OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge

The Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge is a protected wildlife refuge, at the southern end of the Pahranagat Valley and administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. It is 90 miles (140 km) north of Las Vegas, Nevada, in Lincoln County, Nevada. The 5,380-acre (21.8 km$^2$) refuge was created on August 16, 1963, and is part of the larger Desert National Wildlife Refuge Complex, which also includes the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, the Desert National Wildlife Refuge, and the Moapa Valley National Wildlife Refuge.
The refuge provides high-quality migration and wintering habitat for migrating birds, especially waterfowl, within the Pacific Flyway. It also contains the prehistoric Black Canyon Petroglyphs.

## History

Work is underway to restore wetland and desert upland habitats to what was found on the refuge over 100 years ago.

## Species of concern that spend part of the year at Pahranagat
### Endangered

Endangered species include:
* Southwestern willow flycatcher

### Threatened

Threatened species include:
* Desert tortoise
# Decoy-class cutter

The Decoy class was a class of three cutters of the Royal Navy. William Rule designed the class. Two were lost in wartime; they grounded, enabling the French to capture them. One was lost to bad weather.
* HMS Decoy (1810) participated in the capture of several small French privateers, captured or recaptured a number of merchant vessels, and captured a number of smuggling vessels. The French captured her in 1814.
* HMS Dwarf (1810) was wrecked on 3 March 1824.
* HMS Racer (1810) stranded on the French coast on 28 October, which enabled the French to capture her.

## Citations

* ↑ Winfield (2008), p. 363.
* ↑ Hepper (1994), p. 158.
# Kolonia Czwarta

Kolonia Czwarta is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Krzęcin, within Choszczno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-east of Krzęcin, 15 km (9 mi) south-east of Choszczno, and 74 km (46 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Paszęcin

Paszęcin (German: Passentin) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rąbino, within Świdwin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Rąbino, 15 km (9 mi) north-east of Świdwin, and 103 km (64 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
The village has a population of 210.
# Guru Nanak Public School

Guru Nanak Public School is an English medium co-educational public school in Pitam Pura, Delhi. The school was founded as a nursery school in 1975 under the patronage of Sri Guru Singh Sabha, Punjabi Bagh, and by 1998 had expanded to an enrollment of 2300 at all levels up to higher secondary. Although the school follows a Sikh ethos many of the students are Hindu. It is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education.
The school aspires to "develop in [its] students a spiritual outlook on life by inculcating in them the love for mankind, service to humanity and worship of the Lord through Gurbani". Also the school has started online classes at the premises through various online modes set up by Indian or international education systems. In the time of pandemic the school is thriving in an attempt to provide quality education to their students.
# Słowinko

Słowinko is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Darłowo, within Sławno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Darłowo, 11 km (7 mi) west of Sławno, and 166 km (103 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
The settlement has a population of 33.
# Kolonia Górna Grabowo

Kolonia Górna Grabowo (German: Vorwerk Neuhof) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Stargard, within Stargard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north of Stargard and 33 km (21 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
The settlement has a population of 47.
# Willie Wepener

Frederik Willem Wepener (born 2 April 1981) is a South African rugby union footballer. He plays as a hooker for the Lions in Super Rugby and the Golden Lions in the Currie Cup. Wepener has previously represented Clermont Auvergne, Griquas, the Leopards and the Blue Bulls.
In August 2013, he rejoined the Golden Lions for the third time, signing a two-year contract with the Johannesburg-based team.
# Pałowo

Pałowo (Polish pronunciation:; German: Alt Paalow) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Postomino, within Sławno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Postomino, 12 km (7 mi) north-east of Sławno, and 185 km (115 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
The village has a population of 223.
# Henry Atkins (speedway rider)

Henry Michael Atkins (born 2 January 2001) is an English motorcycle speedway rider. He currently rides in two of the three tiers of British Speedway, for the Oxford Cheetahs in the SGB Championship and the Oxford Chargers in the National Development League.

## Speedway career

He was a British 125cc Champion and began his senior British career riding for the Somerset Rebels in 2019. After the 2020 season cancellation because of the COVID-19 pandemic he joined Plymouth Gladiators for the SGB Championship 2021 and Eastbourne Seagulls in the National Development League but Eastbourne later withdrew from the league.
For the 2022 season, he re-signed for Plymouth and joined the newly reformed Oxford Cheetahs National Development team called the Oxford Chargers. In 2023, he left Plymouth for the Oxford Cheetahs senior team for the SGB Championship 2023. He also remained with the Chargers for the 2023 NDL season, where he won the NDL league title with Oxford, defeating Leicester in a one-off Grand Final.
He re-signed for Oxford for the 2024 season.
# Pinellas National Wildlife Refuge

The Pinellas National Wildlife Refuge is part of the United States National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) System, located offshore from mainland St. Petersburg, Florida, and only accessible by boat. The 394-acre (1.59 km$^2$) refuge was established in 1951, to act as a breeding ground for colonial bird species. Islands within the refuge include Indian, Tarpon, Mule, and Jackass Keys, and all are within the St. Petersburg city limits.

## Management

The Pinellas NWR is one of the three 'Tampa Bay Refuges', along with Passage Key NWR and Egmont Key NWR. Previously administered as a part of the Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge Complex, the three Tampa Bay refuges, the Chassahowitzka NWR, and the Crystal River NWR have been administered by the Crystal River Complex, headquartered in Crystal River, Florida since 2012.

## Fauna

Brown pelicans, herons, egrets, cormorants and many other species nest on the islands. Tarpon Key has the largest brown pelican rookery in the state.

## Access

The NWR is closed to public use, for the protection of natural and cultural resources.
# The Farmer's Daughter (1940 film)

The Farmer's Daughter is a 1940 American comedy film directed by James P. Hogan and written by Lewis R. Foster. The film stars Martha Raye, Charlie Ruggles, Richard Denning, Gertrude Michael, William Frawley, Inez Courtney and William Demarest. The film was released on March 26, 1940, by Paramount Pictures.

## Plot

Nickie North, a producer, and Scoop Trimble, a press agent, find an investor for their film, who insists that they cast the producer's ex-girlfriend Clarice Sheldon, as the lead. After Sheldon finds out North has a new girlfriend, she leaves, leaving the producer to find a new lead actress.

## Cast

* Martha Raye as Patience Bingham
* Charlie Ruggles as Nickie North
* Richard Denning as Dennis Crane
* Gertrude Michael as Clarice Sheldon
* William Frawley as Scoop Trimble
* Inez Courtney as Emily French
* William Demarest as Victor Walsh
* Jack Norton as Shimmy Conway
* William Duncan as Tom Bingham
* Ann Shoemaker as Mrs. Bingham
* Benny Baker as Monk Gordon
* Tom Dugan as Forbes
* Lorraine Krueger as Valerie
* Sheila Ryan as Dorinda
# Ursula Grabley

Ursula Grabley (8 December 1908 – 3 April 1977) was a German actress. She appeared in more than 80 films and television shows between 1929 and 1977. Her acting career started during the late silent era and blossomed in the sound era that soon followed. The cast of the 1929 silent film Katharina Knie included Ursula and her then husband Viktor de Kowa.
She trained as a ballet dancer. Her film career stalled during the war years after a private altercation with Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels. From the 1950s onwards, she often played motherly figures in films and on television. She provided the German voice for Lucille Ball. Ursula died of a stroke during a theatrical tour of "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof".

## Selected filmography

* Katharina Knie (1929)
* The Concert (1931)
* That's All That Matters (1931)
* The Black Hussar (1932)
* Spell of the Looking Glass (1932)
* The Golden Anchor (1932)
* Voices of Spring (1933)
* The Marathon Runner (1933)
* Scandal in Budapest (1933)
* Bashful Felix (1934)
* At the Strasbourg (1934)
* The Tannhof Women (1934)
* Annette in Paradise (1934)
* Make Me Happy (1935)
* The Call of the Jungle (1936)
* Ride to Freedom (1937)
* The Chief Witness (1937)
* A Girl from the Chorus (1937)
* The Impossible Mister Pitt (1938)
* Hurrah! I'm a Father (1939)
* Twilight (1940)
* Anna Alt (1945)
* Under the Bridges (1946)
* Blondes for Export (1950)
* The Colourful Dream (1952)
* They Call It Love (1953)
* Confession Under Four Eyes (1954)
* Mamitschka (1955)
* Father's Day (1955)
* Without You All Is Darkness (1956)
* The Night Before the Premiere (1959)
* Heaven, Love and Twine (1960)
* Zur Hölle mit den Paukern (1968)
# Joubert Horn

Joubert Prinsloo Horn (born 8 October 1988) is a former South African rugby union player whose usual playing position was lock. He played first class rugby between 2010 and 2016; he played for South African domestic teams the Griffons and Griquas before a spell with Italian side Viadana in 2013. After a short return to South Africa to play for the Free State XV, he moved to France, where he played for Soyaux Angoulême XV Charente and Bayonne. He returned to South Africa in 2016 to play for the Boland Cavaliers, before announcing his retirement at the end of the year.

## Rugby career

Horn represented the UFS Shimlas in the Varsity Cup between 2010 and 2012 and he also played Currie Cup First Division rugby for the Griffons during this time. He moved west to join Griquas ahead of the 2013 Vodacom Cup season making his debut against the Blue Bulls on 9 March 2013 and made five appearances, but was not retained for the 2013 Currie Cup Premier Division.
He then had a short spell at Italian side Viadana, making twelve appearances in the 2013–14 National Championship of Excellence and European Challenge Cup competitions, before returning to South Africa to play for the Free State XV in the 2014 Vodacom Cup competition.
However, his return to South Africa was short-lived and he moved to French Fédérale 1 side Soyaux Angoulême XV Charente prior to the 2014–2015 season.
In September 2015, he signed with Aviron Bayonnais for the 2015–2016 season, replacing Mark Chisholm. He will make his first appearance in Rugby Pro D2.
# Cai Shun

Cai Shun (Chinese: 蔡顺; born 1 February 1991 in Wuhan, Hubei) is a Chinese football player.

## Club career

Born in Wuhan, Cai joined Shandong Luneng Football Academy. In 2011, Cai Shun started his professional footballer career with Hangzhou Greentown in the Chinese Super League. In March 2011, he moved to China League One side Hubei Greenery on a one-year loan deal.
In June 2012, Cai transferred to China League One side Wuhan Zall. He would eventually make his league debut for Wuhan on 3 November 2013 in a game against Guangzhou Evergrande, coming on as a substitute for Kang Zhenjie in the 80th minute.
In 2015, Cai signed for Hainan Seamen.

## Club career statistics

    As of 13 October 2018
| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| China PR | China PR | China PR | League | League | FA Cup | FA Cup | CSL Cup | CSL Cup | Asia | Asia | Total | Total |
| 2011 | Hangzhou Greentown | Chinese Super League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
| 2011 | Hubei Greenery | China League One | 11 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 12 | 0 |
| 2012 | Hangzhou Greentown | Chinese Super League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
| 2012 | Wuhan Zall | China League One | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 8 | 0 |
| 2013 | Wuhan Zall | Chinese Super League | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 2 | 0 |
| 2014 | Wuhan Zall | China League One | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
| 2016 | Hainan Seamen | China League Two | 15 | 0 | 2 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 17 | 0 |
| 2017 | Hainan Seamen | China League Two | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0 |
| 2017 | Zhenjiang Huasa | China League Two | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 11 | 0 |
| 2018 | Zhenjiang Huasa | China League Two | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | 9 | 0 |
| Total | China PR | China PR | 60 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 64 | 0 |
# 1961 USSR Chess Championship (29th)

The 1961 Soviet Chess Championship - 29th edition was held from 16 November to 20 December 1961 in Baku. The tournament was won by Boris Spassky. The final were preceded by semifinals events at Batumi, Novgorod and Kiev. 1961 was the year of two Soviet Chess Championships, the 28th and the 29th editions.

## Table and results

29th Soviet Chess Championship :
| | Player | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | Total |
| 1 | Boris Spassky | - | 1 | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 0 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 14½ |
| 2 | Lev Polugaevsky | 0 | - | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 14 |
| 3 | David Bronstein | ½ | ½ | - | 1 | 0 | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | ½ | 12½ |
| 4 | Mikhail Tal | 0 | ½ | 0 | - | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 0 | ½ | 1 | 12 |
| 5 | Evgeni Vasiukov | ½ | 0 | 1 | ½ | - | ½ | 0 | ½ | 1 | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 12 |
| 6 | Mark Taimanov | ½ | ½ | 0 | 0 | ½ | - | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 0 | ½ | 1 | ½ | 0 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 11½ |
| 7 | Yuri Averbakh | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | - | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 11½ |
| 8 | Vassily Smyslov | 0 | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | - | ½ | 1 | 0 | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ½ | ½ | 11 |
| 9 | Paul Keres | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | - | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 11 |
| 10 | Ratmir Kholmov | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | - | ½ | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11 |
| 11 | Aivars Gipslis | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | ½ | ½ | - | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 11 |
| 12 | Leonid Shamkovich | 1 | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 1 | 1 | - | 0 | 1 | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 10½ |
| 13 | Abram Khasin | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 0 | ½ | 1 | - | 1 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 9½ |
| 14 | Yury Kots | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | 1 | ½ | ½ | 0 | 1 | ½ | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| 15 | Vladislav Shianovsky | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | - | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| 16 | Boris Vladimirov | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | 1 | ½ | ½ | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 8 |
| 17 | Anatoly Lein | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | 0 | - | 0 | 1 | ½ | ½ | 7½ |
| 18 | Vladimir Savon | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 1 | 1 | ½ | 0 | 1 | - | ½ | ½ | ½ | 7½ |
| 19 | Rashid Nezhmetdinov | ½ | 0 | ½ | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | - | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 20 | Vladimir Bagirov | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | 1 | ½ | ½ | 0 | - | ½ | 6 |
| 21 | Bukhuti Gurgenidze | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ½ | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | - | 6 |
# Pixley National Wildlife Refuge

Pixley National Wildlife Refuge is located 35 miles (56 km) south of Tulare, California and 45 miles (72 km) north of Bakersfield in the San Joaquin Valley. The 6,939-acre (2,808 ha) nature refuge represents one of the few remaining examples of the grasslands, vernal pools, and playas that once bordered historic Tulare Lake, the largest lake west of the Great Lakes until the late 19th century.

## Wildlife

Over 100 bird and 6 reptile species use the wildlife refuge. Approximately 300 acres (120 ha) of managed wetlands provide habitat for migratory waterfowl and shorebirds. Threatened and endangered species include the San Joaquin kit fox, blunt-nosed leopard lizard, Tipton kangaroo rat, and the vernal pool fairy shrimp.

## Access

Refuge visitation is by special arrangement only.
# HD 118203

HD 118203 is a star with an orbiting exoplanet located in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Major. It has the proper name Liesma, which means flame, and it is the name of a character from the Latvian poem Staburags un Liesma (Staburags and Liesma). The name was selected in the NameExoWorlds campaign by Latvia, during the 100th anniversary of the IAU.
The apparent visual magnitude of HD 118203 is 8.06, which means it is invisible to the naked eye but it can be seen using binoculars or a telescope. Based on parallax measurements, it is located at a distance of 300 light years from the Sun. The star is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −29 km/s. Based on its position and space velocity this is most likely (97% chance) an older thin disk star. An exoplanet has been detected in a close orbit around the star.
The spectrum of HD 118203 matches a G-type main-sequence star with a class of G0V. It has a low level of chromospheric activity, which means a low level of radial velocity jitter for planet detection purposes. The star has 1.23 times the mass of the Sun and double the Sun's radius. It is around 5.4 billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 7.0 km/s. HD 118203 is radiating 3.8 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,741 K.

## Planetary system

In 2006, a hot Jupiter, HD 118203 b, was reported in an eccentric orbit around this star. It was discovered using the radial velocity method based on observation of high-metallicity stars begun in 2004. In 2020, it was found that this is a transiting planet, which allowed the mass and radius of the body to be determined. This exoplanet has more than double the mass of Jupiter and is 13% greater in radius. The fact that the parent star is among the brighter known planet hosts (as of 2020) makes it an interesting object for further study. This planet received the proper name Staburags in the 2019 NameExoWorlds campaign.
In 2024, the star HD 118203 was found to display variability with a period matching that of planet b's orbit, suggesting magnetic interaction between the star and planet.
Also in 2024, a second massive planet was discovered using radial velocity observations as well as Hipparcos and Gaia astrometry. HD 118203 c is about 11 times the mass of Jupiter and takes 14 years to complete an orbit around the star. Like planet b, the orbit of planet c is close to edge-on, suggesting an aligned planetary system. The presence of any additional transiting planets at least twice the size of Earth and with periods less than 100 days was ruled out by the observations.
The HD 118203 planetary system :
| Companion (in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis (AU) | Orbital period (days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| b / Staburags | 2.182±0.033 M$_J$ | 0.0701±0.0004 | 6.1349890(13) | 0.301±0.006 | 88.9+0.8 −1.0° | 1.12±0.09 R$_J$ |
| c | 11.1+1.3 −1.0 M$_J$ | 6.20±0.20 | 5070+240 −230 | 0.257±0.034 | 95+15 −19° | — |
# Tarnowo, Myślibórz County

Tarnowo (German: Justinenhof) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Myślibórz, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Kolonia Kniewo

Kolonia Kniewo (German: Kienbruch) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Drawno, within Choszczno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) west of Drawno, 23 km (14 mi) east of Choszczno, and 80 km (50 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.
Before 1945/1990 the area was part of Germany.
# Schalk Hugo

Schalk Hugo (born 17 August 1994) is a South African rugby union player. His usual position is as a Fly-Half and he currently plays for Colorno in Italian Serie A Elite.
From 2015 to 2018 he played with Leopards in Currie Cup. He played for Calvisano in Italian Top12 from 2020 until 2022−23 season.
# Piaski, Łobez County

Piaski (Polish pronunciation:) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Resko, within Łobez County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south of Resko, 20 km (12 mi) north-west of Łobez, and 65 km (40 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
# Frenchelon

"Frenchelon" is the nickname given to the signal intelligence system operated by France. The name is a reference to its Anglo-American counterpart ECHELON.

## History

Its existence has never been officially acknowledged by French authorities, although numerous journalists, based on military information, have mentioned it, since the European Parliament investigated ECHELON and also its implications in counter-terrorism. The term was coined by Kenneth Cukier, an American journalist living in Paris, in a paper presented at the Computers, Freedom and Privacy conference in 1999, and later in an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal Europe edition.

## Operations

The system is allegedly operated by DGSE, whose Direction Technique (Technical Direction) is responsible for signal intelligence. The largest station is in Domme, near Sarlat in Périgord. Some of the other stations in France are: Alluets-Feucherolles (Alluets-le-Roi), Mutzig (Alsace), Mont Valérien, Plateau d'Albion, Agde, Solenzara (South Corsica), and Filley Barracks in Nice.
There are some other stations in overseas territories and former colonies:
* Saint-Barthélemy
* Bouar, Central African Republic
* Djibouti (Camp Lemonnier - closed, now occupied by Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa): new center built recently between French Air Force Base and French Foreign Legion camp in Djibouti.
* Mayotte (Closed in 1998)
* Réunion
* Kourou, French Guiana
* and base aeronavale La Tontouta in New Caledonia
These stations, in addition to the DGSE headquarters on boulevard Mortier in Paris, intercept and decipher electronic communications using software coded communications of diplomatic, military or industrial origin.
French newspapers recently indicated that DGSE had an interception program on submarine cables, similar to NSA ones. No official data indicates whether this could be a part of FRENCHELON.
It should not be confused with the French Army's official listening system Emeraude (Ensemble mobile écoute et recherche automatique des émissions [fr]), which used to be mistakenly confused with Frenchelon.