OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Antiscopa elaphra

Antiscopa elaphra is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and has been observed in both the North and South Islands. Adults of this species are on the wing from August until March and are attracted to light. In 2020 this species had its DNA barcode sequenced.

## Taxonomy

This species was first named Scoparia elaphra by Edward Meyrick in 1884. In 1885 Meyrick gave a detailed description of the species using specimens collected near Palmerston North and Christchurch. George Hudson discussed and illustrated this species under the name Scoparia acompa in his 1928 book The butterflies and moths of New Zealand. In 1964 Eugene Munroe placed this species in the genus Antiscopa. This placement was accepted by John S. Dugdale in 1988. The male lectotype, collected in Palmerston North, is held at the Natural History Museum, London.

## Description

Meyrick described the adults of this species as follows:
   Male, female. — 12-14 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous mixed with whitish, shoulders narrowly suffused with dark fuscous. Palpi 4+1⁄2, dark fuscous, white above and beneath. Antennae whitish-ochreous; in male joints serrate with apical teeth only, ciliations 1. Abdomen grey-whitish. Legs white, anterior pair suffused with dark fuscous. Forewings very elongate, narrow, triangular, costa straight, apex round-pointed, hindmargin slightly sinuate, very oblique; pale brownish-ochreous, irregularly irrorated with white on veins, and generally with scattered dark fuscous scales; base of costa rather suffused with dark fuscous; some blackish scales on submedian fold before first line; first line hardly whitish, posteriorly margined with dark fuscous, rather strongly curved; orbicular small, linear, black, touching first line; claviform smaller, similar, generally indistinct; reniform dot-like, blackish; second line obscurely whitish, anteriorly dark-margined, somewhat curved above middle, otherwise straight; a row of blackish dots on hindrnargin; cilia whitish, with two fuscous-grey lines. Hindwings 1+1⁄3, grey-whitish; lunule, postmedian line and hindrnargin grey; cilia white.
This species can be distinguished from related species in its genus by its small size, long palpi, the sharp, triangular shape of, as well as the simple markings on, its forewings and its overall fragile appearance. In 2020 A. elphra had its DNA barcode sequenced and published.

## Distribution

It is endemic to New Zealand. The species has been observed in both the North and the South Islands.

## Behaviour

Hudson stated that adults of this species were on the wing from August until March. Adults have also been recorded on wing in the West Coast from March until September. They are attracted to light.
# Crane Meadows National Wildlife Refuge

Crane Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, located in central Minnesota, USA, was established in 1992 to preserve a large, natural wetland complex. It is an essential stop for many species of migrating birds. Located within a large watershed that includes Rice, Skunk and Mud Lakes, Platte and Skunk Rivers, Rice and Buckman Creeks, and sedge meadow wetlands, it harbors one of the largest nesting populations of greater sandhill cranes in Minnesota. Habitats include native tallgrass prairie, oak savanna and wetlands with wild rice stands. With a total authorized acquisition boundary of 13,540 acres (54.8 km$^2$) encompassing this important wetland complex and adjacent uplands, the refuge exists as scattered parcels totaling about 2,000 acres (8.1 km$^2$). Existing ownership lies in Little Falls and Agram townships in Morrison County.
The refuge is the base for the Federal Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program in Morrison County, which focuses on restoring drained wetlands through voluntary agreements with landowners.
# Thomas Morgan (of Machen)

Sir Thomas Morgan (c. 1534 – 1603) was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1654.

## Biography

Morgan was the eldest son of Sir William Morgan. He was admitted to Inner Temple in 1650.
In 1654, Morgan was elected Member of Parliament for Monmouthshire in the First Protectorate Parliament after two members chose to take up other seats.
Morgan died on either 13 May 1664 or 18 October 1666.

## Family

Morgan married firstly Rachel Kemys, widow of David Kemys and daughter of Robert Hopton. She was sister to Ralph Lord Hopton. He married secondly Elizabeth Windham, daughter of Francis or Thomas Windham of Sandhills Somerset.
# Watts

Watts is plural for watt, the unit of power.
Watts may also refer to:

## People

* Watts (surname), a list of people with the surname Watts

## Fictional characters

* Albie Watts, a fictional character in the British soap opera EastEnders
* Angie Watts, a fictional character in the British soap opera EastEnders
* Arthur Watts, a major antagonist in the animated web series RWBY
* Chrissie Watts, a fictional character in the British soap opera EastEnders
* Curly Watts, in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street
* Den Watts, a fictional character in the British soap opera EastEnders
* Peter Watts, in the TV series Millennium
* Raquel Watts, in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street
* Sharon Watts, a fictional character in the British soap opera EastEnders
* Wade Owen Watts, protagonist in the novel Ready Player One and its film adaptation.
* Watts, main character in the film Some Kind of Wonderful

## Places
### United Kingdom

* Watts Bank, a nature reserve in Berkshire, England.
* Watts Hill, Dorset, England.

### United States

* Watts, Los Angeles, California, a city district
* Watts, Oklahoma, a town
* Watts, Virginia
* Watts Branch (Anacostia River), a tributary of the Anacostia in Maryland and the District of Columbia
* Watts Branch (Potomac River), a tributary of the Potomac in Maryland
* Watts Community, Oklahoma, a census-designated place
* Watts Island, near Watts Island Light, a lighthouse in Chesapeake Bay
* Watts Township, Perry County, Pennsylvania

### In space

* 1798 Watts, an asteroid
* Watts (crater), on the Moon

### In other places

* Watts River, Victoria, Australia
* Watts Point, British Columbia, Canada

## Buildings

* Watts Building (Birmingham, Alabama), on the National Register of Historic Places
* Watts Cemetery Chapel, Surrey, England
* Watts Towers, 17 sculptural towers in Watts, Los Angeles
* Watts Warehouse, a Grade II* listed building in the centre of Manchester, England Manchester, England

## Businesses

* Watts & Co., an English architecture and interior design company founded in 1874
* Watts Gallery, an art gallery in Surrey, England
* Watts Water Technologies, a company in the United States that makes water valves

## Crime

* Watts family murders, in Colorado (2018)

## Other uses

* USS Watts, a U.S. Navy destroyer
* Watts Hospital, the first hospital in Durham, North Carolina
* Watts Line, a former rail line in Los Angeles, California
* Watts Station, a historic train station in Watts, Los Angeles
* Watts Naval School, Norfolk, England, a former boarding school
# Crosby Wetland Management District

The Crosby Wetland Management District is located in the U.S. state of North Dakota. The district is located in the extreme northwestern section of North Dakota, along the border with Canada and the state of Montana. Within the district is the Lake Zahl National Wildlife Refuge, 96 parcels of land owned by the U.S. Government which are managed as Waterfowl Production Areas, and several hundred easement refuges that are on privately owned land which are cooperatively managed by the landowners and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
The region is known for being one of the finest in North America for nesting and breeding sites for hundreds of species of birds, especially waterfowl. The region also has upland sections that are prime habitat for game birds such as the grouse and pheasant, and numerous small mammals and white-tailed deer can be found.
# Lipiany

Lipiany (German: Lippehne) is a town in the Pyrzyce County in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in north-western Poland, with 4,048 inhabitants (2010).

## Culture

The Zaczynaj beer is a traditional beverage of Lipiany, as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1871 | 3,253 | — |
| 1880 | 3,813 | +17.2% |
| 1890 | 3,911 | +2.6% |
| 1900 | 3,878 | −0.8% |
| 1910 | 4,056 | +4.6% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1925 | 4,303 | +6.1% |
| 1939 | 4,374 | +1.7% |
| 1950 | 3,316 | −24.2% |
| 1960 | 3,955 | +19.3% |
| 2010 | 4,048 | +2.4% |
Source: :

## International relations
### Twin towns — Sister cities

Lipiany is twinned with:
* Saint-Genest-d'Ambière, France
* Wietzendorf, Germany
# George Palmer (rugby league)

George Palmer (c. 1925 – 24 January 2016) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s. He played at representative level for England, and at club level for Batley, as a second-row.

## Early life

Palmer grew up in east Hull, working in a local sawmill before joining the Royal Navy as a submariner in 1942.

## Playing career
### Club career

When the Second World War ended, Palmer had trials with rugby league club Hull before joining Batley, where he played between 1948 and 1958. He made over 300 appearances for the club.
He played at second-row in Batley's 8-18 defeat by Huddersfield in the 1952 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1952–53 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 15 November 1952.

### International honours

George Palmer won a cap for England while at Batley playing second-row in the 10-35 defeat by the Other Nationalities at Central Park, Wigan, on Wednesday 11 April 1951, in front of a crowd of 16,860.

## Death

Palmer died in 2016, aged 91.
# Mnichów, Łódź Voivodeship

Mnichów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sieradz, within Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north of Sieradz and 54 km (34 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

## History

It was probably founded by canons regular from the nearby village of Męka. It was first mentioned in 1413. At that time it was the property of Jan Kożuszek.
In the southern part of the village, on a sand dune, a circular fortified settlement with a diameter of 80 meters at the base has been preserved. As a result of research carried out in 1962, it was established that in the 6th-8th century there was a stronghold here, built on an older settlement from the period of migration of peoples - probably the oldest center of territorial and tribal authority in the Sieradz region.
On September 4–5, 1939, heavy fighting between the 31st Kaniowski Rifle Regiment from Sieradz and the German 10th Infantry Division took place here. On the eastern edge of the village there is a battle shelter for HMG personnel, where the Polish crew defended themselves until they lost their lives.
# INRI (disambiguation)

INRI or I.N.R.I. represents the Latin inscription IESVS NAZARENVS REX IVDÆORVM (Iesus Nazarenus, Rex Iudaeorum), which in English translates to "Jesus the Nazarene, King of the Jews" (John 19:19).
INRI may also refer to:
* I.N.R.I. (film), a 1923 German silent film depicting the life of Christ
* INRI (Psyclon Nine album), 2005
* I.N.R.I. (Sarcófago album), 1987
* Inri Cristo (born 1948), Brazilian self-proclaimed incarnate of Jesus
* INRI studio, an independent production house from Singapore
* Iron Nails Ran In, interpretation by the protagonist of James Joyce's Ulysses
# 1989–90 Liga Nacional de Hockey Hielo season

The 1989–90 Superliga Espanola de Hockey Hielo season was the 16th season of the Superliga Espanola de Hockey Hielo, the top level of ice hockey in Spain. Six teams participated in the league, and CH Txuri Urdin won the championship.

## First round

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | Goals | Pts |
| 1. | CG Puigcerdà | 10 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 114:34 | 17 |
| 2. | CH Txuri Urdin | 10 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 119:36 | 17 |
| 3. | CH Jaca | 10 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 76:40 | 14 |
| 4. | FC Barcelona | 10 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 65:57 | 8 |
| 5. | CH Gasteiz | 10 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 29:134 | 2 |
| 6. | CH Boadilla | 10 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 11:123 | 2 |

## Final round

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | Goals | Pts |
| 1. | CH Txuri Urdin | 16 | 14 | 1 | 1 | 178:58 | 29 |
| 2. | CH Jaca | 16 | 11 | 0 | 5 | 120:62 | 22 |
| 3. | CG Puigcerdà | 16 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 133:76 | 16* |
| 4. | FC Barcelona | 16 | 6 | 0 | 10 | 102:101 | 12 |
| 5. | CH Boadilla | 16 | 5 | 0 | 11 | 61:166 | 10 |
| 6. | CH Gasteiz | 16 | 3 | 0 | 13 | 54:185 | 6 |
# Lipie, Myślibórz County

Lipie is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Myślibórz, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.
# Central Region, Scotland

56°03′47″N 3°47′46″W﻿ / ﻿56.063°N 3.796°W﻿ / 56.063; -3.796
Central region was a local government region from 1975 to 1996, being one of twelve such regions across Scotland. The Regional Council's headquarters were at Viewforth in Stirling, which had been previously the headquarters of Stirlingshire County Council. Since 1996 the area has been divided into the council areas of Clackmannanshire, Falkirk and Stirling, which had previously been districts within Central region.

## History

Central region was created in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which established a two-tier structure of local government across mainland Scotland comprising upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts. Central region covered the whole area of the county of Clackmannanshire, most of Stirlingshire and parts of Perthshire and West Lothian, which were all abolished for local government purposes at the same time. Central region was divided into three districts, called Clackmannan, Falkirk, and Stirling.
The Dunblane massacre occurred within the last month of Central Regional Council's existence at one of its primary schools, in Dunblane. Responsibility for Dunblane Primary School was transferred to the new Stirling Council on the first day of its operations on 1 April 1996 when the Scottish Regional Councils disbanded under the reorganisation act of 1994. 10 days later, on 11 April 1996, the school gym where the massacre took place was demolished by the new council. The school was entirely refurbished in 1998.
Central region was abolished in 1996 under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, which replaced regions and districts with unitary council areas. Each of Central's three districts became a separate council area, with Clackmannan district changing its name to Clackmannanshire with effect from 1 April 1996, being the day the new arrangements came in to effect.
The Central Scotland Police force, created in 1975 using the same boundaries as the region, was merged into Police Scotland in 2013 with its territory forming one of the second-level divisions from that point. At the same time, the Central Scotland Fire and Rescue Service became part of the new Scottish Fire and Rescue Service.
There continue to be electoral, valuation, and health boards for the area; the latter is called NHS Forth Valley.

## Political control

The first election to Central Regional Council was held in 1974, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new system came into force on 16 May 1975. Political control of the council from 1975 was as follows:
| Party in control | Party in control | Years |
| | No overall control | 1975–1978 |
| | Labour | 1978–1996 |

## Premises

At the time of the local government reorganization of 1975, there was discussion on where the new region should be based – the options being Falkirk or Stirling, the latter of which was chosen as the county council had just finished construction of a new office building at Viewforth in the town in 1972.
* View of Stirling
* Falkirk High Street
* Clackmannan Main Street
# 1981–82 Liga Nacional de Hockey Hielo season

The 1981–82 Superliga Espanola de Hockey Hielo season was the 10th season of the Superliga Espanola de Hockey Hielo, the top level of ice hockey in Spain. Six teams participated in the league, and CH Vizcaya Bilbao won the championship.

## Standings

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | Goals | Pts |
| 1. | CH Vizcaya Bilbao | 20 | 18 | 1 | 1 | 213:56 | 37 |
| 2. | FC Barcelona | 20 | 17 | 1 | 2 | 214:50 | 35 |
| 3. | CH Jaca | 20 | 11 | 0 | 9 | 107:82 | 22 |
| 4. | CG Puigcerdà | 20 | 8 | 0 | 12 | 96:132 | 16 |
| 5. | CH Txuri Urdin | 20 | 4 | 0 | 16 | 85:182 | 8 |
| 6. | CH Vitoria | 20 | 1 | 0 | 19 | 53:268 | 2 |
# 1980–81 Liga Nacional de Hockey Hielo season

The 1980–81 Superliga Espanola de Hockey Hielo season was the ninth season of the Superliga Espanola de Hockey Hielo, the top level of ice hockey in Spain. Eight teams participated in the league, and CH Casco Viejo Bilbao won the championship.

## Final round

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | Goals | Pts |
| 1. | CH Casco Viejo Bilbao | 20 | 16 | 1 | 3 | 242:70 | 33 |
| 2. | FC Barcelona | 20 | 16 | 0 | 4 | 281:82 | 32 |
| 3. | CH Txuri Urdin | 20 | 11 | 1 | 8 | 151:71 | 23 |
| 4. | CH Jaca | 20 | 10 | 2 | 8 | 117:90 | 22 |

## Relegation

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | Goals | Pts |
| 5. | CG Puigcerdà | 14 | 4 | 0 | 10 | 94:122 | 8 |
| 6. | CH Vitoria | 14 | 4 | 0 | 10 | 63:149 | 8 |
| 7. | CH Boadilla | 14 | 4 | 0 | 10 | 60:225 | 8 |
| 8. | CH Gel Barcelona | 14 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 36:234 | 2 |
# 1997–98 Liga Nacional de Hockey Hielo season

The 1997–98 Superliga Espanola de Hockey Hielo season was the 24th season of the Superliga Espanola de Hockey Hielo, the top level of ice hockey in Spain. Six teams participated in the league, and CH Majadahonda won the championship.

## Standings

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | Goals | Pts |
| 1. | CH Jaca | 15 | 13 | 2 | 0 | 103:63 | 28 |
| 2. | CH Majadahonda | 15 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 90:88 | 16 |
| 3. | CH Gasteiz | 15 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 68:70 | 15 |
| 4. | CG Puigcerdà | 15 | 8 | 0 | 7 | 77:75 | 15* |
| 5. | CH Txuri Urdin | 15 | 5 | 1 | 9 | 79:87 | 11 |
| 6. | FC Barcelona | 15 | 1 | 2 | 12 | 58:92 | 4 |

## Playoffs

| Semifinal | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final | Final |
| 2 | CH Majadahonda | 2 | | | |
| 3 | CH Gasteiz | 0 | | | |
| 3 | CH Gasteiz | 0 | 2 | CH Majadahonda | 2 |
| | | | 4 | CG Puigcerdà | 0 |
| 1 | CH Jaca | 0 | 4 | CG Puigcerdà | 0 |
| 4 | CG Puigcerdà | 2 | | | |
# Liszkowo, Szczecinek County

Liszkowo (formerly German Altenwalde) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Borne Sulinowo, within Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Borne Sulinowo, 22 km (14 mi) south-west of Szczecinek, and 125 km (78 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.
Before 1648 the area was part of Duchy of Pomerania, 1648-1945 Prussia and Germany. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Lubiatowo, West Pomeranian Voivodeship

Lubiatowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przelewice, within Pyrzyce County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-west of Przelewice, 11 km (7 mi) east of Pyrzyce, and 41 km (25 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
It is located in the historic region of Pomerania.
# Lubiesz, Wałcz County

Lubiesz (German: Lubsdorf) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tuczno, within Wałcz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of Tuczno, 19 km (12 mi) west of Wałcz, and 108 km (67 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.
The village has a population of 230.
Before 1772 the area was part of Kingdom of Poland, 1772-1945 Prussia and Germany. For more on its history, see Wałcz County.
# 1946–47 Swedish Division I season

The 1946–47 Swedish Division I season was the third season of Swedish Division I. Hammarby IF defeated Sodertalje SK in the league final, 2 games to none.

## Regular season
### Northern Group

| | Team | GP | W | T | L | +/- | P |
| 1 | Södertälje SK | 10 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 68–20 | 16 |
| 2 | AIK | 10 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 73–33 | 14 |
| 3 | UoIF Matteuspojkarna | 10 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 49–30 | 14 |
| 4 | Mora IK | 10 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 47–52 | 12 |
| 5 | Karlbergs BK | 10 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 19–55 | 2 |
| 6 | Åkers IF | 10 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 22–88 | 2 |

### Southern Group

| | Team | GP | W | T | L | +/- | P |
| 1 | Hammarby IF | 10 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 61–16 | 17 |
| 2 | Västerås IK | 10 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 49–40 | 15 |
| 3 | Nacka SK | 10 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 47–34 | 12 |
| 4 | IK Göta | 10 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 44–38 | 11 |
| 5 | Forshaga IF | 10 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 36–66 | 3 |
| 6 | IFK Mariefred | 10 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 23–66 | 2 |

## Final

* Hammarby IF – Södertälje SK 7–4, 4–2
# Lusowo, West Pomeranian Voivodeship

Lusowo (German: Lüssow) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płoty, within Gryfice County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) north-east of Płoty, 14 km (9 mi) east of Gryfice, and 77 km (48 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Des Lacs National Wildlife Refuge

The Des Lacs National Wildlife Refuge is located in the U.S. state of North Dakota and extends from the Canada–United States border to near the town of Kenmare, North Dakota along Des Lacs Lake. The refuge was established in 1935 and includes 19,500 acres (78.9 km$^2$). The refuge is considered to be one of the most important bird sanctuaries in the U.S., with tens of thousands of birds using the refuge for migration and breeding. The refuge is also home to elk, moose, bison and pronghorn.

## Riviere des Lacs - River of the Lakes

Des lacs is from the French wording Riviere des Lacs, or River of the lakes. Early trappers would call the refuge this due to the areas prominent features.

## Description

The refuge is located within the Upper Souris River Basin. Two other refuges are also located within the Souris River basin, namely the J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge and the Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge The total area for all three refuges encompasses close to 24,600 square miles, with only 5,500 miles located in the United States.

## History

The Souris River and Des Lacs river were formed by two large glacial lakes around 10,000 years ago. The meltwater spilled from these glacial lakes and cut out steep, high-relief valleys characterized by well drained, level to steep loams formed in glacial till.
The area was once home to the southern Assiniboin tribes, who now reside in Canada. The area gained status as a National Wildlife Refuge during the 1930s as a project by the Civilian Conservation Corps. The intended goal was to protect the refuges various waterfowl populations.
In the 1990s Des Lacs underwent the construction of eight artificial islands to provide nesting habitat. These habitats were primarily for mallard, gadwall, and Canada goose. These islands were ideal nesting conditions as they were (1) Predator controlled; (2) Surrounded by open water; (3) highly vegetated with low shrubs and leafy spurge. Unfortunately the islands were not maintained due to costs, and now are rarely used by nesting waterfowl because they fail to deter predators.

## Services
### Hunting

The hunting program offers deer, turkey, pheasant, gray partridge, sharp-tailed grouse, cottontail, snowshoe hare, and fox. Hunting waterfowl, however, is not permitted.

### Fishing

Fishing does not occur at the refuge.

### Wildlife Observation and Wildlife Photography

The scenic byway is a route that travels through 14 miles of the Des Lacs National Wildlife Refuge. This area includes Upper Des Lacs, Middle Des Lacs, Lower Des Lacs lakes, and driving through Kenmare. Interpretive panels are located throughout.
There are also four nature trails available at the refuge. These include the Canada Goose Trail, Munch's Coulee Hiking Trail, White-tailed Deer Trail, Tasker's Coulee's informal nature trails.
# Modrzew, Łódź Voivodeship

Modrzew(meaning Larch) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Opoczno, within Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-west of Opoczno and 65 km (40 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

## History

In the years 1975–1998, the town administratively belonged to the Piotrków Voivodeship .