OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2022 in Peru

Events in the year 2022 in Peru.

## Incumbents

* President:
** Pedro Castillo (until 7 December)
** Dina Boluarte (from 7 December)
* Prime Minister:
** Mirtha Vásquez (until 1 February)
** Héctor Valer (1 February - 8 February)
** Aníbal Torres (8 February - 26 November)
** Betssy Chávez (26 November - 7 December)
** Pedro Angulo Arana (11 December - 21 December)
** Alberto Otárola (from 21 December)

## Events

* 2 March – Peru voted on a United Nations resolution condemning Russia for its invasion of Ukraine.
* 29 March – The protests occur due to COVID-19 and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
* 4 August – Prime minister Aníbal Torres, resigns during multiple criminal investigations against President Pedro Castillo, however Castillo rejected his resignation.
* 5 October – One person is killed and 2 others are injured by a magnitude 5.8 earthquake in Piura.
* 18 November – LATAM Perú Flight 2213
* 26 November – Prime minister Aníbal Torres, resigns again, and was replaced by Betssy Chávez
* 7 December – 2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt:
** Peruvian President Pedro Castillo announces the dissolution of the Congress of the Republic, the imposition of a curfew, the creation of an "emergency" government and early parliamentary election hours before his third impeachment attempt. He is arrested shortly after he leaves the Government Palace.
** Prime Minister Betssy Chávez announces her resignation.
** Peruvian First Vice President Dina Boluarte sworn in as president after Castillo's arrest.
** Protests erupt across Peru following the ousting of President Pedro Castillo. Dozens are injured and many are taken hostages during the commotion.
* 14 December - President Boluarte declares 30-day of state emergency and deploys military throughout Peru following violent protests.
* 15 December - The army opens fire at protestors in Ayacucho, killing 9 and injuring 55.
* 16 December - Peruvian Minister of Education Patricia Correa and Culture Minister Jair Pérez resign from their position due to rising casualties in the protests.

## Sport

* Peru at the 2022 Winter Olympics

## Deaths

* 12 January – Luis Castañeda, politician (born 1945).
* 21 May - Heddy Honigmann, documentary filmmaker (born 1951)
* 14 July - Francisco Morales-Bermúdez, 112th Prime Minister and 51st President of Peru (born 1921)
* 4 August - Diego Bertie, musician and actor (born 1967)
* 8 December - Martha Hildebrandt, linguist and politician (born 1925)
# Jimmy Walsh (infielder)

Michael Timothy Walsh (March 25, 1886 – January 21, 1947) was a Major League Baseball player. Walsh played for the Philadelphia Phillies, the Baltimore Terrapins, and the St. Louis Terriers. He batted and threw right-handed.
He was born in Lima, Ohio, and died in Baltimore, Maryland.
In 502 games over six seasons, Walsh posted a .285 batting average (447-for-1571) with 178 runs, 25 home runs, 212 RBI, 45 stolen bases and 101 bases on balls.
Although his primary position was third base, he played at least one game at every position in his major league career.
# Britta Jänicke

Britta Jänicke is a paralympic athlete from Germany competing mainly in category F46 throwing events.
Britta has competed in 4 paralympics. In the 1988 Summer Paralympics she won the discus and javelin gold medals. The 1992 Summer Paralympics saw a change in that Britta did the 100m but only managed to finish seventh in the final. 1996 saw Britta back in throws, competing in the javelin, winning silver in the shot put and bronze in the discus. It was these last two that she competed at in the 2000 Summer Paralympics winning the gold medal in the shot put with a world record throw and a second consecutive bronze in the discus.
# Barry Rippon

Barry Rippon (born 30 March 1940) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Fitzroy Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Hidehiro Sugai

Hidehiro Sugai (須貝 英大, Sugai Hidehiro, born 27 October 1998) is a Japanese footballer who plays as a left-back for J1 League club Kyoto Sanga.

## Career

On 26 September 2020, Sugai made his league debut against Albirex Niigata.
On 16 October 2022, Sugai won the 2022 Emperor's Cup after Ventforet Kofu beat Sanfrecce Hiroshima on penalties.
On 25 July 2023, Sugai joined Kashima Antlers.
After two seasons at Kashima Antlers, in December 2024 Sugai was transferred to fellow J1 League club Kyoto Sanga.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of end of 2024 season.
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National cup | National cup | League cup | League cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Japan | Japan | Japan | League | League | Emperor's Cup | Emperor's Cup | J. League Cup | J. League Cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Meiji University | 2019 | – | – | – | 2 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 2 | 0 |
| Ventforet Kofu | 2020 | J2 League | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 2 | 0 |
| Ventforet Kofu | 2021 | J2 League | 18 | 1 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 18 | 1 |
| Ventforet Kofu | 2022 | J2 League | 41 | 5 | 5 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 46 | 5 |
| Ventforet Kofu | 2023 | J2 League | 26 | 3 | 2 | 0 | – | – | 1 | 0 | 29 | 3 |
| Ventforet Kofu | Total | Total | 87 | 9 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 95 | 9 |
| Kashima Antlers | 2023 | J1 League | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 9 | 0 |
| Kashima Antlers | 2024 | J1 League | 13 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | – | – | 18 | 0 |
| Kashima Antlers | Total | Total | 21 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 108 | 9 | 10 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 122 | 9 |
* ↑ Appearance in the Japanese Super Cup

## Honours
### Club

Ventforet Kofu
* Emperor's Cup: 2022
# Merv Bolger

Mervyn Leslie Lawrence Bolger (14 June 1919 – 16 September 1993) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Bulger later served in the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II.
# Herbert Williams (sailor)

Herbert Philip Williams (July 24, 1908 – January 10, 1990) was an American sailor and Olympic champion. He competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, where he received a gold medal in the star class with the boat Kathleen, together with Lawrence Low.
# Annavasal

Annavasal may refer to:
* Annavasal, Pudukkottai, a town in Pudukkottai district in Tamil Nadu, India
** Annavasal block, in the Pudukkottai district
* Annavasal, Tiruvarur, a town in Tiruvarur district in Tamil Nadu, India
# John Baker (Australian footballer)

John Baker (2 March 1918 – 2 April 1988) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Krzemienna, West Pomeranian Voivodeship

Krzemienna (German: Kramonshof) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobra, within Łobez County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Dobra, 27 km (17 mi) west of Łobez, and 47 km (29 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.
The village has a population of 340.
# Jim Jackson (baseball)

James Benner Jackson (November 28, 1877 – October 9, 1955) was a Major League Baseball outfielder. He played for the Baltimore Orioles, the New York Giants, and the Cleveland Naps (now known as the Cleveland Guardians) during the early 1900s. In three hundred and forty-eight career games, he had a .235 batting average with three hundred hits in 1,274 at-bats. He was right-handed.
In 1902, he was described by The Pittsburgh Press as "the brilliant center fielder of the Orioles."

## Formative years

Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 28, 1877, Jackson attended the University of Pennsylvania.

## Career

During his three hundred and forty-eight-game career, Jackson played for multiple National League teams, including the Baltimore Orioles, the New York Giants, and the Cleveland Naps in 1901 and 1902, and again from 1905 to 1906. He batted and threw right-handed.

## Death

Jackson died in Philadelphia on October 9, 1955.
# Michael Hobbes

Michael Hobbes is a journalist and podcast host. He was formerly a Senior Enterprise Reporter for HuffPost. His writing has also appeared in Pacific Standard, The New Republic, and Slate.
Hobbes currently co-hosts the podcast Maintenance Phase, which criticizes the science behind health and wellness fads, and the podcast If Books Could Kill, which critically examines the premises of various popular non-fiction books. He also previously co-hosted You're Wrong About, which explores the truth behind popular narratives about well-known historical events and phenomena.

## Career

Before beginning his writing career, Hobbes worked in human rights for 11 years. He was previously a reporter for the Huffington Post, where he covered the new economy. He also writes journalistic and personal essays for publications including Pacific Standard, The New Republic, and Slate. His article on the plight of millennials was nominated for a National Magazine Award. He has also appeared in multiple episodes of WNYC's On the Media.
Michael Hobbes, along with co-host Sarah Marshall, started the podcast You're Wrong About in May 2018. Each episode centers a historical event or concept and breaks down the common myths and misconceptions that surround it. Unlike many history podcasts, one co-host researches the episode and the other blind-reacts to the information. During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns, the podcast gained a cult following. Hobbes decided to step away from the podcast in October 2021, citing his wish to end his involvement on a high note.
Hobbes and Aubrey Gordon have co-hosted the podcast Maintenance Phase since October 2020. The show examines the myths and "junk science" behind health, nutrition, and wellness trends, and have discussed topics including popular diets and diet foods, anti-fat bias, and eating disorders.
In November 2022, Hobbes and lawyer Peter Shamshiri launched If Books Could Kill, a podcast that breaks down popular non-fiction books like Freakonomics in the same style as Maintenance Phase and You're Wrong About.

## Reception

Hobbes' podcasts have received positive reviews from media outlets such as Vulture, The Atlantic, and the New York Times." In 2022, his podcast Maintenance Phase won a Webby Award for best podcast series.
Writing about Hobbes' departure from You're Wrong About in 2021, Vulture media critic Nicholas Quah called the show with Hobbes "deeply researched, funny, and heartfelt" and praised both hosts for their "level of self-knowledge" and "moral clarity."
Hobbes questioned the veracity of a 2024 essay in The Atlantic by a former New York Times editor who said he had been chastised by human resources due to eating at Chick-fil-A, given the CEO's position against same-sex marriage. The Atlantic asserted that the story had been fact-checked and confirmed with multiple Times employees, and journalists Robby Soave and Erik Wemple also supported the magazine. Jonathan Chait called Hobbes a "bad-faith media critic" who reflexively criticized stories inconvenient to left-wing causes.

## Personal life

Hobbes is gay. He has lived in Seattle, Berlin, the United Kingdom and Denmark.
# Gene Chiron

Gene Chiron (born 11 November 1949) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Hawthorn in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and Central District in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL).

## Career

Chiron was a defender, recruited locally from Hawthorn Districts. He played night matches for Hawthorn in 1968, before making his senior debut in the 1969 VFL season. In five seasons for Hawthorn, from 1969 to 1973, Chiron made 37 VFL appearances. This included eight games in Hawthorn's premiership winning 1971 season, the last in round 21. He wore the number 36 for most of his career at Hawthorn.
In 1974 he began playing for Central District in the South Australian National Football League. Early in the 1974 season, against North Adelaide, Chiron took part in the first ever SANFL game played at Football Park and had the chance to kick the historic first goal at the venue, but missed.

### Injury

Chiron's SANFL career was ended by a serious injury sustained in a game against West Adelaide at Elizabeth Oval. In the opening quarter, West Adelaide's Ray Hayes collided with Chiron and kneed him in the stomach, splitting his liver. Carried off the ground on a stretcher, Chiron had to have a kidney removed during surgery at Royal Adelaide Hospital.
He remained at Central District for a short period of time, initially as an assistant coach and later a fitness coach.

## Later life

Since leaving football, Chiron has worked for Melbourne's Knox City Council as a civil engineer.
# Trent Hoppner

Trent Hoppner (born 19 February 1979) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Australian Football League (AFL). Plagued by injuries including shoulder problems and a stress fracture of the shin, Hoppner only had the chance to play one game before leaving the club.
# Trevor Jones (Australian footballer)

Trevor Jones (3 May 1918 – 22 July 1985) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Charles Salvana

Louis Charles Salvana (20 January 1897 – 8 December 1974) was an Australian sportsman who played first-class cricket for Victoria and Australian rules football with Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He was known during his football career by his first name Lou and by Charles when he played cricket.
Salvana spent the 1919 VFL season with Melbourne and made six appearances for their seniors that year, all in losses. The Prahran recruit kicked two goals in a game against Carlton at the MCG.
He did not play again after that year and instead turned his attention to cricket, appearing in his first and only first-class cricket match in the 1926/27 summer. The match, a Sheffield Shield encounter against New South Wales, took place at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales batted first and amassed 469, on the back of an unbeaten 217 by Alan Kippax. Salvana did not bowl but contributed with a catch to dismiss Test player Johnny Taylor. A right-handed batsman, Salvana opened the batting in each of Victoria's innings and made scores of six and a duck. In the second innings he was dismissed by Charlie Macartney, an Australian representative.
# Victor Marian

Victor Marian (born 10 September 1984, in Chișinău) is a Moldovan professional football player. He plays for FC Costuleni of the Moldovan National Division.
# Laurie Davies (footballer)

Laurie Davies (5 August 1916 – 6 January 2005) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Krzekoszewo

Krzekoszewo is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Malechowo, within Sławno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south of Malechowo, 18 km (11 mi) south-west of Sławno, and 157 km (98 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
# Ty Helfrich

Emory Wilbur "Ty" Helfrich (born October 9, 1890, in Pleasantville, New Jersey; died March 18, 1955, in Pleasantville, New Jersey) played second base for the 1915 Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League. That season was the only season he played Major League Baseball. Prior to his baseball career, he attended Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. After baseball, he returned to South Jersey to become a high school coach.
# Claudia Meier

Claudia Meier is a paralympic athlete from Germany competing mainly in category T12 middle-distance events.
Claudia has competed at 3 Paralympics and won nine silver medals indistances ranging from 400m to 5000m. For all bar one of those silvers she finished behind Russian Rima Batalova.
# Magnetic buoyancy

In plasma physics, magnetic buoyancy is an upward force exerted on magnetic flux tubes that are immersed in electrically conducting fluids and are under the influence of a gravitational force. It acts on magnetic flux tubes in stellar convection zones where it plays an important role in the formation of sunspots and starspots. It was first proposed by Eugene Parker in 1955.

## Magnetic flux tubes

For a magnetic flux tube in hydrostatic equilibrium with the surrounding medium, the tube's interior magnetic pressure $p_{m}$ and fluid pressure $p_{i}$ must be balanced by the fluid pressure $p_{e}$ of the exterior medium, that is,
    $p_{e}=p_{i}+p_{m}.$
The magnetic pressure is always positive, so $p_{e}>p_{i}.$ As such, assuming that the temperature of the plasma within the flux tube is the same as the temperature of the surrounding plasma, the density of the flux tube must be lower than the density of the surrounding medium. Under the influence of a gravitational force, the tube will rise.

## Instability

The magnetic buoyancy instability is a plasma instability that can arise from small perturbations in systems where magnetic buoyancy is present. The magnetic buoyancy instability in a system with magnetic field $\mathbf {B}$ and perturbation wavevector $\mathbf {k}$, has three modes: the interchange instability where the perturbation wavevector is perpendicular to the magnetic field direction $\left(\mathbf {k} \perp \mathbf {B} \right)$; the undular instability, sometimes referred to as the Parker instability or magnetic Rayleigh–Taylor instability, where the perturbation wavevector is parallel to the magnetic field direction $\left(\mathbf {k} \parallel \mathbf {B} \right)$; and the mixed instability, sometimes referred to as the quasi-interchange instability, a combination of the interchange and undular instabilities.
# Vic Papp

Victor John Papp (born 31 May 1946) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Papp later played for Essendon High School Old Boys, his old side Riverside Stars and was captain-coach of Gladstone Park.
# Surendra Singh Negi

Surendra Singh Negi is an Uttarakhand politician. He is a former MLA of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from Kotdwar. He is a member of the Indian National Congress. He was a minister in the Cabinets of N. D. Tiwari, Vijay Bahuguna and Harish Rawat. In 2012 Assembly election, he defeated B. C. Khanduri by 4,623 votes. He has close political relations with powerful politicians Shri Chandra Mohan Singh Negi and Girdhari Lal Amoli.

## Positions held

| Year | Description |
| 1985 - 1989 | Elected to 9th Uttar Pradesh Assembly from Lansdowne (1st term) |
| 1993 - 1996 | Elected to 11th Uttar Pradesh Assembly from Lansdowne (2nd term) |
| 2002 - 2005 | Elected to 1st Uttarakhand Assembly from Kotdwar (3rd term) Cabinet Minister - Rural Development, Drinking Water |
| 2005 - 2007 | Elected to 1st Uttarakhand Assembly from Kotdwar in by election (4th term) |
| 2012 - 2017 | Elected to 3rd Uttarakhand Assembly from Kotdwar (5th term) Cabinet Minister - Medical Services, Family Welfare, Ayush, Ayurvedic and Unani Education, Science and Technology, Sugarcane Development and Sugar Industries, Paramilitary Welfare |

## Legislative career
### Elections contested

| Year | Constituency | Result | Vote Percentage | Opposition Candidate | Opposition Party | Opposition vote Percentage |
| 1980 | Lansdowne | Lost | 2.92 | Chandra Mohan Negi | LKD | 48.12 |
| 1985 | Lansdowne | Won | 50.79 | Bharat Singh Rawat | INC | 41.82 |
| 1989 | Lansdowne | Lost | 37.87 | Bharat Singh Rawat | INC | 46.82 |
| 1991 | Lansdowne | Lost | 27.22 | Bharat Singh Rawat | INC | 28.27 |
| 1993 | Lansdowne | Won | 34.83 | Mohan Singh Rawat | BJP | 27.37 |
| 1996 | Lansdowne | Lost | 23.06 | Bharat Singh Rawat | BJP | 55.83 |
| 2002 | Kotdwar | Won | 49.57 | Bhubneshwar Kharkwal | IND | 22.83 |
| 2005 (By Elect) | Kotdwar | Won | 56.00 | Anil Baluni | BJP | 37.89 |
| 2007 | Kotdwar | Lost | 44.63 | Shailendra Singh Rawat | BJP | 46.17 |
| 2012 | Kotdwar | Won | 51.19 | B. C. Khanduri | BJP | 43.74 |
| 2017 | Kotdwar | Lost | | Harak Singh Rawat | BJP | NA |
| 2022 | Kotdwar | Lost | | Ritu Khanduri Bhushan | BJP | NA |
# John Lander (Australian footballer)

John Francis Lander (9 December 1918 – 26 May 2002) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Heywood L. Edwards

Heywood Lane Edwards (9 November 1905 – 31 October 1941) was an officer of the United States Navy. Born in San Saba, Texas, he was the son of Winston C Edwards and Louise Smith. He was one of the first American casualties of World War II, more than a month before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

## Biography

Edwards was born in San Saba, Tex., 9 November 1905 and graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1926. He competed for the United States in freestyle wrestling in the 1928 Summer Olympics, earning 4th place in the light heavyweight division. After serving in battleship Florida (BB-30), destroyer
Reno (DD-303) and other ships, he underwent submarine instruction in 1931, served in several submarines, and was assigned to cruiser Detroit (CL-8) in 1935.
Lieutenant Commander Edwards assumed command of Reuben James (DD-245) 6 April 1940. His ship became the first in the U.S. Navy to be sunk in the Battle of the Atlantic when it was torpedoed by a German submarine while on convoy duty west of Iceland 30–31 October 1941. Lt. Comdr. Edwards and 99 of his crew perished with the ship.

## Namesake

In 1943, the destroyer USS Heywood L. Edwards (DD-663) was named in his honor.
# Dan Pușcaș

Dan Pușcaș (born 1 June 2001) is a Moldovan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Moldovan Super Liga club Petrocub Hîncești and the Moldova national team.

## Club career

Pușcaș has played for Real Succes Chișinău until the summer of 2020, before signing for Dinamo-Auto Tiraspol. He left the team in December 2021, when his contract expired. In February 2022 he joined Sfîntul Gheorghe, reaching the final of Moldovan Cup in the same year. He scored only one goal for the team, against his former club Dinamo-Auto in a Moldovan Super Liga match. In July 2023 he joined Petrocub Hîncești, winning the Moldovan Double in his first season with the club.

## International career

Pușcaș was part of Moldova U19 squad in the "Roma Caput Mundi" tournament which took place in Italy in February 2019. He also played in 2019 and 2020 Euro U19 qualification. He played for Moldova U21 at 2023 Euro U21 qualification. On 10 September 2024 Pușcaș made his debut for the Moldova national football team in a friendly against San Marino.

## Honours

Sfîntul Gheorghe
* Moldovan Cup runner-up: 2021–22
Petrocub Hîncești
* Moldovan Super Liga: 2023–24
* Moldovan Cup: 2023–24
# Jim Reid (footballer, born 1912)

James Bruce Reid (20 December 1912 – 10 December 1992) was an Australian rules footballer who played for North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Born on 20 December 1912 in Katanning, Western Australia, James Bruce Reid was the son of William Bruce Reid (1882–1957) and Lorna Mary Reid, née Innes (1878–1929). The Reid family relocated to Victoria in the late 1920s and settled in the Bendigo region.
During World War II, Jim Reid also served in the Royal Australian Navy.
# Clarence McCoombe

Clarence McCoombe (23 February 1904 – 6 September 1955) was an Australian cricketer. He played in five first-class matches for Queensland in 1928/29.
# Bill Keister

William Hoffman Keister (August 17, 1871 – August 19, 1924) was a professional baseball player who played infielder and outfielder in the Major Leagues from 1896 to 1903. He would play for the Baltimore Orioles (NL), Boston Beaneaters, St. Louis Cardinals, Baltimore Orioles (AL), Washington Senators, and Philadelphia Phillies. In the five full seasons that he played, each of the teams that Keister played for finished last in the league for double plays.
In 621 games over seven seasons, Keister posted a .312 batting average (758-for-2433) with 400 runs, 133 doubles, 63 triples, 18 home runs, 400 RBI, 131 stolen bases, .349 on-base percentage and .440 slugging percentage.