OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rho Puppis

Rho Puppis (ρ Puppis, abbreviated Rho Pup, ρ Pup), formally named Tureis /ˈtjʊəreɪs/, is a star in the southern constellation of Puppis. With an average apparent visual magnitude of 2.78, it is the third-brightest member of this generally faint constellation. Based upon parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission, Rho Puppis is located at a distance of 63.5 light-years (19.5 parsecs) from the Sun. It is the prototype of the Rho Puppis class of evolved Am stars.

## Nomenclature

ρ Puppis (Latinised to Rho Puppis) is the star's Bayer designation.
It bore the traditional name Tureis or Turais, from the Arabic تُرَيْس turays "shield" (diminutive), which was shared by Iota Carinae. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Tureis for this star on 12 September 2016 and it is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names (Iota Carinae was given the name Aspidiske on 20 July 2016).

## Properties

At present Rho Puppis is moving away from the Sun with a radial velocity of +46.1 km s$^{−1}$. The closest approach occurred about 394,000 years ago when it came within roughly 11.6 ly (3.6 pc) of the Solar System; about the same distance as Procyon in the present era.
The variability of this star was announced in 1956 by American astronomer Olin J. Eggen. It was determined to be a Delta Scuti-type variable star, making it one of the first stars of that type to be identified. Photometric observations dating back to 1946 provide a lengthy record of its pattern of pulsation; it undergoes periodic pulsations with a single period of 0.14088143(3) days, or 7.1 cycles per day. During each cycle, the star's magnitude varies with an amplitude of 0.15 and the radial velocity varies by 10 km s$^{−1}$. The peak brightness occurs 28.8 minutes following the minimum radial velocity. The outer atmosphere's effective temperature of 6,650 K is one of the lowest known for a Delta Scuti variable. In 2017, a magnetic field was discovered around Rho Puppis, making it the second Delta Scuti star known to have a magnetic field, after HD 188774.
Rho Puppis has an estimated age of about 2 billion years and it has 3.52 times the Sun's radius. It has a stellar classification of F5IIkF2IImF5II. This complex format indicates that ρ Puppis is an Am star, with relatively weak lines of calcium and strong lines of other metals. The spectral type indicated by the calcium k line is F5, while that indicated by heavier metal absorption lines is F2. The roman numerals indicate a luminosity class of bright giant. Most such stars are found in binary star systems, but this appears to be an exception as no companion has been discovered. Evolved stars with Am-like peculiarities of abundance have come to be known as ρ Puppis stars. The star's metallicity is more than double that in the Sun.
This star shows an excess emission of infrared radiation, suggesting that there is a circumstellar disk of dust orbiting this star. The mean temperature of the emission is 85 K, corresponding to an orbital separation from the host star of 50 AU.
# 1489 in Portugal

Events in the year 1489 in Portugal.

## Incumbents

* King of Portugal and the Algarves: John II

## Events

* 1 March - Creation of the Marquis of Vila Real title of nobility
* First printed book.
* Establishment of the Graciosa fortress
# Austin Sherry

Austin Sherry was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played for Glebe of the New South Wales Rugby League Premiership.

## Playing career

Sherry made his debut for the club in round 16 of the 1923 season against Balmain. He kicked a goal, though his team lost 15–19. Sherry did not play another game until the opening round of the 1925 season. He started at five-eighth and scored the first try of his career to help his team defeat St. George. Two rounds later, he kicked a goal and scored a try in a win against Eastern Suburbs. In Round 10, he kicked 2 goals in a narrow 1-point win over North Sydney. He finished the season with 3 goals and 2 tries in 9 appearances.
Sherry only played one game in the 1926 season. He kicked 5 goals in a win against Newtown. He played the following game - a semi final matchup against Sydney University. Glebe were shocked 3-29 by University - who already had 3 wooden spoons in the last 5 years and had never made a finals appearance prior to the season.
In 1927, Sherry played 5 games for Glebe. He played his last game in a round 8 loss to Newtown. He concluded his career with 2 tries and 9 goals in 17 appearances.
# Arthur Rowley (rugby union)

Arthur James Rowley (18 November 1908 – 11 April 1995) was an English international rugby union player.
Rowley was born in Coventry and attended school in the Stoke area of the city, earning England Schools representative honours. He played his initial rugby after school with Stoke Old Boys.
A wing-forward, Rowley debuted for Coventry RFC in the 1927–28 season. He made 17 appearances with Warwickshire and in 1931 was a member of the side which contested a County Championship final for the first time. In 1932, Rowley gained his solitary England cap against the Springboks at Twickenham, played prior to their Home Nations campaign, for which he lost his place to Eric Coley. His career was subsequently impacted by persistent shoulder problems.
# Toxicologic Pathology

Toxicologic Pathology is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the field of toxicology, pathology, and preclinical development. The editor-in-chief is Kevin Keane employed at Blueprint Medicines, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The journal was established in 1972 and is published by SAGE Publications in association with the Society of Toxicologic Pathology, the British Society of Toxicological Pathology, and the European Society of Toxicologic Pathology.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Science Citation Index Expanded. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 1.382.
# Southwest Madison Township, Pennsylvania

Southwest Madison Township is a township in Perry County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,020 at the 2020 census.

## History

The Adairs Covered Bridge and Bistline Covered Bridge are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 27.6 square miles (71.4 km$^2$), of which 27.5 square miles (71.4 km$^2$) is land and 0.04% is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 856 people, 292 households, and 226 families residing in the township. The population density was 31.1 inhabitants per square mile (12.0/km$^2$). There were 395 housing units at an average density of 14.3/sq mi (5.5/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 99.88% White, and 0.12% from two or more races.
There were 292 households, out of which 34.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.5% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.6% were non-families. 20.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.93 and the average family size was 3.41.
In the township the population was spread out, with 29.3% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.7 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $35,694, and the median income for a family was $41,458. Males had a median income of $30,446 versus $23,182 for females. The per capita income for the township was $14,457. About 13.2% of families and 18.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.3% of those under age 18 and 17.4% of those age 65 or over.
# Subsidy period

Thời bao cấp (lit. 'Subsidy period') generally refers to the period between 2 July 1976 and 18 December 1986 (Vietnamese reunification to the beginning of Đổi Mới economic reforms) when Vietnam was under Soviet-type economic planning during relative peacetime. Although North Vietnam's economy had been under Soviet-type economic planning since 1954, it usually does not considered belonging to the bao cấp era as the country was under division and war.
# Harvey Herrick

Harvey Dick Herrick (June 4, 1884 – May 30, 1936) was an American racing driver. He was the de facto American National Champion in 1911, as proclaimed by the contemporary journal Motor Age. Herrick competed for the National Motor Vehicle Company.

## Early life

Harvey Dick Herrick was born in Phoenix, Arizona Territory. He was the second son of Newell Herrick, a blacksmith, and Anne (née Kellogg). In 1892, Herrick's father died unexpectedly, and Herrick's mother raised her two sons alone. By the year 1900, the family had relocated to Los Angeles, California.
By 1906, Herrick was working as an automobile sales representative.
# Hans Martin Seip

Hans Martin Seip (born 14 June 1937) is a Norwegian chemist. He is professor emeritus at the University of Oslo and Senior Research Scientist (part-time position) at CICERO.

## Career

He was born in Oslo, and became civil engineer at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH- now NTNU) in 1961 and received the dr.philos. degree at the University of Oslo with the thesis Studies on the failure of the first Born approximation in electron diffraction. He was a research fellow at NTH from 1965 to 1969, worked as a university lecturer from 1969 to 195, researcher at Central Institute for Industrial Research (later SINTEF) from 1976 to 1988. He was appointed professor of chemistry in 1979. Hans Martin Seip is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. and the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters.
Seip started his work in chemistry with studies on structural chemistry, later he turned his interests to environmental chemistry. He did several studies, and participated in the scientific debate on acid rain and its impact on forests and waters, during the 1970s and 1980s. There, he emphasized the impact of acid rain on acidification of waters and on fish mortality. However, he was also open to the effects of changing soil quality and the influence of changes in watershed vegetation. The work within this field started in Norway, but was then extended to Poland and China He has subsequently made major contributions to the effects of pollutants on the human population. He is a spokesperson for the importance of co-benefits, that is, abatement measures for climate will also reduce other types of pollutants, like SO$_2$, NOx and particulates. Most of this work has been in China.

## Public services

Hans Martin Seip has also participated in the public debate about many issues, mostly on themes related to his research.
# Elfriede Cohnen

Elfriede Cohnen (born 1901, died 1979) was a German lawyer and medical doctor. Like many intellectuals, she supported the political aid organization Rote Hilfe Deutschlands, which had set itself the task of providing legal assistance to needy prosecutors without regard to the person.
# Dick Green (rugby league)

Dick Green was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s and 1910s. He played for South Sydney and Annandale in the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) competition. Green was a foundation player for South Sydney being a part of the club's first ever season and playing in their first ever game.

## Playing career

Green played in South Sydney's first ever game against North Sydney in the opening week of the NSWRL competition. South Sydney defeated Norths 11–7 at Birchgrove Oval with Green scoring one of the club's first tries.
Souths went on to claim the inaugural minor premiership in 1908 and reach the first NSWRL grand final against Eastern Suburbs. Green played at prop as Souths claimed their first premiership winning 14–12 at the Royal Agricultural Society Grounds in front of 4000 spectators.
In 1909, Green played 10 times for the club as Souths claimed their second premiership in a row against Balmain in controversial circumstances.
Green did not make an appearances for Souths in 1910 spending the whole season playing with the South Sydney Federals. In 1911, Green joined Annandale and spent one season at the club before returning to South Sydney. Green retired at the end of 1912.
# Parodius (1988 video game)

Parodius: The Octopus Saves the Earth, also known as Parodius, is a scrolling shooter video game developed by Konami for the MSX computer and was released in Japan. The game is notable for being the first title in the Parodius series, although it is often confused with its sequel Parodius! From Myth to Laughter. The name itself is a portmanteau of "Gradius" and "Parody" and, eponymously, the game is a parody of the Gradius series of space-based horizontally scrolling shooters. Many of the characters and enemies are derived from that famous shooter series, while other elements are extracted from other Konami titles, such as Antarctic Adventure and TwinBee. This game is of particular note in the series as being heavily infused with Japanese culture and folklore.

## Gameplay

The gameplay is very similar to the Gradius games, with other aspects from games such as TwinBee. However, the characters are replaced with silly characters taken from either these or other Konami games, as well as Japanese culture. The music is mostly taken from classical music pieces.
The player can play as either Tako, an octopus, the Penguin (father of Pentarou) from Antarctic Adventure and the exclusive MSX game Penguin Adventure, Goemon from the Ganbare Goemon series, the Popolon knight from the MSX game Knightmare or the Vic Viper spaceship from Gradius. The game is composed of six stages consisting of various obstacles and enemies such as penguins and bees, as well as more traditional Gradius enemies such as moai. As with Gradius, the game utilizes a similar selection-bar based power-up system.

## Reception

Parodius was awarded Best Game that Never Came out in the U.S. in 1992 by Electronic Gaming Monthly.

## Ports

Parodius was later included in Konami Antiques MSX Collection Vol.3 for PlayStation, Konami Antiques MSX Collection Ultra Pack for Sega Saturn and Parodius Portable for PlayStation Portable with enhanced graphics.
In addition, it was released for mobile phones in December 2006 and for Wii Virtual Console on January 12, 2010, and Wii U on December 25, 2013, in Japan. Also, the MSX version was re-released for Windows PC on Online Store Project EGG on April 11, 2014, in Japan.

## Legacy

In 2021, Konami announced a contest encouraging indie developers to make games based on some of its classic series, including Parodius: The Octopus Saves the Earth.
# Steve Richards (rugby union)

Stephen Brookhouse Richards (born 28 August 1941) is an English former international rugby union player.
Born in West Kirby, Richards learned his rugby union while a pupil at Clifton College, where he one of his coaches was ex-England back-rower John Kendall-Carpenter. He underwent further studies at the University of Oxford and was awarded a blue his final year in 1962.
Richards was a surprise selection as England hooker for the 1965 Five Nations. This came only a few months after he had taken the hooker position for his club Richmond, having been an understudy to Pat Orr. He subsequently took Orr's place in the Middlesex county side and won his England call up following his performances in three trials matches. After featuring in all of England Five Nations fixtures, Richards lost his position to John Pullin.
In 1967, Richards resumed his England career, playing a match against the Wallabies at Twickenham, followed by the Five Nations and a tour of Canada. Pullin was then able to cement himself as the team's regular hooker and Richards didn't get any further opportunities, finishing with nine caps.
Richards became a solicitor.
# 1641 in Portugal

Events in the year 1641 in Portugal.

## Incumbents

* King: John IV

## Events

* March 27 - beginning of the 11 month Siege of São Filipe near Angra do Heroismo in the Azores
* June 12 - Treaty of The Hague (1641) is signed in The Hague representatives of the States-General of the Netherlands and by the ambassador of the Kingdom of Portugal
* November 18 - John IV ratifies the treaty of The Hague

## Deaths

vteYears in Portugal :
# Škoda 19 cm vz. 1904

The Škoda 19 cm vz. 1904 was a naval gun of the Austro-Hungarian Empire that was used by the Austro-Hungarian Navy during the World War I. The 19 cm vz. 1904 was also used by the Italian Navy and Italian Army as coastal artillery during World War II. The Italians referred to it as the 190/39.

## Construction

The Škoda 19 cm vz. 1904 was developed and built by Škoda Works in Plzeň. These guns used Krupp horizontal sliding breech blocks with separate loading metallic cased charges and projectiles. Unlike other large naval guns of the time which used separate loading bagged charges and ammunition, the 19 cm vz. 1904 used separate loading ammunition with charges inside of a brass cartridge case to provide obturation.

## History

The Škoda 19 cm vz. 1904 was used as secondary armament on the Erzherzog Karl-class battleships and the armored cruiser SMS Sankt Georg. They were mounted on either pedestal mounts in single casemates amidships or in single turrets. After World War I SMS Sankt Georg and SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max were assigned to the United Kingdom as war reparations, while SMS Erzherzog Karl and SMS Erzherzog Friedrich were assigned to France. Between 1920 and 1921 these ships except SMS Erzherzog Karl were delivered to Italy for scrapping. The exact number of guns used for coastal defense during World War II is unknown. Coastal batteries are believed to have been located at Šibenik, Pula, Naples and Tripoli.
Number of guns salvaged:
* 12 guns each from the two Erzherzog Karl-class battleships
* 5 guns from SMS Sankt Georg Total = 29 guns
Location and numbers of coastal batteries:
* 2 batteries of 2 guns – Šibenik
* 2 batteries of 2 guns – Pula
* 2 batteries of 2 guns – Naples
* 2 batteries of 4 guns – Tripoli
* 2 guns on pontoon GM269 Total = 20 guns

## Ammunition

Ammunition was of separate loading type with a cartridge case and a bagged charge which weighed 26.3 kg (58 lb).
Ammunition types:
* Armor piercing – Length: 61 cm (2 ft 0 in), Weight: 97 kg (214 lb)
* Common pointed- Length: 66.5 cm (30 in), Weight: 90 kg (200 lb)
* Shrapnel – Length: 53 cm (1 ft 9 in), Weight: 49.2 kg (108 lb)
# Chou Chang-hung

Chou Chang-hung (Chinese: 周昌弘; born 5 September 1942) is a Taiwanese botanist and plant ecologist. He has been elected a fellow of The World Academy of Sciences and an academician of Academia Sinica.

## Academic career

Chou completed a bachelor's degree and master's degree at National Taiwan University in 1965 and 1968, respectively, in the field of botany. During his doctoral study at the University of California, Santa Barbara, he chose to specialize in plant ecology. Upon completing his Ph.D in 1971, Chou pursued postdoctoral research at the University of Toronto. He then returned to Taiwan as an associate research fellow affiliated with the Academia Sinica's Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology. Chou was successively promoted to full research fellow in 1976, and served as institute director from 1989 to 1996. Between 1999 and 2002, Chou served as vice president of the National Sun Yat-sen University. He left NSYSU and the IPMB in 2002 to become the president of the National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, and served as NPUST head until 2006. Chou has also headed Academia Sinica's division of life sciences. Chou holds a chair professorship at China Medical University, National Chung Hsing University, and National Sun Yat-sen University, a distinguished chair professorship at National Taiwan University and National Cheng Kung University, and retained a life chair professorship at the National Pingtung University of Science and Technology upon stepping down as university president.

## Environmental views

Chou is opposed to building an eighth naphtha cracker in Taiwan, as proposed by the Kuokuang Petrochemical Technology Company (KTPC). Although he served as a member of the environmental impact assessment committee that approved the construction of the sixth naphtha cracker in Mailiao, he later brought up the environmental effects of that project in his opposition to the KPTC proposal. After Chou's National Chung Hsing University colleague Tsuang Ben-jei [zh] published research on the environmental effects of the sixth naphtha cracker, and the Formosa Plastics Group sued Tsuang in 2012, Chou supported Tsuang in the interest of academic freedom. In other observations related to the environment, Chou has commented that global warming is leading to the migration of some plant species.

## Political views

In January 2019, Chou co-signed a petition asking the Executive Yuan to revoke the Ministry of Education's decision approving Kuan Chung-ming's election as National Taiwan University president. In 2023, he drew attention to the ways Chinese companies were permitted to access genetic data collected from Taiwanese people, drawing comparisons to Chinese acquisitions of Taiwanese pineapple seedlings and associated genomic data. During the 2024 presidential election cycle, Chou expressed support for the Democratic Progressive Party ticket of Lai Ching-te and Hsiao Bi-khim.

## Honors and awards

Chou was elected a fellow of The World Academy of Sciences in 1993, and to academician status within Academia Sinica in 1994.
# I (cuneiform)

The cuneiform i sign is a common use vowel sign. It can be found in many languages, examples being the Akkadian language of the Epic of Gilgamesh (hundreds of years, parts of millenniums) and the mid 14th-century BC Amarna letters; also the Hittite language-(see table of Hittite cuneiform signs below).
In the Epic of Gilgamesh it also has a minor usage as a sumerogram, I. The usage numbers from the Epic are as follows: i-(698), I-(1).
As i and one of the four vowels in Akkadian (there is no "o"), scribes can easily use one sign (a vowel, or a syllable with a vowel) to substitute one vowel for another. In the Amarna letters, the segue adverb "now", or "now, at this time", Akkadian language 'enūma', is seldom spelled with the 'e'; instead its spellings are typically: anūma, inūma, and sometimes enūma. In both the Amarna letters and the Epic of Gilgamesh another common use of the "i" sign is for the preposition, Akkadian language ina, spelled i-na, for in, into, for, etc.. (There is an alternate cuneiform sign for ina (cuneiform), a sub-variety use of aš (cuneiform), the single, horizontal stroke.)