# History of the Green Party of England and Wales

The Green Party of England and Wales has its roots in the PEOPLE Party started in Coventry in 1972/3 by four professional friends (Michael Benfield, Freda Sanders, Tony Whittaker and Lesley Whittaker). It then changed its name to the more descriptive Ecology Party in 1975, and to the Green Party ten years later. In the 1990s, the Scottish and Northern Ireland wings of the Green Party in the United Kingdom decided to separate amicably from the party in England and Wales, to form the Scottish Green Party and the Green Party in Northern Ireland. The Wales Green Party became an autonomous regional party and remained within the new Green Party of England and Wales.

## 1990 to 1997

In 1991 Green Party spokesman and TV sports presenter David Icke created considerable embarrassment for the Party when he revealed his extreme political and spiritual beliefs. He was subsequently forced to leave the party.
Internal divisions over the direction of the party in the early 1990s meant that the Green Party fell out of the limelight and failed to maintain its electoral momentum. In 1991, attempts to streamline the Party Constitution were proposed by a group called Green 2000, who wanted to "modernise" the Party and make it into an organised electoral force that could become the ruling party in the UK by the year 2000. After the Green 2000 Constitution was adopted, a new Executive came into force to oversee the day-to-day business of the party. Many Green 2000 members were elected to the new Executive in 1991 but, by 1992, only two remained, with the others resigning or being recalled and forced to quit. These internal constitutional wranglings, and negative public statements released by supporters of both Green 2000 and decentralists who ran the recall campaigns, seriously hampered preparations for the 1992 General Election, in which 253 Green candidates received 1.3% of the vote. Sara Parkin and Jonathon Porritt left active involvement with the party.
The early and mid-1990s were difficult for the Greens, because of Britain's first-past-the-post electoral system, the recession of 1992–93 and the squeeze caused by the rising popularity of New Labour. Nevertheless, the party gained a handful of local councillors in Stroud and Oxford.
In the 1992 General Election, Cynog Dafis was elected on a Plaid Cymru–Wales Green Party ticket, gaining Ceredigion and Pembroke North from the Liberal Democrats. The Green Party argued that this made him the first Green representative in the House of Commons. The electoral agreement that enabled this broke down by 1995.

## 1997 to 2009

The election of a Labour government in 1997 created opportunities and focus for the Green Party. New democratic institutions were created that offered electoral possibilities for the Greens, such as the London Assembly, the National Assembly for Wales and – for the independent Scottish Green Party – the Scottish Parliament, all of which use some form of proportional representation, allowing smaller parties the chance of gaining representation. Labour also changed European Parliamentary elections to a form of proportional representation.
Combined with gradual council gains, the party quietly gained successes.
In the 1999 European elections, two Greens were elected Members of the European Parliament (MEPs): Caroline Lucas (South East England) and Jean Lambert (London). They retained their seats in the 2004 European elections, despite a reduction in number of seats available. Overall, the Party gained 1,033,093 votes in the 2004 European election.
However the Greens did not manage to break through into other European electoral regions or the Welsh Assembly. Three Greens were elected to the first London Assembly.
The Green Party achieved its best ever UK general election result to date in the 2005 general election with a total of 281,780 votes, with Keith Taylor receiving 22% of the vote in Brighton Pavilion.
In 2006 members of the Green Party of England and Wales launched the Green Left grouping within the party.
The Party had 116 local councillors after a gain of 5 councillors during the 2008 local elections. The Greens achieved significant representation on Brighton & Hove City Council, Lancaster City Council, Norwich, Lewisham, Oxford City Council, Oxfordshire County Council, Kirklees Council and Stroud District Council. The Green Party were the official opposition on Norwich City Council; they formed part of the ruling coalition that controlled Lancaster City Council alongside the Liberal Democrats and Labour, and shared control of Castle Morpeth Council as part of an all party administration.
In this period, the Green Party of England and Wales had representation in the House of Lords, the (unelected) upper chamber of Parliament: in the person of Lord Beaumont of Whitley, who died in 2008.
According to MORI in 2010, Green issues were rated as importantly as during the Green Party's previous high point in the late 1980s.
The party held its first ever leadership election in September 2008: Caroline Lucas was elected to the position of Leader, and Adrian Ramsay to the position of Deputy Leader.

## Since 2010

The Green Party fielded more than 300 candidates for the 2010 general election. Caroline Lucas became the first Green candidate to gain a seat in Westminster, after being elected MP for Brighton Pavilion by a margin of 1,252 votes. The following week 600 new members had joined the Green Party bringing total membership to over 11,000. In previous years 600 new members was high for a whole year.
On 24 May 2012 the six Green Party councillors elected to Stroud District Council formed a power-sharing administration (a "constructive cooperation") with both the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats.
In May 2014 Molly Scott Cato became the party's third MEP.
At the 2015 general election Lucas was reelected in Brighton Pavilion with an increased majority but the party did not win any other seats. In part owing to the greatly increased number of contested seats of 538 from 310 at the 2010 election, the Greens received more than 1.1 million votes and increased their national share of the vote from 1% to 3.8%.
In the 2019 local elections the Green Party secured their best-ever local election result, more than doubling their number of council seats from 178 to 372. This success was followed by a similarly successful European election where Greens won (including Scottish Greens and the Green Party in Northern Ireland) more than two million votes for the first time since 1989, securing seven MEPs, up from three. This included winning seats for the first time in the East of England, North West England, West Midlands and Yorkshire & the Humber.
In March 2023 the party abandoned its long-held opposition to NATO, though it said it supports reform of the organisation in aspects such as guaranteeing a ‘no-first-use’ policy on nuclear weapons, that NATO commits to upholding human rights and that the organisation acts in defence of only member states.
For the 2023 United Kingdom local elections the Green Party stood 3,331 candidates, 41% of all seats that were up for election, the most they had ever contested. More than half of the party's 536 total local council seats were to be defended at these elections. The Greens launched their national local-elections campaign in Stowmarket, Mid Suffolk, where they are aiming at winning majority control, which would be the first time the Greens had won a majority on any council. The Greens were said to have been aiming at winning at least 100 new seats, with their appeal spreading to both left- and right-wing voters owing to dissatisfaction with the two main parties. The party had a net gain of over 200 councillors and won majority control of Mid Suffolk District Council, the party's first-ever council majority.
In the 2024 general election, the Green Party had four MPs elected, including its co-leaders Adrian Ramsay and Carla Denyer, and received their highest-ever vote share with over 1.9 million votes. This marked the first time the party had elected more than a single MP and that it gained a constituency other than Brighton Pavilion, also winning Bristol Central, Waveney Valley and North Herefordshire.
In September 2024, Green Party members voted to reverse the party's longstanding opposition to the High Speed 2 rail project at their annual conference.

## References and notes

* ↑ Ronson, Jon. "David Icke, the Lizards, and the Jews"(video), Channel 4 Television, retrieved 22 May 2006 Archived 10 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
* 1 2 Wall, Derek, Weaving a Bower Against Endless Night: An Illustrated History of the Green Party, 1994
* ↑ "Dr. Caroline Lucas MEP's Website". Carolinelucasmep.org.uk. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
* ↑ "Jean Lambert MEP's Website". Jeanlambertmep.org.uk. 24 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
* 1 2 "Green Party Website". Greenparty.org.uk. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
* ↑ "Launch Statement of Green Left". Green Left. 4 June 2006. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
* ↑ MORI Polling Trends data
* ↑ "Election 2010: Green Party are 'hopeful for win'". BBC News. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
* ↑ "Election 2010 – Constituency – Brighton Pavilion". BBC News. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
* ↑ "RECONVENED COUNCIL ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING" (PDF). 24 May 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
* ↑ "UK vote share". BBC News. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
* ↑ "Local Election Results 2019". Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
* ↑ Graham-Harrison, Emma (2 June 2019). "A quiet revolution sweeps Europe as Greens become a political force". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
* ↑ Jarvis, Chris (12 March 2023). "Green Party abandons opposition to NATO". Bright Green. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
* ↑ "Green Party to stand record number of candidates in local elections". Bright Green. 5 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
* ↑ "Open Council Data UK - England". Open Council Data UK. 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
* ↑ "Local elections 2023: Greens eye first council win in former Tory heartland". BBC News. 18 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
* ↑ Chaplain, Chloe (5 April 2023). "Rural Tories are 'panicking' Green leaders say as party targets Conservative seats". inews.co.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
* ↑ "Local elections 2023: Green Party makes record gains". BBC News. 5 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
* ↑ "UK election results 2024 | Constituency map". BBC News. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
* ↑ "Green Party reverses its opposition to building HS2". The Independent. 10 September 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
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