OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Stronghurst Township, Henderson County, Illinois

Stronghurst Township is one of eleven townships in Henderson County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,089 and it contained 510 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Stronghurst Township has a total area of 35.92 square miles (93.03 km$^2$), all land.

### Cities, towns, villages

* Stronghurst (west three-quarters)

### Unincorporated towns

* Decorra at 40°43′40″N 90°58′13″W﻿ / ﻿40.727818°N 90.970141°W﻿ / 40.727818; -90.970141
* Hopper at 40°47′08″N 90°59′27″W﻿ / ﻿40.785596°N 90.990697°W﻿ / 40.785596; -90.990697
* Olena at 40°47′08″N 90°56′20″W﻿ / ﻿40.785595°N 90.938752°W﻿ / 40.785595; -90.938752
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

### Cemeteries

The township contains these five cemeteries: Best, Hopper, Maple Grove, Olena and Watson.

### Major highways

* Illinois Route 94

## Demographics

As of the 2020 census there were 1,089 people, 391 households, and 294 families residing in the township. The population density was 30.32 inhabitants per square mile (11.71/km$^2$). There were 510 housing units at an average density of 14.20 per square mile (5.48/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 94.95% White, 0.46% African American, 0.09% Native American, 0.46% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 4.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.93% of the population.
There were 391 households, out of which 40.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.61% were married couples living together, 8.70% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 24.81% were non-families. 22.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.27.
The township's age distribution consisted of 31.1% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 75.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 70.6 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $57,083, and the median income for a family was $72,500. Males had a median income of $40,994 versus $27,500 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,625. About 4.4% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.8% of those under age 18 and 1.3% of those age 65 or over.

## School districts

* West Central Community Unit School District 235

## Political districts

* Illinois's 17th congressional district
* State House District 94
* State Senate District 47
# Lithium perchlorate

Lithium perchlorate is the inorganic compound with the formula LiClO$_4$. This white or colourless crystalline salt is noteworthy for its high solubility in many solvents. It exists both in anhydrous form and as a trihydrate.

## Applications
### Inorganic chemistry

Lithium perchlorate is used as a source of oxygen in some chemical oxygen generators. It decomposes at about 400 °C, yielding lithium chloride and oxygen:
    LiClO$_4$ → LiCl + 2 O$_2$
Over 60% of the mass of the lithium perchlorate is released as oxygen. It has both the highest oxygen to weight and oxygen to volume ratio of all practical perchlorate salts, and higher oxygen to volume ratio than liquid oxygen.
Lithium perchlorate is used as an oxidizer in some experimental solid rocket propellants, and to produce red colored flame in pyrotechnic compositions.

### Organic chemistry

LiClO$_4$ is highly soluble in organic solvents, even diethyl ether. Such solutions are employed in Diels–Alder reactions, where it is proposed that the Lewis acidic Li$^+$ binds to Lewis basic sites on the dienophile, thereby accelerating the reaction.
Lithium perchlorate is also used as a co-catalyst in the coupling of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls with aldehydes, also known as the Baylis–Hillman reaction.
Solid lithium perchlorate is found to be a mild and efficient Lewis acid for promoting cyanosilylation of carbonyl compounds under neutral conditions.

### Batteries

Lithium perchlorate is also used as an electrolyte salt in lithium-ion batteries. Lithium perchlorate is chosen over alternative salts such as lithium hexafluorophosphate or lithium tetrafluoroborate when its superior electrical impedance, conductivity, hygroscopicity, and anodic stability properties are of importance to the specific application. However, these beneficial properties are often overshadowed by the electrolyte's strong oxidizing properties, making the electrolyte reactive toward its solvent at high temperatures and/or high current loads. Due to these hazards the battery is often considered unfit for industrial applications.

### Biochemistry

Concentrated solutions of lithium perchlorate (4.5 mol/L) are used as a chaotropic agent to denature proteins.

## Production

Lithium perchlorate can be manufactured by reaction of sodium perchlorate with lithium chloride. It can be also prepared by electrolysis of lithium chlorate at 200 mA/cm$^2$ at temperatures above 20 °C.

## Safety

Perchlorates often give explosive mixtures with organic compounds, finely divided metals, sulfur, and other reducing agents.
# 1765 in Russia

Events from the year 1765 in Russia

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Catherine II

## Events

* Foundation of the Novodevichii Institute.
* Free Economic Society was founded.
* Catherine II promulgated the "Manifesto on the Empire’s General Land Survey".
* The special “Gypsy” regiments were abolished and Roma then registered in the existing “sotni” (Cossack squadrons) and regiments, thus they were given civil rights like the rest of the population.
* Alexander Bezborodko was appointed the Chief of the Office of Little Russia Governor-General Count Peter Rumyantsev.

## Births

* Vasily Malinovsky, Russian diplomat (d. 1814)
* Pyotr Bagration, Russian general (d. 1812)
* Timofei Fedorovic Osipovsky, Russian mathematician (d. 1832)
* Ivan Aleksandrovich Kuskov, Manager of Fort Ross (d. 1823)

## Deaths

* April 15 – Mikhail Lomonosov, Russian author and scientist (b. 1711)
# Ralph Wilson (gymnast)

Ralph Charles Wilson (June 24, 1880 – February 14, 1930) was an American gymnast who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics. In 1904 he won the bronze medal in the club swinging event.
# Bide Dudley

Walter Bronson Dudley, more commonly known as Bide Dudley (8 September 1877 - 4 January 1944) was an American drama critic and playwright. His daughter was actress Doris Dudley.
# Jean-Martin Petit

Jean-Martin Petit (22 July 1772 in Paris – 8 June 1856 in Paris) was a French General during the Napoleonic Wars.
At the time of Napoleon's exile to Elba in 1814, Petit was the commander of the elite Old Guard (France)
# Ragnar Omtvedt

Ragnar Omtvedt (18 February 1890–31 March 1975) was a Norwegian born, American Olympic skier.

## Career

Ragnar Omtvedt was born in Oslo, Norway. In 1912, he emigrated to the United States. He was the US Ski Jumping Champion three times (1913, 1914 and 1917), and 1922 Canadian champion.
On 16 February 1913, his first year competing in the United States, he set a world record of 51.5 m (169 ft) on Curry Hill in Ironwood, Michigan, United States.
On 18 February 1916, he set another ski jumping world record at 58.5 m (192.9 ft) in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, where there is currently a restaurant named after him (Ragnar's).
He competed in cross-country skiing and Nordic combined at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix. Ragnar was denied the opportunity to compete there in ski jumping, because a clerk forgot to submit his name to Olympic authorities. He was injured in 1924 while jumping, which ended his jumping career. He was elected into the U.S. National Ski Hall of Fame in 1967. He died in Florida in 1975.

## Ski jumping world records

| Date | Hill | Location | Metres | Feet |
| 16 February 1913 | Curry Hill | Ironwood, United States | 48.2 | 158 |
| 16 February 1913 | Curry Hill | Ironwood, United States | 51.5 | 169 |
| 18 February 1916 | Howelsen Hill | Steamboat Springs, United States | 58.5 | 192.9 |
Not recognized! Stood at world record distance, but achieved at professional championships.
# Nayrab, Idlib

Nayrab, Idlib (Arabic: النيرب) is a village located in Idlib Nahiyah in Idlib District, Idlib Governorate, Syria. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Nayrab, Idlib had a population of 2675 in the 2004 census.
# 1996 in Armenia

The following lists events that happened during 1996 in Armenia.

## Incumbents

* President: Levon Ter-Petrosyan
* Prime Minister: Hrant Bagratyan (until 4 November), Armen Sarkissian (starting 4 November)
* Speaker: Babken Ararktsyan

## Events
### March

* March 1–8: The first leg and the second leg of the 1995–96 Armenian Cup were played.

### April

* April 22: The EU–Armenia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement was signed.

### July

* July 19 - Armenia takes part in the Summer Olympic Games for the first time as an independent nation.

### August

* August 16–25: Five athletes from Armenia competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.

### September

* September 15: The 32nd Chess Olympiad is opened in Yerevan.
* September 21: A military parade in honour of the 5th anniversary of Armenia's independence was held on the Republic Square.
* September 22: Levon Ter-Petrosyan wins the presidential elections in Armenia.

## Establishments

* Armavia
* Miss Armenia

## Disestablishments

* FC Yeghvard
# Hadhrami Elite Forces

The Hadhrami Elite Forces (HEF; Arabic: قوات النخبة الحضرمية, romanized: quwwā an-nukhba al-Ḥaḍramiyya) are special operations forces formed by the Arab coalition forces, under the supervision of the United Arab Emirates technical support and with funding from Saudi Arabia, to liberate the city of Mukalla from al-Qaeda.
The Hadhrami Elite Forces consist of soldiers belonging to tribes who support legitimacy in exile as well as local recruits from Hadhramaut Governorate. These forces are distinguished by the fact that they are formed from those belonging to Hadhramaut Governorate only, which means that Yemenis from other regions are not allowed to join them. Emirati security officers are training the new security force, which is managed by the second Military Region in the coastal areas. It has been provided with tanks, weapons, and logistical matters, which were mostly provided by Saudi Arabia.
The Hadhrami Elite Forces recruit both from the Interior (Wadis) and Coastal regions of Hadhramaut and as of 2023 they have an army of 7,000 Men. They seek a higher degree of autonomy for Hadhramaut and are aligned with the STC.
The Hadhrami Elite Forces has established a strong control over much of Hadhramaut, controlling Mukalla, the capital city of the Hadhramaut Governorate and continued to expand towards many other Coastal districts.

## Battle of Mukalla

On April 24, 2016, the Hadhrami elite forces, supported by the Arab Coalition to Support Legitimacy in Yemen, took control of the city of Mukalla, the administrative capital of Hadramaut Governorate and the Hadhramaut region, from al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. This is the first time that military forces entered the city since al-Qaeda took control in April 2015. About 2,000 soldiers from the Hadhrami elite forces, supported by Saudi and Emirati special forces, moved into Mukalla and took control of the port and airport, with air support from Saudi Air Force aircraft, and set up checkpoints in various parts of the city.
The Arab Coalition to Support Legitimacy announced that it had killed more than 800 al-Qaeda militants in the Arabian Peninsula, while other reports indicate that al-Qaeda militants withdrew after minor clashes.
# Jiamin line

Jiamin line (Chinese: 嘉闵线; pinyin: Jiāmǐn xiàn) is a commuter rail line currently under construction on the Shanghai Suburban Railway, and will be run by Shentong Metro Group. It runs from Yindu Road in Minhang District to Chengbei Road in Jiading District. Construction started on 28 June 2021. The line is expected to open in 2027.

## Proposed Stations

| Station name | Station name | Connections | Distance km | Distance km | Location | Open- ing |
| English | Chinese | Connections | Distance km | Distance km | Location | Open- ing |
| Yindu Road | 银都路 | 5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | Minhang | Phase I 2027 |
| Xinjian Road | 莘建路 | 1 (via Humin Road/North Xinzhuang Station) | 2.123 | 2.123 | Minhang | Phase I 2027 |
| Qixin Road | 七莘路 | 12 | 2.991 | 5.114 | Minhang | Phase I 2027 |
| Qibao | 七宝 | 9 | 2.843 | 7.957 | Minhang | Phase I 2027 |
| Huxing Road | 沪星路 | 25 | 1.218 | 9.175 | Minhang | Phase I 2027 |
| Yingbinsan Road | 迎宾三路 | | 2.079 | 11.254 | Minhang | Phase I 2027 |
| Hongqiao Airport Terminal 2 | 虹桥2号航站楼站 | 2 10  17 (via Hongqiao Railway Station) Airport Link  Demonstration Area AOH | 2.417 | 13.671 | Minhang | Phase I 2027 |
| Tianshan Road | 天山路 | | 2.859 | 16.530 | Minhang | Phase I 2027 |
| Jinyun Road | 金运路 | 13 | 2.250 | 18.780 | Jiading | Phase I 2027 |
| Lexiu Road | 乐秀路 | 14 | 3.275 | 22.075 | Jiading | Phase I 2027 |
| Nanxiang | 南翔 | 11 22 | 3.815 | 25.870 | Jiading | Phase I 2027 |
| Fengmao Road | 丰茂路 | | 7.179 | 33.049 | Jiading | Phase I 2027 |
| Jiajian Highway | 嘉戬公路 | | 3.236 | 36.285 | Jiading | Phase I 2027 |
| Xincheng Road | 新成路 | | 3.883 | 40.168 | Jiading | Phase I 2027 |
| Chengbei Road | 城北路 | 11 (via North Jiading) | 3.086 | 43.255 | Jiading | Phase I 2027 |

### Important stations

Except for the Hongqiao hub section, which is laid on the ground, the length of the ground section is 2.68 kilometers, and the rest are all underground sections, the length of which is 41.36 kilometers. There are 14 underground stations and 1 ground station on the whole line. It adopts EMU trains with a maximum operating speed of 160 km/h, and a combined fast and slow train transportation mode.
The line has double island platforms in some stations, allowing express/local services.

### Future extensions

The line is expected to be extended north to Taicang in neighboring Jiangsu Province in the future.
# Ralph Spearow

Albert Ralph Spearow (October 3, 1895 – December 17, 1980) was an American pole vaulter. He placed 6th in his speciality at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris; later that year, he exceeded Charles Hoff's world record in Tokyo, but his mark was never ratified.

## Biography

Spearow was born in LaGrange, Georgia, but became an athlete in Oregon, competing first for Multnomah AC and then the Oregon Ducks. Spearow was a versatile jumper, excelling not only in the pole vault but also the long jump and the high jump. While at the University of Oregon, he was also the regular pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Cottage Grove; after graduating, he left that post to become an insurance agent.
Spearow placed 4th in the pole vault at the 1919 national (AAU) championship meet and became one of the first jumpers to clear 13 feet (3.96 m) in 1920. In 1922 he placed 2nd at the AAU championships, losing only in a jump-off to Edward Knourek.
Spearow's best year was 1924, when he first broke the intercollegiate record with a jump of 13 feet 2.95 inches (4.0373 m) and then qualified for the US Olympic team. At the Olympic Trials in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Spearow and three others - Lee Barnes, James Brooker and Glenn Graham - cleared 13 feet (3.96 m) to qualify for the Olympics. Of the four, Spearow had the best attempts at 13 feet 4 inches (4.06 m), getting over the bar twice but brushing it off on the way down both times. In the absence of Norway's world record holder Charles Hoff, Spearow entered the Olympics as the leading favorite. However, he injured his ankle in training ahead of the competition and only managed a disappointing 6th.
After the Olympics, Spearow embarked on an exhibition and coaching tour in Japan with several fellow athletes. Near the end of the tour on November 5, in a meeting in Tokyo, Spearow had the best performances of his career, clearing first 13 feet 6 inches (4.11 m) and then 13 feet 10+1⁄2 inches (4.23 m); the latter height exceeded Hoff's official world record of 4.21 meters. Spearow's jump has appeared in many listings of world record progressions since but has never received official recognition from the International Association of Athletics Federations.
Why the jump wasn't ratified as a record is unclear, with both contemporary and later sources providing contradictory explanations. Bill Bowerman claimed the jump was statistically valid but Spearow's lack of an AAU permit to compete prevented ratification. Track and field historian Richard Hymans quotes eyewitness Jonni Myyrä as saying the height Spearow cleared was found to be below the world record on remeasurement; however, Martti Jukola, also citing Myyrä as his source, claimed Spearow failed on his three official attempts and only made the height on an additional exhibition jump. The November 19, 1924 edition of the Eugene Guard referred to Spearow "unofficially" breaking the record, while the November 21 edition said Spearow "tried for a world's vault record but failed by a scant margin."
Spearow died in Portland, Oregon on December 17, 1980.
# Hartley Township, Union County, Pennsylvania

Hartley Township is a township in Union County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,725 at the 2020 census.
The unincorporated village of Laurelton, where the office for Bald Eagle State Forest is located, is in the township. R. B. Winter State Park, one of 120 Pennsylvania state parks, is in Hartley Township.

## History

The Millmont Red Bridge and Halfway Lake Dam are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 79.7 square miles (206 km$^2$), of which 79.6 square miles (206 km$^2$) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km$^2$) (0.15%) is water.
Hartley Township is bordered by Centre County to the northwest, Lewis Township to the east, Snyder County to the south and Mifflin County to the west.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,714 people, 648 households, and 473 families residing in the township. The population density was 21.5 people per square mile (8.3/km$^2$). There were 1,139 housing units at an average density of 14.3/sq mi (5.5/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 99.18% White, 0.18% African American, 0.18% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, and 0.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.18% of the population.
There were 648 households, out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.3% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.9% were non-families. 22.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.03.
In the township the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.7 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $35,278, and the median income for a family was $39,650. Males had a median income of $29,207 versus $21,591 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,310. About 8.5% of families and 11.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.5% of those under age 18 and 14.0% of those age 65 or over.

## Government

The polling place (voting) for the township is located in the Hartley Township Building, 1845 State RT 235., Laurelton.
# Battle of Hamdh

The Battle of Hamdh (Arabic:معركة حمض ) involved 2,000 Ikhwan fighters and 100 Kuwaiti cavalry accompanied by 200 Kuwaiti infantrymen. The battle lasted six days and resulted in heavy but unknown casualties on both sides.
The battle resulted in the October 1920 Battle of Jahra.
# Siah Kalleh, Lorestan

Siah Kalleh (Persian: سياه كله) is a village in, and the capital of, Dorud Rural District of the Central District of Dorud County, Lorestan province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 2,781 in 564 households. The following census in 2011 counted 3,373 people in 867 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 4,034 people in 1,079 households.
# Newsis

Newsis News Agency (Korean: 뉴시스통신사) or Newsis is a privately owned news agency in South Korea. Prior to the launch of Newsis, the Yonhap News Agency was the only news agency in South Korea. It was launched in September 2001. Newsis' news is only available in Korean.
The newspaper had a predecessor, News Syndicate Korea (뉴스신디케이트 코리아) that was founded in 1995. It took a legal battle that lasted several years to receive permission to register as a telecommunications company. Once permission was granted in June 2001, Newsis was founded.
# 1786 in Russia

Events from the year 1786 in Russia

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Catherine II

## Events

* Court Riding Arena in Saint Petersburg begins construction
* Creaking Pagoda completed in Tsarskoye Selo
* Don Host Oblast established
* Fevey - premier of opera by Vasily Pashkevich with libretto by Catherine the Great
* Pashkov House completed in Moscow
* St. Catherine's Cathedral completed in Kherson
* Vodootvodny Canal completed

## Births

* Dmitry Begichev, civil servant, writer, senator
* Alexander Chavchavadze, Georgian poet and nobleman, Russian general
* Auguste de Montferrand, French architect who worked principally in Russia
* Roksandra Skarlatovna Edling, courtier (d. 1844)
* Fyodor Glinka, poet and author
* Gavriil Ignatyev, general
* Maria Nesselrode, courtier (d. 1803)
* Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1786–1859), daughter of Paul I of Russia
* Pavel Schilling, diplomat and inventor
* Ekaterina Semenova, actress
* Roxandra Sturdza, philanthropist and writer
* Sergey Uvarov, scholar and civil servant influential in education
* Filipp Vigel, nobleman, civil servant, memoirist
* Otto Magnus von Stackelberg, archaeologist and artist
* Karl Gustav von Strandmann, general

## Deaths

* Jovan Horvat, general and founder of New Serbia
* Thomas MacKenzie (Russian admiral), admiral and founder of Sevastopol
* Julia von Mengden, lady-in-waiting and confidant of Grand Dutchess Anna Leopoldovna