OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cheng brothers

The Cheng brothers (Er Cheng, 二程, lit 2 Chengs) were two brothers Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi who were prominent Confucian philosophers during the Song dynasty.

## Scholarship

In their early years the Cheng brothers studied under Zhou Dunyi and developed the science of nature from Mencius to Zhou Dunyi in Philosophy, establishing a system of science centered on the "Divine Principle". The most important academic proposition of the brothers is that "everything is just a heavenly principle.

## Differences

Cheng Hao is lively and natural, but Cheng Yi is serious and upright, sacred and inviolable, and even inhumane, which is the "face of Taoism" seen in later generations. In terms of Women Chastity, Cheng Yi thought, "...... If you take someone who is out of line to match your body, you are out of line. The first thing that I did was to ask Cheng Yi: "Widowhood is poor and helpless, can she remarry? Some people are afraid of freezing to death and starving to death, so they use the cold and hunger as an excuse.，As the standard for measuring the virtuous ladies. Zhu Xi (1130–1200) also agreed with this statement in his "Letter to Chen Shizhong": "In the past, Mr. Ichuan tried to discuss this matter, thinking that starving to death is a small matter, but losing modesty is a big matter. But when viewed by a gentleman who knows the scriptures and understands reason, he can see that it is not easy. He advocated that women should "be devoted to one another" and suppress "human desire".

## Rating

Jiang Chenying has summarized: "Henan Erchengzi to hold respect for the study of teaching. Its purpose to strict and respectful as scrupulous, its work began to move appearance, correct color, out of the rhetoric gas between, and pushed to the end of sex up to the sky to know the fate of the base of the work of the sage, the scholar no time and can leave."
Xiong Zhichu said: "Since Yao and Shun, the saints and sages have passed on to each other without crossing one respect. The one who respects is the one who goes through the top and the bottom, and becomes the way of the beginning and the end. ...... Ercheng both to a respect to receive the transmission of a thousand saints, and Yichuan is especially for the main nothing suitable for the solution, and thus repeatedly invented, so that the scholars have to hold, as a transcendent into the sage. Zhu Zi said Cheng's merit in the latter, the most is the main respect."
# 1887 in Romania

Events from the year 1887 in Romania.

## Incumbents

* King: Carol I.
* Prime Minister: Ion Brătianu

## Births

* 21 February – Claudia Millian, poet (died 1961).
* 18 March – Ion Negulescu, lieutenant general during World War II, Minister of War in 1944–1945, (died 1949).
* 1 April – Aurel Aldea, lieutenant general during World War II, Interior Minister, and anti-communist resistance leader, died in Aiud Prison (died 1949).
* 13 May – Elena Caragiani-Stoenescu, first Romanian woman aviator (died 1929).
* 11 July – Nicolae Păiș, counter-admiral, undersecretary of state, who died at Aiud Prison (died 1952).
# Yamaguchi Keizō

Yamaguchi Keizō (山口 圭蔵, November 3, 1861 – June 15, 1932) was a Japanese general in the Imperial Japanese Army. He held the court rank of Junior Fourth Rank.

## Life

Yamaguchi was born on November 3, 1861, in Kyoto, the eldest son of shizoku Yamaguchi Masakiyo.
He graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1879, and was appointed second lieutenant. In 1885, he graduated from the Army War College.
In 1890, Yamaguchi was appointed to the 2nd Bureau of the General Staff Office. He was promoted to major in 1891, and was appointed an instructor at the Military Medical School in 1893. The following year, he was appointed 2nd Battalion Commander of the 21st Infantry Regiment and fought in the First Sino-Japanese War.
On October 11, 1897, Yamaguchi was appointed colonel of the Army Infantry, principal of the Toyama Military Academy, and director of the Kangunbu (a management organization of the Imperial Japanese Army). The next year, he was appointed Chief of Staff, 11th Division.
Yamaguchi was made major general and appointed commander of the 5th Infantry Brigade on May 5, 1902. However, during the Russo-Japanese War, Nanbu Shinpei replaced Yamaguchi as acting commander in 1904. Yamaguchi was officially dismissed from the post and sent to temporary retirement in January 1905. In March 1907, he was placed in service in the first reserve.
He received the court rank of Junior Fourth Rank on April 20, 1907.

## Family

* Eldest daughter: Chiyoko (married Count Saigō Jūdō's seventh son)
* Second daughter: Yaeko (married Baron Yoshitoki Sugitani)
* Third daughter: Mihoko (married Count Nobutomi Ōki)

## Orders

* Order of the Sacred Treasure, 6th class, Silver Rays (1893)
* Order of the Sacred Treasure, 4th class, Gold Rays with Rosette (1902)
* Order of the Sacred Treasure, 3rd class, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon (1904)
# Namaqualand Daisies

Namaqualand Daisies is a South Africa field hockey club. The club was established in 2016, and is one of 6 established to compete in South African Hockey Association's new premier domestic competition, Premier Hockey League.

## History

The Namaqualand Daisies have been inspired by famous tourist areas in Namaqua National Park in Northern Cape.

## Tournament history
### Premier Hockey League

* 2016 - 4th
* 2017 - 4th
* 2018 - 5th
* 2019 - 4th

## Teams

The women's team was announced on 10 July 2019.
Head Coach: Bevan Bennet
* Maboloke Serage (GK)
* Lizanne Jacobs
* Ammaarah Hendricks
* Ashleigh Thomas
* Lezaan Janse van Vuren
* Laila Williams
* Lethabo Nkoe
* Bianca Wood
* Lerato Mahole
* Shelmy Hall
* Kelsey Minnaar
* Thati Segaole
* Anke Badenhorst
* Sare Laubscher
* Sasha Sivertsen
* Mia Barnard
* Jean-Leigh du Toit
* Mishka Ellis (GK)
# 1709 in Russia

Events from the year 1709 in Russia.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Peter I

## Events

* 24 January - The Central Naval Museum was established.
* 20-22 February - Swedish forces win the Battle of Krasnokutsk–Gorodnoye
* 30 June - Swedish forces surrender at Perevolochna
* 8 July - Russians win the Battle of Poltava, halting the Swedish invasion of Russia.
* 9 October - Treaty of Thorn (1709) between Russia and Poland-Lithuania.

## Births

* 29 December - Elizabeth of Russia

## Deaths

* 28 October - Demetrius of Rostov
# 1737 in Russia

Events from the year 1737 in Russia

## Event

* 1737 Kamchatka earthquake

## Birth

* Platon Levshin, Metropolitan of Moscow
* Iosif Igelström, Russian general
* Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov, Russian soldier
* Vasily Bazhenov, Russian neoclassical architect
* Wilhelm Derfelden, Russian general of the cavalry

## Death

* Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn the Elder, Russian aristocrat
* Stepan Velyaminov, Russian general
# Myryla

Myryla (Russian: Мырыла; Yakut: Мырыла, Mırıla) is a rural locality (a selo) the administrative center, and one of two inhabited localities including Khakhyyakh of Solovyevsky Rural Okrug in Churapchinsky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 76 kilometers (47 mi) from Churapcha, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 507; down from 570 recorded in the 2002 Census.

## Geography

The village is located south-east of the center of the Churapchinsky ulus, which is 85 kilometers from Churapchi.

## Population

Population size :
| 2002 | 2010 |
| 570 | ↘ 507 |

### Gender composition

According to the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, out of the population of 507 people there are 260 men and 247 women (51.3% and 48.7%, respectively).

### National composition

According to the 2002 census, in the national structure of the population, the Yakuts accounted for 100% of the total population of 570 people.
# 1757 in Russia

Events from the year 1757 in Russia

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Elizabeth

## Events

* Imperial Academy of Arts
# 1761 in Russia

Events from the year 1761 in Russia

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Elizabeth

## Events

* 1 April — The Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire sign a treaty of alliance.
* 16 December — Under the leadership of Pyotr Rumyantsev, Russian forces besiege and take control of the Prussian city of Kolberg during the Seven Years' War.

## Births

* Apollon Aleksandrovich Maykov, poet (d.1838)
* Yekaterina Sinyavina, composer (d.1784)
* Yekaterina von Engelhardt, noblewoman (d.1829)
* Yelizaveta Palmenbach, pedagogue (d.1832)
* 19 July ― Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov, experimental physicist (d.1834)
* 16 August ― Yevstigney Fomin, opera composer (d.1800)
* 19 August ― Andreyan Zakharov, architect (d.1811)
* 27 September ― Karl Gustav von Baggovut, military leader (d.1812)
* December — Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, military leader (d.1818)

## Deaths

* Ivan Vishnyakov, painter (b.1699)
# 1768 in Russia

Events from the year 1768 in Russia

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Catherine II

## Events

* Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)

## Births

* Vera Zavadovskaya, courtier (d. 1845)
* Avdotya Vorobyeva
# 1788 in Russia

Events from the year 1788 in Russia

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Catherine II

## Events

* Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) begins
** Battle of Hogland
* Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) continues
** Siege of Khotin (1788)
** Siege of Ochakov (1788)
** Naval actions at the siege of Ochakov (1788)
** Battle of Fidonisi
* Fruntimmersskolan i Viborg founded
* Kremlin Senate building completed
* Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly established
* Ulyoty town founded

## Births

* Alexander Albrecht (general), cavalry commander
* Yekaterina Avdeyeva, writer
* Auguste-Joseph Desarnod, French engraver and battle painter who spent most of his life in Russia
* Duke Eugen of Württemberg (1788–1857), German aristocratic exile and Russian general
* Maria Ikonina, ballerina. (d. 1866)
* Pavel Kiselyov, general, statesman, and reformer
* Sergey Stepanovich Lanskoy, Minister of the Interior 1855-1861, reformer
* Mikhail Lazarev, explorer and admiral
* Nikita Pankratiev, general
* Catherine Pavlovna of Russia, fourth daughter of Paul I of Russia
* Louis-Victor-Léon de Rochechouart, French aristocratic exile and Russian general
* Mikhail Vielgorsky, Russian official, composer, and arts patron
* Sergey Volkonsky, general and Decembrist
* Karl Friedrich von Rennenkampff, Baltic German general
* Semyon Yanovsky, Russian naval officer, the third governor of Russian America

## Deaths

* Samuel Greig, Scottish sailor who became a Russian admiral
* Maria Rumyantseva, courtier (born 1699)
* Pyotr Sheremetev, wealthy nobleman and courtier
* Mikhail Volkonsky, general and statesman
# 1789 in Russia

Events from the year 1789 in Russia

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Catherine II

## Events

* Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
** June 13 - Battle of Porrassalmi
** July 26 - Battle of Öland (1789)
** August 24 - Battle of Svensksund (1789)
** September 30 - Battle of Elgsö
* Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
** August 1 - Battle of Focșani
** September 22 - Battle of Rymnik
* Kirov Plant (factory) established
* Mykolaiv (city) founded
* Moscow Gostiny Dvor shopping mall rebuilt
* St. Vladimir's Cathedral (St. Petersburg)
* Tauride Palace built

## Births

* Thaddeus Bulgarin - writer and publisher
* Prince Constantine of Imereti (1789–1844) - Georgian prince, general in Russian service
* Johann Cornies - Prussian Mennonite settler and agricultural reformer
* Pavel Gagarin - statesman
* Fedor Mirkovich - general
* Dmitri Osten-Sacken - Baltic German/Russian general
* Maria Szymanowska - Polish composer and pianist who settled in St. Petersburg
* Mikhail Tikhanov - artist
* Nikolay Turgenev - economist and political theorist

## Deaths

* Nikita Akinfiyevich Demidov, industrialist, landowner, scientist
* Semyon Desnitsky, legal scholar
# 1793 in Russia
## Incumbents

* Monarch – Catherine II

## Events

* Minsk Governorate
* Orthodox Eparchy of Minsk and Slutsk
* Second Partition of Poland

## Births

* Jafargulu Bakikhanov (1793-1867) - Azerbaijani noble who became a Russian general
* Maria Danilova (1793-1810) - ballet dancer
* Apollon Galafeyev (1793-1853) - general
* Nikolay Kobozev (1793-1866) - merchant, first mayor of Berdiansk
* Karl Eduard von Napiersky (1793-1864) - Latvian historian
* Pavel Pestel (1793-1826) - revolutionary, Decembrist
* Feodor Pryanishnikov (1793-1867) - post office administrator and reformer
* Elena Yezhova (1793-1853) - opera singer and actress

## Deaths

* Karl Blank (1728-1793) - architect
* Mikhail Krechetnikov (1729-1793) - general
# 1798 in Russia

Events from the year 1798 in Russia

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Paul I

## Events

* War of the Second Coalition
** Siege of Corfu (1798–1799)
* S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy founded
* Ostankino Palace completed

## Births

* Ivane Andronikashvili (died 1868), Georgian prince, Russian general
* Łukasz Baraniecki (died 1858), Archbishop of Lviv
* Alexander Brullov (died 1877), painter
* Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia) (died 1860), Empress of Russia, wife of Emperor Nicholas I
* Anton Delvig (died 1831), poet and journalist
* Pavel Nikolaievich Demidov (died 1840), nobleman, philanthropist and industrialist
* Alexander Gorchakov (died 1883), diplomat and statesman
* Anton Legashov (died 1865), painter
* Iulian Liublinskii (died 1876), nobleman and Decembrist
* Alexei Lvov (died 1870), composer
* Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia (died 1849), archduke, military commander
* Elisei Morozov (died 1868), businessman of the Morozovs dynasty
* Nikolay Protasov (died 1855), general, attorney-general of the Most Holy Synod
* Ivan Pushchin (died 1859), Decembrist and friend of Alexander Pushkin
* Valerian Safonovich (died 1867), governor of Oryol 1854-1861
* Joseph Semashko (died 1868), archbishop
* Sofya Shcherbatova (died 1885), philanthropist
* Ivan Sherwood Verny (died 1867), army officer who helped reveal the Decembrists
* Menucha Rochel Slonim (died 1888), Rebbetzin, matriarch of the Chabad dynasty, emigrant to Hebron
* Ana Gruzinskaya Tolstaya (died 1889), noblewoman

## Deaths

* Peter Bielański (born 1736), bishop of the Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv
* Vladimir Borisovich Golitsyn (born 1731), nobleman and soldier
* Gabriel Lenkiewicz (born 1722), priest, Temporary Vicar General of the Society of Jesus 1785-1798
# 1812 in Russia

Events from the year 1812 in Russia

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Alexander I

## Events

* Patriotic Society (Russia)
* French invasion of Russia
* Fire of Moscow (1812)

## Births

* Nadezhda Borisovna Trubetskaya, philanthropist (died 1909)
# Vernon Bartlett

Charles Vernon Oldfield Bartlett, CBE (30 April 1894 – 18 January 1983) was an English journalist, politician and author. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1938 to 1950: first as an Independent Progressive advocating a Popular Front, then for the Common Wealth Party, and then again as an Independent Progressive.

## Life

Born at Westbury, Wiltshire, Bartlett was educated at Blundell's School, then joined the British Army during the First World War, from which he was invalided out. He became a journalist, working for the Daily Mail, and later was a foreign correspondent for The Times. In 1922, he was appointed director of the London office of the League of Nations, after which he worked as a news reporter for BBC radio. He did not have his BBC contract renewed after his coverage of Hitler's decision to leave the League of Nations in 1933 was deemed too sympathetic ("not beastly enough"). In 1933, he joined the News Chronicle and was its diplomatic correspondent for twenty years, including a period in Spain during the Spanish Civil War.
Bartlett was elected to the House of Commons for the Somerset seat of Bridgwater as a Popular Front candidate opposed to appeasement in a by-election held on 18 November 1938. He held the seat for twelve years.
In 1942, Bartlett, Richard Acland, J. B. Priestley, and others established the socialist Common Wealth Party. At the 1945 election, Bartlett held his Bridgwater seat, standing as an Independent. In 1950, he joined the Labour Party and retired from parliament.
In 1954, Bartlett also retired from his work with the News Chronicle and moved to Singapore, where he was both political commentator for The Straits Times and also South East Asia correspondent for The Manchester Guardian.

## Publications

* Calf Love, 1929
* Journey's End: a novel (with R. C. Sherriff), 1930
* Nazi Germany Explained, 1933
* This is My Life, 1937
* Tomorrow Always Comes, 1943
* East of the Iron Curtain, 1950
* Struggle for Africa, 1953
* You and your surfboard, 1953
* And Now, Tomorrow, 1960
* Tuscan Retreat, 1964
* A Book about Elba, 1965
* Introduction to Italy, 1967
* The Past of Pastimes, 1969
* The Colour of their Skin, 1969
* Tuscan Harvest, 1971
* Central Italy, 1972
* Northern Italy, 1973
* I Know What I Liked, 1974
# 1860 in Russia

Events from the year 1860 in Russia

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Alexander II

## Events

* Founding of the Moscow School for the Deaf
* St. Petersburg River Yacht Club
* Rēzekne I–Daugavpils Railway
* Circassian Majlis
* State Bank of the Russian Empire

## Births

* 29 January [O.S. 17 January] 1860 - Anton Chekhov, Russian playwright and short story writer. (d. 1904)
* 1 April - Sergey Reformatsky, Russian chemist (d. 1934)

## Deaths

* 5 October [O.S. 23 September] 1860 - Aleksey Khomyakov, Russian theologian, philosopher, poet and amateur artist who co-founded the Slavophile movement. (b. 1804)
# 1862 in Russia

Events from the year 1862 in Russia.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Alexander II

## Events

* Congregation of the Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy
* Moscow Yaroslavskaya railway station
* Saint Petersburg–Warsaw Railway
* New Michael Palace

## Births

* Rosa Pavlovsky de Rosemberg, Russian-born Argentine physician (d. 1936)
# Robyn Mudie

Robyn Mudie is an Australian diplomat who most recently served as the Ambassador to Vietnam from 2019 to 2022, and was the High Commissioner to Sri Lanka from 2012 until 2016 with non-resident accreditation to the Maldives.

## Education

Mudie was born and raised in Adelaide, Australia, and became interested in foreign policy and world affairs in college. She earned a Bachelor of Arts in politics and history from the University of Adelaide, and did further study in foreign affairs and trade at the Australian National University. She has a Master of Arts in Southeast Asian studies from the University of Hull.

## Career

Mudie is a career diplomat who first worked in Hanoi as a diplomat starting in 1993. She subsequently worked in New York in the Australian Permanent Mission to the United Nations; she was in New York City during the September 11 attacks.
Following her time in New York she worked in Geneva as Australia's representative to the United Nations. During this period she helped set up the United Nations Human Rights Council and was at its first meeting in 2006.
She then became the Australian High Commissioner to Sri Lanka and the Maldives, a position she held from 2012 until 2016. While there, her work projects included improving access to clean water. In 2019 she was named the Australian Ambassador to Vietnam. Her work in Vietnam has centered on advocating for leadership roles for women, reducing violence against women, providing aid and vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic, development assistance including collaboration in agricultural research and celebrating 50 years of cooperation between Vietnam and Australia. Her term in Vietnam ended in September 2022.
# Fernie Castle

Fernie Castle is an enlarged sixteenth-century tower house in north-east Fife, Scotland.
Originally built in an L-plan layout, it was later extended to include a three floor block which included a round tower at one of the corners. Situated just east of the village of Letham, the castle is now primarily used as a hotel which also caters to weddings.
When the Chinese real state company MDJM Ltd completed its acquisition on 26 June 2023, it was announced that the 14th-century tower house had undergone a renovation process and got the chance to offer weddings with 180 guests.
# Jim Gilmore (baseball)

James Gilmore (May 1, 1853 – November 18, 1928) was an American professional baseball player who played three games for the Washington Nationals during the 1875 season. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland and died there at the age of 75.
# Charles Woodruff (archer)

Charles Sherman Woodruff, Jr. (August 15, 1846 – September 6, 1927) was an American archer who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio and died in Chicago.
In 1904 he won the silver medal in the team competition. In the double American round he finished fourth and in the double York round he finished eighth.
His wife, Emily Woodruff, also competed in the 1904 Olympics.
# Open access in Austria

Open access to scholarly communication in Austria has developed in the 2010s largely through government initiatives. The Austrian Science Fund and Universities Austria [de] launched the "Open Access Netzwerk Austria" in 2012 to coordinate country-wide efforts. The "E-Infrastructures Austria" project began in 2014 to develop repositories. The international advocacy effort "OpenscienceASAP – Open Science as a Practice" is based in Austria.

## Repositories

There are a number of collections of scholarship in Austria housed in digital open access repositories. They contain journal articles, book chapters, data, and other research outputs that are free to read.

## Timeline

Key events in the development of open access in Austria include the following:
* 2007
** June: International Conference on Electronic Publishing held in Vienna.
* 2012
** Open Access Netzwerk Austria established.
* 2014
** E-Infrastructures Austria begins.
# 1869 in Russia

Events from the year 1869 in Russia.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Alexander II

## Events

* Aktobe
* Amvrosiivka
* Donetsk
* Dzhevanshirsky Uyezd
* Lazarevskoye Microdistrict
* Raduń Yeshiva
* Lanskaya railway station

## Births

* January 21 – Grigori Rasputin, mystic (d. 1916)
* February 26 – Nadezhda Krupskaya, Marxist revolutionary, Vladimir Lenin's wife (d. 1939)
* June 7 – Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia (d. 1870)