OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fritz Rumey

Leutnant Fritz Rumey (3 March 1891 – 27 September 1918) Pour le Mérite, Golden Military Merit Cross was a German fighter pilot in the First World War, credited with 45 victories. He was one of only five German soldiers who won both of the highest German awards for valor, the Military Merit Cross and the Pour le Mérite.

## Early life

Fritz Rumey was born on 3 March 1891 in Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire.

## Military service

He joined the pre-war the Prussian 45th Infantry regiment as an infantryman. During the first year of WWI he saw action against the Russian Army on the Eastern Front and was decorated with the Iron Cross 2nd class. Subsequently in August 1915 he applied for aviation duty and completed an observer's course and served with Fliegerabteilung (Artillerie) 219. Later he was accepted for pilot training and when he completed his training, he was sent to France in early 1917, serving for a brief period with Jasta Boelcke, and then went to Jagdstaffel 5 on 10 June 1917. He served as a Vizefeldwebel, along with Josef Mai and Otto Könnecke, two other enlisted pilots. These three friends flew together and scored many of the squadron's 250 successes. In addition to Rumey's 45 eventual confirmed victories, Mai was credited with 30 confirmed and 15 unconfirmed, and Könnecke with 35 more. They were nicknamed "The Golden Triumvirate".
Rumey had his own personal livery painted on his airplane in addition to the squadron colors of a red nose and a green tail edged in red. The remainder of the fuselage, and the wings, were swirled with alternating black and white stripes. Smaller surfaces, such as wheel covers, wheel struts, and cabanes were alternately white and black. Another personal marking on the aircraft he used was a demon's head.
Rumey's first victim was a British observation balloon, flamed on 6 July 1917. The following day, he received the Military Merit Cross. His third was over British ace Captain Gerald Crole of No. 43 Squadron RFC, who was taken prisoner. Rumey was wounded on 25 August 1917, and again on 24 September. By year's end he was credited with five victories.
Rumey continued to accrue single victories throughout the first half of 1918. He killed ace Lt. James Dawe of No. 24 Squadron on 7 June 1918, for his 23rd claim. This same day he was commissioned as a leutnant. He brought down and killed Canadian ace Lt. Edward Carter Eaton on 26 June 1918.
With 29 victories to his credit, Leutnant Rumey received the coveted Pour le Mérite on 10 July 1918. This made him one of only five pilots to have received both this award and the Golden Military Merit Cross. He went scoreless in August but in September, shot down 16 aircraft.

## Death

Rumey was killed in action on 27 September 1918, during a dogfight over Neuville-Saint-Rémy, France. It is believed his plane collided with a British Royal Aircraft Factory SE.5a flown by G. E. B. Lawson. Rumey plunged to his death when his parachute failed to open.
# Janie L. Mines

Janie L. Mines (born 1958) is an American former naval officer who was the first African-American woman to graduate from the United States Naval Academy, where she earned a Bachelor of Science in 1980. After serving in a variety of roles in the U.S. Navy, she held management positions in a variety of corporations and became a management consultant. In 2002, she was an Olympic torchbearer.

## Early life

Mines was born in 1958 in Aiken, South Carolina. Her mother is Daisy Sheppard Mines, her father is Reverend William L. Mines, a Baptist minister, and she has a younger sister, Gwen. She graduated from Aiken High School in 1976, where she had been a member of the Navy Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps JROTC unit, a National Honor Society Student, and was her graduating Class Salutatorian.

## Naval career

In August 1975, the U.S. Congress authorized the admittance of women to its military service academies. Mines was the first and only African-American woman of the 81 women who entered the U.S. Naval Academy (USNA) in 1976. While at the Academy, Mines was a member of the fencing team, squad leader, midshipman drill officer, and regimental adjutant. She is reported to have found the experience hard and disillusioning, but valuable in learning how to deal with, and make progress in, the system.
In 1980, Mines became the first African-American woman to graduate from the USNA, and her sister graduated from USNA the following year. Mines graduated with the rank of Ensign, and a B.S. in general engineering.
A knee injury in 1978 had ended Mines' plans for a career in the Marines. After graduation, she trained as a supply officer and was assigned to a supervisor position at the Naval Training Center Orlando. She then served in the naval annex at The Pentagon, and aboard the USS Emory S. Land. Mines also served as a senior advisor on the staff of the Secretary of the Navy.

## Post-navy career

Mines left the Navy to earn a Masters of Business Administration from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), with a 1998 thesis entitled "Integrated change management". She held positions in management in several corporations, including Procter & Gamble and Hershey Foods, and was Senior Vice President of Strategic Sourcing at Bank of America. She has been a management consultant and is a member of the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services (DACOWITS).

## Honors

In 2002, Mines was a torchbearer in the Olympic Torch Relay, and has received local civic awards. She was honored by the Navy with a Business Achievement Award in 2010. She was also subject of a USNA video, Courage.
# Titanium Metals Corporation

Titanium Metals Corporation, or most commonly referred to as TIMET, a shortened version of "TItanium METals" that is a registered company trademark. TIMET, founded in 1950, is an American manufacturer of titanium-based metals products, focusing primarily on the aerospace industry headquartered in Warrensville Heights, Ohio. Its major U.S. operations are based in Morgantown, Pennsylvania; Henderson, Nevada; Vallejo, California; and Toronto, Ohio. Its overseas operations are primarily based in the United Kingdom (in Waunarlwydd and Witton) and in France (in the village of Ugine).
In September, 2007, TIMET entered into a ten-year supply agreement with United Technologies Corp (UTC). Under the agreement, TIMET would supply titanium to UTC for commercial and military aircraft and aircraft engines.
In November 2012, the company was purchased for $2.9 billion by Precision Castparts Corp.(PCC) and now operates under the PCC Metals Group Division.
In March 2014, TIMET began operation of a Groundwater Extraction and Treatment System (GWETS) to capture and treat contaminated groundwater under the Henderson NV site.
In January 2016, Precision Castparts Corp. became a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway.
# Chao Phraya Dam

The Chao Phraya Dam (Thai: เขื่อนเจ้าพระยา, RTGS: Khuean Chao Phraya, pronounced) is a barrage dam in Sapphaya district, Chai Nat province, Thailand. It regulates the flow of the Chao Phraya River as it passes into lower central Thailand, distributing water to an area of 11,600 square kilometres (4,500 sq mi) in seventeen provinces as part of the Greater Chao Phraya Irrigation Project. The dam has sixteen 12.5-metre gates. It was built between 1952 and 1957.
# Mohamed Ali Soilihi

Mohamed Ali Soilihi (born ca. 1950 in Mbeni, Grande Comore) is a Comorian politician from Grande Comore who served as Vice-President of Union of the Comoros for Ministry of Finance, Budget, Foreign Trade and Economy of Comoros. He served in the cabinet of Ikililou Dhoinine from May 2011 to May 2016.
Soilihi was Minister of Production (Agriculture, Livestock, Water and Forests and Fisheries), Rural Development, Industry and Handicrafts, from January 1985 to March 1990. He was Minister of Finance from December 1996 to June 1998. He was the chief of staff to the President of the Republic from July 1998 to January 1999. He was again Minister of Finance from March 2007 to June 2009.
He was also the candidate of Union for the Development of the Comoros for 2016 Comorian presidential election in which he refused to accept his defeat in the election.
He studied agronomy, economics and development at the École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse.
In 2018, Soilihi was charged in relation to the Comoros passport sales scandal. From 21 to 24 November 2022, Mohamed Ali Soilihi was tried for high treason, embezzlement and money laundering of Comorian public funds allegedly diverted from the economic citizenship program. Soilihi was found guilty and sentenced to 20 years in prison.
# Season of the Witch: How the Occult Saved Rock and Roll

Season of the Witch: How the Occult Saved Rock and Roll is a 2014 non-fiction book by Peter Bebergal. It was released on October 16, 2014, through Tarcher and examines the occult's influence on music.

## Synopsis

In the book, Bebergal examines the influence of the occult and mysticism in music. He examines musicians and musical groups such as Elvis Presley, the Beatles, and Led Zeppelin.

## Reception

Critical reception for the book has been mostly positive. NPR gave Season of the Witch a mostly favorable review, criticizing it for leaving out some examples of the occult in music but also remarked that this was one of the book's strengths, stating "that's where Bebergal's selectivity becomes as much of a strength as a weakness. Rather than attempting to throw as many examples at his audience as he can, he focuses on those that best illustrate his point: that the occult, like rock 'n' roll itself, can be illuminating as well as spellbinding". The Washington Post was more critical in their review, writing "Occasionally, Bebergal rewards the dutiful reader with a zinger, as when he describes the Age of Aquarius as having 'ended not with a whimper but with a stabbing at the Rolling Stones’ 1969 concert at the Altamont Speedway'. But he doesn’t drop nearly enough of those gems to make up for his annoying habits — his abuse of 'groove' as a verb, for starters".
# Chugchilán

Chugchilán is a town in Sigchos Canton, Cotopaxi Province, Ecuador. It has a population of 6,350.
# Chios expedition (1599)

In 1599, the Florentines launched an expedition against the Ottoman-held island of Chios. The expedition ended in disaster for the Florentine forces.

## Background

In 1566, the Ottoman admiral Piali Pasha conquered the island of Chios. The Ottomans allowed the Giustiniani to retain their possessions on the island; having been inspired by the Knights Hospitaller, the florentines sent a fleet to keep the sea clear of Ottoman privateers and ensure the safety of Christian shipping; this duty was given to the Knights of St. Stephen, who grossly abused their trust and began seizing ships, claiming they originally belonged to the Turks.

## Expedition

In 1599, the Florentines organized an expedition of 2,000 men and five ships. They were led by Virginius Orsini, Duke of Brassno, Colonel Bartolomeo Montauto, and Marc Antonio Calefati, knight of St. Stephan, who commanded the expedition. They arrived in Chios on May 5. During the night. 400 men, led by Bartolomeo, landed ashore. They scaled the city with ladders, surprised the Ottoman guards, and killed them. They opened the gates for the other Florentines and seized a gun that protected the harbor. The Ottomans shut themselves in the fort. The Florentines implanted their flag over the city.
The Florentines entered the town disorderly and began looting houses belonging to Christians. Having become outraged by their actions, the native Christians joined the Ottomans and, together with a force of 10,000 men, surrounded them. The Florentines were divided into two groups, one to reach the harbor for safety. They began escaping, but a bombardment from the fort forced the ships to retreat, leaving the Florentines surrounded and all killed.
The other group, however, took refuge in the houses and defended themselves for some hours, but seeing they could not resist longer, they offered to surrender, but the Ottomans refused, setting fire to the houses and killing all inside. Despite such failure, the Florentines succeeded in capturing two galleys in the harbor.
# Angels and Monsters

"Angels and Monsters" is the fifth episode of the third season of the NBC superhero drama series Heroes and thirty-ninth episode overall. The episode aired on October 13, 2008.

## Plot

Claire faces Stephen Canfield, an escaped villain that can create vortices. Peter has returned from the future, which he discovers has affected him deeply. After Adam is unhelpful in finding the formula, Hiro tries to befriend Daphne and Knox. Mohinder puts Maya in a bad situation while trying to correct errors in his research. Linderman tells Nathan to stay with Tracy, so that they can make great accomplishments.

## Critical reception

Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club rated this episode a D+.
Robert Canning of IGN gave the episode 7.3 out of 10.
# Linus Carlstrand

Linus Casper Carlstrand (born 31 August 2004) is a Swedish footballer who plays for IFK Göteborg as a striker. He is the son of former footballer Lars-Gunnar Carlstrand.
# Bob Ferguson (ice hockey)

Bob Ferguson (born October 19, 1954) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and coach.

## Career

Ferguson was selected by the New York Islanders in the 10th round (163rd overall) of the 1974 NHL amateur draft and was also drafted by the Winnipeg Jets in the 7th round (96th overall) of the 1974 WHA Amateur Draft.
Ferguson is a two-time winner of the John Brophy Award given to the ECHL coach of the year.

## Awards and honors

| Award | Year |
| John Brophy Award – ECHL Coach of the Year | 1998–99 |
| John Brophy Award – ECHL Coach of the Year | 1999–2000 |
# Alf Burnell

Alfred Burnell (14 June 1924 – 25 August 2019), also known by the nickname of "Ginger", was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, England, Yorkshire and British Empire XIII, and at club level for Hunslet and Leeds (World War II guest), as a scrum-half. During World War II, Burnell served in the Royal Navy, and spent four years as a submariner on detachment as part of the United States task force in Australasia.

## Background

Burnell's birth was registered in Hunslet district, South Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, he was a submariner in the Royal Navy during World War II, as of August 2016, he lived in Wharfedale in the Yorkshire Dales, he died aged 95 in St James's University Hospital, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, and his funeral will take place at St Wilfred's Parish Church, Pool-in-Wharfedale, LS21 1RY, at 2:15pm on Thursday 12 September 2019, followed by a reception at the South Leeds Stadium, Phoenix Bar, LS11 5DJ.

## International honours

Burnell won caps for England while at Hunslet in 1950 against France, in 1951 against Wales, and France, in 1952 against Wales, won caps for British Empire XIII while at Hunslet in ±1945 against ?-caps, and won caps for Great Britain while at Hunslet in 1951 against New Zealand (2 matches), and in 1954 against New Zealand.
# Fagonia laevis

Fagonia laevis, the California fagonbush, is a species of plant in the Zygophyllaceae, the caltrop family. It is a perennial subshrub of the southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico desert regions in California, southern Nevada, Arizona, southwest Utah, Sonora, Baja California and Baja California Sur. It thrives upon hot, dry, slopes and hillsides that also receive seasonal-(winters of the Southwest) or monsoon moisture.

## Description

The California fagonbush is a spreading ground-hugging plant. As a cousin to the creosote bush, it has similar waxy leaves being an adaptation to desert temperatures. Leaves are dark green, to 1/2 in long, narrow and composed of three leaflets. This subshrub is found in the "Creosote Bush scrub community" of plants-(southern Mojave Desert, northwestern and western Sonoran Desert, and 'Baja Peninsula deserts').
The plant is open, and runnery, forms mounds up to 18 inches (5 dm) tall. It is a ground cover upon rocks and hillsides, and can hide the actual surface beneath it.
The flowers are star-shaped, 5-petal, and solitary, some plants showing more than others. They are purple-lavender in color, with white near the center. The plant has opposite leaves, trifoliate with spinescent stipules, a pink corolla and smooth fruits.
# Loony Dook

The Loony Dook is an annual event held on New Year's Day in which people dive into the freezing waters of the Firth of Forth at South Queensferry (north of Edinburgh, Scotland), often in fancy dress.

## Course of events

On New Year's Day, typically in the morning (but times vary according to tides), Many dookers first take part in the Dookers' Fancy Dress Parade, leading from the Hawes car park to the old mole. Spectators cheer on the participants at various vantage points.
The Dookers are then greeted by bagpipe pipers and warmed with bowls of "energising porridge", prior to plunging themselves into the freezing Firth of Forth.

## History

The event was conceived in 1986 as a joking suggestion by three locals for a New Year's Day hangover cure. The following year, it was decided to repeat the event for charity.
After a few years of only local significance, the event gradually grew in the 1990s, both in popularity and number of participants. The growth accelerated after the event began to be mentioned in the official Edinburgh Hogmanay publicity material and got a boost when the Millennium edition was broadcast live by the BBC.
Originally organised by locals and starting from the Moorings pub (now the Inchcolm), factors such as increased crowds, safety issues and popularity necessitated a different handling. As a consequence, the events from 2009 onwards were professionally handled by event managers Unique Events. Being the organisers of the Edinburgh Hogmanay Festival, they included the Loony Dook into the latter from 2011. In the same year a registration fee was introduced to cover the cost of organisation and stewarding. The fee of originally £6 was raised to £10 in 2016. This went up to £12 in 2020, attracting criticism from the event's founders, who described it as a "damned disgrace". In 2021 and 2022 the event did not take place, due to Covid, and in 2023 and 2024 the event reverted to local control, with no entry fee but a voluntary charity donation.
The proceeds benefit RNLI Queensferry and local charities.
The Loony Dook received sponsorship from the tour company Haggis Adventures (from 2011) and then from the porridge company Stoats.
Up to 2016, three of the original Dookers, James MacKenzie, Iain 'Rambo' Armstrong and Kenny Ross, have the distinction of taking part in every Loony Dook and the trio wore specially designed T-shirts with '30 yrs' to celebrate the achievement.

## Other Loony Dooks

The event has inspired similar annual New Year's day Loony Dooks, such as in North Berwick and Dunbar in East Lothian, Portobello in Edinburgh, St Andrews, Dalgety Bay and Kirkcaldy in Fife and Coldingham Sands in Berwickshire all of which are on the south east coast of Scotland.
# You Hwai-yin

You Hwai-yin (Chinese: 游淮銀; pinyin: Yóu Huáiyín; born 26 April 1942) is a Taiwanese banker and politician. He served in the Legislative Yuan from 1993 to 2002.

## Education and career

You studied at Chinese Culture University and attended graduate school at the University of San Francisco.
While You was a legislator, he chaired the Wan Gwo Securities Investment Trust Company and the Fu Long Securities Company and was also the largest shareholder in Taitung Business Bank. As part of an investigation into black gold politics, You was indicted for insider trading in August 2000. In September, the Taipei District Court found that You had concealed the Taitung Business Bank's 1996 losses in an effort to raise more capital. He was sentenced to a prison term of three months. Subsequent legal action in 2012 approximated the total loss at NT$2.6 billion and You was sentenced to another six years and six months in prison by the Taitung District Court.
# Chhewang Nima

Chhewang Nima (Nepali: छेवाङ निमा) (c. 1967 – 23 October 2010) was a Nepalese Sherpa who climbed Mount Everest 19 times. He was also called Chuwang Nima, and Chuwang Nima Sherpa.
Nima disappeared on 24 October 2010, after being struck by an avalanche near the summit of Baruntse. The search for him was called off the following day. His loss in the avalanche and subsequent search made international news. He worked as a professional mountaineer, but at the time of his loss he was helping another team fix lines after they had asked for help.

## Notable ascents
### Everest

* May 19, 1998
* May 20, 2006 Chuwang Nima Sherpa (Tesho, Nepal)

### Ama Dablam

* October 26, 2009 Chuwang Nima Sherpa (Tesho, Nepal)
At the time of Nima's death, he had summited Everest 19 times, which was then one short of Apa Sherpa's record of 20 (which Apa has since increased).
# George Gray (chemist)

George William Gray CBE FRS (4 September 1926 – 12 May 2013) was a Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Hull who was instrumental in developing the long-lasting materials which made liquid crystal displays possible. He created and systematically developed liquid crystal materials science, and established a method of practical molecular design. Gray was recipient of the 1995 Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology.

## Education and career

Born in Denny, Scotland, Gray was educated at the University of Glasgow and while working as an assistant lecturer at the University College in Hull (then part of the University of London) obtained his PhD in 1953.
He developed his academic career at the college, which became the University of Hull in 1954, from 1946 to 1990. He was appointed senior lecturer in 1960, Professor of Organic Chemistry in 1974, and GF Grant Professor of Chemistry in 1984. He remained an Emeritus Professor at Hull.
In 1990 he joined the chemical company Merck, then became an independent consultant in 1996.

## Liquid crystals

In 1973, in conjunction with the Royal Radar Establishment, Gray showed that 4-Cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl possessed a stable nematic phase at room temperature. This compound and other long-lasting cyano-biphenyls made the twisted nematic display (LCD) popular. Gray wrote the first English book on liquid crystals, "Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals", published in 1962.
Gray was recipient of the 1995 Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology and was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1991. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1983, and in 1987 was awarded the Leverhulme Medal of the Royal Society. In 1979 he was awarded the Rank Prize for Opto-electronics and in 1996 the SID Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize. The University of Hull was the first university to be awarded the Queen's Award for Technological Achievement, in 1979, for the liquid crystal joint-development work. Gray has been a Director of the International Liquid Crystal Society. Members of the British Liquid Crystal Society honoured his achievements by establishing the George W. Gray Medal for contributions to liquid crystal research and technology.
In March 2013, the University of Hull celebrated the 40th anniversary of Gray's seminal paper being published on 22 March 1973.
Hull Trains named their first British Rail Class 222 'Pioneer' high-speed train Professor George Gray in recognition of his achievements in the modern history of Hull.

## Personal life

In 1953 George Gray married Marjorie Canavan, who died two weeks before her husband. In later life they lived in Furzehill in Wimborne Minster, Dorset. They had three daughters.