesis testing. It is a generalization of the idea of using the sum of squares of residuals (SSR) in ordinary least squares to cases where model-fitting is achieved by maximum likelihood. It plays an important role in exponential dispersion models and generalized linear models.
Deviance can be related to Kullback-Leibler divergence.

## Definition

The unit deviance $d(y,\mu )$ is a bivariate function that satisfies the following conditions:
* $d(y,y)=0$
* $d(y,\mu )>0\quad \forall y\neq \mu$
The total deviance $D(\mathbf {y} ,{\hat {\boldsymbol {\mu }}})$ of a model with predictions ${\hat {\boldsymbol {\mu }}}$ of the observation $\mathbf {y}$ is the sum of its unit deviances: D(y, μ$^^$)=∑$_i$d(y$_i$, μ$^^$$_i$){\textstyle D(\mathbf {y} , {\hat {\boldsymbol {\mu }}})=\sum _{i}d(y_{i}, {\hat {\mu }}_{i})}.
The (total) deviance for a model M$_0$ with estimates ${\hat {\mu }}=E[Y|{\hat {\theta }}_{0}]$, based on a dataset y, may be constructed by its likelihood as: $D(y,{\hat {\mu }})=2\left(\log \left[p(y\mid {\hat {\theta }}_{s})\right]-\log \left[p(y\mid {\hat {\theta }}_{0})\right]\right).$
Here ${\hat {\theta }}_{0}$ denotes the fitted values of the parameters in the model M$_0$, while ${\hat {\theta }}_{s}$ denotes the fitted parameters for the saturated model: both sets of fitted values are implicitly functions of the observations y. Here, the saturated model is a model with a parameter for every observation so that the data are fitted exactly. This expression is simply 2 times the log-likelihood ratio of the full model compared to the reduced model. The deviance is used to compare two models – in particular in the case of generalized linear models (GLM) where it has a similar role to residual sum of squares from ANOVA in linear models (RSS).
Suppose in the framework of the GLM, we have two nested models, M$_1$ and M$_2$. In particular, suppose that M$_1$ contains the parameters in M$_2$, and k additional parameters. Then, under the null hypothesis that M$_2$ is the true model, the difference between the deviances for the two models follows, based on Wilks' theorem, an approximate chi-squared distribution with k-degrees of freedom. This can be used for hypothesis testing on the deviance.
Some usage of the term "deviance" can be confusing. According to Collett:
    "the quantity $-2\log {\bigp(y\mid {\hat {\theta }}_{0}){\big ]}$ is sometimes referred to as a deviance. This is [...] inappropriate, since unlike the deviance used in the context of generalized linear modelling, $-2\log {\bigp(y\mid {\hat {\theta }}_{0}){\big ]}$ does not measure deviation from a model that is a perfect fit to the data."
However, since the principal use is in the form of the difference of the deviances of two models, this confusion in definition is unimportant.

## Examples

The unit deviance for the Poisson distribution is $d(y,\mu )=2\left(y\log {\frac {y}{\mu }}-y+\mu \right)$, the unit deviance for the normal distribution with unit variance is given by $d(y,\mu )=\left(y-\mu \right)^{2}$.
# Saša Živec

Saša Aleksander Živec (born 2 April 1991) is a Slovenian professional footballer who plays as a winger.

## Club career
### Primorje

On 16 July 2010, Živec made his Slovenian PrvaLiga debut for Primorje in a 4–1 away defeat to Koper. On 29 August 2010, he scored his first league goal and Primorje's fifth in a 5–1 home win over Olimpija Ljubljana. Živec netted his second goal of the season as he scored the winning strike in a 1–0 away victory over Rudar Velenje on 7 May 2011. He made 31 league appearances during the 2010–11 season, but Primorje finished last and was relegated to the Slovenian Second League.

### CSKA Sofia

On 14 June 2011, Živec joined CSKA Sofia on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee believed to be around €100,000. On 16 July 2011, he scored his first goal for CSKA Sofia in a friendly match against Cracovia Krakow. Živec made his competitive debut for the club on 30 July 2011, appearing as a substitute in a 3–1 win in the 2011 Bulgarian Supercup against Litex Lovech. He spent most of his time with CSKA on the bench and his contract was terminated by mutual consent on 29 November 2011.

### Domžale

After breaking his contract with CSKA Sofia, Živec returned to his native Slovenia and on 9 February 2012 joined Domžale on a two-and-a-half-year contract. Živec made his competitive debut for the club on 10 March 2012 in a 2–1 defeat against Maribor and also scored his debut goal for the team. On 17 March 2012, Živec scored again in a 2–1 home defeat against his former youth club Gorica. Just four days later he scored again, this time in a 4–3 victory over Mura 05. He opened the 2012–13 season with a 2–1 away victory over Olimpija Ljubljana, in which he scored both goals for his team.

### Omonia

On 4 July 2018, Živec signed for Cypriot First Division club AC Omonia.

### Zagłębie Lubin

On 27 June 2019, Živec returned to Ekstraklasa by signing with Zagłębie Lubin. He made his debut for the club on 26 July 2019 in a 1–0 defeat to Górnik Zabrze. He scored his first goal for Zagłębie on 10 August 2019 against Arka Gdynia.

### Wieczysta Kraków

On 16 August 2023, Polish III liga side Wieczysta Kraków announced the signing of Živec on a one-year contract, with an option for another year. He was released at the end of his contract on 30 June 2024.

## International career

On 3 September 2020, Živec made his senior international debut for Slovenia against Greece in the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League.

## Honours

Wieczysta Kraków
* III liga, group IV: 2023–24
# Bert McCann

Robert Johnston McCann (15 October 1932 – 12 September 2017) was a Scottish footballer, who played as a wing half for Dundee North End, Dundee United, Queen's Park, Motherwell, Hamilton Academical and Scotland. McCann represented Scotland and the Scottish League XI five times each between 1959 and 1961.
# California Jam II

California Jam II (also known as Cal Jam II) was a music festival held in Ontario, California, at the Ontario Motor Speedway on March 18, 1978, and produced by Leonard Stogel, Sandy Feldman, and Don Branker. More than 350,000 people attended. The event was promoted by Wolf & Rissmiller Concerts. The festival was a sequel to the original California Jam held in 1974.

## Performers

Musical acts featured at the festival included:
* Aerosmith
* Foreigner
* Heart
* Mahogany Rush
* Dave Mason
* Jean-Michel Jarre
* Rubicon
* Santana
* Bob Welch
* Ted Nugent

## Broadcast, telecast, and record releases

A television special featuring highlights of the festival was broadcast a few months later on the American Broadcasting Company network. CBS Records concurrently released a two-LP soundtrack album of selections from the concert, the track listing of which appears below. Selections from Bob Welch and Foreigner were not included in the soundtrack, as only artists who were contracted to one of CBS's labels were represented.
Local radio stations KMET & KLOS aired live simulcasts of the show. Many in attendance listened to the concert on the radio, due to the poor quality of the sound system.
# Smitten

Smitten may refer to:
* Infatuation
* Smitten (The Martinis album), 2004
* Smitten (Buffalo Tom album), 1998
* Smitten (Pale Waves album), 2024
# Kałów

Kałów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Poddębice, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-east of Poddębice and 32 km (20 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.
# Amos R. Green

Amos R. Green (1887–1968) was an American farmer near Niles, Michigan and an amateur anthropologist and archaeologist. He was also a leader in the Michigan Archeological Society, through which he met and collaborated with professional and academic anthropologists. Despite his lack of formal training, Green presented his work and published articles related to his discoveries.

## Biography

Amos Green spent the majority of his life earning a living through farming, but spent a significant amount of time pursuing his personal interest in anthropology, archaeology, and local history.
He earned a high school degree and participated in military service in WWI. Despite his early interest in anthropology, he worked various jobs as a portrait photographer, auto mechanic, and lumberjack, living most of his life in Berrien County, Michigan.
Green died from injuries incurred in a car accident on July 18, 1968. He was 81.

## Archeological work

Later in life, Green worked to re-start the Michigan Archeological Society, a group that aimed to bring amateur archaeologists and professionals together. The group successfully reformed in 1950, serving as the group's Southwest Chapter president for 8 years. He was also a member of the MAS executive board. Green developed relationships with professional anthropologists and archaeologists and wrote letters with them regularly, sharing information about their work.
Green presented his work to various groups over the years in an effort to increase enthusiasm for studying local history, including a presentation on "A Framework of State and Local History" at the Eastern States Archeological Federation meeting in 1966.
Green also published articles about his work, including:
* Green, Amos. "The Bevel in Stone and Steel Tools," Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, & Letters, Vol. 32, Page 53 of 68.
* Green, Amos. "Paleo Indian and Mammoth were Contemporaneous in Berrien County, MI." The Michigan Archaeologist, Vol. 13, March 1967.
Green also had a passion for bringing historical and anthropological information to his fellow non-academics, and regularly participated in radio and newspaper interviews for public audiences.

## Modern practices

In the years since Green's death, the work of amateur anthropology, particularly as related to potential Native American burial sites, has fallen out of favor. Some of the collecting practices common among Green and his contemporaries are now against the law or considered ethically problematic.

## Archives

An archival collection documenting Green's life and work is available at the Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan. These records illustrate Green's research as well as presentations to the public and professional organizations. Though Green collected a variety of artifacts from his field work, no artifacts are present in the collection.
# Gomphocarpus physocarpus

Gomphocarpus physocarpus, commonly known as hairy balls, balloonplant, balloon cotton-bush, bishop's balls, nailhead, or swan plant, is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae, related to the milkweeds. The plant is native to southeast Africa, but it has been widely naturalized as it is often used as an ornamental plant.

## Description

Gomphocarpus physocarpus is an undershrub perennial herb, that can grow to over six feet. The plant blooms in warm months. It grows on roadside banks, at elevations of 2800 to 5000 feet above sea level. The plant prefers moderate moisture, as well as sandy and well-drained soil and full sun.
Its propagation can be done by seeds or by cuttings. To propagate through seeds, sow the seeds in a light, well-drained substrate. To propagate by cuttings, cut a branch about 10 cm long and remove the leaves at the base. Plant the branch in a pot with light, well-draining substrate.
Gomphocarpus physocarpus is traditionally used to produce ointments for the treatment of warts and the seeds are used in rituals. The leaves and stems produce milky latex that is toxic, yet it has never been described in detail particularly with regards to the anatomy of lactiferous cells.
The flowers are small, with white hoods and about 1 cm across. The follicle is a pale green, and in shape an inflated spheroid. It is covered with rough hairs. It reaches three inches in diameter. The leaves are light green, linear to lanceolate and 3 to 4 inches long, 1.2 cm broad. The brown seeds have silky tufts.
This plant will readily hybridize with Gomphocarpus fruticosus creating intermediate forms.
Other names for the plant include in Africaans: balmelkbossie, balbossie, wilde kapok and in Zulu: umbababa, umbemiso, umangwazane, umqumnqwewe, uphuphuma, usingalwesalukazi, umsingalwesalukazi.

## Ecology

The plant's stamens are fused to the head of the style and all the pollen of each stamen is within two pollinia. The pouch-like structure formed by the petals that surrounds the reproductive organs encourages pollinia to stick to the legs or proboscis of pollinating insects. As a result the pollen packets are carried from plant to plant. The species is self-incompatible, and these specialised structures support this reproduction.
Gomphocarpus physocarpus is a food of the caterpillars of Danaus butterflies, including the African monarch butterfly (Danaus chrysippus orientis). They store the unpleasant tasting and toxic cardenolides from the plants to deter predators. Distinctive colouration alerts predators before they attack.
# Howard Montgomery

Howard R. "Pee Wee" Montgomery (January 5, 1916 – July 30, 1980) was an American football and basketball player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Arkansas State Teachers College—now known as the University of Central Arkansas—in Conway, Arkansas from 1947 to 1951, compiling a record of 26–17–5. Montgomery was also the head basketball coach at Arkansas State Teachers for one season, in 1948–49, tallying a mark of 14–11.

## Head coaching record
### College football

| Year | Team | Overall | Bowl/playoffs |
| Arkansas State Teachers Bears (Arkansas Intercollegiate Conference) (1947–1951) ||||||
| 1947 | Arkansas State Teachers | 8–1–1 | L Kickapoo Bowl |
| 1948 | Arkansas State Teachers | 5–3–1 | |
| 1949 | Arkansas State Teachers | 3–5–2 | |
| 1950 | Arkansas State Teachers | 7–2–1 | |
| 1951 | Arkansas State Teachers | 3–6 | |
| Arkansas State Teachers: | Arkansas State Teachers: | 26–17–5 | |
| Total: | Total: | 26–17–5 | |

### High school football

| Year | Team | Overall |
| Arkansas High School Razorbacks (1941–1946) ||||||
| 1941 | Arkansas | 1–6 |
| 1942 | Arkansas | 4–6 |
| 1943 | Arkansas | 6–2 |
| 1944 | Arkansas | 6–5 |
| 1945 | Arkansas | 7–2–1 |
| 1946 | Arkansas | 7–3–2 |
| Arkansas: | Arkansas: | 30–24–3 |
| Total: | Total: | 30–24–3 |
# John McLaughlin (footballer, born 1944)

John H. McLaughlin (23 January 1944 – 15 July 2011) was a Scottish amateur footballer who made over 140 appearances as a left half in the Scottish League for Queen's Park.
# Jonny Johansson

Jonny Johansson is the creative director and co-founder of Acne Studios, the Stockholm-based multidisciplinary fashion house.

## Early life

Johansson grew up in the north of Sweden and was originally a guitarist in several rock bands in his youth.

## Career

In 2002, Jonny and three colleagues founded the ACNE creative collective. ACNE stands for Ambition to Create Novel Expression, but Johansson has also expressed that he liked the idea of ‘appropriating a difficult word’ and making it cool. In 1997, the Acne Studios fashion line was born when Johansson created 100 pairs of raw denim jeans with red stitching and gave them away to friends and family.
Johansson has stated that the early inspiration for Acne Studios came from the Warhol Factory. Johansson is heavily influenced by art, design, literature and music and over the years he has collaborated with a diverse range of artists, photographers and designers such as Lanvin, Lord Snowdon and transsexual magazine Candy. His characteristic style is an emphasis on tailoring and the use of eclectic materials and custom fabrics.
# Sivadavalasa

Sivadavalasa is a village and panchayat in Bobbili mandal, Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh, India.
# Zumba (disambiguation)

Zumba is a fitness program involving dance and aerobic elements.
Zumba may also refer to:
* Ganga Zumba (died 1678), Brazilian leader
* Zumba, stage name of Zaza Korinteli (born 1973), Georgian rock musician
* Zumba (crater), on Mars
* Zumba, Ecuador, capital of Chinchipe Canton
* "Zumba" (song), a 2012 song by Don Omar
* Zumba (mascot), the official mascot for Sporting Clube de Goa
# Al-Shabatliyah

Al-Shabatliyah (Arabic: الشبطلية) is a town in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Latakia Governorate, located north of Latakia. Nearby localities include Al-Shamiyah and Burj Islam to the south, Ayn al-Bayda, al-Bahluliyah and Mashqita to the east. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, al-Shabatliyah had a population of 3,306 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.
# Lam Sơn Square

Lam Sơn Square (Vietnamese: Công trường Lam Sơn) is the city square surrounding the Municipal Theatre of Ho Chi Minh City in District 1, downtown Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
The square extends from Đồng Khởi Street to Hai Bà Trưng Street, although it is commonly known for its section in front of the Municipal Theatre's façade, Hotel Continental Saigon and Caravelle Hotel are located. The Opera House station of HCMC Metro Line 1 also located in the square side of Đồng Khởi Street.

## History

The site of the present-day Lam Sơn Square was originally the section of the boulevard Bonard between the rue Catinat and rue Nationale (Hai Bà Trưng Street nowadays). Following the completion of the Municipal Theatre, the square was known as place du Théâtre (Theatre Square), and it was not until 11 January, 1935 that the official name, place Augustin Foray, was given after the former mayor of Saigon.
In 1955, place Augustin Foray was renamed Lam Sơn Square by the South Vietnamese government, and the Municipal Theatre became the National Assembly building.
Lam Sơn Square also housed the Brinks Hotel, the building used by the United States Army officers and was bombed by the Viet Cong in 1964. Today, the site is occupied by the Park Hyatt Saigon Hotel, and a memorial to the bombing was erected.
After Vietnam was reunified, the National Assembly building was restored to its original function as a theatre. The square's layout had little change until 2018, when the open space behind the theatre, previously used as a parking lot, was transformed into a landscaped garden.
# Nik Kapun

Nik Kapun (born 9 January 1994) is a Slovenian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Krka.

## International career

Kapun received his first call-up to the senior Slovenia squad for the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifiers against Switzerland and Estonia in September 2015.

## Honours

Olimpija Ljubljana
* Slovenian PrvaLiga: 2015–16, 2017–18
* Slovenian Cup: 2017–18, 2018–19, 2020–21
# Christmas on Mistletoe Farm

Christmas on Mistletoe Farm is a 2022 British Christmas comedy film written and directed by Debbie Isitt. It was released on Netflix on 23 November 2022.

## Plot

Matt Cunningham, a widowed father of five, finds out he has inherited a farm. After some persuasion, he leaves his London home for the farm to use it as a retreat to get a pitch that his boss is hampering him for completed on time. However, when he arrives, his farm hand Beano along with his kids and the village people have other ideas than just work.

## Cast

* Scott Garnham as Matt Cunningham: A widowed father of five who has to face a stark reality in adjusting to village life.
* Scott Paige as Beano: An eccentric farm hand who spends a lot of time entertaining Matt's children. With them, he tries to make Matt stay in Cobbledon.
* Kathryn Drysdale as Miss Ashley: A Cobbledon vet who develops a quick bond with Matt.
* Ashley Jensen as Ms Fletcher: Matt's hard-nosed, Scrooge-like boss.
* Celia Imrie as Miss Womble: Head of the village knitting circle who's instrumental in making sure Matt's children settle in.
* Sydney Isitt-Ager as Miss Nerris: A Cobbledon teacher who believes learning is for life and can take place anywhere (not just in a classroom).
* Inel Tomlinson as Mo: Matt's colleague who is one of the people to persuade him to go to the farm.

## Production

As with Isitt's Nativity! films, much of Christmas on Mistletoe Farm was shot in the West Midlands, with Matt's office was being located in central Birmingham. Exterior scenes of Cobbledon Village were shot in the Cotswolds, and the farm itself was Fulling Mill Farm in north Oxfordshire. Along with writing and directing, Isitt also worked on the original music for the film alongside her partner, composer Nicky Ager.
# Doug Orr

Douglas McDonald Orr (born 8 November 1937) was a Scottish amateur football outside left who played in the Scottish League for Queen's Park. He was capped by Scotland at amateur level and also played in the Athenian League for Hendon and the Football League for Queens Park Rangers. After his retirement as a player, he coached in college soccer in the United States with the Hartford Hawks.

## Career statistics
### Player

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National Cup | National Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Queen's Park | 1955–56 | Scottish Second Division | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 2 |
| Queen's Park | 1956–57 | Scottish First Division | 0 | 0 | ― | ― | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 1 |
| Queen's Park | Total | Total | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 14 | 3 |
| Hendon | 1956–57 | Athenian League | 6 | 0 | ― | ― | ― | ― | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1 |
| Queens Park Rangers | 1957–58 | Third Division South | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| Queen's Park | 1958–59 | Scottish Second Division | 15 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 18 | 5 |
| Queen's Park | 1959–60 | Scottish Second Division | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Queen's Park | 1960–61 | Scottish Second Division | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 0 |
| Queen's Park | Queen's Park total | Queen's Park total | 30 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 45 | 8 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 41 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 57 | 9 |
* ↑ Appearance in Glasgow Merchants Charity Cup
* 1 2 3 Appearances in Glasgow Cup
* ↑ Appearance in Middlesex Senior Cup

### Manager

Managerial record by team and tenure :
| Team | From | To | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record | Ref |
| Team | From | To | P | W | D | L | Win % | Ref |
| Hartford Hawks | 1987 | 1990 | 84 | 38 | 35 | 11 | 045.2 | |
| Total | Total | Total | 84 | 38 | 35 | 11 | 045.2 | — |
# Sianów

Sianów (Polish pronunciation:; German: Zanow) is a town in Poland, in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in Koszalin County. It has 6,555 inhabitants (2010).
Sianów is a member of Cittaslow.

## Notable people

* Edward Żentara (1956–2011) a Polish actor, appearing in more than 50 films and television shows between 1978 and 2010.
# Igor Kuljanac

Igor Kuljanac (born 9 August 1989) is a Slovenian football midfielder.