# Épinal

Épinal (French pronunciation: ; German: Spinneln; Latin: Spinalium) is a commune in northeastern France and the prefecture of the Vosges department.

## Geography

The commune has a land area of 59.24 square kilometres (22.87 sq mi). It is situated on the river Moselle, 60 kilometres (37 miles) south of Nancy. Épinal station has rail connections to Paris, Remiremont, Strasbourg, Belfort and Nancy.

## History

The mythical founding date of Épinal is said to be 983 since celebrations took place for the "Millennium" in June 1983. This date was chosen for political reasons to mark a "starting point" following the election of Philippe Séguin as mayor in March 1983.
In 1444, the town of Épinal was still part of the domain of the bishops of Metz. In September, representatives of the town took advantage of King Charles VII's passage through Nancy to offer him the submission of the town and to ask for his protection in return. The act of submission of Épinal is dated September 7, 1444. The king promised never to alienate the city; however, Louis XI handed over the town to the Marshal of Burgundy in 1465. Eventually, Épinal came under the guardianship of the Duke of Lorraine.
In 1790, the Constituent Assembly requested the departmental assembly of Vosges to choose between Mirecourt and Épinal as the capital of the department. The departmental assembly convened in Épinal on June 1 and, with three hundred and eleven votes against one hundred and twenty-seven, chose the city of Épinal. Mirecourt became a sub-prefecture.
During World War II, in January 1944, the Stalag 315 prisoner-of-war camp was relocated from the German-occupied Netherlands to Épinal, and it housed Indian POWs. At least 40 POWs were killed and 80 were wounded after the camp was hit during a bombing of the town in May 1944.

## Population

In 2018, 32,223 people lived in the town proper, while its functional area had a population of 119,955.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 6,688 | — |
| 1800 | 7,321 | +1.30% |
| 1806 | 7,905 | +1.29% |
| 1821 | 7,941 | +0.03% |
| 1831 | 9,070 | +1.34% |
| 1836 | 9,526 | +0.99% |
| 1841 | 10,012 | +1.00% |
| 1846 | 11,485 | +2.78% |
| 1856 | 11,076 | −0.36% |
| 1861 | 11,957 | +1.54% |
| 1866 | 11,870 | −0.15% |
| 1872 | 11,847 | −0.03% |
| 1876 | 14,894 | +5.89% |
| 1881 | 16,445 | +2.00% |
| 1886 | 20,932 | +4.94% |
| 1891 | 23,223 | +2.10% |
| 1896 | 26,525 | +2.69% |
| 1901 | 28,080 | +1.15% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1906 | 29,058 | +0.69% |
| 1911 | 30,042 | +0.67% |
| 1921 | 28,352 | −0.58% |
| 1926 | 26,849 | −1.08% |
| 1931 | 27,350 | +0.37% |
| 1936 | 27,708 | +0.26% |
| 1946 | 23,395 | −1.68% |
| 1954 | 28,688 | +2.58% |
| 1962 | 30,313 | +0.69% |
| 1968 | 36,856 | +3.31% |
| 1975 | 39,604 | +1.03% |
| 1982 | 37,818 | −0.66% |
| 1990 | 36,732 | −0.36% |
| 1999 | 35,794 | −0.29% |
| 2007 | 33,528 | −0.81% |
| 2012 | 32,387 | −0.69% |
| 2017 | 31,740 | −0.40% |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. :
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968–2017) :

## Main sights

The old town centre features the Place des Vosges, the Chapitre district, Saint-Maurice's Basilica, medieval castle remains and the Roman House (11th and 13th centuries). It is also known for its parks and gardens, as well as a large communal forest with arboretum (the Arboretum de la Forêt d'Épinal).
There are major fortifications, extended and maintained until the early 20th century. There is a legend, among the populace of Épinal, that Napoleon's ghost strolls the wall ramparts on 9 September of each year at 05:00. It was on this day and at this time that, in 1811, Napoleon gave his first and last oration to the city of Épinal, wherein he addressed the challenges posed by northern expansion.
The Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial on the outskirts of the town where United States service members killed in World War II are buried.

## Notable residents

* Isabelle Cogitore (born 1964), historian
* Jean-Baptiste Jacopin (1755–1811), general of the armies of the 1st Republic and the First French Empire.
* Victor Magnien (1802–1885), violinist, guitarist and composer
* Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), founder of sociology
* Louis Lapicque (1866–1952), physiologist, specialist of the nervous system and known for his discovery of the chronaxie.
* Marcel Mauss (1872–1950), father of French modern ethnography and nephew of Émile Durkheim.
* Marc Boegner (1881–1970), writer, thinker and pastor, president of the Fédération protestante de France and the World Council of Churches, a member of the Académie française.
* Henry Daniel-Rops (1901–1965), writer and historian
* Jean-Marie Cavada (1940) journalist and politician.
* Léo Valentin (1919–1956), French soldier and adventurer, nicknamed "l'homme-oiseau".
* Léon Schwab (1862-1962), French cloth merchant, lawyer and politician.
* Marceline Loridan-Ivens (1928), film director
* Philippe Séguin (1943–2010), Mayor of Épinal, French politician, President of the Court of Auditors under the Fifth Republic.
* Ségolène Royal (1953), completed her high school in Charmes, before joining the Lycée Saint-Joseph of Épinal in 1968.
* Laetitia Masson (1966), screenwriter and film director
* Valérie Donzelli (1973), actress and film director
* Jeanne Cressanges, novelist, essayist
* Nicolas Matthieu (1978), writer, winner of the Prix Erckmann-Chatrian in 2014.
* Maria Pourchet, (1980), writer, winner of the Prix Erckmann-Chatrian in 2013.
* Marie-Antoinette Gout, Righteous Among the Nations

### Sportspeople

* Gauthier Klauss (1987), canoeist.
* Matthieu Péché (1987), canoeist
* Aurore Mongel (1982), swimmer
* Damien Nazon (1974), rider
* Jean-Patrick Nazon (1977), rider
* Julien Bontemps (1979), windsurfer
* Maxime Mermoz (1986), rugby player
* Nacer Bouhanni (1990), rider
* Rayane Bouhanni (1996), brother of the former, also a rider
* Grégory Gaultier (1982), 2015 squash world champion
* Pierre Thiriet (1989), racing driver

## Economy

Épinal is best known for the "Images d'Épinal" – which is now a common expression in French language – the popular prints created by a local company, the Imagerie d'Épinal, formerly known as the Imagerie Pellerin. These stencil-colored woodcuts of military subjects, Napoleonic history, storybook characters and other folk themes were widely distributed throughout the 19th century. The company still exists today, and still uses its hand-operated presses to produce the antique images. Other local industries include textiles, metals, morocco leather, precision instruments, and bicycles. There is a school of textile weaving.

## Politics

Épinal is contained within Vosges' 1st constituency for elections to the National Assembly.

## Education

The engineering College École nationale supérieure des technologies et industries du bois dedicated to wood Industry is located in the city.

## Sport

SAS Épinal is based in the commune.

## International relations

Épinal is twinned with:
* Bitola, North Macedonia
* Chieri, Italy
* Gembloux, Belgium
* La Crosse, United States
* Loughborough, England, United Kingdom
* Nový Jičín, Czech Republic
* Schwäbisch Hall, Germany

## Climate

Climate data for Épinal, elevation 317 m (1,040 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1986–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.4 (63.3) | 20.6 (69.1) | 24.5 (76.1) | 27.6 (81.7) | 31.0 (87.8) | 36.8 (98.2) | 39.3 (102.7) | 38.0 (100.4) | 32.8 (91.0) | 27.9 (82.2) | 23.1 (73.6) | 17.8 (64.0) | 39.3 (102.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.9 (40.8) | 6.6 (43.9) | 11.1 (52.0) | 15.3 (59.5) | 19.2 (66.6) | 22.9 (73.2) | 25.1 (77.2) | 24.9 (76.8) | 20.3 (68.5) | 15.2 (59.4) | 9.2 (48.6) | 5.7 (42.3) | 15.0 (59.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.0 (35.6) | 2.9 (37.2) | 6.2 (43.2) | 9.5 (49.1) | 13.5 (56.3) | 17.1 (62.8) | 19.1 (66.4) | 18.9 (66.0) | 14.8 (58.6) | 10.8 (51.4) | 5.9 (42.6) | 3.0 (37.4) | 10.3 (50.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) | −0.8 (30.6) | 1.2 (34.2) | 3.7 (38.7) | 7.8 (46.0) | 11.3 (52.3) | 13.2 (55.8) | 12.9 (55.2) | 9.3 (48.7) | 6.5 (43.7) | 2.7 (36.9) | 0.2 (32.4) | 5.6 (42.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −18.9 (−2.0) | −17.1 (1.2) | −17.8 (0.0) | −7.5 (18.5) | −1.6 (29.1) | 0.9 (33.6) | 4.4 (39.9) | 2.6 (36.7) | −0.6 (30.9) | −6.7 (19.9) | −13.6 (7.5) | −18.8 (−1.8) | −18.9 (−2.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 76.7 (3.02) | 65.0 (2.56) | 67.1 (2.64) | 61.8 (2.43) | 82.1 (3.23) | 73.1 (2.88) | 71.5 (2.81) | 72.6 (2.86) | 77.1 (3.04) | 88.8 (3.50) | 83.1 (3.27) | 88.1 (3.47) | 907.0 (35.71) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.3 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 9.8 | 11.8 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.1 | 9.4 | 11.7 | 12.2 | 13.4 | 133.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62.6 | 86.5 | 142.5 | 177.5 | 206.5 | 225.1 | 237.7 | 220.5 | 170.5 | 112.8 | 63.9 | 53.8 | 1,759.8 |
| Source: Meteociel ||||||||||||||