OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chehel Cheshmeh-ye Gharbi Rural District

Chehel Cheshmeh-ye Gharbi Rural District (Persian: دهستان چهل چشمه غربي) is in Sarshiv District of Saqqez County, Kurdistan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Degagah.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 2,624 in 468 households. There were 2,631 inhabitants in 499 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 2,057 in 503 households. The most populous of its 15 villages was Bastam, with 538 people.
# Direct finance

Direct finance is a method of financing where borrowers borrow funds directly from the financial market without using a third party service, such as a financial intermediary. This is different from indirect financing where a financial intermediary takes the money from the lender with an interest rate and lends it to a borrower with a higher interest rate. Direct financing is usually done by borrowers that sell securities and/or shares to raise money and circumvent the high interest rate of financial intermediary (banks). We may regard transactions as direct finance, even when a financial intermediary is included, in case no asset transformation has taken place. An example is a household which buys a newly issued government bond through the services of a broker, when the bond is sold by the broker in its original state. Another good example for direct finance is a business which directly buys newly issued commercial papers from another business entity.
Direct finance is a cornerstone of financial markets, enabling borrowers to connect directly with lenders without intermediaries like banks. This process fosters efficient capital allocation by allowing entities to issue securities, such as stocks and bonds, directly to investors. By bypassing intermediaries, direct finance reduces transaction costs, enhances transparency, and provides a platform for price discovery, where market forces determine the value of securities.
Unlike indirect finance, which relies on financial intermediaries to transform assets, direct finance involves borrowers issuing financial instruments in their original form. For instance, corporations may issue bonds directly to investors, streamlining the funding process while requiring participants to navigate market complexities independently.
Direct finance plays a critical role in enhancing market efficiency and liquidity. By facilitating direct transactions, it reduces reliance on intermediaries and supports transparent financial systems. However, this approach demands robust markets and informed participants to address potential risks, such as defaults. For example, the issuance of government bonds to households or corporate bonds to institutional investors exemplifies direct finance's capacity to generate capital and support economic growth.
In conclusion, direct finance is integral to the functioning of financial markets. It fosters efficiency, transparency, and economic stability by enabling direct connections between savers and borrowers. By minimizing transaction costs and promoting liquidity, direct finance underscores the importance of knowledgeable market participants and well-structured financial markets in shaping economic outcomes.
# Michelle Sagara

Michelle Michiko Sagara (born May 5, 1963) is a Canadian author of fantasy literature, active since the early 1990s. She has published as Michelle Sagara, as Michelle West (using her husband's surname) and as Michelle Sagara West. Sagara has received two nominations for the John W. Campbell Award.
She lives in Toronto and is employed part-time at Bakka-Phoenix, a local bookstore.

## Biography

Sagara is the eldest child of Japanese immigrants. As a child, Sagara loved reading Nancy Drew mysteries as well as the works of Enid Blyton and J. R. R. Tolkien. She studied physics, then English, at the University of Toronto before dropping out to pursue writing. After she married in 1990, she began publishing under Michelle West. Her debut book, Into the Dark Lands was published in 1991. She has said, in a 2008 interview: "I submitted the first novel to Del Rey books in 1987. It was rejected, but with a phone call, and in the end I revised the manuscript and sent it back. The revision was passed on to Lester del Rey, who was alive at the time. He rejected it with a four-page single space letter [that] had all the trademark curmudgeonliness for which he was famed. But buried in that four-page letter was a very definite 'This flashback of 94 pages needs to be its own damn book, and it should be book one.' So... I wrote that novel, and I submitted that novel, and that's the novel they bought."
# Robert Fraser (bishop)

Robert Fraser (10 August 1858 – 28 March 1914) was a Scottish Roman Catholic bishop who served as the Bishop of Dunkeld from 1913 to 1914.

## Life

Born in Kennethmont, Aberdeenshire, Scotland on 10 August 1858, he was educated at the junior seminary St Mary's College, Blairs, St. Edmund's in Douai, and the Scots College, Rome. He was ordained to the priesthood on 13 August 1882. He served as a professor at Blairs from 1883 to 1897, when he was appointed rector of the Scots College, a post he held until 1913. Fraser wrote the article on the "Scots College" for the Catholic Encyclopedia.
Fraser was made a domestic prelate in 1898, and a Protonotary apostolic in 1904. He was appointed the Bishop of the Diocese of Dunkeld by the Holy See on 14 May 1913, and consecrated to the Episcopate on 25 May 1913. The principal consecrator was Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val y Zulueta, and the principal co-consecrators were Archbishop Thomas Francis Kennedy, Rector of the Pontifical North American College and Donald Aloysius Mackintosh, Coadjutor Archbishop of Glasgow.
He died in office on 28 March 1914, aged 55.
# Triveniganj Assembly constituency

Triveniganj Assembly constituency is an assembly constituency in Supaul district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is reserved for scheduled castes. It was an open seat earlier.

## Overview

Per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 44 Triveniganj Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: Triveniganj and Pratapganj community development blocks.
Triveniganj Assembly constituency is part of No. 8 Supaul (Lok Sabha constituency).

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Year | Name | Party |
| 1957 | Yogeshwar Jha | Indian National Congress |
| 1957 | Tulmohan Ram | Indian National Congress |
| 1962 | Khub Lal Mahto | Indian National Congress |
| 1967 | Anup Lal Yadav | Samyukta Socialist Party |
| 1969 | Anup Lal Yadav | Samyukta Socialist Party |
| 1972 | Anup Lal Yadav | Samyukta Socialist Party |
| 1977 | Anup Lal Yadav | Janata Party |
| 1980 | Jagdish Mandal | Indian National Congress |
| 1985 | Anup Lal Yadav | Lokdal |
| 1990 | Anup Lal Yadav | Janata Dal |
| 1995 | Vishwa Mohan Kumar | Indian National Congress |
| 2000 | Anup Lal Yadav | Rashtriya Janata Dal |
| 2005 | Vishwa Mohan Kumar | Lok Janshakti Party |
| 2005 | Vishwa Mohan Kumar | Janata Dal (United) |
| 2009^ | Dileshwar Kamait | Janata Dal (United) |
| 2010 | Amla Devi | Janata Dal (United) |
| 2015 | Veena Bharti | Janata Dal (United) |
| 2020 | Veena Bharti | Janata Dal (United) |

## Election results
### 2020

2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election: Triveniganj :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | JD(U) | Veena Bharti | 79,458 | 44.84 |
| | RJD | Santosh Kumar | 76,427 | 43.13 |
| | LJP | Renulata Bharti | 5,194 | 2.93 |
| | NOTA | None of the above | 3,546 | 2 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 3,031 | 1.71 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 177,208 | 61.93 |
| | JD(U) hold | JD(U) hold | Swing | |
# J. Edward Swanstrom

John Edward Swanstrom (July 26, 1853 – February 15, 1911) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He was the father of lyricist, playwright, dancer, and Broadway producer Arthur Swanstrom.

## Life

Swanstrom was born on July 26, 1853, in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Swedish immigrants John P. and Anna B. Swanstrom. His father John did missionary work among the Swedish people in Brooklyn, and immigrated to America in 1840 with John Ericsson.
Swanstrom attended studied law at New York University, graduating from there in 1878. He was also a student in the law firm Miller, Peet & Obdyke. The firm later became Bristow, Peet & Opdyke, headed by Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin Bristow. After graduating, he quickly began a general practice. He shared a law office with John E. Miller at 20 Nassau Street and became a prominent Brooklyn lawyer. After becoming Borough President, he took on a partner and formed the law firm Swanstrom & Keyes.
Swanstrom became a member of the board of education in 1888. He was elected president of the board in 1894, and held that office when the board of education became the School Board for the Borough of Brooklyn. He was also a member of the New York City Board of Education, was elected its vice-president, and briefly served as president of the board in 1899. He left the board in 1900.
Swanstrom served as Borough president of Brooklyn from 1902 to 1904. He was nominated for the office under a fusion ticket backed by the Brooklyn Citizens Union. As borough president, he secured six million dollars appropriations for street paving, and managed to build the first public baths and comfort stations in the borough.
After his term as borough president expired, Swanstrom became president of the Home Trust Company of Brooklyn. He later resigned from the position to return to practicing law. He was also a director of the Equitable Life Assurance Company after it was reorganized. He served as director of the People's National Fire Insurance Company, the Kentucky River Coal and Timber Company, the People's Surety Company, the Kings County Mortgage Company, the Arkansas Valley Sugar Beet Company, and the Cosmopolitan Land Company. He was also on the board of managers for the Long Island State Hospital and a trustee of Adelphi College and the Swedish Hospital.
In 1878, Swanstrom married Frances N. Harris. Their children were Arthur M. and Mrs. Ada Winter. He was a member of the Freemason, the Crescent Athletic Club, the Royal Arcanum, and the Brooklyn Bar Association. His son Arthur Swanstrom was a Broadway musical lyricist and producer.
Swanstrom died at home from pneumonia on February 15, 1911. He was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery.
# Degagah, Saqqez

Degagah (Persian: دگاگاه) is a village in, and the capital of, Chehel Cheshmeh-ye Gharbi Rural District of Sarshiv District, Saqqez County, Kurdistan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Ethnicity

The village is populated by Kurds.

### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 366 in 61 households. The following census in 2011 counted 376 people in 63 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 286 people in 64 households.
# Michael Cogdill

Michael Cogdill (born George Michael Cogdill, June 11, 1961) is an American journalist, anchor, novelist, screenwriter, and film producer. His work as a journalist has appeared on NBC’s Today Show, CNBC, MSNBC, and CNN, and is the recipient of 32 Emmys and a Edward R. Murrow Award.

## Early life

Cogdill was born in Asheville, North Carolina, the son of a truck driver and a mill worker. His earliest jobs included mowing lawns, cleaning horse stalls, and working as a production assistant on film sets. He graduated from North Buncombe High School in Weaverville, North Carolina in 1979 and then graduated cum laude from the University of North Carolina at Asheville in 1984, earning a BA degree in communications.

## Early television career

Two weeks after college graduation, Cogdill began his career in television, working at WECT, an NBC affiliate in Wilmington, North Carolina. He soon moved over to WWAY, Wilmington's ABC station, and later migrated to CBS-aligned WRDW-TV in Augusta, Georgia. He finally landed at Greenville, South Carolina station WYFF (an NBC affiliate) in 1989, where he cemented his position as arguably the most decorated anchorman in South Carolina history.

## National acclaim

Cogdill first rose to prominence when he reported on the story of Susan Smith, a Union, South Carolina woman convicted of murdering her two young sons in 1994 (after initially claiming that an African-American man had carjacked her and kidnapped the children). Cogdill's Susan Smith: A Question of Justice (1996) garnered an Emmy, leading to appearances on NBC's Today Show, CNBC, MSNBC, and CNN.

## Books

Cogdill is the author of She-Rain, a novel set in rural western North Carolina in the 1920s.

## Film

In 2014 it was announced that filmmaker Richard O'Sullivan had plans to develop She-Rain into a feature film with Cogdill's production company HeartStrong Media serving as a producing partner.

## Awards

In addition to winning the Edward R. Murrow Award and 30 Emmys, Cogdill has received the South Carolina Broadcasters Association Star Award, a South Carolina Television Journalist Award, and has been a multiple winner of the Radio and Television News Director Association of the Carolinas Award.
# Evil Hearted You

"Evil Hearted You" is a 1965 song by the English rock group the Yardbirds. It was written by future 10cc member Graham Gouldman, who also wrote the group's two prior singles, "For Your Love" and "Heart Full of Soul". It reached No. 3 on the main UK singles chart.

## Recording and releases

The Yardbirds recorded the song at Advision Studios, London, on 26 August 1965. When it was released 1 October 1965 in the UK, "Evil Hearted You", along with the second side, "Still I'm Sad" became a double A-side hit. The Record Retailer singles chart counted both sides and reported it reached number three. The NME singles chart reported the two songs separately – "Evil Hearted You" at number ten and "Still I'm Sad" at number nine. There was no single release in the US, but the song was included on the Yardbirds' second Epic Records album Having a Rave Up, which was released 15 November 1965.

## Critical commentary

In her pop music column in Disc Weekly, Penny Valentine thought the decision to release the single as a double A-side was "madness", since "Still I'm Sad" was "super" while "Evil Hearted You" was "so dull".
Among retrospective reviewers, the music critic Cub Koda describes the song as a "minor-key pop classic" and the guitarist Jeff Beck's solo as "equal parts classical and James Bond soundtrack". The biographer Martin Power writes:
   "Evil Hearted You" had a hint of Italian composer Ennio Morricone, with Beck's contribution taking it to a whole new level of excitement, his clattering, heavily reverbed guitar and shimmering, two-octave slide solo sounding almost ghostly.
In a review for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger calls the song "one of the gloomiest hit singles in all of 1960s British rock" and adds:
   [It] throws in all of Gouldman's mid-'60s bag of tricks: multiple abrupt tempo changes, a haunting Middle Eastern-influenced melody extremely heavy on the minor chords, a lyric abjectly pining for a woman's love, and adroit integration of several contrasting sections.

## Other versions

"Evil Hearted You" was recorded by the American group the Human Beinz, prior to changing their name. Unterberger describes it as "a faithful version".
American rock band Pixies recorded a version of the song in Spanish. It was released as a B-side on the "Planet of Sound" single.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Earlier sources, including Alan Clayson, give the recording date as 23 August 1965. Greg Russo, in his 2016 updated Yardbirds' biography, lists it as "26 August 1965" with the explanation: "This information comes directly from the original tape box. These sessions were not recorded on 08/17/65 or 08/23/65 as stated in other publications."
# Village Suisse ONG

Village Suisse ONG is a Swiss-based NGO, accredited to the UN ECOSOC, with a stated mandate to help children in developing countries, to provide computers to persons in developing countries and to provide social integration for persons in Switzerland.

## Village Suisse ONG and the Church of Scientology

Village Suisse ONG is associated with several events of the Church of Scientology
The relationship of Village Suisse ONG to the Church of Scientology caused media controversy in 2009, when the UN Office at Geneva (UNOG) refused entrance of the Scientology group "Youth for Understanding" to the UN premises, for a meeting which had been planned and organized by Village Suisse ONG.
In 2016, Village Suisse ONG was again noted by the Tribune de Geneve for holding a conference for a "Day of the NGOs", sponsored by the Church of Scientology. The news-article claimed that documentation distributed at the meeting in the UN Palais des Nations was probably edited by the Church of Scientology.
# Laird Dunlop

Laird Dunlop (born June 28, 1962) is a Canadian former professional tennis player.
Dunlop was raised in Ottawa, Ontario as the youngest of five brothers, all of whom were heavily involved in sport growing up. One of his brothers, Blake Dunlop, played in the National Hockey League.
Active during the 1980s, Dunlop had a best singles world ranking of 350 and played collegiate tennis for Wake Forest University, where he was an All-ACC in 1984. He featured as a wildcard in the singles main draw of the 1985 Canadian Open, losing in the first round to Glenn Michibata.
# Fowlerichthys scriptissimus

Fowlerichthys scriptissimus, the calico frogfish or scripted frogfish, is a species of fish in the family Antennariidae. It is native to the Indo-West Pacific, where it occurs in rocky areas of coastal coral reefs at a depth range of 73 to 185 m (240 to 607 ft). It is an oviparous species that reaches and reportedly may exceed 28 cm (11 in) SL. On March 28, 2012, an individual measuring 29.1 cm (11.5 in) SL was collected off the coast of Jejudo, marking the first record of this species from Korean waters.

## Taxonomy

Fowlerichthys scriptissmus was first formally described as Antennarius scriptissimus in 1907 by the American ichthyologist David Starr Jordan with its type locality given as the Bōsō Peninsula in Chiba Prefecture in Japan. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the genus Fowlerichthys in the family Antennariidae within the suborder Antennarioidei within the order Lophiiformes, the anglerfishes.

## Etymology

Fowlerichthys scriptissimus has the genus name Fowlerichthys which combines Fowler, honouring the American ichthyologist Henry Weed Fowler of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia who gave Barbour the type specimen of the type species of the genus, F. floridanus, with ichthys, which means fish. The specific name, scriptissimus, means "written all over", a reference to the markings of this fish which Jordan described as "everywhere covered with narrow straightish, parallel, dark brown lines running in different directions on different parts of the body".
# Francis Sheehan

Francis Patrick Sheehan (31 August 1884 – 29 April 1953) was an American athlete. He competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. In the 800 meters, Sheehan placed last in his initial semifinal heat and did not advance to the final.
# Otto Schomberg

Otto H. Schomberg (born Otto H. Shambrick, (1864-11-14)November 14, 1864 – (1927-05-03)May 3, 1927) was an American Major League Baseball first baseman who played for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys and Indianapolis Hoosiers.

## Professional career
### Pittsburgh Alleghenys

Schomberg was 21 when he broke into the major leagues with the Pittsburgh Alleghenys of the American Association. In one season with Pittsburgh, 1886, Schomberg batted .272 with 67 hits, six doubles, six triples, one home run, 29 runs batted in, and seven stolen bases.

### Indianapolis Hoosiers

On December 1, 1886 the Alleghenys traded Schomberg with $400 to the St. Louis Maroons for Alex McKinnon. After the Maroons dissolved and became the Indianapolis Hoosiers, the Hoosiers purchased Schomberg's contract from the previous owners.
In 1887, Schomberg's first year with Indianapolis, he hit .308 with 129 hits, 18 doubles, 16 triples, five home runs, 83 RBIs, and 21 stolen bases in 112 games. Schomberg set career-highs in almost every offensive category, including games played, plate appearances, at bats, runs, hits, doubles, triples, home runs, RBIs, stolen bases, batting average, slugging percentage, and on-base plus slugging.
Schomberg's last season in the major leagues was in 1888. He hit only .214 with 24 hits, five doubles, one triple, one home run, 10 RBIs, and six stolen bases.
In two seasons with the Hoosiers, Schomberg hit .288 with 23 doubles, 17 triples, six home runs, 93 RBIs, and 27 stolen bases. He holds the Hoosiers' single-season record for on-base plus slugging and triples, and he is second in on-base percentage, third in slugging percentage, fourth in batting average, runs batted in, and bases on balls, sixth in runs scored, seventh in total bases, eighth in home runs, and tenth in hits. He is also third all-time in triples for the Hoosiers.
# Harold Stanley (footballer)

Harold Stanley (4 August 1883 – 25 September 1945) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# George Robertson (racing driver)

George Hepburn Robertson (November 22, 1884 – July 3, 1955) was an American racing driver. His father ran one of New York's first big garages and Robertson grew up surrounded by Mors, Panhards and other cars.

## Career

Robertson raced a Christie, a Hotchkiss, and a Simplex, as well as a Locomobile with which he won the 1908 Vanderbilt Cup. This victory was the first in the Cup by an American driver in an American car, the legendary "Old No. 16".
For the 1910 Vanderbilt Cup, Robertson was the captain of the Benz team but sustained arm injuries in a crash while showing a newspaper reporter the Long Island course and was forced to retire from driving.
In 1921, Robertson served as Duesenberg's team manager in their victory of the French Grand Prix at Le Mans as Jimmy Murphy drove the first American car to win a Grand Prix held in Europe.
Robertson was involved in the construction of Roosevelt Raceway and acted as its manager when the Westbury, Long Island circuit hosted the George Vanderbilt-sponsored Cup in 1936 and 1937.
In 1951, negationist sportswriter Russ Catlin revised AAA records, creating championship results based on all AAA races from 1902 to 1915 and 1917 to 1919. During this process, Catlin changed the 1909 champion from Bert Dingley to George Robertson.

## Death

Robertson died in Beth Israel Hospital in New York City on July 3, 1955, aged 70.
# George Winter (footballer)

George Winter (27 February 1908 – 10 May 1972) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Footscray in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Luśno

Luśno is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Barlinek, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Barlinek, 28 km (17 mi) east of Myślibórz, and 67 km (42 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.