OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Income deficit

Income deficit is the difference between a single person or family's income and its poverty threshold or poverty line, when the former is exceeded by the latter. Data on the income deficits of various members of a population allow for the construction of one type of measurement of income inequality in that population. Individuals or families that fall below the line are considered to be in poverty whereas families that fall above are not. The income deficit is one of two measures that are used to determine a person or family's income distance from the poverty threshold, the other being a ratio rather than a difference.
The net income deficit consists largely of income payments and receipts on capital, as well as cross-border labour income (compensation of employees). Given the relatively small level of net cross-border labor income payments, there are two key drivers of the net income deficit: the level of net foreign liabilities being financed and the yield on those liabilities.https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/round6.pdf

## Poverty threshold

The poverty threshold in the U.S. is updated each year by the U.S. Census Bureau. The number is adjusted according to inflation to reflect the updated cost of living in particular areas. In 2016 12.7% of Americans were living below the poverty threshold. Poverty thresholds depend on the number of people living in the household.

## Problems with income deficit

There is still debate as to how to accurately calculate poverty, and which factors would be the most appropriate. While the poverty line reflects the general circumstances of a household (specifically, number of people and location), it does not capture the household's individual circumstances, such as health problems. Therefore, supplemental poverty measures are also used to better represent the data.

## US Income Deficit

In the United States, the census bureau separates data collected into several different categories. Each category is then separated even further by number of children, age of children, yearly salary, social security income, et cetera. The data below shows the average of each subcategory within the three larger ones. Data is from the year 2016.
* Families have a mean income deficit of $10,505.
* Married-couple families have a mean income deficit of $11,139.
* Families with female householder and no male present have a mean income deficit of $9,991.
# Madeleine Scerri

Madeleine Scerri (born 11 August 1989) is an Australian swimmer of Maltese origin, who specialized in freestyle events. She participated for Malta in the 2008 Beijing Olympics. After being a coach at a successful swimming club, she left and got married She represented Malta at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, along with her fellow swimmer and teammate Ryan Gambin, who shared their same ancestral background. Scerri swam in the women's 100 m freestyle, and won in the first heat of her event, finishing 45th the overall. Although she failed to advance into the semi-finals, Scerri broke her personal and national record, with a time of 57.97 seconds.
# Madison Ashby

Madison Ashby (born 22 January 2001) is an Australian rugby union player. She has represented Australia at sevens rugby at the Olympic and Commonwealth Games. She debuted for Australia at the 2019 USA Women's Sevens in Glendale, Colorado.

## Career

Ashby was named in the Australia squad for the Rugby sevens at the 2020 Summer Olympics. The team came second in the pool round but then lost to Fiji 14–12 in the quarterfinals.
Ashby won a gold medal with the Australian sevens team at the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham. She was a member of the Australian team that won the 2022 Sevens Rugby World Cup held in Cape Town, South Africa in September 2022.
# Manuela Berchtold

Manuela Berchtold (born 27 May 1977) is an Australian freestyle skier, who represented Australia at the 2002 and 2006 Winter Olympics.
She competed in the women's moguls and placed 27th in 2002. She was hampered by injuries between Olympics and had a knee reconstruction. In 2006, she came 16th in the qualifying round to make the finals, where she came 14th. She then retired.
Berchtold now owns and operates a gymnasium, High Country Fitness, in Jindabyne, New South Wales.
# Melanie Twitt

Melanie Twitt (born 7 October 1977) is an Australian field hockey player who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics and in the 2008 Summer Olympics.
# Ares Vallis

Ares Vallis /ˈɛəriːz ˈvælɪs/ is an outflow channel on Mars, named after the Greek name for Mars: Ares, the god of war; it appears to have been carved by fluids, perhaps water. The valley 'flows' northwest out of the hilly Margaritifer Terra, where the Iani Chaos depression 180 km (110 mi) long and 200 km (120 mi) wide) is connected to the beginning of Ares Vallis by a 100 km (62 mi) wide transition zone centered on 342.5° East (17.5 West) and 3° North. It then continues through the ancient Xanthe Terra highlands, and ends in a delta-like region of Chryse Planitia. Ares Vallis was the landing site of NASA's Mars Pathfinder spacecraft, which studied a region of the valley near the border with Chryse in 1997.
Ares Vallis is in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars.
It has been argued that Uzboi, Ladon, Margaritifer and Ares valles, although now separated by large craters, once comprised a single outflow channel, flowing north into Chryse Planitia. The source of this outflow has been suggested as overflow from the Argyre Crater, formerly filled to the brim as a lake by channels (Surius, Dzigai, and Palacopus Valles) draining down from the south pole. If real, the full length of this drainage system would be over 8,000 km (5,000 mi), the longest known drainage path in the Solar System. Under this suggestion, the extant form of the outflow channel Ares Vallis would thus be a remolding of a pre-existing structure. This long path for water flow has been named the * Uzboi-Landon-Morava (ULM) system. Water from this system may have helped to form Ares Vallis.
Research, published in January 2010, suggests that Mars had lakes, each around 20 km (12 mi) wide, along parts of the equator. Although earlier research showed that Mars had a warm and wet early history that has long since dried up, these lakes existed in the Hesperian Epoch, a much earlier period. Using detailed images from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the researchers speculate that there may have been increased volcanic activity, meteorite impacts or shifts in Mars' orbit during this period to warm Mars' atmosphere enough to melt the abundant ice present in the ground. Volcanoes would have released gases that thickened the atmosphere for a temporary period, trapping more sunlight and making it warm enough for liquid water to exist. In this new study, channels were discovered that connected lake basins near Ares Vallis. When one lake filled up, its waters overflowed the banks and carved the channels to a lower area where another lake would form. These lakes would be another place to look for evidence of present or past life.
# Whistle Stop (1963 film)

Whistle Stop (Russian: Полустанок) is a 1963 Soviet comedy film directed by Boris Barnet.
The film tells about the academician, who is going for a vacation in the village, but there it is not as calm as he expected it to be.

## Plot

Academician Pavel Pavlovich, a prominent scientist, takes a vacation to escape the daily hustle of Moscow. Following medical advice, he opts for a simple Russian village instead of resorts or health spas. Hoping to breathe fresh air, relax, and indulge in his favorite hobby of painting, he settles into a dilapidated barn traditionally used by visiting artists.
However, his expectations of peace and quiet are quickly dashed. The seemingly remote village is brimming with lively, engaging residents and a constant flurry of events—some humorous, others serious. While the people are kind and the incidents are of local significance, one thing is certain: tranquility is nowhere to be found.

## Cast

* Vasiliy Merkurev as Pavel Pavlovich (as V. Merkuryev)
* Yekaterina Mazurova as Grandmother Tatyana (as Ye. Mazurova)
* Nadezhda Rumyantseva as Sima - Kolkhoz accountant (as N. Rumyantseva)
* Boris Novikov as Kolkhoz foreman (as B. Novikov)
* A. Berezovskaya as Klavka - milkmaid
* Elizaveta Nikishchikhina as Zoika - shopgirl (as Ye. Nikishchikhina)
* Aleksandr Potapov as Ivan - tractor driver (as A. Potapov)
* Valeri Ryzhakov as Vasya - driver (as V. Ryzhakov)
# Robert W. Levering

Robert Woodrow Levering (October 3, 1914 – August 11, 1989) was an American lawyer and politician who served one term as a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1959 to 1961.
He was the son-in-law of Usher L. Burdick and brother-in-law of Quentin N. Burdick.

## Biography

Born near Fredericktown, Ohio was son of Gertrude Alice and Daniel Lloyd Levering, Levering graduated from Fredericktown High School. He earned his Bachelor of Arts in 1936 from Denison University, Granville, Ohio, and his Bachelor of Laws in 1940 from George Washington University Law School, Washington, D.C. He was a librarian at the Library of Congress from 1937 to 1941, and was a lawyer in private practice.

### Early career

In July 1941, he became a civilian attorney working for the United States War Department in Manila, Philippines, where he became a prisoner of war during World War II from 1942 to 1945. He served as assistant attorney general of Ohio from 1949 to 1950. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for election to Congress in 1948, 1950, 1954, and 1956.

### Military service

Levering was in the United States Army Reserve and was promoted to Major in 1960.

### Congress

Levering was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-sixth Congress (January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1961). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Eighty-seventh Congress in 1960 and for election in 1962, 1964, and 1968.

### Death and burial

He died on August 11, 1989, in Fredericktown, Ohio, and his remains were cremated.

## Publications

* Levering, Robert (1948). Horror trek; a true story of Bataan, the death march and three and one-half years in Japanese prison camps. Horstman Printing Co. ISBN 0806210362. OCLC 1168285.
# Engagement Ring (Lichtenstein)

Engagement Ring is a 1961 pop art painting by Roy Lichtenstein. The work is based on the Winnie Winkle series, but Lichtenstein changed both the graphical description and the narrative accompaniment that he presents in a speech balloon. As with most of his early romance comics works, this consisted of "a boy and a girl connected by romantic dialogue and action".

## Details

The original source was a Martin Branner panel from the July 16, 1961 Winnie Winkle published in the Chicago Tribune. Measuring 172.1 cm × 201.9 cm (67 3/4 in × 79 1/2 in), Engagement Ring's "patchy" screen of small flesh coloring Ben-Day dots and "staccato" drawing are considered tentative. The general "rawness" of the work links it to Lichtenstein's work from the 1950s, while its "integrated formality" links it to his subsequent works. Lichtenstein used only a few basic colors, with the same red being used for the fingernails, lips, drapes, and wall, while the same yellow provided the color for the hair and the lampshade. Although the painting is considered "a fully characteristic painting, conceptually and manually", it is not as poised a composition as his subsequent works. The style of the painting is described as "dry" and with "the color compression and linear simplification of the comics are dilated to the scale of easel painting". Using a single frame of a comic book source draws the reader in without providing closure with a clear expected outcome and without explaining the circumstances.
When Lichtenstein had his first solo show at The Leo Castelli Gallery in February 1962, it sold out before opening. Engagement Ring was one of the works in the show (along with works such as Look Mickey, Blam and The Refrigerator) and it sold for $1200 ($12,087 in 2023 dollars). The show ran from February 10 through March 3. In 1962, Lichtenstein produced several paintings about engagement rings and wedding bands.
# Natalie Bates

Nathalie Bates (born 29 March 1980) is a road cyclist from Australia. She represented her nation at the 1998, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2008 UCI Road World Championships. At the 2006 Commonwealth Games she won the gold medal in the women's road race.
# Noi Tucker

Thong Auan 'Noi' Tucker (born 1 December 1960) is a former Australian international lawn and indoor bowler.
She won a silver medal in the triples with Ceri Ann Davies and Roma Dunn at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne.
Born in Thailand she now lives in Jindalee, Western Australia and won her first Australian cap in 2006. She announced her international retirement in 2007.
# Samantha Wells

Samantha Wells (born 2 August 1989) is an Australian freestyle skier. She competed at the FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships 2013 in Voss, and at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, in women's aerials.
Wells retired after the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics after a strong performance.
# Judayda (Al-Jisser)

Judayda (Arabic: جديدة الجسر), also transliterated as Jdaydeh, is a Syrian village located in Al-Janudiyah Nahiyah in Jisr al-Shughur District, Idlib. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Judayda had a population of 407 in the 2004 census. It is an Orthodox Christian village.
# Star of Hope (newspaper)

The Star of Hope was a newspaper entirely written published and printed fortnightly by and for inmates of five prisons in New York State, covering topics of world news, health, sports, editorials, fiction and poetry among others. Incepted at Sing Sing penitentiary in 1899, it rapidly spread to Auburn Correctional Facility, Auburn Women's, and Clinton prisons as well as the then new Reformatory at Napanoch as a result of its success. Both writers and editors were anonymized in the publication due to being known only by their prison numbers. The circulation of the paper was kept within the prison with only enough papers for each prison being printed. While the Star of Hope was not available to the public, The Cincinnati Enquirer published an interview conducted by the Auburn local editor, No. 25,818, of a prisoner referred to as "The Hard Man" and his opinions on marriage in October 1900.
# Bamang Felix

Bamang Felix is an Indian politician from the state of Arunachal Pradesh. Felix was elected unopposed from the Nyapin seat in the 2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, standing as a National Congress Party candidate.
# Boat parade

Boat parades are a waterway event with illuminated boats. Some of the well known water parades include locations such as Walt Disney World, the Newport Beach Christmas Boat Parade, and Fort Lauderdale.
Fort Lauderdale's annual parade in December is titled the Seminole Hard Rock Winterfest Boat Parade. This signature event hosts 100 decorated vessels traveling east to the Intracoastal Waterway and heading north to Lake Santa Barbara in Pompano Beach.
Sports teams in Tampa, Florida traditionally have a boat parade down the Hillsborough River when they win a championship rather than a victory parade through the streets of the city like in most other places.
# Digital City (Riyadh)

Digital City (Arabic: المدينة الرقمية), formerly Al-Raidah Digital City (Arabic: الرائدة المدينة الرقمية) and Information Technology Communications Complex (ITCC) (Arabic: مجمع تقنية المعلومات والاتصالات), is a mixed-use real-estate development and an information technology park in the al-Nakheel neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in close proximity to the main campus of King Saud University. The project was the brainchild of Saudi Public Pension Agency and was announced in 2005 as the first smart city of Saudi Arabia, inspired from the model of Dubai Internet City. Opened in 2017, it covers an area of 470 acres, that includes office space tenanted by multinational technology companies and several government ministries. The complex also hosts multiple retail outlets, hospitality and residential areas.

## History

On 29 November 2005, the Royal Commission for Riyadh City approved the project of establishing a science park on a land owned by the Public Pension Agency. In April 2006, the Royal Commission for Riyadh City and the Riyadh Chamber of Commerce conducted a joint study to establish a science park in Riyadh. The license for the project was approved on 12 June 2006 by the Royal Commission for Riyadh City and by the Saudi Authority for Industrial Cities and Technology Zones on 27 July 2006, with the latter also taking part in overseeing its construction as one of the two technology zones in the Saudi capital, other being Riyadh Techno Valley.
The master plan for ITCC was designed by a joint venture between Saudi-based Zuhair Fayez and Singapore-based Jurong International. In April 2008, Raidah awarded 65 million usd contract to El-Seif Engineering for construction of infrastructure, which included a sewage treatment plant and a concrete-encased optic fiber cable network. The ITCC's four 20-storey towers in the central plaza was designed by Al Rajhi Projects and Dubai-based Al-Habtoor Leighton Group. Construction for the first phase, which included building the four 20-storey towers, began in 2009 and was completed by 2012.
The second phase of the project commenced in 2012. As of 2016, the complex was still under development in its second phase. In October 2017, a new passports division was installed. In June 2018, the Saudi Telecom Company inaugurated a data center in the complex. By the end of 2019, the project delivered 2250 residential units. In November 2019, the complex hosted the first edition of an international taste festival that included several restaurants with Michelin star ratings. In December 2020, Spar Saudi Stores Company, a company of Al-Sadhan Group, opened an express convenience store in Riyadh's Digital City. In March 2021, the complex hosted the Noor Riyadh events. In April 2022, the General Presidency for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vices installed over 50 billboards in the complex. In October 2023, the test drive for Chery's Omoda C5 was conducted in the presence of personnel from the Saudi Ministry of Culture and officials from the Chinese diplomatic mission in Saudi Arabia. In November 2023, The Saudi Health Ministry organized the Walk30 event in the complex.
# Michael Guevara

Michael Fidel Guevara Legua (born 10 June 1984) is a Peruvian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He was included for one minute in the Peru national football team led by Sergio Markarián, and helped his team finish third in the 2011 Copa America in Argentina.

## Club career

Guevara developed as footballer in the youth academy of Peruvian giants Universitario de Deportes. He was promoted to their first team in July 2002.

## International career

Guevara made his senior debut for the Peruvian national team on February 8, 2011, in a friendly against Panama. Debuting in Moquegua, manager Sergio Markarián put him in the starting eleven and later replaced him in the 46th minute for Carlos Lobatón as the match finished 1–0 for Peru.
# Pesi Jilen

Pesi Jilen is an Indian politician from Arunachal Pradesh belonging to the National People's Party. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the 11th Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly. He won over BJP's candidate Nyamar Karbak, getting 1698 votes.
# Peroor

Peroor is a village in Kottayam district of Kerala, India. It is located 3 km (1.8 mi) from the town Ettumanoor and contains more than five different settlement colonies.

## Demography

As of 2011, Peroor had a population of 18,691 with 4,583 families.
All major Kerala religious communities are represented within the village. In 2011, the literacy rate of Peroor village was 97.82%. The Christian Church of South India (CSI), pentecostals, Jacobites, and Catholics are all well represented. Hindu groups, including the Nair and the Ezhava, are the predominant groups. The Muslim population is relatively new to the area. A Muslim community was established in Peroor around 1998-99 near the MHC and Kariyattappuzha communities. The Dalits are the other major population and, like other urban areas of Kerala, Dalits in Peroor lead a middle-class life. Much of the population is educated and cultured.
The labor market is currently dominated by the construction industry.

## Landmarks

Some of the notable landmarks of Peroor include the St.Sebastian knanaya Church, the Global Marthasmooni Pilgrim Center, the Peroor Kavu temple, the Chalakkal Temple, and the Arayiram Temple. Aarattu, an annual festival that takes place on Thiruvathira, is performed at the Arayiram Temple. The ODESA (Organization for Dalit Empowerment and Social Activation) is also located in Peroor. The Meenachil River flows through the eastern part of the village. The Bhadrakali temple in this village is called Peroorkavu. A Seminary exists in Mannamala, a hilltop in Peroor. It is believed that the tribal community "Mannan" settled there. Later this Mannamala was in custody of the Vellapally family and they donated their 96-acres to the monastery. Kandanchirakkavala (Kandanchira junction) is considered the center of Peroor. The local banks are Peroor Service Co-op and State Bank of India.

## Etymology

The name "kandanchira" comes from an incident that happened many years ago. There is a part of the vast "Mundakappadam" (mundakan paddy field) in the area and a 'chira' (small, mud/sand check-dam) to prevent the rain water from Mannamala and other nearby sources from potentially destroying the paddy cultivation of the 'mundakappadam.' The chira was made of mud from the paddy field. One night some members of the upper caste killed a 'pulaya' (which is considered an untouchable caste) named "Kandan" due to a coal rivalry; the man was buried alive in the chira. Others found the body a while later, but, because of the culprits social status, none protested. Following the incident, the 'chira' which served as the burial site was labeled with the prefix 'kandan,' thus becoming 'Kandanchira.' In Malayalam "Kandam" means paddy field, from that Name Kandamchira came.

## Geography

A major portion of Meenachil River flows through Peroor which makes a borderline with another village named Neericadu.

## Administration and Politics

Peroor belongs to Ettumanoor Assembly constituency in Kerala Legislative Assembly and Kottayam Loksabha constituency in Indian Parliament.

## Notable people

* V. D. Rajappan