# Joseph O. Hirschfelder

Joseph Oakland Hirschfelder (May 27, 1911 – March 30, 1990) was an American physicist who participated in the Manhattan Project and in the creation of the nuclear bomb.

## Biography

Hirschfelder was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of a Jewish couple, Arthur Douglas and May Rosalie (Straus). He completed his undergraduate studies at the University of Minnesota from 1927 to 1929 and at Yale University from 1929 to 1931. Hirschfelder received doctorates in physics and chemistry from Princeton University under the direction of Eugene Wigner, Henry Eyring and Hugh Stott Taylor. He worked as a postdoctoral fellow with John von Neumann for a year after his PhD at the Institute for Advanced Study. In 1937, he moved to University of Wisconsin and stayed there until retirement in 1981, except during World War II. Robert Oppenheimer assembled a team at the Los Alamos Laboratory to work on plutonium gun design Thin Man, that included senior engineer Edwin McMillan and senior physicists Charles Critchfield and Joseph Hirschfelder. Hirschfelder had been working on internal ballistics. Oppenheimer led the design effort himself until June 1943, when Navy Captain William Sterling Parsons arrived took over the Ordnance and Engineering Division and direct management of the "Thin Man" project. Hirschfelder was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a group leader in theoretical physics and ordnance at the Los Alamos Atomic Bomb Laboratory, chief phenomenologist at the nuclear bomb tests at Bikini, the founder of the Theoretical Chemistry Institute and the Homer Adkins professor emeritus of chemistry at the University of Wisconsin.
Hirschfelder was also a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was awarded the National Medal of Science from President Gerald Ford “for his fundamental contributions to atomic and molecular quantum mechanics, the theory of the rates of chemical reactions, and the structure and properties of gases and liquids”.
The National Academies Press called him "one of the leading figures in theoretical chemistry during the period 1935–90". In 1991 an award was established in his name by the University of Wisconsin's Theoretical Chemistry Institute – the annual Joseph O. Hirschfelder Prize in Theoretical Chemistry. He was an elected member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science. His book Molecular theory of gases and liquids is an authoritative text on the kinetic theories of gases and liquids.

## Publications
### Books

* Joseph O. Hirschfelder, Charles F. Curtiss, Robert Byron Bird (1966). Molecular theory of gases and liquids. Wiley Interscience. ISBN 978-0471400653.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

## Awards and distinctions

* 1953 - elected to the National Academy of Sciences
* 1959 - elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
* 1965 - elected to the Norwegian Royal Society
* 1966 - the Peter Debye Award from the American Chemical Society
* 1966 - the Alfred C. Egerton Gold Medal of the Combustion Institute
* 1976 - the National Medal of Science
* 1978 - honorary degree from Marquette University
* 1980 - honorary degree the University of Southern California
* 1981 - elected to the Royal Society of Chemistry of Great Britain
* 1981 - the Silver Medal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Joseph O. Hirschfelder Prize is awarded annually by the department of chemistry at the University of Wisconsin in honor of Hirschfelder.