OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Polyampholytes

Polyampholytes are polymers that contain both positively charged (cationic) and negatively charged (anionic) functional groups within the same molecule. Their unique structure allows them to exhibit amphoteric behavior, meaning they can interact with a range of substances depending on the surrounding pH, making them useful in applications like drug delivery, water treatment, and biomaterials.
Polyampholytes can exist as either linear water-soluble polyelectrolytes or as cross-linked structures. Weakly cross-linked polyampholytes swell in water, forming hydrogels. The swelling properties of these hydrogels are highly dependent on the solution pH and its relation to the polyampholyte’s isoelectric point.
The isoelectric point of polyampholytes is the pH at which the polymer exhibits no net charge, balancing its positive and negative charges. This point is important because it dictates the net charge of polyampholyte macromolecules at different pH levels. At a pH less than the isoelectric point, the macromolecules carry a positive charge, while at a pH greater than the isoelectric point, they acquire a negative charge. At pH equal to the isoelectric point, polyampholytes are neutral. Under these conditions, they may show minimal viscosity in solutions or lose solubility and precipitate.
Proteins are a class of natural polyampholytes, as they contain both positively and negatively charged amino acid residues within their structure. These charges are influenced by the pH of the surrounding environment, which determines the overall charge of the protein. The presence of both acidic (anionic) and basic (cationic) residues allows proteins to interact with various charged species, making them versatile in biological processes.
Gelatin is a well-known example of a protein-derived polyampholyte. It is derived from collagen, a structural protein found in connective tissues, and contains both acidic (anionic) and basic (cationic) amino acid residues, making it capable of exhibiting amphoteric behavior. The unique combination of these charges allows gelatin to interact with a variety of substances, depending on the pH of the surrounding environment.

## Applications

Synthetic polyampholytes have a range of potential applications. They can adhere to mucosal surfaces, enhance drug retention and improve bioavailability by adjusting their charge at specific pH's. In water treatment, polyampholytes act as flocculants. In biomaterials, they are utilized in tissue engineering, wound dressings, and as scaffolds for cell growth, taking advantage of their biocompatibility and adjustable charge properties. Furthermore, polyampholytes serve as cryoprotectants in cryopreservation, stabilizing biological samples like cells and tissues during freezing by preventing ice crystal formation and reducing cellular damage. Polyampholytes are potential stealth coatings, creating anti-fouling surfaces that resist biofilm formation.
# Angie Darby

Angie Darby (born 2 May 1987) is an Australian modern pentathlete. As of August 2011, Darby was ranked no. 141 in the world by the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne (UIPM).
Darby qualified as a lone competitor for the women's modern pentathlon at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, after the Court of Arbitration for Sport threw out an appeal that questioned her Olympic eligibility. The Greek federation argued that Darby was ineligible because she failed to meet the full requirements of the five-event discipline, when she qualified for the games by winning the Asian & Oceanian Championships in Tokyo, Japan (four of the five disciplines were contested except for equestrian show jumping, because of an outbreak of equine influenza).
In the early rounds of the competition, Darby displayed a poor performance by finishing last out of thirty-six athletes in the air pistol shooting event (AP40), with a score of 184 points. Darby eventually placed thirty-first in one-touch épée fencing, but dropped to thirty-fifth position, when she stopped for up to 10 seconds halfway through the 200 m freestyle swimming race, halted by a pair of malfunctioned googles. Darby quickly moved to the top of the rankings, when she finished seventh in the show jumping segment, knocking off a total of 28 obstacle and time penalties. In the end, Darby finished the event with cross-country running in thirty-fifth place, for a total score of 4,816 points.
# Anja Stridsman

Anja Stridsman is a Swedish-born Australian boxer. She won the women's 60-kilogram class gold medal at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.
# Walker, Edmonton

Walker is a new neighbourhood in south east Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is bounded on the north by Ellerslie Road (9 Ave SW), on the west by 66 Street SW, and on the east by 50 Street SW. To the south is an undeveloped rural area of Edmonton. In the future, the southern boundary will be 25 Avenue SW.

## Demographics

In the City of Edmonton's 2012 municipal census, Walker had a population of 2,036 living in 832 dwellings. With a land area of 2.63 km$^2$ (1.02 sq mi), it had a population density of 774.1 people/km$^2$ in 2012.

## Surrounding neighbourhoods

vtePlaces adjacent to Walker, Edmonton :
Ellerslie
Charlesworth
Rural South East
Summerside
Walker
Rural South East
The Orchards at Ellerslie
Mattson
Rural South East :
# Gerald Estrin

Gerald Estrin (September 9, 1921 – March 29, 2012) was an American computer scientist, and professor at the UCLA Computer Science Department. He is known for his work on the organization of computer systems, on parallel processing and SARA (system architects apprentice).

## Early life and education

Estrin was born in New York City in 1921. He met his future wife Thelma Austern in 1941 at City College, New York and they were married when he was 20 and she was 17. Estrin entered the Army during World War II, after which he and Thelma Estrin entered the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where they both earned degrees in Electrical Engineering. Estrin received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Wisconsin in 1948, 1949, and 1951, respectively.

## Institute for Advanced Study

Estrin served as research engineer in the von Neumann group at IAS from 1950 to 1956. This led to an invitation from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel to direct the WEIZAC Project. Estrin and his wife went to Israel for the WEIZAC Project in 1954, after which Estrin returned to a teaching position at UCLA in 1955.
In the late 1950s Estrin came up with the concept of reconfigurable computing, which allows the acceleration of computational processes by using variable configurations of specialised hardware modules in addition to a sequential processing unit. The idea was practically realised as "The Fixed Plus Variable Structure Computer".

## UCLA

Estrin obtained a teaching position at UCLA in 1953 and they moved to Los Angeles. During this time Thelma taught at Los Angeles Valley College, a junior college in Los Angeles. After their return from the WEIZAC project, Thelma also began working at UCLA in 1960 and she became a professor in the Computer Science Department in 1980. Gerald Estrin served as Chairperson of the UCLA Computer Science Department from 1979 to 1982 and from 1985 to 1988. He retired in 1991, and was recalled as professor emeritus.
Estrin was an IEEE Fellow, a Guggenheim Fellow, and a member of the Board of Governors of the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel.

## Personal life

Gerald Estrin had three daughters. Margo Estrin is a medical doctor, Deborah Estrin is a computer scientist and academic professor, and Judith Estrin is a corporate executive.

## Selected publications

* Estrin, Gerald. "Organization of computer systems: the fixed plus variable structure computer." Papers presented at the May 3–5, 1960, western joint IRE-AIEE-ACM computer conference. ACM, 1960.
* Estrin, Gerald, et al. "Parallel processing in a restructurable computer system." Electronic Computers, IEEE Transactions on 6 (1963): 747-755.
* Estrin, Gerald, et al. "SARA (system architects apprentice): modeling, analysis, and simulation support for design of concurrent systems." Software Engineering, IEEE Transactions on 2 (1986): 293–311.
# Wellington, Edmonton

Wellington is a residential neighbourhood located in north west Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
The neighbourhood was developed after World War II with approximately two out of three (66.8%) of residences built between 1946 and 1960. Another one in four residences (25.0%) were built during the 1960s. Development was substantially complete by 1970.
According to the 2005 municipal census, the most common type of residence in the neighbourhood is the single-family dwelling. These account for three out of every four (76%) residences. Row houses account for another one in six (16%) residences. The remaining residences are rented apartments in low-rise buildings with fewer than five stories (5%) and duplexes (2%). Seven out of ten (70%) of residences are owner-occupied with only three out of ten rented.
There are three schools in the neighbourhood. McArthur Elementary School is operated by the Edmonton Public School System while St. Angela Catholic Elementary School and Sir John Thompson Catholic Junior High School are operated by the Edmonton Catholic School System.
The neighbourhood is bounded on the north by 137 Avenue, on the east by 127 Street, and on the south by 132 Avenue. The western boundary is one half block west of 141 Street.
There are many mature beautiful parks in the neighbourhood.
The community is represented by the Wellington Park Community League, established in 1958, which maintains a community hall and outdoor rink located at 132 Street and 134 Avenue.

## Demographics

In the City of Edmonton's 2012 municipal census, Wellington had a population of 3,140 living in 1,247 dwellings, a 1.5% change from its 2009 population of 3,094. With a land area of 1.22 km$^2$ (0.47 sq mi), it had a population density of 2,573.8 people/km$^2$ in 2012.

## Surrounding neighbourhoods

vtePlaces adjacent to Wellington, Edmonton :
Rampart Industrial
Pembina
Baranow
Bonaventure Industrial, McArthur Industrial
Wellington
Kensington
Bonaventure Industrial, McArthur Industrial
Athlone
Calder :
# Westview Village, Edmonton

Westview Village, or Westview Village Manufactured Home Community, is a neighbourhood located in west Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. A manufactured home community, it is located on the west side of Winterburn Road (215 Street) at 107 Avenue NW. The area was part of Parkland County until the 1982 Edmonton general annexation.
The community is represented by the Westview Village Community League, established in 1985, which maintains a community hall and outdoor rink located at West View Boulevard and West View Crescent.

## Demographics

In the City of Edmonton's 2019 municipal census, Westview Village had a population of 2,124 living in 1,053 dwellings, a -5.6% change from its 2012 population of 2,242. With a land area of 0.92 km$^2$ (0.36 sq mi), it had a population density of 2,309 people/km$^2$ in 2019.

## Residential development

Over half the homes in Westview Village (54.2%) were moved into the park during the 1970s, with a small percentage (4.2%) predating 1970. After 1980, the number of new homes being moved into the neighbourhood dropped off, with roughly 150 homes being moved into the neighbourhood in each of the following decades.
The majority of the homes in the neighbourhood are manufactured homes, though there are a few duplexes. Owner-occupancy is high, with roughly 97% of homes being owner occupied.

## Surrounding neighbourhoods

Westview Village is surrounded by Winterburn Industrial.
vtePlaces adjacent to Westview Village, Edmonton :
Winterburn Industrial West
Winterburn Industrial West
Winterburn Industrial East
Winterburn Industrial West
Westview Village
Winterburn Industrial East
Winterburn Industrial West
Winterburn Industrial West
Winterburn Industrial East :
# Caitlin Thwaites

Caitlin Thwaites (born 29 December 1986) is a former Australian netball player and volleyballer.

## Career

Caitlin Thwaites was born in Bendigo, Australia. Thwaites began her career at for the Melbourne Kestrels of the Commonwealth Bank Trophy at the age of 16. However, once the ANZ Championship was founded in 2008 she moved to the Melbourne Vixens. Thwaites played for the Vixens from 2008 to 2010 and was part of the 2009 premiership team which defeated the Adelaide Thunderbirds. In 2011 she joined New Zealand–based ANZ Championship side the Central Pulse. In 2012 Thwaites made her international debut for the Australian Diamonds. Thwaites performed a vital role for the Pulse, scoring 431 goals for an accuracy percentage 81.3 per cent in the 2011 season. Thwaites later became the only New Zealand–based player to be picked for the Australia national team. She returned to Australia to play her domestic league netball in 2014 with the New South Wales Swifts and won the club's MVP award in 2015.
Thwaites began playing for the Collingwood Magpies in the Suncorp Super Netball competition from 2017, where she won the league's leading goalscorer award, scoring 594 goals in the regular season. She was awarded the Magpies' best and fairest for her efforts that year. On 5 September 2018, after not being offered another contract at the Magpies, Thwaites announced she would be signing with the Melbourne Vixens for the 2019 season.
Thwaites has won gold medals representing Australia at the 2014 Commonwealth Games and the 2015 Netball World Cup, as well as a silver medal at the 2018 Commonwealth Games. She was selected in the Australian Diamonds squad for the 2018/19 international season and featured in the Diamonds’ 2019 Netball World Cup squad. She announced her retirement from international netball in October 2019, finishing with 55 caps for the national team. Thwaites was part of the Melbourne Vixens premiership team that won the 2020 Grand Final; she announced her retirement from netball after this match.

## Volleyball

Thwaites has also represented Australia in women's volleyball, most notably at the 2004 Olympics qualifications.

## Netball career facts

Sources:
* Commonwealth Games Gold Medallist in 2014
* Commonwealth Games Silver Medallist in 2018
* ANZ Championship winner in 2009 (Vixens)
* Member of the Diamonds’ World Cup winning squad in 2015
* Diamonds debut in 2012
* NSW Swifts MVP 2015
* Central Pulse MVP 2011
* Magpies Netball 2017 Best and Fairest
* Magpies Netball 2017 Players' Player
* Magpies Netball vice-captain 2018
# Coral Bentley

Coral Bentley (born 30 December 1984 in Dandenong, Victoria) is a retired Australian synchronized swimmer who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics.

## Personal life

Bentley was born on 30 December 1984 in Dandenong, Victoria. Bentley is 1.67 m (5 ft 5+1⁄2 in) tall and weighs 55 kg (121 lb; 8 st 9 lb). As of 2008, Bentley lives in Melbourne, Victoria.

## Synchronised Swimming

Bentley was a synchronised swimmer, who began the sport at age 11 in 1996. After reading about synchronised swimming in a newspaper, she joined the Dandenong Dolphins club.
Bentley was a member of the Australian National Junior Team in 2001 and 2002 and went on to the National Team in 2003. She competed for Australia at the 2005 World Championships in Montreal. In 2004, Bentley went to Japan with her duet partner for two months and performed in a circus called Aqua Life. She traveled to Japan in 2005 for the Synchro World Cup. In 2007, Bentley was part of Australia's free combination routine at the 2007 FINA World Championships.
In 2008, Bentley qualified to represent Australia with Eloise Amberger, Sarah Bombell, Tamika Domrow, Myriam Glez, Erika Leal-Ramirez, Tarren Otte, Samantha Reid and Bethany Walsh in the team event at Beijing 2008. Australia placed seventh out of eight teams.
Bentley retired from synchronised swimming at the age of 23, due to the financial difficulties involved in competing in the sport.
# Elizabeth Gardner (athlete)

Elizabeth Gardner (born 4 September 1980 in Melbourne, Australia), also known as Liz Gardner, is an Australian freestyle skier.

## Professional career

Gardner made her professional debut on 8 September 2001 at the Mount Buller women's aerial event. Since her debut, she has competed in the Europa, Nor-Am, and World Cup. Her coach is Michel Roth.
Her best World Cup result was third at Fernie, British Columbia and Sauze d'Oulx, Italy.
She has participated in two Olympic games; the 2006 Turin Olympics and the 2010 Vancouver Winter Games. Gardner finished 23rd in Turin, and finished 10th in Vancouver.

## Personal life

Her nicknames vary from Gards and Beth to Lizard. Gardner was a gymnast before switching to aerials. She completed a bachelor's degree in Applied Science (Human Movement) at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology.
# Ella Beere

Ella Beere (born April 15, 1998) is an Australian canoeist. She represented Australia at the 2024 Summer Olympics.

## Early life

Beere attended Macquarie University in Sydney and earned an undergraduate degree in psychology.

## Career

Beere competed at the 2022 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in the K-4 500 metres event and won a silver medal.
She competed at the 2023 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in the K-4 500 metres event and finished in fifth place with a time of 1:32.636. As a result, they qualified for the 2024 Summer Olympics. At the Olympics she competed in the K-2 500 metres event with Alyssa Bull and advanced to the final, finishing in 7th place.
# Igreja de Jesus (Luanda)

The Igreja de Jesus, also Igreja dos Jesuítas, is a landmark in the Ingombota District of Luanda, Angola, adjacent to the Presidential Palace in the cidade alta neighborhood. It is the former church of the Jesuit college established in the city in the early 17th century. It has a fine baroque façade and a richly decorated interior.

## History

In the 1580s, Portuguese governor Paulo Dias de Novais donated the land on which the church stands to the Society of Jesus, on a site then known as Praça da Feira (Market Square). The church's construction started in 1607 or 1612 and lasted until 1636.
From 1641 to 1648, Luanda was occupied by the Dutch Republic and the church was used as an assembly hall while the nearby Jesuit college hosted the governor's residence. Luanda was retaken by Portuguese administrator Salvador de Sá in 1648 and the Jesuits recovered their properties. Following Portugal's suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1759, the church rapidly fell into disrepair. It was restored from 1953 and reopened in December 1958, on designs by architect Humberto Reis. It underwent further modification in the early 1970s.
# Ilha de Luanda

Ilha do Cabo (English: Cape Island) typically known as Ilha de Luanda (English: Island of Luanda) is a spit off the shore of Luanda, the capital of Angola, a country on the continents' southwestern coast. It consists of a low sandy strip formed by sedimentation. In administrative terms, the peninsula belongs to the municipality of Ingombota in the Luanda Province.

## History

When Paulo Dias de Novais, a Portuguese navigator, arrived here in 1575 with several hundred soldiers and settlers, the island was inhabited by the Axi-lwanda, a subgroup of the Ambundu people which was tributary to the Kongo Empire. The island was an important location to collect zimbo, the shells that constituted the currency of the Kongo king before the arrival of the Portuguese. The Portuguese settled here for a while, gaining control of the currency, before they decided to establish themselves on the mainland, opposite the island. They started to use the name of the African inhabitants as a name for the island and the town, spelling it first "Loanda" and then "Luanda".
The Ilha, as it is called colloquially by the population, is connected with the city through a narrow passage and is located at the foot of the Fortress of São Miguel. This is an area where residents can get away from the stresses of the capital, especially on weekends. A wide variety of hotels and clubs with bars and restaurants, as well as flea markets and marinas attract visitors.
The first church built by the Portuguese in Angola, the church of Nossa Senhora do Cabo is located here. It was erected by some 40 settlers in 1575, before they moved to the mainland in 1576, founding the present capital of Luanda.

## Culture

The "União Mundo da Ilha" (a carnival group), was founded in 1968 by residents of the island. The group has about 150 members that aim at Varina and Semba as their main style of dance.
The Clube Náutico da Ilha de Luanda sports club is situated on the island.
Well-known dishes from this area are Mufete and Muzongué (a type of broth).
# Philippa Gander

Philippa Helen Gander ONZM is a New Zealand sleep researcher. In 2021, she was conferred with the title of emeritus professor by Massey University, where she had been inaugural director of the Sleep/Wake Research Centre until stepping down from that role in 2019.

## Academic career

Gander wrote her master's thesis at the University of Auckland in 1976 with the title A model for the circadian pacemaker of Hemideina thoracica derived from the effects of temperature on its activity rhythm. After a 1980 PhD titled Circadian organization in the regulation of locomotor activity and reproduction in Rattus exulans at the same institution, Gander took up a Fulbright Fellowship at Harvard Medical School in 1980. She moved to the NASA-Ames Research Center in 1983 as part of the flight crew fatigue and jet-lag research programme. Gander returned to New Zealand in 1998, and established the Sleep/Wake Research Centre at the Wellington School of Medicine with the assistance of funding from the Health Research Council of New Zealand. She moved to Massey University and was appointed a full professor in 2003, and the research centre became part of Massey's newly established research school of public health.
In 2009, Gander was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand. In the 2017 Queen's Birthday Honours, she was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to the study of sleep and fatigue.
Notable students of Gander's include Leigh Signal and Ridvan Tupai-Firestone, both professors at Massey University.

## Selected works

* Paine, Sarah-Jane; Gander, Philippa H.; Travier, Noemie (2006). "The epidemiology of morningness/eveningness: influence of age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors in adults (30-49 years)". Journal of Biological Rhythms. 21 (1): 68–76.
* Marshall, Nathaniel Stuart; Barnes, Maree; Travier, Noemie; Campbell, Angela J.; Pierce, Robert J.; McEvoy, R. Doug; Neill, Alister M.; Gander, Philippa Helen (2006). "Continuous positive airway pressure reduces daytime sleepiness in mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnoea: a meta-analysis". Thorax. 61 (5): 430–434.
* Gander, Philippa; Hartley, Laurence; Powell, David; Cabon, Philippe; Hitchcock, Edward; Mills, Ann; Popkin, Stephen (2011). "Fatigue risk management: Organizational factors at the regulatory and industry/company level". Accident Analysis & Prevention. 43 (2): 573–590.
* Rosekind, Mark R.; Smith, Roy M.; Miller, Donna L.; Co, Elizabeth L.; Gregory, Kevin B.; Webbon, Lissa L.; Gander, Philippa H.; Lebacqz, J. Victor (1995). "Alertness management: strategic naps in operational settings". Journal of Sleep Research. 4: 62–66.
* Lilley, Rebbecca; Feyer, Anne-Marie; Kirk, Patrick; Gander, Philippa (2002). "A survey of forest workers in New Zealand: Do hours of work, rest, and recovery play a role in accidents and injury?". Journal of Safety Research. 33 (1): 53–71.
* Signal, T. Leigh; Gale, Jesse; Gander, Philippa H. (2005). "Sleep measurement in flight crew: comparing actigraphic and subjective estimates to polysomnography". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 76 (11): 1058–1063.