OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Salsabil (fountain)

A salsabil (or salasabil), also known as a shadirwan, is a type of fountain which maximizes the surface area of the water. It is used for evaporative cooling of buildings, cooling and aeration of drinking water, and ornament (it has also been used to prevent eavesdropping). The water may flow in a thin sheet or thin streams, often over a wavy surface with many little waterfalls. Its use extends from southern Spain through north Africa and the Middle East to northern India.

## Etymology and name

The name salsabil (Arabic: سلسبيل) likely derives from a Qur'anic reference. The term shadirwan is also used for devices for aerating drinking water. However, the term shadirwan or shadirvan (Arabic: شاذروان, Persian: شادروان, Turkish: şadırvan) has slightly different uses in other cultures, such as designating a central ablutions fountain for a mosque courtyard in Turkish (see shadirvan).$^{:459}$

## Design and setting

The water flows in a manner designed to maximize the surface area, and thus evaporation. A salsabil may be a near-vertical marble waterfall mounted on a wall, or the sheet of water may flow down a slanted chute.
Evaporative cooling causes the water and the surrounding air to cool as some of the water evaporates. Passive ventilation may be used to maximize the flow of unsaturated air over the water surface and carry the cooled air to where it is needed in the building. Salasabils are often used with windcatchers.
A salsabil may also be used to aerate water for drinking in a sabil (or sebil; Arabic: سبيل, Turkish: sebil).$^{:63,262}$ Salsabils, in the form of inclined marble slabs over which drinking water flowed before being dispensed, were often included inside the sabils of Mamluk architecture.$^{:63,262}$
Salasabils were used in Mughal architecture from the 1200s to the 1600s. They were also used in recent centuries in Iran. They were sometimes used as decorative features in Ottoman domestic architecture.$^{:441}$
* Near-vertical salasabil in the mostly-1500s Agra Fort (dry)
* 1660s Bibi Ka Maqbara, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India (dry)
* Atrium of the House of the Centenary, Pompeii, mid-2nd century BC (dry)
* Replica of a Roman fountain in the House of the Large Fountain, Pompeii.
* A near-horizontal ridged channel in the Room of Justice, 1360s Alcazar of Seville, Spain (wet)
* Water flows out over the corrugated sides of a fountain, 1360s Patio del Cuarto Dorado, Alhambra, Granada, Spain (wet)
* Privy Chamber of Murat III, late 16th century, Topkapı Palace, Istanbul, Turkey (dry)
* Marble salsabil in the sebil chamber of the al-Ghuriya Complex, Cairo, Egypt (dry)
# Heinrich Gottfried von Bretschneider

Heinrich Gottfried von Bretschneider (6 march 1739 in Gera – 1 november 1810 in Krimitz Pilzno) was a German satirical writer. Bretschneider led a bohemian life, served in the army, and held various political posts. Later he was bibliothecary at Lemberg. He was closely linked to the writers of the enlightenment, especially Friedrich Nicolai. Bretschneider composed, besides satirical writings, Almanach der Heiligen auf das Jahr, 1788, Wallers Leben und Sitten, and the comic epic, Graf Esau.

## Literature

* Anton Peter Petri: Biographisches Lexikon des Banater Deutschtums, Marquartstein, 1992, ISBN 3-922046-76-2
# Jane Sinnett

Jane Sinnett (née Fry; 8 March 1804 – 14 November 1870) was a British translator, author, and critic. Although less familiar than other 19th-century women writers, she was one among a growing group of female "travellers, translators and journalists during a period when women became increasingly robust participants in the publishing industry."

## Life

Jane Fry was born on 8 March 1804 in Westminster, London, the second daughter of nonconformists John and Sarah Fry.
Fry married Dublin-born journalist Edward William Percy Sinnett on 3 September 1825 in Holborn, London. The couple lived in Hamburg, Germany, where between 1826 and 1835, Sinnett gave birth to four children. Both had a strong knowledge of modern languages, and Jane Sinnett contributed to both the Dublin Review and The Athenaeum. Once back in England, Sinnett had another son, and her husband worked on the Morning Herald. The Sinnetts' daughter Sophia (b. 1828) became a painter and art teacher. One of their sons, Frederick (b. 1830), was a journalist and literary critic, and another, Alfred Percy Sinnett, was a journalist and theosophist.
Edward Sinnett died from consumption in May 1844, and Jane Sinnett's literary contributions were then to support herself and her children. She wrote translations and reviews for the publications including the Foreign and Quarterly Review, Bentley’s Miscellany, and regularly for The Westminster Review. Her reputation suffered from George Eliot's description of her as "tiresome" as a contributor to this latter journal, though it has since been argued that it related to Sinnett's failure to respond to proof correction, rather than to her skill as a German scholar. At one stage, Eliot hoped to take over Sinnett's regular 'belles lettres' section of The Westminster Review.
Sinnett became known particularly for her translations of travel literature, including Ida Pfeiffer’s A Lady’s Voyage around the World (the only work by a woman traveller Sinnett ever translated), and works by Évariste Huc and Johann Kohl.
Sinnett died in London on 14 November 1870 and was buried on the western side of Highgate Cemetery.
# Silene vulgaris

Silene vulgaris, the bladder campion or maidenstears, is a plant species of the genus Silene within the family Caryophyllaceae. Native to the Old World, the plant has been naturalized elsewhere, including North America. The young shoots and leaves are edible.

## Description

The plant can reach 60 centimetres (24 inches) in height, with white-petaled flowers up to 1.8 cm (1⁄2 in) wide.
Similar species include S. noctiflora and S. latifolia.

## Distribution and habitat

It is native to Europe, temperate Asia and northern Africa and has been introduced to other parts of the world, particularly North America, where it is now widespread and a common wild flower in meadows, open woods and fields.

## Uses

The young shoots and the tender leaves are sometimes used as food in some countries of the Mediterranean region. These are considered edible raw before the plant flowers and can be used in salads. The older leaves are usually eaten boiled or fried, sauteed with garlic or in omelettes.

### Crete and Cyprus

In Crete it is called agriopapoula (αγριοπάπουλα) and its leaves and tender shoots are eaten browned in olive oil.
In Cyprus it is very widely eaten, so much so that in recent years it has once again been cultivated and sold in shops in bunches. Two of the common Cypriot names are strouthouthkia (στρουθούθκια; [stru'θuθca]) and tsakrithkia (τσακρίδκια; [t͡sa'kriðca]).

### Italy

In Italy the leaves of this plant may be used as an ingredient in risotto. It is commonly known as sculpit, stridolo or by the obsolete scientific name Silene inflata, as well as s-ciopetin, grixol in Veneto and nenkuz or sclopit in Friuli and cojet in Piedmont.

### Spain

In the La Mancha region of Spain, where S. vulgaris leaves are valued as a green vegetable, there used to be people known as collejeros who picked and sold these plants. Leaves are small and narrow so it takes many plants to obtain a sizeable amount.
In La Mancha, the leaves, locally known as collejas, were mainly used to prepare gazpacho viudo (widower gazpacho), consisting of flatbread known as tortas de gazpacho and a stew prepared with 'the leaves. Other dishes prepared with these leaves in Spain include potaje de garbanzos y collejas, huevos revueltos con collejas and arroz con collejas.
# Fud Leclerc

Ferdinand Urbain Dominic Leclerc (French pronunciation:, 1924 – 20 September 2010) was a Belgian singer, who was also the pianist of Juliette Gréco. Leclerc had a career as a pianist, accordionist, songwriter and singer before retiring to travel the world. On his return to Belgium he began a new career as a building contractor. More recently, Leclerc was invited to Belgian national final of Eurovision 2005 by the Belgian TV network RTBF as a guest star.
Leclerc represented Belgium at the Eurovision Song Contest four times:
| Year | Song performed |
| 1956 | "Messieurs les noyés de la Seine" (The drowned men of the Seine), music by Jean Miret and Jacques Say, lyrics by Robert Montal, placing and score unknown |
| 1958 | "Ma petite chatte" (My little darling), music and lyrics by André Dohet, 5th place (of 10), 8 points |
| 1960 | "Mon amour pour toi" (My love for you), music by Jacques Say, lyric by Robert Montal, 6th place (of 13), 9 points |
| 1962 | "Ton nom" (Your name), music by Eric Channe, lyric by Tony Golan, tied for last place (of 16), 0 points |
The song Leclerc performed in the 1962 Contest is notable for being the (joint) first song performed at the Contest that scored zero points.
At the time of his death Leclerc was retired, and living in Brussels.
# Mal McMartin

Malcolm (Mal) McMartin (born 1944) is an Australian former rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s and 1970s.

## Playing career

McMartin started his first grade career at the Penrith Panthers in 1968. He remained there for four seasons between 1968 and 1971. He then joined Balmain for two seasons between 1972 and 1973.
He finished his career at the Parramatta Eels for two seasons between 1974 and 1975 and often played with his identical twin brother, John McMartin.
# Maksim Oberemko

Maksim Vladimirovich Oberemko (Russian: Максим Владимирович Оберемко; born 25 January 1978) is a Ukrainian (until 2014) and Russian (since 2015) windsurfer. He has competed for Ukraine at the Olympics since 1996, firstly in the Mistral One Design class, and later in the RS:X class.

## Results

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Country Represented |
| 1996 | Olympic Games | Atlanta | 25th | 1996 Olympics - Mistral | Ukraine |
| 2000 | Olympic Games | Sydney | 14th | 2000 Olympics - Mistral | Ukraine |
| 2004 | Olympic Games | Athens | 17th | 2004 Olympics - RS:X | Ukraine |
| 2008 | Olympic Games | Beijing | 12th | 2008 Olympics - RS:X | Ukraine |
| 2012 | Olympic Games | Weymouth | 23rd | 2012 Olympics - RS:X | Ukraine |
| 2016 | Olympic Games | Rio | 16th | 2016 Olympics - RS:X | Russia |
# Salesi Manu

Salesi Manu (born 26 September 1990) is an Australian rugby union footballer who plays as a prop. He plays for Brisbane City in the National Rugby Championship and Bond University in the Queensland Premiership. He has previously played for Super Rugby team the Western Force, Italian club Benetton Treviso, and Japanese club Honda Heat.

## Early life

Manu was a member of the Australia under 20 team that competed in the 2010 IRB Junior World Championship.

## Career

He joined the Western Force Extended Playing Squad during 2012 and made 8 appearances. In the second half of the year he played for North Harbour in New Zealand's domestic ITM Cup competition. Manu was a member of the Western Force extended player group for the 2013 Super Rugby season before signing with Benetton Treviso for the 2014–15 season.
# Ken Wharton

Frederick Charles Kenneth Wharton (21 March 1916 – 12 January 1957) was a British racing driver from Smethwick, England. He competed in off-road trials, hillclimbs, and rallying, and also raced sports cars and single-seaters. He began racing in the new National 500cc Formula in his own special, and later acquired a Cooper. His World Championship Grand Prix debut was at the 1952 Swiss event, run to Formula 2 regulations, where he started from 13th position on the grid and finished 4th. He participated in a total of 15 World Championship Grands Prix, from which he scored three championship points.
On 17 August 1935, he was involved in a crash at Donington Park while driving an Austin in an 850 c.c. race. The incident, which saw him overturn at Red-gate corner occurred on lap one of five. Wharton escaped with abrasions to the arm.
In 1951 he "travelled abroad, with Peter Bell's 2-litre E.R.A., to finish 3rd overall in the Susa/Mont Cenis hill-climb and 4th overall in the Aosta/Grand Saint Bernard hill-climb. With a Cooper 500, he also competed in the German Freiburg hill-climb where he was runner-up in the 500 cc class to Stirling Moss." Wharton won the Freiburg event outright in the E.R.A. on 5 August, climbing the 7.4 miles of the Schauinsland Pass, in 8 minutes 5.33 seconds. On 19 August he was fastest at the Vue des Alpes hill-climb, with a time of 3 minutes 57.8 seconds. He won the British Hill Climb Championship every year from 1951 to 1954, and remains the only driver to have won four successive BHCC titles. Other successes with ERA R4D included winning the Brighton Speed Trials in 1954, 1955 and 1956.
Success in rallies included winning the Tulip Rally in 1949, 1950 and 1952, driving Fords. He also became the British Trials Champion.
On 4 July 1954, he and Peter Whitehead won the Reims 12-hour race in a Jaguar D-Type.
In 1957 Wharton was fatally injured when his Ferrari Monza crashed in a sports-car race at the Ardmore Circuit in Auckland, New Zealand. More than 1,100 people attended his funeral, including his mother, father, sister, aunt, uncle and cousins.

## Complete World Championship results

(key)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | WDC | Points |
| 1952 | Scuderia Franera | Frazer-Nash FN48 | Bristol Straight-6 | SUI 4 | 500 | BEL Ret | FRA | GBR | GER | NED Ret | | | 13th | 3 |
| 1952 | Scuderia Franera | Cooper T20 | Bristol Straight-6 | | | | | | | | ITA 9 | | 13th | 3 |
| 1953 | Ken Wharton | Cooper T23 | Bristol Straight-6 | ARG | 500 | NED Ret | BEL | FRA Ret | GBR 8 | GER | SUI 7 | ITA NC | NC | 0 |
| 1954 | Owen Racing Organisation | Maserati 250F | Maserati Straight-6 | ARG | 500 | BEL | FRA Ret | GBR 8 | GER DNS | SUI 6 | ITA | ESP 8 | NC | 0 |
| 1955 | Vandervell Products Ltd | Vanwall | Vanwall Straight-4 | ARG | MON | 500 | BEL | NED | GBR 9 | ITA Ret | | | NC | 0 |
# Bumpy Bumpus

Howard Leslie "Bumpy" Bumpus (May 4, 1914 – June 16, 1946) was an American racing driver from Brockton, Massachusetts. Bumpus began racing in the late 1930s.

## Life

In the middle of a 1940 race, Bumpus reportedly drove through a fence and walked out of the wreckage, assured the audience he was okay, and won a subsequent race in a borrowed car. In a 1936 racing event, Bumpus first crashed into two stalled cars and then crashed into a clump of bushes. Bumpus was described as a fan favorite. He competed in big car races that populated the anomalous American Automobile Association (AAA) sanctioned National Championship in 1946. In June 1946, Bumpus sought to end a streak of mid-race mechanical errors. Bumpy Bumpus died after crashing, either because of swerving to avoid hitting another car, or flipping due to striking the rear wheel of the race leader, during a heat race at Flemington Speedway, the 14th race of the 1946 AAA season.
# Terry Parker

Terry Parker (born 1949) is an Australian former rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s and 1970s, and later an administrator.
Terry Parker played for the Balmain Tigers for five seasons between 1969 and 1973. In his debut year, Parker won a premiership with the victorious Balmain Tigers team that defeated the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the 1969 Grand Final. After retiring from playing, Parker became an administrator, and was the CEO of the South Sydney Rabbitohs for more than a decade before resigning during the super league war. He also served as a Director of the NSWRFL and the ARL during this time.
# Mikhail Smirnov (footballer, born 1881)

Mikhail Nikolayevich Smirnov (Russian: Михаил Николаевич Смирнов) (1881 in Moscow – 1957) was an association football player. Smirnov made his debut for Russia on June 30, 1912 in a 1912 Olympics game against Finland.
# Bill Cummings (racing driver)

William Clarence Cummings (November 11, 1906 – February 8, 1939), nicknamed "Wild Bill," was an American racing driver who is known for winning the 1934 Indianapolis 500.

## Death

Cummings was driving a passenger automobile on State Road 29 in Indianapolis, when he crashed through a guard rail, overturned several times and plunged 50 feet (15 m) into Lick Creek. He was pulled from the water by passers-by while still alive, but died at Methodist Hospital two days later.

## Awards and honors

Cummings has been inducted into the following halls of fame:
* Auto Racing Hall of Fame (1970)
* National Sprint Car Hall of Fame (2020)

## Motorsports career results
### Indianapolis 500 results

| Year | Car | Start | Qual | Rank | Finish | Laps | Led | Retired |
| 1930 | 6 | 22 | 106.173 | 4 | 5 | 200 | 0 | Running |
| 1931 | 3 | 2 | 112.563 | 4 | 28 | 70 | 4 | Oil line |
| 1932 | 10 | 12 | 111.204 | 19 | 19 | 151 | 0 | Crankshaft |
| 1933 | 5 | 1 | 118.530 | 1 | 25 | 136 | 32 | Radiator |
| 1934 | 7 | 10 | 116.116 | 6 | 1 | 200 | 57 | Running |
| 1935 | 1 | 5 | 116.901 | 6 | 3 | 200 | 0 | Running |
| 1936 | 2 | 13 | 115.939 | 14 | 33 | 0 | 0 | Clutch |
| 1937 | 16 | 1 | 123.343 | 3 | 6 | 200 | 0 | Running |
| 1938 | 7 | 16 | 122.393 | 7 | 24 | 72 | 0 | Radiator |
| Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | 1229 | 93 | |
| Starts | 9 |
| Poles | 2 |
| Front Row | 3 |
| Wins | 1 |
| Top 5 | 3 |
| Top 10 | 4 |
| Retired | 5 |
# Jiacha Hydropower Station

The Jiacha Hydropower Station (Chinese: 加查水电站), also named Gacha Hydropower Station, is the second largest hydropower station built in Tibet, located in Gyaca County on the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo, with a total installed capacity of 360 MW and a designed annual generation capacity of 1.705 billion kWh.

## History

Jiacha Hydropower Station was approved by the National Development and Reform Commission in 2015, its official construction started in December. On 11 August 2020, its first unit was put into operation for electricity generation.
The hydroelectric power plant is currently the largest power station in Tibet in terms of single-unit capacity, which is 120,000 kilowatts.
The project is one of the three hydro dams on the Yarlung Tsangpo, which State Council of China announced in January 2013 as part of its New Energy Development Plan.
# Bolsa de Madrid

Bolsa de Madrid (Spanish pronunciation:; Madrid Stock Exchange) is the largest and most international of Spain's four regional stock exchanges (the others are located in Barcelona, Valencia, and Bilbao) that trade shares and convertible bonds and fixed income securities, and both government and private-sector debt. Bolsa de Madrid is owned by Bolsas y Mercados Españoles.

## Structure and operations

The reorganisation of Spain's financial market under the national umbrella of the Spanish Stock Market includes the bolsas, the derivatives markets, and fixed-income markets. Trading is linked through the electronic Spanish Stock Market Interconnection System (SIBE), which handles more than 90% of transactions; all fixed-income assets are traded through SIBE.
The Madrid Stock Exchange General Index (IGBM) is the exchange's principal index and represents the construction, financial services, communications, consumer, capital/intermediate goods, energy, and market services sectors. The IBEX 35 Index is a capitalization-weighted index comprising the 35 most liquid Spanish stocks traded in the continuous market, and is Bolsa de Madrid's benchmark. Bolsa de Madrid also offers the FTSE-Latibex Index, a European market for Latin American stocks. The Ibex New Market Index, for emerging companies, was offered from 2000 to 2007.
Settlement is T + 3. Trading on SIBE is conducted from 9 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.; open outcry from 10a.m. to 11:30 a.m., both Monday through Friday

## History

The Bolsa de Madrid was officially founded in 1831.
As required by Spanish law, it is managed and operated by the Sociedad Rectora de la Bolsa de Valores de Madrid S.A., a corporation organized under the laws of Spain. The membership of the Madrid Stock Exchange consists of 41 major financial institutions and 12 established securities dealers. At December 31, 2001, approximately 1,477 domestic and foreign companies had their equity securities listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange. The total market capitalization of the equity securities listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange in May, 2007 was €1,276.26 billion.

### Building

The Bolsa continues to occupy a nineteenth-century building, the Palace of la Bolsa de Madrid. Despite the traditional setting, in 1993, the Bolsa de Madrid switched to all-electronic trading for fixed-income securities. There is also a base at Las Rozas.
# Andy Linden (racing driver)

Andrew Logan "Andy" Linden (April 5, 1922 – February 11, 1987) was an American racecar driver.

## Early life and military service

Linden was born on April 5, 1922, in Brownsville, Pennsylvania. He served in the United States Navy, where he was a standout boxer, and the National Guard. He also rode hot rods in Los Angeles, California.

## Career

He raced with great success until a 1957 crash caused a piece of metal to break his helmet, causing career ending brain damage. He is also technically a former Formula One World Championship driver, as the Indianapolis 500 was part of the FIA World Championship from 1950 through 1960, meaning that drivers competing at Indy during those years were credited with World Championship points and participation. Linden thus participated in 7 World Championship races, accumulating a total of 5 championship points.
in 2013, he was inducted into the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame.
He died in Harbor City, California, on February 11, 1987, and is buried at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood.

## Indy 500 results

| Year | Car | Start | Qual | Rank | Finish | Laps | Led | Retired |
| 1951 | 57 | 31 | 132.226 | 26 | 4 | 200 | 0 | Running |
| 1952 | 9 | 2 | 137.002 | 4 | 33 | 20 | 0 | Oil leak |
| 1953 | 32 | 5 | 136.060 | 19 | 33 | 3 | 0 | Crash T3 |
| 1954 | 74 | 23 | 137.820 | 28 | 25 | 165 | 0 | Torsion bar |
| 1955 | 19 | 8 | 139.098 | 22 | 6 | 200 | 0 | Running |
| 1956 | 5 | 9 | 143.056 | 11 | 27 | 90 | 0 | Oil leak |
| 1957 | 73 | 12 | 143.244 | 5 | 5 | 200 | 0 | Running |
| Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | 878 | 0 | |
| Starts | 7 |
| Poles | 0 |
| Front Row | 1 |
| Wins | 0 |
| Top 5 | 2 |
| Top 10 | 3 |
| Retired | 4 |
# Art Klein

Arthur Hayes Klein (March 16, 1889 – June 6, 1955) was an American racing driver.
Klein was an aviator and an engineering officer during World War I, stationed in Issoudun, France. After retiring from racing, Klein later became the head of transportation for Warner Brothers studios, working there until his death.

## Motorsports career results
### Indianapolis 500 results

| Year | Car | Start | Qual | Rank | Finish | Laps | Led | Retired |
| 1914 | 15 | 8 | 86.870 | 26 | 20 | 87 | 0 | Valve |
| 1915 | 9 | 8 | 90.450 | 8 | 18 | 0 | 0 | Smoking |
| 1919 | 29 | 7 | 94.900 | 18 | 19 | 70 | 0 | Oil line |
| 1920 | 8 | 5 | 92.700 | 7 | 21 | 40 | 1 | Crash |
| 1922 | 6 | 25 | 87.150 | 23 | 21 | 105 | 0 | Rod |
| Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | 302 | 1 | |
| Starts | 5 |
| Poles | 0 |
| Front Row | 0 |
| Wins | 0 |
| Top 5 | 0 |
| Top 10 | 0 |
| Retired | 5 |
# Božena Němcová Theatre

The Božena Němcová Theatre (Czech: Divadlo Boženy Němcové) is a theatre in Františkovy Lázně, Czech Republic.

## Location

The theatre is an isolated building at the edge of the town park with its façade facing the crossing of Ruská and Dr. Pohoreckého streets.

## History

The theatre in the town was established in 1808 in a converted utility building. It operated during summer times of the spa season and in winters it returned to be a storage building.
In 1868, a special theatre building was built at the current location of the theatre. In 1927–1928 the new theatre building was built in the Neoclassical style under the direction of the chief architect Artur Payr [cs] and interiors were decorated in Art Deco style. It was named after Božena Němcová on 8 November 1962.
In 2018, the building was designated a cultural monument of the Czech Republic.