OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tierce (unit)

The tierce (also terse) is both an archaic volume unit of measure of goods and the name of the cask of that size. The most common definitions are either one-third of a pipe or forty-two gallons. In the petroleum industry - a barrel of oil is defined as 42 US gallons.

## Use

The casks were roughly 20.5 inches across and were built to hold either liquids (wet cooperage) or dry goods (dry cooperage). Contents ranged from sugar to rum to salted beef and fish.

## History

The Oxford English Dictionary lists the first use of the term in this sense as occurring in 1531. In 1630, Ben Jonson, then the Poet Laureate of England, petitioned that the salary of the position be raised. His wish was granted, and in addition he and his successors received a tierce of wine from the Canary Islands, a tradition that continued until Henry James Pye became Laureate in 1790. As opposed to several other units of measure such as the pipe, cark and frail, the definition of the tierce remained stable with similar entries found in dictionaries from 1658 through 1780. By 1847, the introduction of steam technology allowed a 25-person manufacturing plant to make 15,000 tierce casks per year.

## Obsolescence

By 1899, proponents of the metric system could say that the tierce was one of many "marked curiosities and barbarisms" in America, and by 1917 even opponents of the metric system were calling this and similar measures obsolete: "Nobody hears nowadays of the, the pottle, the chaldron, the palm or the barleycorn. The perch, the puncheon, the span, the tierce, and the toise are all but forgotten. Even the furlong, the gill, and the rod are disappearing."

## Recent Research

Robert E. Hardwicke asked the question in his The Oilman's Barrel: why is oil measured in 42-gallon barrels? One hypothesis was that early oil drilling in Pennsylvania used tierce whiskey barrels for storage, and the standard developed from there. Ultimately, he was unable to find adequate support for the hypothesis.
Museum curator Mark Staniforth participated in the salvage operation of the 250-ton brig William Salthouse that was wrecked in 1841 near Queenscliff, Victoria, Australia. He made a detailed study of the recovered casks, noting that many of them did not meet legal standards for quality. His work provided empirical evidence of how tierce casks were actually constructed.
# Ivan Wingreen

Ivan Michael Wingreen (23 June 1961 – 11 May 2014) was a South African cricketer. Born in Cape Town, Cape Province he played first-class cricket for Western Province in a career that lasted from 1983 to 1987.
Wingreen played 22 first-class matches for Western Province B. His highest score was 103 against Eastern Province B in 1985–86. He also played three List A cricket matches in 1984–85, two for Western Province, one for Western Province B.

## Personal life

Wingreen was married and had two daughters. He died after an illness in Australia. He had been living there for several years and had been suffering from a brain tumor.
# Anne Enger

Anne Enger, formerly Anne Enger Lahnstein (born 9 December 1949), is a Norwegian politician who served as County Governor of Østfold from 2004 until 2015, and Leader of the Centre Party from 1991 to 1999, with opposition to the European Union. She was the front person of the successful "No to EU" campaign at the 1994 referendum. She was also the leader in the failed campaign against elective abortion in Norway in the late 1970s.
She served as Minister of Culture 1997–2000; and for three weeks in 1998, she was Acting Prime Minister of Norway, during Kjell Magne Bondevik's sick leave.
# Paul Rayment

Paul Rayment (born 24 July 1965) is a South African cricketer. He played in 49 first-class and 58 List A matches between 1984/85 and 1993/94.
# Ian Richards (South African cricketer)

Ian Richards (born 1 January 1965) is a South African cricketer. He played in one List A and seven first-class matches for Boland from 1987/88 to 1989/90.
# UB Lebrijana

Unión Balompédica Lebrijana is a Spanish football team based in Lebrija, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. Founded in 1928, it currently plays in División de Honor – Group 1, holding home matches at Estadio Municipal de Lebrija, with a 3,500-seat capacity.

## Season to season
### Old UB Lebrijana

| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 1928–1957 | — | Regional | — |
| 1957–58 | 4 | 1ª Reg. | 2nd |
| 1958–59 | 4 | 1ª Reg. | 1st |
| 1959–60 | 3 | 3ª | 11th |
| 1960–61 | 4 | 1ª Reg. | 10th |
| 1961–1971 | DNP | DNP | DNP |
| 1971–72 | 5 | 2ª Reg. | 9th |
| 1972–73 | 5 | 2ª Reg. | 1st |
| 1973–74 | 5 | 2ª Reg. | 11th |
| 1974–75 | 5 | 2ª Reg. | 11th |
| 1975–76 | 5 | 1ª Reg. | 10th |
| 1976–77 | 5 | 1ª Reg. | 13th |
| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 1977–78 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 11th |
| 1978–79 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 10th |
| 1979–80 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 8th |
| 1980–81 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 5th |
| 1981–82 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 19th |
| 1982–83 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 16th |
| 1983–84 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 16th |
| 1984–85 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 16th |
| 1985–86 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 4th |
| 1986–87 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 2nd |
| 1987–88 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 2nd |

### New UB Lebrijana

| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 1993–94 | 7 | 2ª Reg. | 2nd |
| 1994–95 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 2nd |
| 1995–96 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 11th |
| 1996–97 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 3rd |
| 1997–98 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 19th |
| 1998–99 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 5th |
| 1999–2000 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 12th |
| 2000–01 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 17th |
| 2001–02 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 2nd |
| 2002–03 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 1st |
| 2003–04 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 16th |
| 2004–05 | 6 | Reg. Pref. | 13th |
| 2005–06 | 6 | Reg. Pref. | 10th |
| 2006–07 | 6 | Reg. Pref. | 15th |
| 2007–08 | 6 | Reg. Pref. | 10th |
| 2008–09 | 6 | Reg. Pref. | 9th |
| 2009–10 | 6 | Reg. Pref. | 11th |
| 2010–11 | 6 | Reg. Pref. | 4th |
| 2011–12 | 6 | Reg. Pref. | 1st |
| 2012–13 | 5 | 1ª And. | 2nd |
| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 2013–14 | 4 | 3ª | 9th |
| 2014–15 | 4 | 3ª | 6th |
| 2015–16 | 4 | 3ª | 15th |
| 2016–17 | 4 | 3ª | 8th |
| 2017–18 | 4 | 3ª | 5th |
| 2018–19 | 4 | 3ª | 12th |
| 2019–20 | 4 | 3ª | 13th |
| 2020–21 | 4 | 3ª | 10th / 9th |
| 2021–22 | 6 | Div. Hon. | 13th |
| 2022–23 | 6 | Div. Hon. | 9th |
| 2023–24 | 6 | Div. Hon. | 7th |
| 2024–25 | 6 | Div. Hon. | |
* 9 seasons in Tercera División
# Stanley Collins

Stanley Collins (6 March 1909 – 2 June 1993) was a South African cricket umpire. He stood in one Test match, South Africa vs. New Zealand, in 1954.
# Boardman River Trail

This trail will be part of a future loop around Grand Traverse County connecting with the VASA trail, Boardman Lake Trail and North County Trail. Currently the segment between Mayfield, MI and North Country Trail is one of the 24 mile trail segments done. However segment 2 which is Mayfield, MI to Bietner Rd. will take some time while preliminary work is beginning to identify property and trail routes. Section III from S. Airport Road to Beitner Rd is next to construct in 2015 followed by Section II between Beitner Road to Mayfield.
# Mark Rushmere

Mark Weir Rushmere (born 7 January 1965) is a former South African cricketer who played one Test match and four One Day Internationals (ODIs) for South Africa in 1992.
Rushmere was a right-handed batsman who played for Eastern Province and Transvaal in South African domestic cricket. He played in South Africa's first World Cup in 1992 and also played in South Africa's first post-isolation Test, against the West Indies at Bridgetown, Barbados later in the same year.
Rushmere's father Colin was an all-rounder for Eastern Province and Western Province in the 1950s and 1960s.
# Leopold Scholz

Leopold Scholz (1877–1946) Austrian born American sculptor best known for his works in the National Statuary Hall Collection housed in the US Capitol in Washington D.C.
In 1921 Scholz married sculptor Belle Kinney Scholz and much of his best known work was executed with her.
IN 1938 Scholz created a statue for the United States post office in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The statue, a bust from the waist up, portrays a postman dressing in the 1930s uniform, with a look of determination on his face that reminds us that the mail will be delivered no matter what the obstacles might be.

## Work

* Andrew Jackson statue, National Statuary Hall Collection, U.S. Capitol, Washington D.C., with Belle Kinney 1927
* John Sevier statue, National Statuary Hall Collection, U.S. Capitol, with Belle Kinney, 1931
* Bronx Victory statue, Bronx Victory Column & Memorial Grove World War I Memorial in Pelham Bay Park, New York City, with Belle Kinney, 1933
* Victory statue, War Memorial Auditorium, Legislative Plaza, Nashville, with Belle Kinney, 1929
* Pediment sculptures of the Nashville Parthenon, with Belle Kinney, 1920-30
* Postman, Chattanooga Post Office, Chattanooga, Tennessee, 1938
* A Pioneer Woman's Bravery, a cast stone bas relief, WPA project for the USPO, Angola, New York, 1940
# John Dold

John Biddulph Dold (3 January 1902 – 17 September 1968) was a South African rugby union international and first-class cricketer with Eastern Province.
In six first-class matches between the 1922/23 and 1926/27 South African cricket seasons, four of them in the Currie Cup, Dold made 269 runs at 22.41 and took two wickets at the cost of 26.50 runs each. He performed well on his debut, against the touring Marylebone Cricket Club, opening the batting and scoring 55 in his second innings.
Dold, who was born in Grahamstown, played ten matches for the South African national rugby union team but no Tests. He was a member of South Africa's 1931–32 tour of Britain and Ireland and all of his matches came on that tour. A forward, Dold represented Albany at club level and Eastern Province provincially.
# Oswald Flemmer

Oswald Flemmer (7 January 1907 – 14 January 1962) was a South African cricketer. He played in twenty-four first-class matches from 1925/26 to 1934/35.
# Percival Hubbard

Percival Hubbard (1 April 1905 – 1981) was a South African cricketer. He played in 28 first-class matches for Border from 1929/30 to 1946/47.
# Paul Caddick

Paul Caddick (born July 1950) is a British businessman who is the founder of Caddick Group, a civil engineering business established in 1979, and Moda Living, a property development company. He is currently the director of 119 companies.

## Early life

Paul Caddick is the son of a miner.

## Career

Cadddick worked for West Yorkshire County Council, John Laing and the civil engineers Sir Lindsay Parkinson, before starting his own business in 1980.
In 1997, he and Gary Hetherington purchased Leeds Rhinos rugby team, and they co-founded Leeds Rugby Limited. He is also the owner, via Caddick Group's majority stake in Leeds Rhinos, of the Headingley rugby ground.
# Muscat of Alexandria

Muscat of Alexandria is a white wine grape that is a member of the Muscat family of Vitis vinifera. It is considered an "ancient vine", and wine experts believe it is one of the oldest genetically unmodified vines still in existence. The grape originated in North Africa, and the name is probably derived from its association with Ancient Egyptians who used the grape for wine making. It is also a table grape used for eating and raisins.
Muscat of Alexandria is cultivated very heavily on the island of Lemnos in the North Eastern Aegean region of Greece, and reputedly Cleopatra drank muscat wine from there. In Italy wine is made from the grape on the island of Pantelleria, and it is grown in Calabria and Sicily where it is known as Zibibbo. In Spain, the grape is the sixth most planted white grape variety with 10,318 hectares (25,496 acres) grown in 2015, mainly in Málaga, Alicante, Valencia, and the Canary Islands. It is an important grape in the Australian wine and South African wine industry.

## Viticulture

The vine thrives in a hot climate and is particularly sensitive to the cold during its flowering season. In the northern hemisphere it is ripe in August, and is a seeded grape.

## Wine characteristics

Wine made from Muscat of Alexandria has a distinctive taste of grapes, and was popular in the postwar era when tastes tended towards the sweet and uncomplicated. The vines are prolific producers but are very susceptible to powdery mildew and so are only grown in the most arid regions.
Production was mainly in California, Australia and South Africa, but the wine styles originated in southern Europe and northern Africa, Turkey and the Levant. Much was used in the production of sherry and port as well as brandy, either distilled as brandy spirit or for base wine. As demand for these wines declined from the 1960s, gordo blanco was used to create still and sparkling wines using European-sounding labels like "Riesling", "Moselle" and "Champagne" and "Liebfrauwein" (until such use was banned by law and trade agreements) which bore only a stylistic resemblance to their inspiration. In Málaga the grape is often blended with Pedro Ximénez to create a strong wine that varies in color from gold to dark black. In Australia, the grape is used principally to increase the alcohol content in both white and red wines in a cool season, in wines sold as "Moscato", and in cheap bladder pack wines. In Portugal, Vinho Moscatel (Moscatel Wine) is a sweet wine widely produced in the Setúbal Peninsula region, just south of Lisbon, as well as in Favaios, Alijó and other areas of the Portuguese Douro, in northern Portugal. In Bolivia, the grape has been used since at least the 1700s to make "singani," the distinctive wine brandy produced in the Cinti Valley and in the Central Valley of Tarija.
C13-norisoprenoids, such as 3-Oxo-α-ionol, are present in Muscat leaves.
# Wierzchówko

Wierzchówko is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Wierzchowo, within Drawsko County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) east of Wierzchowo, 24 km (15 mi) east of Drawsko Pomorskie, and 103 km (64 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Mark Ladner

Mark Ladner is a Cambridge, Massachusetts based chef and restaurateur, who owns Bar Enza in Harvard Square.

## Biography

Ladner was raised in Belmont, Massachusetts.

## Career

His first job was at Café Fiorella, also in Harvard Square. After graduating from Johnson & Wales University, he went to work for Todd English at Olives. Ladner worked there with Marc Orfaly and Barbara Lynch. He moved to Manhattan and became executive chef at Del Posto until 2017. While there, he won a James Beard Foundation Award for Best Chef in New York City and two Michelin Stars. The New York Times gave the restaurant a four star review. While in NYC, Ladner also worked for Scott Bryan and Jean-Georges Vongerichten.
At Del Posto, he was known for his 100 layer lasagna.

### Television

From 2003 to 2008, he served as Mario Batali’s sous chef on Iron Chef America alongside Anne Burrell. When he appeared on Beat Bobby Flay, he competed against Flay but Flay won.
# Esko Rekomaa

Esko Aatu Rekomaa (December 24, 1932 – February 14, 1985) was a Finnish ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. Born in Vuoksela, Finland, he played for HIFK. Internationally he played for the Finnish national team at the 1952 Winter Olympics. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1986.
# Jonathan Hill (presenter)

Jonathan Hill is a Welsh television presenter, journalist and producer, who currently presents Wales at Six, the nightly news magazine programme on ITV Cymru Wales. He is also the editor of the station's English language output.
Hill, who studied English at Swansea University before specialising in journalism, started his career freelancing for BBC Radio Wales, before joining HTV Wales as a general news reporter and bulletin presenter in 1993 for HTV Newsdesk and Wales at Six. In February 1994, he was made one of the main presenters of Wales Tonight, and has since been the senior anchor for the station's main regional news programmes, including HTV News and ITV Wales News. He has also presented ITV News at 10 occasionally.
Hill has also presented and produced documentary programmes for ITV Wales, including the popular series Crime Secrets and Helicops (which has been shown latterly on Men & Motors and during ITV's Nightwatch with Steve Scott).
He has also contributed to the weekly current affairs programme, Wales This Week. In 2001, Hill was named BT Welsh Journalist of the Year for a Wales This Week report on convicted murderer Mark Shillibier and BT Welsh News Broadcaster of the Year for an interview with the Archbishop of Cardiff.
In May 2009, Hill was appointed as associate editor and executive producer for all of ITV Cymru Wales' programming. On 10 August 2013, he made his network debut presenting ITV News weekend bulletins on ITV and ITV News London. He continues to present national weekend bulletins on occasion.
In September 2013, Hill released his first book, based upon convicted serial killer John William Cooper - The Pembrokeshire Murders: Catching the Bullseye Killer was co-written with DCI Steve Wilkins, lead investigator of Operation Ottawa.
# George Tseng

George Chien-Cheng Tseng is a Biostatistician and Professor and Vice Chair for Research in the Department of Biostatistics (primary), Computational & Systems Biology (secondary) and Human Genetics (secondary) at University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health.

## Education

Tseng studied Mathematics at Bachelor of Science (1997) and Master of Science (1999) level, both at the National Taiwan University. He gained his ScD in Biostatistics from Harvard University in 2003, under the supervision of Wing Hung Wong.

## Research

Tseng is leading a research group of Bioinformatics and Statistical learning at University of Pittsburgh. His group focuses on developing Meta-analysis and Machine learning tools to analyze Omics data, which uses resampling methods and Bayesian statistics extensively. Tseng has developed Tight Clustering, a method for cluster genomics data with scattered genes, and Adaptively Weighted Fisher's method, a method for Meta-analysis of studywise p-values with both consensus and differential results.

## Awards and honours

Tseng has been awarded a silver medal prize in International Mathematical Olympiad in 1993. He has been awarded Pittsburgh Statistician of the Year in 2017 by Pittsburgh Chapter of the American Statistics Association. He became a fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2017. He is selected as one of the recipients of the Provost's Award for Excellence in Mentoring at University of Pittsburgh in 2019.

## Personal life

In 1995, Tseng was Baptized as a Christian in Taipei. He is married and resides in Pittsburgh with six children.
# Neofit Bozveli

Neofit Bozveli (Bulgarian: Неофит Бозвели) (c. 1785 – 4 June 1848) was a Bulgarian cleric and enlightener and one of the leaders of the Bulgarian Church struggle.
He was born in the lively sub-Balkan town of Kotel. Bozveli completed his basic education there and may well have been a student of Sophronius of Vratsa. He continued his education afterwards, then joined the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos as a monk around 1803-1805. Towards 1813-1814 he settled in Svishtov, where he worked as an Eastern Orthodox priest and a teacher and began his enlightening activity by writing the Slavenobolgarskoe Detevodstvo pedagogical textbook in 1835. In this book, Bozveli spoke for secular education, for the enforcement of spoken Bulgarian in the schools and for the establishment of public Bulgarian schools. Neofit Bozvely and Emanuil Vaskidovich wrote and published junior high school mathematical textbook "Guidance in Arithmetic" in 1835.
Around 1834-1835, Bozveli lived in the Principality of Serbia in order to print his textbook. In Serbia, he got acquainted with the ideas of earlier Serbian enlighteners such as Dositej Obradović and Zaharije Orfelin. As he returned to Bulgaria, he actively promoted the idea of an independent Bulgarian Orthodox Church. He moved to the Ottoman capital Constantinople in 1839 to head the struggle of the Bulgarian merchants and craftsmen against the Greek-dominated Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The construction of the Bulgarian church in Constantinople and the establishment of the Bulgarian municipality in the city began on his initiative.
However, his patriotic acts were perceived as dangerous by the Patriarchate and he was exiled on Mount Athos in 1841 only to escape and return in 1844, where he continued the struggle together with his active and younger supporter Ilarion Makariopolski. In 1845, they were granted the rights to represent the Constantinople Bulgarians before the Ottoman government and the Patriarchate. In the same year, they sent two petitions to the Ottoman government, explaining the Bulgarian church demands. This caused the strong protest of the Patriarchate and they were both exiled again on Mount Athos, where Bozveli spent his last years in the Hilandar monastery. The church struggle was continued by Makariopolski and brought to a successful end with the establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate on 28 February 1870 by the firman of Sultan Abdülaziz.
As a writer, Bozveli was the author of several imaginary dialogues between the personalized Fatherland and various members of the Bulgarian society. His most notable work is Plach bedniya Mati Bolgariya ("Wail of the poor Mother Bulgaria") that dates to 1846.

## Honour

Bozveli Peak on Graham Land in Antarctica is named after Neofit Bozveli.
# Alexander Calder (mayor)

Alexander Calder (c. 1806 – August 23, 1853) was the first mayor of Beaumont, Texas, on August 8, 1840.
Calder grew up in New York but moved to the Beaumont area in 1838. He became the clerk of the county court, and many early Jefferson County, Texas documents are in his handwriting.
Calder won the first mayoral election for the city of Beaumont on July 28, 1840, held under the Incorporation Act. Beaumont had incorporated as a city two years earlier.
Calder had a house at 600 Calder Avenue.
# Bechtle (surname)

Bechtle is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Louis Bechtle (1927–2024), United States federal judge
* Robert Bechtle (1932–2020), American painter