# Pacific Station

The Pacific Station was created in 1837 as one of the geographical military formations into which the Royal Navy divided its worldwide responsibilities. The South America Station was split into the Pacific Station and the South East Coast of America Station.

## History

The British Pacific Squadron was established in 1813 to support British interests along the eastern shores of the Pacific Ocean at Valparaíso, Chile. In 1837, when the South America station was split, this responsibility was passed to the Commander-in-Chief, Pacific. In 1843, George Paulet, captain of Carysfort, took her out from Valparaíso to Honolulu to demand the islands of the Kingdom of Hawaii for Britain. King Kamehameha III capitulated and signed the islands over to Paulet. In the summer of that year, Rear-Admiral Richard Darton Thomas set out from Valparaíso in Dublin to rein Paulet in. On 31 July 1843, Thomas assured the King that the occupation was over and that there was no British claim over the islands.
In 1842, Pandora was sent north to survey the coast of Vancouver Island and what would become the Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard. During the survey trip, the crew of Pandora found that Esquimalt Harbour had a size and depth suited for use as a Royal Navy harbour. As tensions between Britain and America rose during the Oregon boundary dispute a base at the southern end of Vancouver Island would help strengthen the British claim to all of the island. The Oregon Treaty of 1846 ceded control over all of the island to Britain. In 1848, Constance was sent to Esquimalt and was the first vessel to be stationed there. In the summer of 1854, several ships, including President, Pique, Trincomalee, Amphitrite, and Virago, set out from Valparaíso and sailed across the Pacific Ocean, stopping at the Marquesas Islands and eventually Honolulu, where they met a French fleet of warships. In late August, the combined fleets sailed to Russia to engage in the Siege of Petropavlovsk, during which Rear Admiral David Price, the Commander-in-Chief, died. Captain Frederick William Erskine Nicolson of Pique was brevetted and took command of the British naval forces from 31 August 1854 until the arrival of the next Commander-in-Chief. In 1855, three "Crimean huts" were built at Esquimalt to serve as a hospital intended to receive wounded from the Crimean War. The huts were the first shore establishment at Esquimalt.
The presence of forests full of straight grained conifers such as the Coast Douglas fir meant that Vancouver Island could provide shipbuilding material suitable for spar making in the age of sail. The later discovery of coal on the island and at Vancouver's Coal Harbour, meant that the area could also serve as a useful resource in the age of steam as well. Rear-Admiral Robert Lambert Baynes, aware of the political importance of maintaining British sovereignty amidst the San Juan Boundary Dispute and the British Columbia gold rushes recommended to the Admiralty a move of the station headquarters from Valparaíso to Esquimalt in November 1859.
By 1865, Esquimalt was recognized as the base headquarters of the Pacific Station. The move from Valparaíso to Esquimalt helped the Pacific Station avoid involvement in the Chincha Islands War (1864–1866) between Spain, Chile, and Peru. Rear-Admiral de Horsey ordered Shah commanded by Frederick Bedford, against the Nicolás de Piérola-led Huáscar in the Battle of Pacocha on 29 May 1877. In that battle, Shah fired one Whitehead torpedo at Huáscar, but it missed its mark and Huáscar got away.
A graving dock large enough to accommodate the largest ships in the Pacific fleet was commissioned at Esquimalt in 1887. After a period of relaxing tensions meant that British interests in British Columbia were secured, the Station was maintained to counter Russian ambitions in the Pacific. The Station was also crucial in defending British Columbia from the United States in the Alaska Boundary Dispute, during the contemporaneous 1898 Spanish–American War, when the US threatened to forcibly invade and annex British Columbia if its demands over Alaska were not met.
By the end of the 19th century, improved communications, the signing of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the need to concentrate warships in British waters to counter the developing German High Seas Fleet, meant that the station was closed down at sunset on 1 March 1905. Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard was transferred to the Canadian Department of Marine and Fisheries. The Pacific Station's responsibilities were divided between the China, Australia and the North America and West Indies Stations (the latter of which would also become responsible for the western South Atlantic, becoming the America and West Indies station after the First World War, with its Bermuda-based cruisers regularly cruising through the Panama Canal and up the western coast of North America to visit Esquimalt and other locations on the Pacific Coast of Canada).
After passage of the Naval Service Act in 1910, there was a Canadian Naval Service that controlled the base at Esquimalt and that service became the Royal Canadian Navy in 1911. In the 1960s, the amalgamation of defence services in Canada led to its re-constitution as Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt that includes HMC Dockyard.

## Commanders-in-Chief, Pacific

Most commanders-in-chief of the station held the rank of rear admiral, with the exceptions of Hamond and Hastings who were each promoted to vice admiral before being reassigned to other duties, and Goodrich who was a commodore.
List of Commanders-in-chief, Pacific (1837–1905) :
| Commander in Chief, Pacific | From | Until | Flagship | Notes |
| Rear Admiral Charles Ross | 4 September 1837 | 1841 | HMS President | |
| Rear Admiral Richard Thomas | 5 May 1841 | 1844 | HMS Dublin | |
| Rear Admiral Sir George Seymour | 14 May 1844 | 25 August 1847 | HMS Collingwood | |
| Rear Admiral Phipps Hornby | 25 August 1847 | 21 August 1850 | HMS Asia | |
| Rear Admiral Fairfax Moresby | 21 August 1850 | 17 August 1853 | HMS Portland | |
| Rear Admiral David Price | 17 August 1853 | 30 August 1854 | HMS President | Died at the Siege of Petropavlovsk |
| Rear Admiral Henry Bruce | 25 November 1854 | 8 July 1857 | HMS Monarch | |
| Rear Admiral Robert Baynes | 8 July 1857 | 5 May 1860 | HMS Ganges | |
| Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Maitland | 5 May 1860 | 31 October 1862 | HMS Bacchante | |
| Rear Admiral John Kingcome | 31 October 1862 | 10 May 1864 | HMS Sutlej | Promoted vice-admiral while in appointment on 5 March 1864; after whom Kingcome Inlet is named |
| Rear Admiral Joseph Denman | 10 May 1864 | 21 November 1866 | HMS Sutlej | |
| Rear Admiral George Hastings | 21 November 1866 | 1 November 1869 | HMS Zealous | Promoted to vice-admiral while in appointment on 10 September 1869 |
| Rear Admiral Arthur Farquhar | 1 November 1869 | 9 July 1872 | HMS Zealous | |
| Rear Admiral Charles Hillyar | 9 July 1872 | 6 June 1873 | HMS Repulse | Promoted to vice-admiral while in appointment on 29 May 1873 |
| Rear Admiral Arthur Cochrane | 6 June 1873 | 15 April 1876 | HMS Repulse | |
| Rear Admiral George Hancock | 15 April 1876 | 6 August 1876 | HMS Repulse | |
| Rear Admiral Algernon de Horsey | 6 August 1876 | 21 July 1879 | HMS Shah | |
| Rear Admiral Frederick Stirling | 21 July 1879 | 10 December 1881 | HMS Triumph | |
| Rear Admiral Algernon Lyons | 10 December 1881 | 13 September 1884 | HMS Triumph | |
| Rear Admiral John Baird | 13 September 1884 | 4 July 1885 | HMS Swiftsure | |
| Rear Admiral Sir Michael Culme-Seymour | 4 July 1885 | 20 September 1887 | HMS Triumph | |
| Rear Admiral Algernon Heneage | 20 September 1887 | 4 February 1890 | HMS Triumph HMS Swiftsure | Promoted to vice-admiral while in appointment on 29 November 1889 |
| Rear Admiral Charles Hotham | 4 February 1890 | 2 March 1893 | HMS Warspite | |
| Rear Admiral Henry Stephenson | 2 March 1893 | 5 March 1896 | HMS Royal Arthur | |
| Rear Admiral Henry Palliser | 5 March 1896 | 20 March 1899 | HMS Imperieuse | |
| Rear Admiral Lewis Beaumont | 20 March 1899 | 15 October 1900 | HMS Warspite | |
| Rear Admiral Andrew Bickford | 15 October 1900 | 15 October 1903 | HMS Warspite HMS Grafton | |
| Commodore James Goodrich | 15 October 1903 | 1 March 1905 | HMS Grafton HMS Bonaventure | |

## Legacy

The largest remnant of the Pacific Station is the CFB Esquimalt naval base in western Canada. Many geographical features of Vancouver Island and British Columbia are named after captains, commanders, and ships assigned to the Pacific Station. The Arco Británico triumphal arch in Valparaíso was constructed to commemorate the British presence in the city, including several Naval commanders. Thomas Square in Honolulu is named after Admiral Richard Darton Thomas. Although Union Flags were flown over Hawaii as early as 1816, the current state flag of Hawaii design dates from the close of the Paulet Affair and features a British Union Flag in its canton to commemorate the help that Thomas rendered the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Charles Darwin's visits to Valparaíso, Cerro La Campana, and the Galápagos Islands led to publication of The Voyage of the Beagle which, along with later works such as On the Origin of Species, helped to establish the field of evolutionary biology.