# 19 equal temperament

In music, 19 equal temperament, called 19 TET, 19 EDO ("Equal Division of the Octave"), 19-ED2 ("Equal Division of 2:1) or 19 ET, is the tempered scale derived by dividing the octave into 19 equal steps (equal frequency ratios). Each step represents a frequency ratio of $^{19}$√2, or 63.16 cents (Play).
The fact that traditional western music maps unambiguously onto this scale (unless it presupposes 12-EDO enharmonic equivalences) makes it easier to perform such music in this tuning than in many other tunings.
19 EDO is the tuning of the syntonic temperament in which the tempered perfect fifth is equal to 694.737 cents, as shown in Figure 1 (look for the label "19 TET"). On an isomorphic keyboard, the fingering of music composed in 19 EDO is precisely the same as it is in any other syntonic tuning (such as 12 EDO), so long as the notes are "spelled properly" – that is, with no assumption that the sharp below matches the flat immediately above it (enharmonicity).

## History and use

Division of the octave into 19 equal-width steps arose naturally out of Renaissance music theory. The ratio of four minor thirds to an octave (⁠ 648 / 625 ⁠ or 62.565 cents – the "greater" diesis) was almost exactly a nineteenth of an octave. Interest in such a tuning system goes back to the 16th century, when composer Guillaume Costeley used it in his chanson Seigneur Dieu ta pitié of 1558. Costeley understood and desired the circulating aspect of this tuning.
In 1577, music theorist Francisco de Salinas discussed ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠ comma meantone, in which the tempered perfect fifth is 694.786 cents. Salinas proposed tuning nineteen tones to the octave to this fifth, which falls within one cent of closing. The fifth of 19 EDO is 694.737 cents, which is less than a twentieth of a cent narrower, imperceptible and less than tuning error, so Salinas' suggestion is effectively 19 EDO.
In the 19th century, mathematician and music theorist Wesley Woolhouse proposed it as a more practical alternative to meantone temperaments he regarded as better, such as 50 EDO.
The composer Joel Mandelbaum wrote on the properties of the 19 EDO tuning and advocated for its use in his Ph.D. thesis: Mandelbaum argued that it is the only viable system with a number of divisions between 12 and 22, and furthermore, that the next smallest number of divisions resulting in a significant improvement in approximating just intervals is 31 TET. Mandelbaum and Joseph Yasser have written music with 19 EDO. Easley Blackwood stated that 19 EDO makes possible "a substantial enrichment of the tonal repertoire".

## Notation

19-EDO can be represented with the traditional letter names and system of sharps and flats simply by treating flats and sharps as distinct notes, as usual in standard musical practice; however, in 19-EDO the distinction is a real pitch difference, rather than a notational fiction. In 19-EDO only B♯ is enharmonic with C♭, and E♯ with F♭.
This article uses that re-adapted standard notation: Simply using conventionally enharmonic sharps and flats as distinct notes "as usual".

## Interval size

Here are the sizes of some common intervals and comparison with the ratios arising in the harmonic series; the difference column measures in cents the distance from an exact fit to these ratios.
For reference, the difference from the perfect fifth in the widely used 12 TET is 1.955 cents flat, the difference from the major third is 13.686 cents sharp, the minor third is 15.643 cents flat, and the (lost) harmonic minor seventh is 31.174 cents sharp.
    Step (cents) 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 Note name A A♯ B♭ B B♯ C♭ C C♯ D♭ D D♯ E♭ E E♯ F♭ F F♯ G♭ G G♯ A♭ A Interval (cents) 0 63 126 189 253 316 379 442 505 568 632 695 758 821 884 947 1011 1074 1137 1200
    Interval name Size (steps) Size (cents) Midi Just ratio Just (cents) Midi Error (cents) Octave 19 120000 2:1 120000 00 Septimal major seventh 18 1136.84 27:14 1137.04 −00.20 Diminished octave 18 1136.84 48:25 1129.33 Play +07.51 Major seventh 17 1073.68 15:8 1088.27 Play −14.58 Minor seventh 16 1010.53 9:5 1017.60 Play −07.07 Harmonic minor seventh 15 0947.37 7:4 0968.83 Play −21.46 Septimal major sixth 15 0947.37 12:7 0933.13 Play +14.24 Major sixth 14 0884.21 5:3 0884.36 Play −00.15 Minor sixth 13 0821.05 8:5 0813.69 Play +07.37 Augmented fifth 12 0757.89 25:16 0772.63 Play −14.73 Septimal minor sixth 12 0757.89 14:9 0764.92 −07.02 Perfect fifth 11 0694.74 Play 3:2 0701.96 Play −07.22 Greater tridecimal tritone 10 0631.58 13:90 0636.62 −05.04 Greater septimal tritone, diminished fifth 10 0631.58 Play 10:70 0617.49 Play +14.09 Lesser septimal tritone, augmented fourth 09 0568.42 Play 7:5 0582.51 −14.09 Lesser tridecimal tritone 09 0568.42 18:13 0563.38 +05.04 Perfect fourth 08 0505.26 Play 4:3 0498.04 Play +07.22 Augmented third 07 0442.11 125:96 0456.99 Play −14.88 Tridecimal major third 07 0442.11 13:10 0454.12 −10.22 Septimal major third 07 0442.11 Play 9:7 0435.08 Play +07.03 Major third 06 0378.95 Play 5:4 0386.31 Play −07.36 Inverted 13th harmonic 06 0378.95 16:13 0359.47 +19.48 Minor third 05 0315.79 Play 6:5 0315.64 Play +00.15 Septimal minor third 04 0252.63 7:6 0266.87 Play −14.24 Tridecimal ⁠ 5 / 4 ⁠ tone 04 0252.63 15:13 0247.74 +04.89 Septimal whole tone 04 0252.63 Play 8:7 0231.17 Play +21.46 Whole tone, major tone 03 0189.47 9:8 0203.91 Play −14.44 Whole tone, minor tone 03 0189.47 Play 10:90 0182.40 Play +07.07 Greater tridecimal ⁠ 2 / 3 ⁠-tone 02 0126.32 13:12 0138.57 −12.26 Lesser tridecimal ⁠ 2 / 3 ⁠-tone 02 0126.32 14:13 0128.30 −01.98 Septimal diatonic semitone 02 0126.32 15:14 0119.44 Play +06.88 Diatonic semitone, just 02 0126.32 16:15 0111.73 Play +14.59 Septimal chromatic semitone 01 0063.16 Play 21:20 0084.46 −21.31 Chromatic semitone, just 01 0063.16 25:24 0070.67 Play −07.51 Septimal third-tone 01 0063.16 Play 28:27 0062.96 +00.20
A possible variant of 19-ED2 is 93-ED30, i.e. the division of 30:1 in 93 equal steps, corresponding to a stretching of the octave by 27.58¢, which improves the approximation of most natural ratios.

## Scale diagram

Because 19 is a prime number, repeating any fixed interval in this tuning system cycles through all possible notes; just as one may cycle through 12-EDO on the circle of fifths, since a fifth is 7 semitones, and number 7 is coprime to 12.

### Modes
#### Ionian mode (major scale)

| Key signature | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Number of sharps | Key signature | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Number of flats |
| C major | C | D | E | F | G | A | B | 0 | | | | | | | | |
| G major | G | A | B | C | D | E | F♯ | 1 | | | | | | | | |
| D major | D | E | F♯ | G | A | B | C♯ | 2 | | | | | | | | |
| A major | A | B | C♯ | D | E | F♯ | G♯ | 3 | | | | | | | | |
| E major | E | F♯ | G♯ | A | B | C♯ | D♯ | 4 | | | | | | | | |
| B major | B | C♯ | D♯ | E | F♯ | G♯ | A♯ | 5 | C major | C | D | E | F | G | A | B | 14 |
| F♯ major | F♯ | G♯ | A♯ | B | C♯ | D♯ | E♯ | 6 | G major | G | A | B | C | D | E | F♭ | 13 |
| C♯ major | C♯ | D♯ | E♯ | F♯ | G♯ | A♯ | B♯ | 7 | D major | D | E | F♭ | G | A | B | C♭ | 12 |
| G♯ major | G♯ | A♯ | B♯ | C♯ | D♯ | E♯ | F | 8 | A major | A | B | C♭ | D | E | F♭ | G♭ | 11 |
| D♯ major | D♯ | E♯ | F | G♯ | A♯ | B♯ | C | 9 | E major | E | F♭ | G♭ | A | B | C♭ | D♭ | 10 |
| A♯ major | A♯ | B♯ | C | D♯ | E♯ | F | G | 10 | B major | B | C♭ | D♭ | E | F♭ | G♭ | A♭ | 9 |
| E♯ major | E♯ | F | G | A♯ | B♯ | C | D | 11 | F♭ major | F♭ | G♭ | A♭ | B | C♭ | D♭ | E♭ | 8 |
| B♯ major | B♯ | C | D | E♯ | F | G | A | 12 | C♭ major | C♭ | D♭ | E♭ | F♭ | G♭ | A♭ | B♭ | 7 |
| F major | F | G | A | B♯ | C | D | E | 13 | G♭ major | G♭ | A♭ | B♭ | C♭ | D♭ | E♭ | F | 6 |
| C major | C | D | E | F | G | A | B | 14 | D♭ major | D♭ | E♭ | F | G♭ | A♭ | B♭ | C | 5 |
| | | | | | | | | | A♭ major | A♭ | B♭ | C | D♭ | E♭ | F | G | 4 |
| | | | | | | | | | E♭ major | E♭ | F | G | A♭ | B♭ | C | D | 3 |
| | | | | | | | | | B♭ major | B♭ | C | D | E♭ | F | G | A | 2 |
| | | | | | | | | | F major | F | G | A | B♭ | C | D | E | 1 |
| | | | | | | | | | C major | C | D | E | F | G | A | B | 0 |

#### Dorian mode

| Key signature | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Number of sharps | Key signature | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Number of flats |
| D Dorian | D | E | F | G | A | B | C | 0 | | | | | | | | |
| A Dorian | A | B | C | D | E | F♯ | G | 1 | | | | | | | | |
| E Dorian | E | F♯ | G | A | B | C♯ | D | 2 | | | | | | | | |
| B Dorian | B | C♯ | D | E | F♯ | G♯ | A | 3 | | | | | | | | |
| F♯ Dorian | F♯ | G♯ | A | B | C♯ | D♯ | E | 4 | | | | | | | | |
| C♯ Dorian | C♯ | D♯ | E | F♯ | G♯ | A♯ | B | 5 | D Dorian | D | E | F | G | A | B | C | 14 |
| G♯ Dorian | G♯ | A♯ | B | C♯ | D♯ | E♯ | F♯ | 6 | A Dorian | A | B | C | D | E | F♭ | G | 13 |
| D♯ Dorian | D♯ | E♯ | F♯ | G♯ | A♯ | B♯ | C♯ | 7 | E Dorian | E | F♭ | G | A | B | C♭ | D | 12 |
| A♯ Dorian | A♯ | B♯ | C♯ | D♯ | E♯ | F | G♯ | 8 | B Dorian | B | C♭ | D | E | F♭ | G♭ | A | 11 |
| E♯ Dorian | E♯ | F | G♯ | A♯ | B♯ | C | D♯ | 9 | F♭ Dorian | F♭ | G♭ | A | B | C♭ | D♭ | E | 10 |
| B♯ Dorian | B♯ | C | D♯ | E♯ | F | G | A♯ | 10 | C♭ Dorian | C♭ | D♭ | E | F♭ | G♭ | A♭ | B | 9 |
| F Dorian | F | G | A♯ | B♯ | C | D | E♯ | 11 | G♭ Dorian | G♭ | A♭ | B | C♭ | D♭ | E♭ | F♭ | 8 |
| C Dorian | C | D | E♯ | F | G | A | B♯ | 12 | D♭ Dorian | D♭ | E♭ | F♭ | G♭ | A♭ | B♭ | C♭ | 7 |
| G Dorian | G | A | B♯ | C | D | E | F | 13 | A♭ Dorian | A♭ | B♭ | C♭ | D♭ | E♭ | F | G♭ | 6 |
| D Dorian | D | E | F | G | A | B | C | 14 | E♭ Dorian | E♭ | F | G♭ | A♭ | B♭ | C | D♭ | 5 |
| | | | | | | | | | B♭ Dorian | B♭ | C | D♭ | E♭ | F | G | A♭ | 4 |
| | | | | | | | | | F Dorian | F | G | A♭ | B♭ | C | D | E♭ | 3 |
| | | | | | | | | | C Dorian | C | D | E♭ | F | G | A | B♭ | 2 |
| | | | | | | | | | G Dorian | G | A | B♭ | C | D | E | F | 1 |
| | | | | | | | | | D Dorian | D | E | F | G | A | B | C | 0 |

#### Phrygian mode

| Key signature | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Number of sharps | Key signature | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Number of flats |
| E Phrygian | E | F | G | A | B | C | D | 0 | | | | | | | | |
| B Phrygian | B | C | D | E | F♯ | G | A | 1 | | | | | | | | |
| F♯ Phrygian | F♯ | G | A | B | C♯ | D | E | 2 | | | | | | | | |
| C♯ Phrygian | C♯ | D | E | F♯ | G♯ | A | B | 3 | | | | | | | | |
| G♯ Phrygian | G♯ | A | B | C♯ | D♯ | E | F♯ | 4 | | | | | | | | |
| D♯ Phrygian | D♯ | E | F♯ | G♯ | A♯ | B | C♯ | 5 | E Phrygian | E | F | G | A | B | C | D | 14 |
| A♯ Phrygian | A♯ | B | C♯ | D♯ | E♯ | F♯ | G♯ | 6 | B Phrygian | B | C | D | E | F♭ | G | A | 13 |
| E♯ Phrygian | E♯ | F♯ | G♯ | A♯ | B♯ | C♯ | D♯ | 7 | F♭ Phrygian | F♭ | G | A | B | C♭ | D | E | 12 |
| B♯ Phrygian | B♯ | C♯ | D♯ | E♯ | F | G♯ | A♯ | 8 | C♭ Phrygian | C♭ | D | E | F♭ | G♭ | A | B | 11 |
| F Phrygian | F | G♯ | A♯ | B♯ | C | D♯ | E♯ | 9 | G♭ Phrygian | G♭ | A | B | C♭ | D♭ | E | F♭ | 10 |
| C Phrygian | C | D♯ | E♯ | F | G | A♯ | B♯ | 10 | D♭ Phrygian | D♭ | E | F♭ | G♭ | A♭ | B | C♭ | 9 |
| G Phrygian | G | A♯ | B♯ | C | D | E♯ | F | 11 | A♭ Phrygian | A♭ | B | C♭ | D♭ | E♭ | F♭ | G♭ | 8 |
| D Phrygian | D | E♯ | F | G | A | B♯ | C | 12 | E♭ Phrygian | E♭ | F♭ | G♭ | A♭ | B♭ | C♭ | D♭ | 7 |
| A Phrygian | A | B♯ | C | D | E | F | G | 13 | B♭ Phrygian | B♭ | C♭ | D♭ | E♭ | F | G♭ | A♭ | 6 |
| E Phrygian | E | F | G | A | B | C | D | 14 | F Phrygian | F | G♭ | A♭ | B♭ | C | D♭ | E♭ | 5 |
| | | | | | | | | | C Phrygian | C | D♭ | E♭ | F | G | A♭ | B♭ | 4 |
| | | | | | | | | | G Phrygian | G | A♭ | B♭ | C | D | E♭ | F | 3 |
| | | | | | | | | | D Phrygian | D | E♭ | F | G | A | B♭ | C | 2 |
| | | | | | | | | | A Phrygian | A | B♭ | C | D | E | F | G | 1 |
| | | | | | | | | | E Phrygian | E | F | G | A | B | C | D | 0 |

#### Lydian mode

| Key signature | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Number of sharps | Key signature | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Number of flats |
| F Lydian | F | G | A | B | C | D | E | 0 | | | | | | | | |
| C Lydian | C | D | E | F♯ | G | A | B | 1 | | | | | | | | |
| G Lydian | G | A | B | C♯ | D | E | F♯ | 2 | | | | | | | | |
| D Lydian | D | E | F♯ | G♯ | A | B | C♯ | 3 | | | | | | | | |
| A Lydian | A | B | C♯ | D♯ | E | F♯ | G♯ | 4 | | | | | | | | |
| E Lydian | E | F♯ | G♯ | A♯ | B | C♯ | D♯ | 5 | F Lydian | F | G | A | B | C | D | E | 14 |
| B Lydian | B | C♯ | D♯ | E♯ | F♯ | G♯ | A♯ | 6 | C Lydian | C | D | E | F♭ | G | A | B | 13 |
| F♯ Lydian | F♯ | G♯ | A♯ | B♯ | C♯ | D♯ | E♯ | 7 | G Lydian | G | A | B | C♭ | D | E | F♭ | 12 |
| C♯ Lydian | C♯ | D♯ | E♯ | F | G♯ | A♯ | B♯ | 8 | D Lydian | D | E | F♭ | G♭ | A | B | C♭ | 11 |
| G♯ Lydian | G♯ | A♯ | B♯ | C | D♯ | E♯ | F | 9 | A Lydian | A | B | C♭ | D♭ | E | F♭ | G♭ | 10 |
| D♯ Lydian | D♯ | E♯ | F | G | A♯ | B♯ | C | 10 | E Lydian | E | F♭ | G♭ | A♭ | B | C♭ | D♭ | 9 |
| A♯ Lydian | A♯ | B♯ | C | D | E♯ | F | G | 11 | B Lydian | B | C♭ | D♭ | E♭ | F♭ | G♭ | A♭ | 8 |
| E♯ Lydian | E♯ | F | G | A | B♯ | C | D | 12 | F♭ Lydian | F♭ | G♭ | A♭ | B♭ | C♭ | D♭ | E♭ | 7 |
| B♯ Lydian | B♯ | C | D | E | F | G | A | 13 | C♭ Lydian | C♭ | D♭ | E♭ | F | G♭ | A♭ | B♭ | 6 |
| F Lydian | F | G | A | B | C | D | E | 14 | G♭ Lydian | G♭ | A♭ | B♭ | C | D♭ | E♭ | F | 5 |
| | | | | | | | | | D♭ Lydian | D♭ | E♭ | F | G | A♭ | B♭ | C | 4 |
| | | | | | | | | | A♭ Lydian | A♭ | B♭ | C | D | E♭ | F | G | 3 |
| | | | | | | | | | E♭ Lydian | E♭ | F | G | A | B♭ | C | D | 2 |
| | | | | | | | | | B♭ Lydian | B♭ | C | D | E | F | G | A | 1 |
| | | | | | | | | | F Lydian | F | G | A | B | C | D | E | 0 |

#### Mixolydian mode

| Key signature | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Number of sharps | Key signature | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Number of flats |
| G Mixolydian | G | A | B | C | D | E | F | 0 | | | | | | | | |
| D Mixolydian | D | E | F♯ | G | A | B | C | 1 | | | | | | | | |
| A Mixolydian | A | B | C♯ | D | E | F♯ | G | 2 | | | | | | | | |
| E Mixolydian | E | F♯ | G♯ | A | B | C♯ | D | 3 | | | | | | | | |
| B Mixolydian | B | C♯ | D♯ | E | F♯ | G♯ | A | 4 | | | | | | | | |
| F♯ Mixolydian | F♯ | G♯ | A♯ | B | C♯ | D♯ | E | 5 | G Mixolydian | G | A | B | C | D | E | F | 14 |
| C♯ Mixolydian | C♯ | D♯ | E♯ | F♯ | G♯ | A♯ | B | 6 | D Mixolydian | D | E | F♭ | G | A | B | C | 13 |
| G♯ Mixolydian | G♯ | A♯ | B♯ | C♯ | D♯ | E♯ | F♯ | 7 | A Mixolydian | A | B | C♭ | D | E | F♭ | G | 12 |
| D♯ Mixolydian | D♯ | E♯ | F | G♯ | A♯ | B♯ | C♯ | 8 | E Mixolydian | E | F♭ | G♭ | A | B | C♭ | D | 11 |
| A♯ Mixolydian | A♯ | B♯ | C | D♯ | E♯ | F | G♯ | 9 | B Mixolydian | B | C♭ | D♭ | E | F♭ | G♭ | A | 10 |
| E♯ Mixolydian | E♯ | F | G | A♯ | B♯ | C | D♯ | 10 | F♭ Mixolydian | F♭ | G♭ | A♭ | B | C♭ | D♭ | E | 9 |
| B♯ Mixolydian | B♯ | C | D | E♯ | F | G | A♯ | 11 | C♭ Mixolydian | C♭ | D♭ | E♭ | F♭ | G♭ | A♭ | B | 8 |
| F Mixolydian | F | G | A | B♯ | C | D | E♯ | 12 | G♭ Mixolydian | G♭ | A♭ | B♭ | C♭ | D♭ | E♭ | F♭ | 7 |
| C Mixolydian | C | D | E | F | G | A | B♯ | 13 | D♭ Mixolydian | D♭ | E♭ | F | G♭ | A♭ | B♭ | C♭ | 6 |
| G Mixolydian | G | A | B | C | D | E | F | 14 | A♭ Mixolydian | A♭ | B♭ | C | D♭ | E♭ | F | G♭ | 5 |
| | | | | | | | | | E♭ Mixolydian | E♭ | F | G | A♭ | B♭ | C | D♭ | 4 |
| | | | | | | | | | B♭ Mixolydian | B♭ | C | D | E♭ | F | G | A♭ | 3 |
| | | | | | | | | | F Mixolydian | F | G | A | B♭ | C | D | E♭ | 2 |
| | | | | | | | | | C Mixolydian | C | D | E | F | G | A | B♭ | 1 |
| | | | | | | | | | G Mixolydian | G | A | B | C | D | E | F | 0 |

#### Aeolian mode (natural minor scale)

| Key signature | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Number of sharps | Key signature | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Number of flats |
| A minor | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | 0 | | | | | | | | |
| E minor | E | F♯ | G | A | B | C | D | 1 | | | | | | | | |
| B minor | B | C♯ | D | E | F♯ | G | A | 2 | | | | | | | | |
| F♯ minor | F♯ | G♯ | A | B | C♯ | D | E | 3 | | | | | | | | |
| C♯ minor | C♯ | D♯ | E | F♯ | G♯ | A | B | 4 | | | | | | | | |
| G♯ minor | G♯ | A♯ | B | C♯ | D♯ | E | F♯ | 5 | A minor | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | 14 |
| D♯ minor | D♯ | E♯ | F♯ | G♯ | A♯ | B | C♯ | 6 | E minor | E | F♭ | G | A | B | C | D | 13 |
| A♯ minor | A♯ | B♯ | C♯ | D♯ | E♯ | F♯ | G♯ | 7 | B minor | B | C♭ | D | E | F♭ | G | A | 12 |
| E♯ minor | E♯ | F | G♯ | A♯ | B♯ | C♯ | D♯ | 8 | F♭ minor | F♭ | G♭ | A | B | C♭ | D | E | 11 |
| B♯ minor | B♯ | C | D♯ | E♯ | F | G♯ | A♯ | 9 | C♭ minor | C♭ | D♭ | E | F♭ | G♭ | A | B | 10 |
| F minor | F | G | A♯ | B♯ | C | D♯ | E♯ | 10 | G♭ minor | G♭ | A♭ | B | C♭ | D♭ | E | F♭ | 9 |
| C minor | C | D | E♯ | F | G | A♯ | B♯ | 11 | D♭ minor | D♭ | E♭ | F♭ | G♭ | A♭ | B | C♭ | 8 |
| G minor | G | A | B♯ | C | D | E♯ | F | 12 | A♭ minor | A♭ | B♭ | C♭ | D♭ | E♭ | F♭ | G♭ | 7 |
| D minor | D | E | F | G | A | B♯ | C | 13 | E♭ minor | E♭ | F | G♭ | A♭ | B♭ | C♭ | D♭ | 6 |
| A minor | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | 14 | B♭ minor | B♭ | C | D♭ | E♭ | F | G♭ | A♭ | 5 |
| | | | | | | | | | F minor | F | G | A♭ | B♭ | C | D♭ | E♭ | 4 |
| | | | | | | | | | C minor | C | D | E♭ | F | G | A♭ | B♭ | 3 |
| | | | | | | | | | G minor | G | A | B♭ | C | D | E♭ | F | 2 |
| | | | | | | | | | D minor | D | E | F | G | A | B♭ | C | 1 |
| | | | | | | | | | A minor | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | 0 |

#### Locrian mode

| Key signature | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Number of sharps | Key signature | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Scale | Number of flats |
| B Locrian | B | C | D | E | F | G | A | 0 | | | | | | | | |
| F♯ Locrian | F♯ | G | A | B | C | D | E | 1 | | | | | | | | |
| C♯ Locrian | C♯ | D | E | F♯ | G | A | B | 2 | | | | | | | | |
| G♯ Locrian | G♯ | A | B | C♯ | D | E | F♯ | 3 | | | | | | | | |
| D♯ Locrian | D♯ | E | F♯ | G♯ | A | B | C♯ | 4 | | | | | | | | |
| A♯ Locrian | A♯ | B | C♯ | D♯ | E | F♯ | G♯ | 5 | B Locrian | B | C | D | E | F | G | A | 14 |
| E♯ Locrian | E♯ | F♯ | G♯ | A♯ | B | C♯ | D♯ | 6 | F♭ Locrian | F♭ | G | A | B | C | D | E | 13 |
| B♯ Locrian | B♯ | C♯ | D♯ | E♯ | F♯ | G♯ | A♯ | 7 | C♭ Locrian | C♭ | D | E | F♭ | G | A | B | 12 |
| F Locrian | F | G♯ | A♯ | B♯ | C♯ | D♯ | E♯ | 8 | G♭ Locrian | G♭ | A | B | C♭ | D | E | F♭ | 11 |
| C Locrian | C | D♯ | E♯ | F | G♯ | A♯ | B♯ | 9 | D♭ Locrian | D♭ | E | F♭ | G♭ | A | B | C♭ | 10 |
| G Locrian | G | A♯ | B♯ | C | D♯ | E♯ | F | 10 | A♭ Locrian | A♭ | B | C♭ | D♭ | E | F♭ | G♭ | 9 |
| D Locrian | D | E♯ | F | G | A♯ | B♯ | C | 11 | E♭ Locrian | E♭ | F♭ | G♭ | A♭ | B | C♭ | D♭ | 8 |
| A Locrian | A | B♯ | C | D | E♯ | F | G | 12 | B♭ Locrian | B♭ | C♭ | D♭ | E♭ | F♭ | G♭ | A♭ | 7 |
| E Locrian | E | F | G | A | B♯ | C | D | 13 | F Locrian | F | G♭ | A♭ | B♭ | C♭ | D♭ | E♭ | 6 |
| B Locrian | B | C | D | E | F | G | A | 14 | C Locrian | C | D♭ | E♭ | F | G♭ | A♭ | B♭ | 5 |
| | | | | | | | | | G Locrian | G | A♭ | B♭ | C | D♭ | E♭ | F | 4 |
| | | | | | | | | | D Locrian | D | E♭ | F | G | A♭ | B♭ | C | 3 |
| | | | | | | | | | A Locrian | A | B♭ | C | D | E♭ | F | G | 2 |
| | | | | | | | | | E Locrian | E | F | G | A | B♭ | C | D | 1 |
| | | | | | | | | | B Locrian | B | C | D | E | F | G | A | 0 |