# Crowninshield family

The Crowninshield family is an American family that was historically prominent in seafaring, political and military leadership, and the literary world. The founder of the American family emigrated from what is now Germany in the 17th century. The family is one of several known collectively as Boston Brahmins, a reference to old wealthy New England families of British Protestant origin that became influential in the development of American institutions and culture.

## History

Johann Caspar Richter was a Saxon landowner and shipper-trader originally from Germany. He moved to a supposed German village of Kronenschieldt (sometimes spelled Cronenschieldt), near Leipzig, during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and married Maria Hahn, from Annaburg in Saxony-Anhalt.
His illegitimate son, Johannes Caspar Richter von Kronenschieldt, was born in Leipzig circa 1661 and adopted the village's name as part of his surname, together with an entirely spurious and canting coat of arms. After being educated briefly at the University of Leipzig, he moved to Boston, Massachusetts in about 1688. He anglicized his name to "John Caspar Crowninshield" and married Elizabeth Allen on December 5, 1694, in Lynn, Massachusetts, and bought land near Spring Pond. Their children began the Crowninshield family known today. He died December 19, 1711.
His great-granddaughter Mary Crowninshield (1778–1835) was the wife of Senator Nathaniel Silsbee, whose son-in-law was Jared Sparks.

## Influence in America
### Seafaring

Shortly after moving to Essex County, Massachusetts, and especially the town of Salem, the Crowninshields began to make their impact on American seafaring. They helped settle Salem and led it to seafaring prominence, helping turn it into an important seaport as well as a settlement for affluent families by the late 18th century. George Crowninshield (1733–1815) founded the Crowninshield & Sons shipping business with his five sons.
In Salem, the family built Crowninshield's Wharf, one of three major town wharves at the time. As a result, the Crowninshields became highly influential in the international trade in tea (including Bohea from as far as China), cod, molasses, Madeira wine, Valencia oranges, Málaga grapes, salt, iron, pepper, and other goods.
Lieutenant Benjamin Crowninshield (b. 1757) served from 17 October 1778 on the American privateer Black Prince during the American Revolution, which raided Fishguard and disrupted British merchant shipping. He was a son of Jacob Crowninshield (1732–1774) and Hannah Carlton (1734–1824). A son of George Crowninshield (b. 1733), sea adventurer George Crowninshield Jr. (1766–1817) built and sailed the yacht Cleopatra's Barge, named after the ancient ship used by Cleopatra VII. It became the first yacht to cross the Atlantic Ocean.

### Government and military

Although the family's prominence was originally gained via seafaring, Crowninshields later became most noted for the public service, primarily in politics and the military. The early Crowninshields were Republicans and were noted for their strong support of Thomas Jefferson.
The Crowninshields were particularly praised for their naval leadership. Benjamin Williams Crowninshield was United States Secretary of the Navy under both James Madison and James Monroe, while his great-great-grandson Charles Francis Adams III, also a noted yachtsman, was secretary under Herbert Hoover. Former U.S. Representative Jacob Crowninshield was appointed to be the second person to hold the position by Thomas Jefferson, but did not serve due to his ill health. His grandson Arent S. Crowninshield served as an admiral in the United States Navy and later as chief of the Navy's Bureau of Navigation during the McKinley Administration.
William Crowninshield Endicott was United States Secretary of War during Grover Cleveland's first term as President of the United States. Caspar F. Crowninshield served as a Union Army captain and brevet brigadier general during the American Civil War, while Charles Francis Adams Jr., great-grandson of Benjamin Williams Crowninshield, served as a general.
Since the late 19th century, the family's political influence has been exercised primarily at the state and local levels, including in Vermont, New Hampshire, and New York, where multiple branches of the family settled, as well as in Massachusetts.

### The arts and publishing

During the late 19th and 20th centuries, the Crowninshields were mostly visible in the arts and publishing. Frank Crowninshield created and edited Vanity Fair magazine, while Francis Boardman Crowninshield became an accomplished painter and architect. Stained-glass artist Frederic Crowninshield (1845–1918) was an instructor at the Museum of Fine Arts School of Drawing and Painting in Boston.
Benjamin Crowninshield Bradlee was the executive editor of The Washington Post during the publication of the Pentagon Papers and played a pivotal role in the newspaper's coverage of the Watergate scandal. He stepped down as executive editor and became a member of the editorial board and vice president at large in 1991.

### Other activities

The Crowninshields were responsible for bringing the first elephant to the U.S. The elephant arrived on April 12, 1796, brought by Jacob Crowninshield, who had purchased it in India. The two-year-old elephant was brought into New York City, costing Crowninshield a total of $450. It later toured the country extensively after Crowninshield sold it for $10,000.
Louise E. du Pont Crowninshield, wife of Francis Boardman Crowninshield, is known as one of America's first major historical preservationists and was a founding member of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.
Charles Francis Adams IV, great-great-great-grandson of Benjamin Williams Crowninshield and the son of Charles Francis Adams III, was the first president and later chairman of the Raytheon Company.

## Brahmin life
### Marriages

The Crowninshields, like other Boston Brahmin families, often married into other noted families. Frances (Fanny) Cadwalader Crowninshield, daughter of George and Harriet Sears Crowninshield, married John Quincy Adams II, son of Charles Francis Adams, grandson of president John Quincy Adams and great-grandson of president John Adams. William Crowninshield Endicott was a direct descendant of John Endecott, the first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Fellow Salem resident Nathaniel Hawthorne's father, Captain Nathaniel Hathorne Sr., sailed ships owned by the Crowninshields, who were his in-laws.
The Crowninshields were also intermarried with the Derby and Pickman families of Salem, two other dynastic families of merchants. George Crowninshield married Mary Derby, sister of Elias Hasket Derby, who married Elizabeth Crowninshield, George Crowninshield's sister, in 1761. Anstiss Derby, Elias Hasket's daughter by his Crowninshield wife, Derby married merchant Benjamin Pickman Jr.
Rebecca Crowninshield Browne married Robert F. Bradford, who was Governor of Massachusetts from 1947 to 1949. Francis Boardman Crowninshield married the former Louise Evaline du Pont (later Louise E. du Pont Crowninshield) of the Du Pont family.

### First home

On June 20, 1700, in Massachusetts Bay Colony, Dr. John Casper Richter von Crowninshield (Johannes Kaspar Richter von Kronenscheldt, as first spelled), became a historic landowner of an estate by Spring Pond in Lynn and Salem, married Elizabeth, daughter of the former land owners of the estate. He was a physician from Germany, descended from a noble family of the Kingdom of Saxony. He bought the land near Spring Pond with all the "houses, buildings, waters, and fishings" from Elizabeth (Clifford) Allen of Salem, widow of Jacob Allen. He settled on the land in the interest of retreat and farming.

### Friends and rivals

The Crowninshields also had close associations with other elite families, including the Monroes, Jeffersons, and Madisons. Robert Gould Shaw was a close friend of Benjamin W. Crowninshield (not to be confused with Benjamin Williams Crowninshield) at Harvard. The Crowninshields also periodically lived with other noted figures, such as William Bentley, who boarded with the family in Salem from 1791 to 1819; Andrew Jackson and his wife, who lived with Benjamin William Crowninshield and his family in Georgetown; and Condé Nast, who was Frank Crowninshield's New York City roommate.
Although they were known for feuding with other noted families, particularly the anti-Jeffersonian Derby family of Salem, they also had close connections to the powerful. During the Salem witch trials, the Crowninshields were aligned on the side of John Hathorne, one of the associate magistrates of the trials; no Crowninshields were accused during the trials.

### Education

Early Crowninshields were typically educated at institutions like St. Paul's School and Phillips Academy, followed by Harvard University, Harvard Law School, Williams College, or the service academies. Family members have held trusteeships and provost positions at Harvard College and Boston College, among other institutions.

## Historic sites

The Crowninshield influence is particularly visible in Essex County, Massachusetts, and especially in their historical homebase of Salem.
The homestead of Captain John Crowninshield, son of Johannes Caspar Richter von Kronenschieldt and Elizabeth Allen, survives as the Crowninshield-Bentley House, which is governed by the Peabody Essex Museum and is part of Salem's historical tourism industry.
Benjamin Williams Crowninshield's federal-style waterfront mansion, once used by President James Monroe on a trip to Salem, is now used as home for the Brookehouse for Women. Some other sites, such as the Crowninshield Wharf have been lost to time and damage.
Other places and things named for the family include Crowninshield Island, located off nearby Marblehead, and USS Crowninshield, a Wickes-class destroyer during World War I.
There are also streets named for members of the Crowninshield family in Providence (Rhode Island); Brookline, Marblehead, and Peabody (Massachusetts); and The Bronx (New York City), all locations where noted Crowninshields lived.
Family members are buried in several of New England's most prominent cemeteries, including Mount Auburn Cemetery and the ancient burial ground in Salem.

## In popular culture

Although less common today, references to the Crowninshield family in popular culture were prevalent in earlier American society. Some examples include:
* Across to Singapore, a film loosely based on seafaring adventures of the Crowninshields, featured Joan Crawford as the fictional Priscilla Crowninshield
* The Running of the Tide, a novel by Esther Forbes, was based on the family
* A nightclub at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada, replicates features of the original Cleopatra's Barge
* Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle, a 1994 film, included a depiction of Frank Crowninshield played by Peter Benchley
* "The Thing on the Doorstep", a short story by H. P. Lovecraft set in a town based on Salem, mentions the Crowninshield-Bentley House
* In one of E.E. 'Doc' Smith's novels in the Lensman series, an enemy base is disguised as an office building belonging to the wealthy Crowninshield family.
* In The Devil and Tom Walker, a short story by Washington Irving, one of the damned souls is named Absalom Crowninshield, who is reputed to have been a buccaneer.
* Caspar Crowninshield is a minor character, a Lt Col in the Union Army, in Harry Turtledove's alternate history novel How Few Remain

## Tree

The simplified family tree through the 18th century:
| | | | | | | Johann Caspar Richter | Johann Caspar Richter | Johann Caspar Richter | Johann Caspar Richter | Johann Caspar Richter | Johann Caspar Richter |
| | | | | | | Johannes Caspar von Kronenschieldt | Johannes Caspar von Kronenschieldt | Johannes Caspar von Kronenschieldt | Johannes Caspar von Kronenschieldt | Johannes Caspar von Kronenschieldt | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Elizabeth Allen | Elizabeth Allen | Elizabeth Allen | Elizabeth Allen | Elizabeth Allen | Elizabeth Allen |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | John Crowninshield (1696–1761) | John Crowninshield (1696–1761) | John Crowninshield (1696–1761) | John Crowninshield (1696–1761) | John Crowninshield (1696–1761) | John Crowninshield (1696–1761) | | | | | | | Anstiss Williams | Anstiss Williams | Anstiss Williams | Anstiss Williams | Anstiss Williams | Anstiss Williams |
| John Crowninshield (1728–1766) | John Crowninshield (1728–1766) | John Crowninshield (1728–1766) | John Crowninshield (1728–1766) | John Crowninshield (1728–1766) | John Crowninshield (1728–1766) | | | Jacob Crowninshield (1732–1774) | Jacob Crowninshield (1732–1774) | Jacob Crowninshield (1732–1774) | Jacob Crowninshield (1732–1774) | Jacob Crowninshield (1732–1774) | Jacob Crowninshield (1732–1774) | | | Hannah Carlton (1734–1824) | Hannah Carlton (1734–1824) | Hannah Carlton (1734–1824) | Hannah Carlton (1734–1824) | Hannah Carlton (1734–1824) | Hannah Carlton (1734–1824) | | | | | George Crowninshield (1733–1815) | George Crowninshield (1733–1815) | George Crowninshield (1733–1815) | George Crowninshield (1733–1815) | George Crowninshield (1733–1815) | George Crowninshield (1733–1815) | | | Mary Derby | Mary Derby | Mary Derby | Mary Derby | Mary Derby | Mary Derby | | | Elizabeth Crowninshield (1736–1799) | Elizabeth Crowninshield (1736–1799) | Elizabeth Crowninshield (1736–1799) | Elizabeth Crowninshield (1736–1799) | Elizabeth Crowninshield (1736–1799) | Elizabeth Crowninshield (1736–1799) | | | Elias Hasket Derby | Elias Hasket Derby | Elias Hasket Derby | Elias Hasket Derby | Elias Hasket Derby | Elias Hasket Derby |
| Benjamin Crowninshield (1757–1836) | Benjamin Crowninshield (1757–1836) | Benjamin Crowninshield (1757–1836) | Benjamin Crowninshield (1757–1836) | Benjamin Crowninshield (1757–1836) | Benjamin Crowninshield (1757–1836) | | | | | | | George Crowninshield Jr. (1766–1817) | George Crowninshield Jr. (1766–1817) | George Crowninshield Jr. (1766–1817) | George Crowninshield Jr. (1766–1817) | George Crowninshield Jr. (1766–1817) | George Crowninshield Jr. (1766–1817) | | | Jacob Crowninshield (1770–1808) | Jacob Crowninshield (1770–1808) | Jacob Crowninshield (1770–1808) | Jacob Crowninshield (1770–1808) | Jacob Crowninshield (1770–1808) | Jacob Crowninshield (1770–1808) | | | John Crowninshield (1771–1842) | John Crowninshield (1771–1842) | John Crowninshield (1771–1842) | John Crowninshield (1771–1842) | John Crowninshield (1771–1842) | John Crowninshield (1771–1842) | | | Benjamin Crowninshield (1772–1851) | Benjamin Crowninshield (1772–1851) | Benjamin Crowninshield (1772–1851) | Benjamin Crowninshield (1772–1851) | Benjamin Crowninshield (1772–1851) | Benjamin Crowninshield (1772–1851) | | | Mary Crowinshield (1778–1835) | Mary Crowinshield (1778–1835) | Mary Crowinshield (1778–1835) | Mary Crowinshield (1778–1835) | Mary Crowinshield (1778–1835) | Mary Crowinshield (1778–1835) | | | Richard | Richard | Richard | Richard | Richard | Richard |
| Benjamin Crowninshield Jr. (1782–1864) | Benjamin Crowninshield Jr. (1782–1864) | Benjamin Crowninshield Jr. (1782–1864) | | | | | Benjamin V. Crowninshield (1808-1829) | Benjamin V. Crowninshield (1808-1829) | Benjamin V. Crowninshield (1808-1829) | | | Francis Boardman Crowninshield (1809–1877) | Francis Boardman Crowninshield (1809–1877) | Francis Boardman Crowninshield (1809–1877) | | | George Casper Crowninshield (1810–1857) | George Casper Crowninshield (1810–1857) | George Casper Crowninshield (1810–1857) | | | Edward, Elizabeth, Mary, Annie | Edward, Elizabeth, Mary, Annie | Edward, Elizabeth, Mary, Annie |

## Notable members

* Charles Francis Adams III (1866–1954)
* Antonia Crowninshield (1915–2005)
* Arent Schuyler Crowninshield (1843–1908)
* Benjamin Crowninshield Bradlee (1921–2014)
* Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (1772–1851)
* Benjamin W. Crowninshield (1837–1892)
* Bowdoin B. Crowninshield (1867–1948)
* Caspar F. Crowninshield (1837–1897)
* Frank Crowninshield (1872–1947)
* Frederic Crowninshield (1845–1918)
* George Crowninshield Jr. (1766–1817)
* Jacob Crowninshield (1770–1808)
* Louise E. du Pont Crowninshield (1877–1958)
* Josiah Quinn Crowninshield Bradlee, MStJ (born 1982)
* William Crowninshield Endicott (1826–1900)