OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Battle of Ghunib

The Battle of Ghunib (Russian: Взятие Гуниба, romanized: Vzyatie Guniba) was a decisive siege of the mountain stronghold of Ghunib by Russian forces in August 1859. After 25 years of leading fierce resistance against Russian expansion, Imam Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian Imamate, was captured and forced to surrender, marking the effective end of the Murid War.

## Background

The Battle of Ghunib was the final engagement of the Caucasian War, marking the end of Imam Shamil’s resistance against Russian imperial expansion. Shamil, leader of the North Caucasus resistance and third Imam of the Caucasian Imamate, had conducted a prolonged guerrilla war to defend Dagestan and Chechnya against Russian forces. The mountainous terrain of Ghunib served as his last stronghold.

## The Battle

The Russian forces, led by Prince Aleksandr Baryatinsky, surrounded Ghunib Plateau in August 1859. Facing a numerically superior and well-equipped enemy, Shamil and his forces held their position for several days. Despite their determination, the defenders were overwhelmed after the Russians launched a coordinated assault. The fortress fell on August 25, 1859, and Shamil was captured.

## Aftermath

Shamil’s capture marked the end of organized resistance in the North Caucasus, leading to the eventual consolidation of Russian rule in the region. Shamil was taken to St. Petersburg, where he met Tsar Alexander II, before being exiled to Kaluga. The battle is considered a pivotal event in the Russian conquest of the Caucasus.

## Legacy

The Battle of Ghunib is remembered as a symbol of resilience and resistance in the North Caucasus. Shamil’s leadership and the struggle against imperial forces have made him a national hero in Dagestan and Chechnya. The site of the battle has become a historical landmark.
# Airco DH.3

The Airco DH.3 was a British bomber aircraft of the First World War. The DH.3 was designed in 1916 as a long-range day bomber by Geoffrey de Havilland, chief designer at the Aircraft Manufacturing Company. It was a large biplane with wide-span three-bay wings, slender fuselage, and a curved rudder. It was powered by two 120 hp (89 kW) Beardmore engines, mounted as pushers between the wings. In addition to tailskid landing gear, two wheels were placed under the nose to prevent it from tipping over on the nose.
A second prototype, designated DH.3A, was built with more powerful 160 hp (120 kW) Beardmore engines, and the War Office placed a production order for 50. This order was cancelled before any could be completed, possibly because the climb rate was still far too low, with it taking 58 minutes to reach 6,500 feet, and the other contender, the Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.4 was even worse, which made strategic bombing with these machines impracticable. The two prototypes were scrapped in 1917.
The DH.10 Amiens was developed from the DH.3A with much more powerful engines (boosting installed power from 320 hp (240 kW) to nearly 800 hp (600 kW)) and some detail changes were made. This development first flew in March 1918, but was too late to see squadron service during the war.

## Specifications (DH.3)

Data from De Havilland Aircraft since 1909
General characteristics
* Crew: three
* Length: 36 ft 10 in (11.23 m)
* Wingspan: 60 ft 10 in (18.54 m)
* Height: 14 ft 6 in (4.42 m)
* Wing area: 793 sq ft (73.7 m$^2$)
* Empty weight: 3,980 lb (1,805 kg)
* Gross weight: 5,810 lb (2,635 kg)
* Powerplant: 2 × Beardmore 120 hp water-cooled straight-six engines, 120 hp (89 kW) each
* Propellers: 4-bladed wood fixed pitch propeller, 9 ft 6 in (2.90 m) diameter
Performance
* Maximum speed: 95 mph (153 km/h, 83 kn)
* Range: 700 mi (1,100 km, 610 nmi)
* Endurance: 8 hr
* Rate of climb: 550 ft/min (2.8 m/s)
Armament
* Guns: 2 × flexibly mounted .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis guns
* Bombs: up to 680 lb (310 kg) bombs
# Afterglow (Ed Sheeran song)

"Afterglow" is a song by English singer Ed Sheeran. Released on 21 December 2020, the song marked Sheeran's first single release in more than 18 months. An accompanying music video features a one-take performance by Sheeran with solo acoustic guitar accompaniment.
The song reached number-one in Israel and peaked within the top-ten of the charts in ten other countries, including the United Kingdom (number two on the UK Singles Chart), Australia and Switzerland. It also became Sheeran's 13th top ten on the US Billboard Adult Top 40, the most on the chart for a male solo artist.

## Background

On 20 December 2020, after having taken an extended hiatus from public life, Sheeran returned to social media to announce his new single: "Hey guys. 'Afterglow' is a song I wrote last year that I wanted to release for you". He further explained that the song is "not the first single from the next album" but just a song he loves.

## Cover art

The cover art depicts an original piece of action painting created by Sheeran himself.

## Critical reception

The song received generally positive reviews from critics. Billboard's Gil Kaufmann described the song as a "spare acoustic ballad" that features a "haunting chorus". Zoe Haylock of Vulture compared the song to Taylor Swift's latest surprise releases, saying he "took a page out of Taylor Swift's book and surprised fans with a new single" and went on to describe the track as one of his "acoustic bangers". Morgan Hines of USA Today thought the song, accompanied by a "mellow melody", "exudes a feeling of intimacy during an emotional time between loved ones".

## Personnel

Credits adapted from Tidal.
* Ed Sheeran – producer, guitar, vocals, backing vocals
* Fred – producer, bass, programmer
* Marco Parisi – synthesiser
* Giampaolo Jack Parisi – vocoder
* Stuart Hawkes – masterer
* Mark Spike Stent – mixer
* Matt Wolach – assistant mixer
* Parisi – producer, sound designer

## Certifications

Certifications for "Afterglow" :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | Platinum | 70,000$^‡$ |
| Austria (IFPI Austria) | Platinum | 30,000$^‡$ |
| Belgium (BEA) | Gold | 20,000$^‡$ |
| Canada (Music Canada) | 2× Platinum | 160,000$^‡$ |
| Denmark (IFPI Danmark) | Platinum | 90,000$^‡$ |
| France (SNEP) | Gold | 100,000$^‡$ |
| Germany (BVMI) | Gold | 200,000$^‡$ |
| Italy (FIMI) | Platinum | 70,000$^‡$ |
| New Zealand (RMNZ) | 2× Platinum | 60,000$^‡$ |
| Poland (ZPAV) | Gold | 25,000$^‡$ |
| Portugal (AFP) | Gold | 5,000$^‡$ |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | Gold | 30,000$^‡$ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Platinum | 600,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||

## Release history

Release dates and formats for "Afterglow" :
| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| Various | 21 December 2020 | Digital download streaming | Asylum Atlantic | |
# List of number-one singles of 1968 (France)

This is a list of the French Singles & Airplay Chart Reviews number-ones of 1968.

## Summary
### Singles Chart

| Week | Issue Date | Artist | Single |
| 1 | 6 January | Mireille Mathieu | La Dernière Valse |
| 2 | 13 January | Mireille Mathieu | La Dernière Valse |
| 3 | 20 January | Mireille Mathieu | La Dernière Valse |
| 4 | 27 January | Mireille Mathieu | La Dernière Valse |
| 5 | 3 February | Mireille Mathieu | La Dernière Valse |
| 6 | 10 February | Mireille Mathieu | La Dernière Valse |
| 7 | 17 February | David McWilliams | Days of Pearly Spencer |
| 8 | 24 February | David McWilliams | Days of Pearly Spencer |
| 9 | 2 March | David McWilliams | Days of Pearly Spencer |
| 10 | 9 March | David McWilliams | Days of Pearly Spencer |
| 11 | 16 March | The Moody Blues | Nights in White Satin |
| 12 | 23 March | The Moody Blues | Nights in White Satin |
| 13 | 30 March | Georgette Plana | Riquita |
| 14 | 6 April | Georgette Plana | Riquita |
| 15 | 13 April | Georgette Plana | Riquita |
| 16 | 20 April | The Moody Blues | Nights in White Satin |
| 17 | 27 April | Georgette Plana | Riquita |
| 18 | 4 May | Georgette Plana | Riquita |
| 19 | 11 May | Tom Jones | Delilah |
| 20 | 18 May | Tom Jones | Delilah |
| 21 | 25 May | Tom Jones | Delilah |
| 22 | 1 June | Tom Jones | Delilah |
| 23 | 8 June | Tom Jones | Delilah |
| 24 | 15 June | Tom Jones | Delilah |
| 25 | 22 June | Engelbert Humperdinck | A man without love |
| 26 | 29 June | Engelbert Humperdinck | A man without love |
| 27 | 6 July | Engelbert Humperdinck | A man without love |
| 28 | 13 July | Sheila | Petite fille de français moyen |
| 29 | 20 July | Sheila | Petite fille de français moyen |
| 30 | 27 July | Aphrodite's Child | Rain and Tears |
| 31 | 3 August | Aphrodite's Child | Rain and Tears |
| 32 | 10 August | Aphrodite's Child | Rain and Tears |
| 33 | 17 August | Aphrodite's Child | Rain and Tears |
| 34 | 24 August | Aphrodite's Child | Rain and Tears |
| 35 | 31 August | Aphrodite's Child | Rain and Tears |
| 36 | 7 September | Aphrodite's Child | Rain and Tears |
| 37 | 14 September | Aphrodite's Child | Rain and Tears |
| 38 | 21 September | Aphrodite's Child | Rain and Tears |
| 39 | 28 September | Peter Holm | Monia |
| 40 | 5 October | Peter Holm | Monia |
| 41 | 12 October | Peter Holm | Monia |
| 42 | 19 October | Peter Holm | Monia |
| 43 | 26 October | Peter Holm | Monia |
| 44 | 4 November | Peter Holm | Monia |
| 45 | 9 November | Peter Holm | Monia |
| 46 | 16 November | Peter Holm | Monia |
| 47 | 23 November | Peter Holm | Monia |
| 48 | 30 November | Dalida | Le temps des Fleurs |
| 49 | 7 December | Dalida | Le temps des Fleurs |
| 50 | 14 December | Joe Dassin | Ma bonne étoile |
| 51 | 21 December | Joe Dassin | Ma bonne étoile |
| 52 | 28 December | Joe Dassin | Ma bonne étoile |
# Skilpadjies

Skilpadjies is a traditional South African food, also known by other names such as muise and vlermuise.
The dish is lamb's liver wrapped in netvet (caul fat), which is the fatty membrane that surrounds the kidneys. Most cooks mince the liver, add coriander, chopped onion, salt and Worcestershire sauce then wrap balls of this mixture with the netvet and secure it with a toothpick. The balls, approximately 80 mm (3.1 in) in diameter, are normally barbecued (grilled over an open fire) and ready when the fat is crisp.
Dishes such as skilpadjies had already been made by the ancient Romans and the German recipe for calf's liver in caul fat appears in the book "Das Buoch von guoter Spise".
The names skilpadjie (little tortoise), muise (mice), vlermuise (bats) and pofadder (puff adder) reflect its appearance. Pofadder is the largest version, the size of a large sausage. It is made from minced lamb's liver wrapped in a large piece of netvet, and is usually served at parties where about 8 to 10 servings can be sliced from one pofadder when grilled.
It is a very rich, high cholesterol and fatty food; the consumers normally eat some starchy food in the form of mealie pap or toasted bread with the skilpadjies, so as not to attract some symptoms of over-indulgence.
# Clock Tower, Sukkur

Clock Tower, Sukkur, also known as Ghanta Ghar, Sukkur,(Sindhi: گھنٽا گھر، سکر) (Urdu: گھنٹہ گھر، سکھر) is a clock tower located in Sukkur, Sindh. The tower is 90-feet high.

## History

Clock Tower, Sukkur was constructed by a Hindu businessman, Seth Wadho Mal Nebhau Mal Manjhari, at the Silver Jubilee of George V. The clock tower was inaugurated in 1937 by UM Mirchandani, the then Collector of Sukkur.
In 1994, its four clocks were stolen by an unknown person.
# LaunchGood

LaunchGood is a crowdfunding platform focused on the Muslim community worldwide. LaunchGood went live in October 2013 and it raised more than $688 million from 2.1 million donors across 155 countries.
LaunchGood is one of a number of crowdfunding platforms for gathering money from the public, which circumvents traditional avenues of investment. Project creators choose a deadline and a minimum funding goal, and usually provide rewards or "perks" for contributors at various levels.
The founders of LaunchGood are Chris Blauvelt, Amany Killawi and Omar Hamid. They are based out of Detroit, Michigan and Atlanta, Georgia.

## Projects

LaunchGood has been used to fundraise for several nationally recognized projects, including a campaign to help rebuild African-American churches destroyed by arson in the summer of 2015, and a campaign to fund the legal team of Adnan Syed (widely known from the podcast Serial) through a special appeal of his conviction. Each of these campaigns raised more than $100,000 through the platform. An October 2018 campaign to help pay for Jewish burials for the 11 victims of the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, and the medical bills of survivors, raised its goal of $25,000 in six hours and went on to raise more than $200,000.

## Awards

LaunchGood has received multiple awards, including:
* Islamic Economy Award, Small & Medium Enterprises (SME)
# Devinder Gupta

Devinder Gupta (4 April 1943 — 17 June 2024) was an Indian judge who was a Chief Justice of the Andhra Pradesh High Court.

## Life and career

Gupta hailed from Shimla. After completion of LL.B. he started work as an advocate on 23 March 1967. Initially he practiced in the District Courts of Himachal Pradesh and the High Court. On 25 June 1990, Gupta was appointed an additional Judge of the Himachal Pradesh High Court. Thereafter he was transferred to Delhi High Court in 1994. Gupta also served as acting Chief Justice in Delhi High Court at different times. He became the Executive Chairman of Delhi State Legal Services Authority. Justice Gupta was promoted to the post of Chief Justice of Andhra Pradesh High Court on 10 March 2003 and retired on 4 April 2005 from the post. Gupta died on 17 June 2024, at the age of 81.
# Family Law Act 1986

The Family Law Act 1986 (c. 55) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It covers a range of issues, including the custody of children; the recognition of divorces, annulments and separations in other jurisdictions; and declarations of parentage and legitimacy.
* This legislation in the United Kingdom, or its constituent jurisdictions, article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Old Kyiv

Old Kyiv (Ukrainian: Старий Київ, romanized: Staryi Kyiv) is a historical neighborhood of Kyiv. Other names include Upper City, Old Town, and others. It is located at the far eastern portion of the Shevchenkivskyi District. Old Kyiv historically represents the city of Yaroslav the Wise before it was presumably destroyed by the Mongol invasion of Batu Khan in 1240.
Originated at the Old Kyiv Hill (Starokyivska Hora), it was created in contrast to the Lower City, Podil. Presumably it started out from the ancient settlement of Kyi sometime at the start of the 6th century. In the 9–10th centuries it covered only 2 ha (4.9 acres) mostly at the western portion of the Old Kyiv Hill. Today at that location stands the National Historical Museum of Ukraine.
The first fortifications supposedly were built during the reign of Volodymyr the Great, creating what is known as the city of Volodymyr that covered already 12 ha (30 acres). However already at times of Yaroslav the Wise in 1037 the area of the Upper City consisted of 80–98 ha (200–240 acres). The city of Yaroslav included monasteries such as the Sophia monastery, monasteries of Saint George and Saint Iryna. It also included the city of Iziaslav around the Saint Michael's Golden Dome Monastery and the Kopyriv Kinets.
After the Mongol devastation of the city, the Upper City lost its significance and the Kyiv city center was transferred to Podil. During the Polish-Russian War in the 17th century, the city was secured by Russia through financial compensation. During that time the Upper city was reinforced with a number of fortifications when Kyiv started to quarter a Russian garrison. However soon the garrison was transferred to Pechersk (Caves) and fortifications were decaying and getting ruined. In the 19th century the whole area came under complete reconstruction. It was then that the modern network of streets, squares, and parks was established.

## Attractions

* St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery
* Saint Sophia's Cathedral
* St Andrew's Church
* Volodymyrska Hill
* National University of Theatre, Film and TV
* Golden Gates
* Building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (location of former Saint Basil [Three-Saints] Church)
* Bohdan Khmelnytskyi Monument

## Gallery

* Old and new buildings on the intersection of Volodymyrska and Bohdan Khmelnytskyi Street
* Volodymyrska Street, looking north
* View of Yaroslaviv Val near the Golden Gate
* Historic building on Volodymyrska Street
* Radisson Blu Hotel, Yaroslaviv Val Street
* National History Museum of Ukraine and St. Andrew's Church
* Old fire station on Velyka Zhytomyrska Street
* Bohdan Khmelnytskyi monument
# Załom-Kasztanowe

Załom-Kasztanowe (until 2012: Załom) is a municipal neighborhood of the city of Szczecin, Poland situated on the right bank of Oder river, east of the Szczecin Old Town, and Szczecin-Dąbie.
The area became part of the emerging Polish state under its first ruler Mieszko I around 967, and following Poland's fragmentation it formed part of the Duchy of Pomerania. During the Thirty Years' War, the settlement fell to the Swedish Empire. Later on, it passed to Prussia, and from 1871 to 1945 it was part of Germany, within which it was known as Arnimswalde.
# Alex Dowdalls

Alex Dowdalls (born 30 January 1960) is a Scottish cricket umpire and sports journalist focusing mainly on football.
Alex began umpiring in 1993 with his first appointment with the European Cricket Council was in 1999, an ICC under-19 World Cup qualifier in Penicuik between Ireland and Denmark.
He stood in matches during the 2016 ICC World Cricket League Division Five tournament in Jersey.
On 15 January 2017 he made his Twenty20 International (T20I) umpiring debut in a match between Oman and the Netherlands in the 2017 Desert T20 Challenge. His first One Day International (ODI) match as an umpire was between the United Arab Emirates and Hong Kong on 26 January 2017. He was one of the eight on-field umpires for the 2019 ICC World Cricket League Division Two tournament in Namibia.
In August 2019, during the 2019 Scotland Tri-Nation Series match between Scotland and Papua New Guinea , Dowdalls umpired in his 250th international match, the most by any Scottish umpire.
In 2002 Dowdalls was convicted of a "road rage" incident when he tussled with a female driver on the M8 motorway.
# Hans-Joachim Queisser

Hans-Joachim Queisser (born 6 July 1931, Berlin, Germany) is a solid-state physicist. He is best known for co-authoring the 1961 work on solar cells that detailed what is today known as the Shockley–Queisser limit, now considered the key contribution in this field.

## Education and career

Queisser was born in Berlin and his father was a mechanical engineer for Siemens. In 1928 he travelled to the United States to work on power plants and asked his fiancée to join him. She wanted to return to Germany, and Hans Joachim was born shortly after their return in 1931, in Berlin. He was in Dresden during the air raid in 1945 and states that he survived "barely". His father was sent to the Soviet Union after the war, and Queisser wanted to enter the University of Berlin through an apprenticeship program and work as a technician at a research institute in Berlin. However, he instead applied for a scholarship in the United States and was accepted to the University of Kansas in 1951 and 1952. He returned to Germany and obtained his Ph.D. in physics at the University of Göttingen in 1958 under the supervision of Rudolf Hilsch.
After graduating in Göttingen, Queisser accepted a job at the Shockley Transistor Corporation in Mountain View, California, where he worked on crystal growth, epitaxy, diffusion, lattice defects, junction properties and solar cells. During this time, he and Shockley calculated the maximal theoretical efficiency of silicon solar cells to be around 31%. He and his co-worker Richard Finch identified oxygen-induced stacking faults and achieved the first transmission electron microscopy on semiconductors with J. Washburn and G. Thomas at UC Berkeley.
Queisser left Shockley for Bell Labs in 1964, working on gallium arsenide for optoelectronics. During this time, he invented a high-power luminescent diode, an infrared light emitting diode (LED) that now forms the basis of almost every household remote control device. Modifications of the basic design represent practically every LED in existence today. In 1966, he left Bell to become a professor at the University of Frankfurt. In 1970, he became a founding director of the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research at Stuttgart. He served in this role until his retirement in 1998.

## Honors and awards

Queisser became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 1994. He was a Fellow of the American Physical Society. He was president of the German Physical Society between 1976 and 1977.
# Frederick Van Ness Bradley

Frederick Van Ness Bradley (April 12, 1898 – May 24, 1947) was an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for Michigan's 11th congressional district from 1939 until his death in 1947. He was a member of the Republican Party.

## Early life and career

Bradley was born in Chicago and moved to Rogers City, Michigan, in 1910 where he attended the public schools and graduated from Rogers City High School.

### World War I

He attended Montclair Academy in Montclair, New Jersey, and in 1918 joined the United States Army for World War I. Bradley served in the Student Army Training Corps at Plattsburgh Barracks, New York.

### Business career

He graduated from Cornell University in 1921. His father was president of the Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company, and Bradley worked for the company as a salesman in Buffalo, New York, from 1921 to 1923. He was a purchasing agent with Bradley Transportation Company in Rogers City, Michigan from 1924 to 1938.

## Congress

In 1938, Bradley was the successful Republican nominee to represent Michigan's 11th congressional district, defeating incumbent Democrat John Luecke. He was reelected four times and served from January 3, 1939, until his death. He was chairman of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries in the 80th Congress. With his longtime interest in Great Lakes shipping, Bradley was the legislative sponsor behind the construction of the Round Island Passage Light.

## Death and burial

Bradley died in New London, Connecticut, on May 24, 1947, while there to attend a meeting of the United States Coast Guard Academy board of visitors. He was interred at Rogers City Memorial Park.

## Family

In 1922, Bradley married Marcia Marie Hillidge of Front Royal, Virginia. They were the parents of a son, Carl, who died in 1938 at the age of two.
# 2001–02 SSC Napoli season

SSC Napoli spent the 2001–02 season in Serie B, which had been assured following sensational events in the final Serie A round the season before, when all bottom teams won their matches. In 2002, Napoli came fairly close to promotion, but stumbled due to a 2–1 defeat to Siena at the end of the campaign. With Empoli rounding off their campaign with a victory, not even a win could have helped Napoli to have a chance, and with the team also losing the final game of the season, Luigi De Canio stepped down as coach.

## Squad
### Goalkeepers

* Marco Roccati
* Raffaele Gragnaniello
* Francesco Mancini

### Defenders

* Dario Baccin
* Antonio Bocchetti
* Mauro Bonomi
* Ciro Caruso
* Esteban López
* Gianluca Luppi
* Marco Quadrini
* Abdelilah Saber
* Emanuele Troise
* Matteo Villa

### Midfielders

* Giuseppe Alessi
* Raffaele Ametrano
* Emiliano Bigica
* Domenico Cristiano
* Marek Jankulovski
* Oscar Magoni
* Montezine
* Francesco Moriero
* José Luís Vidigal

### Attackers

* Antonio Floro Flores
* Roberto Stellone
* Mattia Graffiedi
* Carlos Pavón
* Massimo Rastelli
* Edoardo Artistico
* David Sesa

## Serie B

| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| 3 | Reggina (P) | 38 | 19 | 11 | 8 | 50 | 33 | +17 | 68 | Promotion to Serie A |
| 4 | Empoli (P) | 38 | 19 | 10 | 9 | 60 | 35 | +25 | 67 | Promotion to Serie A |
| 5 | Napoli | 38 | 16 | 13 | 9 | 48 | 39 | +9 | 61 | |
| 6 | Bari | 38 | 14 | 11 | 13 | 44 | 51 | −7 | 53 | |
| 7 | Salernitana | 38 | 14 | 11 | 13 | 57 | 59 | −2 | 53 | |