# List of philosophers (R–Z)

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vte :
Philosophers (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:
       Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.
* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z
* A–C
* D–H
* I–Q
* R–Z
* Notes

## R

* François Rabelais (1493–1553)
* Eduardo Rabossi (1930–2005)
* Gustav Radbruch (1878–1949)
* Janet Radcliffe Richards (born 1944)
* Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975)
* Assi Rahbani (1923–1986)
* Ramakrishna Paramhansa (1836–1886)
* Karl Rahner (1904–1984)
* Ramanuja (1017–1137)
* Frank P. Ramsey (1903–1930)
* Ian Thomas Ramsey (1915–1972)
* Paul Ramsey (1913–1988)
* Petrus Ramus (1515–1572)
* Jacques Rancière (born 1940)
* Ram Gopal Varma (born 1989)
* Ayn Rand (1905–1982)
* Hastings Rashdall (1858–1924)
* Felix Ravaisson-Mollien (1813–1900)
* John Rawls (1921–2002)
* John Ray (1627–1705)
* Daniel Raymond (1786–1849)
* Joseph Raz (1939–2022)
* Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi (or Rhazes), (865–925)
* Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209)
* Paul Ree (1849–1901)
* Pierre-Sylvain Regis (1632–1707)
* August Wilhelm Rehberg (1757–1836)
* Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957)
* Helmut Reichelt (born 1939)
* Hans Reichenbach (1891–1953)
* Thomas Reid (1710–1796)
* Hermann Samuel Reimarus (1694–1768)
* Adolf Reinach (1883–1917)
* Karl Leonhard Reinhold (1757–1823)
* Karl Renner (1870–1950)
* Charles Bernard Renouvier (1815–1903)
* Nicholas Rescher (born 1928)
* Jean Reynaud (1806–1863)
* Rgyal tshab dar ma rin chen (or Gyeltsap darma rinchen) (1364–1432)
* Urbanus Rhegius (1489–1541)
* David Ricardo (1772–1823)
* Richard of Middleton (c. 1249–1306)
* Richard of St. Victor (died 1173)
* Richard Rufus of Cornwall (or Richardus Sophista) (1231–1259)
* David Riazanov (1870–1938)
* I. A. Richards (1893–1979)
* Radovan Richta (1924–1983)
* Heinrich Rickert (1863–1936)
* Paul Ricœur (1913–2005)
* Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866)
* Cedric Robinson (1940–2016)
* R.R. Rockingham Gill (born 1944)
* Jacques Rohault (1617–1672)
* Erwin Rohde (1845–1898)
* Francisco Romero (1891–1962)
* Avital Ronell (born 1952)
* Richard Rorty (1931–2007)
* Vasily Rozanov (1856–1919)
* Roscelin of Compiègne (c. 1050–c. 1120)
* Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz (1805–1879)
* Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy (1888–1973)
* Franz Rosenzweig (1886–1929)
* Antonio Rosmini-Serbati (1797–1855)
* Alf Niels Christian Ross (1899–1979)
* William David Ross (1877–1971)
* Carlo Rosselli (1899–1937)
* Gian-Carlo Rota (1932–1999)
* Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)
* Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825)
* Joseph Rovan (1918–2004)
* M.N.Roy (1887–1954)
* Josiah Royce (1865–1916)
* Pierre Paul Royer-Collard (1763–1845)
* Vasily Rozanov (1856–1919)
* Ruan Ji (210–263)
* Arnold Ruge (1802–1880)
* Otto Rühle (1874–1943)
* Michael Ruse (born 1940)
* Bertrand Russell (1872–1970)
* Jan van Ruysbroek (1293–1381)
* Gilbert Ryle (1900–1976)

## S

* Saadia Gaon (892–942)
* Mulla Hadi Sabzevari (1797–1873)
* William S. Sahakian (1922–1986)
* Mark Sainsbury (born 1943)
* Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825)
* Kohei Saito (born 1987)
* Sakya Pandita (1182–1251)
* Syed Zafarul Hasan (1885–1949)
* Nathan Salmon (born 1951)
* Wesley Salmon (1925–2001)
* Francisco Sanches (1551–1623)
* Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez (1915–2011)
* Michael Sandel (born 1953)
* Śāntarakṣita (725–788)
* George Santayana (1863–1952)
* Prabhat Rainjan Sarkar (1921–1990)
* Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980)
* Crispin Sartwell (born 1958)
* John Ralston Saul (born 1947)
* Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913)
* Fernando Savater (born 1947)
* Friedrich Carl von Savigny (1779–1861)
* Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz (1898–1959)
* Antonin Scalia (1936–2016)
* Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484–1558)
* Thomas Scanlon (born 1940)
* Richard Schacht (born 1941)
* Max Scheler (1874–1928)
* Friedrich Schelling (1775–1852)
* F. C. S. Schiller (1864–1937)
* Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805)
* August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767–1845)
* Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829)
* Hubert Schleichert (1935–2020)
* Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834)
* Moritz Schlick (1882–1936)
* Carl Schmitt (1888–1985)
* J.B. Schneewind (born 1930)
* Gershom Scholem (1897–1982)
* Heinrich Scholz (1884–1956)
* Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860)
* Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961)
* Gottlob Ernst Schulze (1761–1833)
* Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950)
* Anna Maria van Schurman (1607–1678)
* Alfred Schütz (1899–1959)
* Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965)
* Roger Scruton (1944–2020)
* Madeleine de Scudéry (1607–1701)
* John Searle (born 1932)
* Juan José Sebreli (born 1930)
* Charles Secrétan (1815–1895)
* Michal Sedziwój (1566–1636)
* John Selden (1584–1654)
* Roy Wood Sellars (1880–1973)
* Wilfrid Sellars (1912–1989)
* Amartya Sen (born 1933)
* Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC–AD 65)
* Sengzhao (384–414)
* Victor Serge (1890–1947)
* John Sergeant (1623–1704)
* Michel Serres (1930–2019)
* Sextus Empiricus (2nd/3rd century)
* Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (1671–1713)
* Shah Wali Allah (or Qutb al-Din Ahmad al-Rahim or Waliullah) (1703–1762)
* Shang Yang (or Gongsun Yang) (died 338 BC)
* Adi Shankara (788–820)
* Shantideva (8th century)
* Shao Yung (1011–1077)
* Johannes Sharpe (c. 1360 – after 1415)
* Dariush Shayegan (1935–2018)
* Georgy Shchedrovitsky (1929–1994)
* Shen Buhai (died 337 BC)
* Shen Dao (or Shen Tzu) (c. 350 – 275 BC)
* Lady Mary Shepherd (1777–1847)
* Lev Shestov (1866–1938)
* Shinran (1173–1261)
* Sydney Shoemaker (born 1931)
* Gustav Gustavovich Shpet (1879–1937)
* Shriharsha (12th c.)
* Henry Sidgwick (1838–1900)
* Eli Siegel (1902–1978)
* Sigerus of Brabant (1240–1284)
* Heinrich Christoph Wilhelm Sigwart (1789–1844)
* Abu Sulayman Muhammad al-Sijistani (c. 932 – c. 1000)
* Ludovico Silva (1937–1988)
* Francesco Silvestri (or Francis Sylvester of Ferrara) (1474–1528)
* Georg Simmel (1858–1918)
* Simon of Faversham (c. 1260–1306)
* Simplicius of Cilicia (early 6th century)
* Kurt Singer (1886–1962)
* Peter Singer (born 1946)
* B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)
* Thoralf Skolem (1887–1963)
* Hryhori Skovoroda (1722–1794)
* Peter Sloterdijk (born 1947)
* J. J. C. Smart (1920–2012)
* Adam Smith (1723–1790)
* Barry Smith (born 1952)
* Huston Smith (1919–2016)
* Michael Smith (born 1954)
* Raymond Smullyan (1919–2017)
* Joseph D. Sneed (1938–2020)
* Jan Sniadecki (1756–1830)
* Scott Soames (born 1946)
* Elliott Sober (born 1948)
* Socrates (470–399 BC)
* Alfred Sohn-Rethel (1899–1990)
* Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Solger (1780–1890)
* Joseph Soloveitchik (1903–1993)
* Vladimir Solovyov (1853–1900)
* Sophie de Condorcet (1764–1822)
* Georges Sorel (1847–1922)
* William Ritchie Sorley (1855–1935)
* Abdolkarim Soroush (born 1945)
* Ernest Sosa (born 1940)
* Domingo de Soto (1494–1560)
* Othmar Spann (1878–1950)
* Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)
* Thomas Spencer Baynes (1823–1887)
* Oswald Spengler (1880–1936)
* Speusippus (410–339 BC)
* Herbert Spiegelberg (1904–1990)
* Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)
* Afrikan Spir (1837–1890)
* Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born 1942)
* Lysander Spooner (1808–1887)
* Timothy L.S. Sprigge (1932–2007)
* Walter Terence Stace (1886–1967)
* Edward Stachura (1937–1979)
* Anne Louise Germaine de Staël (1766–1817)
* James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount Stair (1619–1695)
* Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (1878–1953)
* Robert Stalnaker (born 1940)
* Henry Stanton (1805–1887)
* Olaf Stapledon (1886–1950)
* Stanisław Staszic (1755–1826)
* L. Susan Stebbing (1885–1943)
* Edith Stein (1891–1942)
* George Steiner (1929–2020)
* Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925)
* Leslie Stephen (1832–1904)
* Charles Leslie Stevenson (1908–1979)
* Dugald Stewart (1753–1828)
* Stephen Stich (born 1944)
* Stilpo (c. 360 – c. 280 BC)
* James Hutchison Stirling (1820–1909)
* Max Stirner (1806–1856)
* George Frederick Stout (1860–1944)
* David Stove (1927–1994)
* Strato of Lampsacus (c. 340 – c. 268 BC)
* David Friedrich Strauss (1808–1874)
* Leo Strauss (1899–1973)
* Galen Strawson (born 1952)
* P. F. Strawson (1919–2006)
* Barry Stroud (1935–2019)
* Carl Stumpf (1848–1936)
* Johann Sturm (1635–1703)
* Francisco Suárez (1548–1617)
* Gabrielle Suchon (1631–1703)
* Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi (1154–1191)
* Sun Tzu (c. 5th century BC)
* Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925)
* Kim Il Sung (1912–1994)
* Rudi Supek (1913–1993)
* Henry Suso (1300–1366)
* Ivan Sviták (1925–1994)
* Karen Swassjan (born 1948)
* Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772)
* Richard Swinburne (born 1934)
* Richard Sylvan (1935–1996)
* Syrianus (5th century)
* David Sztybel (born 1967)

## T

* Allama Tabatabai (1903–1981)
* Javad Tabatabai (born 1945)
* Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905)
* Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941)
* Tai Chen (or Dai Zhen or Tai Tung-Yuan) (1724–1777)
* Hippolyte Taine (1828–1893)
* Gáspár Miklós Tamás (1948–2023)
* T'an Ssu-t'ung (1864–1898)
* Tanabe Hajime (1885–1962)
* T'ang Chun-i (1909–1978)
* Alfred Tarski (1901–1983)
* Władysław Tatarkiewicz (1886–1980)
* Johannes Tauler (c. 1300 – 1361)
* Nicolaus Taurellus (1547–1606)
* Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi (c. 930 – 1023)
* Charles Taylor (born 1931)
* Harriet Taylor Mill (1807–1858)
* Ken Taylor (1954–2019)
* Richard Taylor (1919–2003)
* Gustav Teichmuller (1837–1888)
* Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955)
* Bernardino Telesio (1509–1588)
* Placide Tempels (1906–1977)
* William Temple (1881–1944)
* Frederick Robert Tennant (1866–1957)
* Teresa of Avila (1515–1582)
* Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 220)
* Johannes Nikolaus Tetens (1736–1807)
* Thales (c. 635 – 543 BC)
* Themistius (317–387)
* Theodoric of Freiberg ( c.1250 – c.1311)
* Theodorus of Cyrene (c. 465 – 398 BC)
* Theophrastus (372–287 BC)
* Helmut Thielicke (1908–1986)
* Peter Thielst (born 1951)
* Thierry of Chartres (fl. c. 1130–1150)
* Thomas à Kempis (1380–1471)
* Thomas of Erfurt (14th century)
* Thomas of York (13th century)
* Christian Thomasius (1655–1728)
* William Thompson (1775–1833)
* Judith Jarvis Thomson (1929–2020)
* Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)
* Thrasymachus (5th century BC)
* Thucydides (c. 460 – c. 400 BC)
* Paul Tillich (1886–1965)
* Timaeus of Locri (5th century BC)
* Timon of Phlius (c. 300 BC)
* Matthew Tindal (1657–1733)
* Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859)
* Tzvetan Todorov (1939–2017)
* John Toland (1670–1722)
* Francisco de Toledo (1515–1584)
* Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910)
* Tominaga Nakamoto (1715–1746)
* Alberto Toscano (born 1977)
* Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg (1802–1872)
* Ernst Troeltsch (1865–1923)
* Mario Tronti, (1931–2023)
* Leon Trotsky (1879–1940)
* Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus (1651–1708)
* Je Tsongkhapa (or Dzongkaba or Rinpoche) (1357–1419)
* Alyaksandr Tsvikievich (1888–1937)
* Abraham Tucker (1705–1774)
* Benjamin Tucker (1854–1939)
* Peter Tudvad (born 1966)
* Ernst Tugendhat (1930–2023)
* Raimo Tuomela (1940–2020)
* Alan Turing (1912–1954)
* George Turnball (1698–1748)
* Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274)
* Kazimierz Twardowski (1866–1938)
* Michael Tye (born 1950)

## U

* Pietro Ubaldi (1886–1972)
* Udayana (11th century)
* Uddyotakara (6th century)
* Uisang (625–702)
* Ulrich of Strasbourg (1220–1277)
* Hermann Ulrici (1806–1884)
* Umar Khayyam (1048–1131)
* Miguel de Unamuno (1864–1936)
* Peter Unger (born 1942)
* Dimitri Uznadze (1886–1950)

## V

* Hans Vaihinger (1852–1933)
* György Mihály Vajda (born 1935)
* J. J. Valberg (born 1936)
* Valentinius (or Valentinus) (c. 100 – c. 153)
* Paul Valéry (1871–1945)
* Lorenzo Valla (1406–1457)
* Vallabhacharya (1479–1531)
* Bas C. van Fraassen (born 1941)
* Peter van Inwagen (born 1942)
* Giulio Cesare Vanini (1585–1619)
* Francisco Varela (1946–2001)
* Vasubandhu (4th century)
* Vatsyayana (5th century)
* Emerich de Vattel (1714–1767)
* Gianni Vattimo (born 1936)
* Vauvenargues (1715–1747)
* Gabriel Vazquez (1549–1604)
* John Venn (1834–1923)
* Henry Babcock Veatch (1911–1997)
* Vladimir Vernadsky (1863–1945)
* Nicoletto Vernia (1442–1499)
* Giambattista Vico (1668–1744)
* Milan Vidmar (1885–1962)
* Álvaro Vieira Pinto (1909–1987)
* Michel Villey (1914–1988)
* Vital Du Four (1260–1327)
* Francisco de Vitoria (1492–1546)
* Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902)
* Juan Luís Vives (1492–1540)
* Gregory Vlastos (1907–1991)
* Eric Voegelin (1901–1985)
* Carl Vogt (1817–1895)
* V. Volodarsky (1891–1918)
* Valentin Voloshinov (1895–1936)
* Voltaire (1694–1778)
* Georg Henrik von Wright (1916–2003)
* Aleksandr Voronsky (1884–1937)
* Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934)
* Boris Petrovich Vysheslavtsev (1877–1954)

## W

* Jean Wahl (1888–1974)
* Friedrich Waismann (1896–1959)
* Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913)
* Michael Walzer (born 1935)
* Ernest Wamba dia Wamba (1942–2020)
* Wang Bi (226–249)
* Wang Ch'ung (27–97)
* Wang Fuzhi (or Wang Fu-Chih or Wang Chuanshan), (1619–1692)
* Hao Wang (1921–1995)
* Wang Yangming (1472–1529)
* James Ward (1843–1925)
* Geoffrey J. Warnock (1923–1996)
* Mary Warnock (1924–2019)
* John B. Watson (1878–1958)
* Watsuji Tetsuro (1889–1960)
* Alan Watts (1915–1973)
* Max Weber (1864–1920)
* Éric Weil (1904–1977)
* Simone Weil (1909–1943)
* Ota Weinberger (1919–2009)
* Otto Weininger (1880–1903)
* Adam weishaupt (1748–1830)
* Christian Hermann Weisse (1801–1866)
* Victoria, Lady Welby (1837–1912)
* Felix Weltsch (1884–1964)
* Cornel West (born 1953)
* Edvard Westermarck (1862–1939)
* Hermann Weyl (1885–1955)
* Frantisek Weyr (or Franz Weyr) (1879–1951)
* William Whewell (1794–1866)
* Benjamin Whichcote (1609–1683)
* Alan R. White (1922–1992)
* Thomas White (1593–1676)
* Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947)
* David Wiggins (born 1933)
* William of Alnwick (1270–1333)
* William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris (1180–1249)
* William of Auxerre (died 1231)
* William of Champeaux (c. 1070 – 1121)
* William of Conches (c. 1080 – 1154)
* William of Moerbeke (c. 1215 – 1286)
* William of Ockham (c. 1285 – 1347)
* William of Shyreswood (or William of Sherwood) (1190–1249)
* Bernard Williams (1929–2003)
* Donald Cary Williams (1899–1983)
* Raymond Williams (1921–1988)
* Timothy Williamson (born 1955)
* Colin Wilson (1931–2013)
* John Cook Wilson (1849–1915)
* Peter Winch (1926–1997)
* Wilhelm Windelband (1848–1915)
* Kwasi Wiredu (1931–2022)
* John Wisdom (1904–1993)
* John Witherspoon (1723–1794)
* Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (1885–1939)
* Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951)
* Adam de Wodeham (1298–1358)
* Christian Wolff (1679–1754)
* William Wollaston (1659–1724)
* Richard Wollheim (1923–2003)
* Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797)
* Nicholas Wolterstorff (born 1932)
* Wonchuk (613–696)
* Wonhyo Daisa (617–686)
* Woo Tsin-hang (or Chih-hui) (1865–1953)
* Chauncey Wright (1830–1875)
* Crispin Wright (born 1942)
* Dorothy Maud Wrinch (1894–1976)
* Jerzy Wróblewski (1926–1990)
* Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)
* John Wyclif (c. 1330 – 1384)

## X

* Xenocrates (396–314 BC)
* Xenophanes of Colophon, (570–480 BC)
* Xenophon (427–355 BC)
* Xun Zi (or Hsun Tzu), (c. 310–237 BC)

## Y

* Yajnavalkya (c. 1800 BC)
* Yang Chu (370–319 BC)
* Yang Xiong (or Yang Hsiung) (53 BC–AD 18)
* Sofya Yanovskaya (1896–1966)
* Yen Yuan (1635–1704)
* Yi Hwang (or Toegye) (1501–1570)
* Yi I (or Yi Yulgok or Yi Yi) (1536–1584)
* Yi Kan (1677–1727)
* Paul Yorck von Wartenburg (1835–1897)
* Arthur M. Young (1905–1995)
* Iris Marion Young (1949–2006)
* Pavel Yudin (1899–1968)

## Z

* Jacopo Zabarella (1533–1589)
* Edward N. Zalta (born 1952)
* Peter Wessel Zapffe (1899–1990)
* Zeami Motokiyo (c. 1363 – c. 1443)
* Eduard Zeller (1814–1908)
* Zeno of Citium (333–264 BC)
* Zeno of Elea (c. 495 – c. 430 BC)
* Zeno of Sidon (1st century BC)
* Zeno of Tarsus (fl. 200 BC)
* Dewi Zephaniah Phillips (1934–2006)
* Ernst Zermelo (1871–1953)
* Zhiyi (538–597)
* Zhou Guoping (born 1945)
* Zhu Xi (or Chu Hsi) (1130–1200)
* Zhuang Zi (or Chuang Tzu or Chuang Chou) (c. 300 BC)
* Alexander Zinoviev (1922–2006)
* Howard Zinn (1922–2010)
* Slavoj Žižek (born 1949)
* Florian Znaniecki (1882–1958)
* Zongmi (780–841)
* Zou Yan (3rd century BC)
* Xavier Zubiri (1889–1983)

## Contents
### List of philosophers

    (A–C)
    (D–H)
    (I–Q)
    (R–Z)