# Iquique

Iquique (Spanish pronunciation:) is a port city and commune in northern Chile, capital of both the Iquique Province and Tarapacá Region. It lies on the Pacific coast, west of the Pampa del Tamarugal, which is part of the Atacama Desert. It has a population of 191,468 according to the 2017 census. It is also the main commune of Greater Iquique. The city developed during the heyday of the saltpetre mining in the Atacama Desert in the 19th century. Once a Peruvian city with a large Chilean population, it was conquered by Chile in the War of the Pacific (1879–1883). Today it is one of only two free ports of Chile, the other one being Punta Arenas, in the country's far south.

## History

Although the city was founded in the 16th century, there is evidence of habitation in the area by the Chango people as early as 7,000 BC. During colonial times, Iquique was part of the Viceroyalty of Peru as much of South America was at the time, and remained part of Peruvian territory until the end of the 19th century. Iquique's early development was due in large part to the discovery of mineral riches, particularly the presence of large deposits of sodium nitrate in the Atacama Desert (then part of Peruvian territory) ; and guano.
In July 1835, Charles Darwin, during his voyage on the Beagle, traveled to Iquique and described it as a town "very much in want of everyday necessities, such as water and firewood". These necessities had to be brought in from considerable distances. Darwin also visited the saltpetre works.
The city has been devastated by several earthquakes, including the 1868 Arica earthquake, the 1877 Iquique earthquake, and the 2005 Tarapacá earthquake. The 2014 Iquique earthquake occurred with a moment magnitude of 8.2 on April 1, 2014.
Territorial disputes between Bolivia and Chile triggered the War of the Pacific in 1879. The Battle of Iquique was fought in the harbor of Iquique on May 21, 1879, now commemorated as Navy Day, an annual public holiday in Chile. The outcome of the war gave Chile this portion of the Peruvian territory.
Over the years there was substantial emigration from other parts of Chile to this area which was called the Norte Grande. In subsequent years the further exportation of Chilean saltpetre (mainly to European countries) significantly helped in the development of the city, attracting foreigners and rapidly expanding housing projects.
In December 1907, the city was marred by the Santa María de Iquique Massacre when the Chilean Army, under the command of Gen. Roberto Silva Renard, opened fire on thousands of saltpetre miners, and their wives and children, who assembled inside the Santa María School. The workers had marched into town to protest their working conditions and wages. Somewhere between 500 and 2,000 people were killed. The folk group Quilapayún recorded an album in remembrance of the event (Cantata Santa María de Iquique) in 1970. In December 2007 a series of cultural and ceremonial activities were planned, culminating in the week between December 14 to 21, to commemorate the centenary year of the massacre.
Mars 96 was launched by Russia in 1996, but failed to leave the Earth orbit, and re-entered the atmosphere a few hours later. The two RTGs onboard carried 200 g of plutonium in total and are assumed to have survived the re-entry as they were designed to do. They are thought to now lie somewhere in a northeast-southwest running oval 320 km (199 mi) long by 80 km (50 mi) wide, which is centred 32 km (20 mi) east of Iquique, Chile.
Prior to becoming Chilean territory, Iquique was home to some of the greatest Peruvian heroes, namely Alfonso Ugarte (who was elected mayor in 1876), Ramón Zavala, a rich saltpetre entrepreneur; Guillermo Billinghurst, later President of Peru (who after being overthrown in 1914 came to Iquique – then already under Chilean rule – to live out his last years), and Ramón Castilla, thrice president of Peru, who was born in San Lorenzo de Tarapacá and died in the Desert of Tiviliche, Tarapacá, who lived in Iquique during his mandate as Governor of Tarapacá in 1825.

## Governance

As a commune, Iquique is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2012–2016 alcalde is Jorge Soria.
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Iquique is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Marta Isasi (Ind.) and Hugo Gutiérrez (PC) as part of the 2nd electoral district, which includes the entire Tarapacá Region. The commune is represented in the Senate by José Miguel Insulza (PS, 2018–2026) and José Durana (UDI, 2018–2026) as part of the 1st senatorial constituency (Arica and Parinacota Region and Tarapacá Region).

## Economy

Iquique has one of the largest duty-free commercial port centers of South America, the Zona Franca of Iquique (free zone of Iquique) which has been traditionally called Zofri. There are around 2.4 square kilometres (0.93 sq mi) of warehouses, banking branches, and restaurants.
Copper mining, mainly in Quebrada Blanca, Cerro Colorado, and Doña Inés de Collahuasí, is also an important industry in Iquique.

## Demographics

According to the 2002 census of National Statistics Institute (INE), the commune of Iquique had an area of 2,835.3 km$^2$ (1,095 sq mi) and 216,419 inhabitants (108,897 men and 107,522 women). Of these, 214,586 (99.2%) lived in urban areas and 1,833 (0.9%) in rural areas. The township has an area of 2,262.4 km$^2$ (874 sq mi) and a population of 166,204 inhabitants. The population grew by 42.7% (64,742 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. Iquique is home to 56% of the total population of the Tarapacá region. In 2008, the city had 226,204 inhabitants.
Iquique commune is divided into the following districts:
| District | 2002 Population Census | Area (km$^2$) |
| Port | 3,721 | 0.8 |
| Industrial District | 12,800 | 65.4 |
| Hospital | 11,087 | 5.1 |
| Caupolicán | 19,486 | 2.2 |
| Playa Brava | 18,580 | 2.1 |
| Cavancha | 13,729 | 1.4 |
| Parque Balmaceda | 10,843 | 1.1 |
| Arturo Prat | 10,773 | 1.0 |
| Punta Lobos | 1,592 | 2,127.8 |
| Gómez Carreño | 23,165 | 1.7 |
| La Tirana | 40,428 | 33.5 |
There is a significant percentage of residents from different international ethnic groups. The largest communities are Croatian, Italian, Greek, Chinese, Arabic nationalities, Peruvians and Bolivians, British peoples (i.e. Scots), and the French.
In the 1910s and 1920s, about a thousand East Indian (from India and Pakistani) Chile saltpetre mine workers hired by British mine companies appeared in Iquique and today, their descendants are mixed into the local population. Lately, a wave of North American and Australian immigrants came to retire and enjoy the city's beach climate. Immigrants currently make up 9.2% of the total population.
Population evolution of the commune of Iquique: :
| Year | 1992 | 2002 |
| Population | 146,089 | 166,204 |
Population evolution of the city of Iquique: :
| Year | 1992 | 2002 |
| Population | 145,139 | 164,396 |

## Climate

Iquique has an unusually mild to warm desert climate (Köppen: BWh) with low extremes of temperatures all year round and almost no rainfall. Due to its abundant cloudiness and coastal location, the climate is often abbreviated to BWn, as opposed to the usual BWh or BWk. It is common for this place to have completely dry years without any precipitation day, making it one of the driest cities in the world, along with Arica.
Climate data for Iquique (1991–2020, extremes 1981–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.2 (88.2) | 30.6 (87.1) | 31.1 (88.0) | 30.4 (86.7) | 28.0 (82.4) | 24.1 (75.4) | 33.4 (92.1) | 31.0 (87.8) | 23.4 (74.1) | 24.2 (75.6) | 25.5 (77.9) | 27.8 (82.0) | 33.4 (92.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.4 (77.7) | 25.9 (78.6) | 24.9 (76.8) | 22.7 (72.9) | 20.5 (68.9) | 18.7 (65.7) | 17.8 (64.0) | 17.8 (64.0) | 18.5 (65.3) | 19.8 (67.6) | 21.5 (70.7) | 23.5 (74.3) | 21.4 (70.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 22.0 (71.6) | 22.2 (72.0) | 21.3 (70.3) | 19.5 (67.1) | 17.8 (64.0) | 16.5 (61.7) | 15.6 (60.1) | 15.6 (60.1) | 16.1 (61.0) | 17.1 (62.8) | 18.6 (65.5) | 20.3 (68.5) | 18.6 (65.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 18.9 (66.0) | 18.9 (66.0) | 18.1 (64.6) | 16.5 (61.7) | 15.3 (59.5) | 14.5 (58.1) | 13.9 (57.0) | 13.9 (57.0) | 14.4 (57.9) | 15.2 (59.4) | 16.2 (61.2) | 17.5 (63.5) | 16.1 (61.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 14.8 (58.6) | 14.7 (58.5) | 13.0 (55.4) | 11.7 (53.1) | 9.9 (49.8) | 8.5 (47.3) | 8.3 (46.9) | 7.6 (45.7) | 9.0 (48.2) | 8.5 (47.3) | 11.9 (53.4) | 12.4 (54.3) | 7.6 (45.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.00) | 0.3 (0.01) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.00) | 0.2 (0.01) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.00) | 0.8 (0.03) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 66 | 66 | 68 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 71 | 70 | 68 | 67 | 69 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 317.8 | 296.2 | 297.9 | 252.5 | 211.4 | 161.0 | 151.2 | 158.2 | 189.7 | 235.6 | 275.7 | 315.1 | 2,862.3 |
| Source 1: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (precipitation days 1991–2020) ||||||||||||||

## Transport

Iquique is served by Diego Aracena International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional Diego Aracena) (IATA: IQQ, ICAO: SCDA). The airport is on the Pacific coast 48 kilometers (30 mi) south of the city.

## Sport

Iquique is home to football team Deportes Iquique. It hosted the 2016 FIRS Women's Roller Hockey World Cup.

## Notable residents

* Juan Zanelli (1906–1944) racing driver, born in Iquique
* Arturo Godoy (1912–1986) professional boxer, born in Iquique
* Tomasa del Real (1986) Neoperreo/Reggaeton artist

## Gallery

* Baquedano Boulevard
* Downtown Iquique
* Municipal Theater of Iquique
* Iquique Municipal Theatre at night
* Plaza Prat
* Mall Zofri at Night
* 21-May Square
* Trans-Atacama Tour Train
* Arturo Prat University (Main campus from Chile)
* Arturo Prat University's Architecture-Faculty campus.
* Santo Tomas University Iquique campus.
* Slava Square .
* Iquique Skatepark.
* Cavancha Beach's Craft Market.
* Cavancha beach at the end of Cavancha peninsula
* The underwater-themed mural situated in Cavancha Peninsula
* 1934 nautical chart of Iquique