# Operation Fairfax

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Before 1955 1782 Saigon massacre (1782) Province of Gia Định Siege of Saigon (18 February 1859 – 25 February 1861) Battle of Ky Hoa (February 1861) Treaty of Saigon (1862) Treaty of Saigon (1874) Battle of Saigon (1955) :
Vietnam War 1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt (11 November 1960) Operation Chopper (12 January 1962) 1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing (27 February 1962) Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức (11 June 1963) Double Seven Day scuffle (7 July 1963) Xá Lợi Pagoda raids (21 August 1963) 1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état (1–2 November 1963) Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm (2 November 1963) Attack on USNS Card (2 May 1964) 1964 Brinks Hotel bombing (24 December 1964) 1965 United States embassy bombing (30 March 1965) 1965 Saigon bombing (25 June 1965) Operation Jackstay (26 March – 6 April 1966) Operation Fairfax (November 1966 – 15 December 1967) Viet Cong attack on Tan Son Nhut Air Base (4–5 December 1966) Tet offensive battle of Cholon and Phu Tho Racetrack (31 January – 11 February 1968) Tet offensive attack on Joint General Staff Compound (31 January – 1 February 1968) Tet offensive attack on Tan Son Nhut Air Base (31 January 1968) Tet offensive attack on the United States embassy (31 January 1968) Battle of West Saigon (5–12 May 1968) Battle of South Saigon (7–12 May 1968) Hijacking of Pan Am Flight 841 (2 July 1972) Bombing of Tan Son Nhut Air Base (28 April 1975) Operation Frequent Wind (29–30 April 1975) Fall of Saigon (30 April 1975) :
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Operation Fairfax was a joint counterinsurgency/pacification operation conducted by the II Field Force, Vietnam and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) in Gia Định Province, near Saigon lasting from November 1966 to 15 December 1967.

## Prelude

In October 1966, U.S. intelligence estimated that the Viet Cong (VC) in Gia Định Province, fielded eight battalions, each of 200-300 members known collectively as the 165A "Capital Liberation" Regiment. In Bình Chánh District the VC had overrun a police station and repeatedly cut roads in the area. Concerned by the deteriorating security situation around the capital, in November 1966 COMUSMACV General William Westmoreland proposed a joint U.S./ARVN security operation to General Cao Văn Viên Chief of the Joint General Staff (JGS). The operational plan would pair U.S. and ARVN Battalions to conduct security operations in Bình Chánh, Nhà Bè and Thủ Đức districts around Saigon. They would operate mostly at night, minimizing disruption to the civilian population and confronting the VC when they were most active. The units would set up population control checkpoints in coordination with the police and establish joint military/police security centers in each district to centralize the collection of intelligence.$^{:156–7}$
II Field Force, Vietnam would be responsible for the U.S. participation taking a battalion from the 1st Infantry Division and two from the 25th Infantry Division. The ARVN units would come from III Corps.$^{:157}$ It was expected that by February 1967 the Vietnamese would be able to take responsibility for the entire operation and U.S. units could be deployed elsewhere.$^{:158}$

## Operation

The operation commenced in December and by the end of the month had claimed 235 VC killed or captured as compared to 15 in November, however despite a general improvement in security ambushes actually increased during this period.$^{:157}$
In January 1967, General Westmoreland ordered that the 199th Infantry Brigade commanded by Brigadier general Charles Ryder take over as the dedicated unit responsible for the operation. In February VC killed or captured increased to over 300.$^{:158}$
In March, Ryder was promoted and replaced as commander of the 199th Brigade by Brigadier general John F. Freund, Westmoreland's former assistant and MACV training director who had close relationships with Viên and National Police Chief General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan.$^{:158–9}$
In March and April, security in the operational area appeared to improve, but this was regarded as illusory while the South Vietnamese Government continued to delay reforms and public works creating apathy among the populace who were open to the VC political agenda. Intelligence operations were having limited success in identifying and eliminating the VC political infrastructure.$^{:159}$
By June, Westmoreland was of the view that the ARVN and National Police had become too dependent on the U.S. to bear the burden of the operation and he advised Viên that by the end of 1967 the 199th Brigade would be withdrawn from Gia Định Province. Viên agreed with this change and was embarrassed that U.S. units had had to be responsible for the defense of the capital for so long. He ordered that the 5th Ranger Group take over ARVN responsibility for the operation.$^{:160}$
By July, over 75 U.S./ARVN ambushes were being set up each night and bases had been established to interdict traffic on the Đồng Nai river. U.S. helicopter gunships sank an estimated 700 VC sampans during the course of the operation.$^{:160–1}$
In August, Freund was wounded during an operation and command passed to Brigadier general Robert C. Forbes. Forbes regarded the Rangers as still being too dependent on the U.S. "buddy" units, but given their limited resources this was hardly surprising and he arranged to have more modern equipment delivered and U.S. advisers attached.$^{:161}$
On 24 September, the pairing of U.S. and ARVN units was discontinued and the 199th Brigade and ARVN Rangers operated independently in different sectors, occasionally conducting combined operations.$^{:161}$

## Aftermath

Operation Fairfax officially concluded on 15 December, the US claimed VC losses were over 1,200 killed or captured.$^{:162}$ While Westmoreland regarded the operation as a limited success, he concluded that the integration of U.S. and ARVN units was counterproductive, reducing the ARVN to combat auxiliaries.$^{:162}$
While the operation had somewhat improved security in Gia Định Province, this was only temporary as the VC infrastructure had not been seriously disrupted and within six weeks of the end of the operation the VC were able to launch their Tet Offensive attacks on Saigon.