OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Degrees of freedom

In many scientific fields, the degrees of freedom of a system is the number of parameters of the system that may vary independently. For example, a point in the plane has two degrees of freedom for translation: its two coordinates; a non-infinitesimal object on the plane might have additional degrees of freedoms related to its orientation.
In mathematics, this notion is formalized as the dimension of a manifold or an algebraic variety. When degrees of freedom is used instead of dimension, this usually means that the manifold or variety that models the system is only implicitly defined. See:
* Degrees of freedom (mechanics), number of independent motions that are allowed to the body or, in case of a mechanism made of several bodies, number of possible independent relative motions between the pieces of the mechanism
* Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry), a term used in explaining dependence on parameters, or the dimensions of a phase space
* Degrees of freedom (statistics), the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary
* Degrees of freedom problem, the problem of controlling motor movement given abundant degrees of freedom
# TuralTuranX

TuralTuranX is an Azerbaijani musical duo consisting of twin brothers Tural and Turan Bağmanov (born 30 October 2000). They represented Azerbaijan in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 with their song "Tell Me More".

## History

Tural and Turan Bağmanov are from Zaqatala in northwestern Azerbaijan. They first saw a piano at school and were so fascinated by it that they often secretly practiced songs. Then their father bought them a used synthesizer. Later they also learned to play the guitar. TuralTuranX first appeared in schools and at some events. However, after the death of their father, they temporarily stopped making music.
Tural later moved to the capital Baku and founded the band TheRedJungle with a friend, with whom Turan also performed. The brothers also performed as street musicians.
On 2 February 2023, it was announced that TuralTuranX are among the last five candidates of Azerbaijan's internal selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2023. On 9 March, they were selected as the Azerbaijani representatives for the Eurovision Song Contest. They competed in the first semi-final on 9 May with their song "Tell Me More", but failed to qualify for the grand final, finishing 14th with 4 points, the worst result Azerbaijan had ever achieved at the contest.

## Personal lives

Tural and Turan Bağmanov had two other brothers named Emin and Jamal, both of whom died in a road accident in Yuxarı Tala in 2015.

## Discography
### Singles

* "Tell Me More" (2023)
* "Reasons to Get High" (2024)
# Victor Vernicos

Victor Vernicos Jørgensen (Greek: Βίκτωρ Βερνίκος Γιούργκενσεν; born 23 October 2006) is a Greek singer and songwriter. He represented Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 with the song "What They Say".

## Early life and career

Victor Vernicos was born in October 2006 in Athens to a Danish father (businessman Lars Juul Jørgensen) and a Greek mother (Marina Vernicou). He started piano lessons at the age of four, singing lessons at eight, and guitar lessons at ten. He started writing his own songs at the age of eleven, and has been producing his own music since 2021. In 2021, Vernicos first released a song that was written and produced entirely by himself. He has described Ed Sheeran as an influence of his.
In 2022, Vernicos announced that he had submitted a song to the Greek public broadcaster ERT to be considered as a possible entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2023. On 28 December 2022, it was revealed that his entry "What They Say" was among the seven shortlisted acts. Vernicos wrote the song at the age of 14. He subsequently advanced to the final three candidates.
On 30 January 2023, it was announced by ERT that Vernicos had been selected to represent Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023. He is the youngest artist to have represented Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest, as well as the youngest artist in the 2023 contest. He performed in the second semi-final, but did not qualify for the grand final, finishing 13th out of 16 with 14 points.

## Personal life

Through his maternal side, Victor is connected to the wealthy and influential Vernicos business family from Greece.

## Discography
### Singles

* 2020 – "Apart"
* 2021 – "Fake Club"
* 2021 – "Hope It's in Heaven"
* 2022 – "Youthful Eyes"
* 2022 – "Mean To"
* 2022 – "Out of This World"
* 2022 – "Brutally Honest with You"
* 2023 – "What They Say"
* 2023 – "The 968 Paradox"
* 2024 – "Fading"
* 2024 – "Enemy Lines"
* 2024 - "1s2s3s4s"
# The Hungry Years

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Christgau's Record Guide | C+ |
The Hungry Years is an album by Neil Sedaka released by The Rocket Record Company in 1975.
The album is the American edition of Overnight Success, with two songs being replaced.
“The Queen of 1964” reached #35 in the UK in March 1975. The Captain and Tennille’s 1976 cover of “Lonely Night (Angel Face)” hit #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified gold. "Bad Blood", with uncredited backing vocals by Elton John, reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1975, and remained in that position for three weeks before being replaced by Elton John's single "Island Girl". It was the most successful individual commercial release in Sedaka's career.
“The Hungry Years”, one of Sedaka's most frequently requested non-single tracks, marked Sedaka's reunion with his long-time collaborator Howard Greenfield after having broken off their partnership in 1973. Sedaka and Greenfield would again work together more regularly in the late 1970s.

## Personnel

Piano: Neil Sedaka
Guitar: Steve Cropper, Dean Parks
Bass: Leland Sklar
Drums: Nigel Olsson
Percussion: Milt Holland
Keyboards: David Foster
Horns: Chuck Findley, Jim Horn, Dick Hyde, Jackie Kelso Strings (arrangements): Artie Butler, Richard Carpenter
Backing Vocals: Donny Gerrard, Gail Haness, Ann Orson, Brian Russell, Brenda Russell

## Track listing

All music composed by Sedaka; lyricist in (parentheses).

### Side One

* "Crossroads" (Phil Cody)
* "Lonely Night (Angel Face)" (Sedaka)
* "Stephen" (Howard Greenfield)
* "Bad Blood" (Cody) (duet with Elton John)
* "Your Favorite Entertainer" (Cody)
* "Baby Blue" (Greenfield)

### Side Two

* "Tit for Tat" (Greenfield)
* "New York City Blues" (Cody)
* "When You Were Lovin' Me" (Cody)
* "The Hungry Years" (Greenfield)
* "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do" (Greenfield; torch version originally arranged by Lenny Welch)

### Bonus tracks from the 1998 CD re-issue

* (12) "Hey Mister Sunshine" (Dara Sedaka)
* (13) "The Queen Of 1964"*
* (14) "Betty Grable"
* (15) "Goodman Goodbye"* (Sedaka, Cody)
* "The Queen of 1964" was from Overnight Success; it was replaced by "Tit For Tat" in The Hungry Years.
* "Goodman Goodbye" was from Overnight Success; it was replaced by "Your Favorite Entertainer" in The Hungry Years.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Gold | 50,000$^^$ |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000$^^$ |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# 1880 in Portugal

Events in the year 1880 in Portugal.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Louis I
* Prime Minister: Anselmo José Braamcamp

## Sports

* S.U. 1º de Dezembro founded

## Births

* 8 July – Branca de Gonta Colaço, writer, scholar and linguist (d. 1945)
* 29 September – Liberato Pinto, politician (died 1949)

### Full date missing

* Fernando Correia, fencer.
# SDSS J1430+2303

SDSS J1430+2303 (or SDSS J143016.05+230344.4) is a galaxy with an active galactic nucleus that has been claimed to be undergoing a periodic brightness variability that is speeding up. One explanation for the purported behavior is that it could be a supermassive black hole binary. Initial trajectory models suggested the pair could be merging either before the end of 2022 or, alternatively, no later than 2025.
The original claim of periodic variations was made in January 2022 in an unrefereed preprint, posted to the ArXiv server, that has not yet been published in a refereed journal as of early 2023. The discovery team later published X-ray observations of the object, finding evidence of strong X-ray variability on timescales of a few days. However, subsequent follow-up observations by two independent groups did not find evidence of continued periodic brightness variations, casting doubt on the binary black hole hypothesis.

## Galaxy

SDSS J1430+2303 is a Seyfert 1 galaxy, an elliptical galaxy with a mass of 150 billion solar masses. It forms a triple galaxy system called HOLM 655, alongside UGC 9322 and Markarian 683.
SDSS J1430+2303 is 1.05 × 10$^{22}$ km from Earth (or 1.11 billion light years, 339 Mpc) with a redshift of 0.08105. It has an Hα line emission, blue-shifted by 2400 km/s, relative to other emission lines from the galaxy.
An estimate of a supermassive black hole at its center is 40 million solar masses.
# Jim Eisenreich

James Michael Eisenreich (/ˈaɪzɪnraɪk/ EYE-zin-ryke; born April 18, 1959) is an American former Major League Baseball player with a 15-year career from 1982 to 1984 and 1987 to 1998. He played for the Minnesota Twins and Kansas City Royals of the American League, and the Philadelphia Phillies, Florida Marlins and Los Angeles Dodgers of the National League. He played first base, outfield and designated hitter.

## Major league career

In 1993, his first year with the Phillies, Eisenreich put together one of his best seasons, batting .318 and helping the Phillies win the National League pennant. As the Phillies began their slide the next season, Eisenreich was one of the team's few bright spots, batting .361 for the last-place Phillies in 1996.
After signing with the Florida Marlins for the 1997 season, Eisenreich played a pivotal role in the 1997 World Series, helping the Marlins win a championship in their fifth year. Eisenreich was the runner on second base when Edgar Renteria hit his walk-off single in the bottom of the 11th inning of Game 7.
Eisenreich was part of a "blockbuster" baseball trade on May 14, 1998. He was traded from the Marlins, with Bobby Bonilla, Gary Sheffield, Charles Johnson, and Manuel Barrios, to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Todd Zeile and Mike Piazza.
Eisenreich was noted in Los Angeles for his longtime success against Dodger pitching staffs, despite those staffs being among the best. His .405 batting average and .620 slugging percentage greatly exceed his other career numbers and rank among the most successful of any one player against any team.
In 1,422 games over 15 seasons, Eisenreich posted a .290 batting average (1,160-for-3,995) with 492 runs, 221 doubles, 39 triples, 52 home runs, 477 RBI, 105 stolen bases, 324 bases on balls, .341 on-base percentage and .404 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .988 fielding percentage playing at all three outfield positions and first base. In 20 postseason games, he hit .231 (12-for-52) with 4 runs, 2 home runs, 11 RBI and 7 walks.

## Personal life

Eisenreich has Tourette syndrome, which caused him to go on to the voluntary retirement list between 1984 and 1987 while undergoing treatment. He was replaced on the Twins roster by Kirby Puckett. In 1990, he was the first recipient of the Tony Conigliaro Award, which is given annually to a Major League Baseball player who has overcome a significant obstacle.
Eisenreich was inducted into the Baseball Reliquary's Shrine of the Eternals in 2009.
Eisenreich resides in the Kansas City area and runs the Jim Eisenreich Foundation for Children with Tourette's Syndrome, whose goal is to help children with TS achieve personal success.
# Peter Stronach

Peter Stronach (born 1 September 1956) is an English former professional footballer who played as a winger in the Football League for Sunderland and York City, and in non-League football for Chester-le-Street. He was an England schools international.
# Peter Thomas (footballer, born 1944)

Peter Thomas (20 November 1944 – 19 January 2023) was an English footballer who played as a goalkeeper in England, Ireland and United States. Born in England, he made two international appearances for the Republic of Ireland.

## Club career

In 1962, Thomas joined Coventry G.E.C., playing with them until 1966. That year, he played one game for Coventry City. He went on loan to Waterford F.C. in 1967 where he made thirteen appearances. Coventry City transferred him to Waterford in the summer of 1967 and he stayed with the Blues until 1975. Thomas is associated with bringing a new style of goalkeeping to the League of Ireland. He rarely kicked the ball on the offensive, throwing when possible with great accuracy. He also represented the League of Ireland XI and won five league medals and a FAI Cup medal and played in twelve European Cup matches for Waterford.
In 1975, he moved to the United States where he played for the Washington Diplomats of the North American Soccer League. In 1976, he moved to the Utah Golden Spikers of the American Soccer League. He returned to the NASL in 1977 with the Las Vegas Quicksilvers. The Diplomats had traded the rights to Thomas and Gerry Ingram to the Quicksilver in exchange for Peter Silvester in November 1976. He finished his North American career with the Sacramento Gold of the ASL in 1978. In the fall of 1978, he returned to Ireland where he rejoined Waterford F.C.

## International career

Born in England, Thomas earned two caps with the Republic of Ireland after becoming an Irish citizen. He made his debut in 1973 against Poland, keeping a clean sheet but having to come off at half time due to a pulled muscle in his stomach. His second cap came against Brazil in 1974. He was back down in the ASL in 1975, this time with the Sacramento Gold.

## Managerial career

Thomas took over as manager of Waterford United in August 1988 but resigned in December due to work pressures.

## Honours

Waterford United
* League of Ireland: 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1972–73
* FAI Cup: 1980
Individual
* SWAI Personality of the Year: 1969–70
# Eutelsat 113 West A

Eutelsat 113 West A, formerly Satmex-6, is a geostationary communications satellite which is operated by Eutelsat. Originally built for Mexico's Satmex, it was launched in 2006. The satellite was acquired by Eutelsat in its 2014 merger with Satmex, and renamed Eutelsat 113 West A in May. It is used to provide communications services to the Americas, Hawaii and the Caribbean.
Constructed by Space Systems/Loral, Satmex 6 is based on the LS-1300X satellite bus. It is equipped with 36 G/H band (IEEE C band) and 24 J band (IEEE K$_u$-band) transponders, and at launch it had a mass of 5,456 kilograms (12,028 lb), with an expected operational lifespan of 15 years.
Arianespace was contracted to launch Satmex 6, using an Ariane 5ECA carrier rocket flying from ELA-3 at the Guiana Space Centre. The launch occurred at 21:09 GMT on 27 May 2006, and placed Satmex 6, along with the Thaicom 5 satellite, into a geosynchronous transfer orbit. At the time, this was the heaviest dual-satellite payload ever launched to geostationary transfer orbit.
Following launch, the satellite raised its own orbit by means of an onboard apogee motor. At 18:33 GMT on 31 May, it was injected into geostationary orbit. It was subsequently tested, and positioned at a longitude of 113° West for operational service.
Eutelsat 113 West A operated successfully for over 17 years. On 31 January 2024, the satellite suffered an anomaly that led Eutelsat to announce the termination of services from the spacecraft two days later.
# Mahru Rural District

Mahru Rural District (Persian: دهستان ماهرو) is in Zaz and Mahru District of Aligudarz County, Lorestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Marg Sar.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 2,023 in 344 households. There were 2,057 inhabitants in 378 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 1,814 in 415 households. The most populous of its 53 villages was Marg Sar, with 379 people.
# Peter Thomas (footballer, born 2004)

Peter Thomas (born 20 August 2004) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for College of Charleston Cougars.

## Club career
### Early career

Thomas became Rochdale's youngest ever player when he made his debut in the EFL Trophy against Manchester City U21, as well as being the youngest player ever to play in the competition, at the age of 15 years and 22 days old.
On 25 September 2019, ahead of the EFL Cup game between Manchester United and Rochdale at Old Trafford, in which Thomas was named on the bench for Rochdale, he was made to use the drug testing room to get changed, as competition rules stated that anyone under the age of sixteen were not permitted to get changed with senior players.
In May 2022, after two seasons with no further appearances for Rochdale, it was reported that he was still negotiating his contract with the club. In August of the same year, he went on trial with Barnsley.

### Collegiate soccer

Thomas committed to playing collegiate soccer at the College of Charleston in November 2022. In his first season at the college, he scored seven goals in fifteen appearances.

## Career statistics

    As of 21 February 2023.
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | FA Cup | FA Cup | EFL Cup | EFL Cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Rochdale | 2019–20 | League One | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Rochdale | 2020–21 | League One | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rochdale | 2021–22 | League Two | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |

### Notes

* ↑ Appearances in the EFL Trophy
# Rachel Ruto

Rachel Chebet Ruto (born 20 November 1969) is a Kenyan educator currently serving as the First Lady of Kenya. She is the wife of William Ruto, the fifth and current President of Kenya.

## Early life

Rachel Chebet was born in Likuyani, Kakamega County, Western Region on 20 November 1968.

## Education and career

She went to Likuyani Primary School, Kakamega County and thereafter proceeded to Butere Girls High School for her O and A levels. She passed her advanced level education and subsequently was called to join the Kenyatta University where she pursued a Bachelor of Education (Arts) degree. She went on to earn her Master of Arts in 2011 at the Catholic University of Eastern Africa.
Although she studied Education, she did not get a chance to practice teaching for long as she voluntarily retired and ventured into entrepreneurship in the tour and travel business focused on tourist trap cities in the country.

## Philanthropy and Activism

She became an advocate for women's rights and empowerment.
On 17 January 2014, Rachel Ruto was awarded the International Honorary Fellowship Award On Women Empowerment at the Binary University in Malaysia.
She has been championing for healthy living through physical exercise such as cycling and launched the Mama Cycling Initiative in September to promote the practice.
In March 2023, she expressed opposition to same sex relationships, following a Kenyan Supreme Court ruling allowing LGBTQ groups to organise.

## Family

Rachel and William were married in 1991 at the AIC church. They met while they were in university at a Christian Union rally at the University of Nairobi. Rachel was studying education at Kenyatta University while her husband was taking botany and zoology at the University of Nairobi. The couple has six children including Charlene. The couple adopted baby Nadia, who had been buried alive. They named the baby Cherono, after Ruto's mother.
# Sten Kremers

Sten Kremers (born 16 February 2004) is a Dutch goalkeeper who plays for Eerste Divisie club De Graafschap.

## Early life

From Lichtenvoorde, Kremers played with local amateur side Longa '30 and was in the youth academy at De Graafschap before joining up with the Ajax academy.

## Career

In July 2021 Kremers signed his first professional contract with Ajax tying him to the club until 2024. Kremers made his professional debut in the Eerste Divisie for Jong Ajax against SC Telstar on 8 August 2022.
On 22 May 2024, Kremers was announced to be returning to De Graafschap on a two-year deal.

## International career

In September 2022 Kremers was called up for the Dutch U19 team for matches against Slovenia, Northern Ireland and Moldova.

## Career statistics

    As of match played 16 September 2022
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Europe | Europe | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Jong Ajax | 2022–23 | Eerste Divisie | 4 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 4 | 0 |
| Jong Ajax | 2023–24 | Eerste Divisie | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
# Brown water snake

The brown water snake (Nerodia taxispilota) is a large species of nonvenomous natricine snake endemic to the southeastern United States. This snake is often one of the most abundant species of snakes found in rivers and streams of the southeastern United States, yet many aspects of its natural history are poorly known. Due to abundance and distribution throughout its biological range, this species could be used to investigate anthropogenic impacts on aquatic ecosystems by studying their movements.
Lycodonomorphus rufulus is sometimes also called the brown water snake, but L. rufulus is found in South Africa.

## Common names

Its common names include brown water snake, water-pilot, aspic, false moccasin, great water snake, pied water snake, southern water snake, and water rattle.

## Geographic range

N. taxispilota is found in lower coastal regions from southeastern Virginia, through North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, to northern and western Florida (Gulf Coast), then west through Missouri, Alabama, and Mississippi, to Louisiana, normally from sea level to 500 ft. (150 m) elevation.

## Description

The brown water snake is very heavy-bodied, and its neck is distinctly narrower than its head. Dorsally, it is brown or rusty brown with a row of about 25 black or dark brown, square blotches down its back. Smaller similar blotches alternate on the sides. Ventrally, it is yellow, heavily marked with black or dark brown. Dorsal scales are in 27–33 rows (more than any other North American water snake), and it has two to four anterior temporals (usually one in others). Adults measure 30–60 in. (76–152 cm) in total length; record 69 in. (175 cm).

## Habitat

N. taxispilota is found in swamps and streams and is often mistaken for a moccasin. N. taxispilota are widely distributed in the coastal and piedmont regions of the Southeastern United States. More commonly found in flowing water such as rivers, canals, and black water cypress creeks N. taxispilota can also be found in large water reservoirs and lakes. Their preference of a pescatarian diet keeps them from living in ephemeral wetlands.

## Reproduction

N. taxispilota is ovoviviparous. Mating takes place in the spring on land or on tree branches. On average, adult females are larger than adult males. The young are born alive, usually in August, in broods of 14–58, more commonly 30–40. The newborns are 7–10¾ in (18–27 cm) long, with males longer than females, opposite of adults.