OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Montpellier vitalism

The vitalism of the Montpellier medical school, more succinctly called "Montpellier vitalism", is a medical and philosophical school of thought.

## History

It emerged in France in the second half of the 18th century under the influence of physicians and philosophers shaped by the intellectual context of the time. Disease was interpreted in an original way as a dysfunction of the entire organism, compromising its integrity. This medical philosophy persisted for over a century and found fertile ground at the University of Montpellier, an institution renowned for its openness to philosophical ideas.
The term "vitalism" arose in the wake of the Montpellier school of medicine, in the south of France, and was notably introduced by Charles-Louis Dumas, dean of the city's Faculty of Medicine, in his Principes de Physiologie in 1800. The vitalism of this school viewed living organisms as indivisible units animated by a "vital principle" that could not be reduced to the physical activity of organs, though it was also distinct from the thinking soul. It positioned itself as an intermediate stance between the mechanistic perspective of the early 18th century and the animist vitalism attributed to Stahl, as well as between materialism and spiritualism.
By the late 18th century, the Montpellier school enjoyed significant prestige in France and entered into rivalry with the Paris school, which was more materialist and advocated an "organicist" approach to medicine, focused on the study of organs.
# Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange

The Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (NAWA, Polish: Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej) is a governmental agency in Poland established to carry out tasks related to the academic mobility between Poland and other countries. Since November 2018 the agency is part of Academic Cooperation Association. It primarily provides grants to individuals and organizations rather than through its own staff.

## History

NAWA was founded partially out of concerns about brain drain from Poland. The legislation to create NAWA was prepared by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. NAWA was created by an legislation from 7 July 2017 and began operating on 1 October 2017. Changes to the authorizing legislation were made in 2018 and 2019.
Grażyna Żebrowska, a physicist, was appointed director of NAWA on May 8, 2020.
On October 1, 2024, Prime Minister Donald Tusk appointed Dr. Wojciech Karczewski as the director of the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange

## Activities

NAWA improves Polish education by facilitating the integration of Polish universities with academics worldwide by arranging conferences, facilitating cooperation on international research projects, and assisting foreign students. NAWA provides scholarships to people of Polish ancestry to study in Poland. NAWA funds research performed by Polish Universities in partnership with foreign collaborators. NAWA encourages Polish scientists living abroad to return to the country. NAWA supports foreign scientists to do post-doctoral work in Poland. Alternately, NAWA provides funding for Polish scientists to do internships abroad. NAWA funds student support services for foreign students in Poland.
NAWA provides both Polish and foreign students, researchers and higher education institutions with scholarships and grants in four different fields, with the main focus on mobility:
* programs for students
* programs for scientists
* programs for institutions
* Polish language programs
Additionally, the agency disseminates information about the Polish system of tertiary education and science.
NAWA also serves to improve the international public relations of Poland.

## Promotional campaigns

NAWA runs two campaigns promoting Poland abroad at the moment.
The Ready, Study, Go! Poland (RSGP) campaign is aiming at delivering the information about Poland as a prospective study and research destination to all candidates in the world.
Research in Poland campaign promotes Poland as a perfect destination for researchers and university graduates willing to start or continue their research career abroad.

## Structure

NAWA is overseen by the Minister of Science and Higher Education. The director is appointed by the Prime Minister. NAWA's Council is an advisory body which makes proposals for the organization's direction and development.
# Francisco "Chamuscado" Sánchez

Francisco "Chamuscado" Sánchez (c. 1512 – 1582) was a Spanish military leader.

## Biography

Due to the absence of records, Francisco Sánchez was born in 1512 possibly in an area not far from Huelva, Spain.
He was a captain of the Spanish military and a conquistador leader of the Chamuscado and Rodríguez Expedition to search and discover the Indian settlements beyond the jurisdiction of Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain. "Chamuscado" is Spanish for "scorched" as he was described as light-skinned winoth "scorched flaming red beard". The expedition departed the Spanish outpost of Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua, Mexico on June 5, 1581.
The expedition party forded the Rio Grande, possibly at La Junta de los Ríos where they visited the Jumano settlements near present-day Presidio, Texas. The expedition walked along the Rio Grande and crossed the west bank of present-day El Paso, TX in late December 1581.
In the Chamuscado expedition of 1581–1582, this led to the first steps in the founding of Spanish New Mexico and the future founding of La Villa Real de la Santa Fe, New Mexico de San Francisco de Asís by Juan de Oñate y Salazar.
# Walter Van Rensselaer Berry

Walter Van Rensselaer Berry (July 29, 1859 – October 12, 1927) was an American lawyer, diplomat, Francophile, and friend of several great writers. He was also an American tennis player active in the late 19th century.

## Biography

Berry was born in Paris, a descendant of the Van Rensselaer family of New York. After attending St. Mark's School and Harvard, he took a law degree at Columbia University, practicing law in New York City, Washington, D.C., and Paris, where he pursued a career in international law and diplomacy. After serving as a judge at the International Tribunal of Egypt from 1908 to 1911, he settled in Paris for the remainder of his life and became a strong advocate of France, tirelessly promoting its cause in the United States when World War I broke out in 1914; he served as President of the American Chamber of Commerce in Paris from 1916 to 1923. After the war he vigorously opposed both Germany and the Soviet Union.$^{:514–15}$
A close friend of Henry James and Edith Wharton, who called him "the love of my life," he met Marcel Proust in the summer of 1916, beginning "a friendship that was to be one of the most rewarding of Proust's final years."$^{:638}$
   Geoffrey Wolff in his life of Harry Crosby describes Berry as a fashion plate well over six feet tall. Caresse described him to me very much as she did in her careless memoirs—slimness, thinness, wearing a morning coat and striped trousers like a diplomat and highly polished button-shoes. His arms were long and like pipestems. He could be witty, if a little on the pedantic side. His manner with women (said Caresse) was "gallant and wicked." Something frigid and formidable about his countenance, very sec.$^{:515}$
He was a cousin of Harry Crosby, leaving him in his will "my entire library except such items as my good friend Edith Wharton may care to choose."$^{:638}$

## Tennis

Berry reached the semifinals of the U.S. National Championships in 1885 and the finals of the doubles in 1884. His doubles partner was his cousin, Alexander Van Rensselaer.
# Chris Taft

Chris Taft (born March 10, 1985) is an American basketball player.

## NCAA career

Chris Taft was born in Brooklyn, New York, and began his college career at the University of Pittsburgh after graduating from Xaverian High School in Brooklyn. Taft won the Big East Conference Rookie of the Year Award in his Freshman season and set the all-time Pittsburgh season record for field goals made as a freshman (162). Taft also earned Third Team All Big East Honors as a Freshman.
In 2004–05, Taft averaged 26.5 minutes per game, 13.3 points per game, 7.5 rebounds per game, and 1.7 blocks per game, and shot 58.5% from the field. After Pittsburgh suffered a loss to the University of the Pacific in the first round of the NCAA Tournament, Taft announced his entry into the 2005 NBA draft. Shortly after announcing his departure from Pittsburgh, Taft hired an agent and indefinitely lost his NCAA eligibility. Taft went to the Chicago Annual Predraft Camp which began his post-college career.

## Professional career

Chris Taft entered the NBA draft as a projected first rounder, but he fell into the second round. Ultimately, he was picked by the Golden State Warriors 42nd overall, with the pick they got from the New Jersey Nets in exchange for Clifford Robinson.
Taft played in only 17 games in his rookie season as a result of back spasms that ended his season in early January. He had surgery in 2006 to repair a herniated disc and has yet to return to the court in a professional game. In his limited playing time, Chris averaged 2.8 points and 2.1 rebounds in 8.5 minutes per game.
His two major career games consist of Golden State's game against the Chicago Bulls on November 9, 2005, where Taft scored 7 points in 19 minutes, and Golden State's game against the Atlanta Hawks on November 2, where he had another professional career high of three blocks.
Taft was unable to play during the 2006–07 NBA preseason due to recurring back spasms and inflammation. On October 27, 2006, he was waived by the Warriors and became a free agent.
In November 2011, Taft was selected by the Springfield Armor in the fourth round of the NBA D-League Draft.
In August 2012, Chris Taft signed a contract to play in Finland with Korihait. In December Korihait release Taft, because of health reasons.
# Union Township, Mifflin County, Pennsylvania

Union Township is a township in Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,655 at the time of the 2020 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 25.5 square miles (66.1 km$^2$), all of it land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,313 people, 1,163 households, and 860 families residing in the township.
The population density was 129.8 inhabitants per square mile (50.1/km$^2$). There were 1,242 housing units at an average density of 48.7 per square mile (18.8/km$^2$).
The racial makeup of the township was 99.28% White, 0.21% African American, 0.06% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.15% from other races, and 0.21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.30% of the population.
There were 1,163 households, out of which 30.6% had children under the age of eighteen living with them; 66.3% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.0% were non-families. 24.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.3% had someone living alone who was sixty-five years of age or older.
The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.25.
In the township the population was spread out, with 27.8% under the age of eighteen, 6.4% from eighteen to twenty-four, 22.8% from twenty-five to forty-four, 19.6% from forty-five to sixty-four, and 23.3% who were sixty-five years of age or older. The median age was forty years.
For every one hundred females, there were 84.8 males. For every one hundred females who were aged eighteen or older, there were 80.1 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $32,530, and the median income for a family was $40,000. Males had a median income of $30,965 compared with that of $20,441 for females.
The per capita income for the township was $14,185.
Roughly 6.2% of families and 10.5% of the population were living below the poverty line, including 13.0% of those who were under the age of eighteen and 14.2% of those who were aged sixty-five or older.
# Ross Creek, Queensland

Ross Creek is a rural locality in the Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Ross Creek had a population of 63 people.

## Geography

The land use is predominantly grazing on native vegetation with some crop growing (mostly sugarcane) and some plantation forestry.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Ross Creek had a population of 58 people.
In the 2021 census, Ross Creek had a population of 63 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Ross Creek. The nearest government primary schools are Kia-Ora State School in Kia Ora to the north and Gympie East State School in Greens Creek to the south. The nearest government secondary school is Gympie State High School in Gympie to the south-east.
# Manfred Schell

Manfred Schell (born 12 February 1943 in Aachen) is a German trade unionist. Before he retired in 2008, he was the leader of Gewerkschaft Deutscher Lokomotivführer (German locomotive engineers union).
He is a member of the German Christian Democratic Union.
# Sandra Moya

Sandra Elisa Moya Torres-Cablayan (born February 14, 1974) is a retired female track and field athlete, who competed in the sprints events during her career.
She represented her native country at the 2000 Summer Olympics, where she was eliminated in the first round of the women's 4x400 metres relay competition, alongside Militza Castro, Beatriz Cruz and Maritza Salas. Moya ran the second leg in the heat 2 race.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Puerto Rico ||||||
| 1992 | Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships (U-20) | Tegucigalpa, Honduras | 3rd | 800 m | 2:18.1 |
| 1992 | Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships (U-20) | Tegucigalpa, Honduras | 2nd | 4x400 m | 3:56.0 |
| 1993 | Universiade | Buffalo, United States | 7th | 4x400 m | 3:54.85 |
| 1995 | Universiade | Fukuoka, Japan | 28th (h) | 800 m | 2:14.97 |
| 1996 | Ibero-American Championships | Medellín, Colombia | 7th | 800 m | 2:10.64 |
| 1997 | Central American and Caribbean Championships | San Juan, Puerto Rico | 6th | 800 m | 2:07.78 |
| 1997 | Central American and Caribbean Championships | San Juan, Puerto Rico | 3rd | 4x400 m | 3:39.07 |
| 1999 | Central American and Caribbean Championships | Bridgetown, Barbados | 3rd | 4x400 m | 3:39.75 |
| 2000 | Ibero-American Championships | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 3rd | 800 m | 2:05.61 |
| 2000 | Ibero-American Championships | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 2nd | 4x400 m | 3:34.95 |
| 2000 | Olympic Games | Sydney, Australia | 18th (h) | 4x400 m | 3:33.30 NR |
| 2001 | Central American and Caribbean Championships | Guatemala City, Guatemala | 3rd | 800 m | 2:05.45 |
| 2001 | World Championships | Edmonton, Canada | 12th (h) | 4x400 m | 3:30.81 NR |
| 2002 | Ibero-American Championships | Guatemala City, Guatemala | 2nd | 800 m | 2:06.71 |
| 2002 | Ibero-American Championships | Guatemala City, Guatemala | 3rd | 4x400 m | 3:34.26 |
| 2002 | Central American and Caribbean Games | San Salvador, El Salvador | 4th | 800 m | 2:06.72 |
| 2002 | Central American and Caribbean Games | San Salvador, El Salvador | 2nd | 4x400 m | 3:35.94 |
| 2003 | Pan American Games | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic | 11th (h) | 800 m | 2:05.52 |
| 2003 | Pan American Games | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic | 6th | 4x400 m | 3:32.28 |
# Special Delivery

Special Delivery may refer to:

## Literature

* "Special Delivery" (short story), a 1953 short story by Damon Knight
* Special Delivery (novel), a 1997 novel by Danielle Steel
* Special Delivery, a Thomas & Friends 2006 PC game

## Music

* Special Delivery (Della Reese album), a 1961 album by Della Reese
* Special Delivery (38 Special album), a 1978 album by .38 Special
* Special Delivery (Dottie West album), a 1980 album by Dottie West
* Special Delivery, an album by Milly y los Vecinos
* "Special Delivery" (song), a song by rapper G. Dep
* "Special Delivery", a song by the 1910 Fruitgum Company from the 1969 album Indian Giver
* "Special Delivery", a song by The Offspring from the 2000 album Conspiracy of One
* "Special Delivery", a song by Bridget Kelly, her debut single from 2012

## Film

* Special Delivery (1922 film), directed by Fatty Arbuckle
* Special Delivery (1927 film), also directed by Arbuckle
* Special Delivery (1946 film), produced by the United States Army Air Forces
* Special Delivery (1955 film), directed by John Brahm
* Special Delivery (1976 film), with Cybill Shepherd and Sorrell Booke
* Special Delivery (1978 film), winner of the 1978 Academy Award for Animated Short Film
* Special Delivery (1999 film), film with Brie Larson, Logan O'Brien and Penny Marshall
* Special Delivery (2000 film), television film with Andy Dick
* Special Delivery (2002 film), French film
* Special Delivery (2008 film), television film with Lisa Edelstein & Brenda Song
* Special Delivery (2022 film), South Korean crime action film
* A Special Delivery, a 1916 film starring Oliver Hardy

## Television

* Special Delivery (TV series), a Nickelodeon block of programming that existed in the 1980s and early 1990s
* Special Delivery, a 2008 web series on MySpaceTV
* Brandy: Special Delivery, a 2002 reality show starring R&B-singer Brandy
* "Special Delivery", an episode of the TV series The Backyardigans
* "Special Delivery", an episode of the TV series Beavis and Butt-head
* "Special Delivery", an episode of the TV series CSI: Miami
* "Special Delivery", an episode of the TV series Pucca
* "Special Delivery", an episode of the TV series PB&J Otter
* "Special Delivery", an episode of the TV series Rugrats
* "Special Delivery", an episode of the TV series Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!

## Other uses

* Five Nights at Freddy's: Special Delivery, a 2019 augumented reality video game
# The Dark (1979 film)

The Dark is a 1979 science fiction horror film directed by John Cardos and starring William Devane, Cathy Lee Crosby, Richard Jaeckel, Keenan Wynn, and Casey Kasem.

## Plot

A young woman is murdered and mutilated late one night. An ambitious female journalist decides to find out what happened.

## Cast

* William Devane as Roy Warner/Steve Dupree
* Cathy Lee Crosby as Zoe Owens
* Richard Jaeckel as Detective Dave Mooney
* Keenan Wynn as Sherman Moss
* Casey Kasem as Pathologist
* Biff Elliot as Detective Jack Bresler
* John Bloom as The Dark
* Jay Lawrence as Jim Hampton
* Vivian Blaine as Courtney Floyd
* Russ Marin as Dr. Baranowski
* Roberto Contreras as Max
* Vernon Washington as Henry Lydell
* Philip Michael Thomas as Corn Rows
* Ken Minyard as Sportscaster
* Kathy Richards as Shelly

## Production

Tobe Hooper was hired by Film Ventures International to direct the film. However, since Hooper fell behind schedule, the producers fired him and replaced him with Cardos. Cardos disclosed that initially, the monster was intended to be a "large, retarded giant of a human being", who was kept locked in an attic by its parents until it broke free, but halfway through production the producers decided they wanted the monster to be more "electronic" in nature and shoot laser beams from his eyes. While Cardos felt the film was overall decent, he disagreed with the producer's decision to change the monster so late in production.

## Reception

Roger Ebert awarded the film one and a half stars. Jim Knipfel of Den of Geek awarded the film two stars out of five.

## Home media

Released on VHS by Media Home Entertainment in 1982 and 1985 | Cat.# M173 |
# Union Township, Tioga County, Pennsylvania

Union Township is a township in Tioga County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 947 at the 2020 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 47.3 square miles (122.5 km$^2$), of which 47.3 square miles (122.4 km$^2$) is land and 0.02% is water.
Union Township is bordered by Ward Township to the north, Bradford County to the east, Lycoming County to the south and Liberty and Hamilton Townships to the west.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 945 people, 343 households, and 282 families residing in the township. The population density was 20.0 people per square mile (7.7/km$^2$). There were 469 housing units at an average density of 9.9/sq mi (3.8/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 99.05% White, 0.11% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.11% Pacific Islander, and 0.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.11% of the population.
There were 343 households, out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.9% were married couples living together, 4.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.5% were non-families. 14.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the township the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.8 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $36,094, and the median income for a family was $37,330. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $21,691 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,309. About 2.8% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 1.4% of those age 65 or over.

## Communities and locations

* Dogtown – A village on the southeastern border of Union Township. It is located on Pennsylvania Route 14.
* Gleason – A village on Pennsylvania Route 414 in the northern part of the township.
* Lycoming Creek – A creek that forms the southeastern border of the township with Lycoming County.
* Newelltown – A village on Pennsylvania Route 14 in the southern part of the township, about a mile northeast of Dogtown.
* Ogdensburg – A village on Pennsylvania Route 414 in the western part of the township.
* Penbryn – A village on Pennsylvania Route 14 in the eastern part of the township. It is located near the triple border of Tioga, Bradford, and Lycoming Counties.
* Roaring Branch – A village on Pennsylvania Route 14 in the southern part of the township, about two miles southwest of Dogtown.
* South Union – A village in southwestern Union Township.
* Spencertown – A village in the eastern part of the township.
* Union Center – A village on Pennsylvania Route 414 in the central part of the township.