OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fangyan (book)

The Fangyan is a Chinese dictionary compiled in the early 1st century CE by the poet and philosopher Yang Xiong (53 BCE – 18 CE). It was the first Chinese dictionary to include significant regional vocabulary, and is considered the "most significant lexicographic work" of its era. His dictionary's preface explains how he spent 27 years amassing and collating the dictionary. Yang collected regionalisms from many sources, particularly the 'light carriage' (輶軒 yóuxuān) surveys made during the Zhou and Qin dynasties, where imperial emissaries were sent into the countryside annually to record folk songs and idioms from across China, reaching as far north as Korea.

## Contents

The Fangyan originally contained some 9,000 characters in 15 chapters, but two chapters have since been lost.
Definitions typically list regional synonyms. For example, the entry for hu (虎 'tiger') is as follows:
   虎：陳魏宋楚之間或謂之李父；江淮南楚之間謂之李耳，或謂之於菟．自關東西或謂之伯都．
   Tiger: in the regions of Chen-Wei Song-Chu [Central China], some call it lifu; in the regions of Jiang-Huai Nan-Chu [Southern China], they call it li'er, and some call it wutu. From the Pass, east- and west-ward [Eastern and Western China], some call it also bodu.
Comparative linguists have used dialect data from the Fangyan in reconstructing the pronunciation of Eastern Han Chinese (1st century CE), which is an important diachronic stage between Old Chinese and Middle Chinese. In the above example, Paul Serruys reconstructs 'tiger' as Old Chinese *blxâg. Serruys also applied the techniques of modern dialectology to the distribution of regional words, identifying dialect areas and their relationships.

## Terminology

Victor Mair proposed that 方言 be translated as topolect, while dialect should be translated into Chinese as 通言 tōngyán. Based on this, topolect has been used to characterize other speech varieties where an identification as either language or dialect would be controversial. Examples include Scots and the various regional varieties of Arabic and Romani. In all of these situations, an identification of distinct languages by the straightforward criterion of mutual intelligibility may not be politically or socially acceptable to a significant number of scholars. For example, several varieties of Southwestern Mandarin are not mutually intelligible, and they would be classified as distinct languages within the Mandarin branch of the Sinitic language family, if it weren't for the dominant social, historical, and political concept of Chinese as a unitary language. Mandarin, Southwestern Mandarin, the mutually unintelligible varieties of Southwestern Mandarin, and indeed the mutually intelligible dialects within those varieties are all termed "topolects".
# William Donohue (jockey)

William J. Donohue (1854 - April, 1936) was a jockey, trainer and owner of Thoroughbred racehorses who competed in his native Canada as well as the United States where he won each of the three races that would become the U. S. Triple Crown series.

## Background

In an October 11, 1886 article on famous jockeys, The Daily Alta California said that "The Donohue family is a great one in American racing affairs, but of the lot William Donohue is the best known."
William Donohue's first Classic win came in the June 10, 1876 Belmont Stakes at Jerome Park Racetrack in Westchester County, New York aboard Algerine. His second success in a Classic occurred on May 23, 1883, when he rode Leonatus to victory in the Kentucky Derby at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. Donohue got his third Classic with Dunboyne in the Preakness Stakes run on May 13, 1887, at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland.
Among his other important jockey wins, in 1884 William Donohue rode General Monroe to win the inaugural running of the Suburban Handicap, a race that would soon rank as the most important American race open to older horses.

## Jockey, Trainer, Owner

During his career in racing William Donohue also trained horses, notably for the family of Canada's preeminent owner, the Seagram Stable. He also acquired horses for his own account and for a number of years could sometimes be found both riding and training a horse for a client or for himself.
In April 1936, William Donohue died in Toronto, Ontario.
# Bill Waldron

Bill Waldron (born 11 February 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Ferrari GT: Evolution

Ferrari GT: Evolution is a racing game by Gameloft Bucharest released on IOS on December 8, 2008, DSIWare on April 26, 2010 and, is based on 33 different cars on iOS and 26 different cars on Mobile, all manufactured by Ferrari. Races take place on the Fiorano Circuit and seven imaginary road circuits, each based on an actual city.

## Gameplay

There are two game modes: Quick Race where the player chooses the car, racing location, and race type; and Career mode, where the player participates in trials, friendly competitions, adversarial challenges, and scheduled racing competitions.
# Maekiaphan Phillips

Maekiaphan Phillips is a U.S. Virgin Islander Indigenous rights activist and nonprofit executive serving as the kasike of the Guainía Taíno Tribe of the Virgin Islands, a tribe for Taíno descendants. She is the founder and president of the nonprofit Opi'a Taino International, Inc. In 2022, due largely to her efforts, the US Virgin Islands Governor Albert Bryan Jr. issued a proclamation of Indigenous Peoples' Day, and he has since referenced her tribe's contributions to preserving Indigenous history and education in observances of the holiday.

## Early life

Phillips is great-granddaughter of Francisca Almestica Delgado and the granddaughter of Bellencita Almestica. According to Phillips, her great-grandmother, at the age of 14, was kidnapped from Vieques, Puerto Rico by the pirate James Abbott. Almestica Delgado was brought to Salt Island, British Virgin Islands where she later had children with an African man.

## Career

Phillips, her husband Tesroy Phillips, and their 12 children have worked towards federal tribal recognition. Phillips established and serves as the president of the nonprofit Opi'a Taino International, Inc. an organization that aims to restore the cultural heritage, raise awareness of, and educate about the Taíno, Arawak, and Kalinago peoples.
In 2012, Phillips became kasike of the Guainía Taíno Tribe of the Virgin Islands. That year, she lectured on the Taíno culture at the Virgin Islands Humanities Council's center. In March 2016, Phillips testified in support of Indigenous cultural protections to the culture, historic preservation, youth, and recreation committee of the legislature of the Virgin Islands. She also shared details on her own background. In 2017, Phillips hosted a pow wow in Saint Thomas on the International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples.
After Hurricane Irma, Phillips and Opi'a Taino, Inc. served free meals. She worked for the nonprofit All Hands and Hearts – Smart Response and led efforts to rebuild after Hurricane Maria. Phillips converted her home kitchen into a commercial kitchen to feed 50 to 80 people daily.
In June 2021, after an almost 10-year campaign led by Phillips, governor Albert Bryan signed a proclamation recognizing the Guainía Taíno Tribe of the Virgin Islands. The proclamation states that the tribe can "...establish eligibility for federal health benefits, federal education benefits, housing benefits, job training, land use, and the right to engage in traditional religious practices and ceremonies." In April 2022, she led outreach to those with Taíno ancestry. In addition to holding open enrollment, she prioritized applications from descendants who may share ancestry with her. Phillips has advocated for the creation of a tourist destination, a preserved area on Saint Thomas to be used as a batey.
# Russ Robinson (footballer)

Lindsay Russell Robinson (19 November 1928 – 25 November 2004) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Lindsay Fricker

David Lindsay Fricker (29 September 1905 – 23 December 1990), known as "Lindsay Fricker", was an Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## Family

The son of David John Fricker (1874-1951), and Rosetta Ann Fricker (1869-1942), née Roberts, David Lindsay Fricker was born at Warragul on 29 September 1905.
He married Jeanne Davis McKay at Sandringham, Victoria on 6 March 1937.

## Football
### Sandringham (VFA)

Recruited from the Black Rock Football Club in the Metropolitan Amateur Football Association (MAFA) he was a member of the team that played against Brighton Football Club in the Sandringham Football Club's first match in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) competition on 20 April 1929. Twice injured, he played in 20 of the team's 22 matches in that first season.

### Fitzroy (VFL)

Cleared from Sandringham to Fitzroy in May 1930, his single senior game for the Fitzroy Football Club was against Carlton, at the Brunswick Street Oval, on 26 July 1930.

### Sandringham (VFA)

Cleared from Fitzroy in April 1931, he returned to Sandringham, and went on to play another 21 senior matches over four seasons (1931-1934).

### Black Rock (VAFA)

In 1935 he was cleared from Sandringham to the Black Rock Football Club in the Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA).

## Loss of right arm

On 27 November 1948, Fricker was involved in an accident when the car he was driving collided with a truck on the Calder Highway near Woodend, Victoria. A carpenter by trade, he lost his right arm and, three years later, was awarded £7,500 in damages.

## Death

He died at Darwin, Northern Territory on 23 December 1990.
# Frédérique Heligon

Frédérique Heligon (born 27 February 1970) is a French rower. She competed in the women's coxless four event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
# Erythroxylum cambodianum

Erythroxylum cambodianum is a shrub in the family Erythroxylaceae. It grows in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand. The wood is used for pickets and as firewood.

## Description and habitat

The taxa grows as a shrub some 1-3m tall, in clear and pine forests.

## Distribution

The species occurs in a number of countries of Southeast Asia: Vietnam, Laos (recorded from its southernmost district, Khong District), Cambodia (including Phnom Kulen National Park), Thailand.

## Vernacular names

It is known as ភ្លៅមាន់ (phlov moan) (lit. Chicken's Thigh) in Khmer. In the Prey Lang Forest of northern Cambodia, it is referred to as chompussek. Amongst Kuy- and Khmer-speaking people living in the same villages of Stung Treng and Preah Vihear provinces of north-central Cambodia, it is referred to as ចំពុះសេក (chompussek) and ជង្គង់សេក (changkung sek). The villagers living on Phnom Kulen in northeastern Cambodia refer to the plants as ផ្តិលមាស (ptəl mias) and ចង្អេងសេក (jong eng sek). In northeastern Thailand it is known as huun-hai.

## Uses

In Cambodia the trunks are used to make pickets, the twigs are used as firewood. The stem is used in traditional medicine, while unidentified parts of the plant are used by the Kuy- and Khmer-speaking people living in the same villages of Stung Treng and Preah Vihear as a source of medicine. Villagers living within the Prey Lang Forest, Cambodia, use an infusion of the root to help with post-natal blood circulation and stimulation of appetite. A post-natal care medicine called lɔng is a decoction to drink made from 13 plants by villages on Phnom Kulen, one of the ingredients is the wood chips of Erythroxylum cambodianum. Within Thai traditional medicine, the plant is used for anti-fever purposes and as an anti-inflammatory agent.
The aerial parts of the species were identified as having the following phytochemicals with potential drug use: Two new acetophenone diglycosides, erythroxylosides A and B; two known flavans, one known flavonol glycoside and two known megastigmane glucosides: (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, (3S,5R,6R,7E,9Smegastigman-7-ene-3,5,6,9-tetrol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and citroside A.

## History

The French botanist Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre published the taxa in his Flore Forestiere de la Cochinchine in 1893.
# Bryan King (Australian footballer)

Bryan King (born 27 July 1935) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# William Wallace Phelps

William Wallace Phelps (June 1, 1826 – August 3, 1873) was a representative from Minnesota. He was born in Oakland County, Michigan Territory on June 1, 1826. He attended the country schools and graduated from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1846, where he was a founding member of the Chi Psi fraternity. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1848 and began a practice. (Register of the United States land office at Red Wing, Goodhue County, Minnesota)
Upon the admission of Minnesota as a state into the Union, he was elected as a Democrat to the 35th congress, and served from May 11, 1858, to March 3, 1859. After leaving congress, he resumed the practice of his profession in Red Wing, Minnesota. William Wallace Phelps died in Spring Lake, Ottawa County, Michigan, on August 3, 1873. His interment was in Oakwood Cemetery, Red Wing, Minnesota.
# Daniele Granata

Daniele Granata (born 13 June 1991 in Ortona) is an Italian footballer who plays as a defender for S.S. Teramo Calcio on loan from Pescara.
# Imogen Rhia Herrad

Imogen Rhia Herrad is a German historian, translator, writer and broadcaster. She was born in 1967 and brought up in Germany, she has also lived in Wales, London and in Argentina. She has learnt Welsh and writes in both German and English.
Her short stories and articles in English have been published in magazines and anthologies in Wales, Canada and the US. Her programmes for German public radio (in German) include pieces about the medieval countess Matilda of Canossa, the Antichrist, Zora Neale Hurston, the Mapuche people of Patagonia, and the cultural histories of sheep, dragons and the apple, respectively.
Herrad’s story The Accident has been longlisted for the Raymond Carver Short Story Awards. Her children’s story The Wind’s Bride won third prize in the London Writers’ Competition. Her novel 'Caratacus' Daughter', set in first-century Iron Age Britain and Ancient Rome, received a grant from Academi, the Welsh literature promotion agency.
Her travel narrative "Beyond the Pampas: in Search of Patagonia" was published in November 2012.
Her B.A. dissertation about gender deviance in ancient Ancient Rome, "Quis satis vir est?" ("Who is man enough?") won the 2014 Gender Studies Prize of the University of Bonn.
Herrad works as translator and academic editor at the Bonn Center for Dependency and Slavery Studies. She is engaged on a PhD thesis about disobedience in public space in ancient Sparta and teaches ancient history at the University of Bonn.

## Works

* "Transgression und Devianz in der antiken Welt" (Co-edited with Lennart Gilhaus, Michael Meurer and Anja Pfeiffer) J.B. Metzler (2020)
* "Beyond the Pampas: in Search of Patagonia" (Travel) Seren Books (2012)
* "Rhiannon's Bird", short story in: Sing Sorrow Sorrow, Seren Books (2010)
* "Without a Trace", short story in: Written in Blood, Honno (2009)
* The Woman who loved an Octopus and other Saints' Tales (short stories) Seren Books 2007
* "Hortus Conclusus", short story in: Coming up Roses, Honno (2008)
* "The Accident", short story in: Safe World Gone, Honno (2007)
* "Ym Mhatagonia" (In Patagonia), travel writing in: Even the Rain is Different, Honno (2004)
* "Bronwerdd", short story in: The Woman who loved Cucumbers, Honno (2002)
# Tetserret language

Tetserret (Tin-Sert) is a Western Berber language spoken by the Ait-Awari and Kel Eghlal Tuareg tribes of the Akoubounou (Akabinu) commune in Niger. This main speech area is located between Abalak, Akoubounou and Shadwanka. The variant spoken by the Kel Eghlal is called taməsəɣlalt. The Tamasheq equivalent šin-sart / šin-sar / tin-sar is used in some older literature. Popular understanding among some Ait-Awari derives the name tet-serret, and its Tamasheq equivalent šin-sart, from expressions meaning 'the (language) of Sirte'.

## Language

Tetserret is one of the last Berber languages to be recognised as distinct. As late as 1981, Bernus treated Tetserret as a dialect of Tuareg, and some early sources even confused it with the Northern Songhay languages. The first published linguistic material on Tetserret was Drouin (1984), and only with Khamed Attayoub's (2001) thesis did it become clear how different Tetserret was from Tuareg.
Tetserret is the only surviving Berber language to share a number of sound shifts with Zenaga of Mauritania. It also has non-Tuareg vocabulary found in other Berber languages. For example, afagan (man) resembles Shilha and Central Atlas Tamazight of Morocco; ayddid (goatskin container for water) resembles Ghadames of Libya; and awdoš (ox) recalls Hassaniya Arabic.
All speakers of Tetserret are bilingual in the Tawellemmet language, which has influenced their language. As of 2011, Tetserret was no longer being spoken with children, and as such appears endangered.
The language holds a certain level of prestige in its community, as a tool of spreading religion, such as it is 'almost a sin not to speak it', it is hard to evaluate the number of 'true' speakers, because there is a great shame in not speaking it within the community, leading to respondents exaggerating their knowledge of the language.

## Literature

* Drouin, Jeannine. 1984. Nouveaux éléments de sociolinguistique touarègue. Un parler méridional nigérien, la tamasaghlalt. Paris Groupe Linguistique d'Études Chamito-Sémitiques, G.L.E.C.S.,XXIV-XXVIII (1979–1984), Geuthner, pp. 507–520.
* Attayoub, Abdoulmohamine Khamed (2001), La tətsərret des Ayttawari Seslem : identification socio-linguistique d’un parler berbère non-documenté chez les touaregs de l’Azawagh (Niger), Mémoire de maîtrise dirigé par Salem Chaker, Paris: Inalco
* Khamed Attayoub, Abdoulmohamine. Les mots du voyages chez les Touaregs Ayttawari Seslem. Quelques éléments lexicologues en tetserrét. In ed. H. Claudot-Hawad, Voyager du point de vue d'un nomade. Paris: Éditions Paris-Méditérranée, pp. 159–166.
* Lux, Cécile (2011). Etude descriptive et comparative d’une langue menacée : le tetserret, langue berbère du Niger (Doctoral thesis). Université de Lyon-2.
* Walentowitz, Saskia; Attayoub, Abdoulmohamine Khamed (2001), "La tetserrét des Ayttawari Seslem: un parler proche du berbère "septentrionale" chez les Touaregs de l'Azawagh (Niger)", Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord (PDF), vol. XXIX
# Les Prior

Leslie Melvin Prior (30 March 1908 – 8 September 1972) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Arthur Conlin

Arthur Conlin (1883–1947) was a pioneer Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s and 1910s. A New South Wales and Australian representative goal-kicking back, he played club football for the South Sydney and Western Suburbs clubs.
In rugby league's first season in Australia, the 1908 NSWRFL season, Conlin captained Souths in the inaugural grand final, scoring a try to help his side to premiership victory.
He was the top point-scorer for the 1909 NSWRFL season with 43 points, and that year he represented New South Wales as well. Also in 1909, Conlin's South Sydney side again won the premiership, this time in controversial circumstances as Balmain were ruled to have forfeited it.
During the 1909 representative season he made two appearances at centre for Australia in the 1st and the 3rd Test against the Kiwis in Sydney. He scored a try in that 3rd Test. For over 100 years Conlin's Kangaroo appearances were incorrectly attributed to Albert Conlon a five-eighth with the Glebe Club who toured with the 1908 Kangaroos. Conlon was a playing contemporary of Conlin's but he made no representative appearances in 1909 or thereafter following a family tragedy.
South Sydney reached the final for the 3rd year in a row in the 1910 NSWRFL season and Arthur Conlin played in what would be a try-less draw, the premiership going to opponents Newtown by virtue of their superior ladder position.
By the end of 1910, the NSWRFL's 3rd season Conlin held the record for the most points scored in an NSWRFL career with 101.
After the 1911 NSWRFL season, Conlin moved to Western Suburbs where he played one more season.
# Alok Mehta

Alok Mehta (born 7 September 1952) is an Indian journalist, TV broadcaster and writer . In 2009, he received the civilian honour of Padma Shri from the Government of India. Mehta's work has focused on issues of social welfare, including education for minorities and healthcare facilities.

## Career

Mehta worked as the Hindi editor at the Voice of Germany in Cologne from 1979 t0 1982 . He then worked as a coordinating editor and correspondent for Voice of America based at Delhi for 10 years .
Mehta has edited a number of publications, including the Hindi Outlook, the Nav Bharat Times, the Nai Dunia, the Dainik Bhaksar, the National Duniya and Governance Now Hindi. In 2002 he launched Hindi Outlook Saptahik.
He was known for his coverage in the Nav Bharat Times on con man Chandra Swami, Jail Singh and V.P. Singh. The front-page story in NBT, as to how the President's house during Gyani Jail Singh tenure, had become a den of terrorists is still included in list of rare stories on the block. As for Chnadra Swami, the conman, Alok Mehta stood his ground despite legal threats as well as dire consequence for his life, namely, would be run over by a truck. As Executive Editor of Hindusatan Mr. Mehta broke the Diary of Govindacharya in which he called Atal Bihari Vajpayee MUKHOTA .. As Editor of Hindi Outlook he carried major cover story exposing Baba Ramdev about his medicines and business, long before he came to national scene . In Hindi Outlook he carried investigative stories on Taj Express way and other Scandals . In Nai Dunia Delhi Edition Mr. Mehta exposed Shanti Bhushan property controversy of Allahabad and very critical views on Arvind Kejariwal Movement .
He served Editors Guild of India as President for 2 years and Secretary General for 4 years Besides, he has been member of the National Integration Council, Press council of India, and a trustee of the Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation, National Library Advisory Board, and Prem Bhatia Memorial Trust, Kusumanjali Foundation .
Mehta interviewed a number of well-known public figures, including Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, and Helmut Kohl.
His awards include Padam Shri, D.Lit. by Vikram University - Ujjain, Bahrtendu Harishchandra Award by Government of India, Ganesh Shankar Vidhyarthy Award of Kendriya Hindi Sanstahn of Govt. of India, Patrakarita Bhushan Award of U.P. Government, Patrakar Sahityakar Samman of Hindi Akademi Delhi, Haldighati Samman, Sharad Joshi Samman of M.P. Government for literary and Journalism work, Delhi National Harmony Awards for Journalism, National Tulsi Award.
He was trained by Voice of America at Chiang Mai in February 2000 in video journalism. He is associated with Talent Media Network as Editorial Director.
# Jack Suttie

Jack Suttie (born 2 October 1934) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# Kevin Willison

Kevin Willison (born 21 May 1958) is a Canadian former ice hockey defenceman who played eight seasons of professional hockey from 1979 to 1986. He was drafted by the St. Louis Blues in the fifth round (72nd overall) of the 1978 NHL Amateur Draft, having played junior ice hockey with the WCHL's Calgary Centennials and Billings Bighorns.
Born in Calgary, Alberta, Willison played professionally in the International Hockey League with the Port Huron Flags (1978–79 and 1980–81), Milwaukee Admirals (1981–84 and 1985–86), and Muskegon Lumberjacks (1984–85); and in the Central Hockey League with the Salt Lake Golden Eagles (1979–81).

## Awards

The IHL twice awarded Willison the Governor's Trophy as the league's most outstanding defenceman, during the 1982–83 and 1983–84 seasons, when he was a member of the Milwaukee Admirals.