OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Discrepancy theory

In mathematics, discrepancy theory describes the deviation of a situation from the state one would like it to be in. It is also called the theory of irregularities of distribution. This refers to the theme of classical discrepancy theory, namely distributing points in some space such that they are evenly distributed with respect to some (mostly geometrically defined) subsets. The discrepancy (irregularity) measures how far a given distribution deviates from an ideal one.
Discrepancy theory can be described as the study of inevitable irregularities of distributions, in measure-theoretic and combinatorial settings. Just as Ramsey theory elucidates the impossibility of total disorder, discrepancy theory studies the deviations from total uniformity.
A significant event in the history of discrepancy theory was the 1916 paper of Weyl on the uniform distribution of sequences in the unit interval.

## Theorems

Discrepancy theory is based on the following classic theorems:
* Geometric discrepancy theory
* The theorem of van Aardenne-Ehrenfest
* Arithmetic progressions (Roth, Sarkozy, Beck, Matousek & Spencer)
* Beck–Fiala theorem
* Six Standard Deviations Suffice (Spencer)

## Major open problems

The unsolved problems relating to discrepancy theory include:
* Axis-parallel rectangles in dimensions three and higher (folklore)
* Komlós conjecture
* Heilbronn triangle problem on the minimum area of a triangle determined by three points from an n-point set

## Applications

Applications for discrepancy theory include:
* Numerical integration: Monte Carlo methods in high dimensions
* Computational geometry: Divide-and-conquer algorithm
* Image processing: Halftoning
* Random trial formulation: Randomized controlled trial
# Mount Amakazari

Mount Amakazari (雨飾山, Amakazari-yama) is a mountain in the Chūbu region, Central Honshu, Japan. Located between Niigata and Nagano prefectures, the mountain is considered one of the 100 Mountains of Japan. Several hiking paths lead up the mountain, along which can be found a number of natural hot springs.
# Kusin

Kusin (German: Küssin) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Karnice, within Gryfice County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Karnice, 17 km (11 mi) north of Gryfice, and 79 km (49 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Norman Rathbone

Norman Stanley Rathbone (8 September 1914 – 13 July 1995) was an Anglican priest in the second half of the 20th century.
He was educated at Rugby and Christ's College, Cambridge and ordained in 1939. He was Curate then Vicar of St Mary Magdalen, Coventry and after that a Canon Residentiary at Lincoln Cathedral. In 1969 he became Dean of Hereford, a post he held until his retirement in 1981.
He is buried in Dore Abbey churchyard.
# Valeria Buldini

Valeria Buldini is an Italian model. She won the Elite Model Look Italy competition in 2017 at the age of 15.

## Early life and career

Valeria Buldini was born in Budrio the province of Bologna to a Russian mother and an Italian father. After she won the Elite Model Look Italy competition and ranking in the top 15 for the world final, she made her debut on the catwalk for Prada. For the F/W 20 season she walked for the Philosophy di Lorenzo. Buldini also closed the Dolce & Gabbana couture show in Puglia. In 2024 she appeared on the cover of Vogue Italia.
Vogue Italia named her one of the 7 girls who represent Italy.
# Alvin Fisher

Alvin Light Fisher (January 5, 1893 – March 1, 1937) was a Canadian ice hockey right winger. He played in the Western Canada, Pacific Coast and National hockey leagues for the Calgary Tigers, Seattle Metropolitans and Toronto St. Pats, respectively. He was born in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Before his hockey career, he had served in the Canadian Forces during World War I, where he was wounded.
Alvin Fisher died suddenly at Ranger Lake in 1937 at the age of 44. He suffered from poor health in the preceding years including heart problems, with the cause of death on his death certificate listed as acute pericarditis. He was buried at Old Greenwood Cemetery in Sault Ste. Marie.

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs

| | | | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs |
| Season | Team | League | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1919–20 | Hamilton Tigers | OHA Sr | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | — | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1920–21 | Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds | NMHL | 14 | 6 | 3 | 9 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1920–21 | Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds | NOHA | 9 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 12 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1921–22 | Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds | NMHL | 12 | 2 | 5 | 7 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1921–22 | Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds | NOHA | 8 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 15 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 1922–23 | Calgary Tigers | WCHL | 18 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 10 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1923–24 | Seattle Metropolitans | PCHA | 15 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1924–25 | Toronto St. Patricks | NHL | 9 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — |
| WCHL totals | WCHL totals | WCHL totals | 18 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 10 | — | — | — | — | — |
| PCHA totals | PCHA totals | PCHA totals | 15 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| NHL totals | NHL totals | NHL totals | 9 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — |
# Elisabeth Pihela

Elisabeth Pihela (born 15 March 2004) is an Estonian track and field athlete who competes in the high jump.

## Career

At the 2021 European Athletics U20 Championships, she won bronze with a new personal best clearance of 1.86m. At the same event in 2023, she won silver, jumping 1.88m to finish behind Angelina Topic.
In June 2023, she set a new personal best clearing 1.92m in Pärnu. That month she also cleared 1.91m at the Diamond League event in Lausanne.
Pihela competed at the 2023 World Athletics Championships in Budapest in August 2023. The following week, she competed at the 2023 Diamond League event in Xiamen, China in September 2023, and finished fourth in the high jump.
She competed in the high jump at the 2024 Paris Olympics.
# Joel Riethmuller

Joel Riethmuller (born 9 May 1985) is an Italy international rugby league footballer who previously played professionally for the North Queensland Cowboys in the National Rugby League.

## Background

Riethmuller was born in Tully, Queensland, Australia.

## Playing career

Riethmuller played his junior football for the Tully Tigers. Before playing for the North Queensland side, he played for the Ipswich Jets and the Northern Pride in the Queensland Cup; winning a premiership with the Pride in 2010.
He made his NRL debut against the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles in round 14 of the 2011 season, at the age of 26, having broken into the Cowboys' first-grade squad after performing well in the Queensland Cup. He signed a new two-year contract with the Townsville based outfit shortly after his debut. At the end of the 2011 season he made his international debut for Italy in a 96–8 win over Russia in Padova. He qualified for the Italian team by virtue of having an Italian grandfather.
Riethmuller made 21 tackles in just 19 minutes on the field in his debut game. Riethmuller represented the Queensland Residents on three occasions, scoring two tries. Riethmuller scored his first NRL try in his fourth NRL Game against Newcastle in their round 18 win over them at McDonald Jones Stadium. In 2012 he was named in the Queensland Residents side.
Riethmuller won his second Queensland Cup in 2014 playing for the Pride. In 2015, Riethmuller was playing for Cairns Brothers in the Cairns District Rugby League Competition. He is an Australian Apprenticeships Ambassador for the Australian Government and an Apprentice Mentor in the NRL's Trade UP with the NRL Program.
# Ron Bailey (rugby league)

Ron Bailey (1914–1989) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s, and 1940s. He was a New South Wales Country, New South Wales and Australian representative whose club career was played with Waratah Mayfield, Newtown, Canterbury-Bankstown in Sydney and overseas with Huddersfield. He captained his country in one Test in 1946 and was the first Canterbury-Bankstown player to do so.

## Club career

Bailey was graded with the Waratah Mayfield club at age 18. After that, he went on to represent the Country New South Wales rugby league team in 1935–36. In 1936 he came to the attention of Sydney talent scouts when he represented for Newcastle against a touring English side, downing the visitors 21–6.
Bailey came to Sydney for Newtown in 1937 and playing at centre alongside Frank Hyde helped Newtown to win the City Cup that year.
He accepted an offer to join Huddersfield in England in 1937 and played two seasons there as a loose forward.
Bailey returned to Australia at the outbreak of World War II and after another season at Waratah Mayfield joined Canterbury-Bankstown as captain-coach in 1941 back as a centre. Canterbury won a premiership under Bailey in 1942 when they won the grand final, 11–9.

## Representative career

After the war Bailey made his state and national representative debuts. He played five games for New South Wales against Queensland, and visiting English sides. He played two games for Australia against Great Britain in 1946, the second of those as captain.
With no international fixtures scheduled in 1947 Bailey had played his last Test in 1946. He played out the 1947–48 seasons as captain-coach with West Maitland before his retirement.
# Tholera decimalis

Tholera decimalis, the feathered Gothic, is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Europe and Scandinavia then through the Palearctic to Asia minor, western Central Asia, southern Siberia and in North Africa.

## Technical description and variation

The wingspan is 38–48 mm. Forewing olive fuscous tinged with purple;all the veins white; inner and outer lines double, black; submarginal whitish, preceded by black wedgeshaped spots; claviform stigma of the ground colour outlined with whitish and black and with a pale linear centre; upper stigmata white-ringed with olive centres, reniform with a curved pale line at centre; wing in male dull white with fuscous termen, in female wholly fuscous with base alone paler; — ab. hilaris Stgr. is smaller and paler, the hindwing of male whitish.

## Biology

The moth flies from August to September depending on the location.
Larva shining bronzy brownish, with the tubercles large and black; head and thoracic plate dark brown. Younger caterpillars are initially greenish coloured and change their colour with increasing development of shiny brownish tints. The dorsal and laterodorsal lines are yellow-brown. The larvae feed at the roots of various grasses, living through the winter and feeding up in summer. .
Steppe, grassy hillsides, gardens and meadows and pastures are the main habitat.
# Kusowo, West Pomeranian Voivodeship

Kusowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szczecinek, within Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) north-west of Szczecinek and 137 km (85 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

## History

At the time of the foundation of the German Empire in 1871, the Kingdom of Prussia was the largest and dominant part of the empire. Pomerania was taken by the kingdom, and along with a few other places, and would later be called in Germany "Ostgebiete des deutschen Reiches" (Eastern territories of the German Empire).
Pomerelia (now Pomeranian Voivodeship) was handed over to Poland after the Greater Poland Uprising. It was, however, annexed by Nazi Germany during the Second World War. After the war, it was decided in the Potsdam Agreement that the Pomeranian Voivodeship would be returned to Poland.
# Fintan Monahan

Fintan Monahan KC*HS (born 23 January 1967) is an Irish Roman Catholic prelate who has served as Bishop of Killaloe since 2016.

## Early life

Monahan was born in Tullamore, County Offaly, on 23 January 1967, one of three children to Tom Monahan and his wife Peg (née Conneely). He moved with his family to An Cheathrú Rua, County Galway, in 1980 where his father was principal at Scoil Chuimsitheach Chiaráin, and subsequently to his mother's native Castlegar in 1996.
Monahan attended primary school in Tullamore and secondary school in Scoil Chuimhsotheach Chiaráin, An Cheathrú Rua, before studying for the priesthood in St Patrick's College, Maynooth, in 1984, completing a Bachelor of Science in NUI Maynooth, in 1987, and a Bachelor of Divinity in the Pontifical University in 1990.
He was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Tuam on 16 June 1991.

## Presbyteral ministry

Monahan's first pastoral assignment was as curate in An Tulach, Baile na hAbhann, between 1992 and 1993, during which he completed a licentiate in biblical theology in 1992 and a higher diploma in education from NUI Galway in 1993.
Between 1993 and 2006 he taught science, mathematics, Irish and religion at Saint Jarlath's College, Tuam, while also coaching basketball and hurling.
Monahan was appointed chaplain to Saint Jarlath's College and Assistant Diocesan Secretary of the Archdiocese of Tuam in 2006, before being appointed Diocesan Secretary in 2007, during which time he worked in the area of communications, promoting vocations, and editing the diocesan magazine, New Dawn. He was also appointed secretary of the diocesan finance committee, director of vocational pastoral care, and designate for child protection.
Monahan was appointed to the Council for Communications of the Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference in 2013.

## Episcopal ministry

Monahan was appointed Bishop-elect of Killaloe by Pope Francis on 29 July 2016. He was consecrated by his predecessor, the Archbishop of Cashel and Emly, Kieran O'Reilly, on 25 September in the Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul, Ennis.
During his episcopate, Monahan has also authored a series of books on people whose lives and literary works have inspired him, namely John Henry Newman, Thomas Merton, C. S. Lewis and Pope Benedict XVI.
# Palace Rebellion

The Palace Rebellion (Thai: กบฏวังหลวง, RTGS: Kabot Wang Luang) was a 1949 coup attempt in Thailand. Its plotters aimed to overthrow the government of Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram and to restore his main civilian rival, Pridi Banomyong, to political relevance.
Pridi had disavowed the use of violence during the immediate aftermath of the 1947 coup, but the frustrations of exile eventually overcame him. Although in the People's Republic of China, he still maintained contacts with his supporters in Thailand and, with their help, he laid plans for a countercoup.
In the first week of February 1949, he secretly returned to Thailand. However, Phibunsongkhram soon learned of Pridi's intentions and quickly made a radio announcement in which he called Pridi his "friend." He went on to offer Pridi a position in the government, but Pridi decided to go ahead with his plans, and the field marshal's overtures were rebuffed.
A state of emergency was declared by the government in anticipation of the countercoup. It began on February 26, when a Royal Thai Army officer loyal to Pridi and a group of supporters seized a radio station, and Free Thai elements and Thammasat University teachers and students occupied the Grand Palace. The group at the radio station announced on the air the formation of a new government headed by Pridi's friend, Direk Jayanama.
Major-General Sarit Thanarat then moved troops in and easily managed to oust Pridi from the palace grounds. In the meanwhile, the Royal Thai Navy and the Royal Thai Marine Corps took up defensive positions around Bangkok, to protect their allies.
The rebels managed to escape in naval vessels across the Chao Phraya River, and navy units engaged the army in fierce street fighting. A ceasefire was declared that afternoon, but it would take the navy and the army a full week to negotiate a resolution to the crisis.
# Frank Hartley (footballer)

Frank Hartley (20 July 1896 – 20 October 1965) was an English professional footballer who played for Oxford City, Tottenham Hotspur, Corinthian and represented England at international level.

## Football career

Hartley began his career at Oxford City before joining Tottenham Hotspur in 1922 and played in one match. After a spell with the Corinthians, the inside forward re-joined the Spurs to go on and make a further six appearances and scoring once between 1927 and 1929.

## International career

Hartley made one international appearance for England in a friendly against France on 10 May 1923.
# Beylerbeyi event

Beylerbeyi event (Turkish: Beylerbeyi Vakası) was a revolt in the Ottoman Empire in response to currency debasement in April 1589, during the reign of Murat III.

## Background

During the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590), the Ottoman military expenditures increased sharply. Meanwhile, state revenues began to decrease because of Jelali revolts in Anatolia. The result was a budget deficit. Murat III decided to devalue the coins. Between the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent and his grandson Murat, the value of a gold coin rose from 63 akçes (silver coin as the Ottoman monetary unit) to 120 akçes. The ensuing economic crisis hit the fixed income of servants and slave soldiers, such as janissaries.

## Rebellion

The janissaries revolted demanding a rise in their salary. They further asked for the execution of two Ottoman civil servants. One of them, Mahmut Efendi, was the chief treasurer (Turkish: defterdar). The other one was Doğancı Mehmet Pasha, the beylerbey (high governor) of Rumeli who was accused of being the sultan's advisor in devaluation. Although the sultan initially tried to protect his prestige and two of his subordinates, he finally gave up. At the end of the negotiations, the salaries were increased and the two civil servants were sacrificed. They were immediately killed by the janissaries. The Grand Vizier Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha was fortunate, for he was only dismissed from his post.
Following the rebellion of janissaries the sipahis also revolted demanding a rise in their salaries. But during the negotiations in the palace yard, an unidentified person in the crowd gave a command to attack the sipahis and the bostanjis (palace guards) caught sipahis off guard, killing about 400 of them. This ended the sipahi rebellion.

## Istanbul riots

The Beylerbey incident was the first example of military revolts, in which civil servants were killed by soldiers. In the following years, a number of civil servants and even the sultan (Osman II) in one case, were killed in more serious riots by soldiers. Historians call such riots and rebellions Istanbul rebellions (Turkish: İstanbul İsyanları).
# Charles Smith (Australian footballer)

Charles Smith (26 May 1901 – 31 March 1968) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Michael Russo (rugby league)

Michael Russo (born 17 October 1983), is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s for Melbourne Storm.

## Early life

Russo was educated at St Joseph's College, Nudgee, where he represented 2001 Australian Schoolboys. He played junior rugby league for the Maroochydore Swans and Nambour Crushers. Moving to Sydney, he played junior representative football for Sydney Roosters, but was homesick and returned to Brisbane to join the Norths Devils, where he was named Devils Colts Player of the Year.

## Playing career

He made his NRL debut in round 2 of the 2002 NRL season for the Melbourne Storm against the Sharks. He was awarded 2002 Melbourne Storm Rookie of the Year.
In April 2002, Russo and Melbourne teammate Marty Turner were involved in a serious car accident near Geelong, returning from a surfing trip. Turner suffered fractured ribs, a ruptured spleen, severe concussion, and cuts and bruises. Russo escaped with an injured elbow and was able to return to play in Round 6 where he scored a late try to seal a 12–4 win over St George Illawarra Dragons.
Released by Melbourne at the end of the 2003 season, Russo joined Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in 2004, without adding to his nine NRL games.
Constant injuries cruelled Russo's rugby league career, retiring after the 2004 season. He did play one last game, representing Italy in an Ionio Cup match against Greece in October 2004. Russo was sent off for a high tackle in what was his final game of rugby league.
# Trichlorophenylsilane

Trichlorophenylsilane is a compound with formula Si(C$_6$H$_5$)Cl$_3$.
Similarly to other alkylchlorosilanes, trichlorophenylsilane is a possible precursor to silicone. It hydrolyses in water to give HCl and phenylsilantriol, with the latter condensating to a polymeric substance.
# Jim Collins (rugby league)

James Thomas Collins (27 June 1923 – 16 October 1996) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer, who played for Canterbury-Bankstown of the New South Wales Rugby League Premiership. He played seven seasons playing interchangeably between five-eighth and half-back.

## Playing career

Collins made his debut in the NSWRL with Canterbury-Bankstown against Western Suburbs in round 3 of the 1944 season. He was moved to the half-back position and scored the first try of his career in Canterbury's 25-18 win over Eastern Suburbs in round 6. In Round 10, he scored his second try of the season in a 13-13 draw against Balmain. He played 12 games in 1944, including a representative appearance with Metropolis Seconds against Army Seconds.
In 1945, Collins scored a try in round 4 against South Sydney (who would win only 1 game in the season). He scored another try 7 rounds later (also against Souths) and finished the season with 2 tries in 9 appearances.
Collins had a strong 1946 season. He scored 3 tries in the first half of the season, before scoring a try in three consecutive games in rounds 11, 13 and 14. Collins' performances helped Canterbury make the finals for the first time in 4 years. Collins played in the club's 12-10 win over Newtown in the semi-finals, although the club lost to Balmain 7-8 in the Preliminary finals.
In 1947, Collins only played three games. It was another successful season for the club who finished as minor premiers. They however, lost to Balmain in the final 19-25, and as minor premiers, used their "right of challenge" for a rematch game. Balmain would win that game 13-9 to collect their 10th premiership. Collins did not appear in any of Canterbury's finals games.
Collins would not make another first grade appearance until the opening round of the 1949 season - where he scored a try in Canterbury's draw to South Sydney. He also scored a try in the following round against Wests. He scored his third try of the season against Manly-Warringah - who were still a new club at the time. Towards the end of the season, Collins experienced success when he scored two tries in the remaining two rounds of 1949 in losses to Newtown and Manly sequentially. He finished the season with 5 tries in 14 appearances.
Canterbury had a relatively successful 1950 campaign, though narrowly missed the finals. He scored a try in round 8 against Parramatta, in a round 16 loss to Balmain and a try in the final round of the season against Newtown. Collins played thirteen games in 1950.
In 1951, Collins scored his last career try in a win against Easts. This season, he was handed some of Canterbury's goal-kicking duties. He scored two goals in a round 9 loss to Wests and kicked two goals in a double-digit loss to Parramatta. In Round 15, he played the final game of his career in a 22-6 loss to Easts. He concluded his career with 19 tries and 4 goals (65 points) in 77 appearances.

## Personal life

Collins was born in Sydney on 27 June 1923. He died in Cronulla on 16 October 1996, at the age of 73.