OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tangi Valley

Tangi Valley (also known as Wardak Valley or Tangi Wardak) is located in the south of Wardak Province in Afghanistan. Between 2009 and 2011 it was occupied by US forces, and became known for the large number of US troops killed there. It was considered an important area and hence was a focus of insurgent activity due to its proximity to Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan.
The 2011 Chinook shootdown took place in the Tangi Valley. The day was the single biggest loss of US lives in Afghanistan.
By 2014, the Taliban had taken over the valley, with the central government at the time no longer having presence or control.
# Rutare

Rutare is a village of the Commune of Kirundo, in the Kirundo Province of Burundi.

## Location

Rutare is in Kirundo Commune just northeast of Lake Rwihinda and Kirundo Airport. It is north of Kirundo City. The village of Bugabira is to the west.

## Facilities

The village contains the Kigozi pentecostal church mission and the Rutare Centre de Santé (Health Center). A map issued in 2016 by the Burundi Ministry of Public Health shows the health center as a Centre de Santé Confessionel, or Faith-Based Health Center. The center is privately owned, and served a target population of 10,613 as of 2017. Assessments between 2010 and 2013 showed improvement of quality of service to high levels in terms of hygiene, maternity care and financial management.
A project scheduled for 2017–2018 funded by the German Federal Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) planned to improve the sustainable drinking water supply in the region by two solar-power borehole water pumps, with water distributed to standpipes. The Rukuramigabo borehole in Cewe zone would be rehabilitated and the network extended to the Rutare center. It would serve the 4,200 inhabitants of Cewe and Rutare.
# Korovai

The korovai (Ukrainian: коровай , Russian: коровай before the 1956 reform), karavai (modern Russian: каравай, Belarusian: каравай, Old East Slavic: караваи), or kravai (Bulgarian: кравай) is a traditional Bulgarian, Ukrainian, and Russian bread, most often served at weddings, where it has great symbolic meaning. It has remained part of the wedding tradition in Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, as well as in the Russian and Ukrainian diasporas. Its use in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine dates back to hospitality and holiday customs in ancient Rus. A similar bread (Polish: korowaj) is made in parts of eastern Poland. A round korovai is a common element of the bread-and-salt ceremony of welcome.

## Origins and decoration of korovai

The bread has ancient origins, and comes from the pagan belief in the magical properties of grain. Korovai was a large round braided bread, traditionally baked from wheat flour and decorated with symbolic flags and figurines, such as suns, moons, birds, animals, and pine cones. Wheat stalks, herbs, nuts, flowers and fruit were used to embellish the korovai. The white, shaped decorations are typically made from salt dough, also known as dead dough or baker's clay. The bread has no set design, and the style and ornamentation of the korovai varies by region, although colors red, gold and silver were most commonly employed in decoration.
The bread was traditionally prepared in the home of the bride by women who sang traditional songs to guide them through the making. These women were called the korovainytsi, and were most often invited in odd numbers to do the job of making the bread, usually seven.
The embellishments served a symbolic function. Two birds, made out of dough, represent the couple, and other birds represent family and friends. The entire arrangement is surrounded by a wreath of periwinkle, a symbol of love and purity. The korovai receives blessings before it is placed in the oven for baking.
The bride and groom were given the korovai as a blessing before the wedding ceremony. The korovai was shared by all the wedding guests, and this was considered the culmination of the wedding. During times of hardship, when a wedding was impossible, the blessing and sharing of bread was often considered enough to constitute a marriage in the eyes of the community.

## Dividing the korovai

The top part of the korovai symbolizes the Moon; it is divided in half and belongs to the marrying couple, the next slice goes to the mother and father of the bride, and so on. In eastern Ukraine, the mother receives a pair of shoes made out of dough, while the father is given an owl, out of those decorating the korovai.
The bottom section of the korovai called the pidoshva can be shared with the guests and the band as a symbol of good luck and future prosperity.
# Youssef Fayek

Youssef Fayek (born 18 March 2000) is a Libyan footballer who currently plays for Olympic Azzaweya of the Libyan Premier League, and the Libya national team.

## International career

Fayek made his senior international debut on 29 January 2022 in a friendly loss to Kuwait.

### International career statistics

    As of match played 29 January 2022
Libya national team :
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2022 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | 1 | 0 |
# Djamal Mahamat

Djamal Abdoulaye Mahamat Bindi (Arabic: جمال عبدولاي محمد بيندي; born 26 April 1983), known as Mahamat, is a Libyan footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder and has also represented the Libya national team.

## Club career

After an unassuming spell with S.C. Salgueiros in Portugal (no appearances), Mahamat moved to France and remained in the country for four of the five following years, playing exclusively in amateur football and mainly with L'Entente SSG. In the 2006–07 season, aged 23, he made his professional debuts, appearing for and G.D. Estoril Praia in the Portuguese second division.
In November 2007, Mahamat had unsuccessful trials in England with Hartlepool United and Bradford City. In the 2008 summer he returned from the French lower leagues and signed for S.C. Beira-Mar, also in the Portuguese second level. After a weak first year – 15 games – he became an undisputed first-choice for the Aveiro club.
Mahamat made his Primeira Liga debut on 15 August 2010, playing 90 minutes in a 0–0 home draw against U.D. Leiria, and scoring three goals as Beira-Mar eventually retained their status. In May 2011, just weeks after the season ended, he was purchased by fellow league side S.C. Braga for an undisclosed fee; on 1 June 2011 his transfer was confirmed, with the player signing a four-year contract and reuniting with Beira-Mar boss Leonardo Jardim.

## International career

Mahamat was first called up by Libya in 2010 by Marcos Paquetá. Since then, he featured regularly for the national team, helping it qualify to the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations, and being selected for the 23-men squad for the finals in Equatorial Guinea and Gabon.

### International goals

    As of 3 September 2011 (Libya score listed first, score column indicates score after each Mahamat goal)
| No | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1. | 28 March 2011 | 26 Mars, Bamako, Mali | Comoros | 3–0 | 3–0 | 2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |
| 2. | 3 September 2011 | Petro Sport, Cairo, Egypt | Mozambique | 1–0 | 1–0 | 2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |

## Personal life

Mahamat's father was also a footballer. He played for the Libyan national team from 1977 to 1986.

## Honours
### Braga

* Taça da Liga: 2012–13
# Rabe Al Msellati

Rabee Al Msellati (born 22 February 1983 in Libya) is a Libyan football defender. He currently plays for Rafik in the Libyan Premier League.
Msellati made a substitute appearance for the Libya national football team in a friendly against Ukraine on 5 June 2006.
# Arafa Nakuaa

Arafa Ammar Nakuaa (Arabic: عرفه الناكوع) (born 23 January 1982) is a Libyan footballer who plays as a midfielder for Al-Ittihad.
Nakuaa plays for the Libya national football team and made two substitute appearances at the 2009 African Championship of Nations
# Ali Rahuma

Ali Khalifa Rahuma (Arabic: علي ارحومه) (born May 16, 1982) is a Libyan football midfielder, also a Libyan national. He currently plays for Al-Ittihad, and is a member of the Libya national football team.
# Ali Al-Shareef

Ali Al-Shareef (born 1989), is a Libyan professional footballer who currently plays for Al-Hilal.
# Mohamed Zubya

Mohamed Noureddine Abdusalam Zubya (Arabic: محمد نور الدين عبد السلام زعبية; born March 20, 1989) is a Libyan footballer who plays for Al-Ittihad Tripoli.

## Club career

Born in Tripoli, he was playing with Aschat SC when he moved in 2006 to Al-Ittihad where he stayed until 2011 and where he won 4 successive Libyan Premier League championships.
In 2007 Zubya was handed a one-year ban by CAF for trying to assault the assistant referee in his side's CAF Champions League match against FAR Rabat of Morocco. He returned after a six-month suspension and scored two goals. in the Libyan SuperCup final against Al Akhdar.
In August 2011, Zubya sign for Al Arabi Kuwait.
On June 11, Zubya agreed a four-year contract with Serbian team Partizan. After passing medical exams and after reaching an agreement with Al-Arabi, Zubya officially signed on June 12 and was prepared to join his new teammates as it was designated as priority by Partizan manager Vladimir Vermezović to have the team complete as soon as possible to start preparing the team for the UEFA Champions League qualification which were a little more than a month away.
Zubya made his debut for Partizan in club's first official match of the season, on July 17, 2012, in a 2012–13 UEFA Champions League second qualifying round first-leg match, away, against Valletta.
Zubya was released from his Partizan contract in January 2013.
In November 2013, Zubya sign for JS Kabylie.
He then played with Esperance Sportive de Tunis in the Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1.
In April 2023, Zubya was kidnapped by an armed group, says the human rights committee in Libya..

## International career

Zubya played for the Libyan national team in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifiers.

### International goals

    Scores and results list Libya's goal tally first.
| No | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1. | 30 December 2008 | Thani bin Jassim Stadium, Al Rayyan, Qatar | Qatar | 1–1 | 2–5 | Friendly |
| 2. | 28 March 2016 | Petro Sport Stadium, New Cairo, Egypt | São Tomé and Príncipe | 1–0 | 4–0 | 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |
| 3. | 28 March 2016 | Petro Sport Stadium, New Cairo, Egypt | São Tomé and Príncipe | 2–0 | 4–0 | 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |
| 4. | 28 March 2016 | Petro Sport Stadium, New Cairo, Egypt | São Tomé and Príncipe | 4–0 | 4–0 | 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |
| 5. | 9 June 2017 | Petro Sport Stadium, New Cairo, Egypt | Seychelles | 4–0 | 5–1 | 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |
| 6. | 16 October 2018 | Stade Taïeb Mhiri, Sfax, Tunisia | Nigeria | 1–3 | 2–3 | 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |

## Honours

Al Ittihad Tripoli
* Libyan Premier League: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2021
* Libyan Cup: 2007, 2009, 2018
* Libyan SuperCup: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
Al Arabi Kuwait
* Kuwait Crown Cup: 2011–12
Partizan
* Serbian SuperLiga: 2012–13
Riffa SC
* Bahraini Premier League: 2014
Esperance Tunis
* Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1: 2016–17
Individual
* Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 best goalscorer with MC Oran: 2015–16 (13 goals)
# Somebody's Problem

"Somebody's Problem" is a song recorded by American country music singer Morgan Wallen. It was released on November 20, 2020, from his second studio album Dangerous: The Double Album. The song was co-written by Wallen, Ernest Keith Smith, Jacob Durrett and Rodney Clawson, and produced by Joey Moi.

## Background

"Somebody's Problem" started with Wallen spotting a Southern woman. He said the woman is the "Kinda girl once she steps out, the world stands still." He is smitten, but he thinks she might have been mistreated in the past: "She's somebody's problem, somebody's goodbye / Somebody's last call number that they can't find". He later finds out her name is Heather Daniel & she is from Heflin, Louisiana.

## Content

"Somebody's Problem" is a narrative that is all about a budding new relationship, with the start of one relationship, another one ends. In lyrics, Wallen thinks how a woman who is too good to be true could have slipped through an ex's fingers and guesses she is somebody's problem or goodbye, best day or worst night.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | Platinum | 70,000$^‡$ |
| Canada (Music Canada) | 2× Platinum | 160,000$^‡$ |
| New Zealand (RMNZ) | Gold | 15,000$^‡$ |
| United States (RIAA) | 3× Platinum | 3,000,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Thapelo Ketlogetswe

Thapelo Ketlogetswe (born 12 February 1991) is a Botswana athlete competing primarily in the 400 metres. He participated in the 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2013 World Championships without qualifying for the final.
His personal best in the event is 46.17 seconds set in Orapa in 2011.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Botswana ||||||
| 2008 | World Junior Championships | Bydgoszcz, Poland | 54th (h) | 200 m | 22.65 |
| 2009 | Universiade | Belgrade, Serbia | 41st (h) | 400 m | 50.37 |
| 2009 | African Junior Championships | Bambous, Mauritius | 3rd | 400 m | 47.43 |
| 2009 | African Junior Championships | Bambous, Mauritius | 3rd | 4x400 m relay | 3:15.08 |
| 2010 | World Indoor Championships | Doha, Qatar | – | 4x400 m relay | DQ |
| 2010 | World Junior Championships | Moncton, Canada | 11th (sf) | 400 m | 47.23 |
| 2010 | World Junior Championships | Moncton, Canada | 7th | 4x400 m relay | 3:10.74 |
| 2010 | African Championships | Nairobi, Kenya | 2nd | 4x400 m relay | 3:05.16 |
| 2011 | Universiade | Shenzhen, China | 7th (h) | 400 m | 46.72 |
| 2011 | Universiade | Shenzhen, China | 5th | 4x100 m relay | 41.73 |
| 2011 | Universiade | Shenzhen, China | 4th | 4x400 m relay | 3:07.13 |
| 2012 | World Indoor Championships | Istanbul, Turkey | 11th (h) | 4x400 m relay | 3:13.21 |
| 2012 | African Championships | Porto Novo, Benin | 18th (sf) | 400 m | 47.96 |
| 2013 | World Championships | Moscow, Russia | 22nd (h) | 4x400 m relay | 3:05.74 |
# Ditiro Nzamani

Ditiro Nzamani (born 29 January 2000) is a sprinter from Botswana specialising in the 400 metres. He represented his country at the 2019 World Championships without advancing from the first round. Earlier that year he won a gold medal in the 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2019 African Games.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Botswana ||||||
| 2019 | African Games | Rabat, Morocco | 7th | 400 m | 46.15 |
| 2019 | African Games | Rabat, Morocco | 1st | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:02.55 |
| 2019 | World Championships | Doha, Qatar | 28th (h) | 400 m | 46.19 |
| 2021 | World Relays | Chorzów, Poland | 3rd | 4 × 400 m relay | 3:04.77 |

## Personal bests

Outdoor
* 400 metres – 45.07 (Yaoundé 2019)
# Karin de Boer

Karin de Boer (born 1965) is a Dutch Professor of Philosophy at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven). She is known for her works in modern philosophy and contemporary continental philosophy. Her main areas of research are Kant's theoretical philosophy and German Idealism, including works on Hegel, Heidegger and Derrida's thought.

## Books

* Thinking in the Light of Time: Heidegger's Encounter with Hegel (State University of New York Press, 2000)
* On Hegel: The Sway of the Negative (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)
* Kant's Reform of Metaphysics: The Critique of Pure Reason Reconsidered (Cambridge University Press, 2020)

### Edited

* Conceptions of Critique in Modern and Contemporary Philosophy (Palgrave, 2011)
* The Experiential Turn in Eighteenth-Century German Philosophy (Routeledge, 2021)

### Articles

* Kant's Multi-Layered Conception of Things-in-Themselves, Transcendental Objects, and Monads (Kant-Studien 2014)
* Categories versus Schemata: Kant's Two-Aspect Theory of Pure Concepts and his Critique of Wolffian Metaphysics (JHP 2016)
* Kant's Response to Hume's Critique of Pure Reason (Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, 2019)
# Thomas Henry Thornton

Thomas Henry Thornton CSI (1832 – 10 March 1913) was an English Indian Civil Servant, judge and author of two notable British Raj biographies.

## Biography

Thomas Henry Thornton was born in 1832, the son of a Times journalist, and educated at Merchant Taylors' School and read Classics and Modern history at St John's College, Oxford, at which he was afterwards a fellow.
In 1855, Thornton entered the Indian Civil Service in the last few years of the East India Company as one of the first officers selected by competition. He was posted to the Punjab and played a small but distinguished role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, noted in Roberts Forty-one Years in India. Thornton had been returning from a visit to Philour fort, north of Ludhiana, as part of his work for George Ricketts, the Deputy Commissioner, when he came upon Indian soldiers of that fort and Jalandhar (Jullunder) marching in revolt on Ludhiana. Rather than return to the fort for protection, he rode on, cut the cables of a bridge of boats over the Sutlej River, and continued to Ludhiana to raise the alarm.
In 1864, at the comparatively young age of 32, he was appointed Secretary to the Punjab Government, a post he held for 12 years. He filled Charles Umpherston Aitchison's foreign secretary post during the former's furloughs back to the UK. Thornton assumed responsibility for the organisation of the 1877 Delhi Durbar, the success of which, together with his service to date, led to the conferring on him of the award of Companion of the Order of the Star of India. However Thornton and Aitchison were both identified as proteges of John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence, the Viceroy of India from 1864 to 1869, whose policies were opposed by Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton, Viceroy from 1876 to 1880. Aitchison transferred to Burma, and Thornton was passed over for promotion into Aitchison's vacant role. He now became a judge in the Punjab Chief Court and a member of the Legislative Council, retiring in 1881 after the completion of 25-years of colonial service, at the very early age of 49.
In his long retirement, he wrote two well-regarded biographies of key British India figures, Robert Groves Sandeman and Richard John Meade. He was a member and sometime chairman of the Wandsworth magistrates bench, and vice-president of The Asiatic Society at the time of his death.

## Archives

A selection of Thornton's letters is held at the Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham.

## Works

* General Sir Richard Meade and the Feudatory States of Central and Southern India (1898)
* Colonel Sir Robert Sandeman: His Life and Work on Our Indian Frontier (1895)
* Historical Note, in Goulding, Henry Raynor & Thornton, Thomas Henry, Old Lahore: Reminiscences of a Resident (1924)
# Joseph Ole Nkaissery

Major-General Joseph Kasaine Ole Nkaissery (28 November 1949 – 8 July 2017) was a Kenyan politician, serving as a Member of Parliament in the National Assembly of Kenya from 2002 to 2014, when he resigned to take up a cabinet position as Secretary for Internal Security and Coordination of National Government. He was also a senior elder of the Maasai community until his sudden death on 8 July 2017.

## Life and career

Before joining politics, Nkaissery served in the Kenya Defence Forces since 1973, rising to the rank of major-general in the Kenya Army. In 1987, he was appointed the military assistant to the Chief of General Staff. He also served as a commandant of the Armed Forces Training College. He retired in December 2002 after 29 years of military service.
Nkaissery was elected to the National Assembly in 2007 and served as an Assistant Minister for Internal Security in the cabinet of President Mwai Kibaki from 2008 to 2013. When Operation Linda Nchi was launched in 2011, he served as the assistant minister to the Kenyan Ministry of Defence.
On 2 December 2014, Nkaissery was nominated by President Uhuru Kenyatta for the post of Cabinet Secretary for Internal Security, to replace Joseph Ole Lenku, and subject to approval by the Parliament of Kenya. Following his approval as Cabinet Secretary, Nkaissery stepped down as Member of Parliament for Kajiado Central Constituency.
Nkaissery was a member of the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) from 2007 to 2014. He was also coalition member of Coalition for Reforms and Democracy (CORD) from 2013 to 2014. He was first elected Member of Parliament on an ODM ticket in the 2007 general election before being re-elected on the same party ticket in 2013.

## Death

Nkaissery was admitted to Karen Hospital in Nairobi after reportedly collapsing at his home. He was pronounced dead in the morning on 8 July 2017, with post-mortem results showing that he had suffered from an acute myocardial Infarction.
# Nullity theorem

The nullity theorem is a mathematical theorem about the inverse of a partitioned matrix, which states that the nullity of a block in a matrix equals the nullity of the complementary block in its inverse matrix. Here, the nullity is the dimension of the kernel. The theorem was proven in an abstract setting by Gustafson (1984), and for matrices by (Fiedler & Markham 1986).
Partition a matrix and its inverse in four submatrices:
    ${\begin{bmatrix}A&B\\C&D\end{bmatrix}}^{-1}={\begin{bmatrix}E&F\\G&H\end{bmatrix}}.$
The partition on the right-hand side should be the transpose of the partition on the left-hand side, in the sense that if A is an m-by-n block then E should be an n-by-m block.
The statement of the nullity theorem is now that the nullities of the blocks on the right equal the nullities of the blocks on the left (Strang & Nguyen 2004):
    ${\begin{aligned}\operatorname {nullity} \,A&=\operatorname {nullity} \,H,\\\operatorname {nullity} \,B&=\operatorname {nullity} \,F,\\\operatorname {nullity} \,C&=\operatorname {nullity} \,G,\\\operatorname {nullity} \,D&=\operatorname {nullity} \,E.\end{aligned}}$
More generally, if a submatrix is formed from the rows with indices {i$_1$, i$_2$, …, i$_m$} and the columns with indices {j$_1$, j$_2$, …, j$_n$}, then the complementary submatrix is formed from the rows with indices {1, 2, …, N} \ {j$_1$, j$_2$, …, j$_n$} and the columns with indices {1, 2, …, N} \ {i$_1$, i$_2$, …, i$_m$}, where N is the size of the whole matrix. The nullity theorem states that the nullity of any submatrix equals the nullity of the complementary submatrix of the inverse.