OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Summer melt

Summer melt is the phenomenon of prospective college students' motivation to attend college "melting" away during the summer between the end of high school and beginning of college.
This phenomenon is especially prevalent in low-income minority communities, where students who qualify for college and in some cases even register for classes ultimately end up not attending college because they lack resources, support, guidance, and encouragement.
Support programs by colleges, such as introduction of peer mentoring programs, and using nudge methods like messaging students via text message, have been found to reduce summer melt.
# Atmos clock

Atmos is the brand name of a mechanical torsion pendulum clock manufactured by Jaeger-LeCoultre in Switzerland. The clock gets the energy it needs to run from temperature changes in the environment and does not need to be wound manually. It can run for years without human intervention.
The mechanism is driven by a mainspring, which is wound by the expansion and contraction of liquid and gaseous ethyl chloride in an internal hermetically sealed metal bellows. The ethyl chloride vaporises into an expansion chamber as the temperature rises, compressing a spiral spring; with a fall in temperature the gas condenses and the spiral spring expands, winding the mainspring. This motion constantly winds the mainspring. A temperature variation of only one degree in the range between 15 °C (59 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F), or a pressure variation of 3 mmHg, was calculated to provide energy for two days' operation for an early prototype, while for a more recent Atmos 540 model the corresponding value has been computed as 4.3 days per °C.
To run the clock on this small amount of energy, everything in the Atmos must be as friction-free as possible. For timekeeping it uses a torsion pendulum, which consumes less energy than an ordinary pendulum. The torsion pendulum has a period of precisely one minute; thirty seconds to rotate in one direction and thirty seconds to return to the starting position. This is thirty times slower than the 0.994 m (39.1 in) seconds pendulum typically found in a longcase clock, where each swing (or half-period) takes one second.

## History

The first clock powered by changes in atmospheric pressure and temperature was invented by Cornelis Drebbel in the early 17th century. Drebbel built as many as 18 of these, the two most notable being for King James VI & I of Britain, and Rudolf II of Bohemia. The King James clock was known as the Eltham Perpetuum, and was famous throughout Europe. It is mentioned in two works of Ben Jonson.
Clocks powered by atmospheric pressure and temperature changes were subsequently developed by Pierre de Rivaz in 1740, and by James Cox and John Joseph Merlin (Cox's timepiece) in the 1760s. The Beverly Clock in Dunedin, New Zealand, is still running despite never having been manually wound since its construction in 1864.
The first Atmos clock was designed by Jean-Léon Reutter, an engineer in Neuchâtel, Switzerland, in 1928. This noncommercial prototype, which predated the Atmos name but is now known unofficially as Atmos 0, was driven by a mercury-in-glass expansion device. The mechanism operated on temperature changes alone.
On 1 June 1929, Compagnie Générale de Radio (CGR) in France began manufacturing the first commercial model, Atmos 1, which used a mercury and ammonia bellows power source. On 27 July 1935, Jaeger-LeCoultre took over production of Atmos 1 while it developed a second design which used the present ethyl chloride power source. This model later named the Atmos 2, was announced on 15 January 1936, but problems delayed full production until mid-1939. Subsequent models were based on this design. To date, over 500,000 Atmos clocks have been produced.
# Forte de São Domingos de Gragoatá

Forte de São Domingos de Gragoatá is a fort located in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.
# Robert Demming

Robert Oliver Demming (born 5 May 1949) is a Trinidadian born former cricketer. Demming was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium.
Demming studied at Durham University, where he was captain of the cricket club and also played as a striker for the university football team.
He made his debut for Bedfordshire against Shropshire in the 1972 Minor Counties Championship. He played Minor counties cricket for Bedfordshire from 1972 to 1977, making 38 Minor Counties Championship appearances. He made his List A debut against Lancashire in the 1973 Gillette Cup. He was dismissed for 17 runs by Jack Simmons in Bedfordshire's innings, a match which Lancashire won by 127 runs. He made a further List A appearance against Northumberland in the 1977 Gillette Cup. In this match, he was dismissed for 17 runs by John Woodford, with Northumberland winning by 9 wickets.
Demming was also an excellent rugby player and a prolific try scorer for Bedford on the right wing. He scored 73 tries, including seven hat-tricks, in 147 appearances, represented England 'B' as well as having a final England trial. He scored two tries in Bedford's 28-12 victory over Rosslyn Park in the RFU Knockout Cup final in 1975.
# Sangokujin

Sangokujin (三国人, lit. third country's citizen) is a Japanese term referring to the various former colonial subjects of the Empire of Japan in the aftermath of World War II. This term particularly applied to Koreans and Taiwanese people, although it also sometimes was used for Ryukyuan people. The term is now generally considered antiquated and offensive.

## Concept

In the immediate aftermath of the war, the legal status of Korean and Taiwanese nationals in Japan was not clear. The occupying American force enjoyed immunity from the Japanese legal system. Some Korean and Taiwanese people in Japan insisted that, since they were from liberated countries, they were no longer under the jurisdiction of the Japanese Imperial government. This resulted in many underprivileged Taiwanese and Korean people previously living under colonial rule forming criminal gangs such as the Yamiichi (闇市), a black market which was against the rationing system which continued after the war. The occasional clashes of these gangs and Japanese police were widely reported by the newspapers at the time. One such incident was the Shibuya incident. As the country's administration was composed of Japanese and Americans, many of these rioters were referred to as daisangokujin (第三国人, lit. third country's citizen), with Japan and America being the implied two countries. Soon, many Japanese began to associate the term Sangokujin specifically with criminals of Taiwanese and Korean origin.
As the country became more stable, the term became something of an anachronism and was mostly forgotten. However, the use of the term was revived when the nationalist Tokyo Metropolitan Governor Shintaro Ishihara used it in an April 9, 2000 address to the Japanese Self Defense Forces (JSDF). In the speech, Ishihara suggested that the JSDF would be needed to suppress Sangokujin criminal activity in the event of a catastrophic disaster in Tokyo.
    I referred to the "many sangokujin who entered Japan illegally." I thought some people would not know that word so I paraphrased it and used gaikokujin, or foreigners. But it was a newspaper holiday so the news agencies consciously picked up the sangokujin part, causing the problem.
    ... After World War II, when Japan lost, the Chinese of Taiwanese origin and people from the Korean Peninsula persecuted, robbed and sometimes beat up Japanese. It's at that time the word was used, so it was not derogatory. Rather we were afraid of them.
    ... There's no need for an apology. I was surprised that there was a big reaction to my speech. In order not to cause any misunderstanding, I decided I will no longer use that word. It is regrettable that the word was interpreted in the way it was.
The governor later stated, "What is wrong with calling Sangokujins 'Sangokujins'?" Ishihara insisted that the term is a neutral reference to the Zainichi population for his generation. This provoked discussion about the political correctness of the term and whether or not colonialism of Korea and Taiwan is by itself an act of robbery of resources and native cultures.
# Roy Rickey

Roy Allison Rickey (November 15, 1893 – September 6, 1959) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played in the Pacific Coast Hockey Association and Western Canada Hockey League. He played for the Seattle Metropolitans and Edmonton Eskimos. He won a Stanley Cup with the Metropolitans in 1917.

## Playing career

Born in Ottawa, Ontario, Rickey began his professional career in the 1911–12 season with the Saskatoon Wholesalers of the Saskatchewan Professional League.
Rickey joined the Seattle Metropolitans in 1915, played eight seasons for the Metropolitans, and was a member of the 1917 Stanley Cup champions. He also played in the 1919 Stanley Cup Finals with the Metropolitans, but the series against the Montreal Canadiens was cancelled at 2-2 because of the Spanish flu. Rickey himself was at the Providence Hospital in Seattle with a high fever.
In 1924, Rickey joined the Edmonton Eskimos. In 1925, his contract was sold by the Eskimos to the New York Americans, but he did not join the team. After the Western Canada Hockey League folded in 1926, Rickey played in the Can-Pro League, playing two further seasons for Hamilton and Niagara Falls before retiring from professional play.
# Martin Miller (cricketer, born 1940)

Martin Ellis Miller (15 December 1940 — 28 October 2016) was an English first-class cricketer and civil servant.
Miller was born at Lytham St Annes in December 1940 and studied Law at St. John's College at the University of Cambridge. While studying at Cambridge, he played first-class cricket for Cambridge University Cricket Club in 1963, making twelve appearances. Playing as an off break bowler in the Cambridge side, he took 33 wickets at an average of 23.33; he took a five wicket haul on two occasions, with best figures of 6 for 89. These figures came against Middlesex, which guaranteed his place in The University Match against Oxford at Lord's. Wisden described how Miller was able to vary the flight and pace of his off breaks, saying he did so "artfully". It was also noted how he could bowl for unlimited periods. As a lower order batsman, he scored 48 runs with a highest score of 21 not out.
His talents were noticed by Worcestershire, but he turned down their approach over concerns about his eyesight. Miller first worked as a lawyer after graduating from Cambridge and later joined the Civil Service, working in the Ministry of Transport and then the Department of the Environment; however, due to his eyesight failing, he had to retire early. He later developed Parkinson's disease and died in Dartford in October 2016.
# Alioniai Eldership

The Alioniai Eldership (Lithuanian: Alionių seniūnija) is an eldership of Lithuania, located in the Širvintos District Municipality. In 2021 its population was 706.
# Deltuva Eldership

The Deltuva Eldership (Lithuanian: Deltuvos seniūnija) is an eldership of Lithuania, located in the Ukmergė District Municipality. In 2021 its population was 2374.
# Acleris comariana

Acleris comariana, the strawberry tortrix, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Europe, the Caucasus, Amur, Kamchatka, China, Korea and Japan.
The wingspan is 13–18 mm. The forewings are oblong, grey, sometimes tinged with ochreous or reddish, distinctly darker-strigulated; tufts small, numerous, sometimes partly black; edge of basal patch darker dorsally; a large triangular red-brown, dark fuscous, or blackish-grey blotch on costa, sometimes with indistinct extension of central fascia to dorsum. The hindwings are grey or pale grey.The larva is pale green or whitish; dorsal and subdorsal lines sometimes darker; head and plate of 2 pale yellow-brown or black. Julius von Kennel provides a full description. The species can be difficult to distinguish from Acleris laterana A genitalic preparation must be examined to determine the two species.
The larvae feed on wild and cultivated strawberries and related plants and can become a pest in strawberry fields.
# Chen Chan-siang

Chen Chan-siang (Chinese: 陳占祥; pinyin: Chén Zhānxiáng; 13 June 1916 – 12 March 2001) was an urban planner and architect. Chen was a member of Five United, a firm which pioneered modernist architecture in China in the 1940s. Other members of Five United included Huang Zuo-shen, Wang Da-hong and Luke Him Sau. He is also known as Charles Chen, Chi Ziang Chen, Chen Zhangxiang.

## Biography

Chen studied in England in the early 1940s, where he was the first foreign student to chair the Students' Union at the Architecture School of University of Liverpool. As a student, he also published several papers on Chinese architectural traditions and practices, under the guidance of Sir Nicholas Pevsner.
In October 1949, he went to Beijing to work. There, he was co-publisher, with Liang Sicheng, of the Liang-Chen Proposal, which applied Western concepts and techniques to the planning and modernisation of Beijing. The proposal included suggestions for protecting some of the ancient parts of the city. Chen was one of several architects persecuted by the government in the early days of Communist China.
In January 1988, he was invited to give lectures in the United States. He taught at the University of California at Berkeley, Cornell University and others. Chen returned to China in 1989, and died in Beijing on 12 March 2001.
Chen has been described as 'one of the foremost architects and city planners in modern Chinese history' by Professor Marwyn Samuels of Syracuse University.
# VoteWatch Europe

VoteWatch Europe was an independent NGO based in Brussels. VoteWatch compiled voting behaviours of Members of the European Parliament and presented them in graphical and statistical form.
VoteWatch ran as a scientific project under the direction of Sarah Hagemann from 2008 until June 2022. In 2009 it was transformed into an NGO by Simon Hix and Doru Frantescu.
# Gaižaičiai Eldership

The Gaižaičiai Eldership (Lithuanian: Gaižaičių seniūnija) is an eldership of Lithuania, located in the Joniškis District Municipality. In 2021 its population was 352.
# Michal Frydrych

Michal Frydrych (born 27 February 1990) is a Czech professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Czech First League side Baník Ostrava.

## Career

On 5 March 2017, he scored the winning goal in Slavia's 1–0 victory over Viktoria Plzeň, a match between the two forerunners for the title that season,. He also opened the scoring in a 4–0 win over Zbrojovka Brno on 27 May that clinched the title for Slavia.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of 16 July 2020
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Baník Ostrava | 2009–10 | Fortuna liga | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| Baník Ostrava | 2010–11 | Fortuna liga | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 11 | 0 |
| Baník Ostrava | 2011–12 | Fortuna liga | 18 | 1 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 20 | 1 |
| Baník Ostrava | 2012–13 | Fortuna liga | 28 | 3 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 28 | 3 |
| Baník Ostrava | 2013–14 | Fortuna liga | 28 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 29 | 0 |
| Baník Ostrava | 2014–15 | Fortuna liga | 29 | 4 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 31 | 4 |
| Baník Ostrava | 2015–16 | Fortuna liga | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 4 | 0 |
| Baník Ostrava | Total | Total | 118 | 8 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 124 | 8 |
| Slavia Prague | 2015–16 | Fortuna liga | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 16 | 0 |
| Slavia Prague | 2016–17 | Fortuna liga | 25 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | — | — | 30 | 5 |
| Slavia Prague | 2017–18 | Fortuna liga | 20 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 0 | — | — | 32 | 4 |
| Slavia Prague | 2018–19 | Fortuna liga | 19 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 0 | — | — | 31 | 5 |
| Slavia Prague | 2019–20 | Fortuna liga | 23 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 2 |
| Slavia Prague | Total | Total | 102 | 9 | 15 | 7 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 137 | 16 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 220 | 17 | 20 | 7 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 261 | 24 |

## Honours

Slavia Prague
* Czech First League: 2016–17, 2018–19, 2019–20
* Czech Cup: 2017–18, 2018–19
# Forte de São João Batista do Brum

Forte de São João Batista do Brum (often simply Forte do Brum) is a fort located in Recife, Pernambuco in Brazil.
# Raúl Ramírez (actor)

Raúl Ramírez (28 January 1927, in Guadalajara – 22 June 2014, in Mexico City) was a veteran Mexican actor.

## Selected filmography
### Film

* La Hora Desnuda (1971)
* Todo el Horizonte Para Morir (1971)
* Secreto de Confesion (1971)
* La Satanica (1973)
* Blue Demon and Zovek in the Invasion of the Dead (1973)

### Television

* La Satanica 1971
* Penthouse (telenovela) 1973
* Estafa de amor
* Lucía Sombra
* Cuando los hijos se van (telenovela)
* A Few Drinks
# Ranizai Expedition (1852)

The Ranizai Expedition was a British-Indian Military Expedition to the North-West Frontier Province in Pakistan.
# Bothanomics

The term Bothanomics refers to the economic reform program announced by then-State President of South Africa P.W. Botha during his opening address on February 5, 1988, to the Parliament of South Africa in Cape Town.
The solutions proposed to the severe economic crisis that afflicted South Africa in the late 1980s included the following:
* the establishment of value-added tax to replace the general sales tax;
* the centralization of public finance;
* the privatization of state-owned companies such as the Electricity Supply Commission (Eskom), South African Transport Services (SAVD), Pos en Telekommunikasie (P&T), the steel manufacturer Iron and Steel Corporation (Yskor), and several roads;
* more efficient management of government finances, reduction in government spending, and the repayment of government debt (using the income from privatization sales);
* the promotion and development of infrastructure projects and institutions, and small businesses in developing areas;
* deregulation in favor of black businessmen;
* freezing public service wages and salaries to fight inflation; and
* savings in social welfare spending and a reduction in the standard of certain public services.

## Sources

* "Botha Announces Privatisation Programme." SWB/ME/W0013/A2/2-4, 16 February 1988
* "Botha's New Economic Plan." Front File. Southern African Brief, vol. 2/3 (February 1988)
* Monroe, Richard: "Bothanomics: Sign of SA capitalism's bankruptcy." Inqaba ya basebenzi, No. 26. Available online at www.disa.nu.ac.za.
* Weimer, Bernhard: Das Ende der weißen Vorherrschaft im südlichen Afrika. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1992.
* This article about South African politics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* t
* e
* This economic policy related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* e
# Bottle service

Bottle service is the sale of liquor by the bottle, mostly in North American lounges and nightclubs.
The purchase of bottle service typically includes a reserved table for the patron's party and mixers of the patron's choice. Bottle service can include the service of a VIP host and cocktail waitresses colloquially known as bottle girls, who will ensure that patrons have sufficient mixers and will often make drinks using the patrons' liquor bottle and mixers. The purchase of bottle service sometimes results in cover charge being waived for the purchaser's party and often allows patrons to bypass entrance lines. The gratuity is also often added automatically but portions of that go to security, porters, and back-of-the-house staff, in addition to the VIP host who serves the patron.
The cost of a bottle at such a lounge or club is usually significantly marked up, often by 1,000 percent or more, and can account for a significant portion of an establishment's revenue.

## History

Early forms of bottle service existed in World War II era Japan, where unfinished bottles would be stored. In its modern form, an early example was in 1988 at the Paris nightclub Les Bains-Douches, bottle service was introduced to deal with an excess of customer demand. An early, inexpensive form of bottle service ($90, compared with $6 drinks) was established at the Tunnel in New York City in 1993 (by Jeffrey Jah and Mark Baker). The modern form of bottle service was pioneered in 1995 by Michael Ault at Spy Bar in New York and in 1996, Chaos ($175 for a bottle of Stolichnaya vodka), with the goal of creating a "barrier to entry", rather than of increasing liquor sales.
The concept later spread to other American cities, notably Miami and Las Vegas in the early 2000s.

## Criticism

The cost of bottle service and the central position provided to purchasers of bottle service has led some critics to complain that bottle service is turning night clubs into elitist dens. Preferential treatment for purchasers of bottle service may include stopping the regular dance music when an especially expensive bottle is purchased and, instead, playing a theme song, or removing patrons from a table to make way for another patron and their party that purchased bottle service.
# Cenesthopathy

Cenesthopathy (from French: cénestopathie, formed from the Ancient Greek κοινός (koinós) "common", αἴσθησῐς (aísthēsis) "feeling", "perception" + πᾰ́θος (páthos) "feeling, suffering, condition"), also known as coenesthesiopathy, is a rare psychiatric term used to refer to the feeling of being ill and this feeling is not localized to one region of the body. Most notably, cenesthopathies are characterized by aberrant and strange bodily sensations (for example, a feeling of wires or coils being present within the oral region; tightening, burning, pressure, tickling etc. occurring in various parts of the body, and so on).

## Classification of cenesthopathies

| Type | Etymology | Clinical description |
| Coenesthesiopathy (cenesthopathy) | "Coenesthesia" (κοινός + [αἴ]σθησῐς) + -"pathy". | A pathological alteration in the sense of bodily being, caused by abnormal, bizarre sensations in the body. |
| Hypercoenesthesiopathy (hypercenesthopathy) | ("hyper-", from Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, "excess") + "coenesthesiopathy") | A hypertrophic alteration in the sense of bodily being, caused by abnormal, bizarre sensations in the body. |
| Hypocoenesthesiopathy (hypocenesthopathy) | ("hypo-", from Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó, "under") + coenesthesiopathy) | A hypotrophic alteration in the sense of bodily being, caused by abnormal, bizarre sensations in the body. |
| Paracoenesthesiopathy (paracenesthopathy) | ("para-", from Ancient Greek παρά (pará, "beside, by, contrary to") + coenesthesiopathy) | A qualitative alteration in the sense of bodily being, caused by abnormal, bizarre sensations in the body. |
| Acoenesthesiopathy (acenesthopathy) | ("a-", from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, "not") + coenesthesiopathy) | A total absence of the sense of physical existence. |

## Cenesthopathic schizophrenia

The established occurrence of coenesthetic hallucinations in 18% of individuals with a psychiatric diagnosis of schizophrenia has led to the formulation of a separate subgroup of schizophrenia in the ICD-10, called cenesthopathic schizophrenia. Cenesthopathic schizophrenia is included (but not defined) within the category "other schizophrenia" (F20.8) in the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.

## History

Cenesthopathy (originally French: cénestopathie) is a term created in 1907 by the French neuro-psychiatrists Ernest Ferdinand Pierre Louis Dupré and Paul Camus.