OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cobra Matata

Cobra Matata (also known as Banaloki Matata, Justin Banaloki, Justin Wanaloki, Justin Matata Wanaloki, and Matata Wanaloki) is a former leader of the Front for Patriotic Resistance in Ituri (FRPI) and Popular Front for Justice in Congo (FPJC) militias active in the Ituri conflict in the northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. He was previously a member of the D.R. Congo armed forces (FARDC), having integrated in 2007 before deserting to reconstitute a rebel group in 2010. In November 2006, Matata had agreed to disarm in exchange for amnesty. In the FARDC, Matata attained the rank of colonel or general. The International Criminal Court classified Matata as Ngiti.
Matata has been accused of leading the massacre at Nyakunde Hospital in 2002, which resulted in the deaths of at least 1,200 civilians, and the subsequent Bogoro massacre. Matata succeeded Germain Katanga as leader of the FRPI after Katanga integrated into the FARDC in 2004. Matata surrendered to the Congolese government on November 21, 2014, and was arrested on January 2, 2015, in Bunia, a city in Ituri, for crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the use of child soldiers. Matata was also accused of forming a rebel group, desertion, and attempting to escape detention. Prior to his surrender, Matata commanded an estimated 1,000 combatants in Ituri. The FARDC falsely claimed in 2011 that it had killed Matata.
# Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge

The Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge is part of the United States National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) System, located along a twenty-mile (30 km) section of coastline from Melbourne Beach to Wabasso Beach, Florida, along State Road A1A. The 900 acre (3.6 km$^2$) refuge was established in 1991, to protect the loggerhead and green sea turtles.

## Management

Since 2012 the Archie Carr NWR is administered as part of the Everglades Headwaters NWR Complex, along with Pelican Island NWR, Lake Wales Ridge NWR, and the Everglades Headwaters National Wildlife Refuge and Conservation Area, through a partnership with the Caribbean Conservation Corporation (a nonprofit turtle conservation group founded by Dr. Archie Carr himself) and Archie Carr Working Group.

## Habitat

The refuge provides nesting habitats for approximately one-fourth of all sea turtles nesting in the United States. About 15,000-20,000 sea turtles nests are laid annually, mostly loggerheads, green sea turtles, and some leatherbacks. The refuge also provides habitat for several other threatened and endangered species.
Three centers within the sanctuary are run by Brevard County under the aegis of the restrictions established by the federal government.

## Conservation efforts

Archie Carr NWR is threatened by sea level rise. Scientists and researchers are studying the impacts of sea level rise on this ecosystem.
# Arrowwood Wetland Management District

Arrowwood Wetland Management District is located in the U.S. state of North Dakota. Arrowwood WMD is a part of the Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge Complex, and is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The district consists of 28 Waterfowl Production Areas, 314 Wetland easements (cooperative arrangements with private landowners), one easement refuge known as Johnson Lake National Wildlife Refuge and another four easements through the Farmers Home Administration, altogether totalling 28,922 acres (117 km$^2$).
Arrowwood WMD is in the center of what is known as the prairie–potholes country. When the ice ages ended 15,000 years ago, the weight of the glacial ice had displaced the soil beneath them, creating depressions which later filled up with water into countless lakes and ponds. In the centuries since, migratory birds have come to depend on these wetlands for food and as nesting areas. Over 250 species of birds have been spotted in the refuge. More than a dozen species of ducks and wading birds have been documented. The most common waterfowl usually seen include the Canada geese, mallards, pintails, blue-winged teal, shovelers, and gadwall. Other bird species that are relatively common include grebe, double-crested cormorant, great blue heron, black-crowned night heron, and American bittern. Other shorebirds such as the plover are also common.
Mammals such as white-tailed deer, badger, skunk, beaver, raccoon, mink, muskrat, coyote and sharp-tailed grouse, along with other grassland dwellers such as the exotic ring-necked pheasant, are known to exist in the wetland management district.
The refuge permits hunting and fishing in season and with proper permit. Hunting is legal but only for deer, upland game birds such as grouse, fox and rabbits.
# Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge

Balcones Canyonlands is a national wildlife refuge located in the Texas Hill Country to the northwest of Lago Vista, Texas. The refuge was formed in 1992 to conserve habitat for two endangered songbirds, the golden-cheeked warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia) and the black-capped vireo (Vireo atricapilla), and to preserve Texas Hill Country habitat for numerous other wildlife species. The refuge augments a similarly named preserve in Austin called the Balcones Canyonlands Preserve.
The refuge is located within a deeply dissected portion of the Edwards Plateau that contains many steep-banked streams and canyons. The canyons facing Austin are deeply etched into the limestone of the Edwards Plateau by tributaries of the Colorado River.
Beneath the surface of the Edwards Plateau lies an underground labyrinth of caves, sinkholes, and springs. Various spiders, beetles, and other creatures inhabit this below-ground world, and are unique to this area of Texas. Even deeper below the surface lies the Edwards Aquifer, which stores billions of gallons of water and supplies drinking water for almost one million people. The aquifer is also the source of many springs that feed Hill Country rivers, which eventually flow into the marshes, estuaries, and bays along the Texas Gulf Coast.
The vegetation found in the Hill Country includes various oaks, elms, and Ashe juniper trees (often referred to as "cedars" in Texas). The endangered golden-cheeked warbler and black-capped vireo depend on different successional stages of this vegetation. Both of these birds nest in the Edwards Plateau, the warbler exclusively.

## Gallery

* Warbler Vista Observation Deck and the National Wildlife Refuge
* View towards the Doeskin Ranch trailhead
* Layers of rock at Doeskin Ranch
* Limestone rock showing its honeycomb-like structure, near Warbler Vista
* Stacks of Edwards Limestone pieces put up by hikers, near Warbler Vista
# Psammophis elegans

Psammophis elegans, the elegant sand racer, is a species of psammophiid snake. It is found in tropical Africa.
# Buck Island National Wildlife Refuge

Buck Island National Wildlife Refuge is located about 2 miles (4 km) south of the island of St. Thomas in the Virgin Islands of the United States. Adjacent to the refuge is Capella Island, about half the size of Buck, owned by the territorial government. There is a second Buck Island just north of St. Croix that is the centerpiece of Buck Island Reef National Monument.
The refuge is characterized by a thorn scrub habitat with rocky coastline surrounded by spectacular reefs. A lighthouse (still maintained by the United States Coast Guard) stands over 45 acres (180,000 m$^2$) of cactus and grassland. The island was transferred to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service due to "its value for migratory birds." The U.S. Navy transferred some lands in 1969 and the remainder was received from the Coast Guard in 1981. The surrounding waters contain reefs and a shipwreck that attract large numbers of snorkelers, divers, and boaters.
The islands are surrounded by beautiful coral reef habitats and an artificial reef – a shipwreck. The marine area is home to a variety of fish and animals, in particular endangered sea turtles.
Turtle Cove, on the northwest side, is densely populated with sea turtles. Tours of Turtle Cove are available from St. John and St. Thomas.
Buck Island NWR is administered as part of the Caribbean Islands National Wildlife complex.
# List of Feynman diagrams

This is a list of common Feynman diagrams. His first published diagram appeared in Physical Review in 1949.
| Name or phenomenon | Description |
| Beta decay | beta particle is emitted from an atomic nucleus |
| Compton scattering | scattering of a photon by a charged particle |
| Neutrino-less double beta decay | If neutrinos are Majorana fermions (that is, their own antiparticle), Neutrino-less double beta decay is possible. Several experiments are searching for this. |
| Pair production and annihilation | In the Stückelberg–Feynman interpretation, pair annihilation is the same process as pair production |
| Møller scattering | electron-electron scattering |
| Bhabha scattering | electron-positron scattering |
| Penguin diagram | a quark changes flavor via a W or Z loop |
| Tadpole diagram | One loop diagram with one external leg |
| Self-interaction or oyster diagram | An electron emits and reabsorbs a photon |
| Box diagram | The box diagram for kaon oscillations |
| Box diagram | Photon-photon scattering |
| Higgs boson production | Via gluons and top quarks |
| Higgs boson production | Via quarks and W or Z bosons |
| Quad cancellations | One of the many cancellations to the quadratic divergence to squared mass of the Higgs boson which occurs in the MSSM. |
| Primakoff effect | production of neutral pseudoscalar mesons by photons interacting with an atomic nucleus |
| Delbrück scattering | deflection of high-energy photons in the Coulomb field of nuclei |
| Deep inelastic scattering | a lepton is deflected by a virtual photon emitted by a quark from the hadron |
| Chiral anomaly | Anomaly-induced neutral pion decay $\pi ^{0}\to \gamma \gamma ~.$ |
| Flavor-changing neutral current (FCNC) | Hypothetical interactions that change the flavor of a fermion without altering its electric charge, that could happen in the standard model or beyond. |
# Cokeville Meadows National Wildlife Refuge

Cokeville Meadows National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge of the United States located in Wyoming. It is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, an agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior.
The refuge occupies 26,657 acres (106 km$^2$) of wetlands along a 20 mile (32 km) stretch of the Bear River that is regarded as the finest redhead duck habitat in the region, and one of the best migratory bird sanctuaries in Wyoming. Other bird species known to inhabit the refuge include white-faced ibis, snowy egret, long-billed curlew, great blue heron, American bittern, and black-crowned night heron. bald and golden eagles as well as peregrine falcons nest on the refuge in spring and fall.
Cokeville Meadows is currently closed to the public except for a wildlife viewing station, because it is new and has no visitor services. Less than a third of the designated refuge lands are under U.S. Government administration, and the rest will be purchased from private landowners who agree to sell. The refuge is managed from the Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge.
The refuge is located adjacent to U.S. Route 30, 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Cokeville, Wyoming.
# Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge is located on the east slope of the Cascade Mountains at the base of 12,281-foot (3,743 m) Mount Adams in southern Washington state.
It encompasses 7,071.70 acres (2,861.82 ha) on the lakebeds of the historic Conboy and Camas lakes, a shallow marshy wetland area drained by early settlers. Conifer forests, grasslands, shallow wetlands, and deep water provide homes for raccoon, deer, marten, elk, coyote, muskrat, skunk, cougar, beaver, porcupine, river otter, small rodents, and 150 species of birds, as well as numerous amphibians, reptiles, and fish.
Bald eagle, greater sandhill crane, and the Oregon spotted frog are species of concern. Refuge visitors enjoy the scenery, hike the Willard Springs trail, and observe wildlife from the county roads that surround and cross the refuge.
Each spring, juvenile sandhill cranes, called colts, can be observed from near the refuge headquarters and from the nearby roads. When the birds are very young they are difficult to see because the adult birds try to hide their offspring from predators. Visitors are encouraged to observe from a distance and in such a way that their presence does not threaten the survival of the birds.
# Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge is located in the U.S. state of Nebraska and includes 45,818 acres (185 km$^2$). The refuge contains the largest protected continuous sand dunes in the U.S. A dozen small lakes and numerous ponds are fed by underground aquifers in areas where the sand dunes are below the water table. Some of the dunes are covered in shrubs and grasses, while others are completely bare. After the end of the Pinedale glaciation, the Holocene glacial retreat exposed the sand dunes that had been deposited in their current location by the vast continental glaciers. This refuge manages the North Platte National Wildlife Refuge and together they form the Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge Complex.
Crescent Lake NWR was protected in 1931 to ensure the wetlands would continue to be protected, providing migratory bird species and other animals a safe haven. As many as twenty Bald eagle pairs have been known to spend part of the year within the refuge, and along another 200 observed bird species, the refuge is considered one of the finest in the U.S. for birders. The grasses support a large group of Pronghorn as well as Mule and White-tailed deer. Coyote, bobcat, beaver, river otter, swift fox, prairie dog and raccoon are also found on the refuge. Sport fishing is popular with Yellow Perch, Walleye and Largemouth bass being the more commonly sought.
Crescent Lake NWR is located approximately 28 miles (45 km) north of Oshkosh, Nebraska. From U.S. Highway 26, turn north on West Second. Proceed north out of town and follow directional signs to the Refuge headquarters. From U.S. Highway 2, turn south just east of Lakeside, Nebraska.
# Elizabeth A. Morton National Wildlife Refuge

The Elizabeth A. Morton National Wildlife Refuge is a 187-acre (76 ha) National Wildlife Refuge in Noyack, New York. Much of the refuge is situated on a peninsula surrounded by Noyack and Little Peconic bays. The refuge is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the Long Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex.
The refuge was established December 27, 1954, through a donation by Elizabeth Alexandra Morton. It encompasses diverse habitats including bay beach, a brackish pond, a freshwater pond, kettle holes, tidal flats, salt marsh, freshwater marsh, shrub, grasslands, maritime oak forest, and red cedar. The refuge's diversity is critical to Long Island wildlife.
The north/south orientation of the refuge's peninsula creates important habitat for shorebirds, raptors, and songbirds as they navigate the coastline during migration. Habitats along the beach attract nesting piping plovers, roseate terns, least terns, common terns, and shorebirds. The waters surrounding the refuge are considered critical habitats for juvenile Kemp's ridley sea turtles and are occasionally used by loggerhead sea turtles. Waterfowl use of the refuge peaks during the colder months. Long-tailed ducks, white-winged scoter, goldeneye and black ducks will most likely be spotted during winter.
# Ellicott Slough National Wildlife Refuge

The Ellicott Slough National Wildlife Refuge is a United States National Wildlife Refuge located in the northern part of the Monterey Bay area of California.
Originally established to protect the habitat of the threatened Santa Cruz long-toed salamander subspecies, Ellicott Slough also harbors other species later federally listed as threatened due to habitat loss, including the California red-legged frog, California tiger salamander and robust spineflower.
The refuge was established after the California Department of Fish and Game purchased the property from its original owner. It is made up of four discontinuous units all separated by less than 2.7 miles.
The refuge experiences a mild climate influenced by the Pacific Ocean. Temperatures are generally from 50 to 75 °F (10 to 24 °C). The terrain is both hilly and flat.

## Ellicott Unit

The Ellicott Unit is one of the two units that has a pond. The Ellicott pond is breeding habitat for the Santa Cruz long-toed salamander. Ecosystems in the area include northern coastal scrub, San Andreas coastal live oak woodland, riparian woodland, closed-coned coniferous forest and California coastal prairie. There are a few houses and farms nearby

## Calabasas Unit

The Calabasas Unit is the northernmost unit. A man-made water reservoir was largely destroyed in 1980 and the remaining dam and outflow were reinforced in 1994 and 2006. Homes surround the unit.

## Harkins Slough Unit

The Harkins Slough Unit is the southernmost unit, adjacent to the Buena Vista Landfill. The unit contains some buildings and houses that are neglected and in need of repair. It is habitat for seabirds such as gulls and white pelicans.

## Buena Vista Property

The Buena Vista Unit is adjacent to California State Route 1 and is mostly undisturbed with the exception of one house and one garage that were built in 1951. It is the location of the other strip of Santa Cruz long-toed salamander breeding habitat.
# Fergus Falls Wetland Management District

The Fergus Falls Wetland Management District is a protected area in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It was established in 1962 with the initiation of the Accelerated Small Wetlands Acquisition Program. It is located in west central Minnesota and includes the counties of Douglas, Grant, Otter Tail, Wadena and Wilkin.
The mission of the district is to identify, protect, and restore the tallgrass prairie/wetland ecosystem and associated habitats and to provide opportunities for outdoor recreation and environmental education. For this purpose, the district currently manages 216 waterfowl production areas totaling 44,499 acres (180.08 km$^2$), and 1,148 perpetual easements protecting 24,015 acres (97.19 km$^2$) of wetlands on private land. Thirty-nine perpetual wildlife habitat easements covering 4,185 acres (16.94 km$^2$) of wetland and grassland habitats on private land have also been obtained.
In addition the District manages the Prairie Wetlands Learning Center which has innovative environmental education programs and a wide array of visitor opportunities all focused on understanding prairie wetlands and grasslands.
# Florence Lake National Wildlife Refuge

The 1,888-acre (7.64 km$^2$) Florence Lake National Wildlife Refuge, in Burleigh County, North Dakota, United States, has almost 1,000 acres (4.0 km$^2$) of virgin native mixed-grass prairie and a 132-acre (0.53 km$^2$) lake. This high quality prairie habitat attracts grassland birds including grassland passerines that are sought by birders visiting the region. Florence Lake National Wildlife Refuge is administered by Long Lake National Wildlife Refuge as an unstaffed satellite refuge.
# Green Cay National Wildlife Refuge

Green Cay National Wildlife Refuge, encompasses the 6 ha (14 acre) island of Green Cay lying midway between the town of Christiansted and Buck Island Reef National Monument, just north of Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands of the Caribbean. It is administered as part of the Caribbean Islands National Wildlife complex. There is a smaller "Green Cay" off the coast of Saint Thomas (18°18′37″N 64°54′28″W﻿ / ﻿18.31028°N 64.90778°W﻿ / 18.31028; -64.90778).

## Wildlife

The wildlife refuge preserves habitat for the largest remaining population of the endangered Saint Croix ground lizard. Much smaller populations of ground lizards live on nearby Protestant Cay (17°44′59″N 64°42′10″W﻿ / ﻿17.74972°N 64.70278°W﻿ / 17.74972; -64.70278) and on Ruth Island. Its extirpation from the mainland of Saint Croix is generally attributed to the introduction of the small Indian mongoose. In 2008, the National Park Service reintroduced the lizard to Buck Island, translocating 57 individuals from Green Cay.

### Important Bird Area

Green Cay has, along with the nearby Southgate Coastal Reserve, been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because they support populations of green-throated caribs, Antillean crested hummingbirds, American coots, brown pelicans, laughing gulls, least terns, royal terns, Caribbean elaenias and pearly-eyed thrashers.
# Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes National Wildlife Refuge

The Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes National Wildlife Refuge is a 2,553-acre (10.33 km$^2$) protected area located along the Central Coast of California, in southern San Luis Obispo and northern Santa Barbara Counties.

## Geography

Bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and farmland to the east, the refuge encompasses one of the largest coastal dune systems remaining in California.
The refuge is situated in the heart of the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes which is protected through a partnership program among Federal, State, and private landowners for the cooperative management of coastal resources. This cooperative effort enables all partners to share limited resources to meet common goals, such as endangered species management and the removal of invasive species that threaten this fragile habitat.

### Access

Public access is provided by neighboring State and County park properties. The refuge offers a unique wilderness experience not found in the other parts of the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes.

## Conservation

The wildlife refuge was established to protect the breeding habitat for the endangered California least tern and the threatened Western snowy plover. The refuge also provides Coastal sage scrub habitat for other endangered species, including the California tiger salamander (recently listed for protection under the Endangered Species Act), California red-legged frog, Morro blue butterfly, IUCN Critically Endangered Morro shoulderband dune snail (Helminthoglypta walkeriana), and also 16 rare or endangered plant species.
Other recovering endangered species that use the refuge include large flocks of brown pelicans and a pair of peregrine falcons. The refuge contains healthy populations of mule deer, bobcat, and mountain lion, as well as large flocks of wintering shore birds and waterfowl.
# Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge Complex

Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge Complex is a National Wildlife Refuge complex in the state of California.

## Refuges within the complex

* Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge
* Blue Ridge National Wildlife Refuge
* Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge
* Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes National Wildlife Refuge
# J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge

J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge is located along the Souris River in Bottineau and McHenry Counties in north-central North Dakota. The refuge of 58,693 acres (237.5 km$^2$) extends from the Manitoba border southward for approximately 45 miles (72 km) in an area which was once Glacial Lake Souris. The area is old lake bottom and has extremely flat topography and a high density of temporary wetlands.
The Souris River originates in southern Saskatchewan, flows southwest to Velva, North Dakota, and then generally north to join the Assiniboine River in southern Manitoba. The United States portion of the river is 358 miles (580 km) long and has a drainage basin of 9,000 square miles (23,000 km$^2$); 371 miles (600 km) of river and 15,000 square miles (39,000 km$^2$) of the basin are in Canada. Approximately 75 miles (120 km) of the Souris River are within the boundaries of the Refuge.
The area was designated as the Lower Souris National Wildlife Refuge in 1935. It was renamed to be the J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge in 1967 in honor of John Clark Salyer II, who was chief during 1934 to 1961 of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Division of Wildlife Refuges.