OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Caproni Ca.22

The Caproni Ca.22 was a single-engine monoplane made by the Italian company Aeronautica Caproni in 1913.

## Design

Developed on the initiative of Giovanni Battista "Gianni" Caproni was made in a single sample for research purposes to study the characteristics of an aircraft equipped with an angle wing of variable incidence. In fact, the wing was in three pieces and was anteriorly hinged on the front side member which served as a rotation axis for the same; the variation of incidence of the wing was commanded by a handwheel that commanded a helical tube that acted on the rear pylon. Moreover, with a system of tie-rods, the rear planes of the tail were controlled so as to compensate for the variations in pressure exerted on the wing, maintaining the longitudinal equilibrium of the optimal aircraft.
The Ca.22 in 1913 obtained various world records of height and ascent.

## Operational history

On 30 June 1915 the pilots of the 15th Reconnaissance and Combat Squadron withdraw the Caproni 2 Parasol 100 hp to Vizzola Ticino, taking them to the flight field of Pordenone but after the accidents on the new aircraft, one of which causes the death of a pilot for the breaking of a wing, the squadron was dissolved on 15 September 1915.

## Variants
### Ca.22

    Single-engine monoplane with variable-incidence mainplanes, powered by an80 hp (60 kW) Gnome Lambda rotary engine

### Ca.23

    Fixed incidence wing, 100 hp (75 kW) Fiat engine.

### Ca.24

    Fixed incidence wing, 100 hp (75 kW) Gnome 9 Delta engine, produced in series.

## Specifications (Ca.22)

Data from
General characteristics
* Crew: 2
* Capacity: 2 passengers
* Length: 8 m (26 ft 3 in)
* Wingspan: 14.14 m (46 ft 5 in)
* Height: 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in)
* Wing area: 29.18 m$^2$ (314.1 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 480 kg (1,058 lb)
* Gross weight: 980 kg (2,161 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Gnome Lambda 9-cylinder air-cooled rotary piston engines, 60 kW (80 hp)
* Propellers: 2-bladed fixed pitch propellers
Performance
* Maximum speed: 125 km/h (78 mph, 67 kn)
* Cruise speed: 60 km/h (37 mph, 32 kn)
* Endurance: 5 hours
* Service ceiling: 5,200 m (17,100 ft)
* Rate of climb: 1.66 m/s (327 ft/min)
# Mathieu Babillot

Mathieu Babillot (born 9 September 1993) is a French rugby union player. His usual position is as a flanker, and he currently plays for Castres Olympique in the Top 14 and the France national team.

## International career

Babillot was called up to the French national team again ahead of France's third 2018 Six Nations Championship match against Italy.

## Honours
### Club

Castres
* Top 14: 2017–18
# Lindsay Johnson (rugby league)

Lindsay Adolphus Johnson (1913–1952) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s.
Originally from Newcastle, Lindsay Johnson came to Canterbury-Bankstown in 1940 and stayed at the club for seven seasons. He starred in the 1942 Grand Final by kicking the winning goal in Canterbury's 19–9 win over St George Dragons and he also played in the losing 1940 Grand Final. He kicked 144 goals during his seven seasons at the club and at one point he played 78 consecutive games. Lin Johnson also represented New South Wales on one occasion in 1940. He was the brother of Dick Johnson.
Johnson died at Canterbury Hospital on 26 January 1952, aged 38.
# Roy Partlow

Roy E. Partlow (June 18, 1911 – April 19, 1987) was an American pitcher in Negro league baseball. He played between 1934 and 1951. In 1946, he was one of the first African American players signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers organization. He spent part of that season playing with Jackie Robinson at Montreal before being sent to the Trois-Rivières Royals.
# George Enright

George Albert Enright (born May 9, 1954) is an American former catcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the Chicago White Sox in 1976.
# Jacob W. Carr

Jacob W Carr (November 27, 1886 – April 16, 1977) was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate who served from to 1941 to 1948.

## Biography

Carr was born November 27, 1886 in Natrona Heights, Pennsylvania to David and Mary (nee Walter) Carr.
He was first elected to Senate in the 1940 election, winning the 41st district as a Republican. During his time in the senate he served on several committees including Agriculture, Constitutional Changes (serving as the chairman), Elections, Federal Relations, Insurance, Labor and Industry, Law and Order, Public Health, Representative Apportionment and Workman’s Compensation.
He died May 16, 1977 and was buried in Greenlawn Burial Estates, Butler, Pennsylvania.
# Chenogne

Chenogne (French pronunciation:; Walloon: Dj'none) is a village of Wallonia in the municipality of Vaux-sur-Sûre, district of Sibret, located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.
On January 1, 1945, American soldiers are alleged to have massacred German Wehrmacht soldiers during World War II (see the Chenogne massacre) in retaliation to a previous massacre of American soldiers by the Waffen SS.
# House of Football

House of Football (Ukrainian: Будинок футболу, romanized: Budynok futbolu) is a headquarters of the Football Federation of Ukraine located in Kyiv, Ukraine, right next to the Olympiyskiy National Sports Complex.
The construction of the building started back on 15 April 2004. The construction was sponsored by the UEFA program "HatTrick". The opening ceremony of the House of Football on 30 November 2006 attended the former UEFA President Lennart Johansson, President of the Football Federation of Ukraine, Hryhoriy Surkis as well as other important officials among which were Leonid Kuchma, Valeriy Pustovoitenko, Leonid Kravchuk, Michel Platini. The building has five floors, four conference halls, restaurant, its own television studio and mini publishing, as well as the museum of the Football History of Ukraine.
Right across the street is located Bannikov Stadium, while in a proximity there are the Light-Athletics Training Complex "Atlet", the Central Military Clinical Hospital of Ministry of Defense, Kyiv Fortress, the big factory "RADAR", the Kyiv city clinic hospital #17, the National University of Physical Education and Sports.
# Dorand DO.1

The Dorand DO.1 was an armoured reconnaissance-bomber designed and built in France from 1913. A small number were used operationally as a stop-gap measure.

## Design and development

General Bernard of the Aéronautique Militaire issued a specification for an armoured reconnaissance-bomber, with response from Blériot, Breguet, Clément-Bayard, Deperdussin, Ponnier, Voisin and Dorand.
Capitaine Émile Dorand's offering, the DO.1, was an un-equal span biplane of wooden construction and fabric covering, with a slender square-section fuselage supported on struts between the negatively staggered mainplanes. Power was supplied by an 85 hp (63 kW) Anzani 6-cylinder air-cooled radial engine, mounted in the nose. The pilot sat in an open cockpit under the trailing edge of the upper mainplane and the mechanic / observer sat in an open cockpit forward of the wings, protected from small arms fire by 90 kg (200 lb) armour plates. Control was through conventional ailerons and rudder with an all-flying biplane tailplane providing pitch control. The undercarriage consisted of paired mainwheels mounted on struts, with skids between each pair of wheels and a tail-skid at the end of the fuselage. The DO.1 was found to be easy to fly, but seriously under-powered, resulting in a very short service life.
Later, in 1916, the DO.1 was resurrected and re-designed as the Dorand AR.1 and AR.2, retaining many of the features of the DO.1 with a new fuselage and much more powerful engine.

## Operational history

Do.1s were issued to Escadrille DO14 at Belfort on 14 December 1914, which used them in support of the 7th Armée at Hartmanswillerkopf and Rickhackerhoff in Belgium. DO14 replaced its DO.1s with Maurice Farman MF.11 in early 1915. Six more DO.1s were issued to Escadrille DO22 at Villacoublay on 23 August 1914, flying operations in support of the 4th Armée in the Battle of the Marne. DO22 replaced its DO.1s with Maurice Farman MF.11 by 14 November 1914 and was re-designated Escadrille MF22. A few DO.1s were assigned to Escadrille V14 for escort duties but were quickly withdrawn from operations.
In 1913 a DO.1 flown by Labouchère flew 1,800 km (1,100 mi) and a group of six aircraft led by Capitaine Leclerc flew 1,400 km (870 mi) in six stages.

## Operators

France
* Aéronautique Militaire
** Escadrille DO14
** Escadrille DO22
** Escadrille V14

## Specifications (DO.1)

Data from Precursoraviation: The Dorand Do 1 - 1913, Aviafrance:Dorand DO.1
General characteristics
* Crew: 2
* Length: 10.07 m (33 ft 0 in)
* Wingspan: 15 m (49 ft 3 in)
* Height: 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in)
* Wing area: 50 m$^2$ (540 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 700 kg (1,543 lb)
* Gross weight: 1,000 kg (2,205 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Anzani 10-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 63 kW (85 hp)
* Propellers: 2-bladed wooden fixed-pitch propeller
Performance
* Maximum speed: 108 km/h (67 mph, 58 kn)
* Endurance: 4
* Service ceiling: 8,400 m (27,600 ft)
* Time to altitude: 4,500 m (14,800 ft) in 16 minutes
* Takeoff run: 90 m (300 ft)
* Landing: 95 m (312 ft)
# Bastien Vergnes-Taillefer

Bastien Vergnes-Taillefer (born 13 June 1997) is a French professional rugby union player who plays as a number eight for Top 14 club Bordeaux Bègles.

## Professional career

Coming from Haute-Garonne, Bastien Vergnes-Taillefer became a professional player with Colomiers and then signed for Bordeaux Bègles, discovering the Top 14.
He was called by Fabien Galthié to the French national team for the first time in June 2022, for the summer tour of Japan.
# Bob Banham

John Robert Banham (22 September 1912 – 20 December 1999), was a professional rugby league footballer who represented the New Zealand national rugby league team and New South Wales City.

## Playing career

Banham played for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NSWRL Premiership, scoring five tries between 1936 and 1937. He represented New South Wales City in 1937. In 1938 the Auckland Rugby League signed Banham as player-coach. They decided to place him with teams that would benefit from his playing and coaching. He joined the North Shore Albions initially and played the first half of the 1938 season with them before being moved to the City Rovers club for the remainder of the season. He also made 2 appearances for Newton Rangers. The first was on their trip to Christchurch to play a Canterbury XIII, and the second was in a midweek match against the touring Canterbury provincial side. On his return to the City side he helped lead them to the Roope Rooster final which they lost to Richmond Rovers by 20 to 8. Banham also played a match for Auckland Pakeha against Auckland Māori on 6 June which was won by the Māori side by 26 points to 21. On 16 July he made his Auckland debut against the returning New Zealand side who had been on tour in Australia. The match was played at Carlaw Park with Auckland winning 21 to 13 and Banham scoring one of their tries.
He was named for New Zealand in 1939 but did not play a test, due to the cancellation of the 1939 tour of Great Britain. He returned to Australia in September 1940 with the intention of joining the Australian forces. In 1941 played several games for the South Sydney Rabbitohs and scored three tries.
# Lutfi Kabirova

Lutfi Rahimjonovna Kabirova (October 7, 1932 – May 19, 2013) was a Soviet and Tajikistani opera singer.

## Biography

Kabirova was born into a working-class family in Samarkand, and graduated from the Dushanbe School of Music in 1949, after which she entered the voice department of the Moscow Conservatory. A soprano, she graduated from that institution in 1954 and at once joined the roster of the Ayni Theater of Opera and Ballet. She sang roles in operas by numerous Tajikistani composers, including Niso in Bakhtiar and Niso by Sergey Balasanian (1954), Gulru in Pulod and Gulru by Sharofiddin Saifiddinov [tg] (1957), Surma in The Famous Son-in-Law by Samuil Urbakh [tg] (1961), and Malohat in Return by Yakhiel Sabzanov (1967). Other roles in her repertory included Tatiana in Eugene Onegin, Lisa in The Queen of Spades, Desdemona in Otello, Bess in Porgy and Bess, the title roles in Aida and Madama Butterfly, Katerina in The Taming of the Shrew by Vissarion Shebalin, and Natasha in Quiet Flows the Don [ru] by Ivan Dzerzhinsky. She also performed in operetta, notably in such works as Die Csárdásfürstin and Countess Maritza by Emmerich Kálmán; in concert she mingled the work of Tajikistani and foreign composers. Kabirova traveled both within the Soviet Union and abroad during her career. She was named a People's Artist of the USSR for her work in 1977, and received such other awards as the Order of the Red Banner of Labour and the Honour of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Tajik SSR.
# Removal of Restrictions on Political, Civil, and Religious Liberties

The Removal of Restrictions on Political, Civil, and Religious Liberties, also known as the (SCAPIN-93) directive, the "Human Rights Directive", or "Civil Liberties Directive", was a directive issued by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers on October 4, 1945, during the Occupation of Japan. The purpose of the Removal of Restrictions was to dismantle the oppressive policies that were imposed on the Japanese citizenry before the end of World War II. The directive mandated the abolition of laws preventing criticism of the Japanese Imperial system, the repeal of fifteen existing laws (including the Peace Preservation Law and the Thought Control Law, also known as the Ideological Prisoner Custody and Surveillance Law), and the release of 3,000 political prisoners.
Prime Minister Naruhiko Higashikuni resigned five days after the directive was issued because he was not able to implement the reforms stipulated. His successor, Kijūrō Shidehara, released 3,000 political prisoners, and abolished the "Thought Control Law" and 15 other laws and statutes.
# Steinbach (Main)

The Steinbach is a right and northeastern tributary of the Main near Kleinostheim in the Bavarian Spessart . It rises as a ditch above the Johannesberg district of Steinbach.

## Geography
### Course

From the district of the same name, the stream is called Steinbach. It flows into the narrow Steinbach valley, where the Menzenmühle is believed to have been located. The Roßbach flows in from the right there. A few hundred meters further on, on a rock face by the stream, the so-called 'Jahnfelsen', a plaque honors the gymnastics father Jahn.
At the lower end of the Steinbach valley lies the 'Teschenhöhle'. It is the remains of a quarry in which basalt was mined. This igneous rock filled a volcanic vent that was formed around 43 million years ago. The eruption broke through a layer of red sandstone that had not yet been eroded at that time .
In Kleinostheim, the Steinbach is now completely piped and flows into the Main not far from the truck tank depot.

#### Tributaries

* Ketterntalgraben (left)
* Roßbach (right)
* Hirschgründchensgraben (right)
* Hollergraben (right)
* Löwensteingraben (right, temporarily dry)
# Steven Nielsen

Steven Christoffer Nielsen (born June 6, 1996) is a Danish professional gridiron football offensive lineman for the Frankfurt Galaxy of the European League of Football (ELF).

## College career

Nielsen played college football for the Eastern Michigan Eagles from 2016 to 2019. He played in 49 games over his four-year tenure with the team.

## Professional career
### Jacksonville Jaguars

Nielsen signed as an undrafted free agent with the Jacksonville Jaguars on April 26, 2020. However, he was released on August 8, 2020.

### Edmonton Elks

After becoming eligible for the 2021 CFL Global Draft, Nielsen was drafted second overall by the Edmonton Football Team and signed with the team on April 29, 2021. He made the active roster for the newly named Elks, following their training camp, and played in his first professional game on August 7, 2021, against the Ottawa Redblacks. He later earned his first career start on November 5, 2021, against the Saskatchewan Roughriders. He played in 13 out of 14 regular season games in 2021.

### Raiders Tirol

On 17 November 2022, Raiders Tirol of the European League of Football announced they have signed Nielsen for the 2023 season.

## Personal life

Nielsen was born to parents Flemming and Tina Nielsen and has two brothers, Kevin and Teddy.
# Pierre Bérard

Pierre Bérard (born 23 May 1991) is a French rugby union player. His plays on the wing for Castres olympique in the Top 14.
# Zayd ibn Arqam

Zayd ibn Arqam (Arabic: زيد بن أرقم) was a Sahabi ("Companion") of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was from the tribe of Khazraj and a senior Companion from the Ansar "Helpers" in Madina, he attended 17 campaigns with Muhammad and died in 66 Hijri, which corresponds to 685-686 CE.
He was the first person in Islam to give his home for the first Salat (ritual prayer) in Islam, which was led by Muhammad. He gave allegiance to Abu Bakr.
After the Invasion of Banu Mustaliq 'Abdullāh ibn ‘Ubayy, who was referred to as the head of the "Hypocrites" (munāfiqūn), was furious for the challenge which the Muslims showed towards the hostile plans and intrigues woven behind closed doors, and swore "the most honourable will expel the meanest out of Madinah," and added: "They (the Muslims) have outnumbered and shared us our land. If you fatten your dog, it will eat you." Zayd ibn Arqam narrated this to Muhammad who then asked for Abdullāh ibn ‘Ubayy's presence. ibn ‘Ubayy swore oaths denying he had stated something like this and because of this he was let go. But later on the testimony of Zayd ibn Arqam was verified by the revelation of Surah Al-Munāfiqūn.
# Neogrammarian

The Neogrammarians (German: Junggrammatiker, pronounced , lit. 'young grammarians') were a German school of linguists, originally at the University of Leipzig, in the late 19th century who proposed the Neogrammarian hypothesis of the regularity of sound change.

## Overview

According to the Neogrammarian hypothesis, a diachronic sound change affects simultaneously all words in which its environment is met, without exception. Verner's law is a famous example of the Neogrammarian hypothesis, as it resolved an apparent exception to Grimm's law. The Neogrammarian hypothesis was the first hypothesis of sound change to attempt to follow the principle of falsifiability according to the scientific method.
Subsequent researchers have questioned this hypothesis from two perspectives. First, adherents of lexical diffusion (where a sound change affects only a few words at first and then gradually spreads to other words) believe that some words change others. Second, some believe that it is possible for sound changes to observe grammatical conditioning. Nonetheless, both of these challenges to exceptionlessness remain controversial, and many investigators continue to adhere to the Neogrammarian doctrine.
Other contributions of the Neogrammarians to general linguistics were:
* The object of linguistic investigation is not the language system, but rather the idiolect, that is, language as it is localized in the individual, and therefore is directly observable.
* Autonomy of the sound level: being the most observable aspect of language, the sound level is seen as the most important level of description, and absolute autonomy of the sound level from syntax and semantics is assumed.
* Historicism: the chief goal of linguistic investigation is the description of the historical change of a language.
* Analogy: if the premise of the inviolability of sound laws fails, analogy can be applied as an explanation if plausible. Thus, exceptions are understood to be a (regular) adaptation to a related form.
Leading Neogrammarian linguists included:
* Otto Behaghel (1854–1936)
* Wilhelm Braune (1850–1926)
* Karl Brugmann (1849–1919)
* Berthold Delbrück (1842–1922)
* August Leskien (1840–1916)
* Adolf Noreen (1854–1925)
* Hermann Osthoff (1847–1909)
* Hermann Paul (1846–1921)
* Eduard Sievers (1850–1932)
Despite their strong influence in their time, the methods and goals of the Neogrammarians have been criticized for reducing the object of investigation to the idiolect; restricting themselves to the description of surface phenomena (sound level); overvaluation of historical languages and neglect of contemporary ones.
# Ramanujan Srinivasan

Ramanujan Srinivasan (1938–1984) was an Indian physicist, known for his research on magnetic resonance phenomena. Using new techniques developed for the purpose, he studied ferroelectricity which established the significance of hydrogen atoms and ammonium ions in the system. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and the article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 40 of them. He was a fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to Physical Sciences in 1981. Srinivasan died on 10 September 1984, at the age of 46.
# Grégory Fichten

Grégory Fichten (born 13 August 1990) is a French rugby union player. His position is Prop and he currently plays for Montpellier in the Top 14. He began his career with RC Narbonne in the Pro D2 before moving to Montpellier in 2016.
# Sandra Lizé

Sandra Lizé (born July 8, 1977) is a Canadian female water polo player. She was a member of the Canada women's national water polo team, that claimed the silver medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Born in Quebec City, Quebec, Lizé was a member of the 2000 Summer Olympics squad. Lizé resides in Montreal, Quebec.
# Żelice, West Pomeranian Voivodeship

Żelice is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Barlinek, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) north-west of Barlinek, 18 km (11 mi) north-east of Myślibórz, and 52 km (32 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
# Eumalacostraca

Eumalacostraca is a subclass of crustaceans, containing almost all living malacostracans, or about 40,000 described species. The remaining subclasses are the Phyllocarida and possibly the Hoplocarida. Eumalacostracans have 19 segments (5 cephalic, 8 thoracic and 6 abdominal). This arrangement is known as the "caridoid facies", a term coined by William Thomas Calman in 1909. The thoracic limbs are jointed and used for swimming or walking. The common ancestor is thought to have had a carapace, and most living species possess one, but it has been lost in some subgroups.

## Caridoid facies

Calman identified the following features as distinguishing eumalacostracan crustaceans:
   "Carapace enveloping the thoracic region; movably stalked eyes; biramous first antenna; scale-like exopod on the second antenna; natatory exopods on the thoracic limbs; elongate, ventrally flexible abdomen; tail fan formed by the lamellar rami of the uropods on either side of the telson."

## Classification

Martin and Davis present the following classification of living eumalacostracans into orders, to which extinct orders have been added, indicated by †.
The group as originally described by Karl Grobben included the Stomatopoda (mantis shrimp), and a number of modern experts and databases (ex. NCBI) continue to use this definition. This article follows Martin and Davis in excluding them; they are placed in their own subclass, Hoplocarida.
Subclass Eumalacostraca Grobben, 1892
* Superorder Syncarida Packard, 1885
** †Order Palaeocaridacea
** Order Bathynellacea Chappuis, 1915
** Order Anaspidacea Calman, 1904 (including Stygocaridacea)
* Superorder Peracarida Calman, 1904
** Order Spelaeogriphacea Gordon, 1957
** Order Thermosbaenacea Monod, 1927
** Order Lophogastrida Sars, 1870
** Order Mysida Haworth, 1825
** Order Mictacea Bowman, Garner, Hessler, Iliffe & Sanders, 1985
** Order Amphipoda Latreille, 1816
** Order Isopoda Latreille, 1817
** Order Tanaidacea Dana, 1849
** Order Cumacea Krøyer, 1846
* Superorder Eucarida Calman, 1904
** Order Euphausiacea Dana, 1852
** Order Decapoda Latreille, 1802
** †Order Angustidontida Gueriau, Charbonnier & Clément, 2014