OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Martha Chase

Martha Cowles Chase (November 30, 1927 – August 8, 2003), also known as Martha C. Epstein, was an American geneticist who in 1952, with Alfred Hershey, experimentally helped to confirm that DNA rather than protein is the genetic material of life.

## Early life and college education

Chase was born in 1927 in Cleveland, Ohio. Her father was a Western Reserve University Science Instructor and she grew up with her family in Cleveland Heights, Ohio. After graduating from Cleveland Heights High School, she received a bachelor's degree from the College of Wooster in 1950, then worked as a research assistant before returning to school in 1959 and receiving a PhD in Microbiology from the University of Southern California in 1964.

## Research and later life

In 1950, Chase began working as a research assistant at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in the laboratory of bacteriologist and geneticist Alfred Hershey. In 1952, she and Hershey performed the Hershey–Chase experiment, which helped to confirm that genetic information is held and transmitted by DNA, not by protein. The experiment involved radioactively labeling either protein or nucleic acid of the bacteriophage T2 (a virus that infects bacteria) and seeing which component entered Escherichia coli upon infection. They found that nucleic acids but not protein were transferred, helping resolve controversy over the composition of hereditary information. Hershey won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery in 1969, but Chase was not included.
Chase left Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in 1953 and worked with Gus Doermann at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, and later at the University of Rochester. Throughout the 1950s, she returned yearly to Cold Spring Harbor to take part in meetings of the Phage Group of biologists. In 1959, she began doctoral studies at University of Southern California in the laboratory of Giuseppe Bertani. Bertani moved to Sweden and Chase finished her thesis with Margaret Lieb in 1964.
While in California, Chase met and married fellow scientist Richard Epstein in the late 1950s and changed her name to Martha C. Epstein. The marriage was brief and they divorced shortly after with no children. A series of personal setbacks through the 1960s ended her career in science. She moved back to Ohio to live with family and spent the last decades of her life suffering from a form of dementia that robbed her of short-term memory. She died of pneumonia on August 8, 2003, at the age of 75.

## Namesakes

The family Chaseviridae, a group of bacteriophages in order Caudovirales, was named in honor of Martha Chase.

## Key paper

* Hershey, A. D. and Martha Chase. "Independent Functions of Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid in Growth of Bacteriophage." J. Gen. Physiol., 36 (1): 39-56, September 20, 1952, at Oregon State University website
# Henry Bailey (sport shooter)

Henry Marvin Bailey (April 24, 1893 – November 1, 1972) was an American sport shooter who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, winning the gold medal in the 25 m rapid fire pistol event. He was born in Colleton County, South Carolina and died in Walterboro, South Carolina.
# Bill Finley

William James Finley (1863–1912) was a 19th-century professional baseball player. He played catcher and outfielder for the 1886 New York Giants. He attended Columbia University and Manhattan College.

## Death

Finley died at age 49 from a heart attack in 1912. He is laid to rest in Calvary Cemetery.
# Alf Hammond

Alfred Richard Hammond (30 July 1887 – 18 July 1961) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## Football

One of nine new players in the team, Hammond played his only First XVIII match for St Kilda against Carlton, at Princes park, on 29 July 1911. They were required because many of the regular St Kilda First XVIII players were on strike.
The other new players were: Alby Bowtell, Roy Cazaly, Claude Crowl, Peter Donnelly, Otto Opelt, Rowley Smith, Tom Soutar, and Bill Ward — and, including that match, and ignoring Harrie Hattam (16 games), Bert Pierce (41 games), and Bill Woodcock (65 games), the very inexperienced team's remaining fifteen players had only played a total of 46 matches.
# De Havilland DH.72

The de Havilland DH.72 was a large British three-engined biplane bomber, designed as a Vickers Virginia replacement. It did not go into production.

## Development

Air Ministry specification B.22/27 was for a Vickers Virginia night bomber replacement and de Havilland obtained an order for a single prototype. The DH.72 was begun as a scaled-up and militarized version of their successful Hercules three-engined biplane airliner. It took a long time to build – about three years – partly because the contract called for duralumin clad wings and de Havilland were not familiar with metal construction methods, and partly because the Air Ministry required a nose gunner's position, which required the central engine of the Hercules to be moved to the upper wing. The aircraft was completed by Gloster's at Brockworth, with whom de Havilland had a military aircraft manufacturing agreement, fitted with three 595 hp (444 kW) Bristol Jupiter XFS radial engines.
Like the Hercules, the DH.72 had unswept, unstaggered parallel chord wings of equal span. The new aircraft's span, though, was 19.5% bigger and the wings were of three rather than two-bay construction. There were ailerons on both wings and slots on the upper ones. To provide clearance for the propeller of the central engine, the upper wing was high above the fuselage; the lower wing was attached about one third the way up the fuselage side. The outer engines were mounted on the upper side of the lower wing, just inboard of the first interplane struts. Below them were pairs of well-spaced wheels forming a widetrack undercarriage. These were braced to the fuselage, leaving a clear underside for the fitting of bomb racks. Unlike the Hercules, the DH.72 had a monoplane tail unit but retained the twin fins. Rudder and elevators were balanced, the horns of the latter projecting well beyond the fixed surfaces. The elevators were split and the rear gunner sat between them in the extreme tail. The fuselage was flat-sided, with a door just aft of the wings and an internal cabin with a pair of windows just forward of the propellers. The pilots' open cockpit was well forward, with the front gunner below them in the nose.
The DH.72 first flew on 27 July 1931, and visited RAE Farnborough in mid-November before going on to competitive trials at RAF Martlesham Heath. There, one of its competitors was the Boulton Paul P.32. Neither aircraft received a production order and only one DH.72 was built.

## Specifications

Data from Jackson 1978, pp. 282–3
General characteristics
* Crew: 5
* Wingspan: 95 ft 0 in (28.96 m)
* Wing area: 1,930 sq ft (179.3 m$^2$)
* Gross weight: 21,462 lb (9,735 kg)
* Powerplant: 3 × Bristol Jupiter XFS supercharged 9-cylinder radial , 595 hp (444 kW) each
Armament
* Provision for 2× .303 in Lewis guns in nose and tail gunners positions
* 2,500 lb (1,140 kg) bombs on external racks
# Mick McFarlane (footballer)

Michael Francis McFarlane (25 October 1908 – 12 October 1981) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon and North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Hillhead (disambiguation)

Hillhead is a district of Glasgow, Scotland.
Hillhead or Hill Head may also refer to:
* Hillhead (ward), an electoral ward of the Glasgow City Council
* Glasgow Hillhead (UK Parliament constituency)
* Hillhead, Cornwall, a hamlet in England
* Hillhead, Devon, a location in England
* Hillhead, East Ayrshire, a location in Scotland
* Hillhead, Keithhall and Kinkell, a location in Aberdeenshire, Scotland
* Hillhead, Kinellar, a location in Aberdeenshire, Scotland
* Hillhead, South Ayrshire, a location in Scotland
* Hillhead, South Dakota, a community in the United States
* Hillhead Student Village, student accommodation in Aberdeen, Scotland
* Hill Head, a village in Hampshire, England
* Hillhead of Mountblairy, a location in Aberdeenshire, Scotland
# Martew

Martew (German: Marthe) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tuczno, within Wałcz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-west of Tuczno, 27 km (17 mi) south-west of Wałcz, and 105 km (65 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.
The village has a population of 100.
In the village there is a historic half-timbered church of Our Lady of the Rosary, dating back to the 17th century.
Before 1772 the area was part of Kingdom of Poland, 1772-1945 Prussia and Germany. For more on its history, see Wałcz County.
# Association of Scholars Opposed to the Security-related Laws

The Association of Scholars Opposed to the Security-related Laws (安全保障関連法に反対する学者の会), previously known as the Association of Scholars Opposed to the Security-related Bills (安全保障関連法案に反対する学者の会), is an organization of scholars opposed to Japan's 2015 military legislation, which was founded in June 2015.

## History

The Shinzo Abe cabinet pushed for a constitutional amendment in 2015 to allow Japanese military forces to intervene in foreign conflicts, despite popular opposition. As a reaction to that event, Professor Manabu Satō founded the organization in June 2015. The organization has been acting together with the Students Emergency Action for Liberal Democracy (SEALDs) during the summer of 2015, organizing protests against the constitutional changes.
As of September 2015, 14,232 scholars across Japan have signed up to join the organization, with more than 32,000 supporters and 100 university groups associated. On September 6, the association and SEALDs together organized a mass rally in Shinjuku, where a total of about 12,000 demonstrators attended. On September 19, the bill was passed by the Diet. Six days later, the organization changed its name to the current name, saying in the name-changing statement that it would "step forward to a movement that will not allow this unconstitutional legislation to be applied and will push for its repeal."
On December 20, the organization co-founded the Civil Alliance for Peace and Constitutionalism with the SEALDs, Save Constitutional Democracy Japan, Mothers Against War and All Out Action Committee (Sogakari).
On October 4, 2020, five years later, Yoshihide Suga refused to approve six scholars (Sadamichi Ashina, Shigeki Uno, Masanori Okada, Ryuichi Ozawa, Takaaki Matsumiya, Yoko Kato) who attended the association to join the Science Council of Japan. Many, including many academics, suspect this rejection of appointment was due to the six academics' opposition to the government's policies, especially the 2015 military legislation. Suga denied that the refusal was politically driven, but gave no specific reason.
# Jonathan Sullivan

Jonathan Sullivan (Chinese: 蘇立文) is a British political scientist and Sinologist who researches political communications in China, Taiwan and other East Asian contexts, China's Internet and cyber-nationalism, studies of the Confucius Institutes, and China's politics of celebrity culture, hip hop and football.
Sullivan is Head of China Programmes at the Asia Research Institute (ARI) and associate professor in Politics and International Relations at the University of Nottingham. Sullivan is an editor of The Asia Dialogue, the online journal of the ARI. He is a co-founder of the China Soccer Observatory (CSO) with Simon Chadwick and a member of The China Quarterly Executive Committee.

## Early life and education

Sullivan comes from Kent, England. After receiving his bachelor's degree in Modern Chinese Studies and Master's degree in Asia Pacific Studies, all at the University of Leeds, Sullivan went to the University of Nottingham for learning Political Science, where he got another master's degree (2005-2006) and completed his PhD (2006-2010).

## Academic career

From 2009 to 2011, Sullivan was a RCUK Fellow for China, Globalization and Civil Society. In 2012, he moved over to the Institute of Contemporary Chinese Studies, University of Nottingham to work with Steve Tsang, who was Head of the School, as Director of Research. In 2014, Sullivan went back to the School of Politics as Director of the China Policy Institute (CPI).
He was the Director of the CPI and Editor-in-Chief of the institute's online journal China Policy Institute: Analysis until 2018, when the CPI merged into ARI.
Sullivan was a British Science Association media fellow who facilitated a period of work at and writing for the BBC.

## Works
### Books

* A New Era in Democratic Taiwan: Trajectories and Turning Points in Politics and Cross-Strait Relations, with Chun-Yi Lee (Routledge, 2018)
* China's Football Dream (Asia Research Institute e-Book, 2018)

### Selected articles

* Sullivan, J., & Wang, W. (2022). China's “Wolf Warrior Diplomacy”: The Interaction of Formal Diplomacy and Cyber-Nationalism. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs.
* Sullivan, J., Jeu, S. & Wang, W. (2021). Rising Cyber China. Turkish Policy Quarterly.
* Sullivan, J., & Lee, D. S. (2018). Soft Power Runs into Popular Geopolitics: Western Media Frames Democratic Taiwan. International Journal of Taiwan Studies, 1(2), 273–300.
* Sullivan, J. (2014). China's Weibo: Is Faster Different?. New Media & Society, 16(1), 24–37.

### Selected op-eds

* Taiwan and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, China Policy Institute: Analysis. Jan 27, 2018.
* Western universities are not prepared for engaging with China. Nikkei Asian Review. Dec 27, 2017.
* Trump, Taiwan, and the ‘One China’ Policy. The Diplomat. Feb 28, 2017.
* How the Global Media Frames Taiwan and Gets it Wrong. Global Taiwan Institute 1(13). Dec 14, 2016.
* Chinese Celebrity and the Soft Power Machine. China Film Insider. April 3, 2016.
* “Asia for Asians”: Would it mean “Asia for Chinese?” India-China Chronicle. May–June 2015.
* The Taiwan-China Meeting. The Diplomat. Feb 11 2014.
# Biblica

Biblica, formerly International Bible Society, was founded in 1809 and is the worldwide copyright holder of the New International Version of the Bible (NIV), licensing commercial rights to Zondervan in the United States and to Hodder & Stoughton in the United Kingdom. Biblica is also a member of the Forum of Bible Agencies International and Every Tribe Every Nation.

## History

Biblica was founded December 4, 1809, in New York City as the New York Bible Society by a small group including Henry Rutgers, William Colgate, Theodorus Van Wyke and Thomas Eddy.
Biblica experienced its first merger in 1819 when it merged with the New York Auxiliary Bible Society. It was renamed New York International Bible Society in 1974, International Bible Society (IBS) in 1988. The organization moved to Colorado Springs from New York in 1988 and moved into its current facility in 1989. It merged with Living Bibles International in 1992 and International Bible Society and Send the Light (STL) in 2007, forming a new organization called IBS-STL. In 2009, it adopted the name Biblica.

## Translations

Biblica's international ministry began in 1810 with its sponsorship of William Carey’s Bible translation work in India. The worldwide work expanded in 1992 following the merger with Living Bibles International, through which Biblica developed its global translation ministry. The reach of Biblica around the world again expanded through its merger with Send the Light (STL) in 2007.
Biblica is perhaps best known for its New International Version (NIV) version of the Bible, the best-selling contemporary English translation.
# Milton (South Uist)

Milton (Scottish Gaelic: Geàrraidh Bhailteas) is the name of a tack or tenant farm on the island of South Uist in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. It was on this tack that Jacobite heroine Flora MacDonald was born and spent her childhood. A memorial dedicated to her stands at the remains of the township.
# Spiterstulen

Spiterstulen is a former mountain farm, now a tourist station in the valley Visdalen in Lom in Oppland, Norway. Spiterstulen lies 1,100 metres above sea level, between the two highest mountains in Norway, Galdhøpiggen and Glittertind. It is the largest tourist cabin in Jotunheimen, with around 230 beds. It is reachable by car between March and October.
Spiterstulen was originally a cabin for shepherds. In 1836 it was extended for guests for the first time, since one of the paths used to cross the mountain (the Visdalen path which reaches 1490 m, slightly higher than the present route 55) passed by. In 1881 a proper tourist station was built, which has been extended several times.
# Al-Suwayda al-Gharbiyah

Al-Suwayda al-Gharbiya (Arabic: السويدة الغربية) is a Syrian village located in the Subdistrict of the Hama District in the Hama Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Suwayda al-Gharbiyah had a population of 522 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims.
# Ilona Walta

Ilona Walta (born 5 January 2006) is a Finnish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Damallsvenskan club Vittsjö GIK.

## Personal life

Her older brother Leo is Finnish international footballer.
# Aquaculture in Timor-Leste

Aquaculture in Timor-Leste is not a large industry; however, World Vision has expressed an interest in organizing aquaculture development projects in the country in order to help those who suffer food shortages in the upland areas. Research has demonstrated that Timor-Leste has great potential for both fresh- and salt-water aquaculture, including microphyte production.
# James Sandilands, 7th Lord Torphichen

James Sandilands, 7th Lord Torphichen (died 1753) was a Scottish nobleman and army officer, a loyalist of the 1715 Jacobite Rebellion.

## Life

He was the eldest surviving son of Walter Sandilands, 6th Lord Torphichen (died 1698), by his second wife, Hon. Catherine Alexander, eldest daughter of William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling. He was a supporter of the Acts of Union 1707. Subsequently he served under the Duke of Marlborough as lieutenant-colonel of the 7th Dragoons.
At the outbreak of the rebellion in 1715 Torphichen's regiment was stationed in Scotland, and on 17 October he made an attempt to drive the highlanders out of Seton House, but without success. He was also present with his regiment at the Battle of Sheriffmuir.
In 1722 Torphichen was appointed a lord of police. He died on 10 August 1753.

## Family

By his wife, Lady Jean Hume, youngest daughter of Patrick Hume, 1st Earl of Marchmont, Torphichen had three daughters, who died unmarried, and eight sons. Of the sons:
* James, Master of Torphichen, a lieutenant in the 44th Foot, was badly wounded at the Battle of Prestonpans, and died on 20 April 1749;
* the second son, Walter, who became eighth lord, was sheriff-depute of Mid-Lothian at the time of the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745, and was active then in Edinburgh;
* Andrew and Robert, who were known as soldiers.
# Tatjana Turanskyj

Tatjana Turanskyj (Hanover, 27 July 1966 - 18 September 2021)) was a German film director, producer, screenwriter and performer with feminist views.

## Films

* 2001: Hangover (with Hangover Ltd.), 72 min.
* 2003: Petra (with Hangover Ltd.), 70 min.
* 2004: Wedding (together with Wiebke Berndt), 5 min.
* 2005: Remake (with Hangover Ltd.), 20 min.
* 2006: Sehnsucht nach Schüssen, 60 min.
* 2007: Korleput (with Hangover Ltd.), 72 min., with Bastian Trost and Christine Groß
* 2008: I’m a Dancer, 6 min.
* 2010: Eine flexible Frau, 97 min., part 1 of a trilogy, with Mira Partecke, Laura Tonke, Bastian Trost
* 2014: Top Girl oder La déformation professionnelle, 94 min., with Julia Hummer, Susanne Bredehöft, Jojo Pohl, Nina Kronjäger, RP Kahl [de]
* 2015: Orientierungslosigkeit ist kein Verbrechen, directed together with Marita Neher, 76 min., with Nina Kronjäger, Anna Schmidt, Kathrin Krottenthaler
# Twan Huys

Twan Huys (born 24 March 1964) is a Dutch journalist, television presenter and author. He is the presenter of the Dutch TV shows Nieuwsuur and College Tour. Previously, he worked as a correspondent and presenter for NOVA. The format of College Tour was conceived by Huys while working as a U.S. correspondent in New York City and Washington, D.C. from 1999 until 2007.

## Early life and career

Huys studied at the Academy for Journalism in Tilburg from 1983 until 1986, after which he went to work for the regional broadcasting company in the Dutch province of Limburg. He then worked for STAD Radio Amsterdam and VARA. From 1992 until September 2010, he worked for news program NOVA, and from that month onwards, he has worked for NOVA's successor, Nieuwsuur.
In 2018 he took over the talkshow RTL Late Night from Humberto Tan after declining views; he couldn't prevent its eventual cancellation and left after one season.
He is married to Cheryl Franks, a Brit, and they have two children: a son Jack and a daughter Dylan Rose. Cheryl is a yoga teacher. They have been married since 2007.

## Books

* (1994) In opdracht van Hare Majesteit (On behalf of Her Majesty)
* (2006) Ik ben een New Yorker (I am a New Yorker)
* (2009) Meesters (Masters)
* (2010) Over geluk (On happiness)
* (2013) Dertien meesters, één crimineel (Thirteen masters, one criminal)
# Hove Borough Council elections

Hove was a non-metropolitan district in East Sussex, England. It was abolished on 1 April 1997 and replaced by Brighton and Hove.

## Political control

From the first election to the council in 1973 until its abolition in 1997 political control of the council was held by the following parties:
| Party in control | Party in control | Years |
| | Conservative | 1973–1995 |
| | Labour | 1995–1997 |

### Leadership

The last leader of the council, Ivor Caplin, who had led the council from 1995, went on to be the first deputy leader of the replacement authority, Brighton and Hove City Council, and was also elected as the Member of Parliament for the Hove constituency the month after the council's abolition.
| Councillor | Party | Party | From | To |
| Ivor Caplin | | Labour | 12 May 1995 | 31 Mar 1997 |

## Council elections

* 1973 Hove Borough Council election
* 1976 Hove Borough Council election
* 1979 Hove Borough Council election (New ward boundaries)
* 1983 Hove Borough Council election
* 1987 Hove Borough Council election
* 1991 Hove Borough Council election
* 1995 Hove Borough Council election (Borough boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same)
# Nemtsov

Nemtsov (Russian: Немцо́в) is a surname of Russian origin. Its feminine form is Nemtsova (Russian: Немцо́ва). Notable people with this surname include:
* Boris Nemtsov (1959–2015), Russian scientist and politician
* Elis Nemtsov (born 2002), Israeli-born Canadian soccer player
* Grigorijs Ņemcovs (1948–2010), Latvian journalist
* Sarah Nemtsov (born 1980), German composer
* Stephanie Nemtsova (born 1998), American tennis player
* Tatyana Nemtsova (born 1946), Russian figure skater
* Zhanna Nemtsova (born 1984), Russian journalist and social activist