OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Climate finance in Africa

Climate finance is an umbrella term for financial resources such as loans, grants, or domestic budget allocations for climate change mitigation, adaptation or resiliency.
The 2024 Landscape of Climate Finance in Africa report highlights the significant challenges facing climate finance on the continent. Although climate finance flows to Africa have increased by 48%—from USD 29.5 billion in 2019/20 to USD 43.7 billion in 2021/22—a considerable funding gap remains. To meet the financial requirements of Africa's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), annual climate finance flows must quadruple every year until 2030. This need underscores not only the escalating costs of delayed action but also the pronounced inequities in financial distribution across nations and the persistent difficulties in mobilizing private and domestic capital. The urgency for action is clear, as climate finance remains essential to addressing Africa's vulnerability to climate change.

## Africa's climate vulnerability and the need for finance

Africa bears severe consequences from climate change, with the continent facing an economic burden equivalent to 5–15% of its per capita GDP each year due to climate-related issues. An estimated 278 million people in Africa experience chronic hunger, and approximately 250 million live in areas with high water stress. Despite these challenges, Africa possesses substantial potential, particularly in the areas of clean and renewable energy.
In 2022, climate finance in Africa saw a significant surge following a period of stagnation due to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Climate finance flows to Africa increased by 48%, rising from USD 29.5 billion in 2019/2020 to USD 43.7 billion in 2021/2022. Notably, in 2022, Africa's annual climate investment surpassed USD 50 billion for the first time, marking a milestone in financing efforts aimed at addressing climate change on the continent.
To meet the investment needs for implementing its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), Africa's climate finance flows must quadruple annually until 2030. Currently, only 23% of the estimated financial requirements are being met. The investment gap is substantial for both mitigation and adaptation efforts, with only 18% of annual mitigation needs and 20% of adaptation needs fulfilled as of 2021/2022.
Climate finance to Africa has remained predominantly in the form of debt, despite the region's high vulnerability to debt burdens. Approximately 51% of climate finance flows to Africa are debt-based, divided equally between low-cost debt and market-rate debt.
# 2024 Zagreb Open

The 2024 Zagreb Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was part of the 2024 ATP Challenger Tour and the 2024 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Zagreb, Croatia between 3 and 9 June 2024 for men and 5 and 11 August for women.

## ATP singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| BIH | Damir Džumhur | 128 | 1 |
| USA | Nicolas Moreno de Alboran | 130 | 2 |
| ESP | Oriol Roca Batalla | 164 | 3 |
| ARG | Marco Trungelliti | 169 | 4 |
| FRA | Quentin Halys | 187 | 5 |
| ARG | Genaro Alberto Olivieri | 188 | 6 |
| DOM | Nick Hardt | 193 | 7 |
| POR | Henrique Rocha | 203 | 8 |
| CRO | Dino Prižmić | 204 | 9 |
* Rankings are as of 27 May 2024.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Matej Dodig
* Roko Horvat
* Luka Mikrut
The following player received entry into the singles main draw using a protected ranking:
* Nicolás Álvarez Varona
The following player received entry into the singles main draw as an alternate:
* Rio Noguchi
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Guy den Ouden
* Gastão Elias
* Mathys Erhard
* Nino Serdarušić
* Carlos Taberner
* Alexey Zakharov

## WTA singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Nationality | Player | Ranking* | Seeding |
| FRA | Léolia Jeanjean | 154 | 1 |
| ITA | Nuria Brancaccio | 252 | 2 |
| | Elena Pridankina | 259 | 3 |
| UKR | Valeriya Strakhova | 264 | 4 |
| BEL | Sofia Costoulas | 274 | 5 |
| ITA | Giorgia Pedone | 279 | 6 |
| BUL | Isabella Shinikova | 281 | 7 |
| NED | Anouk Koevermans | 282 | 8 |
| CRO | Petra Marčinko | 300 | 9 |
| GRE | Sapfo Sakellaridi | 309 | 10 |
| | Daria Lodikova | 338 | 11 |
| UKR | Oleksandra Oliynykova | 339 | 12 |
| HUN | Fanny Stollár | 345 | 13 |
| ITA | Tatiana Pieri | 352 | 14 |
| CAN | Victoria Mboko | 358 | 15 |
| HUN | Amarissa Tóth | 392 | 16 |
* Rankings are as of 29 July, 2024.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Luna Ivković
* Maria Ivanković
* Dora Mišković
* Ana Petković
* Sara Svetac
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Gloria Ceschi
* Victoria Chramcová
* Eva Garkusha
* Anastasia Iamachkine
* Inès Ibbou
* Laura Mair
* Maria Toma
* Camilla Zanolini

## Champions
### Men's singles

* Damir Džumhur def. Luka Mikrut 7–5, 6–0.

### Women's singles

* Giorgia Pedone def. Elena Pridankina 2–6, 6–2, 7–5.

### Men's doubles

* Jonathan Eysseric / Quentin Halys def. Alexandru Jecan / Henrique Rocha 6–4, 6–4.

### Women's doubles

* Živa Falkner / Amarissa Tóth def. Lia Karatancheva / Sapfo Sakellaridi 6–4, 6–3.
# 2024 Ilkley Trophy

The 2024 Ilkley Trophy was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts. It was the 8th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2024 ATP Challenger Tour and the 2024 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Ilkley, United Kingdom between 17 and 22 June 2024.

## Champions
### Men's singles

* David Goffin def. Harold Mayot 6–4, 6–2.

### Men's doubles

* Evan King / Reese Stalder def. Christian Harrison / Fabrice Martin 6–3, 3–6, [10–6].

### Women's singles

* Rebecca Marino def. Jessika Ponchet 4–6, 6–1, 6–4

### Women's doubles

* Kristina Mladenovic / Elena-Gabriela Ruse def. Quinn Gleason / Tang Qianhui, 6–2, 6–2

## Men's singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| FRA | Hugo Gaston | 82 | 1 |
| RSA | Lloyd Harris | 98 | 2 |
| FRA | Grégoire Barrère | 103 | 3 |
| BEL | David Goffin | 109 | 4 |
| CHI | Cristian Garín | 115 | 5 |
| FRA | Richard Gasquet | 116 | 6 |
| USA | Zachary Svajda | 123 | 7 |
| ITA | Stefano Napolitano | 125 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of 10 June 2024.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the main draw:
* Arthur Fery
* Felix Gill
* Ryan Peniston
The following players received entry into the singles main draw as special exempts:
* Mattia Bellucci
* Charles Broom
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Tomás Barrios Vera
* Benjamin Bonzi
* Maxime Cressy
* Gabriel Diallo
* Denis Kudla
* Beibit Zhukayev

## Women's singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| CHN | Bai Zhuoxuan | 93 | 1 |
| JPN | Mai Hontama | 113 | 2 |
| FRA | Chloé Paquet | 121 | 3 |
| USA | McCartney Kessler | 123 | 4 |
| UKR | Daria Snigur | 127 | 5 |
| AUS | Taylah Preston | 142 | 6 |
| NED | Arianne Hartono | 144 | 7 |
| GBR | Lily Miyazaki | 145 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of 10 June 2024.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the main draw:
* Amarni Banks
* Sonay Kartal
* Hannah Klugman
* Mingge Xu
The following player received entry into the singles main draw as junior exempts:
* Renáta Jamrichová
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Destanee Aiava
* Mariam Bolkvadze
* Maya Joint
* Ella McDonald
* İpek Öz
* Ranah Akua Stoiber
* Harmony Tan
* Lanlana Tararudee
# Al-Shinyah

Al-Shinyah (Arabic: الشنية, also spelled al-Shiniyeh) is a village in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located northwest of Homs. Nearby localities include Fahel to the southwest, al-Qabu to the south, Sharqliyya to the southeast, Taldou and al-Taybah al-Gharbiyah to the northeast and Maryamin to the northwest. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Shinyah had a population of 2,058 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.
# Dardaghan

Dardaghan (Arabic: دردغان, also spelled al-Dardaghan) is a village in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located southeast of Homs. Nearby localities include Jandar to the west, Hisyah to the southwest and al-Riqama to the northeast. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Dardaghan had a population of 1,497 in the 2004 census.
# Patrick Hase

Patrick Hugh Hase (Chinese: 夏思義) is a historian specialised in the history of the New Territories, Hong Kong. He is a retired civil servant of British Hong Kong, living there from 1972 to present (as of 2020).

## Biography

Patrick Hase started working in Hong Kong in 1972. In the first six months of his arrival, the British Hong Kong government assigned him to study Cantonese, eventually he became fluent in it. In the 1980s, he worked as the district officer of Sha Tin District. He retired as assistant director for social welfare in 1996.
# Pudingový koláč

In Slovak cuisine, pudingový koláč (so smotanou) (Slovak pronunciation:, literally pudding cake (with cream), colloquially pudingáč) is a cake base of sponge cake, pudding and sweetened sour cream.

## Recipe

The sponge cake is prepared with eggs, sugar, flour, baking powder, water and vegetable oil. Heaps of cooked pudding are placed on top of the dough and everything is baked for 40 minutes at 180 °C. After baking, a mixture of sour cream, possibly even whipped cream, and vanilla sugar is spread on the cake and can be placed in the refrigerator. It can be decorated with cocoa powder.
# Jablaya

Jablaya (Arabic: جبلايا) is a village in northern Syria located northwest of Homs in the Homs Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Jablaya had a population of 618 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.
# Gary O'Shaughnessy

Gary O'Shaughnessy is an Irish singer and musician who represented Ireland in Eurovision Song Contest 2001 with the song "Without Your Love" finishing 21st out of 23 entries. He's the uncle of Ryan O'Shaughnessy who represented Ireland at the Eurovision Song Contest 2018.

## Biography

He comes from a very musical family. His grandmother who was a gifted piano and fiddle player. Besides singing, he plays guitar, bass guitar and keyboards. His brother Brian and sister are musicians as well, with his brother playing guitar and his sister the piano. O'Shaughnessy started studying aged 12 for four years with Irish jazz guitarist Eugene Macari. In 1989, he formed a band with his brother Brian and together they toured Ireland, Spain and the UK. In 1995, the two brothers performed as the duo "2 of a kind" which became very popular in cabarets, clubs and pubs.
Gary O'Shaughnessy had competed in the local Irish Eurovision Song Contest preselection twice previously, before winning the right to represent his homeland in the Eurovision Contest in 2001 in Copenhagen, Denmark with "Without Your Love" written by Pat Sheridan. He had previously entered the Irish Eurosong 1997 contest, coming third with "Love and Understanding". Also, in 1999, he had taken part with the song "I'll Be There" coming fifth.

## Discography
### Singles

* 1997: "Love and Understanding"
* 1999: "I'll Be There"
* 2001: "Without Your Love"
# Caroline Boman Hansen

Caroline Boman Hansen (10 August 1860 – 5 January 1956) was a Swedish–Norwegian hotelier.
She was born in Östervåla, Sweden, to Claes Erik Boman and Carin Persdotter. She married waiter, later hotelier, Hans Christian Marinius Hansen (1868–1915) in 1891. Hotel Continental and Theatercaféen in Kristiania (now Oslo) opened during 1900 and were originally owned by the Foss Brewery. Caroline and Christian Hansen took over the lease in 1909 and within three years they purchased the establishment. The hotel's dining place, Theatercaféen, came to be one of the most popular in Kristiania, and a favourite among actors, writers and journalists.
Caroline Hansen ran the hotel for many years, first along with her husband, and later jointly with her son Arne who died in 1954. His daughter Ellen Brochmann subsequently took over management. The hotel is owned and operated today by Caroline and Christian Hansen's descendants in the fourth generation.
# 2024 Braga Open

The 2024 Braga Open was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the sixth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2024 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Braga, Portugal between 30 September and 6 October 2024.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| ARG | Thiago Agustín Tirante | 97 | 1 |
| ITA | Francesco Passaro | 109 | 2 |
| CHI | Cristian Garín | 119 | 3 |
| SVK | Jozef Kovalík | 123 | 4 |
| COL | Daniel Elahi Galán | 127 | 5 |
| ESP | Albert Ramos Viñolas | 133 | 6 |
| CZE | Vít Kopřiva | 143 | 7 |
| CHI | Tomás Barrios Vera | 159 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of 23 September 2024.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Pedro Araújo
* Gastão Elias
* Frederico Ferreira Silva
The following players received entry into the singles main draw as alternates:
* Javier Barranco Cosano
* Filip Cristian Jianu
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Hynek Bartoň
* Matej Dodig
* João Domingues
* Elmer Møller
* Lukas Neumayer
* Eric Vanshelboim
The following player received entry as a lucky loser:
* Clément Tabur

## Champions
### Singles

* Elmer Møller def. Daniel Elahi Galán 6–4, 7–6$^{(7–4)}$.

### Doubles

* Théo Arribagé / Francisco Cabral def. Marco Bortolotti / Daniel Cukierman 6–3, 6–4.
# Eddie Friel

Edward Joseph Friel is a Northern Irish musician and music teacher who was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland in 1962. He is a B.Mus. Honours graduate who in 1986 started his professional career as a music teacher. After one year he decided to pursue his talents as a musician and composer in local piano bars at home as well as in Canada and Europe, where he travelled for a year. He has toured with Van Morrison as a piano player and features extensively on Van Morrison's album Hymns to the Silence.
In 1995 he represented Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Dreamin'". The song finished a disappointing 14th place with 44 points; Norway won the contest, breaking the three years Ireland staged the contest.

## Discography
### Albums

List of albums, with selected details :
| Title | Details |
| My Old Cufflinks | Released: 2012 Label: Eddie Friel Format: CD |

### Singles

List of singles :
| Title | Year |
| "Dreamin'" | 1995 |
| "Missing You Tonight" | 1997 |
# 2024 Kobe Challenger

The 2024 Kobe Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 8th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2024 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Kobe, Japan between 11 and 17 November 2024.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| CHN | Bu Yunchaokete | 72 | 1 |
| JPN | Taro Daniel | 82 | 2 |
| ITA | Mattia Bellucci | 105 | 3 |
| USA | Nicolas Moreno de Alboran | 119 | 4 |
| ITA | Matteo Gigante | 139 | 5 |
| JPN | Yasutaka Uchiyama | 140 | 6 |
| FRA | Térence Atmane | 157 | 7 |
| HKG | Coleman Wong | 159 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of 4 November 2024.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Ryuki Matsuda
* Naoki Nakagawa
* Yosuke Watanuki
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Guy den Ouden
* Hiroki Moriya
* Rei Sakamoto
* Kasidit Samrej
* Kaichi Uchida
* Elias Ymer

## Champions
### Singles

* Alexander Blockx def. Jurij Rodionov 6–3, 6–1.

### Doubles

* Vasil Kirkov / Bart Stevens def. Kaichi Uchida / Takeru Yuzuki 7–6$^{(9–7)}$, 7–5.
# Vertical circle (instrument)

The vertical circle is an optical instrument used to measure angles in astronomy, which name is derived from the mathematical concept of the vertical circle from spherical geometry. It is a device for measuring astronomical angles, which can be rotated in altitude and azimuth. It consists of a telescope (in astronomical geodesy occasionally also with a reflecting telescope), which is mounted on a horizontal tilting axis and is supported by a stable altazimuth mount. It is similar in design to the meridian circle, but the latter only has a horizontal tilting axis without the means to change azimuth. The angular movements around the tilting and standing axes are measured with large, finely divided circles and a reading microscope.
Instruments like this were more common in 19th century observatories and were important for locating and recording coordinates in the cosmos, and observatories often had various other instruments for certain functions as well as advanced clocks of the period. The popularly known example in the observatories, was the Great Refractors which became larger and larger and came to have a dominating effect to the point that observatories were moved simply to have better conditions for their biggest telescope, in the modern style where observatories often have one instrument only in a remote location on the Earth or even in outer space. However, in the 19th century it was more basic with observatories often making recording of coordinates of different items and to determine the shape of the Earth and times.
# Zita al-Gharbiyah

Zita al-Gharbiyah (Arabic: زيتا الغربية, also spelled Zeita) is a village in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located southwest of Homs and immediately north of the border with Lebanon. Nearby localities include Aqrabiyah to the north, Kadesh and Arjoun to the northeast, the district center of al-Qusayr to the east and Jusiyah al-Amar to the southeast. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Zita al-Gharbiyah had a population of 2,922 in the 2004 census. The population is predominantly Shia Muslim and is immediately surrounded by several smaller Shia Muslim villages. Although the village is in Syria, its inhabitants are Lebanese.
In the mid-19th-century ancient ruins were found in Zita al-Gharbiyah. During a military training drill in the vicinity in 2005, stalactite caves were found in the village that resembled the Jeita Grotto in Lebanon. The cave was studied by a team from the al-Baath University of Homs and by the government Department of Tourism and Antiquities. It was determined that cave dates back 60 million years ago.
During the ongoing Syrian civil war, Zita al-Gharbiyah has been the scene of several clashes between the opposition Free Syrian Army (FSA) and local fighters backed by Hezbollah. The village has formed a front with other Shia-majority villages against villages in the vicinity of al-Qusayr that have hosted the FSA. In the summer of 2012, two residents of Zita al-Gharbiyah were kidnapped by the FSA prompting members of the north Lebanon-based Jaafar clan which also inhabits the village to abduct 32 Syrians. Consequently, a reconciliation committee consisting of Shia clans from the Hermel region of Lebanon and pro-FSA villages in the al-Qusayr region was formed, resulting in the return of hostages and a calming of tensions. However, clashes had restarted by early 2013.
# Xavier Adang

Xavier Adang (born 7 June 2004) is a Cameroonian professional footballer who currently plays for Žilina in the Niké Liga as a defensive midfielder.

## Club career
### MŠK Žilina

Adang made his Fortuna Liga debut for Žilina against FC Spartak Trnava on 20 May 2023.
# Abu Hamamah

Abu Hamamah (Arabic: أبو همامة, also known as Abu Humama) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Rastan District, located north of Homs on the southern banks of the Orontes River. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Abu Hamamah had a population of 255 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Circassians from the Shapsugh tribe.
# 15 cm SK C/25

The 15 cm SK C/25 was a German medium-caliber naval gun used during the Second World War. It served as the primary armament for the Königsberg class and Leipzig-class cruisers. No surplus weapons of this type appear to have been used as coast-defense guns.

## Description

This gun was the most powerful of the Kriegsmarine's 15 centimetres (5.9 in) guns and was designed with a loose barrel, jacket and breech-piece with a vertical sliding breech block.

### Mount

The Drh. LC/25 triple-gun mount was the only mount used for this gun in the Kriegsmarine. The mount weighed between 136.91–147.15 tonnes (134.75–144.83 long tons; 150.92–162.21 short tons), depending on its armor thickness; the Nürnberg's mounts had between 20–80 mm (0.79–3.15 in) of armor while the other ships had 20–30 mm (0.79–1.18 in). Each mount was designed for full 360° of traverse, but was limited to much less than that by the ship's superstructure. The electrically powered hydraulic pumps had a maximum elevating speed of 8° per second, while train was a maximum of 6-8° per second. The maximum firing cycle was 7.5 seconds, or 8 rounds per minute, despite being hand-loaded and rammed. Ammunition was supplied by three hoists, one between the left and center guns and the other two between center and right guns at the rear of the mount.

### Ammunition

The SK C/25 had a number of different shells available.
| Shell name | Weight | Filling Weight | Muzzle velocity |
| base-fused HE shell with ballistic cap (Sprenggranate L/4.5 m Bdz m. Hb) | 45.5 kg (100 lb) | 3.058 kg (6.74 lb) | 960 m/s (3,100 ft/s) |
| nose-fused HE shell with ballistic cap (15 cm Spgr. L/4.4 Kz m. Hb) | 45.5 kg (100 lb) | 3.892 kg (8.58 lb) | 960 m/s (3,100 ft/s) |
| base-fused armor-piercing shell with ballistic cap (Panzer-Sprenggranate) L/3.7 m Bdz. m Hb) | 45.5 kg (100 lb) | .885 kg (1.95 lb) | 960 m/s (3,100 ft/s) |
| illumination shell | 41 kg (90 lb) | Unknown | 650 m/s (2,100 ft/s) |
# Alta Badia

Alta Badia is a ski resort in the Dolomites of northern Italy, in the upper part of the Val Badia (German: Hochabtei) in South Tyrol. It is part of the Dolomiti Superski ski area. It is included in the territories of the municipalities of Corvara, Badia, and La Val. Centered on Corvara, the extended area's lift-served summit elevation is 2,550 m (8,366 ft) on the Sella group, with an overall vertical drop of 1,226 m (4,022 ft) to Pedraces. The native language of the majority of the locals is Ladin.

## Alpine Skiing World Cup

Alta Badia is a regular stop on the World Cup schedule, usually by the men in mid-December. Its giant slalom course, the classic Gran Risa, is one of the most challenging on the circuit. In December 2012, the course had a vertical drop of 448 m (1,470 ft), starting at 1,871 m (6,140 ft) and finishing at 1,423 m (4,670 ft), near La Ila (La Villa) (46°34′34″N 11°54′00″E﻿ / ﻿46.576°N 11.9°E﻿ / 46.576; 11.9). The race was won by Ted Ligety of the U.S., who also won two years earlier.
Nearby World Cup venues are Val Gardena to the west (over Gardena Pass) and Cortina d'Ampezzo (over Valparola Pass) to the east.
# Kim Hak-song

Kim Hak-song (Korean: 김학송; 6 July 1952 – 12 June 2022) was a South Korean politician. A member of the Grand National Party, he served in the National Assembly from 2000 to 2012. Kim died on 12 June 2022 at the age of 69.
# Al-Bayda, Tadmur

al-Bayda (Arabic: البيضة; also spelled Beida; also known as al-Bayda al-Sharqiyah) is a village in eastern Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate. It is situated in the Syrian Desert on the road between Tadmur (Palmyra) in the east and Tiyas in the west. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics of Syria (CBS), al-Bayda had a population of 670 in the 2004 census.