OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Political fragmentation

Political fragmentation is the division of the political landscape into so many different parties and groups that the governance might become inefficient. Political fragmentation can apply to political parties, political groups or other political organisations. It is most often operationalized using the effective number of parliamentary parties.

## Effects of political fragmentation

Scholars, journalists, and politicians have theorized about a number of potential effects of political fragmentation. For example, it has been argued that higher fragmentation allows voters to better represent their political spectrum of political positions. The length of government coalition formation has also been argued to increase with number of parties and decreases with preexisting political groups. The strength of these effects has been hypothesized to depend on whether it is the government or the opposition that are fragmented. However, the political fragmentation of parliaments has little causal effect on a number of dimensions of the quality of democracy. The veto player theory predicts that higher fragmentation relates to gridlock, but other literature does not observe increased gridlock.
While one-party states are authoritarian, dominant-party systems can be democratic.

## Factors affecting level of political fragmentation

The political fragmentation, represented by effective number of parties, is roughly estimated with the seat product model, and increases with district magnitude and assembly size. The political fragmentation tends to move towards an equilibrium, depending on the voting system. Duverger's law predicts majoritarian elections with district magnitude of one favor a two-party system and proportional representation increases the number of parties. In proportional representation, higher electoral thresholds tend to reduce the number of parties since voters voting for smaller parties have a higher risk of having their votes wasted.
Strong autocrats can prefer a fragmented political system, while weaker autocrats can prefer a low level of party fragmentation.
# Terry Brain

Terence Brain (14 August 1907 – 15 August 1984) was a leading Australian rules footballer of the 1930s who played with South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
The son of a boot repairer, Brain grew up in the South Melbourne area but boarded in Clifton Hill, which was in opposing team Collingwood's recruiting zone. Following Collingwood's request to transfer Brain, South Melbourne named him in the senior side in 1928. A lightly built rover, Brain was one of the few Victorians in the South Melbourne side of the 1930s which was known as the 'foreign legion'. Brain played 141 games for the club, including the 1933 VFL Grand Final win when he kicked two goals. He won South Melbourne's Best and Fairest in 1934. Brain initially retired football at the end of 1937, but then played a season under throw-pass rules with Victorian Football Association club Camberwell in 1938.
# Ray Martin (Australian footballer)

John Raymond Martin (18 November 1909 – 28 July 1988) was an Australian rules footballer who played in the VFL in 1930 and then from 1932 to 1940 for the Richmond Football Club.
Martin played with Daylesford in the Ballarat Football League in 1931, then returned to Richmond in 1932.
Martin was a member of Richmond's 1932 and 1934 VFL Premiership teams. He also won two club best and fairest awards in 1934 and 1935.
# Xiqin (instrument)

The xiqin (Chinese: 奚琴; pinyin: Xī qín) was a bowed 2-string string musical instrument. The instrument was called xiquin in China, referencing the Xi (the creators, a Mongol tribe) and quin (Chinese for stringed instrument). It is perhaps the original member of the huqin family of Mongolian and Chinese bowed string instruments; thus, the morin khuur and erhu and all similar fiddle instruments may be said to be derived from the xiqin. The xiqin had two silk strings and was held vertically.

## Origin and development

The xiqin is believed to have been developed by the Kumo Xi, a Mongol- or Khitan-related ethnic group living in the Xar Moron River valley in northeast China.
The xiqin first appeared in China during the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), during which time it was used in the palace orchestra and bowed with a bamboo stick. It was further developed in the Song dynasty (960–1279), when it began to be bowed with a horsehair bow.
In 1105, during the Northern Song dynasty, the instrument was described as a foreign, two-stringed fiddle in an encyclopedic work on music called Yuè Shū (樂書; literally "book of music") by the music theorist Chen Yang (陳暘).

## Similar instruments

The erxian used in nanguan music and the kyl kiak used in kuu music of Kyrgyzstan is similar in construction to the xiqin. The Korean haegeum is also very similar in shape to the xiqin from which it is derived; in fact, its name is simply the Korean pronunciation of the same Chinese characters. The Chinese characters in Cantonese would be hai kum which shows that the name in Middle Chinese would probably sounds more like Cantonese or Korean rather than the current Mandarin transliteration; however, the Mongolian khuuchir or khoochur is seen as directly related to the etymology of Old Chinese, which is retained in the modern Mandarin example of huqin or huchin, which is the general description of all spike-fiddles which originated with the ancient nomadic Hu-people, including the xiqin.
# James C. Crumlish Jr.

James C. Crumlish Jr. (May 5, 1920 – March 17, 1992) was an American attorney and politician. He served as the District Attorney of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania between 1962 and 1966, and as a judge of the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania from 1970 until his death.

## Early life

He was born and raised in Philadelphia. His father, James Sr., was a judge of the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas and was a recognized figure within the city's Democratic Party hierarchy. Crumlish attended Georgetown University, and was in the process of earning his J.D. from the University of Pennsylvania School of Law when World War II broke out. He joined the Navy, and served as a senior line officer aboard the battleship USS Iowa. He took part in eight major battles and achieved the rank of lieutenant commander when he was 25 years old.

## Professional career

Crumlish returned to law school following the end of the war, and was admitted to the bar in 1949. He specialized in litigation while practicing general law, and in 1952, was appointed to the Philadelphia Registration Commission.

### District attorney

Ten years after his appointment to the Registration Commission, he was appointed Philadelphia District Attorney. His appointment followed the ascension of incumbent District Attorney Victor Blanc to a judgeship. A political unknown, his appointment was attributed to his relationship with Fifth District Congressman and Philadelphia Democratic Party Chairman Bill Green Jr.
He was elected to the job in his own right in the 1961 election and developed a reputation as someone unafraid to take on judges, including his predecessor, Victor H. Blanc. Crumlish was, however, handily defeated for re-election in 1965 by future U.S. Senator Arlen Specter. Though at the time a registered Democrat, Specter ran as a Republican, and campaigned against the perceived corruption of the city's Democratic establishment.

### Judicial career

After his defeat, Crumlish briefly returned to private practice, but became politically active again in 1968 as a representative for regional activities for Mayor James Tate. He ran for a judgeship in 1969 and lost, but was appointed in March 1970 to a seat on the newly created Commonwealth Court by Republican Governor Raymond P. Shafer.
Voters chose to retain him on the court in the 1977 and 1987 judicial retention elections. Crumlish was elected the court's President Judge in 1980, following the death of James S. Bowman, and retired from the position in 1990, per court regulations.
He served as a senior judge on the court from 1990 until his death.

## Personal life

Upon his death in 1992, which followed a brief illness, Crumlish was survived by his wife, Rosemary, two sons, three daughters, five brothers, a sister and 11 grandchildren.
# Jack O'Brien (footballer, born 1893)

John Thomas O'Brien (17 February 1893 – 7 May 1934) was an Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Reg Sampson

Reginald Sampson (3 April 1899 – 2 April 1955) was an Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## Family

The son of Britain Sampson (1865–1925) and Ellen Maria Sampson, nee Williams, Reginald Sampson was born at Box Hill on 3 April 1899.

## Football

Sampson played 25 games over four seasons with South Melbourne, only managing to establish himself as a consistent member of the side in 1919.
In 1922, Sampson transferred to Footscray (then in the Victorian Football Association) where he played for two seasons.
# Camaquã, Porto Alegre

Camaquã is a neighbourhood (bairro) in the city of Porto Alegre. It was created by Law 2022 from December 7, 1959.
# Harry Weber (baseball)

Henry J. Weber (March 1862 - December 22, 1926) was an American Major League Baseball catcher who played in 1884 with the Indianapolis Hoosiers.
Weber played in 3 games, going hitless in 8 at-bats.
# Bill Phillips (pitcher)

William Corcoran Phillips (November 9, 1868 – October 25, 1941), nicknamed "Whoa Bill" or "Silver Bill", was an American right-handed pitcher and manager in Major League Baseball.

## Biography

Phillips was born in Allenport, Pennsylvania on November 9, 1868. At the age of twenty-one, Phillips broke into the big leagues on August 11, 1890, playing his first ten games for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys. Five days later, on August 16, 1890, Phillips, pitching against the Chicago Colts, gave up two grand slam home runs in the same inning.
As a player, he pitched for seven seasons in the majors.
In 1895, he came back to play eighteen more games for the Cincinnati Reds. In 1899, he went 17–9 on a team that featured nineteen-year-old rookie Sam Crawford and manager Buck Ewing. Phillips played for the Reds from 1899 to 1903, playing his last game on September 22. In a game against the Reds in 1900, Phillips punched Roy Thomas after Thomas fouled off twelve pitches in a single at-bat in the eighth inning.
Phillips managed the 1914 Indianapolis Hoosiers to the Federal League pennant. His top hitter was Benny Kauff and the top pitcher was Cy Falkenberg. Later he and Bill McKechnie managed the Newark Pepper, finishing the 1915 season fifth in the Federal League.

## Death and interment

Phillips died at the age of seventy-two in Charleroi, Pennsylvania on October 25, 1941, and was buried in the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Fayette City, Pennsylvania.
# Charlie Reising

Charles Reising (August 28, 1861 – July 26, 1915), nicknamed "Pop", was a Major League Baseball outfielder for the 1884 Indianapolis Hoosiers. He appeared in two games for the Hoosiers and was hitless in eight at-bats.
# List of governors of Damascus

The following is a list of governors of Damascus city and governorate since 1918.

## List of officeholders (1918–present)

| Person | Name in Arabic | Time as mayor |
| Aladdin Al-Droubi | علاء الدين الدروبي | 1918 - 1920 |
| Nawras al-Kilani | نورس الكيلاني | 6 June 1925 - August 1926 |
| Aref al-Khatib | عارف الخطيب | September 1926 |
| Bahij al-Khatib | بهيج الخطيب | 6 February 1936 - 2 March 1936 |
| Tawfiq al-Hayani | توفيق الحياني | 2 March 1936 - 1937 |
| Fayez al-Shehabi | فايز الشهابي | 1937 - 19 June 1940 |
| Sofouh al-Azm | صفوح العظم | 19 June 1940 - February 1942 |
| Husni al-Barazi | حسني البرازي | February 1942 - April 1942 |
| Aref al-Hamzawi | عارف الحمزاوي | April 1942 - December 1944 |
| Mazhar al-Bakri | مظهر البكري | December 1944 - November 1946 |
| Nabih al-Azma | نبيه العظمة | November 1946 - December 1946 |
| Behjat Shehabi | بهجت شهابي | December 1946 - April 1949 |
| Khalil Refaat | خليل رفعت | April 1949 |
| Abdel Hamid Mardini | عبد الحميد مارديني | April 1949 - 15 October 1949 |
| Sayed al-Yousef | سيد اليوسف | March 1950 - 26 January 1951 |
| Rashad Jabri | رشاد جبري | 1951 - 1952 |
| Nasuh al-Ayyubi | نصوح الأيوبي | 1952 - 1954 |
| Abdel Hamid Mardini | عبد الحميد مارديني | February 1954 - April 1954 |
| Ismail Qoli | اسماعيل قلي | April 1954 - September 1954 |
| Mustafa Malik Noor Allah | مصطفى مالك نور الله | 1954 |
| Mokhtar Diab | مختار دياب | 1954 - 1957 |
| Bashir al-Qudmani | بشير القضماني | 1957 - 1960 |
| Abdul Salam Termanini | عبد السلام ترمانيني | 1961 |
| Majed al-Ghazi | ماجد الغازي | 1961 - May 1962 |
| Ibrahim al-Hamzawi | ابراهيم الحمزاوي | May 1962 - April 1963 |
| Abd al-Rahman al-Mardini | عبد الرحمن المارديني | April 1963 - May 1964 |
| Sufouh as-Sawwaf | صفوح الصواف | July 1964 - April 1966 |
| Muhammad al-Sioufi | محمد السيوفي | November 1967 - February 1969 |
| Muhammad Ali al-Halabi | محمد علي الحلبي | February 1969 - July 1971 |
| Mohammed Yassin Alasta | محمد ياسين الاسطة | January 1972 - December 1974 |
| Farouk al-Hamwi | فاروق الحموي | August 1975 - 1979 |
| Abdul Rauf al-Kasm | عبد الرؤوف الكسم | June 1979 - March 1980 |
| Mohammed al-Sioufi | محمد السيوفي | March 1980 - March 1982 |
| Adnan Quli | عدنان قولي | March 1982 - May 1985 |
| Ghassan al-Halabi | غسان الحلبي | November 1985 - November 1987 |
| Mohammed Amin Abu Al-Shamat | محمد امين ابو الشامات | December 1987 - April 1990 |
| Muhammad Walid Hamamiyeh | محمد وليد حمامية | May 1991 - July 1994 |
| Mohamed Zuhair Tilbi | محمد زهير تغلبي | July 1994 - August 1999 |
| Nabil Nasri | نبيل نصري | August 1999 - February 2001 |
| Ghassan al-Lahham | غسان اللحام | February 2001 - September 2003 |
| Muhammad Bashar al-Mufti | محمد بشار المفتي | 22 January 2004 - 26 November 2006 |
| Bishr al-Sabban | بشر الصبان | 1 May 2006 - 26 November 2018 |
| Adel al-Olabi | عادل العلبي | 26 November 2018 - 20 July 2022 |
| Mohammad Tariq Kreishati | محمد طارق كريشاتي | 20 July 2022 - 8 December 2024 |
| Mohammad Yasser Ghazal (acting) | ‎محمد ياسر غزال | 10 December - 15 December 2024 |
| Maher Marwan | ماهر مروان | 15 December 2024 – Present |
# Mount Sarıçalı National Park

Mount Sarıçalı National Park (Turkish: Sarıçalı Dağı Milli Parkı), established on 27 October 2021, is the 46th national park in Turkey. It is located in Nallıhan district within Ankara Province, Central Anatolia.

## Overview

Mount Sarıçalı (Turkish: Sarıçalı Dağı) is located next to Çulhalar village in the northeast, 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Nallıhan town and 185 km (115 mi) northwest of Ankara. The 1,740 m (5,710 ft)-high mountain takes its name from the shrub barberry (Turkish: Sarıçalı).

## National park

The area around the mountain was declared as the 46th national park in Turkey on 27 October 2021. The national park is administrated by the Directoriate-General of Nature Protection and National Parks at the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
Stretching over an area of 1,024 ha (2,530 acres), the Mount Sarıçalı National Park has a natural texture appearance. The Uyuzsuyu Waterfall with a vertical drop of 50–60 m (160–200 ft) is situated within the park area.

### Flora

The national park is located at the intersection of three phytogeographies (plant geography) in Turkey, and hosts 936 plant species, including 139 endemic plants. The park is home to around 600 monumental larch, Kasnak oak and juniper trees, which are 700–800 years old.

### Fauna

It is rich in wild animals such as bear, wild boar, wolf, fox, rabbit, red deer, and is home to many bird species.

### Activities

The national park is preferred for nature walks and nature photography activities.
# Birane Ndoye

Birane Ndoye (born 4 April 1994) is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays for Al-Salam.
He is a younger brother of former Senegal international player Issa Ndoye, who played alongside Birane for Slavia Mozyr.
# Bhutta (surname)

Bhutta is a Jat surname mainly found in Punjab region of Pakistan and India.

## Notable people

People with the surname Bhutta, who may or may not be associated with the Jats, include:
* Naseer Ahmed Bhutta, former member National Assembly of Pakistan (2008 - 2013)
* Peerzada Mian Shahzad Maqbool Bhutta, member Provincial Assembly of the Punjab (2013 - 2018)
* Zulfiqar Bhutta, academic and scientist
* Muhammad Umar Bhutta, former Pakistani field hockey olympic player
# Arizona Township, Burt County, Nebraska

Arizona Township is one of twelve townships in Burt County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 306 at the 2020 census. A 2021 estimate placed the township's population at 306.
# Harold Robertson

Harold John Robertson (9 April 1895 – 19 March 1935) was an Australian rules footballer who played for South Melbourne in the VFL.

## Family

The second child, and eldest son of John Christian "Chris" Robertson (1868-1949), and Mary Robertson (1872-1954), née Reardon, Harold John Robertson was born at Kensington Hill, Victoria on 9 April 1895.
He married Rebecca Mary Shaw (1896-1967) (later Mrs. Patrick Corbett) at Middle Park, Victoria, on 21 April 1920.
His brother, Austin Robertson, Sr., and his nephew, Austin Robertson, Jr., were also champion footballers. Another brother, Hans Joseph Robertson (1905-1969), was a champion amateur swimmer.

## Football
### South Melbourne (VFL)

Full-forward Harold Robertson kicked 38 goals in 1919, which was enough to top South Melbourne's goalkicking.
Robertson played in South Melbourne's 1918 premiership team, kicking two goals from a half forward flank in their five-point victory — 9.8 (62) to 7.15 (57) — over Collingwood in the 1918 VFL Grand Final.

#### 26 July 1919

He set a VFL record in the match against St Kilda, at the Lake Oval, on 26 July 1919 when he kicked 14 goals, half of them in the final quarter. It easily beat the previous league record of 11 goals shared by Dick Lee and Jim McShane. Robertson's VFL record was not bettered until Gordon Coventry kicked 16 goals against Hawthorn, at Victoria Park, on 27 July 1929.
Robertson's 14 goals was the first time that a South Melbourne player had kicked 10 or more goals in a match. It was not until 1933 that his feat was equalled, with Bob Pratt kicking 10 goals twice — 10 goals on 8 July 1933 and 11 goals on 15 July 1933 — and, then, setting a new record with his kicking 15 goals against Essendon, at the Lake Oval, on 19 May 1934.

## Swimming

In his youth, Harold, like his younger brother Hans, was an accomplished swimmer.

## Death

Following his retirement from football, he suffered with illness over a long period of time, and died at Albert Park, Victoria, on 19 March 1935, at the age of 39.
# Stephen Fischer

Stephen Fischer (a.k.a. Stephen Fletcher) is a British singer and participant in the 1982 Eurovision Song Contest as part of the duo Bardo. He is married with two children and lives in London.
Fischer and Sally-Ann Triplett (who were a couple in real life at the time) represented United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982 as the double act Bardo. The entry song, "One Step Further" finished seventh in the contest, but reached No. 2 in the UK Singles Chart.
Fischer was originally suggested to join the original Bucks Fizz line-up for the 1981 Eurovision entry, but was unavailable due to his contract with the musical Godspell. He has also worked with Bob Geldof, Debbie McGee, Boy George, Paul Brady, Murray Head and the Penguin Cafe Orchestra as a keyboard player and singer.
# Bella Dayne

Isabelle Knispel (born 8 January 1988), known by her stage name Bella Dayne, is a German actress. Her credits include the television series Plebs, Humans and the BBC/Netflix miniseries Troy: Fall of a City, in which she portrayed Helen of Troy. In 2020 she was cast in the role of Red Spear in the Netflix original show Cursed.

## Early life and career

Dayne was born and raised in Berlin. In 2004, at the age of 16, she took part in the Miss East Germany contest.
In 2006, while still in school, she won the Miss Germany competition. She moved to New York City, attending the Stella Adler Studio of Acting. Dayne has also lived in Los Angeles, where she had three jobs simultaneously until she would be able to support herself from acting alone. She is known for her role as Astrid in the AMC show Humans, and as Helen of Troy in Troy: Fall of a City, a BBC/Netflix coproduction. Other notable roles are the French-Canadian, Eliette, in Showtime's Miniseries Guerrilla and the fierce Guinevere in the TV show Cursed.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2012 | Yellow | Ashley | |
| 2016 | Don't Hang Up | Payton | |
| 2017 | Sex Guaranteed | Zade | |
| 2021 | Kepler X-47 | Chrystal | SF short film (11:47) - Director and producer, Erin Li |
| 2023 | Girl You Know It's True | Milli |
| 2024 | Bad Director | Grete | |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2012 | American Horror Story | Patsy | 1 episode |
| 2014 | The Goldbergs | Fanny | 1 episode |
| 2015 | Person of Interest | Anna Mueller | 1 episode |
| 2016 | Plebs | Delphine | 8 episodes |
| 2016 | The Man in the High Castle | Monika | 1 episode |
| 2016–2018 | Humans | Astrid | Recurring; 10 episodes |
| 2017 | Guerrilla | Eliette | 2 episodes |
| 2018 | Troy: Fall of a City | Helen of Troy | Lead; 8 episodes |
| 2018 | Trust | Talitha Getty | 2 episodes |
| 2020 | Cursed | Red Spear | 6 episodes |
| 2022 | Tatort: Das Mädchen, das allein nach Haus’ geht | Julie Bolschakow | lead for 1 episode |

### Web

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2011 | Level 26: Dark Revelations | Maria | Episode: "Cyber-bridge Four" |

### Video games

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2017 | Call of Duty: WWII | Camille "Rousseau" Denis | |
# Hi Church

Hiram Lincoln Church (November 23, 1863 – February 23, 1926) was an American baseball player. He played for the 1890 Brooklyn Gladiators in the American Association. He also played college ball at Syracuse University.
# George Fox (baseball)

George B. Fox (December 1, 1868 – May 8, 1914) was a first baseman in Major League Baseball in the 19th century. He played for the Louisville Colonels of the American Association in 1891 and the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League in 1899. He played in the minors between his two Major League stints.

## Sources

* Career statistics from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
# Bill Fox (baseball)

William Henry Fox (January 15, 1872 – May 7, 1946) was a Major League Baseball second baseman. He played for the Washington Senators in 1897 and the Cincinnati Reds in 1901. He also played at College of the Holy Cross. He played in the minor leagues from 1894 through 1913 and managed in 1908–1910, 1912–1913 and 1915.
# Larry McKeon (baseball)

Lawrence G. McKeon (1857/1858 – July 18, 1915) was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball for three seasons, from 1884 to 1886. He played one season each for the Indianapolis Hoosiers, Cincinnati Red Stockings, and Kansas City Cowboys. He was born in New York City, and died in Indianapolis on July 18, 1915, at age 57. He is interred at St. Mary Cemetery in Port Jervis, New York.