OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Joseph Cross (tower)

The Joseph Cross (German: Josephskreuz) is an observation tower in form of a double cross on the 580-metre-high Großer Auerberg near Stolberg (Harz), Germany. The Joseph Cross is a steel framework construction with a height of 38 m (125 ft) and a weight of 125 t (125,000 kg), which was built between 20 April 1896 and 9 August 1896. The Joseph Cross was closed for visitors from 1987 to 1990, before being refurbished and reopened.

## History

In the 17th century there was a timber-framed observation tower on the Auerberg that was demolished in 1768 due to disrepair and weather damage.
In 1832, Count Joseph of Stolberg-Stolberg commissioned the Berlin architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel to design a new tower, which a carpenter from Stolberg carried out. The topping out ceremony of Schinkel's wooden tower, built in the form of a double cross, was celebrated on 24 September 1833. On 21 June 1834, the tower was officially opened and named the "Joseph Cross" after its client. The tower had no steps and could only be climbed by a ladder. In 1850 the cross-arms had to be renewed. In June 1880, the building was destroyed by lightning during a thunderstorm.
Construction of a new Joseph Cross, designed by Otto Beißwänger, began on 20 April 1896. The tower took its shape of a double-cross from the original by Schinkel, but was, however, designed along the lines of Paris' Eiffel Tower as a steel-framed structure, even components such as the arches between the legs being copied. The cost of 50,000 marks was born by the House of Stolberg and the Harz Club. On 9 August 1896 the new Joseph Cross was inaugurated.
In the 20th century, the cross fell into ruin until it was closed to visitors in 1987 due its state of disrepair. In 1989 renovation was started and it was reopened on 28 August 1990.

## Gallery

* Top of the cross
* Steps to the observation platform
# Dobrowola, West Pomeranian Voivodeship

Dobrowola is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Świdwin, within Świdwin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.
# W. T. Cook

William Thomas Cook (January 1884 – 1970) was an American college sports coach. He was Davidson College's head football, men's basketball, baseball, and track and field coaches in the early 1900s. He compiled overall records of 5–9 (football), 0–1 (basketball), and 9–20 (baseball).
Cook, a native of Peru, Illinois, played on baseball and football teams in Cedar Rapids, Iowa in his early life. He eventually attended Iowa State University, playing on the school's athletic teams. Some time shortly thereafter, Cook relocated to Massachusetts where he played on a baseball team in Springfield, served as physical director at Allan's School and coached a football team in Fitchburg. After graduating from the Springfield Y.M.C.A. Training School in 1911, Cook relocated, this time to Pennsylvania to serve as physical director at another school.

## Head coaching record
### Football

| Year | Team | Overall |
| Davidson (Independent) (1912–1913) ||||||
| 1912 | Davidson | 3–4 |
| 1913 | Davidson | 2–5 |
| Davidson: | Davidson: | 5–9 |
| Total: | Total: | 5–9 |

### Basketball

Statistics overview :
| Season | Team | Overall |
| Davidson (Independent) (1912–1913) ||||||
| 1912–13 | Davidson | 0–1 |
| Davidson: | Davidson: | 0–1 |
| Total: | Total: | 0–1 |

### Baseball

Statistics overview :
| Season | Team | Overall |
| Davidson (Independent) (1913–1914) ||||||
| 1913 | Davidson | 4–11 |
| 1914 | Davidson | 5–9 |
| Davidson: | Davidson: | 9–20 |
| Total: | Total: | 9–20 |
# Chet Carmichael

Chester Keller Carmichael was a Major League Baseball pitcher for the 1909–10 Cincinnati Reds.
# Carl Druhot

Carl A. "Collie" Druhot (September 4, 1881 – February 5, 1918) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the Cincinnati Reds in 1906 and the St. Louis Cardinals in 1906 and 1907.
# Elmer Johnson

Elmer Ellsworth Johnson (June 12, 1884 – October 31, 1966) was a catcher in Major League Baseball. Nicknamed "Hickory", he played for the New York Giants in 1914.
# Rush Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania

Rush Township is a township in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, the township population was 226, a decline from the figure of 231 tabulated in 2000.
Rush Township was named for Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.

## Geography

Rush Township occupies a 15-mile-long (24 km) by 2-mile-wide (3.2 km) tract of land in northeastern Dauphin County. It is bordered on the northwest by Peters Mountain and on the southeast by Stony Mountain, with the valley of Clark Creek, including De Hart Reservoir, between them. Pennsylvania Route 325 travels the length of the township, following the north side of Clark Creek.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 24.5 square miles (63.4 km$^2$), of which 23.5 square miles (60.9 km$^2$) is land and 0.93 square miles (2.4 km$^2$), or 3.81%, is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 180 people, 70 households, and 55 families residing in the township. The population density was 7.7 people per square mile (3.0/km$^2$). There were 75 housing units at an average density of 3.2/sq mi (1.2/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 97.22% White, 2.22% African American, 0.56% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.56% of the population.
There were 70 households, out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.3% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.4% were non-families. 14.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.91.
In the township the population was spread out, with 21.1% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 130.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 121.9 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $51,250, and the median income for a family was $46,875. Males had a median income of $43,000 versus $25,313 for females. The per capita income for the township was $22,579. None of the population or families were below the poverty line.
# Bill Brinker

William Hutchinson "Dodo" Brinker (August 30, 1883 – February 5, 1965) was an American Major League Baseball outfielder and third baseman. Brinker played for the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1912 season. In 9 career games, he had 4 hits in 18 at-bats. He batted right and left and threw right-handed.
He attended the University of Washington. He played college baseball for the Huskies from 1903–1905 and was the program's head coach 1906, 1909–1910, 1915–1916, and 1918–1919.
Brinker was born in Warrensburg, Missouri and died in Arcadia, California.
# Justin McCarthy (ice hockey)

Justin Jeremiah "Jerry" McCarthy (January 25, 1899 – April 8, 1976) was an American ice hockey player who competed in the 1924 Winter Olympics.
He was a graduate of the Massachusetts Agricultural College in 1921, (later, the University of Massachusetts), where he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity. He played for the Boston Athletic Association ice hockey team and was captain of the B.A.A team that won the 1923 United States Amateur Hockey Association championship.
Selected for the USA squad, McCarthy was the captain of the American ice hockey team, which won the silver medal. He died in Centerville, Massachusetts.
# Demiroğlu Bilim University

Demiroğlu Bilim University is a private university located in Istanbul, Turkey. It was established in 2006 by the Turkish Cardiology Foundation.
# Caecum vitreum

Caecum vitreum is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Caecidae.

## Distribution

The Caecum vitreum has been seen in Galicia, Spain and in the Canary Islands.
# Constantine Komnenos Doukas

Constantine Komnenos Doukas (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Κομνηνός Δούκας, romanized: Kōnstantinos Komnēnos Doukas; c. 1172 – after 1242), usually named simply Constantine Doukas, was a son of the sebastokrator John Doukas and brother of the founders of the Despotate of Epirus, Michael and Theodore. He was named governor of Acarnania and Aetolia and given the rank of Despot, which he held until his death.

## Life

Little is known about his life. He was born c. 1172, the elder son of John Doukas by his second wife Zoe Doukaina. He may be identical to the Constantine Doukas who on 12 April 1204, on the eve of Constantinople's fall to the Fourth Crusade, competed with Constantine Laskaris for the imperial crown. Around 1208, he accompanied the deposed Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos, who had sought refuge in the Epirote court, to the Sultanate of Rum. From there, with Turkish support, Alexios unsuccessfully tried to take over the Empire of Nicaea.

### Ruler of Aetolia and Acarnania

Returning to Epirus, Constantine was named governor of Acarnania and Aetolia, with Naupaktos as his capital, probably after Theodore Komnenos Doukas's succession as ruler of Epirus in 1215. In 1216, he accompanied his brother Theodore in a campaign against Bulgaria. Constantine's rule was successful, as he recovered Neopatras and Lamia from their Latin rulers, but was marred by his clash with the assertive bishop of Naupaktos, John Apokaukos, who protested his authoritarian rule and extortionate tax demands from the populace. The dispute led to the forcible deposition and exile of Apokaukos in 1220, and was resolved only in May 1221 after a synod including representatives from most of the senior sees in Greece and the Epirote domains. Indeed, the relations between Constantine and Apokaukos became cordial thereafter, and the bishop even composed an encomium in his honour.
About 1225, when Theodore was proclaimed emperor at Thessalonica, Constantine and his other surviving brother, Manuel, received the next highest title of Despot. His activities thereafter are obscure: he probably did not participate in the disastrous Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230, where Theodore was captured by the Bulgarians. He remained ruler of Aetolia and Acarnania, owing only a loose allegiance to his brother Manuel, now emperor at Thessalonica. In 1237 he supported the return of Theodore, released from Bulgarian captivity, to power at Thessalonica. Constantine is last mentioned in 1242, and may have died shortly after.

## Family

It is unknown whether he married or if he had any children.
# Trevor Harvey (basketball)

Trevor Livingston Harvey (born 25 September 1980) is a basketball player from Inagua, Bahamas.
Known for his shot-blocking ability and solid rebounding at the center position, Harvey had a notable college career at Marshalltown Community College in Iowa and at Florida State University for the Seminoles.

## College career
### Junior college (1999-2001)

In his freshman year at Marshalltown CC, Harvey averaged 2.5 blocked shots with a 60.3% field goal percentage. During his sophomore year, he averaged 13.0 points, 6.5 rebounds, and 3.0 blocked shots, showcasing a 57.1% field goal accuracy.

### Florida State (2001-2003)

In fall 2002, Harvey transferred to Florida State for his final two years. In the ACC, Harvey tied for 10th in blocked shots, recording at least one blocked shot in 20 games. Notable performances in his junior year included a season-high 10 points against Western Carolina and seven points, seven rebounds, and three blocked shots at Georgia Tech.
As a senior, Harvey averaged 8.4 points, 5.1 rebounds, and 1.2 blocked shots in 18.4 minutes per game during his senior year. He led the team in field goal percentage and blocked shots and recorded a career-high double-double with 19 points and 10 rebounds against Maryland.

### Highlights

Harvey concluded his collegiate career at Florida State, ranking sixth in career field goal percentage (57.6%) and 12th in blocked shots (60). He earned all-tourney honors at the 2003 Portsmouth Invitational Tournament, averaging 14.7 points, 6.7 rebounds, and 3.67 blocked shots.

## Professional career

Although undrafted in the 2003 NBA draft, Harvey played at least two seasons of professional basketball.
He joined the French team Chalon-Sur-Saone for the 2005-2006 season and later played for CSȘ Giurgiu in southern Romania during the 2012-2013 season.
# Tuba, Hama

Tuba (Arabic: الطوبة, romanized: al-Ṭūbā) is a village in central Syria, administratively part of the Salamiyah District of the Hama Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Tuba had a population of 262 in the 2004 census.

## History

Tuba is the largest of several Byzantine-era villages on the al-A'la plateau east of Hama, which prospered during the reign of Justinian (r. 527–565) and the late 6th century. Among the ruins in Tuba was a church dated to 582 CE, as evidenced by an inscribed basaltic lintel. The village also contained a defensive tower and several houses, at least one of which dated to 573.
# Tulul al-Humur

Tulul al-Humur (Arabic: تلول الحمر) is a Syrian village located in Salamiyah Subdistrict in Salamiyah District, Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Tulul al-Humur had a population of 989 in the 2004 census.
# Al-Uyur

Al-Uyur (Arabic: العيور) is a village in central Syria, administratively part of the Salamiyah District of the Hama Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Uyur had a population of 843 in the 2004 census.
# 1985 Virginia Slims of Washington

The 1985 Virginia Slims of Washington, also known as the VS of Washington, was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Washington, D.C. in the United States that was part of the 1984 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. It was the 14th edition of the event and was played from January 7 through January 13, 1985. First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title and $28,000 first-prize money.

## Finals
### Singles

Martina Navratilova defeated Manuela Maleeva 6–3, 6–2
* It was Navratilova's 1st singles title of the year and the 100th of her career.

### Doubles

Gigi Fernández / Martina Navratilova defeated Claudia Kohde-Kilsch / Helena Suková 6–3, 3–6 6–3
# Abdel Hakim Tizegha

An Algerian, Abdel Hakim Tizehga was an alleged member of the Millennium Plot who was arrested ten days after Ahmed Ressam, upon illegally entering the United States from Canada.
Tizegha first traveled to the United States in 1993, as a stowaway aboard a ship docking in Boston. He applied for political asylum, but was denied in 1997, and his appeal failed in 1999.
He moved to Canada and sought refuge while living in Montreal, but sneaked back into the United States later the same year and was arrested.
# Han Hwak

Han Hwak (Korean: 한확; Hanja: 韓確; 1400 – 1456), nicknamed Ganyijae (간이재), was a politician and a diplomat during the Joseon period of Korea. He served as Left State Councillor. Han Hwak is mostly known by his second daughter, the Queen Insu. She married the son of Prince Suyang (who was a son of King Sejong). Some years later, Suyang became King Sejo, the seventh King of the Joseon Dynasty, and his son became Crown Prince Uigyeong. The honorary title Queen Insu was granted when one of the children of Insu and Uigyeong became the King Seongjong of Joseon. His eldest daughter Princess Consort Jeongseon, was the wife of Prince Gyeyang (a son of Sejong the Great by a concubine).

## Family

* Father
** Han Yeong-jeong (한영정; 韓永矴; 1375–?)
* Mother
** Lady Kim of the Uiseong Kim clan (정경부인 의성 김씨; 1375 – 13 March 1423)
* Siblings
** Older sister - Consort Kanghuizhuangshuli of the Cheongju Han clan (康惠莊淑麗妃 清州韓氏; 1398 – 12 August 1424)
** Younger brother - Han Jil (한질; 1406–?)
** Younger brother - Han Jeon (한전; 韓磌; 1408–1447)
** Younger sister - Han Gye-ran (한계란; 韓桂蘭), Consort Gongshen (공신부인; 恭愼夫人; 1410–1484)
* Wife
** Internal Princess Consort Namyang of the Namyang Hong clan (남양부부인 홍씨; 南陽府夫人 洪氏; 1403–1450)
* Children
** Son - Han Chi-in (한치인; 韓致仁; 1421–1477)
** Daughter - Han Yeo-san (한여산; 韓榴山), Lady Han of the Cheongju Han clan (1423–?)
** Daughter - Han Yu-san (한유산,韓柚山), Princess Consort Jeongseon of the Cheongju Han clan (정선군부인 청주 한씨; 旌善郡夫人 淸州韓氏; 12 April 1426 – 27 July 1480)
** Daughter - Han Gam-san (한감산; 韓柑山), Lady Han of the Cheongju Han clan (1427–?)
** Daughter - Han Si-san (한시산; 韓枾山), Lady Han of the Cheongju Han clan (1431–?)
** Daughter - Han Yi-san (한이산; 韓梨山), Lady Han of the Cheongju Han clan (1434–1481)
** Daughter - Han Do-san (한도산; 韓桃山), Queen Sohye of the Cheongju Han clan (소혜왕후 한씨; 7 October 1437 – 11 May 1504)
*** Son-in-law - King Deokjong of Joseon (덕종; 3 October 1438 – 20 September 1457)
**** Grandson - Yi Jeong, Grand Prince Wolsan (월산대군 정; 14 January 1455 – 31 January 1489)
**** Granddaughter - Yi Gyeong-geun, Princess Myeongsuk (경근 명숙공주; 1456 – 23 November 1482)
**** Grandson - Yi Hyeol, King Seongjong of Joseon (성종대왕; 28 August 1457 – 29 January 1495)
** Son - Han Chi-ui (한치의; 韓致義; 1440–1473)
** Son - Han Chi-rye (한치례; 韓致禮; 1441–1499)

## Popular culture

* Portrayed by Jang Yong in the 2011-2012 JTBC TV series Insu, The Queen Mother.
# 1985 BMW Championships Marco Island

The 1985 BMW Championships, also known as the BMW Challenge, was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Marriott Marco Beach Resort in Marco Island, Florida, United States. It was part of the 1984–85 Virginia Slims World Championship Series and was played from January 28 through February 3, 1985. Second-seeded Bonnie Gadusek won the singles title.

## Finals
### Singles

Bonnie Gadusek defeated Pam Casale 6–3, 6–4
* It was Gadusek's 1st singles title of the year and the 2nd of her career.

### Doubles

Kathy Jordan / Elizabeth Smylie defeated Camille Benjamin / Bonnie Gadusek 6–3, 6–3
# Scalamagnus

Scalamagnus is an extinct genus of polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous Tropic Shale Formation of the United States. The genus contains a single species S. tropicensis, known from a skull and two partial skeletons. Scalamagnus was historically considered to represent a species of the genus Dolichorhynchops before it was moved to its own genus.

## History

The taxon was first named as a species of Dolichorhynchops by Rebecca Schmeisser McKean in 2012. The specific name is derived from the name of the Tropic Shale, in which the two specimens were found. It is known from the holotype MNA V10046, an almost complete, well-preserved 3.2 metres (10 ft) long skeleton including most of the skull and from the referred specimen MNA V9431, fragmentary postcranial elements. It was collected between 2003 and 2005 by the Museum of Northern Arizona from a single locality within the Tropic Shale of Utah, dating to the early Turonian stage of the early Late Cretaceous, about 93.5-91 million years ago. D. tropicensis extended the known stratigraphic range for Dolichorhynchops back by approximately 7 million years. Previously three additional polycotylid taxa, Eopolycotylus, Palmulasaurus and Trinacromerum, have been named from the same formation, two of which are currently endemic to the Tropic Shale. A 2023 study assigns D. tropicensis to a new genus, Scalamagnus. The generic name is a combination of the Latin scala, "staircase", and magnus, "large", referring to the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument.

## Classification

Clark, O'Keefe & Slack (2023) recovered Scalamagnus as a polycotylid member of the plesiosaur clade Leptocleidia, as the sister taxon to the clade formed by Trinacromerum and the Dolichorhynchia within the Polycotylinae. The results of their phylogenetic analyses are shown in the cladogram below:

## Paleobiology

The holotype is associated with 289 gastroliths, which is unusual in comparison to most polycotylid skeletons that generally lack gastroliths. Ranging from less than 0.1 grams to 18.5 grams, the total mass of the gastroliths was about 518 grams. About three-quarters of the stones weighed less than 2 grams, with the mean mass and median mass of the stones respectively estimated at 1.9 grams and 0.8 grams. The gastroliths had high mean value and variability in sphericity, suggesting that this individual was obtaining its stones from rivers located along the western side of the Western Interior Seaway.
# Euna Lee

Euna Lee (Korean: 유나 리; born 1972) is an American journalist.
While working for Current TV, Lee and fellow journalist Laura Ling were detained in North Korea after they crossed into the Democratic People's Republic of Korea from the People's Republic of China without a visa in March 2009. They were found guilty of illegal entry and sentenced to twelve years' hard labor in June 2009. The United States Government protested the sentences and implemented diplomatic efforts in order to secure the release of both Lee and Ling. On August 4, 2009, Lee and Ling were pardoned by the North Korean government after a special humanitarian visit by former U.S. President Bill Clinton. She wrote a book on her experiences in North Korea titled The World Is Bigger Now: An American Journalist's Release from Captivity in North Korea ... A Remarkable Story of Faith, Family, and Forgiveness.

## Biography

Lee was born and raised in South Korea, and moved to the United States in order to attend Academy of Art University, where she received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Film and Broadcasting. She graduated from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in 2012. She is married to actor Michael Saldate; they have a daughter, Hana.
On August 4, 2009, Bill Clinton visited North Korea in an attempt to free Lee and fellow journalist Laura Ling. The North Korean government pardoned both Lee and Ling after meeting with Clinton that day. It was also said that the equipment and materials they used for their interviews were left behind in North Korea and that information about defectors and human rights activists who helped them in their interviews was obtained by the North Korean authorities, putting them in danger. Human rights activists in South Korea accused Lee and Ling of placing North Korean refugees in danger through their actions.

## Awards and honours

In 2011, Lee and Ling received the McGill Medal for Journalistic Courage from the Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication.

## Published works

* Lee, Euna; Dickey, Lisa (2010). The World is Bigger Now: An American Journalist's Release from Captivity in North Korea – a Remarkable Story of Faith, Family, and Forgiveness. New York: Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0307-716132.
# Javid Chalabiyev

Javid Chalabiyev (Azerbaijani: Cavid Çələbiyev, born 17 May 1992) is an amateur boxer from Azerbaijan who competes in the −56 kg bantamweight division. He won the 2013 World title and competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics, where he was eliminated in the first bout. He competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics where he was eliminated in the round of 16.

## Career highlights

2013 World Championships :
| Event | Round | Result | Opponent | Score |
| Middleweight | First | Win | Oraz Avzalshoev | 2-1 |
| Middleweight | Second | Win | Tugstsogt Nyambayar | 2-1 |
| Middleweight | Third | Win | Benson Gicharu | 2-1 |
| Middleweight | Quarterfinal | Win | Shiva Thapa | 3-0 |
| Middleweight | Semifinal | Win | Kairat Yeraliyev | 2-1 |
| Middleweight | Final | Win | Vladimir Nikitin | 3-0 |
# Abu Hbeilat

Abu Hbeilat (Arabic: أبو حبيلات) is a Syrian village located in Barri Sharqi Subdistrict in Salamiyah District, Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Abu Hbeilat had a population of 299 in the 2004 census.
# Toxophora amphitea

Toxophora amphitea is a species of bee fly in the family Bombyliidae. It is found in eastern North America from Ontario south to Florida and Texas.
# Les Channell

Lester Clark (Goat) Channell (March 3, 1886 – May 8, 1954) was an American Major League Baseball outfielder. Channell played for the New York Highlanders/New York Yankees in 1910 and 1914. In 7 career games, he had seven hits in 20 at-bats, with three RBIs. He batted and threw left-handed.
Channell was born in Crestline, Ohio and died in Denver, Colorado.